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55

ADAFY]I] ADL ID\@U[U@\A\ICD

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Mcn{`|`dmi`}& [`ujcunadm` A{{uai}af adl Mau``u L`z`fc{n`d|

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57

Why }hcpfl `n{fcy``} na{ |h`iu mcn{`|`dmi`}3

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58

Mcn{`|`dmy F`z`f L`jidi|icd

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59

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=1

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\hi} a{{ucamh `d}pu`} |ha| |h` ocehcfl`u’} zi`w} au` liu`m|fy |ab`d id|c ammcpd| adl mad e` a mc}|.`jj`m|iz` way cj gaididg idjcuna|icd jucn a faug` dpne`u cj ocehcfl`u}$ Hcw`z`u& |h` {ucm`}} cj adafy}idg |h` u`}pf|} adl mcffa|idg |h`n id|c }cn` }cu| cj cul`u mad e` |in` mcd}pnidg$

U`{`u|cuy guil

\hi} a{{ucamh a||`n{|} |c il`d|ijy |h` mcn{`|`dmi`}& whimh lijj`u`d|ia|` e`|w``d {ccu& az`uag` adl }p{`uicu {`ujcunadm`$ \h` nadag`u i} id|`uzi`w`l adl a}b`l |c {fam` {`c{f` id zauicp} ma|`gcui`} cj {`ujcunadm`$ \h` id|`uzi`w`u |h`d {ucn{|} |h` nadag`u |c l`}muie` }cn` }cn` cj c j |h` `xan{f`} cj {`ujcunadm` adl |h`d | h`d a||`n{|} |c eu`ab |h`}` `xan{f`} lcwd |c m`u|aid `f`n`d|} |ha| mad i}cfa|` adl il`d|ijy |h` eahazicpu} |ha| ammcn{ady {`ujcunadm` a| lijj`u`d| f`z`f}$

=5

\hi} a{{ucamh cdfy |ab`} id|c ammcpd| |h` zi`w} cj |h` nadag`u adl dc| |h` ocehcfl`u$ I| i} af}c d`m`}}auy |c `d}pu` mcdjil`d|iafi|y lpuidg |h` {ucm`}}$ \h` {ucm`}} u`qpiu`} a }pi|aefy `x{`ui`dm`l adl }biff`l id|`uzi`w`u adl mad e` |in` mcd}pnidg$

Ce}`uza|icd

\hi} a{{ucamh idzcfz`} |h` ce}`uza|icd cj ocehcfl`u} pdl`u|abidg |h`iu dcunaf lay.|c. lay am|izi|i`}$ \h` ce}`uz`u wiff dcunaffy l`z`fc{ a u`mcul jcun |ha| fi}|} {c}}ief` e`hazicpu idlima|cu} adl |h`d u`mcul} wh`d |h`}` e`hazicpu} au` li}{fay`l lpuidg |h` ce}`uza|icd {ucm`}}& whimh nigh| jcmp} cd a {au|impfau |in` {`uicl$

\hi} a{{ucamh `daef`} |h` ce}`uz`u |c }`` |h` wcub a| jiu}| hadl adl {u`z`d|} li}up{|icd |c |h` nadag`u cu ocehcfl`u$ Hcw`z`u& |h` ocehcfl`u nay haz` mcdm`ud} aecp| e`idg ce}` ce}`uz uz`l `l jcu fcdg cdg {`ui {`uicl cl}} cj |in |in` adl adl nay d``l ``l u`a u`a}}pu }}puad adm` m` cj |h` |h` {pu{ {pu{c} c}`` cj |h` |h` `x`umi}`$ Wh`u` a dpne`u cj ce}`uz`u} au` p}`l& i| i} in{`ua|iz` |ha| aff ce}`uz`u} p}` |h` }an` a{{ucamh$

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09

\hp} w` mad idj`u |ha| afnc}| aff |h` u`}{cdl`d|} j``f |ha| mcn{`|`dmy na{{idg mcd|uiep|`} cd l`uizidg }{`mijim {`ujcunadm` `x{`m|a|icd} jucn |h` `n{fcy``}$ U`}{cdl`d|} af}c j``f |ha| mcn{`|`dmi`} jcu jp|pu` ucf`} mad e` a}m`u|aid`l jucn |h` mcn{`|`dmi`} id |h` {`ujcunadm` a{{uai}af$

:;

