TheNot i on ofFunct i onalSt yl e( FS) AFSofl anguagei sasys t em ofi nt er r el at edl anguageme ansser vi ngadefini t eai m of comm mmuni cat i on. TheCl assi ficat i onofFSs Thepr obl em oft hecl assi ficat i onofFSsi soneoft hedi sput abl ei ssuesoft hi sbr anc h o fs c i e nc e ,f o rdi ffe r e nts c ho l ar sse et hi ng sdi ffe r e nt l y .Fo uro uto fs e v e r a ls ug g e s t e d c l as s i fic at i onsar el i s t e dbe l o w. peri n' 1.Gal sfiveFSsi ncl ude: a)Thebel l esl et t r esFSemb mbr aci ng3subst yl es:poet ry ,emo mot i vepr ose,dr ama b)Thepubl i ci s t i cFSwi t h3subs t yl es:or at or y ,essays,f eat ur ear t i cl esi nne wspaper s andma magaz i nes c)ThenewspaperFSwi t h3subst yl es:bri efnewsi t ems ms,headl i nes,not i cesand adver t i seme ment s d)Thesci ent i ficpr oseFSwi t h3subst yl es:exactsci ences,humani t ari ansci ences, popul arsci encepr ose e)Theoffic ffici aldocument sFSem mb br aci ng4subs t yl es:di pl om ma at i cdocument s,busi nes s document s,l eg aldocument s,mi l i t arydocument . 2.Naer ' ssevenmacrost yl esemb mbr ace:a)offic ffi ci aldocument s;b)sci ent i fic,c)pr of ess i onal t e chni c al ,d)ne ws pape r ,e )publ i c i s t i c ,f )be l l e sl e t t r e sand,g)r e l i gi oust e xt s . s& Skr ebnev 3.Kuznet s t y l ehi e r ar c hy : a)Thel i t e r ar yr e fine ds t y l e-t hepubl i c i s t i c ,t hesc i e nt i fic t e c hni c al ,t hes t y l eofoffic i al doc ument s; b)Thef r ee( col l oqui al )s t yl e-l i t er ar ycol l oqui al ,f ami l i arcol l oqui al . A nol d' 4 .r ss t y l edi vi si on:a)neut r als t y l e,b)col l oqui als t y l e:l i t er ar y ,f ami l i ar ,l ow,c) booki shs t yl e:sci ent i fic,offici aldocument s,publ i ci s t s( ne wspaper ) ,or at or i cal ,l of t ypoe t i c al . UNI T 1.THE HE STYLE OF OFFI CI AL DOCUM UMENTS. Al lma j orFSs t yl es,t hes t yl eofoffici aldocume nt si ncl udi ng,us ual l ycompr i sesev er al s ubdi v i s i o nsors ubs t y l e s .Thus ,t hes t y l eofo ffi ffic c i aldo cume nt sf al l si nt ot hes t y l e( o r subst yl e)of1)di pl oma mat i cdocument s,2)busi nessdocument s,3)l egaldocument s,4) mi l i t arydocument s. Li keot herst yl esofl anguage,t hest yl eofoffic ffici aldocument shasadefini t ecomm mmunai m ni cat i veai m andi t sownsyst em ofi nt er r el at edl anguagemean T s. hemai oft hi s t ypeofcomm mmuni cat i oni st ore achanagre eme mentandt ost at et hecondi t i onsbi ndi ngt wo par t i e si nanunde r t aki ng ,t hepar t i e sbe i ngt hes t at eandt hec i t i z e n,t hec i t i z e nandt he ci t i zen,t hest at eandt hest at e.Thi smo mostgener alai m oft hest yl eofoffic ffi ci aldocument s i ar i t i es o mp mpo s i t i o n,t hee xt e ns i v eus e pr edet er mi nest hepecul oft hes t y l e ,s uc hast he i rc o fs pe c i alt e r mi mi no l o gyandc l i c hé s,t heus eo fabbr e vi at i o ns (par t i c ul ar l yabundanti n mi l i t arydocument s) . Le tusno w ha v eac l o se rl o okatal lt hef o urs ubdi v i s i o nsoft hes t y l eofo ffi ffic c i aldocument s. ( a)TheSt yl eofDi pl oma mat i cDo Document s. Tot hespher eofi nt er nat i onalr el at i onsweat t r i but et hes t yl eofdi pl omat i cdocument s, s uc hast r e at i e s ,ag r e e me me nt s ,c onv e nt i o ns,de c l ar at i o ns ,pr o t o co l s ,e x c hang eofno t e s , memo moranda,act s,engageme ment s,r egul at i ons,ame mendment s,t er msof . . . ,mi nut es,et c. ( Theyar enear l y60i nnumber) .
