FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES
%eo%le. (e%na# %i*e%, 2006 di"ion)
Q: Are the provisions in Article II self‐executing?
Note:: The essece of re%!)l Note re%!)lic"isic"is- is re%re re%reset"tio set"tio "$ reov"tio, the selectio )y the citi=ery of " cor%s of %!)lic f!ctio"ries (ho $erive their -"$"te frothe %eo%le "$ "ct o their )eh"lf, servi for " li-ite$ %erio$ oly, "fter (hich they "re re%l"ce$ or ret"ie$ "t the o%tio of their %rici%"l.
A: No. By its very title, Article II of the Costit!tio is " #$ecl"r #$ec l"r"tio "tio of %ri %rici%l ci%les es "$ st"te %oli %olicies cies.& .& 'o(e 'o(ever, ver, %rici%les i Article II "re ot ite$e$ to )e self*e+ec!ti %rici%l %ri ci%les es re" re"$y $y for efo eforce rce-et -et thro!h thro!h the co!r co!rts. ts. The !$ici"ry !ses the- "s "i$s or "s !i$es i the e+er e+ercise cise of its %o(er of !$ici"l revie(, "$ )y the leisl"t!re i its e"ct-et of l"(s. (Tondo Medical v. CA, G.R. No. 167324, July 17, 2007) 2007)
Q: What is the State polic polic regarding regarding "ar?A: The St"te reo!ces ("r "s " istr!-et of
"tio"l %olicy %oli cy.. (!ec. 2, A%". , 1-7 Con#"i"u"ion) Note:: As " ee Note eer"l r"l r!le, these %rovisio %rovisios s "re o* self self** e+ec!ti. B!t " %rovisio th"t is co-%lete i itself, "$ %rovi$es s!/ciet r!les for the e+ercise of rihts, is self* e+ec! e+ ec!ti ti. . Th Th!s, !s, cer cert"i t"i %r %rovi ovisio sios s i Art Art.. II "r "re e sel self* f* e+ec!ti, oe of (hich is th"t %rovi$e$ i Sectio 01, Art. II, #Te !"a"e #all $%o"ec" and advance "e %i&" o' "e $eo$le "o a alanced and eal"'ul ecolo&y in acco%d i" "e %y"* and a%*ony o' na"u%e. & (+$o#a v. ac"o%an, G.R. No. 1010-3, July, 30, 13)
Q: $oes the %hilippines renounce defensive "ar? A# No, )ec"!se it is $!ty )o!$ to $efe$ its citi=es. U$e U $err th the e Co ost stit it!t !tio io, , th the e %r %rii-e e $! $!ty ty of th the e over-et is to serve "$ %rotect the %eo%le. Note: The Phili%%i Note: Phili%%ies es reo!c reo!ces es ("r "s " istr!-et of " "tio tio" "ll %ol %olicy icy,, "$ "$o%t o%ts s the e eer er"l "lly ly "c "cce% ce%te$ te$ %rici%les of iter"tio"l l"( "s %"rt of the l"( of the l"$ l" $ " "$ $ "$h "$her eres es to the %o %olic licy y of %e" %e"ce ce,, e> e>!"l !"lity ity,, !stice, free$o-, free$o-, coo%er"tio, coo%er"tio, "$ "-ity (ith (ith "ll "tios. "tios. (!ec"ion 2, A%"icle , 1-7 Con#"i"u"ion)
Q: What is a Republican State? A: It is " st"te (herei "ll over-et "!thority e-""tes fro- the %eo%le "$ is e+ercise$ )y re%reset"tives chose )y the %eo%l %eo%le. e. (/i# (/i##en"i #en"in& n& +$i +$inion nion o' J. uno, G.R. No. 14-334, Janua%y 21, 2004 and e%na# %i*e%, 2006 di"ion) Q: What are the manifestations of Republicanism? A: The follo(i follo(i "re "re the -"ifest"tios -"ifest"tios of of Re%!)lic"isRe%!)lic"is-22
03
O!rs O! rs is " o ove verr-e ett of l"(s l"(s "$ "$ o ott of -e.
