French Language Course

Language Course From Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection

Contents

•

004 - Lessons 005 - Introductory lessons 039 - Level one lessons 08 - Level t!o lessons "9 - Level three lessons #0 - $r%mm%r "09 - &ppendices "44 - &bout this 'ikibooks "45 - &uthors "4( - $)* Free +ocument%tion License •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Third Edition Published: May 05, 2006

+F cre%ted by %.ind%/

Logo de La Francophonie

The current version of this book can be found at

http11en2!ikibooks2or.1!iki1French

L)

Vue de Paris depuis la terrasse de la Samaritaine

French Introductory Lessons Bonjour! - Introductory French

Logo officiel du gouvernement français

Welcome to the course dedicated to teaching you the best and most beautiful language in the world*!

* The views and opinions expressed do not necessarily state or reflect those of Wii!oos as a whole or any of its affiliates"

Introductory Level Contents 020 Le6on 0  L7i ntroduction istory o the French L%n.u%.e xtent o the French L%n.u%.e 007 Lesson 0  Introduction 020" Le6on 0"  &pp rendre le r%n6%is e%sons :o Le%rn French, ;ook r.%ni/%tion 009 Lesson 0"  Learning French &dvice on tudyin. French 0203 Le6on 03  L7%lph%bet Letters unctu%tion 0 Lesson 03  he "l#habet 0204 0$ 0205 07 020( 09 020# 0( 0208 0(, 0209 0(7 020

Le6on 04  Les %ccents Lesson 04  "ccents Le6on 05  Les s%lut%tions Lesson 05  %reetings Le6on 0(  Le d iscours ormel Lesson 0(  For&al '#eech Le6on 0#  >% v%? Lesson 0#  )o* are you+ Le6on 08  Les num@ros Lesson 08  u&bers Le6on 09  Les d%tes Lesson 09  .ates Le6on 0  L7heure

0(9 Lesson 0  elling i&e

&cute &ccent, $r%ve &ccent :onic &ccent, tress $reetin.s $ood-byes, )%mes
#iguilles d$#rves% France

&ntroductory Lessons

Lesson 020 C Introduction Introduction See also' French language French is % om%nce l%n.u%.e, descended rom L%tin %nd closely rel%ted to ortu.uese, p%nish, It%li%n, %nd om%ni%n2 It is the n%tive ton.ue o over 8#

live version discussion exercises edit lesson comment report %n error %sk % Duestion

million people %nd h%s %n %ddition%l (8 million non-n%tive spe%kers2

)istory Further information' (istory of the French language In mediev%l times %nd until the 9th century, it !%s oten the l%n.u%.e used in diplom%cy, culture, %dministr%tion, roy%l courts %cross urope %nd %lso in tr%de, thus %ppropri%tely becomin. the lingua franca o its time2 French-spe%kin. people h%ve m%de incursions upon the ;ritish Isles m%ny times in the p%st, most notice%bly in the )orm%n Inv%sion o 0((2 For this re%son, %lthou.h n.lish is % $erm%nic l%n.u%.e, %t le%st % third o the n.lish lexicon is derived rom French2

/tent o1 the Language

French is spoen all around the world" )ain article' La Francophonie )ain article' French colonial empires In modern terms,the it islympic still si.niic%ntly used % diplom%tic l%n.u%.e, %nl%n.u%.e oici%l l%n.u%.e *nited )%tions, $%mes, %nd the%surope%n *nion2 It is thebein. oici%l o "9 o the countries %nd is spoken in Fr%nce, ;el.ium, !it/erl%nd, Luxembur., :unisi%, Aorocco, ene.%l, %iti, the Ivory =o%st, A%d%.%sc%r, the =on.o, &l.eri%, )i.er, A%li, ;urkin% F%so, :o.o, $%bon, the eychelles, ;urundi, =h%d, !%nd%, +Eibouti, =%meroon, A%uritius, %nd =%n%d% mostly in the province o Gu@bec, !here it is the prim%ry l%n.u%.e, but it is %lso used in other p%rts o the country not%bly )e! ;runs!ick, !hich is the only bilin.u%l province2 &ll consumer product p%ck%.es in =%n%d% %re reDuired by l%! to h%ve both n.lish %nd French l%belsH2 &llons-y ;onne ch%nce

congratulations on completing

Lesson 020 C Introduction live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion


Lesson 020" C Le%rnin. French 2easons o Learn French &s mentioned e%rlier, French is si.niic%ntly used %s % diplom%tic l%n.u%.e2 Bou %re bound to ind spe%kers %lmost every!here in the !orld2 In %ddition to societ%l re%sons, there exist do/ens o %mous French novels %nd noniction !orks in % v%riety o subEects2 ;ec%use much c%n be lost in tr%nsl%tion, the best !%y to .o