Thes t yl eofdi pl omat i cdocument shasi t sownc har act er i s t i cf eat ur esors t yl emar ker s whi c hhel pust odi ffer ent i at ei tf r om ot herFS. o mpo s i t i o n.The Per haps,t hemostst ri ki ngf eat ur eofsuchdocument si st hei rc pri nci palpart sofdi pl omat i cdocument si nt hei rusualorderare: 1)Thepr eambl eorpr el i mi naryr eci t al s,set t i ngoutt henamesofpart i es(Headsof St at e,St at esorGove r nment s) ,t hepur posef orwhi cht hedocumentwasconcl uded,t he "r e s ol v e"o ft hepar t i e st oent e ri nt oi t ,andt hename sandde s i g nat i o nsoft he pl e ni po t e nt i o nar i e s( i . e .e nv o y sorc ommi s s i o ne r sa ppo i nt e dt oac tac c or di ngt ot he i ro wn di s cr e t i on) . 2)Thesubst ant i vecl auses,somet i mesknownast he" di sposi t i vepr ovi si ons"ort he body . 3)?h? f o r mal( o rfinal )c l aus e sde al i ngwi t ht e c hni c alo rf o r malpo i nt sormat t e r s r e l at i v et ot heappl i c at i o no re nt r yi nt of o r c eo ft hedo cume nt .Us ual l ys uc hc l aus e s r el at esepar at el yt ot hef ol l owi ng:t hedat eoft hedocument s,t hemodeofaccept ance, o pe ni ngoft hedo cume nt sf o rs i g nat ur e ,e nt r yi nt of o r c e ,dur a t i o n,e t c . 4)Formalacknowl edgmentofsi gnat ur e. 5)Si g nat ur ebyt hepl e ni po t e nt i ar i e s . Suchf ormshavecomei nt oexi st encei nt hecour seofhi st ori caldevel opmentoft he st yl eandnow,becauseoft henecessi t yf orabsol ut epr eci si on andt heavoi danceofany ambi gui t ywhi chi si mport anti ni nt ernat i onalr el at i ons,t hesef ormsaresofirml yfixed t hats c ar c e l yanyde v i at i o ni spe r mi t t e d. Anot heri mpor t antf eat ur eoft hi ss t yl ei st . e .wo r dsorwo r d heus eo fs pe c i alt e r ms,i gr oupst onameanot i oncharact er i st i cofsomespeci alfiel dofknowl edgeorspher eof communi cat i on.Di pl omat i ct ermi nol ogyi ncl udest ermspr oper( t oaccr edi t ,di spat ch, or derofpr ecedence,negot i at or ,ambassador) ,andwor dsusedi nt hespher eof i nt e r nat i o nalr e l at i o nsi ns o mes pe c i alme ani ng :i ns t r ume nt( do cume nt ) ,ar t i c l e( par to f at r e at y ) ,c l aus e( par to fado cume nt ) ,par t y( e i t he rs i dei nac ont r a c t ) ,pr o vi s i on ( s t at e me nt ) . Theus eo fno nas s i mi l at e dbo r r o wi ng s,mai nl yf r om Lat i nandFr ench( not ever bal e, ai dememoi r e,pr ocesver bal ,pr esi des,bonafide,et c)shoul dal sobement i onedi n connect i onwi t ht hedi pl omat i ct ermi nol ogy .Borr owi ngs,asweknow,ar echar act eri st i c oft heEngl i shl anguageasawhol e,t heyamountt omoret han ahal fofi t svocabul ary . Butf ordi pl omat i cpr act i cet heyar eespeci al l yr el evantasf ormanycent uri esLat i nand Fr enchr emai neddomi nantl anguagesi ndi pl omat i cr el at i onsandal ldi pl omat i c document swer ec omposedi nLat i nandFr enchasl at east he16t hce nt ur y .Sufficei tt o sayt hatoutof59t ypesofdi pl omat i cdocument s45namesar eofLat i nori gi n,I I-of Fr ench,I-ofGr eekandonl y2(se t t l ementandbond)are" homemade" ,ar epr oper Engl i sh. l e t e c hai cwor ds Ther ear eal sov er ymanyobso andar ( he r e t o,he nc e f or t h,t he r e o n, wher eof ,wher eupon) .The yar enott er msf ort he yar enotnecessar i l yboundt ot he spher eofdi pl omacy;t heymaybeusedi nl egalpr act i cet oo.Butt heycl ear l yshow t hat t hes t y l eo fdi pl o mat i cdo c ume nt si sv e r yc o ns e r v at i v e ;i tc hang e sv e r ys l o wl ypr e s e r v i ng t het endencyt ouset hesamest er eot ypedwor dsandphr asesf orc ent ur i es.Vocabul ary i sano bv i o usr e fle c t o rofdi s t i nc t i o nsbe t we e ns t y l e s ,buts oar esy nt ac t i cs t r uc t ur e s . Sucht r ai t sast hepr edomi nanceofsi mpl e,ext endedsent encesandcompl exsent ences, t hepr ef er encef ort heseparat i onoft hesubj ectandt hepr edi cat e,t heabundanceof homogeneousmember sascompare dwi t hot herst yl esar epecul i aroft hes t yl eof
