FOREIGN
From
SERVICE
ANISH
INSTITUTE
PORTUGUESE
From
SPANISH
To
PORTUGUESE
J A C K L. ULSH
FOREIGN
SERVItE
INSTITUTE
W A S H I N G T O N , O.C.
1971 O s a l e by th
~ u p e r l n t e n d e n t
a f D o cu c u m en e n ts ts .
Washmgton, D.
20402
F
5
T
Governrnent Prmtmg Ofhce P n c e $1
FROM
SPANISH TO
PORTUGUESE
FROM SPANISH TO
TABlE
PORTUGUESE
CONT CO NT NT
Foreword ........•........•..................... . Author' N ote Cognates ..•..............•............... Specia1 Part
TH
viii
SOUNDS
Vowe1s
S p a n i s h Vowe1s w i t h C o u n t e r p a r t s
Spanish
Portuguese
Portuguese .........•.............
Portuguese u n s t r e s -
unstressed
P o r t u g u e s e Vowe1s
Occurring
Spanish
O r a l Vowe1s N a s a l Vowe1s Diphthongs
13
....•......................................
Spanish Diphthongs with Counterparts Portuguese Diphthongs Occurring
Portuguese Spanish
Oral Diphthongs Nasal Diphthongs Diphthongs R e s t r i c t e d Consonants
Some
Dia1ects
. . . . . . . • . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . • . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .
Spanish Consonants with Counterparts Portuguese portuguese Consonants Occurring Spanish Major Brazi1ian Dia1ect D i f f e r e n c e s Observations Consonant C1usters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part
TH
GRAMMAR
Introduction
29 31
Word a r d e r
Word O r d e r Word O r d e r Word o r d e r
Negation
Q u e s t i o n s w i t h I n t e r r o g a t i v e Words Yes-No Q u e s t i o n s Answers Yes-No Q u e s t i o n s
................•................................
Extra Negative •........••..........•............... portuguese ' e i t h e r / n e i t h e r ' ......••••..........•.•....
An
31 32 32
34
FROM
Contractions Verbs
SPANISH TO
PORTUGUESE
.....•...•...............................•....
39
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . Ve R e g u l a r V e r b Forms I r r e g u l a r V e r b Forms . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Verb C o n s t r u c t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . • . . . . .
Spanish
infinitive)
infinitive)
3. 4. 5. Usage
Portuguese
..•................•...........
Portuguese past participle) Spanish (haber past participle) ........................•. (ter Spanish gustar Portuguese gostar .....•... Spanish hacer Portuguese haver time preSSl.ons Spanish (estar infinitive)
Portuguese
-ndo)
estar
(estar
..•.•.......•.•.•...•..........•.
Verb C a t e g o r i e s F u tu tu r
.............•...•.•............
Sub unc iv
Personal Infini
••...•.•.•.•..•...•.•.........
•......•...•••.....•........•
Nominals
39 39
44 46 46
47
48
48
49 49 51
51 52 57
O b j e c t pronouns Placement O th th e P ro ro b
57
57
60
ms
D i r e c t O b j e c t Nouns Definite Article
63 63
64
Gender
64 64
Cognates Number
'Two
Part Some P a t t e r n s Common
35
HINTS ON VOCABULARY TRANSFER
Correspondences
Correspondences
•..••••.•.•.•...••........
•................................
Sounds Word E n d i n g s
L e s s Common C o r r e s p o n d e n c e s
•....•...•....•.........•••.
F a l s e Cognates
part SUPPLEMENTARY
PRON PRONUN UNCI CIAT ATIO IO
EXERC EXERC SES
81
FROM
SPANISH TO
PORTUGUESE
AUTHO AUTHOR'S R'S FOREWORD FOREWORD
Introduction
like mo ow a b o u t
wh
Ame
learn
Since Spanish
liability.
first
h i n d e r you.
advantage
will
i d e a , b e c a u s e f r i e n d s wh
close,
transition
h a v e a l r e a d y made
your
from
t r a n s i t i o n have
i n t e r f e r e with your Portuguese.
your Portuguese.
your Spanish
m o r e f a v o r a b l e comments understandable,
have also
e n d s wh
ow e a s y
They t e l l
was.
sure what
that
then,
keeping
c o n t r a s t t h e s e remarks
Yo o th th e
portuguese.
g o n e from S p a n i s h quite
asset
expect considerable difficulty
They have warned with
know
cannot wholly accept
t h a t your Spanish w i l l
told
want
Portuguese
quite easy.
other will
Yo
disadvantage,
assume t h a t
inclination
know w h e t h e r
want
portuguese,
your Spanish w i l l help
whether
already speak Spanish
ca an n s wh
believe. We
wh
supervise Portuguese
I n s t i t u t e have observed t h a t
h e m a jo jo r
s p e a k S p a n i s h make b e t t e r p r o g r e s s noto
unwanted i n t r u s i o n s erable
ns gh
Spanish that
advantages
asseto t h i s ne
Vo
feel
have wondered about
Portuguese instruction
every step, take heart!
what conclusion
t h a t Spanish
utility
w i l l soon
than a g a i n s t you.
distinct
y ou ou r S p
have a l r e a d y s t a r t e d
have found y o u r s e l f blocked Yo
learned
outweigh
particularly
venture,
more g o i n g
We
wh
much
this transfer
interference.
disadvantages
already
a l s o g i v e s them c o n s i d -
Portuguese.
applicable
wh
w e l l makes f r e q u e n t
language.
ne
d en en t
Portuguese
their portuguese,
nt no
of
S p a n i s h t h e y know
Although
Foreign Service
instruction
that
Spanish h a v e much
S PA PA NI NI S
FROM
Spanish
P or o r tu tu g u e
on
s e p a r a t e d from
became
ancestor
languages,
a c h i e v e command
Spanish cannot help
through
Portuguese.
approach wise,
constantly
between
languages, nearly parallel.
primary
This manual
altering
Spanish patterns
going
Portuguese
He
informal s t y l e ,
style
c l a s s r o o m , w h e r e much
i n i t i a l expression.
supply students with
non-technical
h e c o n v e rs rs a
un
you,
o na l
origin
content
written
P o rt r t ug u g u es e s e c o rr r r es e s p on o n d en en c e
he
examination
ud nt ho
S pa n
h/
most troublesome
that
correspondences
p a r t i c u l a r l y aware
p o r t u g u e s e s e p a r a t e from y o u r S p a n i s h .
wish
This
paral
Portuguese conversion.
casual,
students,
other
logically
need
Spanish
extensive,
conversion process
converto
written
provides
kind
many c o r r e s p o n d e n c e s
Inevitably
grown
making
An
many a r e a s w h e r e t h e y
going
He
Arnerican s p e a k e r
other.
reminded
P o r t u g u e s e moldo Spanish.
language
mind w i l l
be or
guide
speaker
when d e s c r i b i n g w h a t
word ' c o n v e r s i o n ' order
enable
each o t h e r
enough
still
does
PORTUGUESE
no
m a n ~ a l
cover
e xh au s
he di
centrates
approachi
ve
e re nc e
does
mp
languages.
between
con-
known t r o u b l e s p o t s .
terminology used process
into account.
Spanish
Portuguese
former.
Yo
with
counterpart
conversion
t h i s manual
latter
will
w i l l compare n e a r l y e v e r y t h i n g
reflection
'modifying'
this
Spanish frame
mind.
g o i n g from
fact that
recognizes
terms learn
word 'conversion' When we
S p a n i s h p a t t e r n s , when we
Portuguese itself
talk about 'changing' that
Spanish sound
FROM SPANlSH TO PORTUGUESE
when we s p e a k
Portuguese counterpart, 'new'
P o r t u g u e s e s o u n d , we
b e f o r e you.
view
We
using
thoughts
echoing
students
terminology which r e f l e c t s using Spanish
A m e r i c a n wh
point
springboard
Portuguese.
An a t t e m p t
B r a z i l i a n Portuguese case,
d i s t i n c t i o n s between European
examine
scope
beyond
such t r e a t m e n t would
special
particularly useful
Spanish speaker
problems
Portuguese
which
regardless
assumption t h a t
since
much
sarne
learning.
users will
he ma or
have e l e c t e d
Brazilian Portuguese,
write
On
studying standard about this variety.
European P o r t u g u e s e w i l l f i n d t h a t t h i s manual
However, s t u d e n t s
does
o f f e r them
much
nearly
t h i s manual.
studying
t h o s e wh
Brazilian Portuguese.
manual Grammar',
divided into
four parts:
'Vocabulary T r a n s f e r i ,
Exercises'.
read about
ference
that
their entirety
such time
following. available
Many give
time,
read
want
other
we e s p e c i a l l y recommend
they
with
Portuguese p o r t i o n s
my c o l l e a g u e s h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t h i s manual. special credit
Ehrman, b o t h many u s e f u l
ma
course
study
four parts
tape.
preparation
want
Yo
your i n t e r -
study
select parts
your Portuguese
w i l l experience most
from S p a n i s h p r o n u n c i a t i o n .
parts
sounds
very beginning
pronunciation exercises
that
'The
'Supplementary Pronunciation
We recommend t h a t then
'The Sounds
whom r e a d
suggestions.
While
v a r i o u s ways
c a n n o t name them a l l , Earl Stevick
original manuscript
Miss Madeline offered
SPANISH
FROM
Special Note
Cogoates portuguese share
Spanish
p r o b a b l y upwards he di
s l i g h t change
Portuguese vocabulary
cognate
ve
cognates
e re nc e
another.
cent
words w h
f e r e n c e ma
w i l l n o t i c e between other times
q u i t e pronounced,
Spanish ahora,
word w i l l
Consider,
dif-
still
example, Portuguese agora,
P or o r tu t u gu g u es e s e c ho h o ve ve r
Spanish l l o v e r .
introduced
Rather d r a s t i c sound w or o r ds ds ,
which have
Sometimes
example,
great,
Portuguese bonito.
readily recognizable.
P o rt r t ug u g ue ue s
Spanish.
vowel q u a l i t i e s t h a t
Spanish bonito
should
f i r s t cousin
still
r e c o g n i z e them
words
Spanish.
following pages
used frequently
Cognates w i l l
i l l u s t r a t e c e r t a i n correspondences between Spanish
i m p r e s s i o n from t i m e
likely
Yo
Spanish word think
have
this.
cognate.
aPortuguese
Some
cognate
Spanish. ou
As
Portuguese. time t h a t every
Yo
m o s t common w o r d s
their occurrence.
We
c o g n a t e s , words t h a t
language
e a s i l y r e c o g n i z a b l e from
words.
huge q u a n t i t y
t h e s e shared words
wi
consists
PORTUGUESE
TO
no
yourself
portuguese difficult
rule
appreciate this
predict
studying
he
ol ow
examples.
cognates
amanhã
hoy.
manana
portuguese word noto slightest.
this, 'yesterday'
Spanish
might expect
cognate too. resemble ayer
FROM
PORTUGUESE
w i l l r e a d i l y r e c o g n i z e P or o r tu t u gu g u es e s e c am a m is is a
Vo
sapato,
Spanish. saia
from
Cognates
l i k e l y , however,
Vo
until
somebody
word f o
I sk sk ir e
fall
sure that
learn wh
wo noto
know w h a t
something t e l l s you. removed
obviously
f a m i l i a r Spanish often
blusa,
a l r e a d y know t h e s e w o r d s
since
falda.
shown
into recognizable patterns
2 a r t I I I , 'Vocabulary Transferi),
later
which
SPANISH TO
will find
cognate
very d i f f i c u l t
given case.
Vo
from your S p a n i s h i n v e n t o r y have c o g n a t e s
must
SPANlSH TO
FROM
PORTUGUESE
PART
portuguese.
sounds
cognates
We
Spanish with
sounds
t h i s s e c t i o n we w i l l c o m p a r e
comments w i t h
illustrate
will
ab u a r t r a n s f e r v o c ab
order
em
from
Spanish into Portuguese. Th
Vowels
portuguese
S p a n i s h Vowels w i t h C o u n t e r p a r t s
T h e s e same
a n d ~ .
portuguese,
vowel sounds, pronounced
mi
S pa pa n s h
ones t h a t
diphthongs means t h a t
m u s t no
more e x t e n s i v e v o w e l s y s t e m . c o n s id id e ra b l
accommodating y o u r s e l f
w i l l a l s o need
variations
cannot
a
n
d
~
.
Spanish
We
discuss
each
these
ends
words
below.
Portuguese
portuguese
special variant,
S p a n i s h , w h i c h w i l l p ro r o ba ba b e a r l y days
ew
These v a r i a t i o n s occur
m o s t p a r t when t h e s e v o w e l s o c c u r unstressed.
seven
h a n d l e some v e r y common
learn
familiar
freely
these pages.
will discover
addition
five Spanish
transferring Yo
several
w i l l have
a l s o means t h a t
cognates.
would l i k e ,
their
operate within
learn
c a u t io io n
vowels, p a r t i c u l a r l y
vowels,
Spanish.
exist
seven a d d i t i o n a l vowels
these
exercise
o c u r frequently
i n t e r s p e r s e d with seven a d d i t i o n a l
they
v o w e l s o u n d s , ne existence
ve
know t h e m
essentially
j u s t five vowels,
t h a t Spanish
will recall
Yo
study.