%bout re%din. these !orks is in the n%tive l%n.u%.e2

"dvice on 'tudying French )ain article' (ow to learn a language French tends to h%ve % b%d reput%tion %mon.st n.lish spe%kers %s h%rd to le%rn2 'hile it is true th%t it poses cert%in diiculties to n%tive n.lish-spe%kers, it m%y be noted th%t n.lish is %lso considered to be 7diicult7, %nd yet !e le%rnt it !ithout the beneit o %lre%dy kno!in. % l%n.u%.e2 In %ct, the French l%n.u%.e c%n be le%rned in only ten months2 Le%rnin. %ny ne! l%n.u%.e reDuires some commitment, .ener%lly lon.-term2 emember th%t, like %ny skill, it reDuires % cert%in %mount o eort2 &nd i you do not pr%ctice your French re.ul%rly, it is hi.hly likely th%t you !ill be.in to or.et it2 :ry to m%ke it % p%rt o your scheduleJ even i it7s not d%ily, %t le%st m%ke it re.ul%r2 emember th%t you %re le%rnin. % ne! skill2 :ry to m%ster the simple stu beore movin. on to the more complex2 'e %ll h%ve to %dd %nd subtr%ct beore !e c%n do c%lculus2 French is % complete l%n.u%.e2 'hile this course c%n te%ch you to re%d %nd !rite in French, this is only h%l o the skills th%t m%ke up luency2 & !ritten document c%nnot te%ch much %bout listenin. to %nd spe%kin. French2 Bou must tr%in %ll o these skills, %nd they !ill reinorce one %nother2 For listenin. %nd spe%kin., indin. % n%tive spe%ker to help you once you h%ve some skill !ill help you !ith these skills2 :he very best !%y to le%rn French is to .et %mnesi% in Fr%nce or %nother French-spe%kin. country2 :his %llo!s you to st%rt !ith % cle%n sl%te, %s b%bies do2 o!ever, most o us %re un!illin. to t%ke th%t step2 :he next best thin. is immersion2 I you %re serious %bout le%rnin. French, % period o immersion !here you .o to live in % Fr%ncophone cultureH is % .ood ide% once you %re moder%tely studied2 Aost countries %re in the rel%tive vicinity o % French-spe%kin. country2 I you c%n7t tr%vel to % French-spe%kin. country, then try listenin. to French-l%n.u%.e pro.r%ms on the r%dio, :<, or the Internet2 ent or buy French-l%n.u%.e movies2 %y %ttention to pronunci%tion2 $r%b % French spe%ker you meet %nd t%lk to him or her in French2 Listen, spe%k, %nd pr%ctice2 e%d French ne!sp%pers %nd m%.%/ines2 &.%in, %n excellent source is $oo.le7s ne!s p%.e, !hich links to French-l%n.u%.e ne!s stories, !hich !ill enrich your voc%bul%ry2

Book 3rgani4ation :his book is divided into one set o prelimin%ry lessons, the p%.e o !hich you %re re%din. no!, %nd our incre%sin.ly complex lesson levels2 :he introductory lessons !ill te%ch you pronunci%tion %nd phr%ses2 In the irst level, you !ill le%rn b%sic .r%mm%r, includin. pronouns, the present indic%tive, most common present tense, %nd sever%l irre.ul%rly-conEu.%ted verbs2 In the second level, the p%ss@ compos@, the most common p%st tense, is .iven, %lon. !ith m%ny other irre.ul%r verbs2 In the third level, you !ill le%rn sever%l more tenses %nd complex .r%mm%r rules2 :he ourth level still in developmentH, !ill be conducted in French %nd !ill ocus on French liter%ture %nd prose !ritin.2 For more on course structure, %nd inorm%tion on ho! you c%n help improve this book, see the lessons pl%nnin. p%.e2


Lesson 020" C Le%rnin. French live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion


Lesson 0203 C &lph%bet Introduction French %ra&&ar 5 "l#habet 5 audio 6in1o 50 kb 5 hel# he French "l#habet 5 L8al#habet 1ranais Characters &% ;b= c+ d e F $. h e Eh%y %sh :ronunciation %h b%ys %yd %y euh o p GD Characters KE kL l Am) n :ronunciation /heek %he l emm enn oh p%y ku Mx By N/ Characters s :t *u
Ii ee r %ir


In %ddition, French uses sever%l %ccents !hich %re !orth underst%ndin.2 :hese %re O, P, Q, .r%ve %ccentsH %nd @ %cute %ccentH !hich only %pplies to e2 & circumlex %pplies to %ll vo!els %s !ell R, S, T, U, V2 &nd %lso % tr@m% French or di%er%sisH or vo!els W, X, Y, Z, [, \ %nd combined letters ] %nd ^ 2

Letters and /a&#les French %ra&&ar 5 "l#habet 5 audio 6in1o 50 kb 5 hel# he French "l#habet 5 L8al#habet 1ranais na&e in French letter #ronunciation 6in I:" transcri#tion "a like a in father 1%1 Bb like b in baby_ 1be1 beore e %nd i like c in center Cc 1se1 beore a% o% or u like c in cat like d in dog %pprox2 like u in !urp__ like 1 in fog beore e %nd i like s in measure %g beore a% o% or u like g in get aspirated h see note belo!_ )h nonaspirated h not pronounced___ Ii like ea in team ;j like s in measure
.d /e F1

>? 2r 's t @u Av

like k in kite orce %ir throu.h the b%ck o your thro%t Eust %s i you !ere .%r.lin. like s in sister %t be.inin. o !ord or !ith t!o s8s or like 4 in amazing i only one s like t in top %y the n.lish letter e, but m%ke your lips s%y +oo+" like v in violin +ependin. on the deriv%tion o the

W* !ord, like v %s in violin% or w in *%ter either 1ks1 in socks,  or 1./1 in exit y like ea in lea