43
R!le R! le of of M"or M"ority ity 5Pl!r 5Pl!r"li "lity ty i ele electio ctios3 s3
63
Acco Ac co!t !t")i ")ilit lity y of %!)li %!)lic c o/ci"l o/ci"ls s
73
Billl of Bi of Ri Rih hts ts
83
Leisl"t Lei sl"t!re !re c" c"ot ot %"ss %"ss irre% irre%e"l" e"l")le )le l"(s l"(s
6)
!e$a !e $a%a %a"i "ion on o' $o $oe e%# %#
unde un ders rsta tand nd
03
?or@i -e
43
Ecoloy 63
They Th ey sysy-)ol )ols s of of st" st"teh tehoo$ oo$
73
C!lt C! lt!r !r"l "l -i -io ori riti ties es
83
Scie Sc iece ce " "$ $ Tech echo olo loy y A:
Note: I the vie( of the e( Costit!tio, the Phili%%ies is ot oly " re%reset"tive or re%!)lic" st"te )!t "lso sh"res so-e "s%ects of $irect $e-ocr"cy s!ch "s #iiti"tive "$ refere$!-&. Q: Wh What at do o ou u Authoritarianism?
Q: What are th the e po poli lici cies es of th the e St Stat ate e on th the e follo"ing?
b
!ons !o nsti titu tuti tion onal al
A: Co Costit! stit!tio" tio"ll "!th "!thorit orit"ri" "ri"isis- "s !$e !$ersto rstoo$ o$ "$ %r"ctice$ i the M"rcos rei-e rei-e !$er the 09:6 costit!tio ("s (" s th the e "s "ss! s!-% -%ti tio o of e+ e+tr tr"o "or$ r$i i"r "ry y %o %o(e (ers rs )y th the e Presi Pr esi$e $et, t, ic icl! l!$i $i le leisl isl"ti "tive ve " "$ $ !$ !$ici ici"l "l " "$ $ eve eve costit!et %o(ers. Q: Is consti constitution tutional al autho authoritari ritarianism anism comp compatible atible "ith a republican state? A# ; ;es, es, if the Costit!tio Costit!tio !%o (hich the E+ec!t E+ec!tive ive )"ses his "ss!-%tio of %o(er is " leiti-"te e+%ressio of the %eo%le
0. Sectio 07, Article III of the Costit!tio Costit!tio, , %rovi$es2 #The St"te sh"ll %rotect (or@i (o-e )y %rovi$i s"fe "$ he"lthf! he" lthf!ll (or (or@i @i co$ co$itio itios, s, t"@i t"@i ito "cco "cco!t !t thei theirr -"ter" -"te r"ll f!c f!ctio tios, s, "$ s!ch f"ci f"ciliti lities es "$ o%%o o%%ort! rt!itie ities s th"t (ill eh"ce their (elf"re "$ e")le the- to re"li=e their f!ll %oteti"l i the service of the "tio. 4. Sectio 01, Article II of the Costit!tio %rovi$es2 The St"te sh"ll %rotect "$ "$v"ce the riht of the %eo%le "$ theirr %ost thei %osterit erity y to " )"l" )"l"ce$ ce$ "$ he"l he"lthf!l thf!l ECOLO; ECOLO; i "ccor$ (ith the rhyth- "$ h"r-oy of "t!re. 6. Sectio 0, Article II of the Costit!tio %rovi$es2 The Fl" of the Phili%%ies sh"ll )e re$, (hite, "$ )l!e, (ith " s! "$ three st"rs, "s cosecr"te$ "$ hoore$ )y the %eo%le "$ recoi=e$ )y l"(. Sectio Secti o 4, Ar Artic ticle le II of the Co Cost stit! it!tio tio st" st"tes tes22 #T #The he Coress -"y )y l"(, "$o%t " e( "-e for the co!try, " "tio"l "the-, or " "tio"l se"l, (hich sh"ll "ll )e tr!ly reective "$ sy-)olic of the i$e"ls, history, "$ tr"$itios of the %eo%le %eo%le.. S!c S!ch h l"( sh"ll sh"ll t"@ t"@e e ee eect ct o oly ly !% !%o o its r"tiGc"tio )y the %eo%le i " "tio"l refere$!-.
