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In three single phase high voltage underground cable induce voltages and currents in their sheaths. The sheath induced currents are undesirable and generate power losses and reduce the cable ampacity whereas the induced voltages can generate electric
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ASIA A SIAN N INSTITUTE OF OF TECHNOLOGY TECHNOL OGY School cho ol of Enginee ngi neeri ring ng and Technolo chn ology gy CE72 CE72..41 Advanc Ad vance e Concr Conc r ete Technol echn olog ogy y
Method Baron Method Bolomey Method Féret Method Faury Method hod Dre Dreuxux-Gor Goriss isse e Met
Mix Design Process I.
General Hypothesis
II.
Determine Cement Water ratio C/E
III. Determine cement content IV. Determine water content V. Determine Percentage of Aggregates VI. Determine composition by absolute volume
I. General Hypothesis 1. Choose Slump 2. Diameter of Coarse Aggregate 3. Concrete Design Strength fc
4. Cement Strength at 28 days
II. Determination C/E
BOLOMEY Formulas
II. Determination C/E Determine the value of G: Normally we assume that it is in good quality
III. Determine cement content
slump Ex: Cement=380kg
IV. Determine water content
V. Determine Percentage of Aggregates
V. Determine Percentage of Aggregates • Calculate • K is a corrective term which depends on the cement content, vibration effectiveness, the rolled or crushed aggregates shape.
V. Determine Percentage of Aggregates
Coarse Aggregate: G=64%, Fine Aggregate: S=36%
V. Determine Percentage of Aggregates
B
A
O
Example: D=16mm
V. Determine Percentage of Aggregates This is carried out by joining the point at 95 % of the granular curve of the first aggregates type to the point at 5 % of the granular curve of the following aggregates type.
B g%
A
s%
Coarse Aggregate: G=60%, Fine Aggregate: S=40%
VI. Determine Composition by absolute volume • Absolute Volume of Cement:
=
3.15 × 1000
• Volume of Aggregates
Specific Gravity: Cement: 3.15 Fine Aggregate: 2.54 Coarse Aggregate: 2.6
= 13 × − • Absolute Volume of Fine Aggregate= × % of CA • Absolute Volume of Coarse Aggregate= × % We get mass of aggregate: Mass of CA= Absolute Volume of Coarse Aggregate x SG x 1000kg/m3 Mass of FA= Absolute Volume of Fine Aggregate x SG x 1000kg/m3
VI. Determine Composition in absolute volume • Compactness Coefficient ( ) • The compactness coefficient is calculated as the absolute volumes of the solid materials divided by the total volume of implemented fresh concrete.
ST=slump
Vm
VI. Determine Composition in absolute volume •In summary we get: • Cement • Water • Fine Aggregate • Coarse Aggregate
ST=slump
References • Dreux G. Nouveau guide du béton, 3ème édition, Eyrolles, Paris, 1981. • Dreux G, Festa J. Nouveau guide du béton et de ses constituants, Eyrolles, Paris, 1998.