1de1 1`1 1ɛ1 1ʒe1 1%ʃ1 1i1 1ʒi1 1k%1 1ɛl1 1ɛm1 1ɛn1 1o1 1pe1 1ky1 see $u$ for details 1ɛʀ1 1ɛs1 1te1 1y1 1ve1 1dubl`ve1 1iks1 1i.r`k1

like 4 in ze!ra

D4

1/ɛd1

Final consonants and the liaison In French, cert%in conson%nts %re silent !hen they %re the in%l letter o % !ord2 :he letters p %s in 7coup7H, s %s in 7h@ros7H, t %s in 7ch%t7H, d %s in 7m%rch%ndH, %nd x %s in 7p%resseux7H, %re never pronounced %t the end o % !ord2

b and p *nlike n.lish, !hen you pronounce the letters 7b7 %nd 7p7 in French, little to no %ir should be expended rom your mouth2 In terms o phonetics, the dierence in the French 7b7 %nd 7p7 %nd their n.lish counterp%rts is one o %spir%tion this is not rel%ted to the simil%rly n%med concept o 7h7 %spir@ belo!, but is % sli.ht extr% pu o %ir %ccomp%nies the stopH2 Fortun%tely, in n.lish both %spir%ted %nd un%spir%ted v%ri%nts %llophonesH %ctu%lly exist, but only in speciic environments2 I you7re % n%tive spe%ker, s%y the !ord 7pit7 %nd then the !ord 7spit7 out loud2 +id you notice the extr% pu o %ir in the irst !ord th%t doesn7t come !ith the second? :he 7p7 in 7pit7 is %spir%ted apJ the 7p7 in 7spit7 is not like the 7p7 in any position in FrenchH2

/ercise 2 $et % loose piece o printer p%per or notebook p%per2 "2 old the piece o p%per %bout one inc h or % couple o centime tersH in ront o you r %ce2 32 %y the !ords !a!y, %nd puppy like you norm%lly !ould in n.lish2 )otice ho! the p%per moved !hen you s%id the 7b7 %nd the 7p7 respectively2 42 )o!, !ithout m%kin. the piece o p%per move, s%y the !ords !elle the eminine orm o be%utiul in French, pronounced like the n.lish 7bell27H, %nd papa, the French eDuiv%lent o +%dH2 •

•

I the p%per moved, your pronunci%tion is sli.htly o2 =oncentr%te, %nd try it %.%in2 I the p%per didn7t move, con.r%tul%tions Bou pronounced the !ords correctly

"s#irated vsE non-as#irated h In French, the letter h c%n be %spir%ted, ,h aspir-., or not %spir%ted, ,h non aspir-., dependin. on !hich l%n.u%.e the !ord !%s borro!ed rom2 'h%t do these terms me%n? •

Ex.: the !ord hros, ,hero. h%s %n %spir%ted h, bec%use !hen the deinite %rticle le is pl%ced beore it, the result is le h-ros, %nd both !ords must be pronounced sep%r%tely2 o!ever, the eminine orm o h-ros, hroGne is % non-%spir%ted h2 :hereore, !hen you put the deinite %rtcle in ront o it, it becomes l$h-ro/ne, %nd is pronounced %s one !ord2

:he only !%y to tell i the h %t%nthe be.innin. % !ord is %spir%ted is to it up in the diction%ry2 ome diction%ries !ill pl%ce %sterisk _H inoront o the entry !ord in look the French-n.lish ( section i the h is %spir%ted2 ther diction%ries !ill include it in the pronunci%tion .uide %ter the key !ord by pl%cin. % 7H beore the pronunci%tion2 In short, the !ords must be memori/ed2

ere is % t%ble o some b%sic h !ords th%t %re %spir%ted %nd not %spir%ted

as#irated hros, hero ,le h-ros. haGr, to h%te ,0e hais or 0$ha/s""". huit, ei.ht ,le huit novem!re.

non-as#irated hroGne, heroine ,l$h-ro/ne. habiter, to live ,0$ha!ite""". har&onie, h%rmony ,l$harmonie.

/ercise 2 "2 32

$r%b %n n.lish-French-n.lish diction%ry, %nd ind %t le%st ten %spi r%ted h !ords, %nd ten non%spir%ted h !ords A%ke % column o the t!o c%te.ories o h-!ord2 Look %t it every d%y %nd memori/e the columns2

:unctuation French Aocabulary 5 "l#habet 5 audio 6in1o 5H0 kb 5 hel# :unctuation 5 La #onctuation esperluette, et S vir.ule X Y %ccol%des _ tilde J commerci%l T @.%l Z pourcent %rob%se, % ` 8 %postrophe commerci%l, %robe point U doll%r E K %st@risDue point [ plus ! d7excl%m%tion  M .uillemets \ diPse b%rre obliDue inverse O P crochets Q deux points R point vir.ule

N

sup@rieur in@rieur OO moins, tiret

+ ]

point d7interro.%tion souli.nement

6  p%renthPses

^

b%rre obliDue

V  -


Lesson 0203 C &lph%bet live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion


Lesson 0204 C &ccents Introduction :here %re ive dierent kinds o %ccent m%rks used in !ritten French2 :hey %re

accent acute accent ,accent aigu. grave accent ,accent grave.

letters used @ only

ea&#les


lph%nt elephant

ivre fever, l, there o where .te%u cae% tre to !e, fle island, circu&1le R, S, T, chm%.e unemployment, ,accent circonflexe. U, V d p%st p%rticiple o devoir diaeresis )ol 1hristmas, m%Gs corn, %i.e X, Y, [, \__ ,tr-ma. acute,fem._ cedilla 6only r%n %is French ,c-dille. P, O, Q

