Full Paper on Deglobalization and Its Impact on Management Education

De-Globalization And Its Impact On Management Education *K.Naga Raju

Abstact Deglobal Deglobalisat isation ion is t!e pocess pocess o" diminis diminis!ing !ing intedep intedepende endence nce and integat integation ion bet#een bet#een cetain units aound t!e #old$ t%picall% nation-states. It is #idel% used to descibe t!e  peiods o" !isto% #!en economic tade tade and  and in&estment bet#een counties decline. It stands in contast to globalization globalization$$ in #!ic! units become inceasingl% integated o&e time$ and geneall% spans t!e time bet#een peiods o" globalization. '!e tem o" Deglobalisation !as dei&ed "om some o" t!e &e% po"ound c!ange in man% de&elo de&eloped ped natio nations$ ns$ #!ee #!ee tade tade as a popo popotio tion n o" total total econo economi micc acti&i acti&it% t% #ent #ent do#n do#n  bet#een ()( ()( and  and ()+,s. '!is decline e"es t!at t!ei economies become less integated #it! t!e est o" t!e #old economie economiess in spite o" t!e deepening deepening scope o" economic globaliza globalization tion.. !ile as #it! globalization$ it can e"e to economic economic$$ tade$ social$ tec!nological$ cultual and  political dimensions$ muc! o" t!e #o t!at !as been conducted in t!e stud% o"  deglobalization e"es to t!e "ield o" intenational economics. economics. /eiods o" deglobalization ae seen as inteesting compaatos to ot!e peiods$ suc! as (01,2  ()( and ()1,23,,+$ in #!ic! globalization !ad been t!e nom$ gi&en t!at globalization is t!e nom "o most people and t!us e&en peiods o" stagnant intenational inteaction ae o"ten seen seen as peio peiods ds o" deglob deglobali aliza zatio tion. n. '! '!ee Insti Institut tutee s!o s!o#s #s a clea clea bea bea "o "o econo economi micc globalization in 3,,)4 5 '!e busting o" t!e dot com bubble and bubble and t!e e&ents o" )6(( )6(( meel%  meel% slo#ed do#n t!e pace o" globalization7 globalization7 t!e latest economic and "inancial cisis !as$ !o#e&e$ ceated ceated a se&ee se&ee setbac setbac "o t!e globali globalizati zation on pocess5 pocess5839 In 3,( 3,(,$ ,$ t!e t!e stands standsti till ll in t!e globalization pocess basicall% continued but #it! di""eent egional pattens4 5'!e biggest up#ad mo&ement as a egion occued in :out! Asia ;albeit Asia ;albeit a &e% mino incease< #!ile =atin Ameica and :ub :a!aan A"ica sa# a &e% mino decease in t!ei egional a&eage. >ig!

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o" stagnation #!ic! !as stated e&en be"oe t!e cuent cisis.@ Globalization$ Intenational Economics$ Economics$ Globalization  Keywords: Deglobalisation$ Economic Globalization$ /ocess$ Regional Reg ional A&eage A&eage

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*K.Naga Raju$ Assistant /o"esso$ Depatment o" Management :cience$ :asi Institute o"  'ec!nolog%

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IN'RODB?'ION '!e ace o" globalization is lea&ing t!e majoit% o" t!e #olds population "a   be!ind.Accoding to Bnice" $ t!e ic!est 3, pecent o" t!e population gets 0C pecent o" global income$ #!ile t!e pooest Fuintile !as just ( pecent. '!is tend is getting #ose. A ne#BND/ epot called >umanit% Di&ided@ estimates t!at +1 pecent o" t!e population li&es in societies #!ee income distibution is less eFual no# t!an it #as in t!e ()),s$ alt!oug! global GD/ ballooned "om H33 tillion to H+3 tillion. o de&eloping economies in Asia$ t!e Gini coe""icient J #!ic! measues income ineFualit% on a scale "om zeo to one #!ee one is #ost J ose "om ,.CC in ()), to ,. in 3,(,. IneFualit% coesponds #it! geate economic uncetaint%$ lo#e in&estment and !ig! social tensions and political instabilit% J #it! t!e potential "o &iolence and con"licts bet#een goups. It demolis!es !uman ig!ts "o t!e &ast majoit%$ especiall% "o &ulneable goups lie #omen$ c!ilden and t!e eldel%. !at causes ineFualit%L '!e BND/ states$ :peci"ic aspects o" globalization$ suc! as inadeFuatel% egulated "inancial integation and tade libealization pocesses$ #!ose bene"its !a&e been distibuted &e% uneFuall% acoss and #it!in counties$ !a&e pla%ed a signi"icant ole in detemining t!e up#ad tend obse&ed o&e t!e last decades.@ Globalization causes ineFualit% "o &aious easons. One is t!at tade and "inancial globalization !a&e #eaened t!e bagaining position o" elati&el% immobile labo in elation to "ull% mobile capital$ di&ing do#n #ages. '!e c!ie" economist o" t!e Asian De&elopment an$ in an aticle t!at agues t!at ineFualit% jeopadizes economic go#t!$ notes t!at  bet#een t!e mid-()),s and t!e mid-3,,,s$ labo income as a pecentage o" manu"actuing output "ell "om 0 pecent to 3 pecent in ?!ina and "om C+ pecent to 33 pecent in India.