di pl omat i cdocument s.Thereason f ort hatl i es,per haps,i nt henecessi t yoft he t r ansparenceofmeani ng,el i mi nat i onofambi gui t y ,andavoi danceoft hewr ong i nt er pr et at i onoft hedocument ,whi chmaycauseundesi r abl econsequences. ( b)TheSt yl eofBusi nessDocument s. Busi nessdocument s( andl et t er s)ar echar act eri zedbyahi ghl evelof s t andar di z at i o n. The yar ei nf actacombi nat i onofr eady madef or msands t er eot ypedphr ases.Thi s st andar dchar act erofbusi nes sdocument shasal waysbeenunder st oodasav er y effect i vemeansofavoi di ngr edundancywi t ht hehel pofeconomyofl i ngui st i cuni t s. Luci di t yandconci senessarev er yi mport ant . Fore xampl e,t her earece r t ai naccept edwaysofbegi nni ngandendi ngabusi ness l et t er .Theusualwayofaddr essi sDearSi r ,DearMadam,orDearMr .Smi t h,DearMr s. Br owni ft heper sonaddr essedt oi sknown.I ncorr espondencewi t hst r anger s,i ti susual t ochangef r om DearSi r t oDearMr .Smi t haf t ert hefir stoneort wol et t er shavebeen exchanged. Your sf ai t hf ul l y ,Your st r ul yar et heus ualendi ngf oral lbusi nessl e t t er s.Your s s i nc e r e l yi st heus uale ndi ngf o rl e t t e r st oac quai nt anc e s . Thebodyoft hebusi nessdocument( l e t t er )shoul dbeconci seandt ot hepoi nt , wi t houtunnecessar yi nf or mat i onore xpl anat i on,wr i t t eni nshor t ,di r ectsent ences. Ther ear emanys t andar df or mul asused: a)t oc onfir mt her e c e i v i ngofal e t t e r( do cume nt) : Wehav er ecei v edy ourl e t t erof . . . .Wet hanky ouf ory ourl e t t erdat ed… I nr epl yt oy our l e t t e ro f … Weac kno wl e dg et her e c e i ptof . . . .Wedul yr e c e i v e dy ourl e t t e r . . . ; b)t oexpr essr eques t :Pl ease,i nf or m us. . . .Weshal l( shoul d)beobl i gedi fy ou. . . .We shal l( shoul d)appr eci at ei ti fyou… We( woul d)askyou… c)t or e f ert oal e t t erWi t hr e f er encet oyourl e t t erof . . . .Ref er r i ngt o. . . . Wer ef er. . . ; d)t oapo l o gi s e :Wer e g r e tt hat . . . .Unf o r t unat e l y ,we … Webe gt o… Weofferoursi ncer eapol ogi esf ore)t ot hankf or :Weac knowl edgewi t ht hanks… We t hanky ou Weappr eci at e. . . .e t c. Al lt hesef or mul ascont r i but et of os t er i ngsuc hf eat ur esaspr eci si on,e xact nessand hel pt oavoi dambi gui t y .Att hesamet i met heysi mpl i f yandqui ckenbusi ness correspondence. I tshoul dal sobement i onedt hatst er eot ypedcharact erofbusi nessdocument si st he me r i to ft hi ss t y l ewhe r e aswhe nus e di no t he rs t y l e ssuc hast hebe l l e s l e t t r e ss t y l e ,o r i nt hepubl i ci st sst yl ei tbecomesadr awback. ( c)TheSt yl eofLegalDocument s. Thel aw i ncl udesmanydi ffer entact i vi t i esf r om t hedr awi ngupofs t at ut est ot he cont r act i ngofagreementbet weeni ndi vi dual s,al lorwhi chneedt ober ecordedi na wr i t t enf or m.I nspi t eoft hei rdi v er si t y ,i twi l lbenotf arf r om t het r ut ht osayt hateac hof t heseact i vi t i esi si nsomewayconnect edwi t ht hei mposi t i on andt heconf err i ngof r i ght s.Andf r om t i met ot i me,ofcour se,someoneorot hermaybecomeve r ycur i ous abouthi sobl i gat i onsandt ryt owri ggl eoutoft hem-Andsomeoneel semayt ryt o e xami nehi sr i g ht st ose ei fi ti spo ss i bl et os t r e t c ht he mt oac r e di bl el i mi tande v e n f ur t her .Consequent l y ,whoeve rc omposesal egaldocumentmustt aket hegr eat estpai ns t oensur et hati isaysexact l ywhathewant si tt osayandatt hesamet i megi vesno opport uni t yf ormi si nt er pr et at i on.Soi ft hecomposerhappenst ohaveusedl anguage whi c hcanbet akent ome ansome t hi ngot hert hanhei nt ended,hehasf ai l edi nhi sj ob.