We
c au au s
occurring
some p r o b l e m s d u r i n g y o u r
will arbitrarily elect
write this
FROM
SPANISH TO PORTUGUESE
moment l i k e t h i s :
variant
English vowel sound,
sort
lax,
words l i k e
e a r l y days
f i n a l , weak-
'comma',
your
b r e a k away f r o m t h i s
l e a r n i n g Spanish
comfortable English habit
'abbot'
'Anna',
n o r m a l , u n a f f e c t e d way.
u t t e r t h e s e words
when
'sofa',
sound t h a t
'uh'-type
neutral
English
native-speakers
s tr t r e s s e d s y llll a b l
mi
t h i s sound
force yourself
final, weak-stressed syllable
Spanish words.
Yo
toma,
last syllable
learn senoras,
qanan,
many o t h e r w o r d s .
Portuguese,
Now,
with great frequency,
example,
will find that this
final, weak-stressed syllables.
last syllable
will hear
toma, s e n h o r a s , which
p r e c i s e l y where
corresponding Spanish words. recognizable
particularly
undoing
familiar
Spanish
portuguese
learned
j u s t such e a s i l y
will
portuguese/Spanish cognate words
f i n a l u n s t r e s s e d vowel
sound does o c c u r ,
t h e s e , where
that
w i l l need
P o r t u g u e s e ~ .
requires
comfortable pattern.
Below
cases
Spanish
(weak-stressed underlined.) c
a
s
portuquese
(spelling a l e re re d show w e a k - s t r e s s e d c
~
a
senoras p
a
r
~
s e n h o r ~ s p
~
s
a
r
~
dias
ahora
a
n a d ~
nada
c a b e z ~
c a b e q ~
t
t o m ~
o
m
~
g
o
r
~
FROM SPANlSH TO
course
Here, too,
well.
tendency
resist
final, weak-stressed syllable
occurs
many n o n - c o g n a t e w o r d s
PORTUGUESE
w i l l have
Spanish
fala
fica
o b r i g a d
feira
note t h a t
interesting r a p i d speech
some B r a z i
European Portuguese
an
d e f i n i t e tendency
he
pass over t h i s sound very l i g h t l y ,
sometimes
dropping s y l l a b l e s when
also heard
sound.
syllable begins with
once a g a i n ,
slightly nasalized.
c og o g na na t
S pa pa n s h words
these
interference
Portuguese
vamos
v
~
m
o
s
cama
c
bano
b ~ n h o
g
ganho
~
n
from f a m i l i a r ,
problem.
likely
Spanish
following
o
~
m
~
~ n . 2 .
portuguese
d i f f e r e n c e s between Spanish
j u s t such small d i f f e r e n c e s
seem v e r y g r e a t , h es es e
h un d e d
of
h em - - h a
tinguishable
Merely wh tabulated
recurring,
ma
separate
Spanish
dis
languages. considerable frequency with
indication
w i l l need
portuguese
perforrn t h i s
presence below grammatical f e a t u r e s
c h a n g e , we h a v e
some v e r y b a s i c ,
hence constantly
languages.
SPANISH TO
Frequency check:
Spanish
portuguese
Spanish unstressed their agreeing adjectives n gu l
pr
s o u n d m a r k s many f e m i n i n e n o u n s
( c a s ~
Nouns:
verbs
will find
( v i v ~ ,
Spanish
portuquese
casa
case
senoras
senhores p
a
r
d i ~ s
bonita
bonite
car,2.
care
pe
singular,
etc.).
s e p ~
~
días
Verbs:
etc.),
positions.
these
para
Adjectives:
v u e l ~ ,
( m a n d ~ ,
singular subjunctives
t h i r d person
etc.),
b o n i t ~ ,
verbs
nt
portuguese,
PORTUGUESE
verbs)
present
t o m ~
tome
manda
mande
t r a b a j ~
trabalhe
verbs)
-er,
(singular subjunctive
rend
aprenda coma
come
Spanish unstressed
portuguese unstressed
S p a n i s h v e r y commonly e n d s
word w i t h
unstressed
accustomed
sound
( c o m ~ ,
using these
b a n ~ ,
s a l ~ ,
Since
ends
words
w i l l want
them
this
will
po
portuguese, too, especially
on
etc.)
sounds
Spanish
find that
v i v ~
unstressed
ar
ea
n g with
SPANISH TO
very c a r e f u l , overly precise speech a P o r t u g u e s e
cognates. s p e a k e r ma
words w i t h
occasionally
sounds
language,
ow
h e u ns t e s e d
no ma
o f Portuguese
ur
speech
e v r yd yd a
sounds, r e s p e c t i v e l y ,
always
will
PORTUGUESE
speech w i l l
These
instead.
first
among
s t r i k e your e a r s .
frequency check p r e s e n t e d below w i l l
i n d i c a t e ho
will
often
Frequency check:
Spanish
focus
required
portuguese
(Spanish h e u ns t e ss e
t h e i r agreeing adjectives
s o u n d m a r k s many m a s c u l i n e n o u n s
(carrQ v i e j Q , e t c . ) most verbs
f i r s t person s i n g u l a r , p r e s e n t
portuguese,
etc.) spelling).
emphasize
Observe We
presence
he
written
portuguese
nd
sound.
Spanish
portuguese
centro
centru
estados
estadus
Nouns:
Adjectives:
cuatro
famoso bonitos
(teng2,
IlevQ,
s ~ a n d a r
e x a m p l e s shown b e l o w ,
change
have a l t e r e d
well
taken over
functions
sound (which, n o n e t h e l e s s ,
stressed
cognates.
these
them.
q
u
a
t
r
~
famosu
pe
ng
SPANlSH
FROM
tomQ
tomu
llevo
levu
tengQ
tenhu
vivo
vivu portuguese
Frequency
Spanish,
verbs
occurs frequently b i l l e t ~
( a p r e n d ~
verbs
u b u nc t v e o f most
( m a n d ~ ,
etc.),
s a l ~ ,
t r a b a j ~ ,
singular
etc.).
l a s t vowel
also
adjectives
portuguese these
un
(which, n o n e t h e l e s s ,
on
assumed
Compare t h e s e
Spanish).
have a l t e r e d
Portuguese spelling
unstressed
standard spelling,
written
just
sample c o g n a t e s .
sound.
3r
pe so
singular,
-er,
a p r e n d ~
a p r e n d ~
abre
abri
mueve
movi
cabe
cabi
(singular
u b u nc t v e o f
h a b l ~
fali
mande
mandi
pas.§.
p a s s ~
We
presence
emphasize
Portuguese Verbs:
( h o m b r ~
etc.
v e r d ~ ) ,
unstressed
person s i n g u l a r
sound marks
unstressed
most
sound
PORTUGUESE
( f i r s t person singular, present tense):
Verbs:
g r a n d ~ ,
TO
verbs)
verbs)
FROM
Adjectives:
SPANISH
PORTUGUESE
TO
g r a n d ~
grandi
verde
verdi
essi
Nouns:
base
basi
noche
noiti
t a r d ~
tardi
bi11ete
bilheti
portuguese unstressed
s h i f t from S p a n i s h u n s t r e s s e d e v i d e n t e1sewhere
have
e x a m p 1 e , many P o r t u g u e s e s p e a k e r s
too.
i n i t i a 1 u n s t r e s s e d sy11ab1es
Spanish experience would lead
d i s - where your
expect
unstressed
des-.
spelling a1tered show sound) ~
s
p
e
r
a
isperar
r
istar
estar ~
Additional
Part
exercises
s
p
o
s
isposo
o
escribir
iscrever
descuido
discuido
desdén
disdém
destino
distino
with unstressed
3.
found
SPANISH TO
FROM
P o r t u g u e s e Vowels
p or o r tu t u gu gu e
Occurring
ha
Spanish
occur
s e v e n vowels t h a t
e xa x a m in i n a o n p ur u r po p o se s e s we
groups:
PORTUGUESE
o r a l vowels
divide
these
Spanish.
v o w e l s i n t o tw
ne
n a s a l vowels.
O r a l Vowels We
them.
w i l l look
o r a l vowels f i r s t .
ne
Since they
somewhat d i f f i c u l t
(The
~ , Q .
identify
w r i t e them
s p e l l i n g we
this:
There
capitals
moment l i k e
deliberate.)
o r a l vowel
A.
This vowel words
produce
set.
opening between
'open' called
'closed'.
variation
t h i s reason
makes
which
ma
r
o
just
another vowel a l t o g e t h e r ,
u e s e ~ . f
needs
sometimes r e f e r r e d
however,
Be c a r e f u l , p o r t u g
somewhat l a r g e r
mouth t h a n
contrast
d i f f e r e n t from
'open'
have
tongue
Perhaps
produce
English
vowel
somewhat s i m i l a r
m
~
.
following p a i r s
Notice
difference
words.
with
closed'
with 'open'
êste
(this)
Este
sêlo
(stamp)
sElo
seal,
gêlo
(ice)
gElo
freeze)
cêrro
(hill)
cErro
close)
sêde
(thirst)
sEde
(headquarters)
sexta
(sixth)
sEsta
(nap, s i e s t a )
(east)
stamp)
FROM
SPANlSH
TO
PORTUGUESE
l n e v i t a b l y some i n t e r f e r e n c e w i
vowel sounds
accommodating
dealing with only one.
cognates.
case
Many
c l o s e d ) w i l l show
Spanish words with
Portuguese
Spanish words ending
will
case
(which o p e n ~ .
consider
Among
closed
these
s t r e s s e d -elo
portuquese
papel
papEl
pincel
pincEl
hotel
hotEl
will find
difficult
portuguese word.
find
these examples:
Spanish
brand
problem
Spanish
most c a s e s , though,
whether
problem
even more
will
used
a r e a where
This w i l l
new, n o n - c o g n a t e words.
necessity
portuquese
closed
pelo
pelo
mesa
mesa
pena
pena
pelar
pelar
tenaz
tenaz
menos
menos
Portuquese open
mero
mEro
sede
sEde
bella
bEla
fÉ ella
cero
zEro
flecha
flEcha
Check
FROM
SPANISH TO
another environment.
look t h a t S pa pa n
PORTUGUESE
ha Portuguese with
show
v
o
many w o r d s .
applicable
w
e
l
~
will
factor,
mi
keep
listing
We
cent)
AIthough t h i s change
.
interference
very useful device
that
find
open
Most
95
figure
because
annoying
ma
diphthong
words c o n t a i n i n g
rough e s t i m a t e would
remember
Yo
because
mp just
them h e r e .
portuguese
Spanish siete
sEte
ciego
cEgo
piedra
pEdra
pieI
pEle
mieI
mE
tierra
tErra
pierde
pErde
fiesta
fEsta
diez
dE
followed
Spanish
siempre,
Portuguese cognate word w i l l most
vowel
( s e e p a g e 13.)
n a s a l vowel
likely
sarne s y l l a b l e ,
will
open
o r a l v o w e l Q. o t h e r ne
a g a i n we more
term 'open'
apply pa e- mor
t h i s vowel
mouth often
o r a l vowel
ef
Spanish
of (the
often called
'open'
refer
'closed'.
t h e ~ .
'closed'
once
fact that there
' o p e n i n g '- - b e t w e e n tongue
Q) t h a n
Q.
T h e ~ ,
very
roof-of
turn, mi
SPANISH
FROM
quite
portuguese.
Here
PORTUGUESE
TO
different
s e p a r a t e vowels
quite
wo
several pairs
wh
will
illustrate
this.
With c l o s e d
w i t h open
underlined) (grandfather)
côro
(chorus)
cOro
almQço
(lunch)
almOço
gôsto
(taste)
gOsto
P Q ~ o
(well)
pOsso
w i l l h a v e some t r o u b l e
Just a
n
d
~
w i l l a l s o have
,
Q.
tion
When
blush) lunch) (1
can) distribution
learning
o ub l
distribu
e a n in in g
Again, comes a l o n g ,
Take each word
saying
course, your well-established habit
learn closed Spanish
w i l l tempt
Portuguese t o o , p a r t i c u l a r l y will
cognates,
like)
when
answer seems
right,
carry this
sound over i n t o
cognates.
case
t h e s e examples
show.
Spanish closed
Portuquese closed
gota
gôta
boca
bôca
mozo
môço
como
corno
boba
boba
popular
popular
noticia
notícia
case switch
vO
aVQ
o p e n Q,
many o t h e r c o g n a t e s
w i l l have
f o l l o w i n g e x a m p l e s show.
some
FROM
SPANISH TO PORTUGUESE
Spanish closed
Portuguese open
nota
nOta
moda
mOda
norte
nOrte
obvio
6bvio
bota
bOta there
see,
As
appear
does
pattern
follow. Spanish
l a r g e number
Many,
all,
these
words t h a t
on ai
h e diphthong
Portuguese with
show
o p e n Q.
Spanish
portuguese
fuerte
fOrte
luego
lOgo
cuerda
cOrda
puerta
porta
nueve
nOve
rOda
muerte
mOrte
escuela
escOla
puede
pOde
suelo
sOlo
h u e s o , h o w e v e r , show
Spanish puerto
both
on
n in in g
assume t h a t e v e r y Spanish
portuguese. Spanish cuenta
vowel
.2.,
w i l l have
h e c lo l o se s e d Q.
nonetheless,
will
followed
careful
open
turn
good r u l e
thumb.