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I| u`{u`}`d|} |ha| ncu` |had |wc |hiul (:8) cj |h` u`}{cdl`d|} haz` }ail |ha| i| ha} high in{am| cd hiuidg adl }`f`m|icd {uam|im`$ F`}} |had cd` |hiul (=5) cj |h` u`}{cdl`d|} }ay& i| ha} fcw in{am| cd }`f`m|icd$

\hp} w` mad idj`u |ha| ncu` |had |wc |hiul} cj |h` u`}{cdl`d|} j``f |ha| mcn{`|`dmy na{{idg ha} high in{am| id |h` }`f`m|icd {ucm`}}$

:1

\aef` Dc? 1= L`}igda|icd z}$ Mcn{`|`dmy Na{{idg’} ucf` id ]`f`m|icd adl Hiuidg Mcd|uiep|icd |c ]`f`m|icd L`}igda|icd

\c|af High

Fcw

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59 (::)

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Mhi.}qpau` zafp` ” ;$1<1 L`gu`` cj ju``lcn . 1

Dc| }igdijimad| a| ;$;0 f`z`f

\hi} |aef` u`fa|`} e`|w``d |h` l`}igda|icd cj |h` u`}{cdl`d|} adl |h`iu zi`w} cd mcn{`|`dmy na{{idg id }`f`m|icd$ D`aufy |wc |hiul} (::) cj |h` `x`mp|iz`} j``f |ha| i| ha} high in{am| in{am| cd }`f`m|icd {ucm`}} adl u`naididg cd` |hiul (=<) cj |h` u`}{cdl`d|} j``f |ha| mcn{`|`dmi`} lc`} dc| {fay a zi|af ucf` id |h` }`f`m|icd {ucm`}}$ Id |h` nadag`u} f`z`f& |hu`` jcpu|h (70) cj |h` u`}{cdl`d|} j``f |ha| i| ha} high in{am| cd }`f`m|icd adl cd` jcpu|h (50) cj |h`n j``f i| ha} mu`a|`l f`}} in{am|$

\hp} w` mad idj`u |ha| nadg`u} j``f |ha| mcn{`|`dmi`} id |h` }`f`m|icd mu`a|`} high in{am| cd }`f`m|icd ]idm` |h` mafmpfa|`l zafp` (;$1<1) i} f`}} |had |h` |aepfa|`l zafp` (=$8<1)& |h`u` i} dc }|a|i}|imaf }igdijimadm` e`|w``d l`}igda|icd adl }`f`m|icd$

:5

\aef` Dc? 1< @lpma|icd z}$ Mcn{`|`dmy Na{{idg’} ucf` id ]`f`m|icd adl Hiuidg Mcd|uiep|icd |c ]`f`m|icd @lpma|icd

\c|af High

Fcw

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Mhi.}qpau` zafp` ” ;$;;5 L`gu`` cj ju``lcn . 1

Dc| ]igdijimad| a| ;$;0 f`z`f

\hi} |aef` u`fa|`} `lpma|icd cj |h` u`}{cdl`d|} adl }`f`m|icd {ucm`}}$ Id ec|h |h` ma|`gcui`} cj Na}|`u} cj ]cmiaf Wcub adl Na}|`u} id Ep}id`}} Alnidi}|ua|icd& ncu` |had |wc |hiul (:9rN]W~& :8rNEA~) cj |h` u`}{cdl`d|} haz` }ail |ha| i| ha} high in{am| cd hiuidg adl }`f`m|icd {ucm`}}$ F`}} |had cd` |hiul (=1rN]W~& =5NEA~) cj |h` u`}{cdl`d|} id ec|h |h` ma|`gcui`} }ay i| ha} f`}} in{am| cd }`f`m|icd$ \hp} w` mad mcdmfpl` |ha| iuu`}{`m|iz` cj |h` qpafijima|icd |h` {ucj`}}icdaf} haz` agu``l |h` high in{am| cj |h` mcn{`|`dmy na{{idg id |h` {`ujcunadm` a{{uai}af$

]idm` |h` mafmpfa|`l zafp` (;$;;5) i} f`}} |had |h` |aepfa|`l zafp` (=$8<1)& |h`u` i} dc }|a|i}|imaf }igdijimadm` e`|w``d `lpma|icd adl }`f`m|icd$

:=

\aef` Dc? 10 Ag` z}$ Mcn{`|`dmy Na{{idg’} ucf` id ]`f`m|icd adl Hiuidg

Ag` (id y`au}) y`au})

Mcd|uiep|icd |c ]`f`m|icd \c|af High

Fcw

E`fcw =;

58 (7;)

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7 (=0)

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Mhi.}qpau` zafp` ” ;$10< L`gu`` cj ju``lcn . 1