Ofal lt hel anguagest yl est hi sonei sper hapst hel eastcommuni cat i veasi ti sdesi gned notsomuch" t oenl i ght enl anguageuser satl ar geast oal l ow oneexpertt or egi st er i nf ormat i onf orscrut i nybyanot her .Sot hel awyer st hi nkt hatsi ncet hei rproduct i ons ar ef ort hoseasf ami l i arwi t ht hej ar gonast hemsel vest her ei snoneedt obot hert oo muchaboutt hesi mpl ernee dsofagener alpubl i candt hatmakest hel anguageof document ssoc ompl i cat ed. Doi ngbasi cal l yt hesamet hi ngsf ormanyyears-conveyi ngpr oper t y ,dr awi ngupwi l l s -l a wy e r sha v ede v e l o pe dl i ng ui s t i cf o r mul as ,c ol l e c t i o nsoft he mf o re ac hs pe c i e sof t r ansact i on.Ther ef oremuchl egalwri t i ngi snotspont aneous,buti scopi ed"f r om t he books"i nwhi c hes t abl i shedf or mul asar ecol l ect ed.The yar er el i abl eandasf arr emo v ed f r o mt hei nf o r mals po nt ane ousc o nv e r s a t i o n aspo s si bl e .I ti se s s e nt i al l yv i s uall ang uag e , me antt obes c r ut i ni z e di ns i l e nc e ,l ar g e l yuns pe akabl eatfir s ts i g ht .Ther e l i anc eon f ormswhi chwer ees t abl i shedi nt hepastandr el uct ancet ot aker i sksbyadopt i ngnew o ne sc ont r i but et ot hee xt r e mel i ng ui s t i cc ons e r v at i s mo fl e g alEng l i s h. ol i dbl o c kofsc r i pt Legaldocument sar eusual l yse tdownasas whosel ongl i nesext end f r om margi nt omargi nwi t hpr act i cal l ynospaci ngandpunct uat i ont odef eatf r audul ent del et i onsandaddi t i ons.Thesent encesi nadocumentareusual l yver yl ongandan ent i r edocumentcanbecomposedofasi ngl es ent enceandsot her ewasnomuchhel p f r om punct uat i ont ounder st andi tand,besi des,si ncepunct uat i onmar ksar eused most l yaspr ompt sf oror alr eadi ngofat extandl egaldocument sarecomposedf or r eadi ng,t heymost l ydowi t houtt hem.Onemor er easonf oravoi di ngpunct uat i oni st o pr eventanypossi bl ef or gerybychangi ngt hepl acesofpunct uat i onmarks. Capi t al i z at i on wasc hosenasameansofr ev eal i ngs t r uct ur e,cont entandl ogi calpr ogr essi ont omake upf ort hel ackofpunct uat i on. Lexi cal l yl egaldocument scont ai nmanyar owi ngsf r om Fr enchandLat i n c hai sms,borr whi c haddat ouc hoff or mal i t y .LegalEngl i shcont ai nsonl ycompl e t emaj orsent ences, most l yi nt hef orm ofst at ement s. ( d)TheSt yl eofMi l i t aryDocument s. Mi l i t arydocument smaybeofdi ffer entt ypes-pl ans,est i mat es,summari es,surv eys, eval uat i on,si t uat i onmaps,orders;al loft hem haveacert ai ncomposi t i on ( an oper at i ng or derhasaheadi ng,abodyandanendi ng) . Thes t yl eofmi l i t ar ydocume nt shasi t sownl e xi cal ,mo r phol ogi calandsynt act i cal l ar i t y,br e vi t y p ec i si on, c har a c t e r i s t i c s .Mi l i t ar ydo cume nt sar ec har ac t e r i s e dbyt he i rc ,r npur poseofmaki ngt hem br i efi st o no nadmi t t anc eofmanyi nt e r pr e t at i o ns.Themai economi zet i menecessaryf ort hei rcomposi t i on,handl i ngofmessages.Mi l i t ary v ocabul ar yi ncl udest er ms ,abbr evi at i ons,symbol s,speci almi l i t ar yphr aseol ogy;awi de useoft er mi nol ogy,i . e.wor dsusedi nonemeani ngonl y ,hel pst oavoi dambi gui t yand sonal aphi c a l mi si nt er pr et at i on.Ther ear eal somanynames -bot hper andgeogr . ar eabundantt ooandt hei rnumbermaybeupt o5060perce ntoft he Abbr e vi at i ons t ext( e. g.Co-company ,SW -sout hwest ,w/o-wi t hout ,FA -Fi el dArt i l l ery ,MPmi l i t ar ypol i ce) .T oat t ac k,o r de r ,mac hi neg un,t ank,ar my ;phr as e ol o gi c aluni t s : er ms:t t oho l dapos i t i on,t opr o vi depr o t e c t i o n,t ol i f tfir e .Ont hemor pho l o gi c all e v e lwec an ment i onr womoodsonl yar eus eo ft hepo s se s si v ec as e,omi s si onofar t i c l es,useoft i mpe r at i v eandi ndi c at i v e,t hepr e se nti nd.andt hepas ti nd. wot e ns e s-t Synt act i cal l ymi l i t arydocument si ncl udemost l ys –nomi naland i mpl esho r ts e nt e nc e s v er baloneme mber .Asar ul et her ear enoe xcl amat or yandnegat i v esent ences. Li stoft er msandaddr evi at i onsf r om t hesampl eor der s.