(See page 1 3 . )
And,
sarne s y l l a b l e ,
Portuguese cognate w i l l most l i k e l y have cõta.
osso,
porto
FROM
SPANISH
occurrences
additional
PORTUGUESE
TO
both
sounds
' I r r e g u l a r Verb F o r m s ' , pages
sub-division
44-46.
N a s a l Vowels that Sp ni
know,
Yo
does E n g l i s h ,
nasal vowel.
pronouncing
ma
Portuguese
ou
that matter.
five
standard spelling,
nasal
presence
n a s a l vowels.
vowels a r
s i m , bom,
They a r e :
important
same s y l l a b l e , dd
remember t h a t
na
or oral,
from
from
show
easily recognizable
e qu en t
vowel.
Spanish v e
f i r s t pronounce
sound. That's
Be a l e r t t h e n
following:
pronounce
simply n a s a l i z e Q.
trouble understanding you,
more S p a n i s h t h a n
changes
on of
pronounce
Yo
nobody w i l l have
Portuguese will
vowel, then
portuguese, however,
all.
They
d i s t i n c t from
Spanish/Portuguese cognate words. these words,
vowels
counterparts.
completely d i f f e r e n t vowels, every
n a s a l vowels
tilde
on
(the l a t t e r being written
-n a t h e i r n o n -n
non-nasals
(-).
signalled
e qu en t
vowel
sounds
mere v a r i a t i o n s
tilde
banda.
d e s i g n a t e s many
par
most people
after
vendo,
saying goes,
e d s p e l l i n g we w i l l
m od i
process
Rest assured, though, that
d i f f i c u l t thing
ticularly
such thing
'through your nose',
vowel
you.
ne
ha
your
should want
w i l l have
make
such cognate
FROM
SPANISH
TO
PORTUGUESE
Spanish
Portuguese nasal
cuando
quando
(quãdu)
cuanto
quanto
(quãtu)
banco
banco
(bãcu) (cãtar)
(mãdar) andando
andando
(ãdãdu)
(and o t h e r -ndo forms
verbs)
Spanish
Portuguese nasal
senda
senda
(sede)
vencer
vencer
(vecer)
mentir
mentir
(metir)
vender
vender
(veder)
aprendiendo
aprendendo
(aprededu)
{ a n d o t h e r -ndo forms
Spanish
verbs)
Portuguese nasal
(fi:) pintar
pintar
(pitar)
insulto
insulto
(isultu)
importante
importante
(iportãti)
dirigiendo
dirigindo
(dirigidu)
(and o t h e r -ndo forms
verbs.
FROM
Spanish
.2.
SPANISH
TO
PORTUGUESE
Portuguese nasal (respõder)
montana donde
onde
(õdi)
onza
ones
(ões
onda
onda
(õda)
Spanish
Portuguese nasal (fudar)
tumba
tumba
(tuba)
mundo
mundo
(mudu)
FROM
SPAN SP ANIS IS
PORTUGUESE
Th Dipht Diphtho hongs ngs portuguese
Spanish Diphthongs with C o u n t e r p a r t s diphthongs t h a t occur
Most
with different degrees
portuguese,
treat
bother
w i l l make
Spanish.
will
just
We
portuguese,
nearly
have a l r e a d y seen t h a t
Portuguese
a p p e a r when
sounds frequently
open
We
them.
Spanish often
frequency.
them h e r e ,
comments a b o u t s e v e r a l
open
Spanish also occur
accustomed
hearing Spanish
On what
other hand,
diphthongs
sorne-
v e r y common
Spanish,
their occurrence
mi
which
Portuguese. should
Yo
appears
particularly mindful p o s i t i o n s where Spanish
those
When t h i s
case,
'-i-glide' will
s o u n d much l i k e
simple
w i l l have
sound
q
u
~
m
a
r
sound.
careful
make
genuine diphthong.
English bay.
examples:
Spanish
often
since
Portuguese queimar
d ~ j a r
deixar
madera
madeira
manera
maneira
p r i m ~ r o
verdadero
verdadeiro
caballero
cavalheiro
dinero
dinheiro
s o l t ~ r o
solteiro
Compare t h e s e
FROM
N o t i c e t h a t many
SPANISH
falarei cantarei sorte
these verb endings:
found
also
mandei, mandarei cantei,
PORTUGUESE
t h e s e Spanish words
diphthong
falei,
TO
(cf.
Spanish mand!, m a n d a r ~ )
(cf.
Spanish
h a b l ~ ,
h a b l a r ~ )
(cf.
Spanish
c a n t ~ ,
c a n t a r ~ )
(see exercise
P a r t IV.)
m o s t common o c c u r r e n c e s meu,
diphthong a r e :
(cf.
Sp ni
(cf.
S p a n i s h Y2.)
(cf.
Spanish d i o s , adiós)
venceu
(cf.
S pa p a n s h v en en c ó )
valeu
(cf.
Spanish v a l i ó )
bebeu
(cf.
Spanish bebió)
comeu
(cf.
Spanish comió)
vendeu
(cf.
Spanish vendió)
deus, adeus
mi
(the
person, singular, past tense ending verbs) regular
Portuquese Diphthonqs
occurrinq
Spanish
o r a l Diphthongs
Among sounds
diphthongs
ne
three involving
open vowel
Q. papéis, hotéis
c é u , chapéu dói, herói
A l s o ne trabalhou,
Spanish
~
,
a
falou,
s
~ mandou
s i n g l e vowel
,
~
.
Note p a r t i c u l a r l y
presence
s i m i l a r p a s t t e n s e items where (cf.
Spanish t r a b a j Q , hablQ, mand2).
FROM
SPANISH
PORTUGUESE
TO
Diphthongs n a s a l vowels
vowel sounds
combine w i t h
form f o u r n a s a l d i p h t h o n g s :
mãe, c ã e s , pães (usually
tem, bem, dizem
spelled
põe, canções, b o t õ e s , funções saíram
(A f i f t h d i p h t h o n g ,
pp
verb endings - á n , practice
6n
word m u i t o . )
corresponds
very u s e f u l .
diphthong nd
on
also corresponds
Observe
-i6n. available
sa am m p le le s b e o w
e x e rc r c is is e
Third person plural verb
p
passam
~
pasaban
passav.9.!!l
pasarán
passarão
p
a
s
a
r
í
~
passari.9.!!l
pasaron
passar.9.!!l
digan
dig.9.!!l
reciban
recebam
están
estão
lim6n
limão
Nouns:
me16n
mont6n
Additional
forms:
portuguese
s
Spanish noun
Part
Spanish a
Spanish
m
e
l
~
montão
(spelling)
FROM
SPANISH TO
PORTUGUESE
salón
salão
corazón
coração
condición
condição
destinación
destinação
sección
seção
lección
lição
(Many o t h e r n o u n s e n d i n g
diphthong
Spanish w i l l
portuguese.)---
others:
diphthong which c o r r e s p o n d s
heard
common p l u r a l
Spanish -ones
-iones.
Portuguese p l u r a I s
nouns l i s t e d
Spanish
portuguese
limones
limões
melones
melões
montones
montões
s
salões
Spanish
c
a o
l r
~ a
z
~
Compare t h e s e
above.
corações
condiciones
condições
destinaciones
destinações
secciones
seções
lecciones
lições
diphthong often corresponds -en.
ending - õ e s ,
Spanish verb-ending
Compare:
Spanish
Portuguese
viven
vivem
venden
vendem
manden
mandem
vivies§!l
vivessem
(spelling)
FROM
Diphthongs R e s t r i c t e d
Some D i a l e c t s
striking
speech
ears
many B r a z i l i a n s
glided toward
SPANISH TO PORTUGUESE
Spanish speakers t h a t
s t r e s s e d vowel b e f o r e
sound.
Standard Spelling
diphthong.
result possible
Pronunciation
[gais]
'but' arroz
[mais] [arrois] [nois]
feroz
[ferois]
eficaz
[eficais] [veis]
[luis] [puisJ avestruz
[avestruis [vois]
maçãs
[maçãis]
irmãs
[irmãis]
manhãs
[manhãis]
final
sound
FROM
The
SPANlSH
TO
PORTUGUESE
Consonants
Spanish Consonants w i Yo
into
S pa p a n s h c o n so s o n an an t s o u n d s o v e r
carry
Portuguese with
modification.
little
(
o
f
~
s t a r r e d above.
)
n
'soft'
have
Spanish
nada
these
Yo
considerably
'softer'
English
Portuguese word nada
sound,
since
firm--a
u nd n d e s ta ta n
that
than either
donde.
Sometimes
'this'.
softly,
that
speaker's
Portuguese.
' h a r d ' - - ~
recognize
Spanish suba lips
s o u n d much
we
sound. soft
considered
during
close
Portuguese word suba
production.
'hard'
h e a r s o m e t h i n g w h i c h we m i g h t w r i t e
t h i s e v e r happens
Likewise,
'soft'
lightly,
disappears,
E n g l s h s pe p e ak ak e
t h a t language.
example,
Spanish s p e a k e r seems None
sounds t h a t occur
meant
p r o b a b l y know,
something l i k e
na'a.
Portuguese
certain other places
remember w h a t
presumably
donde
bien,
utterance.
varieties
between Spanish vowels
t h i s contexto
often-called
heard
g a n o when t h e s e w o r d s o c c u r f i r s t
does
p e ~ o )
sounds
These symbols r e f e r only
varieties
'hard'
r
said about
s p e c i a l word needs
*A
Portuguese
C o u n te t e rp rp a
lips
o un un d w h
closed
very nearly
sarne
familiar English
sarne c o m p a r i s o n
Observe,
Spanish
example,
drawn w i
ga
d i f f e r e n c e between harder
sound.
Portuguese
sl gh
of
FROM
summarize,
SPANISH
Portuguese,
nizable cognate words.
spelling
never
soft.
your trouble with easily recog-
w i l l experience most
Yo
PORTUGUESE
always want
will
varieties
TO
Spanish
samples.
Below
been s l i g h t l y a l t e r e d
soft
show
sounds.
Spanish
najifa
nada
bojifa
boda
ijifa sejifa
sêda
mujifar
mudar
formajifo comijifo
o t h e r such
p a r t i c i p i a l forms)
formado comido
10)60
lôbo
Cu)6a
Cuba
sa)6er
saber
sá)6ajifo
sábado
ca)6er
caber
entregar
entregar
pegar
pegar
Some S p a n i s h c o n s o n a n t s h a v e c o u n t e r p a r t s
which, though s i m i l a r , attention.
We
xtenslve
d i f f e r e n t enough
Portuguese warrant special
t r e a t them b e l o w .
practlce Part
exercises
SPANISH TO
FROM
Spanish
Portuguese
PORTUGUESE
(indicated here
Portuguese
Spanish multiple t r i l l e d
o r tu t u gu g u es e s e s p ea e a k er er s m o s t P or mouth w i t h
back
speech
p a r t i c u l a r l y from
English
added.
sound
area,
hoarse Spanish
front many B r a z i l i a n s , much l i k e
sound with perhaps more n e a r l y r e s e m b l e s
others
Your b e s t b e t ,
produced
rather than
uvula,
tongue tipo
mouth w i t h
tion
trilling
slightly vocaliza-
voiced French
i m i t a t e your n a t i v e -
course, will
speaking i n s t r u c t o r .
a p p e a r s where your Spanish e x p e r i e n c e would l e a d
expect
Yo
familiar
Check below
Part
Initially
( ~ o u p a ,
Between vowels
( c a ~ o ,
Finally
( s e n h o ~ ,
should
~ u i m )
g a ~ a f a ) c o m e ~ )
particularly careful
cognate words,
exercise
which
Spanish
portuguese
ropa
Roupa
revista
Revista
rápido
Rápido
repita
Repita
razón
Razâo
carro
caRo
arroz
aRoz
corre
coRe
guerra
gueRa
torre
toRe
about t h i s sound
given below.
FROM
And,
SPANISH TO
PORTUGUESE
senor
senhoR
placer
prazeR
comer
comeR
c o u r s e , many o t h e r
appears
also
before consonants.
p l a c e where
would
expect
Spanish only
Remember t h a t
multiple
Once a g a i n t h i s
infinitives.
single flap
normally heard before consonants.
trill
p a t t e r n i n g w i l l b e a r p a r t i c u l a r watching
ne
cognate words. Spanish
Portuguese
cuarto
quaRto
carne
caRne
tercero
teRceiro
porque
poRque
barba
baRba
Carlos
CaRlos
S p a n i s h 1. Yo
Portuguese Spanish
safely
that location
syllables. kind
E n g l s h s pe p e ak ak e like
sound t h a t
words l i k e f o o l , milk. We
will
indicate
Part
this
alert exercise
Portuguese except w i l l need
change
sound o f
similar
Repeat a f t e r your i n s t r u c t o r Check b e l o w
sound
ma
sound w i t h
sound symbol
cognate words.
SPANISH
FROM
3.
papeL
maL
aLguma
hoteL
mi
faLta
iguaL
espanhoL
úLtimo
soLteiro
deLgado
Portuguese
Spanish
your Spanish
variety that
i.e.
coloring
1Y,
strong English
type
Less obvious cognates: fôlha
toalha
coelho
bilhete
olhar
falhar
velho portuguese Portuguese
Although
Spanish
ma
considered
sounds
quite
f i r s t appear
lenho.