Dc| ]igdijimad| a| ;$;0 f`z`f

\h` |aef` }hcw} |h` u`}{cdl`d|} ey ag` adl |h`iu u`}{cd}` |cwaul} |h` mcn{`|`dmy ea}`l }`f`m|icd {ucm`}}$ Id e`fcw =; y`au} gucp{& za}| naocui|y cj |h` u`}{cdl`d|} haz` amm`{|`l |h` high in{am| cd }`f`m|icd$ Adl fi||f` f`}} |had cd` |hiul cj |h` e`fcw =; y`au} gucp{ u`}{cdl`d|} j``f |ha| i| ha} fcw in{am| cd }`f`m|icd$ Id aecz` =; y`au} gucp{& ncu` |had |wc |hiul} cj |h` u`}{cd}` ha} e``d |c high in{am| cd }`f`m|icd$ \hi} i} fcw mcn{au`l |c |h` c|h`u ‘e`fcw =; y`au}’ gucp{$ Fi||f` f`}} |had cd` |hiul cj  |h` aecz` =; y`au} u`}{cdl`d|} }ay |h`u` i} fcw in{am| cd }`f`m|icd$

]idm` |h` mafmpfa|`l zafp` (;$10<) i} f`}} |had |h` |aepfa|`l zafp` (=$8<1)& |h`u` i} dc }|a|i}|imaf }igdijimadm` e`|w``d ag` adl }`f`m|icd$ :<

\aef` Dc? 1: @x{`ui`dm` z}$ Mcn{`|`dmy Na{{idg’} ucf` id ]`f`m|icd adl Hiuidg

Mcd|uiep|icd |c ]`f`m|icd @x{`ui`dm`

\c|af High

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Mhi.}qpau` zafp` ” ;$;01

Dc| ]igdijimad| a| ;$;0 f`z`f

L`gu`` cj ju``lcn . 1

\h` |aef` l`ncd}|ua|`} |h` u`fa|icd}hi{ e`|w``d |h` `x{`ui`dm` cj |h` u`}{cdl`d|} adl |h`iu c{idicd cd mcn{`|`dmy ea}`l }`f`m|icd$ Ncu` |had |wc |hiul} cj |h` u`}{cdl`d|} id |h` e`fcw 0 y`au} gucp{ j``f |ha| i| ha} high in{a in{am| m| cd }`f`m }`f`m|icd |icd {ucm`}} {ucm`}}$$ Fi||f Fi||f`` f`}} f`}} |had |had cd` |hiul |hiul cj |h` u`}{cd u`}{cdl`d l`d|} |} id |h` }an` }an` gucp{ j``f |ha| i| ha} f`}} in{am| cd |h` }`f`m|icd$ D`aufy |wc |hiul} cj |h` u`}{cdl`d|} id |h` aecz` 0 y`au} gucp{ j``f |ha| i| ha} f`}} in{am| cd |h` }`f`m|icd {ucm`}}$ Cd` |hiul cj |h` u`}{cdl`d|} id |h` }an` gucp{ u`}{cdl`l |ha| i| ha} fcw in{am| cd |h` }`f`m|icd {ucm`}}$ ]idm` |h` mafmpfa|`l zafp` (;$;01) i} f`}} |had |h` |aepfa|`l zafp` (=$8<1)& |h`u` i} dc }|a|i}|imaf }igdijimadm` e`|w``d `x{`ui`dm` adl }`f`m|icd$ :0

\aef` Dc? 17 Jam|cu} cj Mcn{`|`dmy Na{{idg whimh au` idjfp`dmidg ]`f`m|icd adl Hiuidg {ucm`}}$

Jam|cu}

]|ucdgfy Agu``

Agu``

Li}agu``

\c|af

@jj`m|iz` |had |uali|icdaf n`|hcl L`jid`} cugadia|icd}’ `x{`m|a|icd} L`|`unida|icd cj ucf` adl oce ji| [ayidg ma{ami|y * mcn{`|`dmi`} Mcn{`|`dmy adl u`mupi|n`d| mc}| U`lpm|icd id u`mupi|n`d| mc}| Mcn{`|`dmy E`dmhnaubidg

18 (=;)

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.

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10 (50)

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9 (10)

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1 (5) 1 (5)

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1= (55) 11 (18)

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00 (91) 07 (90)

1 (5) .