or de rf ora t t ac k–?????? ?????? armor eddi vi si on(Ar mdDi v) c l as si fic at i on-???? ??????????? opord–oper at i on order-?????? ?????? s i t uat i on-?????????? i nt el l i gence-???????? Cor ps-?????? at k- ??????????? - a t t a c k S- South 5080 - 8050: ??????????: ? ? X ?? - ?????? Y ?, - ????????; ? ??? X - ????????, Y- ???????, ??????? ??? ???????? 2 ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????. I nfDi v-I nf ant r yDi v i s i on-???????? ??????? Ar mdCav- ???????????????? (??????????????????) flank-????? UNI T 2.THE SCI ENTI FI C PROSE STYLE. Thesci ent i ficpr oses t yl ehast hr eesubdi vi si ons:I )t hes t yl eofhumani t ar i ansci ences, 2)t hes t y l eof" e xac t "s ci e nc es ,3)t hes t y l eofpopul ars c i e nt i ficpr o se . uncti on Thef oft hes c i e nt i ficpr o ses t y l ei st owo r ko utandg r o undt he or e t i c al l y o bj e c t i v ekno wl e dg eabo utr e al i t y .I ts t r i v e st o war dst hemo s tg e ne r a lo bj e c t i v eand i mper sonalconcept i on. ogi c al Someoft hesal i entfeatures ofsci ent i ficEngl i shshoul dbeunder l i ned:suchasl I tal s ohasc er t ai ndi s t i nc tc har a ct e r i s t i c s s eq ue nc es ,l uc i di t y,e xac t ne ss ,i mper s onal i t y. wi t hr egar dt ov ocabul ar y ,synt axandmo r phol ogy .Sci encei sconcer nedwi t hmat t er , e l e me nt s ,s ubs t anc e s ,o bj e c t s ,s o l i ds ,l i q ui ds ,g as e s .Suc hwo r dsar ei ne v e r y da yus e , t hought heyar eal sof undament alt osci ent i ficvocabul ary.Ot herwordsar emor el i kel yt o occuronl yi nasci ent i ficcont extandt heyareusual l yderi vedf r om Gr eek( oxygen, er ms hy dr og e n) ,Lat i n( c ar bon,mol e c ul e ) ,Ar a bi c( al kal i ) . The yar ec al l e dt andv ar y de pe ndi ngont heki ndo fs c i e nc e .( No t e :t hewo r ds c i e nc ei t s e l fi sde r i v e df r o mt heLat i n sc i r e ,t oknow,t ohaveknowl edgeof ,t oexperi ence.Thewordsci ent i stwasi nt r oduced onl yi n1840byWi l l i am Whewel l ,Pr of essorofMoralPhi l osophyatt heUni ver si t yof Cambri dgeBef or et hatt hesci ent i st swer eknownas“ nat ur alphi l osopher s" ) . Theabov eme nt i oneds t r i ct l ysci ent i fict er msar edescr i bedas" gener alsci ent i fic v ocabul ar y" ,-wor dsmos tnat ur al l yusedt oi mpar ti nt el l ect uali nf or mat i oni r r espect i v e o fwhe t he rt hei nf o r mat i o ni ss t r i c t l ys c i e nt i ficandpe r t ai nst oe xac to rnat ur a ls c i e nc e s orhumani t i es.Theyar esuchwor dsas'adher e,assume,assumpt i on,post ul at e, pr e de t e r mi ne ,e x pe r i me nt ,o bs e r v at i o n,pe r c e i v e ,as c r i be ,di s t i nc t i o ne t c .Aso nec ans e e t hesear et hewor dswhi chdenot egener alandabst r actnot i ons,butev enconcr et ewor ds i nsci ent i ficEngl i shdenot esomet hi ngabst r actandgener al : e. g." Thechemi stmustpayat t ent i ont o. . . "Her enotapart i cul arbutanychemi sti s meant . Thegener alandi mper sonalc har act eroft hi ski ndofEngl i shi semphasi z edbyawi de useofi an dpassi o mt hepo i ntofv i e w ofi t ss t y l e mpe r s o nals e nt e nc e s v ec ons t r uc t i ons.Fr sci ent i ficEngl i shi sast at ementr at hert han an emot i veexpr essi ont hr oughi magi nat i ve figur esofspeech.Somet i messci ent i st sr esortt omet aphorst omakeani magi nat i veor e mo t i onalappe al .Buti fi nt hebe l l e s l e t t r e ss t y l ei ti soneoft heme ansofc r e at i ng i mag e s,apar tofi t ss ys t e m,i ns c i e nt i ficEng l i s hi ti sus e df ore x pl anat i on, c onc r e t i z a t i o n,po pul ar i z a t i o n,i ti sani npl a y ,no tc o nne c t e dwi t ht hege ne r a ll ang uag e
s ys t e m oft hest y l e .Unl i ket hebe l l e sl e t t e r ss t y l ei ti sne v eror i gi nal ,i ndi v i dualbuti ti s al wa y sco nt e x t ual l ybo undandde v o i do fi ndi v i dual i t yando r i g i nal i t y . UNI T 3.THE NEWSPAPER STYLE Ane wspaperi sal waysv er yecl ect i c,f r om t hes t yl i s t i cpoi ntofvi e w.So,obvi ousl y , ev er yt hi ngt hathappenst obepr i nt edi nanewspapercannotber egar dedasbel ongi ng uncti on t ot henewspaperst yl e.Si ncet hecent r alf oft henewspaperi st oi nf orm and i nfluencet her eaderoncer t ai nmat t er swemayspeakaboutsuchpart sofi tt hat c ons t i t ut et hene ws pape rs t y l epr ope ra s:1)br i e fne wsi t e ms ,2)t hee di t or i al ,3) adver t i sement sandannouncement s,4)ar t i cl espur el yi nf ormat i vei nchar act er ,ofgreat i mport ancear eal so,5)headl i nes. Bri efnewsi t emsar ei mper sonalandobj ect i ve.Theypr esenti nf ormat i oncompr essed i nt ol i mi t edspaceandshoul dbecl ear ,i nt er est i nganddevoi dofambi gui t y . Theedi t or i al sar eofanal yt i cal ,gener al i z i ngc har act er .The yar et hemos ti mper sonal f o rt he yar e" t hev oi c e "o ft hene ws pape ri t s e l f . Thef unct i onoft heheadl i nei scompl e x:headl i neshav et ocont ai nacl earandi f pos s i bl ei nt r i g ui ngme s sag et oar ous ei nt e r e s ti nt hepo t e nt i alr e ade r ,t ocat c hhi se y e , andt hechi efmeansofpr oduci ng" eye cat chi ng"effect si sbymaki nguseoft hef ul l r ang eofg r a phi cc ont r as t s-bo l dt y pe ,i t al i c s ,di ffe r e nto t he rki ndsoft y pe ,s ubhe adl