7. Sectio 44, Article II of the Costit!tio %rovi$es2 The St"te recoi=es "$ %ro-otes the rihts of i$ieo!s c!lt!r"l co--!ities (ithi the fr"-e(or@ of "tio"l !ity "$ $evelo%-et.
of )"sic "$ "%%lie$ scietiGc rese"rch. Schol"rshi%s, r"ts*i*"i$ or other for-s of Icetives sh"ll )e %rovi$e$ to $eservi sciece st!$ets, rese"rchers, scietists, ivestors, techoloists, "$ s%eci"lly ifte$ citi=es.
Sectio 8, Article II of the Costit!tio re"$s2 #The St"te, s!)ect to the %rovisios of this Costit!tio "$ "tio"l $evelo%-et %olicies "$ %ror"-s, sh"ll %rotect the rihts of i$ieo!s c!lt!r"l co--!ities to their "cestr"l l"$s to es!re their ecoo-ic, soci"l "$ c!lt!r"l (ell*)ei.
Sectio 04, Article I of the Costit!tio re"$s2 #The St"te sh"ll re!l"te the tr"sfer "$ %ro-ote the "$"%t"tio of techoloy fro- "ll so!rces for the "tio"l )eeGt. It sh"ll eco!r"e (i$est %"rtici%"tio of %riv"te ro!%s, loc"l over-ets, "$ co--!ity*)"se$ or"i="tios i the eer"tio "$ !tili="tio of sciece "$ techoloy.
The Coress -"y %rovi$e for the "%%lic")ility of c!sto-"ry l"(s overi %ro%erty rihts or rel"tios i $eter-ii the o(ershi% "$ e+tet of the "cestr"l $o-"is. Sectio 1, Art. III of the Costit!tio %rovi$es2 #The St"te sh"ll "%%ly the %rici%les of "r"ri" refor- or ste("r$shi%, (heever "%%lic")le i "ccor$"ce (ith l"(, i the $is%ositio or !tili="tio of other "t!r"l reso!rces, icl!$i l"$s of the %!)lic $o-"i !$er le"se or cocessio s!it")le to "ric!lt!re, s!)ect to %rior rihts, ho-este"$ rihts of s-"ll settlers, "$ the rihts of i$ieo!s co--!ities to their "cestr"l l"$s. The St"te -"y resettle l"$less f"r-ers "$ f"r- (or@ers i its o( "ric!lt!r"l est"tes (hich sh"ll )e $istri)!te$ to the- i the -"er %rovi$e$ )y l"(. Sectio 0:, Article I of the Costit!tio st"tes2 The St"te sh"ll recoi=e, res%ect "$ %rotect the rihts of i$ieo!s c!lt!r"l co--!ities to %reserve "$ $evelo% their c!lt!res, tr"$itios, "$ istit!tios. It sh"ll cosi$er these rihts i the for-!l"tio of "tio"l %l"s "$ %olicies. 8. Sectio 0:, Article II of the Costit!tio %rovi$es2 The St"te sh"ll ive %riority to E$!c"tio, Sciece "$ Techoloy, Arts, C!lt!re "$ S%orts to foster %"triotis- "$ "tio"lis-, "cceler"te soci"l %roress, "$ %ro-ote tot"l h!-" li)er"tio "$ $evelo%-et. Sectio 07, Article II of the Costit!tio re"$s i %"rt2 The s!st"ie$ $evelo%-et of " reservoir of "tio"l t"lets cosisti of Fili%io scietists, etre%ree!rs, %rofessio"ls, -""ers, hih*level techic"l -"%o(er "$ s@ille$ (or@ers "$ cr"fts-e sh"ll )e %ro-ote$ )y the St"te. The St"te sh"ll eco!r"e "%%ro%ri"te techoloy "$ re!l"te its tr"sfer for the "tio"l )eeGt. S!)*sectio 4, Sectio 6, Article I of the Costit!tio st"tes2 They 5e$!c"tio"l istit!tios3 sh"ll ic!lc"te %"triotis- "$ "tio"lis-, foster love of h!