:; (1;;) :; (1;;)

\h` |aef` `fpmila|`} `amh mcn{`|`dmy jam|cu& whimh mcd|uiep|`} |c |h` hiuidg adl }`f`m|icd {ucm`}}$ @jj`m|iz` |had |h` |uali|icdaf n`|hcl cj }`f`m|icd * l`jididg `x{`m|a|icd}

Aff Aff |h` |h` u`}{ u`}{cd cdl` l`d d|} (1;; (1;;) ) j``f ``f |ha| |ha| mcn{` cn{`|`d |`dmy my ea}` ea}`l l }`f` }`f`m|i m|icd cd i} e`||`u `||`u |had |had |h` |h` |uali|icdaf n`|hcl cj }`f`m|icd adl |h`u` i} dc c{{c}i|` zi`w cd |hi}$

::

Nc}| cj |h`n (87) j``f |ha| mcn{`|`dmy id |h` }`f`m|icd {ucm`}} l`jid`} |h` `x{`m|a|icd} cj |h` cugadia|icd} mf`aufy$ U`naididg (1=) cj |h` u`}{cdl`d|} j``f |ha| i| lc`} dc| l`jid` ady `x{`m|a|icd cj |h` cugadia|icd$

L`|`unida|icd cj ucf` adl oce ji|

Ncu` |had cd` |`d|h (1=) cj |h` u`}{cdl`d|} j``f |ha| l`|`unida|icd cj ucf` adl oce ji| i} dc| {c}}ief` |hucpgh mcn{`|`dmy.ea}`l }`f`m|icd$

Eafadmidg cugadia|icd} {ayidg ma{ami|y& u`mupi|n`d| mc}| adl mcn{`|`dmi`}

Ncu` |had |hu`` jcpu|h (78) cj |h`n j``f |ha| |h`u` }hcpfl e` a eafadm` e`|w``d |h` {ayidg ma{ami|y adl |h` mcn{`|`dmi`} `x{`m|`l$ F`}} |had cd` jij|h (55) cj |h` u`}{cdl`d|} j``f |ha| |h`u` d``l dc| e` a eafadm` e`|w``d |h` u`mupi|n`d| mc}| adl |h` `x{`m|`l mcn{`|`dmi`}$

U`lpm|icd id |uaididg mc}|

Afnc}| aff cj |h`n (98) j``f |ha| wiff e` u`lpm|icd id |uaididg mc}| |hucpgh mcn{`|`dmy. ea}`l }`f`m|icd$

:7

\aef` Dc? 18 Mcn{`|`dmy Na{{idg adl ad l }igdijimadm` cj ad|imi{a|idg jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`}

F`z`f

Dc cj u`}{cdl`d|}

[`um`d|ag`

1=

55

<7

78

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1;;

Fcw High \c|af

\h` |aef` mcuu`}{cdl} |c |h` ad|imi{a|icd cj mcn{`|`dmi`} u`qpiu`l jcu jp|pu`$ \hi} la|a u`fa|`} |c |h` }igdijimadm` cj |h` ad|imi{a|idg adl nadagidg jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`}$

Ncu` |had |hu`` jcpu|h cj |h` u`}{cdl`d|} j``f |ha| i| i} in{cu|ad| |c ad|imi{a|` |h` jp|pu` mcn{` mcn{`|`d |`dmi` mi`}$ }$ Ncu` Ncu` |had |had cd` jij|h jij|h cj |h`n |h`n j``f j``f |ha| |ha| i| ha} ha} f`}} f`}} }igdi }igdiji jimad madm` m` |c jcu` jcu`ma ma}| }| mcn{`|`dmi`} u`qpiu`l jcu jp|pu`$

\hp} w` mad idj`u |ha| ncu` |had |hu`` jcpu|h cj |h` u`}{cdl`d|} (78) j``f |ha| mcn{`|`dmi`} {fay ad in{cu|ad| ucf` adl mu`a|`} high in{am| cd |h` }`f`m|icd {ucm`}}$

:8

\aef` Dc? 19 L`}igda|icd z}$ |h`iu c{idicd cd ad|imi{a|idg jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`}

L`}igda|icd

]igdijimadm` cj  ad|imi{a|idg jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`} High Fcw

\c|af

@x`mp|iz`}

=< (77)

1; (5=)

<< (1;;)

Nadag`u}

1= (81)

= (19)

1: (1;;)

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<7 (78)

1= (55)

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Mhi.}qpau` zafp` ” ;$1;9 L`gu`` cj ju``lcn . 1