)ote  &s o the spellin. reorm o 990, the di%resis indic%tin. gu is not % di.r%ph on !ords inishin. in gu2 is no! pl%ced on the u in st%nd%rd && %c%d@mie r%n6%ise FrenchH  %i.[e %nd not %i.uX, ci.[e %nd recent not ci.uX, %ndinnot %mbi.uX %cuteemH, this reormyou is rel%tively %nd %mbi.[e not kno!n vul.%r surroundin., both conium, spellin.s%mbi.uousH2 c%n be used ince interch%n.e%bly mi.ht even .et % point knocked o i you !rite %i.[e in % text, it h%ppened to meH )ote  :he letter \ is only used in very r%re !ords, most old to!n n%mes  L7%\-Les-oses %ris surburbH2 ronounced like Y2

"cute "ccent - "ccent aigu :he acute accent ,French% accent aigu. is the most common %ccent used in !ritten French2 It is only used !ith the letter e %nd is %l!%ys pronounced 1%y12 ne use o the accent aigu is to orm the p%st p%rticiple o re.ul%r er verbs2

in1initive %imer, to love

#ast #artici#le %im, loved

re.%rder, to watch re.%rd, watched

¬her thin. to note is i you %re unsure o ho! to tr%nsl%te cert%in !ords into n.lish rom French, %nd the !ord be.ins !ith -, repl%ce th%t !ith the letter s %nd you !ill occ%sion%lly .et the n.lish !ord, or %n %pproxim%tion thereo •

/EQ t%ble -- sta!le or horsesH cole -- scole -- school il tudie -- il studie -- he studies &nd to combine !h%t you %lre%dy kno! %bout the accent aigu, here is one l%st ex%mple tr%n.l@ ,from étrangler. -- str%n.l@ -- strangled •

•

•

•

•

BQ :his !ill not !ork !ith every !ord th%t be.ins !ith -2

%rave "ccent - "ccent grave •

 and 

In the c%se o the letters 3 %nd 4, the grave accent ,Fr" accent grave.% is used to .r%phic%lly distin.uish one !ord rom %nother2

*ithout accent grave a 3rd pers2 sin. o avoir, to haveH la deinite %rticle or eminine nounsH ou conEunction, orH 

*ith accent grave  preposition, to% at% et %l2H l thereH o whereH

•

*nlike %nd 4, %n 5 isun%ccented not used toe distin.uish !ords rom :he 5isused or pronunci%tion2 In c%reul 3speech, is pronounced 1euh1, %ndone in %nother2 r%pid speech sometimes not pronounced %t %ll2 :he 5 is pronounced like the letter e in pet2

'#eechQ onic "ccent - Laccent toni?ue In n.lish, you stress cert%in syll%bles more th%n others2 o!ever in French, you pronounce e%ch syll%ble evenly2


Lesson 0204 C &ccents live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion


Lesson 0205 C $reetin.s .Q %reetings

;ac?ues =arie ;ac?ues =arie ;ac?ues =arie 3livier Luc 3livier Luc 3livier Luc 3livier 2 me

French .ialogue 5 %reetings %reetings 5 Les salutations ;ac?ues et =arie ;onsoir, A%rie2 uh ? :u t7%ppelles comment ? Aoia, Ee m7%ppelle K%cDues2 &h, oui2 Guoi de neu, K%cDues ? %s .r%nd-chose2 &lorsa", %u revoir, O dem%in, A%rie2 f l% proch%ine, K%cDues2 3livier et Luc %lut2 ;onEour2 :u t7%ppelles comment ? Luc2 t toi ? a3 Ke suis livier2 &h, oui2 &lors, O bientUt, livier2 %lut, Luc 

6"so%then

32 #nd you 7 inorm%lH

AQ %reetings French Aocabulary 5 %reetings 5 audio 6in1o 5(7H kb 5 hel# %reetings 5 Les salutations %lut i21;ye2 inorm%lH more orm%l th%n s%lutH %ll ;onEour ello d%yH ;onsoir $oodevenin. ;onne nuit $ood ni.ht !un nwee 'h%t7s up %bout youH? lit2 !h%t7s Guoi de neu ? ne!H %s .r%nd-chose2 )ot much2 lit2 no bi.-thin.H


For&al Lesson - %reetings 'hen t%lkin. to one7s peers or to children, Salut8 is used %s % .reetin.2 It7s n.lish eDuiv%lents !ould be hi %nd hey2 9on0our, liter%lly me%nin. good day, should be used or %nyone else2 9onsoir" is used to s%y :ood evening" 9onne nuit" is used to s%y :ood night" beore .oin. to bed2

AQ %ood-bye French Aocabulary 5 %reetings 5 audio 6in1o 5(0( kb 5 hel# %ood-bye 5 "u revoir %lut2 &urevoir2

i21;ye2 $ood-bye2

f dem%in2

ee you tomorro!2

&u revoir, O dem%in2 f tout O l7heure2 f l% proch%ine2 fbientUt2 =i%o

;ye, see you tomorro!2 ee you l%ter tod%yH ee you tomorro!H eeyousoon2 ;ye2

inorm%lH ohrvwahr ev not pronouncedH ah duhman Lit :o1*ntil :omorro!H

ah tootah luhr ah lah proh shayn ah !yantoe chow It%li%nH

For&al Lesson - %ood-byes In %ddition to bein. used %s %n inorm%l .reetin., Salut" %lso me%ns !ye2 &.%in, it should only be used %mon. riends2 ¬her inorm%l .reetin. is ciao, %n It%li%n !ord commonly used in Fr%nce2 #u revoir is the only orm%l !%y to s%y :ood!ye" I you !ill be meetin. someone %.%in soon, ; !ient
AQ a&es Tu t$appelles comment 7 is used to inorm%lly %sk someone or his or her n%me2 Bou respond to this !ith =e m$appelle >n%me?2 In the next lesson, you !ill le%rn more orm%l !%ys o %skin. someone or their n%me2 Check 1or understanding ne o your .ood riends is introducin. you to his youn.er cousin !ho is visitin. on % trip rom Fr%nce, %nd doesn7t spe%k % !ord o n.lish2 Bou !%nt to introduce yoursel to him, tell him your n%me, %nd %sk 'h%t7s up?