-"ity, res%ect for h!-" rihts, "%%reci"tio of the role of "tio"l heroes i the historic"l $evelo%-et of the co!try, te"ch the rihts "$ $!ties of citi=eshi%, strethe ethic"l "$ s%irit!"l v"l!es, $evelo% -or"l ch"r"cter "$ %erso"l $isci%lie, eco!r"e critic"l "$ cre"tive thi@i, )ro"$e scietiGc "$ techoloic"l @o(le$e, "$ %ro-ote voc"tio"l e/ciecy. Sectio 0H, Article I of the Costit!tio $ecl"res2 Sciece "$ Techoloy "re esseti"l for "tio"l $evelo%-et "$ %roress. The St"te sh"ll ive %riority to rese"rch "$ $evelo%-et, ivetio, iov"tio, "$ their !tili="tio "$ to sciece "$ techoloy e$!c"tio, tr"ii, services. It sh"ll s!%%ort i$ieo!s, "%%ro%ri"te, "$ self*reli"t scietiGc "$ c!lt!r"l c"%")ilities, "$ their "%%lic"tio to the co!tryJs %ro$!ctive syste-s "$ "tio"l life. Sectio 00, Article I of the Costit!tio %rovi$es2 The Coress -"y %rovi$e for icetives, icl!$i t"+ $e$!ctios, to eco!r"e %riv"te %"rtici%"tio i %ror"-s
Q: $oes the &'() !onstitution provide for a polic of transparenc in matters of public concern? A: *es+ the &'() !onstitution provides for a polic of transparenc in matters of public interest:
0. Sectio 4K, Article II of the 09K: Costit!tio %rovi$es2 S!)ect to re"so")le co$itios %rescri)e$ )y l"(, the St"te "$o%ts "$ i-%le-ets " %olicy of f!ll $isclos!re of "ll its tr"s"ctios ivolvi %!)lic iterest, 4. Sectio :, Article III st"tes2 The riht of the %eo%le to ifor-"tio o -"tters of %!)lic cocer sh"ll )e recoi=e$, "ccess to o/ci"l recor$s, "$ to $oc!-ets, "$ %"%ers %ert"ii to o/ci"l "cts, tr"s"ctios, or $ecisios, "s (ell "s to over-et rese"rch $"t" !se$ "s )"sis for %olicy $evelo%-et, sh"ll )e "or$e$ the citi=e, s!)ect to s!ch li-it"tios "s -"y )e %rovi$e$ )y l"(. 6. Sectio 4H, Article I re"$s2 The recor$s "$ )oo@s of "cco!t of the Coress sh"ll )e %reserve$ "$ )e o%e to the %!)lic i "ccor$"ce (ith l"(, "$ s!ch )oo@s sh"ll )e "!$ite$ )y the Co--issio o A!$it (hich sh"ll %!)lish "!"lly " ite-i=e$ list of "-o!ts %"i$ to "$ e+%eses ic!rre$ for e"ch -e-)er. 7. Sectio 0:, Article I %rovi$es2 s(or st"te-et of "ssets, li")ilities "$ et (orth of the Presi$et, the ice* Presi$et, the Me-)ers of the C")iet, the Coress, the S!%re-e Co!rt, the Costit!tio"l Co--issio "$ other costit!tio"l o/ces, "$ o/cers of the "r-e$ forces (ith eer"l or " r"@ Gle$ !%o their "ss!-%tio of o/ce sh"ll )e $isclose$ to the %!)lic i the -"er %rovi$e$ )y l"(. 8. Sectio 40, Article II $ecl"res2 Ifor-"tio o forei lo"s o)t"ie$ or !"r"tee$ )y the over-et sh"ll )e -"$e "v"il")le to the %!)lic. Note2 These %rovisios o %!)lic $isclos!res "re ite$e$ to eh"ce the role of the citi=ery i over-et"l $ecisio* -"@i "s (ell "s i chec@i ")!se i over-et. 5"l-ote vs. Bel-ote, .R. No. :796H, Fe). 