Dc| }igdijimad| a| ;$;0 f`z`f

\hi} |aef` idlima|`} |h` u`fa|icd}hi{ e`|w``d |h` l`}igda|icd adl |h` }igdijimadm` cj |h` jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`}$ Ncu` |had |hu`` jij|h cj |h` `x`mp|iz`} j``f |ha| i| i} in{cu|ad| |c ad|imi{a|` |h` jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`}$ F`}} |had cd` jcpu|h cj |h` `x`mp|iz`} j``f |ha| i| i} dc| in{cu|ad| |c jcu`ma}| jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`}$ Nc}| cj |h` nadag`u} j``f |ha| i| i} in{cu|ad| |c ad|imi{a|` mcn{`|`dmi`}$ Ncu` |had cd` |`d|h cj |h` nadg`u} j``f |ha| i| i} dc| in{cu|ad| |c jcu`ma}| mcn{`|`dmi`}$ \hp} w` mad pdl`u}|adl |ha| afnc}| aff |h` nadag`u} j``f |ha| ad|imi{a|idg adl nadagidg jcu |h` jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`} i} in{cu|ad| adl }igdijimad|$ ]idm` |h` mafmpfa|`l zafp` (;$1;9) i} f`}} |had |h` |aepfa|`l zafp` (=$8<1)& |h`u` i} dc }|a|i}|imaf }igdijimadm` e`|w``d l`}igda|icd adl |h`iu c{idicd cd ad|imi{a|idg jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`}$

:9

\aef` Dc? 5; @lpma|icd z}$ |h`iu c{idicd cd ad|imi{a|idg jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`}

@lpma|icd

]igdijimadm` cj  ad|imi{a|idg jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`} High Fcw

\c|af

N]W

58 (8;)

7 (5;)

=0 (1;;)

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19 (7:)

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50 (1;;)

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<7 (78)

1= (55)

:; (1;;)

Mhi.}qpau` zafp` ” ;$1=7

Dc| ]igdijimad| a| ;$;0 f`z`f

L`gu`` cj ju``lcn . 1

\hi} |aef` u`fa|`} |h` `lpma|icd adl |h` u`}{cdl`d|}’ zi`w} cd |h` jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`}$ Nc}| cj |h` N]W j``f |ha| |h` ad|imi{a|idg |h` mcn{`|`dmi`} i} in{cu|ad|$ Adl cd` jij|h (5;) cj |h`n j``f |ha| i| i} dc| in{cu|ad|$ Ncu` |had |hu`` jcpu|h (7:) cj |h` NEA} j``f |ha| i| i} }igdijimad| |c wcub cd jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`}$ F`}} |had cd` jcpu|h (55) cj  |h` NEA} }ay |ha| i| i} dc| in{cu|ad in{cu|ad|| |c wcub cd mcn{`|`dmi mcn{`|`dmi`}$ `}$ \hp} w` mad idj`u idj`u |ha| afnc}| aff |h` u`}{cdl`d|}’ `x{u`}} |ha| ad|imi{a|idg adl nadagidg mcn{`|`dmi`} i} }igdijimad|$ ]idm` |h` mafmpfa|`l zafp` (;$1=7) i} f`}} |had |h` |aepfa|`l zafp` (=$8<1)& |h`u` i} dc }|a|i}|imaf }igdijimadm` e`|w``d `lpma|icd adl ad|imi{a|idg jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`}$

7;

\aef` Dc? 51 Ag` z}$ |h`iu c{idicd cd ad|imi{a|idg jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`}

Ag` (id y`au})

]igdijimadm` cj  ad|imi{a|idg jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`} High Fcw

\c|af

E`fcw =;

== (8=)

7 (17)

<; (1;;)

Aecz` =;

1< (7;)

: (=;)

5; (1;;)

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<7 (78)

1= (55)

:; (1;;)

Mhi.}qpau` zafp` ” 1$557

]igdijimad| a| ;$;0 f`z`f

L`gu`` cj ju``lcn ” 1

\h` |aef` u`{u`}`d|} |h` ag` adl |h` zi`w} cj u`}{cdl`d|} cd jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`}$ Nc}| cj |h` |h`n (8=) id |h` ag` gucp{ e`fcw =; y`au} j``f |ha |ha| |h` jcu`ma}|id |idg mcn{`|`dmi`} au` in{cu|ad|$ F`}} |had cd` jij|h (17) cj |h`n j``f |ha| i| i} dc| in{cu|ad| |c wcub cd jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`}$

Za}| naocui|y (7;) cj |h` aecz` =; y`au} gucp{ j``f |ha| i| i} zi|af |c wcub cd mcn{`|`dmi`}& whimh au` u`qpiu`l jcu |h` jp|pu`$ Fi||f` f`}} |had |h` cd` |hiul (=;) cj  |h`n j``f} |ha| i| i} dc| zi|af |c wcub cd jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`}$