Spanish
feel
mouth,
p o r t u g u e s e word
just behind
similar
they
like
making c o n t a c t
upper f r o n t t e e t h .
tongue approaches t h i s p o s i t i o n ,
away w i t h o u t m a k i n g c o n t a c t o carefully
h e c o u n e rp rp a
compare Spanish l e n o w i t h Portuguese
roof
sound
over.
milha
Spanish
with
sound,
cannot carry
Obvious c o g n a t e s :
ma
shown p h o n e t i c a l l y
over into portuguese.
safely carry
'Argentinian'
definite
kind t h a t might
t h a t resembles
4.
PORTUGUESE
TO
result
nasalized
imitate
sound. modelo
lenho
venho
unha
senhor
tenho
senhora
drops
s o m e t h i n g w h i c h ma
As u s u a l , y o u r b e s t a p p r o a c h
FROM
SPANISH
portuguese Consonants
TO
PORTUGUESE
occurring
u s i n g t h i s symbo1
We
brand
ew
very
Eng1ish.
s ev e v e a 1 s pe p e 11 1 1 in i n gs gs .
'shape'.
Examp1es:
sound which
represent
occurs
since
mi
Spanish
chega acho caixa
T h i s syrnbo1 a 1 s o s t a n d s sound.
English
Examples:
sound t h a t resembles 'azure'.
close
iantar a.9.ência ~ o ã o
3.
Whether
does n o t ) ,
dialects
o f t e n occurs where
('soft') exercise
c e r t a i n l y does e x i s t
cognates below.
Check
o r a dd i
o na l practice.
altered
when n e c e s s a r y sound) show
Portuguese
barre
varrer
bamos
vamos
bisitar
visitar
b i ~ i r
viver
bista
vista
l i ~ r o
livro
h a ~ e r
haver
p a l a ~ r a
palavra
d e ~ e r
dever
most
portuguese.
saying
have
Spanish. Part
Spanish
sound e x i s t s
real
hard'
Also
FROM
SPANISH TO PORTUGUESE
( I m p e r f e c t ) forms verbs:
regular
4.
toma]6a
tomava
fumá]6amos
fumávamos
almorza]6an
almoçavam
etc.
etc.
Though t h i s
s o u n d ma
Spanish,
heard occasionally
Spanish sound.
laymen
considered
v e r y much a P o r t u g u e s e s ou o u nd n d , h ow o w ev ev e using
used
frequently
beginning sound
found between vowels
This
words.
p a r t i c u l a r l y annoy-
c o g n a t e s whose Spanish c o u n t e r p a r t s have
words
when
w i l l need
sarne l o c a t i o n .
Spanish
portuguese
sound)
sound)
(Between vowels) casa
casa
mesa
mesa
azul
azul
preciso
p r e c i ~ o
riqueza
r i q u e ~ a
(Beginning
word)
cero
zero
zona
zona
s o u n d a l s o a p p e a r s b e t w e e n v o w e l s when
next with
'\rlord,
sound,
Isomos
Part
americanos/o exercise
secnnd vowel
additiol1al
SPANISH TO
FROM
Observations
PORTUGUESE
Major B r a z i l i a n D i a l e c t D i f f e r e n c e s many s p e a k e r s , p a r t i c u l a r l y
English ep
modified
sound
before
Examples:
s o u n d much l i k e sound
Note t h a t
'judge'.
often
letter
spelling
s en e n te te d
area,
onde
nada disco
most
modified
sound
sarne s p e a k e r s
before
s o u n d much l i k e
English
these
Spanish Examples:
noite
leite tinha
Consonant C l u s t e r s
onl
c om o m b in i n at a t io io n
initial common
a
n
d
several
related
they Examples:
~
.
(tire)
c o ns n s o na na n t occur
They
Portuguese e i t h e r .
items l i k e pneu
just
P o rt r t ug u g ue ue s
Yo
will
psicoloq1a
c l u s t e r s ma particularly difficult
that will
ne
Spanish,
they
find
(psychology),
sound s t r a n g e
master.
pneu
psicologia
pneumonia
psic6logo psiquiatria
them
first,
FROM
SPAN!SH TO
PORTUGUESE
PART
GRAMMAR
Introduction
will find that
Yo
into Portuguese.
something
Spanish.
present tense,
'preterite' most
s o u n d v e r y much l i k e t h e y
importantly,
Thus,
example,
they usually behave t h a t
h a v e a l r e a d y wo
Portuguese.
re-fight
former
qu
applicable
imminent
tense
Portuguese.
sarne t h i n g
grammar
those
t i m e s when
bo
V e r b s make
t r a n s f e r from
another will
Likewise, substitute
future
rather
problem doing large part
high incidence
a ng ng ua ge s
will
t h a t guided
latter.
should have
manana),
(e.g.
rules
Spanish present tense
have l e a r n e d future
battle
Spanish,
distribution
need
commands,
future,
Iook
compound t e n s e s
too.
a l r e a d y know
prefer),
conditional,
Spanish.
grammar
past
'imperfect',
s ub ju n c i ve s
Sp ni
major Portuguese
example, n e a r l y
verb tenses
pas
ou
c a r r y much
direct
undoubtedly prove
most
tool.
There
near mirror-image
o t h e r a r e a s where Portuguese sarne r i g i d g e n d e r
r e I a t i o n s h i p s between nouns
system
times conveniently similar,
ingIy different. prepositions
adjectives.
(More a b o u t t h i s other relator-type
later.)
number o b j e c t pronoun
other times surpris
Most c o n j u n c t i o n s , expressions
tend
SPANISH
FROM
they
operate
Spanish.
similarity,
areas
progress
From w h a t
will
sarne t i m e
An
j u s t been s a i d
about.
That
There
potential
o ub l we
po
this
p r e c i s e l y what
number
i t s e l f like Spanish.
major, sometimes
following pages these.
structure
assume
suspect that
right.
where Portuguese does
On
o r y ou r
Spanish.
together like
this section
100m
other
easy
would
s o p h i s t i c a t e d enough
differences
could
s o o n d i s c o v e r them
case,
they
We
through your course.
Portuguese
that
PORTUGUESE
minor, t h o s e wh
will concentrate
areas
Sometimes
always
know S p a n i s h .
most s i g n i f i c a n t
FROM
SPANISH
TO
PORTUGUESE
Word
Q u e s t i o n s w i t h I n t e r r o g a t i v e Words.
Word O r d e r
Notice position following sentences.
subject
verb
Spanish icuándo
Portuguese Quando M a r i a v a i ?
Ma
(or:
(or:
hora sale
Onde e s t á
horas
tren?
trem s a i ?
trem?)
iCuánto gana (or:
5.
paulo?)
horas
(or:
4.
Maria?)
Quando
Onde P a u l o e s t á ?
iDónde e s t á Pablo?
3.
(actor)
iCómo e s t á
Q ua ua n
g an an h
êle?)
espôsa está?
esposa? (or:
e g in in n n g w i q u e s t i o n s b eg
Como e s t á
espôsa?)
i n t e r r o g a t i v e words, where
i n t e r r o g a t i v e word i t s e 1 f s e n t e n c e , most Spanish s p e a k e r s wi11 p l a c e
c o n t r a s t , Portuguese
verbo indicated,
he
guages, sentence,
Qu 7.
speakers wi11 most 1 i k e l y p1ace
though
actor
l.Qué p a s ó ?
ve
p a t t e r n ma
i n t e r r o g a t i v e word
on
c ed ed e
actor after
many i n s t a n c e s ,
we h a v e 1an-
also
itself verbo
Quem s a b e ? passou?
bj
SPANlSH
FROM
word Order Now
Questions
' Y e s ~ o '
observe
PORTUGUESE
TO
verb
actor
order
these
Spanish
portuquese
i.Habla e l l a
inglés?
ElIa habla
inglés?
(or) fala
senhor ganhou muito?
U s t e d g a n ó mucho?
4Está T e
ui
(or)
Teresa está aqui?
Teresa e s t á aqui?
4.
óTrabajan María óMaría
inglês?
(or)
Ganó u s t e d mucho?
3.
sentences.
Olga
Rio?
Olga t r a b a j a n
Rio?
(or) Olga trabalham
Maria Rio?
Spanish speaker we Yo
verb
after
before
must
'yes-no'
verb'
'actor
Word Q r d e r i!!. fl"nswers
!2
'
~
questions
Portuguese
'no').
'yes'
actor either
free
-
N
o
have
'
Questions. Portuquese Trouxe
óTrajo
traje.
fósforo?
óTiene
tengo. u s t e d americano?
soy.
such choice.
sequence.
Spanish
3.
(those t h a t
carro?
T r o u x e s1m.
senhor
um
fósforo?
T e n h o S1m.
senhor
S1m.
americano?
FROM SPANlSH
óAlquilaron ellos
4.
O R U GU GU E
casa?
Eles
senhor
Molina?
óConoce u s t e d
conozco.
óEstán
6.
Estão
through
pattern: too,
mo
ma
bu
'yes'. much l e s s
after
position
verb,
two.
illustrate
omission
Spanish
s e p a r a t e d from
any, pause separating
Examples
positioning
verbo
appear
portuguese
w i t h little,
pressa?
above i l l u s t r a t e
answer ' y e s ' w i
most l i k e l y
pause.
co
Estão.
están.
affirmative
Molina?
C o n h e ~ o .
prisa?
Examples
casa?
Alugaram sim.
alquilaron.
5.
alugaram
Portuguese
variant
This
possible
frequent than
Spanish
portuguese.
SPANISH TO
FROM
PORTUGUESE
Negation Basically,
should An
word não)
seemingly redunàant negative effect
utterance. h e n eg eg a
não.
não.
Não, Não,
faça
isso., não.
'yes-no'
portuguese ' e i t h e r
that.
would
sentences
often rendered
Spanish n e g a t i v e tampoco a s também n ã o , w h
tampoco q u i e r o .
María gusta
said
questions.
Spanish Yo
don't
(it).
neither'
sense u gu gu e
(anything)
d o e s n ' t have
More l i k e l y t h a n n o t ,
response
sentence.
didn't
'NO,
(the
mildly
v e thought already expressed
falei
Não,
Po
However,
negative
Portuguese sometimes adds emphasize
Spanish.
following r a t h e r unique f e a t u r e s .
aware
'extra'
entire utterance
verb
Portuguese
sarne
negative
making
process
wa
precedes
verbo
Portuguese Eu também
tampoco.
M a r i a também
tampoco.
Eu também
quero. vai. gosto.
FROM
SPANISH TO
PORTUGUESE
Contractions
only
contractions
Portuguese
Spanish a r e :
somewhat d i f f e r e n t s h a p e ,
these
more.
quite
with definite a r t i c l e s ,
prepositions d em o n s r a We
v es ,
p e rs rs o n a
them b e l o w .
prepositions
An
empty
plus
definite
articles.
em
pelo
Spanish:
outro.
indicates
contracto
combination which does
A:
words aqui
pronouns,
have t a b u l a t e d most
CHART
them i n v o l v e c o m b i n a t i o n s
pelas
FROM SPANISH TO
CHART
prepositions
PORTUGUESE
plus indefinite a r t i c l e s
um
em
CHART
em
uma
umas
num
nuns
numa
numas
dum
duns
duma
dumas
----
----
-----
----
----
-----
Prepositions
p lu l u s d em e m o n st s t ra r a ti t i ve ve s
isto,
isso
êste(s) esta(s)
êsse(s) essa(s)
aquêle(s) aquela(s)
neste(s) nesta(s)
nesse(s) nessa(s)
naquele(s) naquela(s)
nisto,
naquilo
nisso
dêste(s) desta(s)
dêsse(s) dessa(s)
d a q U e l e ~ s )
disto,
disso
-------
-------
-------
-------
daquela
aquilo
daquilo
àquela(s)
---------
------
SPANISH
FROM
CHART
TO
PORTUGUESE
P r e p o s i t i o n s p1us pronouns
D:
nê1e
em
nela
Prepositions
elas
nê1es
nelas
dê1es
dê1e
CHART
ê1es
p1us c e r t a i n adverbs
aqui
outro(s) outra(s)
--
----
em
daqui
1isted
e xa xa m 1 e
noutro(s) noutra(s)
--------
dali
more c 1 e a r 1 y w h a t we
To show
adjectives
be10w.
Compare
t a 1 k i n g a b o u t , we h a v e Portuguese with
Spanish equiva1ent. From C h a r t
Portuguese (em
livro)
Spanish ':
livro
senhores) (por
.2-
senhora)
senhores pela
senhora
1ibro
sefíores sefíora
FROM SPANISH TO PORTUGUESE
From
portuguese (e
Spanish libra
um
livro)
num l i v r o
um
senhora)
duma s e n h o r a
umas
senhoras)
dumas
senhoras
senora unas senoras
Chart Portuguese (e
Spanish
êste
livro)
neste
aquela
senhora)
d aq a q ue ue l
se en n ho ho r
aquêles
senhores)
àqueles
senhores
livro
este
libra
aquella
senora
aquellos
senore:
From C h a r t D:
Portuguese (.§!!l
Spanish
êle)
nêle
ela)
dela
ella
êles)
dêles
ellos
From C h a r t
portuguese
Spanish livro
otro libra
(.§!!l
outro
livro)
noutro
(.§!!l
outras
cidades)
noutras cidades
otras
daqui
aquí
aqui) Learning difficult challenges
these
contractions will
learning
Portuguese.
c i u d a d e ~
your most
FROM
SPAN!SH TO
PORTUGUESE
Verbs
Verb T y p e s
Portuguese addition,
po
type verbs.