i ne s .Be s i de s ,t hehe adl i ne sma yi nt r i g uet her e a de rb yt he i rs y nt ac t i cs t r uc t ur e : nomi nalphr a s es ,e l l i pt i c als e nt e nc e s,e x cl amat or yori nt e r r o g at i v es e nt e nc e s,e t c . Weshoul dal sonot et hatt makes hec o mbi nat i o no fe x pr e s si v e ne s sands t andar di z at i o n o neoft hei mpo r t antf e at ur e so ft hes t y l e .St maket hec ont act andar dphr ases,c l i c hés wi t ht her eadereasi er .Br i efne wsar t i cl es,f ore xampl equi c kl ymadeshoul dbede v oi dof ext r awor ds( f orwantofspacet oo)andeasyt ounder st and.Theyarequi ckerunder st ood i nr eadymadebl ocks.Soexpr ess i venessv er ysoont ur nsi nt ost andar dandcl i chéwhen anaptphr aseorwor dbec omespr ov er bi al . m Thebasi cai oft hene ws pape r-t or e por tort oi nf or mi sr e al i s e di ni t sobj e c t i v e , document ary ,i mper sonalcharact ert hr ought heuseofoffici al ,economi ct er mi nol ogy, pr opernames,abbr evi at i ons,t hepassi vevoi ce,et cAtt hesamet i meappeali nt he newspaperi st of eel i ngsr at hert hant oreason -hencet heuseof expr essi vemeanson di ffe r e ntl i ng ui s t i cl e v e l s :pho no l o gy-al l i t e r a t i o n,r hy t hm;g r a phi t i cme ansme nt i o ne d abo v e ;par ag r a phi ng ;l e x i c ol o gy-c ar e f ulc ho i c eofwo r ds ast he r ei sal wa y st hene e df o r c ompr e s s i o no ft hei nf o r mat i o ni nt oal i mi t e ds pac e ,t hene e df o rc l ar i t y ,t hea v oi danc eof ambi gui t y;vari ousst yl i st i cmeansmaki ngt hest yl epi ct ur esquebutcr eat i ngnonew i magewhi chwoul dhardl ybeagoodai dt or eadabi l i t y . UNI T5.THESTYLE OFRELI GI ON Thes t yl eofr el i gi oni sdi s t i ngui shedasasepar at eent i t ybyD.Cr ys t alandD. Davy ( 1969)andbyV.Nae r ( 1981) ;mo s tSo v i e ts c ho l ar sdono tme nt i o ni t .St i l l ,t hef ac ti st hat t hi ss t y l ehasac hi e v e dq ui t ear e s pe c t abl es t at uso fi t so wni nt heEng l i s hs pe aki ng count ri es.Thought herel i gi ousf orm ofsoci alconsci encemani f est si t sel fi nnumer ous f ormsandpr act i ces,andf ul fil svari ousf unct i onsi nasoci et y ,t hemai nai m oft he r e l i g i o usf unc t i o nals t y l ema ybede fine dase xpr e s s i ngr e l i g i o usbe l i e fo n publ i c occasi ons.El ement soft her el i gi ousst yl emaybeusedal soi nl i t er at ur eandi nhumour , t he yc anpe ne t r at et hedai l yc ol l o qui als pe e c haswe l l . Ther el i gi ouss t yl ei snotuni f or m -i tf al l si nt oatl eas tt hr eesubs t yl es:1)t hebi bl i cal s ubs t y l e ,2)t hel i t ur g i c als ubs t y l eand3)t het he ol og i c aldi s c our s es ubs t y l e .Thef or mso f r e al i z at i onoft her e l i g i ouss t y l ei nc l ude ,ofc our s e ,t het e xt soft heSc r i pt ur e s( TheOl d
Tes t ame nt ,TheNe w Tes t ame nt ) ,aswel lasf or malr eadi ngf r om t heScr i pt ur es,commo n bi bl i calpr ay er s,ser mons( whi c hhav emo r ei ncommonwi t hot heror at or ypi eces)and t heol ogi caldi scour se.Ther eal soexi stbooksofpr ayer sandr el i gi oushymns;pr ayersand sermonsar er egul ar l yt el evi zedandbr oadcastovert her adi o. Thecor eoft her el i gi ouss t yl ei sf or med,i nasense,byt hebi bl i calsubs t yl e,whi c h s e r i ous l yi nflue nc e sal ls ubs phe r e sofr e l i g i ousc ommuni c at i on.St y l i s t i c al l yr e l e v anti s t hef ac tt hatTheSc r i pt ur e sar ea v ai l abl ei nmanyv ar i ant s ,o re di t i o ns ." Theaut ho r i z e d" v er si onofTheBi bl ei st hesocal l edKi ngJame s'v er si on,c har act er i z edbyar c hai cl e xi s andsynt ax.Wi despr eadnowadaysar eot herv er si onsofTheBi bl e,wri t t eni neasi l y under s t oodmodem dayEngl i sh. Le tusc ons i de rs o meoft hel i ng ui s t i cs t y l e f o r mi ngf e at ur e s . Thel anguagei smar kedbygr aphi cal ,l e xi calandsynt act i calpecul i ar i t i es. Gr aphi calf eat ur esi ncl udec ( Go d,Lor d) ,i ( i ti smi ne,shewedyou r ay api t al i z at i on t al i c s c hai cspel l i ng i ngpar agr aphs. ki ndne s s ) ,ar i ns omee di t i o ns( I e s us ) ,number c hai cp r o no uns c hai cf o r msofv e r b s No t i c e abl ear ear ( y e,t he e,t hou,t hy ,t hi ne ) ,ar ( be hol de s t ,c ons i de r e s t ,as ke t h,r e c ei v e t h,s e eke s t ,finde t h) ,and,ofc our s e , r el i gi ous ( Lor d,Fat he rwhi c hi si nhe av e n,e v i l ,de v i l s ,f al s epr o phe t s ) . t er ms p al l e l i sm,i nv er si on Sy nt ac t i c als t y l i s t i cde v i c e sma yi nc l ud e ar ( wi dei st heg at e ,and gr e atwast hef al lofi t ) ,anaphora ( or . . .o r . . . ) ,e ( . . .you, . . .y ou ) ol andso pi pho r a p ysynde t on on. Onec anal soc omeacr os smet ( g oo dt r e ebr i ng e t hf or t hg oo df r ui t ;r a i n aphor s des cendedandbeatagai nstt hehome) . But ,sur pri si ngl y ,t he" newest "ver si onofTheBi bl emakesmorepr omi nentsomeof t hede v i c eswhi c har es t i l lt he r e ,l i kel e xi c alr e pe t i t i onandr o otr e pe t i t i on( j udg ej udg e j udge,t hesame-t hesame ) ,v er yeffect i v eopposi t i ons( ask-r ecei v e,seekfind,knoc kopen,br ead-st one,fish-snake,bad-good) .Themoder nt extal sopr eser vesmostoft he s ynt ac t i c als t y l i s t i cde vi c es .