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'!e BND/ also sa%s dependence on capital "lo#s made counties moe &ulneable to economic and "inancial s!ocs$ causing lo#e go#t! and emplo%ment$ #!ic! bot! dispopotionatel% a""ect t!e poo. I" globalization di&es ineFualit%$ #!at ae t!e emediesL '!e usual list o" cues "om BN agencies$ t!e old an and IM include measues to stop ta e&asion$ moe pogessi&e income ta policies$ incenti&es "o "oeign in&estment$ conditional cas! tans"es$ subsidies and cedits "o small businesses and agicultue$ limited epansion o" public in&estment and social sa"et% nets. '#o e% t!ings ae appaent in t!ese emedies.@ ist$ t!e% tal about edistibuting income$  but dont addess uneFual access to souces o" #ealt!$ suc! as land o assets. '!e% also a&oid mentioning eamples o" nationalizations t!at !a&e educed eteme ineFualit% in some counties. :econd$ t!e% dont deal #it! t!e pocess o" globalization. '!e most ambitious among t!em suggest some ind o" egulation o" speculati&e "inancial maets to minimize &olatilit%. '!e old an cleal% states t!at measues to educe ineFualit% s!ould not a""ect "ee tade.@ '!e measues to combat ineFualit% touted b% intenational "inancial institutions ignoe t!e stuctual causes o" ineFualit%. Dont be "ooled b% t!ei "as!ionable ne# name4 inclusi&e go#t!.@ '!is idea epeats old emedies and is moe concened #it! po"it t!an ineFualit%.

I" #e cae about educing ineFualit%$ #e must see ne# solutions to t!e poblem. One appoac! is deglobalization$@ a poposal de&eloped b% alden ello and ocus on t!e Global :out! in esponse to t!e Asian "inancial cisis o" ())+.

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Focus on the Global South wrote:

Deglobalization is not a s%non%m "o #it!da#ing "om t!e #old econom%. It means a  pocess o" estuctuing t!e #old economic and political s%stem so t!at t!e latte builds t!e capacit% o" local and national economies instead o" degading it. Deglobalization means t!e tans"omation o" a global econom% "om one integated aound t!e needs o" tansnational copoations to one integated aound t!e needs o" peoples$ nations and communities.@ o deglobalisation$ t!ee is no one size "its all@ model lie neolibealism o centalized  bueaucatic socialism. Instead$ accoding to t!is sc!eme$ di&esit% is epected and encouaged$ as it is in natue. Deglobalization:

Deglobalization is t!e pocess o" diminis!ing intedependence and integation bet#een cetain units aound t!e #old$ t%picall% nation-states. It is #idel% used to descibe t!e  peiods o" !isto% #!en economic tade and in&estment bet#een counties decline. It stands in contast to globalization$ in #!ic! units become inceasingl% integated o&e time$ and geneall% spans t!e time bet#een peiods o" globalization. '!e tem o" deglobalization !as dei&ed "om some o" t!e &e% po"ound c!ange in man% de&eloped nations$ #!ee tade as a  popotion o" total economic acti&it% #ent do#n bet#een ()( to ()+,s. '!is decline e"es t!at t!ei economies become less integated #it! t!e est o" t!e #old economies in spite o"  t!e deepening scope o" economic globalization. !ile as #it! globalization$ it can e"e to economic$ tade$ social$ tec!nological$ cultual and political dimensions$ muc! o" t!e #o  t!at !as been conducted in t!e stud% o" deglobalization e"es to t!e "ield o" intenational economics. /eiods o" deglobalization ae seen as inteesting compaatos to ot!e peiods$ suc! as (01,2()( and ()1,23,,+$ in #!ic! globalization !ad been t!e nom$ gi&en t!at globalization is t!e nom "o most people and t!us e&en peiods o" stagnant intenational inteaction ae o"ten seen as peiods o" deglobalization. '!e globalization inde o" KO :#iss Economic Institute s!o#s a clea bea "o economic globalization in 3,,)4 5 '!e busting o" t!e dot com bubble and t!e e&ents o" )6(( meel% slo#ed do#n t!e pace o" globalization7 t!e latest economic and "inancial cisis !as$ !o#e&e$ ceated a se&ee setbac "o t!e globalization pocess5 In 3,(,$ t!e standstill in t!e globalization pocess basicall% continued but #it! di""eent egional pattens4 5'!e biggest up#ad mo&ement as a egion occued in :out! Asia #!ile =atin Ameica and :ub :a!aan 4