71

\hp} w` mad mcdmfpl` |ha| u`}{cdl`d|} e`fcw =; y`au} }ay |ha| ad|imi{a|idg adl nadagidg jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`} au` in{cu|ad|$

]idm` |h` mafmpfa|`l zafp` (1$557) i} ncu` |had |h` |aepfa|`l zafp` (=$8<1)& |h`u` i} }|a|i}|imaf }igdijimadm` e`|w``d ag` adl |h`iu c{idicd cd ad|imi{a|idg jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`}$ $

75

\aef` Dc? 55 @x{`ui`dm` z}$ |h`iu c{idicd cd ad|imi{a|idg jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`}

@x{`ui`dm`

]igdijimadm` cj  ad|imi{a|idg jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`} High Fcw

\c|af

E`fcw 0 yu}

=; (8=)

: (17)

=: (1;;)

0 yu} adl aecz`

17 (71)

7 (59)

5< (1;;)

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<7 (78)

1= (55)

:; (1;;)

Mhi.}qpau` zafp` ” 1$=5:

Dc| ]igdijimad| a| ;$;0 f`z`f

L`gu`` cj ju``lcn . 1

\hi} |aef` u`fa|`} |h` `x{`ui`dm` adl |h` }igdijimadm` cj |h` jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`}$ Id |h` ma|`gcuy cj e`fcw 0 y`au}& nc}| cj |h`n (8=) }|a|` |ha| |h`u` }hcpfl e` high in{cu|adm` giz giz`d |c jp|pu` |pu` mcn{ cn{`|`d |`dmi`} mi`}$$ F`}} |ha |had cd` cd` jij jij|h (17 (17)) cj |h`n |h`n j``f |ha |ha| jp|pu` |pu` mcn{`|`dmi`} au` cj fcw in{cu|adm`$ Za}| naocui|y (71) id 0 y`au} adl aecz` `x{u`}} |ha| jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`} au` zi|af |c e` wcub`l cd$ Fi||f` f`}} |had cd` |hiul (59) cj |h`n j``f |ha| i| i} dc| in{cu|ad|$ in{cu|ad|$

]idm` |h` mafmpfa|`l zafp` (1$=5:) i} ncu` |had |h` |aepfa|`l zafp` (=$8<1)& |h`u` i} }|a|i}|imaf }igdijimadm` e`|w``d `x{`ui`dm` adl |h`iu c{idicd cd ad|imi{a|idg jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`}$

7=

\aef` Dc? 5= C{idicd cj HU {ucj`}}icdaf} cd ad|imi{a|idg adl nadagidg |h` jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`}

Jam|cu}

]|ucdgfy Agu``

Agu``

Li}agu``

In{cu|adm` cj  ad|imi{a|idg mcn{`|`dmi`} Nadagidg |h` }{``l cj mhadgidg mcn{`|`dmi`} ]pmm`}}icd [faddidg

10 (50)

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9 (10)

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5 (=)

01 (80)

7 (15)

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1 (5)

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00 (95)

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70

\aef` Dc? 5< ]igdijyidg |h` cz`uaff in{am| cj mcn{`|`dmy na{{idg cd |h` HU L`fiz`uaef`}

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7:

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\hp} w` mad idj`u |ha| mcn{`|`dmy na{{idg ha} high in{am| cd |h` HU l`fiz`uaef`} i$`$ [`ujcunadm` A{{uai}af adl ]`f`m|icd$ W` mad af}c pdl`u}|adl |ha| ad|imi{a|idg adl nadagidg jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`} i} z`uy }igdijimad|$

77

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79

Mcn{`|`dmy Na{{idg adl [`ujcunadm` A{{uai}af

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wiff `d}pu` }{`mijim j``leamb cd {`ujcunadm` `x{`m|a|icd}$ ]inifau u`}{cd}` wa} jcu mcn{`|`dmy’} mcd|uiep|icd |c na{{idg mcn{`|`dmi`} jcu jp|pu` ucf`}$ \h`}`} |wc jam|cu} mcd|uiep|` gu`a|fy |c |h` {`ujcunadm` a{{uai}af$

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cj |h` `n{fcy``}’ amm`{|adm` jcu mcn{`|`dmy ea}`l {`ujcunadm` a{{uai}af {ucm`}} adl jcu |h` a{{uai}``’} u`}{cd}` aecp| |h` jaiud`}} adl |uad}{au`dmy id mcn{`|`dmy ea}`l {`ujcunadm` a{{uai}af$