UNI T 6. THE BELLESLETTRES STYLE Thebel l esl e t t r ess t yl ei sagener i ct er mf ort hef ol l owi ngt hr eesubs t yl es:1)t he l ang uag eofpo e t r y( v e r s e ) ,2)e mo t i v epr o se( fic t i o n)and3)dr ama.De s pi t et hef ac tt hat t hef o r msofr e al i z a t i o no ft he s es ubs t y l e s ,kno wnal s oas" g e nr e s "ar er a t he rv a r i e di n t he i rs i z eandl i ng ui s t i cpr o pe r t i e s,s t i l lt he r ear es e v er a lpr i nc i palf e at ur e st hatmakeus t hi nkt he ybe l ongt oas i ng l ee nt i t y . uncti on Fi r stofal lcomest hecommonf oft hebe l l e sl e t t r e sst y l ewhi c hi sbr o adl y t ermedas" aest het i cocogni t i ve"andwhi chai msatt hecogni t i vepr ocessont heone hand,andatr ecei vi ngpl easur eon t heot herone.Thecogni t i vepr ocesssecur est he gradualunf ol di ngoft hei deat ot her eader ,andatt hesamet i mei tcausesaf eel i ngof pl easur ef r om t hef orm i nwhi cht hecont enti spr esent ed. eat ur es Thebel l esl e t t r ess t yl er es t soncer t ai ni mpor t antl i ngui s t i cf whi chi ncl ude: 1.Genui nei mageryachi evedbypur el yl i ngui st i cdevi ces. 2.Theuseofwor dsi ncont ext ualandve ryof t eni nmor et hanonedi ct i onarymeani ng. 3.Avocabul arywhi chwi l lr eflectt heaut hor' sper sonaleval uat i on oft hi ngsorphenomenadesc r i bed. 4.Ape c ul i ari ndi v i duals e l e c t i o no fv o c abul ar yands y nt ax ,aki ndo fl e x i c aland s ynt ac t i c ali di os ync r a sy .
Theabov ef eat ur esar eobser v edi nal lt het hr eesubs t yl esoft hebel l esl e t t r esf unc t i o nals t y l e-i npo e t r y ,i ne mo t i v epr o seandi ndr ama;o fc o ur s e ,t hef e at ur e smani f e s t t hemsel vesdi ffer ent l yi nagi venst yl e,and.i naddi t i on,eachsubst yl epossessessome o t he rs pe c i t i ficf e at ur e s . Fo ri ns t anc e ,t heo ut s t andi ngf e at ur eo f oe i si t sor der l yFORM,whi chi sbased p t r y pr i mari l yont her hyt hmi candphonet i carr angementoft heut t er ance,andwhi chi s e as i l yr e c og ni z a bl e .Ev e ns ho r tv e r s ef o r msar es e tf o r t hi nas pe c i ficgr aphi c alv ar i anto f pr esent at i on wher el i nesar earr angedi nt ocol umns.Amongt hel exi calpecul i ari t i esof v er sei sal soI MAGERY,whi c h,bei ngt hegener i cf eat ur eoft hebel l esl e t t r ess t yl e assumesi npoet ryaver ycompr essedf orm wi t hi t sri chassoci at i vepower ,f r equent o cc ur r e nc eands ur pr i s i ngv ar i e t yofme ansa ndde v i c e sofmat e r i al i z a t i o n( l i ke met aphor sofdi ffer entt ypes,met onymi es,si mi l eset c) .TheEMOTI ONALel ementi sused i npoet ryt oi t sf ul lmeasur e,t hi st endencyfindsi t sembodi menther ei nagreatnumber ofemot i onal l ycol our edwor ds,manyofwhi chhavebeenr egar dedaspoet i cwor ds. Anot hersubs t yl eoft hebel l esl e t t r esf unct i onals t yl e-emot i v epr ose-i ssome t i me s t er med "c ,andt het er m seemsaptsi ncemostoft hewor ksofcr eat i veaut hors fi t i on" r e fle c tf ac t s ,e v e nt sandc har ac t e r swhi c hha v ene v e rl i v e di nr e al i t y ,buti nhabi t e dt he i magi nat i veworl dsoft heaut hors.Thesubt yl eofemot i vepr osepossessesal lt hegeneri c f eat ur espoi nt edoutabove,buti mageryi snotsori ch,asi npoet ry ,t henumberofwor ds wi t hcont e xt ualme ani ngi snotashi ghasi npoe t r y ,t hepecul i ar i t yoft heaut hori snot sonot i ceabl e.I naddi t i ont ot hati twoul dbepossi bl et odefinet heemot i vepr ose subst