A"ica sa# a &e% mino decease in t!ei egional a&eage. >ig! income counties and in  paticula OE?D counties continue t!ei tend o" stagnation #!ic! !as stated e&en be"oe t!e cuent cisis.5 '!e deam o" all poponents o" #old tade #it!out baies came muc! close to its "ul"illment #!en t!e old 'ade Oganization ;'O< #as "inall% boug!t into eistence in Maaec!$ Moocco$ as a esult o" t!e Bugua% RoundP( o" multilateal tade negotiations  bet#een national go&enments$ taing place "om ()0 till ()). '!e 'O ageement #as signed on (1 Apil ()) and enteed into "oce on ( anua% ())1. 'oget!e #it! t!e Geneal Ageement on 'ade and 'ai""s ;GA''<$ eisting since ()+ and dealing #it! goods$ t#o moe ageements ae no# administeed b% t!e 'O4 t!e Geneal Ageement on 'ade in :e&ices ;GA':< and t!e 'ade-Related Aspects o" Intellectual /opet% Rig!ts ;'RI/:<. As a esult o" t!e Bugua% Round a ange o" se&ice sectos #ee selected "o "ut!e libealization including educational se&ices. '!e main objecti&e o" GA': emains t!e same as it !as been "o GA'' - pogessi&e libealization s!ould be ac!ie&ed t!oug! subseFuent ounds o" negotiations. Duing t!ese negotiations t!e 'O membe  states ae epected to tae on &aious le&els o" obligations to educe baies in especti&e se&ice sectos. :ome e% poposals o" deglobalization to eall% addess t!e elations!ip bet#een globalization and ineFualit% ae4 •

Reoient national economies a#a% "om epot poduction and to#ad poduction "o  t!e local maet to "ul"ill basic !uman needs$ el%ing pimail% on domestic esouces and emplo%ing tec!nologies t!at en!ance at!e t!an desto% t!e communit%$ t!e en&ionment and li"e itsel".

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Implement policies t!at edistibute t!e souces o" income and #ealt! suc! as land$ ensuing domestic contol o&e e% sectos o" t!e econom% and pomoting communal access to basic se&ices lie #ate$ !ealt! cae and education.

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/o&ide moe esouces to ual aeas to !alt t!e migations t!at incease ineFualit% and ob local communities t!oug! esouce gabbing.

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'!is means epanding public se&ices in ual aeas and implementing tools to boost "ood so&eeignt% t!at !a&e been de&eloped b% peasants and indigenous communities.

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De-emp!asise economic go#t! based on t!e ecognition t!at t!is go#t! !as limits. 5

Instead$ #e s!ould maimise eFuit% and edistibute #!at is a&ailable and possible

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#it!out beaing t!e &ital c%cles o" natue and o&es!ooting t!e ca%ing capacit% o" t!e Eat!. Mae stategic economic decisions subject to democatic c!oice$ at!e t!an lea&ing

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t!em to t!e maet. In ot!e #ods$ bing paticipato% democac% to t!e sp!ee o" t!e econom%.

e eamine stategic options "o business sc!ools$ noting t!at #it!in t!e net (,23, %eas$ majo c!anges in t!e demand and suppl% o" education ae liel%. Management educatos need to de&elop cae"ul stategies t!at conside t!e di&es o" c!ange suc! as globalization$ disupti&e tec!nologies$ demogap!ic s!i"ts$ and deegulation. e compae indust% tans"omations in !ealt!cae$ "inancial se&ices$ and t!e ailines #it! t!e de&eloping situation in management education7 suggest c!anges to stategic elements o" management education indust%$ suc! as its pima% maets$ poducts$ and patnes!ips7 and discuss t!e implications o" suc! c!anges.