Lesson 0205 C $reetin.s

live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion


Lesson 020( C Form%l speech live version discussion exercises French .ialogue 5 For&al s#eech 5 audio 6in1o 5H$ kb 5 hel# edit lesson " For&al Conversation 5 @ne conversation 1or&elle comment :!o peoplegAonsieur ;ern%rd %nd Aonsieur L%mbertg%re meetin. or the irst report %n error time %sk % Duestion ;onEour2 =omment vous %ppele/-vous ? Monsieur Bernard Ke m7%ppelle Ke%n-%ul L%mbert2 t vous ? Monsieur Lambert Monsieur Bernard Aoi, Eea suis A%rc ;ern%rd2 nch%nt@2 nch%nt@a"2 Monsieur Lambert

.Q " For&al Conversation

2 & & is not c%pit%li/ed in French unless, o course, be.innin. % sentenceHH "2 @ice to meet you lit2 enchantedH

%Q ous vsE tu :his is %n import%nt dierence bet!een French %nd n.lish2 n.lish doesn7t h%ve % sin.ul%r %nd plur%l, orm%l version o you %lthou.h thou used to be the inorm%l %r.u%bly %rch%icH sin.ul%r version in the d%ys o h%kespe%reH2 In French, it is import%nt to kno! !hen to use vous %nd !hen to use tu2 
AQ Courtesy French Aocabulary 5 For&al s#eech 5 audio 6in1o 5,, kb 5 hel# Courtesy 5 La #olitesse 7il te pl%Tt2 Lit I you ple%se2H le%se 7il vous pl%Tt2 orm%lH2 :h%nks % lotH Aerci be%ucoupH2 +e rien2 Lit  nothin.2H Lit )ot o !h%t2H )o %s de Duoi2 problem2H Bou7re !elcome2 Ke t7en prie2 shtahn pree inorm%lH Ke vous en prie 0Auh vooA ahn pree orm%lH

AQ itles French Aocabulary 5 For&al s#eech 5 audio 6in1o 5($ kb 5 hel# itles 5 Les titres French "bbrE :ronunciation /nglishS @sage 'ingular Aonsieur muhsyeu Ar2, ir2 A2 :lural Aessieurs2 mehsyeu $entlemen2 'ingular A%d%me mahdamn Ars2, A%7%m2 me A :lural Aesd%mes maydahm L%dies 'ingular A%demoiselle mahdmwahAell Aiss, Boun. l%dy lle :lural Aesdemoiselles A mehdmwahAell Boun. l%dies

For&al Lesson - itles :he titles monsieur, madame, %nd mademoiselle %re %lmost %l!%ys used %lone, !ithout the l%st n%me o the person2 'hen be.innin. to spe%k to % proessor, employer, or .ener%lly someone older th%n you, it is polite to s%y monsieur, madame, or mademoiselle2

AQ "sking For 3ne8s a&e French Aocabulary 5 For&al s#eech 5 audio 6in1o 5,0 kb 5 hel# "sking For 3ne8s a&e 5 .e&ander le no& de ?uel?u8un =omment vous %ppele/o! do you c%ll yoursel? vous? orm%lH Guel est votre nom? 'h%t is your n%me? 'h%t is your n%me? inorm%lH :u t7%ppelles comment? lit Bou c%ll yoursel ho!?H Ke m7%ppelle222 Ay n%me is222 lit2 I c%ll mysel222H Kesuis222

%m222 I


Lesson 020( C Form%l speech live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion


Lesson 020# C o! %re you? .Q " 'i&#le Conversation :!o .ood riendsgA%rie %nd Ke%ng%re meetin. •

•

•

•

•

•

•

)arie %lut Ke%n2 >% v% ? =ean >% v% bien, merci2 t toi, 6% v% ?


)arie Guoi  %s m%l2 =ean de neu ? )arie %s .r%nd-chose2 )arie &u revoir Ke%n2 =ean &u revoir, O dem%in2

AQ )o* are you+ French Aocabulary 5 )o* are you+ 5 audio 6in1o 5 kb 5 hel# )o* are you+ 5 ma va+ =omment %lle/-vous? orm%lH, =omment v%s-tu? inorm%lH, o! %re you? =omment 6% v%?1>% v% ? inorm%lH I7m doin. veryH !ell >% v% trPsH bien lit2 It7s .oin. veryH !ellH ui,6%v%2 Bes, it.oes2 :rPsbien,merci2 %s m%l2 p%s si bien1p%s trPs bien trPsHm%l =ommeci,comme6%2 +@sol@eH2 t toi? t vous?