Spanish b o t h have
u gu g u es es e h a
fourth
only
irregular verb
compounds.
Most P o r t u g u e s e c o g n a t e s
Spanish counterparts.
verbs which
- o r , which
type,
Spanish poner)
(cf.
related
sarne t y p e
following
However, watch
type
represented
type
Spanish
Spanish
portuguese
vivir
viver
escribir
escrever
batir
bater
recibir
receber
sufrir
sofrer
ocurrir
ocorrer
gemir
gemer
hervir
ferver
morir
morrer
their common
Portuguese.
Regular Verb Forms
Portuguese r e g u l a r verb forms Spanish r e g u l a r verb forms. d i r e c t comparison
mandar,
verbs:
d up l c a
forms
remarkably s i m i l a r
c h a r t below enables
major t e n s e forms
comer
abrir.
Do
three regular misled
A l t h o u g h some p o r t u g u e s e
o n o f spelling.
spelled exactly
a l i k e ~
make
their pronunciation
exact
Spanish always
d i s ti n c t i v el y d i ff e re n t
both languages Past Participle:
abrir
Spanish a b i e ~ t o
forms e x c e p t Portuguese a b e r t p ~
FROM
SPANISH TO
Spanish
PORTUGUESE
Portuguese
mando
mando
como
como
abro
abro
manda
manda
come
come
abre
abre
mandamos
mandamos
comemos
comemos
abrimos
abrimos
Present
Tense nosotros
ellos
Imperfect Tense nosotros
ellos
mandan
- - - -
êles
mandam
comen
comem
abren
abrem
mandaba
mandava
comía
comia
abría
abria
mandaba
mandava
comía
comia
abría
abria
mandábamos
mandávamos
comíamos
com1amos
abríamos
abríamos
mandaban
- - - -
êles
mandavam
comían
comiam
abrían
abriam
FROM
Preterite Tense nosotros
SPANISH TO
PORTUGUESE
mandé
mandei
mandó
mandou
comió
comeu
abrió
abriu
mandamos
mandamos
comimos
ellos
Future
mandaron
*comemos
êles
mandaram
comieron
comeram
abrieron
abriram
mandaré
mandarei
comer
comerei
abriré
abrirei
mandará
mandará
comerá
comerá
abrirá
abrirá
mandaremos
mandaremos
comeremos
comeremos
abriremos
abri-l'emos
Tense nosotros
ellos
mandarán
êles
mandarão
comerán
comerão
abrírán
abrirão
* T h i s form particularly difficult assocíates remember s í n c e wíth
Spanish speaker
p re r e se se n
e ns e
FROM
Conditional Tense nosotros
ellos
Present Subjunctive
nosotros
Command Form
SPANISH TO
PORTUGUESE
mandaría
mandaria
comería
comeria
abriría
abriria
mandaría
mandaria
comería
comeria
abriría
abriria
mandaríamos
mandaríamos
comeríamos
comeríamos
abriríamos
abriríamos
mandarían
êles
mandariam
comerían
comeriam
abrirían
abririam
mande
mande
coma
coma
mande
mande
coma
coma
mandemos
mandemos
comamos
comamos
abramos
abramos
...
ellos
manden
êles
mandem
coman
comam
abran
abram
FROM
Past
Subjunctive nosotros
(compare
portuguese forms p a r
SPANISH
TO
PORTUGUESE
mandara/-se
mandasse
comiera/-se
comesse
abriera/-se
abrisse
mandara/-se
mandasse
comiera/-se
comesse
abriera/-se
abrisse
mandáramos/-semos
mandássemos
comiéramos/-semos
comêssemos
abriéramos/-semos
abríssemos
ticularly
S
p
a
n
i
forms.
s
h
-
~
ellos
Gerund
Past Participle
*Notice
mandaran/-sen
êles
mandassem
comieran/-sen
comessem
abrieran/-sen
abrissem
mandando
mandando
comiendo
*comendo
abriendo
*abrindo
mandado
mandado
comido
comido
**dirigido
**dirigido
absence
**The P a s t P a r t i c i p l e since irregular.
diphthongs. abrir cannot
here
FROM
SPANISH
PORTUGUESE
TO
I r r e q u l a r Verb Forms
Portuguese, like Spanish, verbs
tenses.
Yo
very
irregularities
times they
w i l l quickly note t h a t mi
respondences,
Spanish,
those
them.
say'
sarne
guess t h a t word
faço,
know t h i s
An
most instances
learning
i n s t a n c e , when
wrong.
a n o t h e r way.
them,
many
might analogize would
irregular,
There
d i q o , which
Spanish i r r e g u l a r form, faqo.
that
most p a r t , there
unpredictable.
varied
that
times
compare t h e s e c r o s s - l a n g u a g e c o r
categorize
they
irregular
share
quite different.
easy
discover
fair
which
only
approaching
better
Portuguese i r r e g u l a r forms w i t h o u t r e f e r e n c e
Spanish irregular
forms. We
wide-ranging patterns
must p o i n t o u t , however,
i rr e g u la r i t
t h a t f r e q u e n t l y have correspondences
many v e r b s ,
open
portuguese closed respectively,
Spanish.
change
closed
stressed syllables
open
present tense
cognate verbs these changes correspond r e s p e c t i v e l y
forms.
Spanish number
changes.
n on o n -c - c og o g na n a te te s a s w e l l . )
m o r e common
(The c h a n g e s
l i s t i n g b e l o w some
We
some c a s e s o t h e r i r r e g u l a r i t i e s
also presento
Spanish
portuquese querer
q u l i r o , qUlir(em)
q
u
~
r
e
quiero,
pQder PQ.sso, PQ.de(m)
r
quiere(n)
FROM
SPANlSH
PORTUGUESE
TO
provar
prQbar
pruebo, prueba(n)
p r Q v o , prQva(m)
almorzar
almQçar
a lm l m u er e r zo z o , a lm l m u er e r za z a (n (n )
a l m Q ç o , almQça(m)
mostrar
mQstrar mQstra(m) n
~
g
a
r
n
n ~ g o , c
o
~
m ~ s t r o ,
ç
a
~
g
a
r
c
c o m ~ ç o ,
o
m
~
n
z
a
r
c om o m ie i e nz n z a( a( n
nevar
nieva
n ~ v a
chQver
llover
chOve
llueve
verbs,
these correspondences
person forms.)
p r e f ~ r i
prefiere(n)
divertir
divertir divierte(n)
d i v ~ r t e ( m )
dormir
dQrmir
duerme(n)
dQrme(m)
Not ce be ow Portuguese cognate
e g u la r
followed above irregular
portuguese.
person s i n g u l a r . )
Spanish vowel sarne s y l l a b l e ,
have
likely
(começar
verbs t h a t follow
verbs where
however, t h a t
t o - d i p h t h o n g change or],.
observable
p r e f ~ r i r
pref],re(m)
open
niega(n)
c om o m ie i e nz nz o
c o m ~ ç a ( m
nevar
only
r
niego,
n ~ g a ( m
m ~ s t r a ( n )
n a s a l vowel i n s t e a d exception.)
list
Spanish,
Only s e n t i r
(The i r r e g u l a r i t y
mentir
FROM
SPAN!SH TO
PORTUGUESE
contar
cõtar
cuento, c ~ n t a ( n )
CQto, cQta(m)
encQtrar
encontrar
encuentro, e n c ~ n t r a ( n )
encQtro, encQtra(m) setir
sentir
slto,
siento,
s ~ t e ( m )
setar
siente(n)
sentar
siento,
s ~ t a ( m )
s ~ t o ,
sienta(n)
pensar
p ~ s a r
pienso,
p ~ s a ( m )
p ~ s o ,
piensa(n)
mentir
metir
miento, miente(n)
mIto, m ~ t e ( m )
Verb C o n s t r u c t i o n s this
s e c t i o n we e x a m i n e s e v e r a l
t i o n s which d i f f e r
portuguese verb construc-
s l i g h t l y from t h e i r S p a n i s h c o u n t e r p a r t s .
Spanish
i n f i n i t i v
Spanish i n s e r t s
following i n f i n i t i v e .
between
Portuguese verb
form
p o r t u g u e s e does noto
examples: Spanish
portuguese
comer
comer
estudiar
estudar
llegar
fueron
nadar
infinitive)
chegar foram
Observe these
FROM
SPANISH TO PORTUGUESE
Portuguese
past participle)
verb haber with
Spanish combines
main v e r b
participle)
form
form
traditionally called
past (ter participle) (the past
which
series
'perfect'
tenses.
refer-
We
such items
ring
comido
habrá salido habían escrito habíamos t r a b a j a d o h u b i e r a hecho
portuguese
verb
this kind
construction
(cognate with Spanish portuguese c on s r uc t o n s a r
c o n s t r u c t i o n s most following,
uses
too,
haver.
ns
Spanish
parallel
way.
e x a m p l e , we
ta n c e s , a r u n d e r m o s t c i c u m s ta
that
equivalents.
Spanish
Portuguese
English
habían escrito
tinham e s c r i t o
they
habríamos e s c r i t o
teríamos escrito
we w o u l d h a v e w r i t t e n
habrán e s c r i t o
terão
hubiera escrito
tion.
t h e y w i l l have w r i t t e n
escrito
tivesse escrito
Now, h o w e v e r , we come present tense
written
very important, excep
slight,
Spanish haber
verb
Spanish:
usually
portuguese
exact
verbo
written
Observe c a r e f u l l y : have w r i t t e n
escrito
portuguese:
tenho escrito
Spanish:
hemos t r a b a j a d o
We
have worked
portuguese:
temos t r a b a l h a d o
We
have been working
have been w r i t i n g
FROM
SPANISH TO
PORTUGUESE
p o r t u g u e s e c o n s t r u c t i o n shows action
from some
This
nd
kind
progression
past,
presento
into
English t r a n s l a t i o n been
a te te d
express
ing.
a b o v e S p an a n is i s h e xa x a m p le le s
Portuguese would
simple p a s t
(preterite)
tense.
Thus:
portuguese
Spanish escrito
escrevi
trabalhamos
hemos t r a b a j a d o
3.
Portuguese g o s t a r
Spanish g u s t a r
Spanish
As
like
have
that that thing
Portuguese.
case
ca
y,
Spanish.
preposition
Yo
4.
thought around
turn
simply item
that
like
just
conceived
question
n g 'pleasing
y o u ' , which
(Notice t h a t
Compare t h e s e e x a m p l e s .
must follow g o s t a r . )
Spanish
p o r t u ~ u e s
Eu g o s t o
libro.
Me
gusta
Me
gustan esas chicas.
No
idea t h a t
pleasing
English.
gr mma
express
want
certain thing
this
(de)
go
gusta viajar.
Nó
gusta estudiar.
~ l e s
Portuguese haver
Spanish
livro. de
gostamos gostam
a s meninas.
viajar. estudar.
time expressions.
portuguese
Spanish anos Hace trabajo aquí.
hace
desde anos.
dois aqui.
Há
anos
Trabalho aqui
trabalho dois anos.
SPANISH TO
FROM
meses
Hace
llegué.
Llegué hace pa
pa
haver (cf.
also
seems
5.
pretty closely
faz,
form
slot
portuguese
hacer.
from f a z e r ,
these utterances,
mosto
preferred
[European portuguese o n l y :
difference
Spanish haber)
using
accustomed
speakers
d o i s meses.
Spanish.
e rn r n in in g
cheguei.
d o i s meses
Cheguei
me
form
where
Há
these portuguese utterances
e rn in g
paraI leIs
PORTUGUESE
Spanish e s t a r
Portuguese
-ndo
infinitive.
estar
Portuguese
Spanish presidente
Es oy
está hablando.
e ye y e nd nd o
Estou
Estaban almorzando.
occasion,
ler.
Estavam
Although European portuguese uses tion
falar.
presidente está
estar infinitive
estar
almoçar. -ndo c o n s t r u c construction
more common. Usage
Estar
estar
distribution nearly
Spanish.
sarne
portuguese
very
Observe t h e s e i n s t a n c e s
identical usage. origin:
México.
Time:
tres.
Possession:
Nouns:
mios. médico.
Characteristics:
bonitas.
Passive voice:
carta e s c r i t a hoy.
É. três. meus.
É. m é d i c o . bonitas.
carta escrita hoje.
SPANISh TO PORTUGUESE
FROM
carro está
Conditions:
There
just
guages
escrita.
important area where t h e r e
significant
'location'. state
location
perhaps rather loosely,
California.
Estados Unidos.
ninos están
centro.
está
centro.
speaking Portuguese will
fixed,
choice.
centro.
nature,
João está
your choice.
estar will
Os m e n i n o s e s t ã o
centro.
California.
Portuguese frequently uses indicate fixed
tem-
transitory
geographically
verb quedar
geograph-
i.e&
Estados Unidos.
California
banco
decide whether
w i l l need
transitory.
fixed
ically fixed,
porary
verb estar
person
position
California está
location
lan-
remember t h a t S p a n i s h u s e s
will
Yo
Juan e s t á
verbs
these
times r e f e r r e d
area
sujo.
escrita.
distribution
difference
carro está
sucio.
location.