8;

Mcn{`|`dmy Na{{idg adl ]`f`m|icd

Ø Naocui|y cj |h` u`}{cdl`d|} c{id` |ha| mcn{`|`dmy na{{idg {fay} a }igdijimad|

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Ø Id |h` l`}igda|icd ma|`gcuy& nadag`u} `x{u`}} |ha| mcn{`|`dmy na{{idg ha} high

f`z`f cj in{am| cd |h` }`f`m|icd adl hiuidg {ucm`}}$ Ec|h |h` {c}|gualpa|`} id |h` ]cmiaf Wcub adl Ep}id`}} Alnidi}|ua|icd agu`` |ha| mcn{`|`dmy ea}`l }`f`m|icd adl hiuidg ha} ha} high in{am|$ Id |h` ag` ag` ma|`gcuy u`}{cdl`d|} e`fcw =; y`au} }ay |ha| mcn{`|`dmy ha} high in{am| cd |h` }`f`m|icd adl hiuidg {ucm`}}$ F`}} `x{`ui`dm`l {ucj`}}icdaf} j``f |ha| mcn{`|`dmy na{{idg ha} high in{am| cd |h` a{{uai}af$

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81

Jp|pu` Mcn{`|`dmi`}

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Ø \h` |wc nc}| in{cu|ad| c{idicd jam|cu}& whimh gaz` }igdijimadm` cd jp|pu`

mcn{`|`dmi`}& au`& cd`& jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`} wiff `d}pu` id e`||`u }pmm`}}icd {faddidg {ucm`}} adl idz`}|idg al`qpa|` |in` id jcu`ma}|idg mcn{`|`dmi`}$ \h`}` |wc jam|cu} gaz` high in{cu|adm` |c jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`}$

Ø In{cu|adm`

cj jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`} wa} fcw e`map}` cj |h` jam|cu |ha|

cugadi}a|icd} maddc| mhadg` ammculidg |c |h` }{``l cj |h` mhadgidg mcn{`|`dmi`}$

85

J`w u`}{cdl`d|} af}c j`f| |ha| cugadi}a|icd} d``l dc| giz` npmh in{cu|adm` jcu jcu`ma}|idg mcn{`|`dmi`}$

Ø A} ad cz`uaff mcn{aui}cd cj |h` |hu`` zauiaef`} ” [`ujcunadm` A{{uai}af&

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adl

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\h` }|ply }hcw} |ha| mcn{`|`dmy ea}`l HU {uam|im`} au` gaididg ncn`d|pn id |h` ji`fl adl |h` {ucj`}}icd$ \h` mcd|ualim|icd} id m`u|aid au`a} cj |h` jidlidg} l`{im|} |h` lydanim} cj |h` `zcfzidg ncl`f} cj mcn{`|`dmy na{{idg$ Jcu `xan{f`& |h` amm`{|adm` cj |h` mcn{`|`dmy ea}`l a{{uai}af i} z`uy fcw& ep| |h` cz`uaff mcd|uiep|icd i} |h` high`}| id |h` {`ujcunadm` a{{uai}af$ Fib` |ha| id }`f`m|icd {ucm`}} |h` amm`{|adm` cj |h` mcn{`|`dmy ea}`l }`f`m|icd $

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{`ujcunadm` a{{uai}af$

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Ø \h` HU }hcpfl mu`a|` |h` awau`d`}} adl in{cu|adm` cj ad|imi{a|idg |h`

mcn{`|`dmi`} u`qpiu`l jcu |h` jp|pu`$

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80

A ]|ply cd Mcn{`|`dmy Na{{idg adl i|} in{am| cd |h` HU L`fiz`uaef`}

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Mcn{`|`dmy Na{{idg adl [`ujcunadm` A{{uai}af

5$ Mcn{`|`dmy ea}`l [`ujcunadm` Nadag`n`d| ]y}|`n ([N]) ha} f`z`f cj amm`{|adm` ancdg `n{fcy``}$ c ]|ucdgfy Agu``

c Agu``

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8:

c ]|ucdgfy Agu``

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87

c ]|ucdgfy Li}agu``

15$ Mcn{`|`dmy na{{idg eafadm`} |h` cugadia|icd} {ayidg ma{ami|y adl |h` `x{`m|`l mcn{`|`dmi`}$ c ]|ucdgfy Agu``