Check 1or understanding 'rite do!n %s m%ny !%ys to respond to Ba va7 %s you c%n think o o the top o your he%d2 :hen .o b%ck to the voc%bul%ry %nd le%rn other !%ys2

/Q E0  - Basic :hrases - .ialogue French /ercise 5 )o* are you+ 5 audio 6in1o 5(HH kb 5 hel# Basic :hrases 5 /#ressions de base /ercise :ut the 1ollo*ing conversation in orderQ First 'econd hird Fourth Ke ne v%is p%s trPs E =ichel ;onEour,K%cDues &urevoir =omment6%v%? bien2 >% v% trPs bien t (E ;ac?ues +@sol@2 First

vous? &lle/-vous bien? 'olutionQ 'econd

E =ichel ;onEour, K%cDues2

=omment 6% v%?

(E ;ac?ues %lut, Aichel

>% v% trPs bien t vous? &lle/-vous bien?

fdem%in2

hird Ke ne v%is p%s trPs bien2 +@sol@2

%lut,Aichel

Fourth &u revoir2 fdem%in2

For&al Lesson - "sking )o* 3ne Is .oing Ba va7 is used to %sk someone ho! they %re doin.2 :he phr%se liter%lly me%ns &t goes7, reerrin. to the body %nd lie2 & more orm%l !%y to s%y this is 1omment alleAvous72 Bou c%n respond by usin. ça va %s % st%tementJ Ba va" rou.hly me%ns &$m fine" :he %dverb !ien is used to s%y well, %nd is oten s%id both %lone %nd %s Ba va !ien" 9ien is preceded by cert%in %dverbs to speciy the de.ree to !hich you %re !ell2 =ommon phr%ses %re asseA !ien, me%nin. rather well, tr5s !ien, me%nin. very well, %nd vraiment !ien, me%nin. really well2 :he %dverb mal is used to s%y !adly2 Pas is commonly %dded to mal to orm Pas mal", me%nin. @ot !ad" 1ommeci% commeça", liter%lly tr%nsl%tin. to Lie this% lie that", is used to s%y So% so" :o be polite, %dd merci, me%nin. than you to responses to Duestions2 Check 1or understanding retend to h%ve or %ctu%lly h%veH % verb%l convers%tion !ith v%rious people th%t you kno!, such %s siblin.s, riends, children, te%chers, co!orkers, or he%ds o st%te2 &ddress them in dierent !%ys, dependin. on their rel%tion to you2 &sk them ho! they %re doin., %nd in%lly s%y .oodbye2


Lesson 020# C o! %re you? live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion


Lesson 0208 C )umbers AQ Cardinal u&bers )ain article' FrenchC#ppendicesCDates% time% and num!ersELes num-ros

French Aocabulary 5 u&bers 5 audio 6in1o 57 kb 5 hel# u&bers 5 Les no&bres un  une unit@ % unityH deux " trois 3 Du%tre 4 cinD 5 six ( sept # huit 8 neu 9 dix 0 unedi/%ineonetenH on/e  dou/e " unedou/%ineonedo/enH trei/e 3 Du%tor/e 4 Duin/e 5 sei/e ( dix-sept # dix-huit 8 dix-neu 9 vin.t "0 vin.tetun " vin.tadeux-neu ""-"9 trente 30 trenteetun 3 trente adeux - neu Du%r%nte cinDu%nte soix%nte

3"-39 40 50 (0


soix%nte-dix #0 soix%nte-et-on/e # soix%nte-adou/e - dix-neu #"-#9 Du%tre-vin.ts 80 Du%tre-vin.t-un 8 Du%tre-vin.t-adeux - neu 8"-89 Du%tre-vin.t-dix 90 Du%tre-vin.t-aon/e - dix9-99 neu cent 00 unecent%ineonehundredH adeux -neu cents "00-900 deuxcentun "0 neucentun 90 mille 2000 unmillieronethous%ndH unHmillion 20002000 unHmilli%rd 200020002000

hings o1 note about nu&bersQ For #0-#9, it builds upon soix%nte but p%st th%t it builds upon % combin%tion o terms or 8099 nly the irst ",3,4,5,etcH h%ve et unJ but p%st this it is simply both !ords consecutively vin.t-six, trente-trois, etcH For 00-99, it looks much like this list %lre%dy s%ve th%t cent is %dded beore the rest o the numberJ this continues up to 000 %nd on!%rd2 •

•

•

•

A%ny spe%kers o French outside o Fr%nce reer to the numbers #0 to 99 in the s%me p%ttern %s the other numbers2 For inst%nce, in !it/erl%nd %nd ;el.ium, seventy is sept%nte, # is sept%nte et un, #" sept%nte deux, %nd so on2 )inety is non%nte2 In !it/erl%nd, i.hty is huit%nte or oct%nte2

AQ =athe&atics /ercices •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

huit plus cinD @.%l  trei/eH cinD et un @.%l  sixH neu plus huit @.%l dix-septH trente-deux plus Du%r%nte-neu @.%l Du%tre-vin.t-unH soix%nte plus vin.t @.%l Du%tre-vin.tsH cinDu%nte-trois plus dou/e soix%nte-cinDH dix-neu plus cinDu%nte @.%l@.%l soix%nte-neuH Du%r%nte-sept plus vin.t-sept @.%l soix%nte-Du%tor/eH oix%nte-trois plus trente-deux @.%l Du%tre-vin.t-Duin/eH soix%nte plus trente-deux @.%l Du%tre-vin.t-dou/eH