06, 09K93 2 ?h"t is the Doctrie of Icor%or"tio A2 It -e"s th"t the r!les of Iter"tio"l l"( for- %"rt of the l"( of the l"$ "$ o leisl"tive "ctio is re>!ire$ to -"@e the- "%%lic")le i " co!try. By this $octrie, the Phili%%ies is )o!$ )y eer"lly "cce%te$ %rici%les of iter"tio"l l"(, (hich "re cosi$ere$ to )e "!to-"tic"lly %"rt of o!r o( l"(s. 5T""$" v. A"r", .R. No. 00K498, M"y 4, 099:3 Q: What is the $octrine of Auto‐limitation?
A2 It is the $octrie (here the Phili%%ies "$here to %rici%les of iter"tio"l l"( "s " li-it"tio to the e+ercise of its sovereity.
e+ce%t those est")lishe$ )y reliio!s ro!%s "$ -issio )o"r$s 5Article I, Sectio 7 4Q3. Q: What is the Strict Separationist Approach?
Note2 The f"ct th"t the iter"tio"l l"( h"s )ee -"$e %"rt of the l"( of the l"$ $oes ot )y "y -e"s i-%ly the %ri-"cy of iter"tio"l l"( over "tio"l l"( i the -!ici%"l s%here. 5Phili% Morris, Ic. v. CA, .R. No. 90664, !ly 01, 09963 Q: What is meant Supremac?
b
the
principle
of !ivilian
A2 The civili" "!thority is, "t "ll ti-es, s!%re-e over the -ilit"ry. Q: ,o" is civilian supremac ensured?
A2 0. By the ist"ll"tio of the Presi$et, the hihest civili" "!thority, "s the co--"$er* i*chief of "ll the "r-e$ forces of the Phili%%ies. 5Sec. 0K, Art. II, 09K: Costit!tio3 4. Thro!h the re>!ire-et th"t -e-)ers of the AFP s(e"r to !%hol$ "$ $efe$ the Costit!tio, (hich is the f!$"-et"l l"( of civil over-et. 5Sec. 80Q, Art. I, 09K: Costit!tio3 Q: !an a person avoid the rendition of militar services to defend the State?
A2 No. Oe c"ot "voi$ co-%!lsory -ilit"ry service )y ivo@i oe!ire co-%!lsory -ilit"ry service is " cose>!ece of its $!ty to $efe$ the St"te "$ is reci%roc"l (ith its $!ty to $efe$ the life, li)erty, "$ %ro%erty of the citi=e.& 5Peo%le v. os", .R. No. L*78K94* 96, !ly 06, 096K3. Q: What are the provisions of the !onstitution that support the principle of separation of !hurch and State?
A2 Note 2 E+ce%tios to the ")ove*-etioe$ r!le "re the follo(i %rovisos 2
A2 U$er this "%%ro"ch, the est")lish-et cl"!se ("s -e"t to %rotect the St"te fro- the ch!rch, "$ the St"te
A2 It is ot hostile i reliio, )!t it is strict i hol$i th"t reliio -"y ot )e !se$ "s " )"sis for cl"ssiGc"tio for %!r%oses of over-et"l "ctio, (hether the "ctio cofers rihts or %rivilees or i-%oses $!ties or o)li"tios. Oly sec!l"r criteri" -"y )e the )"sis of over-et "ctio. It $oes ot %er-it, -!ch less re>!ire "cco--o$"tio of sec!l"r %ror"-s to reliio!s )elief. 5Estr"$" v. Escritor, A.M. No. P*H4*0180, !e 44, 4HH13 Q: What is the theor of -enevolent Neutralit?