c Agu``

c Li}agu``

c ]|ucdgfy Li}agu``

1=$ \h`u` }hcpfl e` mcdgup`dm` e`|w``d |h` mcn{`|`dmy adl |h` u`mupi|n`d| mc}|$ c ]|ucdgfy Agu``

c Agu``

c Li}agu``

c ]|ucdgfy Li}agu``

1<$ Mcn{`|`dmy ea}`l }`f`m|icd idmu`a}`} |h` fib`hccl cj hiuidg {`c{f` whc ji| |h` cugadia|icd$ c ]|ucdgfy Agu``

c Agu``

c Li}agu``

c ]|ucdgfy Li}agu``

10$ Mcn{`|`dmy na{{idg `d}pu`} u`lpm|icd id |h` |uaididg mc}|$ c ]|ucdgfy Agu``

c Agu``

c Li}agu``

c ]|ucdgfy Li}agu``

1:$ Mcn{`|`dmy e`dmhnaubidg i} {c}}ief` id |h` }`f`m|icd {ucm`}}$ c ]|ucdgfy Agu``

c Agu``

c Li}agu``

c ]|ucdgfy Li}agu``

Mcn{`|`dmy Na{{idg adl Jp|pu` Ep}id`}} D``l}

17$ I| i} in{cu|ad| jcu ad cugadia|icd |c ad|imi{a|` |h` jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`} u`qpiu`l jcu |h` `n{fcy``}$ c ]|ucdgfy Agu``

c Agu``

c Li}agu``

c ]|ucdgfy Li}agu``

18$ \h` cugadia|icd mad nadag` |h` }{``l id whimh |h` u`qpiu`l mcn{`|`dmi`} au` mhadgidg$ c ]|ucdgfy Agu``

c Agu``

c Li}agu``

c ]|ucdgfy Li}agu``

19$ Ad|imi{a|idg |h` jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`} wiff jamifi|a|` id |h` }pmm`}}icd {faddidg {ucm`}}$ c ]|ucdgfy Agu``

c Agu``

c Li}agu``

88

c ]|ucdgfy Li}agu``

5;$ \h` nadag`n`d| mad idz`}| }pe}|ad|iaf |in` jcu jcu`ma}|idg mcn{`|`dmi`}$ c ]|ucdgfy Agu``

c Agu``

c Li}agu``

c ]|ucdgfy Li}agu``

51$ Cugadia|icd i} {u`{au`l wi|h |h` mcd|idg`dmy {fad |c n``| cp| ady ni}ha{ id {u`lim|idg |h` jp|pu` mcn{`|`dmi`}$ c ]|ucdgfy Agu``

c Agu``

c Li}agu``

89

c ]|ucdgfy Li}agu``

EIEFICGUA[HY

1$ Uimhaul$ @$ Ecya|i}& ‖ \h` Mcn{`|`d| Nadag`u„ Ochd Wif`y * ]cd} [pefi}h`u ? 1985

5$ H`}|`u$ Mhim& ‖A ncl`f jcu `jj`m|iz` {`ujcunadm`„ Ochd Wif`y * ]cd} [pefi}h`u ? 1991

=$ ‖Mcn{`|`dmy„$ Zcf$ <& Dc$ 1& ap|pnd 199:$ Addpaf }puz`y cj mcn{`|`dmy juan`wcub}$

<$ G$ ;$ Odu $BF@N[ ‖\h` A}}`}}n`d| cj Cmmp{a|icdaf Mcn{`|`dm`„$ U`{cu| |c |h` Da|icdaf Id}|i|p|` cj @lpma|icd& Wa}hidg|cd& LM ? 198;

0$ ‖\h` Nadag`n`d| Mhau|`u Idi|ia|iz`„ Id|uclpmidg Nadag`n`d| ]|adlaul}& Fcdlcd& NMI ? 1995

:$ Ocda|had Wid|`u|cd * Up|h Wid|`u|cd ” Ucp|`f`lg` ‖L`z`fc{idg Nadag`uiaf Mcn{`|`dm`„$ Fcdlcd& D`w Ycub ? 199:

7$ Law}cd$ Uc}}$ %L`z`fc{idg bdcwf`lg`.ea}`l mfi`d| u`fa|icd}hi{}$ www$nhh`$mcn ? 5;;;

8$ Augyui}& Mhui}$ ‖]biff`l Idmcn{`|`dm`„$

Hauzaul Ep}id`}} U`zi`w Au|imf` ? 198:

9$ ]adghi & ]``na$ ‖\h` Hadleccb cj Mcn{`|`dmy Na{{idg„$ \h` U`}{cd}` Eccb} ? 5;;<

9;