(not quedarse)
This
verb
ficar
place
analogous
substituting
Spanish
e s t a r under
sarne
circumstances.
Portuguese
Spanish hotel está
hotel
calle quince.
calle quince.
q u n ze ze .
hotel
hotel
fica
u a q u n ze ze .
FROM
SPANISH TO
PORTUGUESE
&Dónde
e s t á S a n t o Domingo?
Onde
&Dónde
q u e d a S a n t o Domingo?
Onde f i c a
Domingos?
Domingos?
Verb c a t e g o r i e s
Future subjunctive. m a j o r d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n P o r t u g u e s e grammar
On
Po
S p a n i s h grammar u tu r
s u b j u n c t iv iv e
fu ur
s u b ju ju n c t v e
whereas s p a n i s h does noto quite
rare
reserved,
most p a r t ,
This
Portuguese.
Vo future
r a t h e r formal
S pa pa n s h
be ng
l i t e r a r y speech.
Portuguese future subjunctive
every native
speech
language. w i l l soon
many i n s t a n c e s P o r t u g u e s e u s e s
that
s u b j u n c t i v e where Spanish uses
example, Portuguese c a l l s such c o n j u n c t i o n s
quando,
o t h e r s , when
would n o m a
us
equivalent
when
know,
As
conversational
everyday occurrence
speaker
very active
u g u es es e h a
he
ef
present subjunctive.
future
logo que,
assim q u e , depois q u e , future
nc
present subjunctive after conjunctions
avión.
vaya,
p r o n t o como s e p a m o s , decimos.
Spanish
Spanish
course)
Compare t h e s e e x a m p l e s .
portuguese
Spanish ( p re r e s e n t s u b u n c t iv iv e )
time.
(except after time.
reference
Cuando
subjunctive after
(future
Quando
subjunctive)
fôr,
avião.
Logo
dizemos.
soubermos,
SPANISH
FROM
TO
PORTUGUESE
Pienso almorzar después ellos salgan.
Penso almoçar d e p o i s ê l e s sal.rem.
4.
Vo
d e c i r l e cuando llegue.
Vo d i z e r - l h e q u a n d o chegar.
5.
Mientras e l l o s estén voy. w o r d ' i f ' , when
After
Portuguese stances.
Enquanto ê l e s estiverem vou. future,
reference
future
cannot
recall,
alli,
Spanish,
subjunctive.
p r e s e n t subjunctive under such circum
Normally,
simple p r e s e n t t e n s e would
Portuguese
Spanish v i e n e , vamos comer j u n t o s .
juntos.
Vo
Vo
posible.
aviseme.
used.
v i e r , vamos c o m e r possivel.
puder,
senhor avise-me.
puede,
infinitive We
come no
'personalize' endings,
another major s t r u c t u r a l d i f f e r e n c e . infinitive
Spanish does
'actor-markers'
first
There
endings
s a m p l e v e r b paradigm w o u l d l o o k l i k e t h i s : Singular
2nd,
-em.
'actor-markers',
this.
t h a t Portuguese
t h i r d p l u r a l e n d i n g s -mos singular.
attaching certain
portuguese
Plural
chegar
chegarmos
chegar
chegarem
FROM SPANISH TO
problem, deal with c on f
w i t h some
much
usual,
them.
when
PORTUGUESE
ct
Spanish speaker
As
forms
a rn r n in in g
w i l l have
Portuguese personal i n f i n i t i v e s e t s
hat
y ou ou r S p n i
very often used
personal infinitive
other words,
subjunctive patterns.
Portuguese where
o b s e r v a b l e when
subjunctive
verb
question follows
after:
impersonal expression
verbs
el
ask'
c e r t a i n S p a n i s h c o n ju ju n c t o n convert p re po s on ma
examine each
After
portuguese.
h r e e c a e g o r e s s e p a r a e ly ly .
impersonal expressions
Portuguese
Spanish
(personal infinitive)
(subjunctive)
mejor ahora. difícil temprano. 3.
natural inglés.
4.
posible
5.
preciso
6.
peor
7.
r e l a t o r s ) which
( c l au au s
conviene ahora.
No
lNotice
there
me ho agora.
hagamos
az
mo
isso
d i f í c i l sairmos cedo.
mo
hablen
n a t u r a l falarem
venga.
vir.
p o s s ~ v e l
preciso
estudien.
eso.
inglês.
(êles)
estudarem.
fazer
isso.
conveniente êles pagarem a g o r a .
paguen
Nã
ending 53
t h e s e s i n g u l a r forms.
FROM
SPANISH
Portuguese could also most
above
present subjunctive
ideas, just
f i r s t several utterances me
would
isso agora.
ai mo
natural
c ed ed o
inglês.
falem
possível T h e r e ma
venha.
s l i g h t tendency
ma
personal infinitive over
subjunctive
where t h e r e
prepare y ou r
choice.
we s u g g e s t t h a t
After
recognize
cases like these handle both patterns.
Spanish
Portuguese
(personal infinitive)
(subjunctive)
ellos
Yo p e d í
qu da
Juan pide
ayudemos.
3.
Dígales
ninas
4.
No
mesa.
dijeron
pongan
Diga para mesa.
Êles
sairmos.
very likely
Portuguese
m e n i n a s porem
disseram para
c1ause
personal
subjunctive
êles ficassem.), etc.
common.
As b e f o r e , we s u g g e s t
both p a tt e r n s. Notice that para
used
a re re m
request'
other (subordinate)
f i n i t i v e , a l t h o u g h , once pedi
Eu p e d i p a
João pede para
saliéramos.
verb
subjunctive.
n.
main c l a u s e
verb
Spanish
eventuality,
or
request'
tell'
When
express
Thus r e p h r a s e d ,
Spanish does.
façamos
difícil
PORTUGUESE
TO
link
clauses.
(E
learn
FROM
c)
SPANISH
After c e r t a i n Spanish
TO
PORTUGUESE
o n u nc t o n
roay c o n v e r t
Portuguese. Portuguese
Spanish (subjunctive)
ellos
(personal
me v i e r a n .
Llegué Vamos
r e l a t o r s ) which
o r clause
em ê l e s me v e r e m .
trabajar hasta llequen.
3.
Tengo
4.
Va
5.
Explica todo para e l l o s comprendan.
chegarem.
Tenho
prefer
often
does
êles
aqui
sair antes conhecermos.
Vã
Explica tudo para ê l e s
compreenderem.
subjunctive
Portuguese seems
ficar
at
o do d o s e s a re re m p r o n t o s .
s a l i r antes conozcamos.
Spanish must
a b a lh lh a
Vamos
quedarme a q u í estén l i s t o s
hasta todos.
infinitive)
he pe
above ideas.
express on
infinitive)
will
conjunction followed
subjunctive.
Fo
mp
Cheguei
em
Vamos t r a b a l h a r Once a g a i n ) we recommend t h a t
Another area tions)
cheguem.
learn both patterns.
Portuguese
Spanish i n f i n i t i v e .
Portuguese frequently uses
uses j u s t
êles
involves
conflict
infinitive
personal
ê l e s me v i s s e m .
personal
After preposi-
infinitive.
Spanish
infinitive.
Spanish (infinitive)
Después mirar
c o m e r ) vamos televisión.
Portuguese (personal
Depoís
infinitive)
c o m e r m o s ) vamos olhar televisão.
FROM
salir
aquí,
SPANISH
vamos
casa.
TO
PORTUGUESE
Ao s a i r m o s d a q u i , vamos casa.
3.
Elias antes
4.
haber trabajado tanto, e s t á n muy c a n s a d o s .
poner
irse.
mesa
Elas irem.
mesa a n t e s
terem t r a b a l h a d o t a n t o , estão muito cansados.
FROM SPANISH TO PORTUGUESE
NominaIs Object Pronouns Placement
mastering
Your m o s t f o r m i d a b l e l e a r n i n g where
will
verb
(d
ec
n d r ec t
arrangement reflexive)
ma
Portuguese
r a t h e r complex a f f a i r . l a r g e l y because
Spanish,
them.
o b j e c t pronouns
o b j e c t pronouns
seem e v e n more
i n t e r f e r e n c e from S p a n i s h .
check
some s p e c i f i c c a s e s .
A.
Object pronouns with
c on o n ju j u ga g a te t e d v er e r b form Portuguese
Spanish sienta.
An
E l l a me
An
senta.
An
senta-se.
conoce.
me
conhece.
conhece-me.
3.
pablo
d61ar.
Paulo
um d ó l a r .
P a u l o d e u - l h e um d ó l a r . utterances
like those
pronoun precedes pronoun b e f o r e
which
noun o r
conjugated v e r b , Spanish must c o n j u g a t e d v e r b formo
a f t e r , with putting
above,
preference,
P o r t u g u e s e ma
B ra z
a n portuguese,
before.
Now, n o t i c e t h e s e e x a m p l e s : Spanish
4.
Me
l::;
Me c o n o c e b i e n .
---.
6.
l e v a n t é temprano.
dólar.
object
portuguese Levantei-me cedo. Conhece-me bem.
D e u - l h e um d ó l a r .
FROM
No
SPANISH TO PORTUGUESE
pronoun precedes
noun
conjugated verb wa
Spanish speakers,
examples.
pronoun precede irstead
must
utterance with
o b j e c t pronoun,
s t i l l more e x a m p l e s :
Now,
Portuguese
Spanish
7.
No No
9.
me
levanta.
Nã
conoce.
Nã
l.Quién
others
(However,
verb
B.
like
that
pronoun s u b j e c t precedes p la l a ce ce d b e f or e
them f a l l r i g h t i n t o
These
verbo
familiar
Spanish
above, where
c o m p a r e them w i t h e x a m p l e s
preceded before
o b j e c t p r o n o u n ma
t h a t verb
infinitive
Spanish
Juan
Portuguese
levantarse.
Juan
levantar.
João
l e v a n t
João
a r - ~ .
levantar.
Juan quiere llevarme
João quer levar-me
J u a n me q u i e r e l l e v a r
João quer
centro.
centro.
Juan puede d e c i r ~ Juan
....
eso.
puede d e c i r eso. para r e c i b i r ~ .
therefore
follow a f t e r it.)
O b j e c t QEonouns w i t h
3.
dólar?
t h e m s e l v e s t h e y r e p r e s e n t n o t h i n g s t r i k i n g l y ne
pattern,
either
conhece. um
noun o r
o b j e c t pronoun
sentences
me
Portuguese sentences
effect
anything o t h e r than
levanta.
Quem
dólar?
rule
you.
preferring
shown a b o v e .
after
place
object
Most P o r t u g u e s e s p e a k e r s , h o w e v e r ,
verbo
avoid beginning
these
centro.
levar
centro.
João pode dizer-me i s s o . J o ã o p o d e me d i z e r i s s o .
p a r a receber-!!.Q2. para
receber.
SPANISH TO PORTUGUESE
FROM
infinitive
v er ba l c on s r uc t o n s c o n t a i n i n g
auxiliary verb,
infinitive
Spanish p u t s o b j e c t pronouns e i t h e r a f t e r auxiliary.
before
same c o n s t r u c t i o n s , P o r t u g u e s e p u t s o b j e c t p r o n o u n s
either after qu
C.
un
infinitive
(like Spanish)
k e Spanish).
O b j e c t pronouns with
present participle
Juan e s t á levantándose.
João e s t á
Juan
João e s t á
está levantando.
Juan e s t á llevándome. Juan
!!!§. e s t á
-ndo form)
(the
Portuguese
Spanish
3.
infinitive
before
João e s t á
llevando.
l e
v
a n t
a
n
d
o
-
~
levantando. l
e
v
João e s t á
a
n
d
o
-
~
.
levando.
Juan e s t á diciéndole.
João e s t á dizendo-lhe.
Juan
João e s t á
está diciendo.
situation with
we h a v e d e s c r i b e d
p r o n o u n ma
Portuguese Spanish),
-ndo forms
after ma before
participle after participle
dizendo. t h a t which
similar
Spanish
infinitives.
before
participle
(which
.
object
a u x i l i a r y verbo
(which
n e v e r done
done
Spanish).
FROM
SPANlSH
TO
PORTUGUESE
Other Problems.
handling ment,
A.
make o t h e r a d j u s t m e n t s
w i l l need
complex
major problems o f
d i r e c t o b j e c t pronoun.
infinitive
portuguese
Spanish
Paulo
Pablo
3.
levá-la.
mandarlos.
ElIa Ellos
control
order
Portuguese.
o b j e c t pronouns
Modification
place
mandá-los.
hacerlo.
fazê-lo.
~ l e s
Portuguese t h i r d person d i r e c t o b j e c t pronouns change t h e i r f o r m s infinitive.
such they look infinitive
sound s u s p i c i o u s l y l i k e
Be s u r e
comparable Spanish forms. struction
when t h e y f o l l o w
los,
loses
i
t
s
this con
notice that ~
.
almost
changed
B.
Frequent omission
Portuguese
Spanish l Q u i é n comprá Pablo Envuélvelo
portuguese
d i r e c t o b j e c t pronoun
billetes?
Quem comprou
bilhetes?
Paulo comprou.
comprá. caja.
E m b r u l h e se
caixa.
FROM
3.
Maria
you)
Eu l e v o
Portuguese
senhoras.
(I'll t a k e you)
(I'll t a k e you)
Spanish needs
you)
(Mary
llevo.