yl easacombi nat i onoft hespokenandwri t t envari et i esoft hel anguage,si nce t her eareal wayst wof ormsofspeechpr esent-monol ogue( usual l yt heaut hor' sspeech) anddi al o gue( t hes pe e c ho fc har ac t e r s ) . Unl i ket heemot i vepr ose,wher et her ei sacombi nat i onofmonol ogue( t heaut hor' s speech,t hechar act erspeech)anddi al ogue( t hespeechofchar act er s) ,t hel anguageof i se nt i r e l ydi al o gueorpo l y l o gue ;t heaut ho r ' ss pe e c hi spr e s e nto nl yi nt he pl ays pl a ywr i g ht ' sr e mar ksands t ag edi r e c t i o ns .Thel ang uag eofc har ac t e r s ,o fc our s e ,i si nno wayt hee xactr epr oduct i onoft hecol l oqui alspeec h,t husi t ss t yl i z at i oni soneoft he f e at ur e s . UNI T 7.TheCol l oqui alSt yl e. Thecol l oqui als t yl ei sapecul i arsubsys t em oft heEngl i shl anguage.Ont heonehand, i t sma j o rfie l do fappl i c at i o ni sf o undi nt hes po ke nv ar i e t yofl ang uag e ,o nt heo t he r hand,e l e me nt soft hi ss t y l epe ne t r a t et hewr i t t e nv ar i e t i e ssuc hast hebe l l e s l e t t r e s s t y l e ,t hepubl i c i s t i cs t y l eandt hene ws pape rs t y l e ,e t c . Whenwr i t t en,t hecol l oqui als t yl e ’ sf i st or e nde rt hespe c i fic i t yo fe v e r y da y uncti on eat ur es conver sat i on.Under l yi ngmanyofi t sspeci ficf ar et hef ol l o wi ngf ac t or s : 1)t hespont aneouscharact erofcommuni cat i on;2)t hepri vat echaract erofcommuni c at i on;3)f ac et of ac ene ss . e adymadef o r mul ae ,c l i c h és,al 1)Thecol l oqui alst yl ehasagreatamountofr lki ndsof nt ane ousc onv e r s at i o ni sf ac i l i t at e dbyus i ngs t e r e o t y pe d pr ef abr i c at edpat t er ns.Spo oc i alphr as es uni t s.Onecanment i onamongt hem t hesocal l eds suchasgr eet i ngs ( he l l o,ho w ar ey ou? ) ,t hanksandr e s pons es( t hankf or . . . ,no ta tal l . . . ,apl e as ur e ,e t c . ) eat i vi t y 2)Cr i sal soare sul tofspont aneousspeechpr oduct i on.Wemakeour conver sat i on aswegoal ong.Wehavenot i met opol i shi tdel i ber at el y ,butonecan do corr ect i ons,t hust her ear emanyhesi t at i ons,f al sest art s,l ooseendsi ngrammarand syntax.
3)Compr t endst omakespeechmor eeconomi calandl aconi c.I ti sr eflect edi n essi on t heuseoft hef ol l owi ngl anguagephenomena: a)Shor andcl ( no uns :f r i dg e,l ab,mat h;v e r bs :am -' m,i s' s , t enedf or ms i ppe dwo r ds ar e-' r e ,hav e' v e,e t c. ) . b)Wor ( t hi ng,one ) . dsofbr oadsemant i c s l i psi s c)El i sus uali nf ac e t o f ac ec ommuni c at i o nast hes i t uat i o n( c ont e x t )e as i l y suppl i est hemi ss i ngpan( Samet i me,samepl ace?) d)Si encesar esel dom usedi ncol l oqui ali nf ormal mpl i c i t yofsynt ax.Longsent communi cat i on,f orasi mpl er easont hatt hespeakerdoesn' twantt ol oset het hr eadof hi so wnt hought . 4)Redundancy r eflect sanot heraspectofunpr epar edspeec hpr oduct i on.Amongt he el ement sr eflect i ngt hi st endencyare: a)t ( y oukno w,Is ay ,l e tmes ee ,s or tof ) . i mefil l er s hepl e onas t i cus eofpr o no uns b)t ( John,hei sl at e ) . e ns e l e s sr e pe t i t i o no fwo r dsandphr as e s c)s ( Li z a:I ' m ag oodg i r l ,Iam. )Voc abul ar yi s ano t i c eabl eas pe ctoft hecol l oqui als t y l e .I tma ybes ubdi v i de di nt oa)l i t e r ar y ,b) f ami l i ar ,and,c )l o wc ol l o qui all a ye r st ho ug ht hedi c t i onar i e sdono tr e fle c tt hi sdi v i s i o n ade quat e l y .