A2 U$er this theory the #("ll of se%"r"tio& is -e"t to %rotect the ch!rch fro- the St"te. It )elieves th"t (ith res%ect to over-et"l "ctios, "cco--o$"tio of reliio -"y )e "llo(e$, ot to %ro-ote the over-et
A2 I the Phili%%ie cote+t, the Co!rt c"teoric"lly r!le$ th"t, #the Fili%io %eo%le, i "$o%ti the Costit!tio, -"ifeste$ their "$herece to the )eevolet e!tr"lity "%%ro"ch th"t re>!ires "cco--o$"tios i iter%reti the reliio cl"!ses. 5Estr"$" v. Escritor, A.M. No. P* H4*0180, !e 44, 4HH13 Q: What are the three .inds of accommodation that results from free exercise claim?
A2 Those (hich "re2 0. Fo!$ to )e costit!tio"lly co-%elle$, i.e. re>!ire$ )y the Free E+ercise Cl"!se 5-"$"tory3, 4. Discretio"ry or leisl"tive, i.e. ot re>!ire$ )y the Free E+ercise Cl"!se
0. Ch!rches, %"rso"es, etc. "ct!"lly, $irectly "$ e+cl!sively !se$ for reliio!s %!r%oses sh"ll )e e+e-%t frot"+"tio. 5Article I, Sectio 4K6Q3
5%er-issive3,
4. ?he %riest, %re"cher, -iister or $iit"ry is "ssie$ to the "r-e$ forces, or "y %e"l istit!tio or over-et or%h""e or le%ros"ri!-, %!)lic -oey -"y )e %"i$ to the- 5Article I, Sectio 49 4Q3
5%rohi)ite$3.
6. O%tio"l reliio!s istr!ctio for %!)lic ele-et"ry "$ hih school st!$ets 5Article I, Sectio 6 6Q3 7. Fili%io o(ershi% re>!ire-et for e$!c"tio istit!tios,
6. Prohi)ite$ )y the reliio cl"!ses
Note2 B"se$ o the foreoi, "$ "fter hol$i th"t the Phili%%ie Costit!tio !%hol$s the )eevolet e!tr"lity $octrie (hich "llo(s for "cco--o$"tio, the Co!rt l"i$ $o( the r!le th"t i $e"li (ith c"ses ivolvi %!rely co$!ct )"se$ o reliio!s )elief, it sh"ll "$o%t the strict* co-%elli St"te iterest test )ec"!se it is -ost i lie (ith the )eevolet e!tr"lity*"cco--o$"tio.
Q: What is /andator Accommodation?
Q: What is %rohibited Accommodation?
A2 This is )"se$ o the %re-ise th"t (he reliio!s cosciece coicts (ith " over-et o)li"tio or %rohi)itio, the over-et so-eti-es -"y h"ve to ive ("y. This "cco--o$"tio occ!rs (he "ll three co$itios of the co-%elli St"te iterest test "re -et.
A2 This res!lts (he the Co!rt G$s o )"sis for " -"$"tory "cco--o$"tio, or it $eter-ies th"t the leisl"tive "cco--o$"tio r!s "fo!l of the est")lish-et or the free e+ercise cl"!se. I this c"se, the Co!rt G$s th"t est")lish-et cocers %rev"il over %oteti"l "cco--o$"tio iterests.
Q: What is %ermissive Accommodation?
A2 It -e"s th"t the St"te -"y, )!t is ot re>!ire$ to, "cco--o$"te reliio!s iterests.
Note2 The %!r%ose of "cco--o$"tios is to re-ove " )!r$e o, or f"cilit"te the e+ercise of, " %erso