Yo
senhor.
Maria
vio.
(Mary
4.
SPANISH TO PORTUGUESE
o b j e c t pronoun
without
inanimate
numbers
simply omitted.
When
direct object
When
pronoun direct object
just
often
numbers
'you'
senhora, etc.
senhor,
utterances.
these
used
u su a
preference
o b j e c t pronouns.
C.
Substitution
i n d i r e c t o b j e c t pronouns
para)
Portuguese
Spanish Ella regalO:
um um
presente.
me c o n t ó historia.
lHe.
presente
um p r e s e n t e
(or) (or)
para êle.
c o n t o u urna h i s t ó r i a . c o n t o u urna h i s t ó r i a
(or)
.§. mim.
(or)
c o n t o u urna h i s t ó r i a p a r a mim.
3.
Quero d i z e r - l h e .
Quiero decirle.
Quero d i z e r
senhor.
Quero d i z e r para
Portuguese speakers frequently w i t h .§.
para
place
ordinarily
example:
w i t h .§..
tengo Tengo
regalito. regalito
para
(or)
senhor.
prepositional phrase
i n d i r e c t o b j e c t pronoun.
this with para, with
occasionally
(or)
Spanish
meaning 'for',
FROM
TO
PORTUGUESE
prepositional phrase
Notice t h a t
place
SPANISH
Portuguese
redundant addition
o b j e c t pronoun,
common
Such r e d u n d a n c i e s
used
Spanish,
they
portuguese.
occur
portuguese
Spanish
Parece-me.
parece.
me
esto
Dou-lhe i s t o .
usted.
Do
3.
Quiero d e c i r l e
Pablo
isto
(or)
senhor.
(or)
Quero d i z e r - l h e . . . Quero d i z e r para Paulo
Yo
will
senhor, with both
Dou-lhe
say:
senhor.
D.
appearing
Spanish pronoun arrangements
Portuguese
d i r e c t o b j e c t pronouns combined
Indirect
Spanish
portuguese check)
Me
Deu-me presté.
(or)
Deu-me.
(the pen)
cheque.
Emprestei-lhe Spanish pronoun
combination
utterances like
portuguese
ma
e ve v e ry r y da d a y s pe p e ec ec h
occur Either
direct object
indirect
those above
(or)
Emprestei-lhe. caneta.
direct object
v e r y common.
almost always avoided d i r e c t o b j e c t pronoun
used
stead.
ornitted,
FROM
Reflexive
SPANISH TO
PORTUGUESE
d i r e c t o b i e c t pronouns combined
portuquese
Spanish Juan
comió.
3.
llevó Alicia.
Reflexive
( No N o th t h in i n g c om o m p ar a r ab a b le le ) ( No N o th t h in i n g c om o m p ar a r ab a b le le )
(the milk)
tomé.
Me
(the bread)
(Nothing comparable)
(the keys)
i n d i r e c t o b i e c t pronouns combined
Portuquese
Spanish me o l v i d ó
quedó
llave.
( No N o th t h in i n g c om o m p ar a r ab a b le le )
casa.
(Nothing comparable) (Nothing comparable)
cayeron unas t a z a s .
D i r e c t o b j e c t Nouns
Spanish i n s e r t s o b j e c t noun.
'personal
Portuguese does
before
have
personalized, direct
'personal
portuquese
Spanish Ve
Vejo Maria.
María.
Conozco
Conheço
presidente.
presidente.
Definite Article
d e f i n i t e a r t i c I e along with
p o r t u g u e s e ma p o s s e s s i v e pronoun.
Spanish does Spanish amigo
amigos
this.
portuquese 2. meu a m i g o
meus a m i g o s
amiga
amigas
m in in h
mi
FROM
SPANlSH
TO
PORTUGUESE
Gender
cognates
Gender
most c a s e s , Portuguese cognates have t h e i r Spanish counterparts.
t h i s , however,
we w i l l
S pa p a n s h m a sc sc u i n
them h e r e .
some
words ending
portuguese
Others:
-aje
feminine
-agem.
Spanish
example:
B.
some common e x c e p t i o n s
There list
sarne g e n d e r
Portuguese
viaje
viagem
paisaje
paisagem
masaje
massagem
mensaje
mensagem
sabotaje
sabotagem
Spanish
Portuguese
color
do1or árbol
árvore
puente
ponte
partido
portuguese always
partida
equipo
equipe
nariz
nariz
leche
leite
sonrisa
sorriso
Number ' T w o ' .
Gender
does noto
'game'
gender agreement
Remembering
easy
ma
make t h i s
number ' t w o ' .
agreement
Portuguese
seem.
Spanish
Portuguese
libros
dois livros
senoras
duas senhoras
Spanish
FROM
SPANISH
TO
PORTUGUESE
PART
HINTS
Much
VOCABULARY TRANSFER
o r tu t u gu g u es e s e v o ca c a bu b u la la r y o u r P or
t r a n s f e r from S p a n i s h .
correspondences
part
correspond
(the
showed t h e r e ho
processo
We
indicated, often
Q, r e s p e c t i v e l y ,
latter
t h a t Spanish
both stressed
unstressed)
Portuguese nasal diphthong -ãu.
often correspond
s e c t i o n we w i l l e x a m i n e o t h e r c o r r e s p o n d e n c e s , many
involving
ew s o u n d s .
We
have attempted
those that
special
f i n a l note
We
this them
h e common
pa at
o n e s from t h o s e t h a t o c c u r o n l y o c c a s i o n a l l y .
As
certain
knowing t h a t Spanish
Portuguese
-ión,
We
guide
great utility
example,
been i m p l i c i t
Vocabulary t r a n s f e r
sounds
discussion
direct
w i l l come
have r e s e r v e d
i n v o l v e word endings.
v o c a b u l a r y t r a n s f e r we h a v e l i s t e d s e v e r a l
transferred only with considerable caution:
items t h a t
false
cognates.
Some Patterns
Correspondences
Common C o r r e s p o n d e n c e s Sounds
Spanish words
sound does
exist
sound u s u a l l y c o n v e r t s
portuguese.
cognate
t h r e e sounds:
Study these groupings:
Spanish
portuquese
jefe
chefe
bajo
baixo
quejarse
queixar-se
embajada
embaixada
caja
caixa
dejar
deixar
bruja
bruxa
English ' s h i p ' )
FROM
SPANISH
TO
PORTUGUESE
Spanish
Portuguese
junio
junho
julio
julho
junto
junto
juez
juiz
joven
jovem
ligera
ligeira
jugar
jogar
adjectivo
adjetivo
extranjero
estrangeiro
jardín
jardim
reloj
relógio
viaje
viagem
English 'azure'
página
Spanish
portuguese
mujer
mulher
orejas
orelhas
mejor
melhor
trabajar
trabalhar
mojar
molhar
escoger
escolher
abeja
abelha
viejo
velho
Spanish ' c a l l e ' )
ôlho aguja NOTE:
agulha
portuguese sabão English 'sam') Spanish jabón Note a l s o : portuguese Spanish ejemplo, e j e r c i c i o exemplo, e x e r c í c i o (where pronounced l i k e English 'zebra')
FROM
SPANISH TO PORTUGUESE
1., s o m e t i m e s
s o m e t i m e s shows
Spanish sometimes
Study these groupings:
change)
Spanish
Portuguese
bello
belo
cabello
cabelo
llevar
levar
gallina
galinha
amarillo
amarelo
ella
allí villa
vila
caballo
cavalo calar
fallecer
falecer
Spanish
Portuguese
llorar
chorar
llamar
chamar
llegar
chegar
llave
chave
llover
chover
llano
chão
lleno
cheio
Spanish
portuguese
fallar
falhar
milla
milha
millón
milhão
toalla
toalha
billete
bilhete
Notice t h a t Spanish group (with words
appears between vowels
exception
llevar),
second group.
first beginning
FROM
SPANISH
often corresponds
Spanish Portuguese
PORTUGUESE
TO
Portuguese
often corresponds
S
p
a
n
i
s
h
conversely, ~
.
Observe t h e s e
groupings. Spanish
Portuquese
dinero
dinheiro
camino
caminho
ganar
ganhar
sobrina
sobrinha
tocino
toucinho
vino
vinho
amanecer
amanhecer
cocina
cozinha
espina
espinha
Spanish
Portuquese
pequeno
cana
cana
ensenar
ensinar
danar
danar
pestana
pestana
portuguese i n s e r t s ha
'silent'
sound
number
p r i n t e d
~ .
Spanish
Portuquese
higo
figo
hígado
fígado
hacer
fazer
hormiga
formiga
hacienda
fazenda
herir
ferir
wo
wh
FROM
SPANISH TO
PORTUGUESE
humo
fumo
hervir
ferver
hazana
façanha
*hijo
filho
*hoja
fôlha
huracán
furacão
almohada
almofada
Spanish
often corresponds
Portuguese
Spanish
portuguese
aprovechar
aproveitar
techo
teto
noche
noite
leche
leite
luchar
lutar
estrecho
estreito
hecho
feito
ocho
oito
mucho
muito
Previously,
another context,
Spanish
sound corresponds
mentioned t h a t sometimes
we
Portuguese
sound.
that point.
Spanish
portuguese
casa
casa
cosa
c o i ~ a
blusa
b l u ~ a
música
música
acusar
a
*See grouping
p a g e 66.)
c
u
~
a
r
sound underlined)
FROM
SPANISH
PORTUGUESE
TO
veces
vêzes
hacer
fazer
cocina
cozinha
azul
azul
zorro
~
o f t e n reduced
Spanish
o
r
r
o
just
Portuguese
Portuguese
Spanish acto doctor
doutor
dictador
ditador
actual
atual
contacto
contato
carácter
caráter
perfecto
perfeito
practicar
praticar
arquitectura
arquitetura
Spanish words c o n t a i n i n g
lose
portuguese
cognate. Spanish
portuguese
acción
ação
sección
seção
lección
lição
accidente
acidente
occidental
ocidental
There a r
both
e xc ep t o ns .
which r e t a i n
Note portuguese ficcão
sound.
succão,
FROM
SPANISH TO
PORTUGUESE
Likewise, Spanish words c o n t a i n i n g
mn
likely
P or o r tu t u gu g u es e s e c o gn gn at e Spanish
portuguese
alumno
aluno
columna
coluna
himno
hino
solemne
solene
amnistía
anistia
indemnizar
indenizar
calumnia
calúnia
retained
sound, o f t e n changes
quite
frequently
much l e s s
frequently
amnésia.
second element
Spanish c l u s t e r , happens
sound
f i r s t element other cases.
Spanish
portuguese
placer
prazer
playa
praia
plato
prato
plata
prata
plaza
praça
p1aga
praga
p1azo
prazo
cumplir
cumprir
emplear
empregar
sab1e
sabre
b1anco
branco
doblar
dobrar
noble
nobre
ob1igar
obrigar
cluster
FROM SPANLSH TO
PORTUGUESE
flaco
fraco
flota
frota
iglesia
igreja
esclavo
escravo
Spanish -ano often corresponds
Portuguese -ão.
Spanish
Portuguese
mano
mã
hermano
irmão
verano
verão
anciano
ancião
sano
aldeão
aldeano Notice, however,
portuguese puritano,
americano, venezuelano, persiano
Spanish -ana often corresponds
colombiano, many o t h e r n a t i o n a l i t i e s
portuguese
Spanish
Portuguese
hermana
irmã
manzana
maçã
manana
amanhã
alemana
alemã
anciana
anciã
aldeana
aldeã
sana Notice, however, w e l l a s a me me r
an
Portuguese campana, p u r i t a n a , colombiana
many o t h e r n a t i o n a l i t i e s .
other correspondences involving
pa
18 19
FROM
SPANISH
TO
PORTUGUESE
Word E n d i n g s Most S p a n i s h a d j e c t i v e s e n d i n g
-ble will
-vel
Portuguese. Spanish
portuguese
horrible
horrível
terrible
terrível
favorable
favorável
notable
notável
posible
possível
indispensable
indispensável
amable
amável
agradable
agradável
portuguese equivalents -tad)
S p a n i s h words e n d i n g
-tud usually
unstressed
Spanish - t a d
addition,
likely
Portuguese. Spanish
portuguese
verdad
verdad.§:.
dignidad
dignidad.§:.
facilidad
facilidad.§:.
dificultad
dificul-ªad.§:.
lealtad
leal-ªad.§:.
liber.:!:.ad
liberdade
magnitud
magnitud.§:.
actitud
atitude
Some
n o ta ta b l
e xc x c e pt p t io io n s
aptitud
aptidão
amistad
a amizade miza de
-dad sound.
FROM
PORTUGUESE
Spanish endings -eza
sound sound
SPANISH TO
-oso corresponds
Portuguese.
Spanish
portuguese
firmeza
firmeza
riqueza
r i q u e ~ a
gentileza
g e n t i l e ~ a
fortaleza
f o r t a l e ~ a
poderoso
poderoso
famoso
famoso
amoroso
amoroso
espantoso
espantoso
Spanish diminutive endings -ito(a)
Portuguese -inho(a)
-cito(a)
-zinho(a)
Spanish
portuguese
carrito
carrinho
Pablito
Paulinho
mesita
mesinha
casita
casinha
cafecito
cafezinho
pobrecita
pobrezinha
Spanish noun-ending -ero g e n e r a l l y corresponds
Portuguese noun-ending - e i r o .