Globalization is egaded as an o&e#!elming tendenc% #!ic! can bing about geat bene"its and "eedom to no#ada%s maet. >o#e&e$ de-globalization #as addessed b% man% #ites since t!e #old is "ull o" uncetaint% and unpedictable c!anges. >R$ as a stategic tool "o  multinational "ims$ s!ould pla% an acti&e ole in t!e pepaation "o t!e possible coming deglobalization. >R s!ould be acti&e to impo&e its stateg%$ policies$ and pactices to guaantee t!e competenc% o" compan% in t!is c!angeable en&ionment. Measures of deglobalization

As #it! globalization$ economic deglobalization can be measued in di""eent #a%s. '!ese cente aound t!e "ou main economic "lo#s4 •

Goods and se&ices$ e.g. epots plus impots as a popotion o" national income o   pe !ead o" population.

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=abou6people$ e.g. net migation ates7 in#ad o out#ad migation "lo#s$ #eig!ted  b% population ;and esultant emittances in pe cent o" GD/<

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?apital$ e.g. in#ad o out#ad diect in&estment as a popotion o" national income o pe !ead o" population

It is geneall% not t!oug!t possible to measue deglobalization t!oug! lac o" "lo#s o"  tec!nolog%$ t!e "out! main "lo#. '!ose aeas t!at ae measuable do suggest ot!e possible measues$ including4 •

A&eage tai""s

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ode estictions on labou 

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Restictions on "oeign diect in&estment o out#ad diect in&estment

One o" t!e pominent eamples o" deglobalization mo&ement could be "ound in t!e Bnited :tates o" Ameica$ #!ee t!e us! and Obama administation instituted u% Ameican Act clause as pat% o" massi&e stimulus pacage$ #!ic! #as designed to "a&o Ameicanmade goods o&e taded goods. =ie#ise$ t!e EB !as imposed ne# subsidies to potect t!ei  agicultual sectos "o t!ei o#n potection. '!ese mo&ements o" deglobalization ae can be seen as t!e eample o" !o# de&eloped nations eact to t!e inancial cisis o" 3,,+2  ,0 t!oug! deglobalization mo&ements.

Risks of deglobalization

'%picall% a eduction o" t!e le&el o" intenational integation o" economies ;and t!e #old econom% at lage< ae epected to eet second ound e""ects elated to "ou "eedbac  mec!anisms4

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a eduction o" ;t!e ate o" go#t!< o" intenational tade #ill "eed negati&el% into to long-un go#t!

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a loss o" inteaction$ t!e co-mo&ement o" economies$

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tade polic% "eedbacs in t!e sense t!at educed intenational inteaction and lo#e  go#t! #ill stimulate potectionism and non-economic issue aeas #!ee educed coopeation among counties and e&en an inceasing is o" intenational con"lict can be epected.

Globalization and Education Globalization !as a close elation #it! education. As education !as an impotant place in s!aping a societ%$ it !as to be connected #it! globalization and t!e global acti&ities !a&e a deep impact on education. Globalization o" t!e #old economies is leading to inceased emp!asis on intenationalization o" t!e cuiculum. It also contibutes to oppotunities "o ne# patnes!ips in eseac! and teac!ing #it! agencies and institutions acoss t!e globe ;'#igg and Oblinge$ ())<. Globalization is one o" se&eal po#e"ul #old#ide "oces t!at ae tans"oming t!e basis o" business competition$ paadoicall% !aening an ea in #!ic! small$ local communities o" pactice ma% become a peminent stuctual "om. ?ommunities o" pactice enable oganizations to build$ s!ae and appl% t!e deep le&el o" competence eFuied to compete in a no#ledge-based global econom% ;Duce$ ())C<.

 >umanit% li&es an inceasingl% and apid c!ange in e&e% aea. :ocial$ economic and cultual &alues ae "oced ne# c!allenges. it! t!e concept o" globalization a lot o" c!anges ae epected in t!e "ield o" education. 'aditional stuctue o" t!e education !as to be c!anged. One o" t!e main duties o" sc!ools is to en!ance t!e indi&iduals appopiateness "o t!e apid c!anges. As ening ;())+< emas toda% uni&esities and ot!e institutions ae edoubling t!ei e""ots to espond to social c!ange. '!e% !a&e to implement societ%s epectations. Godon ;()))< outlines t!e impotance o" !ig!e education in t!e leaning societ% b%

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attibuting t!e epot o" t!e National ?ommittee o" InFui% into >ig!e Education as "ollo#s4 >ig!e education is "undamental to t!e social$ economic and cultual !ealt! o" t!e nation.