.Q In 'chool :oto est un personn%.e im%.in%ire Dui est c%ncre O l7@cole2 Il y % be%ucoup d7histoires drUles sur :oto, un Eour Ee vous en r%conter%i une  :oto is %n im%.in%ry person th%t is % dunce %t school2 :here %re % lot o unny stories %bout :oto, one d%y I !ill tell you one o them - L$instituteur  ;onEour, les en%nts  &uEourd7hui c7est m%rdi, nous %llons r@viser l% t%ble d7%ddition2 =ombien ont huit plus six ? - Toto ' :rei/e, monsieur  - L$instituteur ' )on :oto tu t7es tromp@  uit plus six @.%l Du%tor/e2 t combien ont cinD plus neu ? - 1l-ment ' Gu%tor/e  - L$instituteur ' :rPs bien =l@ment2

congratulations on finishing

Lesson 0208 C )umbers live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion


Lesson 0209 C +%tes AQ he days o1 the *eekE French Aocabulary 5 .ates 5 audio 6in1o 5,(0 kb 5 hel# he .ays o1 the WeekE 5 Les jours de la se&aineE \ French :ronunciation /nglish 3rigin  lundi luhndee Aond%y Aoon " m%rdi mahrdee :uesd%y A%rs 3 mercredi maircruhdee 'ednesd%y Aercury 4 Eeudi 0uhdee :hursd%y Kupiter 5 vendredi vahndruhdee Frid%y

)otes •

•

•

•

% b "% "b

What day is it today7 is eDuiv%lent to uel 0our sommesnous 72 uel 0our sommesnous 7 c%n be %ns!ered !ith @ous sommes""", 1$est""" or Gn est""" l%st t!o %re less orm%lH2 @ous sommes""" is not used !ith hier, au0ourdHhui, or demain2 1$-tait p%stH or 1$est present1utureH must be used %ccordin.ly2 :he d%ys o the !eek %re not c%pit%li/ed in French2

5(0 kb 5 hel# French"sking Aocabulary 5 .ates audio 6in1o le For he .ay 55.e&ander jour &uEourd7hui on est Duel :od%y is !h%t d%y? o0Aoordwee on ay ell 0Aoor Eour ? &uEourd7hui on est a 0our2 :od%y is a day2 :omorro! is !h%t +em%in c7est Duel Eour ? Duhman on ay ell 0Aoor d%y? +em%in c7est a 0our2 :omorro!isa day2

French Aocabulary 5 .ates 5 audio 6in1o 5H, kb 5 hel# 2elative .ays 5 Les jours relati1s %v%nt hier the d%y beore yesterd%y hier yesterd%y %uEourd7hui tod%y cesoir dem%in le lendem%in

toni.ht tomorro! the d%y %ter tomorro!

AQ he =onths o1 the ear French Aocabulary 5 .ates 5 audio 6in1o 5$H kb 5 hel# he =onths o1 the ear 5 Les &ois de l8anne \ French :ronE /nglish 0 E%nvier 0Aahnveeyay K%nu%ry 0" @vrier fayvreeyay Febru%ry 03 m%rs mahrse A%rch 04 %vril ahvrill &pril 05 m%i maye A%y 0( Euin 0Awan Kuin 0# Euillet 0Aooeeyay Kuly 08 %oVt ootCoo &u.ust 09 septembre septahm!ruh eptember 0 octobre otuh!ruh ctober  novembre novahm!ruh )ovember " d@cembre daysahm!ruh +ecember :he months o the ye%r %re not c%pit%li/ed in French2 For phr%ses rel%tin. to the months o the ye%r, see the phr%sebook •

•

French Aocabulary 5 .ates 5 audio 6in1o 599 kb 5 hel# "sking For he .ate 5 .e&ander la date Guelle est l% d%te 'h%t is the d%te d7%uEourd7huiH ? tod%yH? ell ay lah daht =7est le a amonth2 It7s amonth a2 say leuh"""

AQ 'easons French Aocabulary 5 .ates 5 audio 6in1o 5,( kb 5 hel# 'easons 5 Les 'aisons l%s%ison se%son le printemps prin. l7@t@  mH ummer l7%utomne  mH &utumn l7hiver  mH 'inter congratulations on completing

Lesson 0209 C +%tes



Lesson 020 C :ime AQ "sking 1or the ti&e French Aocabulary 5 i&e 5 audio 6in1o 5H( kb 5 hel# "sking For he .ayS .ateS i&e 5 .e&ander le jour^la date^le te&#s "sking 1or the ti&eE 4% Guelle heure est-il ? ell er ayteel 4b Guelle heure il est ? 'h%t hour1time is it? ell er eel ay 5 Il est anombre heuresH2 It is a num!er hours2 eelay >nom!re? er


AQ i&e In French, il estj is used to express the timeJ thou.h it !ould liter%lly tr%nsl%te %s he isj, it is %ctu%lly, in this c%se, eDuiv%lent to it isj imperson%l ilH2 *nlike in n.lish, it is %l!%ys import%nt to use heuresj hoursjH !hen reerrin. to the time2 In n.lish, it is  to s%y, Its nine,j but this !ouldnt m%ke sense in French2

French Aocabulary 5 i&e 5 audio 6in1o 5,$ kb 5 hel# i&e 5 Le te&#s Guelle heure est-il ? 'h%t time is it? Ilestuneheure2 Itisoneoclock2 Il estdix trois heures2 three oclock2 Ilest heures2 ItItisisten oclock2 Ilestmidi2 Itisnoon2 Ilestminuit2 Itismidni.ht2 Il est Du%tre heures cinD2 It is ive p%st our2 Il est Du%tre heures et Du%rt2 It is % Du%rter p%st our2 Il est Du%tre heures moins le It is % Du%rter till 42 Du%rt Il est Du%tre heures Duin/e2 It is our iteen2 Il est Du%tre heures et demie2 It is h%l p%st our2 Il est Du%tre heures trente2 It is our thirty2 Il est cinD heures moins vin.t2 It is t!enty to ive2 Il est Du%tre heures Du%r%nte2 It is our orty2