Notice
portuguese forms. Spanish
portuguese
portero
porteiro
cartero
carteiro
minero
mineiro
diphthong
correspond
FROM
SPANlSH
O R U GU GU E
zapatero
sapateiro
vaquero
vaqueiro
cocinero
cozinheiro
Spanish words p r e s e n c i a ,
portuguese.
diphthong
lose
retain
diferencia,
licencia
sentencia
Most o t h e r words ending
Thus:
Spanish
Portuguese
presencia
presença
diferencia
diferença
licencia
licença
sentencia
sentença
eficiencia
eficiência
paciencia
paciência
inteligencia
inteligência
providencia
providência
esencia
essência
competencia
competência
lr e a d d is is cu s s e other contexts [ O t h e r w o r d e n d i n g s a lr include Spanish -ción P o r t u g u e s e -tãO ( s e e p a g e 19), page 64).] Spanish - a j e ~ r t u g u e s e -agem
L e s s Common C o r r e s p o n d e n c e s
correspondences l i s t e d below number
cognates
spondences.' common
ones
words.
found
smaller
l i s t e d a b o v e u n d e r 'Common C o r r e
c o g n a t e s t h e m s e l v e s may, some c a s e s ,
their kind.
course,
e x a m p l e s g i v e n ma
very only
FROM
SPANISH TO
PORTUGUESE
portuguese
Absence
Spanish
Portuquese
salir
sair
volar
voar
doler
doer
saludar
saudar
diablo
diabo
Portuguese
Absence
Spanish
Portuquese
moneda
moeda
defensa
defesa
venado
veado
amenaza
ameaça
luna crimen
crime
a d j a c e n t vowel
Absence
Spanish
Portuguese.
portuquese
color dolor
poner tener
general
geral
ganado
gado
FROM
Portuguese
Absence
Spanish
Portuquese
almorzar
almo<;;ar
sangre
sangue
rostro
rosto
portuguese
Absence
Spanish
portuguese
nombre
nome
hombre
homem
acostumbrarse
acostumar-se
Portuguese
becomes
Spanish
portuguese
naranja
laranja
berenjena
berinjela
vowel
Reversal
Shift
SPANISH TO PORTUGUESE
consonant
Spanish
Portuguese
preguntar
perguntar
apretar
apertar
d i p h t h o n g , from a f t e r
consonant
consonant. Spanish
portuguese
apio
aipo
bairro
novio
noivo
FROM
SPANISH TO
PORTUGUESE
Vowel c h a n g e s
portuguese
Spanish Spanish
Portuquese isso lingua
l ~ n g u a v
~
n
g
a
n
z
vingança
a
edad p r o f ~ s i
idade o n a l
ensenar
ensinar
c o r r ~ g i r
corrigir
vecino
vizinho
Spanish
3.
profissional
Portuguese
Spanish
Portuquese
j ~ g a r
j.Qgar
ocurrir
ocorrer
sufrir
sofrer
rutina
rotina
cubrir
cobrir
S p a n i s h .Q.
portuguese
Spanish
Portuguese
costar
custar
s.Q.rpresa
s ~ r p r ê s
sordo
surdo
FROM
Spanish vowel
SPANISH
O R U GU GU E
portuguese diphthong
Spanish
portuguese
casi
quase mais
ás
jamás
jamais
caja
caixa
bajo
baixo dois
coisa
noche
noite
poco
pouco
soro
S p an a n is i s h d ip i p h th th o n
Changes
tesouro
portuguese vowel
Spanish
portuguese
cuaderno
caderno
antigua
antiga
treinta
trinta
veinte
vinte
stress patterns
(portuguese stress underlined.)
Spanish
portuguese
teléfono
telef2.
limite
lim,ite
nível
nivel
FROM
al
SPANISH
TO
PORTUGUESE
Cognat Cognates es Cognates
troublesome.
useful,
Here
several
misleading ones
false
watch
for.
Portuquese
Spanish
unusual)
exquisito
(exquisite)
esquisito
(rare,
rubio
(blond)
ruivo
(red head)
rojo
(red)
roxo
(purple)
largo
(long)
largo
(wide)
rato
(while, time)
rato
(rat)
escoba
(broom)
escôva
(brush)
cena
(supper)
cena
(scene)
apellido
( f a m i l y name)
apelido
(nickna (nickname) me )
sobrenombre
(nickna (nickname) me )
sobrenome
( f a m i l y name)
cuarto
(room)
quarto
(bedroom)
cadera
(hip)
cadeira
(chair)
escritorio
(desk)
escritório
(office)
traer
bring)
trair
betray)
reparar
repare)
reparar
notice)
acordar(se)
remember)
acordar
awake)
barata
(cheap)
barata
cockroach
FROM
SPANISH TO
PORTUGUESE
PART
SUPPLEMENTAR exercises
following
keyed
part
discussion
order
Portuguese
avoid involvement w i
order
drilled,
tape
provided
give
keeping your pronunciation free
additional
They
PRONUNCIATION EXERCI SE
un
e x r an eo u
p e r m i t maximum c o n c e n t r a t i o n
very
c l o s e cognates have been
Spanish.
selected.
details
point being
examples
Portuguese.
weak-stressed
Part
pages
sound
u n d ~ l i n e d ) .
1-4.) toma
d i g ~
pass-ª.
com-ª.
par-ª.
abr-ª.
p
a
g
~
beb-ª.
visit-ª.
s i g ~
muda
respond-ª.
canta
manda fuma
sala
bonita
sôp-ª.
c
a
r
~
bôc-ª.
alt-ª.
missa
s e g u n d ~
vist-ª.
p a s s a d ~
á g u ~
barata
esquin-ª.
f i n ~
g ô t ~
fria
(see
FROM
SPANISH TO
weak-stressed
PORTUGUESE
sound
underlined).
pages 4-7.)
bebe
tome
come
p
vende
p
cabe
mude
r e s p o n d ~
c
v a l ~
mande
base
fase
a
g
a
u
s
o
~
s
m
~
p
r
~
bilhete tarde
esse
p a r t ~
êste
mente t a n q u ~
g
r
a
v
~
v e r d ~
(See P a r t
FROM
3.
SPANlSH
P o r t u g u e s e weak s t r e s s e d
PORTUGUESE
TO
sound
underlined).
pages 4-7.)
bebo
bonito
tomQ
lindo
como
caro
abro
barato
passQ
alto
pagQ
segundQ
comprQ
quintQ
digQ
fino
sigQ
outro
vendQ
cinco
permitQ
quatrQ
vamos
frio
tomamos
sapatQ
passamQs
minutQ
pagamQs
banco
bebemQs
medlnicQ
comemQs
númerQ
abrimQs
livro
(see P a r t
FROM
4.
Th
nasal diphthong
SPANISF. TO
PORTUGUESE
(See P a r t
underlined).
Unstressed (Present) p
a
s
s
(Imperfect) passavam
~
tomam
tomavam
pagam
pagavam
c
o
m
p
r
c
~
o
m
p
r
a
v
~
mudam
mudavam
mandam
mandavam
visitam
visitavam
fumam
fumavam
(preterite)
(Conditional)
passaram
passariam
tomaram
toma tomariam riam
p
pagariam
a
g
c
o
m
a
e
e
~
r
a
r
i
~
abririam
r
r
c o m p r
~
~
i e
e
r
r
u d
b
a
i
g r
~
r
r
e
p
r
p
b
s
b
a
s
g
u
i
r
i
~
perderiam
~
~
e
b
e
b
e
r
i
~
Stressed
(Future)
passarão
seguirão
tomarão
abrirão
pagarão
perderão
comprarão
beberão
page 18.)
FROM
5.
SPANISH
PORTUGUESE
TO
unstressed n a s a l diphthong
diphthong
(See P a r t
contrasted with
pages
(present Subjunctive)
(present)
passam
p
tomam
m
p
a
t
pag-ª!!! o
s
o
p
r
s
m
a
~
~
g
u
~
comprem
~
visitam
visitem
mandam
mandem
abrem
a
vendem
vendam
b
r
i
~
vivem
v
bebem
bebam
p
passar-ª!!! o
m
p
a
a c
g
o
m
r a
m
a
r
p
n
d
a
a
r
r
~
g
u
i
r
e
b
e
r
v
r
a
~
r
g
i
a
~ r
~
s
i
t
a
r
~
abrirem ~
~
a
comprarem
perderam b
m a
abrir-ª!!! e
s
mandarem
~
visitaram
s
~
s
o p
~
r
a
t
~
v
(Future Subjunctive Personal Infinitive)
(preterite)
t
refer
part II.)
personal infinitive,
subjunctive
c
also
b
s
e
g
u
i
r
~
p
e
r
d
e
r
~
e
b
e
r
~
unstressed
FROM SPANISH
6.
OR
GU
s t r e s s e d nasal diphthongs
(See p a r t
pages
19.)
7.
limão
limões
melão
melões
montão
montões
salão
salões
c o r a ~ ã o
c o r a ~ õ e s
c o n d i ~ ã o
c o n d i ~ õ e s
d e s t i n a ~ ã o
d e s t i n a ~ õ e s
s e ~ ã o
s e ~ õ e s
l i ~ ã o
l i ~ õ e s
razão
razões
a ~ ã o
a ~ õ e s
missão
missões
ladrão
ladrões
d i r e ~ ã o
d i r e ~ õ e s
he d i p h t h o n g s
forms.. p r e t e r i t e v e r b forms
page 17.) passei
passou
tomei
tomou
paguei
pagou
mandei
mandou
mudei
mudou
comprei
comprou
fumei
fumou
cantei
cantou
visitei
visitou
falei
falou
(See P a r t
FROM
8.
SPANISH
(See P a r t
singular.
a
r
PORTUGUESE
p r e t e r i t e verb forros,
diphthongs
p
TO
e
c
abriu
~
valeu
pediu
comeu
seguiu
bebeu
durmiu
vendeu
vestiu
escreveu
mentiu
viveu preferiu
resistiu
deveu
9.
Portuguese theyare
sounds. E ng l
h.
vare
(See P a r t
also
page 2 6 . )
civil
beba cuba
pages
pronounced
vaca
bôba
palavra
revista
tubo
valor
passava
subo
valer
pagava
subir
vender
tomava
caber
vários
mandava
receber
estava
roubar
colaborava
cobrar
nôvo
v a i , v o u , vamos
pobre
dever
vela, bela
obra
viver
cabeça
escrever
TO
FROM S P A ~ I S H
be
p o r t u g u e s e ~ .
(See P a r t
pages
PORTUGUESE
nc
22).
nad nada a
adulto
cada
idéia válido
vida
s61ida
dedo
resfriado
lado
modêlo
modo
pedido
todo
parado
dado
vestido
pedir
estado
poder
tomado
mudar
entrada
candidato
saída
universidade
unida
88
English.
FROM
Portuguese
SPANISH TO
PORTUGUESE
should
pronounced with
have
underlined consonants
ee e n v ow ow e s . sound b e w e sound,
(See
part
sound. page
within words. casa
azul
coisa
fazer
mesa
rezar
b l u ~ a
zona
camisa
vazio
frase
zero
espô.ê.o
r a ~ ã o
e s p ô ~ a
onze
usar
doze
acusar
treze
abusar
catorze
pe.§.ar
q u i n ~ e p o b r e ~ a
pi.§.ar
t r i s t e ~
B r a ~ i l
f o r t a l e ~ a
atrasado
firmeza
amoroso
r i q u e ~ a
fabuloso f a m o ~ o
maravilhoso portugue.§.a francesa i n g l ê ~ a
p
a
~
~
e
s
vêzes
me.ê.
luzes
i n g l ê ~ e s
f e l i ~ e s
francêses
c
r
u
~
e
s
Spanish cognates
FROM
SPANISH
TO
PORTUGUESE
Across word b o u n d a r i e s estamos aqui
vamos e n t r a r
comemos a q u i
vamos e s p e r a r
v i s i t a m
mais
o ~
aqui
vamos e s t a r vamos
menos
Lima
mais i n t e r e s s a n t e
vamos o u t r a
menos i n t e r e s s a n t e
vamos a g o r a
p o d e m o ~
visitamos
p o d e m o ~
andar
p o d e m o ~
estar
pais
tomamos o u t r o
encontramos aqui
me
americanos amigos
amigas
e s p ô ~ o s
e s p ô ~ a s
na
Estados Unidos
Portuguese 25). pages
sound
c10se cognates.
so.!.
falso
sa.!.
falta
ta.!.
alta alma
qua.!.
solteiro
mi.!.
último
papel
alguma
hotel
delgado
Brasil
O.!.ga
abril
belsa
civil
Silva
(See P a r t
FROM
SPANISH
TO
PORTUGUESE
nacional e s p a n h o
f á c i ~
difici1.
útil á g i ~
13.
Portuguese pages
sound
close cognates.
24).
rico .!:.epita
.!:.evista
estar
radio
.!:.ápido
tomar
paga.!:. .!:.emete.!:.
come.!:.
,r.ec1ama,r.
beber
barba
guerra
la.!:.go
corrida
carne
corra
carta
cago
tarde
tôrre
qua.!:.to
arroz
Carlos
gago
go,r.do
barro
verde
fôrr
terceiro
barril
fi.!:.me
burro
(See P a r t
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