It #ill contibute not onl% t!oug! t!e intellectual de&elopment o" students and b% eFuipping t!em "o #o$ but also b% adding to t!e #olds stoe o" no#ledge and undestanding$ "osteing cultue "o its o#n sae$ and pomoting t!e &alues t!at c!aacteize !ig!e  education4 espect "o e&idence7 espect "o indi&iduals and t!ei &ie#s and t!e seac! "o  tut!. EFuall%$ pat o" its tas #ill be to accept a dut% o" cae "o t!e #ell being o" ou  democatic ci&ilization$ based on espect "o t!e indi&idual and espect b% t!e indi&idual "o  t!e con&entions and la#s #!ic! po&ide t!e basis o" a ci&ilized societ%. In t!e "utue uni&esities and ot!e institutions ae not t!oug!t onl% "o t!e %oung. '!e% ae epected to  become moe open to people o" all ages #!o #is! to "ut!e t!ei education. Bni&esities and ot!e institutions #ill be open to an%one #!o !as acFuied t!e moti&ation to lean and t!e abilit% to pecei&e issues t!oug! social epeience o (C0 A ?itical Eamination o"  Globalization... in&ol&ement in &oluntee and ot!e acti&ities. esides$ an incease in t!e numbe o" students$ bot! pat-time and "ull-time$ is epected and t!is is t!oug!t to lead to t!e "omation o" an academic en&ionment #it! geate dept!. Gaduate stud% is also liel% to  become moe a&ailable to nonacademic membes o" societ%. As !ig!e education is an in&estment in !uman pogess and pospeit%$ duing apid social and economic c!ange$ it is especiall% impotant t!at uni&esities and ot!e institutions o" !ig!e education conside t!ei  contibution to societ% "om a boad$ long-tem pespecti&e ;Minist% o" Education$ :cience$ :pots and ?ultue$ ())1<.

A RAMEORK OR ?REA'ING A G=OA= A//ROA?> 'O >IG>ER EDB?A'ION

In t!e lig!t o" ealie discussion$ it is clea t!at cuent s!ot-tem and unde-esouced e""ots to engende a moe intenational "ocus at :out! A"ican uni&esities ae not sustainable. Isolated appoac!es to globalising !ig!e education #ill not #o. A moe conceted and integated "ocus on establis!ing a "ull%-"ledged stategic globalisation stateg% "o a uni&esit% is needed . '!e success o" t!e global !ig!e education stateg% depends on t#o e% "actos in"oming t!e pocess p!ases and inte"acing in a ecipocal elations!ip #it! t!e "ou   p!ases o" t!e "ame#o$ t!at is$ t!e ceation and go#t! o" a tue global uni&esit% cultue 9

#!ic! is eFuied$ and in&ol&es tanscending t!e cuent cit%$ po&incial o national model used in :out! A"ica.

'!is implies a global mindset among all sta"" in eac!ing out to t!e global #old$ beginning #it! t!e est o" A"ica$ and t!en$ epanding into t!e est o" t!e #old. In addition$ a signi"icant esouce allocation is needed to ensue t!at t!e uni&esit% tans"oms its cuent cit%$ po&incial and national "ocus to become global. A "ull% integated global uni&esit% eFuies substantial in&estment in t!e ceating and maintenance o" global in"astuctue$ cuiculum$ sta"" ec!ange pogammes$ busaies$ appointing o" intenational sta""$ accommodation and ta&elling$ and man% ot!e cost items.

Should the mentioned two prerequisites be put in place, an enabling enironment iscreased for the four phases of the framework to be implemented thus:

/!ase (4 Global stategic intent In t!e "ist p!ase$ t!e uni&esit% #ill egiste its intent to  become moe global in its t!ining$ appoac! to teac!ing$ cuiculum and eseac!. '%picall%$ t!e uni&esit% #ill geneate o e"ine a moe global &ision and mission$ and #ill set some goals in tems o" a egional "ocus ;"o eample$ t!e stong A"ican egional intent epessed  b% B and Bnisa<.'!is p!ase also includes a pope global and egional en&ionmental scanning o" t!e !ig!e education landscape and t%picall% concludes #it! an outline o" global c!allenges and oppotunities.

/!ase 34 ?a"t global !ig!e education stateg% :econdl%$ t!e uni&esit% #ill ca"t its global !ig!e education stateg%. ?lea goals and objecti&es #ill be set duing t!is stage$ in ot!e  #ods$ #!at t!e uni&esit% #ants to ac!ie&e #it! its globalisation stateg%. Duing t!is p!ase$ it is citical to cleal% s!o# t!e di""eence bet#een t!e status Fuo and "utue goals

?onclusion

'!e pesent nationalistic modes o" Fualit% assuance$ including institutional and  pogammatic acceditation #ill ine&itabl% !a&e to #o in conjunction and6o gi&e #a% to global "oms o" public potection and educational Fualit%. o se&ing t!e global maet$ it is 10

impotant t!at t!e o&eall Fualit% and standads o" education a&ailable in a count% must con"om to cetain t!es! !old le&els to become intenationall% acceptable. At t!e same time one !as to ealize t!at doing moe o bette o" #!at one !as been doing all along ma% not be enoug! to be accepted as intenational education. '!ee must be a cetain elements o"  educational po&isions and t!e institutional basic in"astuctue to mae t!e gade as t!e  po&ide o" education "o t!e intenational clientele.

Man% institutions ae using se&eal geneic stategies "o t!is pupose. Implementation o"  cetain acti&ities suc! as eoienting t!e cuiculum "ocusing on t!e intenational needs and epectations$ students and "acult% ec!anges$ tec!nical assistance "om ot!es to aise up  be%ond t!e national standads and !a&ing intenational students in t!e campuses to en!ance t!e intenational ambience "o t!e education t!e% o""e ae some speci"ic eamples. =ie#ise$ emp!asis on t!e de&elopment o" ne# sills$ no#ledge$ attitudes and &alues in students and "acult% t!at #ill lead to t!e de&elopment o" cetain identi"ied global6intenational competencies$ pomotion o" intenational6intecultual acti&ities in t!e campus must be gi&en  pioit%. '!ese ma% be implemented t!oug! eit!e integation o in"usion into teac!ing$ eseac! and se&ices elated acti&ities. '!ese initiati&es s!ould be baced up and suppoted  b% appopiate policies and pocesses at t!e institutional and6o at go&enment le&el.

Reference:

(.Knig!t$ . Intenationalization o" >ig!e Education4 In Qualit% and Intenationalization in >ig!e Education. IM>E /ublication.())).

3.Knig!t$  and >ans de it. An Intoduction to t!e IQR/ /oject and /ocess. In Qualit% and Intenationalization in >ig!e Education. ())).

C./eace =enn. M. '!e globalization o" t!e /o"essions and !ig!e education4 'ade ageements$ ne# tec!nologies and t!e Qualit% impeati&es. >ig!e Education in Euope. ol. i. No. . ()). 11

.:tella$ A. and Gnanam$ A. Mutual Recognition o" Quali"ications in Bni&esit% Mobilit%4 /actices$ ?!allenges and pospects. /oceedings o" t!e semina on Mutual Recognition o" Fuali"ications in Bni&esit% Mobilit%4 /actices$ ?!allenges and /ospects at 'o%o$ apan. 3,,(. 1.oeijenstijin$ A.I. S'o#ads a Qualit% >allma "o >ig!e Education and 'o#ads Mutual Recognition o" Qualit% Assessment Agencies. /oceedings o" t!e Intenational INQAA>E con"eence at :antiago$ ())).

.aze$ M. Recognition4 '!e Role o" Assessment Agencies. >ig!e Education in Euope$ &ol.i no.. ())

+.Gnanam$ A and Anton% :tella. EQA Agencies4 A case "o Mutual Recognition. /oceedings o" t!e Intenational INQAA>E con"eence at angaloe$ India. 3,,(.

0.Randall$ . De"ining :tandads4 De&eloping a Global ?uenc% o >ig!e Education Quali"ications. /ages -1. /oceedings o" t!e intenational INQAA>E ?on"eence at angaloe$ 3,,(

).'!e ame#o "o >ig!e Education Quali"ications in England$ ales and Not!en Ieland. QAA$ anua% 3,,(.

(, Alam GM ;3,,)< ?an go&enance and egulato% contol ensue pi&ate !ig!e education as business o public goods in anglades!L A". . us. Manage.$ C;(3<4 0),-),. ((.Alam GM$ K!ali"a M' ;3,,)<. '!e impact o" intoducing a business maeting appoac! to education4 a stud% on pi&ate >E in 1+0 A". . us. 12

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