AQ i&es o1 .ay French Aocabulary 5 i&e 5 audio 6in1o 5H kb 5 hel#

i&es o1 .ay 5 L8heure relati1 d%ybre%k le lever du Eour litthe rise o the d%y sunrise le lever du soleil lit the rise o the sun le soleil lev%nt risin. sun2 lem%tin 222du m%tin hier m%tin lemidi l7%prPs-midi mH lesoir 222du soir l%nuit

mornin. &2A2, lit o the mornn. yesterd%y mornin. noon,midd%y %ternoon evenin.,intheevenin. 2A2 lit o the evenin. ni.ht congratulations on completing

Lesson 020 C :ime live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion


Introductory Level C evie! %Q he French al#habet French %ra&&ar 5 2evie* 5 audio 6in1o 50 kb 5 hel# he French "l#habet 5 L8al#habet 1ranais Characters &% ;b =c +d e F $. hI i KE k Ll :ronunciation %h b%y s%y d%y euh e Eh%y %sh ee /hee k%h el Characters )n o p GD r s :t *u
Am em N/


/edh

In %ddition, French uses sever%l %ccents !hich %re !orth underst%ndin.2 :hese %re O, P, Q, .r%ve %ccentsH %nd @ %cute %ccentH !hich only %pplies to e2 & circumlex %pplies to %ll vo!els %s !ell R, S, T, U, V2 &nd %lso % tr@m% French or di%er%sisH or vo!els W, X, Y, Z, [, \ %nd combined letters ] %nd ^

AQ Basic :hrases French Aocabulary 5 2evie* 5 audio 6in1o 5$ kb 5 hel# Basic :hrases 5 Les e#ressions de base bonEour, s%lut hello orm%lH, hi inorm%lH =omment %lle/-vous? orm%lH, =omment v%s-tu? inorm%lH, =omment 6% v%?1>% v% ? o! %re you? inorm%lH 6% v% trPsH bien I7m doin. veryH !ell lit2 It7s .oin. veryH !ellH merci th%nk you et toi ? et vous ? %nd you? inorm%lH %nd you? orm%lH p%s m%l not b%d bien !ell p%s si bien1p%s trPs bien not so !ell commeci,comme6% so-so +@sol@eH I7msorry2 Duoi de neu ? !h%t7s up %bout youH? lit2 !h%t7s ne!H p%s .r%nd-chose not much lit2 no bi.-thin.H bye lit2 !ith reseein., %kin to $erm%n %u %u revoir 'iedersehenH Odem%in see youtomorro!lit2%ttomorro!H &u revoir, O dem%in2

;ye, see you tomorro!

AQ u&bers French Aocabulary 5 2evie* 5 audio 6in1o 57 kb 5 hel# u&bers 5 Les no&bres un  une unit@ % unityH deux " trois 3 Du%tre 4 cinD 5 six ( sept # huit 8 neu 9 dix 0 unedi/%ineonetenH on/e  dou/e " unedou/%ineonedo/enH trei/e 3 Du%tor/e 4 Duin/e 5 sei/e ( dix-sept # dix-huit 8 dix-neu 9 vin.t "0 vin.tetun " vin.tadeux-neu ""-"9 trente 30 trenteetun 3 trente adeux - neu 3"-39 Du%r%nte 40 cinDu%nte 50 soix%nte (0 soix%nte-dix #0 soix%nte-et-on/e # soix%nte-adou/e - dix-neu #"-#9 Du%tre-vin.ts 80 Du%tre-vin.t-un Du%tre-vin.t-adeux - neu Du%tre-vin.t-dix Du%tre-vin.t-aon/e - dixneu

8 8"-89 90 9-99

cent adeux -neu cents deuxcentun neucentun mille unHmillion unHmilli%rd

00 unecent%ineonehundredH "00-900 "0 90 2000 unmillieronethous%ndH 20002000 200020002000

hings o1 note about nu&bersQ •

•

•

For 99 #0-#9, it builds upon soix%nte but p%st th%t it builds upon % combin%tion o terms or 80nly the irst ",3,4,5,etcH h%ve et unJ but p%st this it is simply both !ords consecutivly vin.t-six, trente-trois, etcH For 00-99, it looks much like this list %lre%dy s%ve th%t cent is %dded beore the rest o the numberJ this continues up to 000 %nd on!%rd2

AQ "sking 1or the day^date^ti&e

% b "% "b 3% 3b 4% 4b 5

French Aocabulary 5 2evie* 5 audio 6in1o 5H( kb 5 hel# "sking For he .ayS .ateS i&e 5 .e&ander le jourS la dateS le te&#s "sking 1or the dayE &uEourd7hui c7est Duel :od%y is !h%t d%y? o0Aoordwee say ell 0Aoor Eour? &uEourd7hui c7est a 0our2 :od%y is a day2 :omorro! is !h%t +em%in c7est Duel Eour Duhman say ell 0Aoor d%y? +em%in c7est a 0our2 :omorro!isa day2 "sking 1or the dateE Guelle est l% d%te 'h%t is the d%te ell ay lah daht %uEourd7huiH? tod%yH? =7est le a amonth2 It7s amonth a2 "sking 1or the ti&eE Guelle heure est-il? ell er ayteel 'h%t hour1time is it? eel ay ell er Il est Duelle heure? Il est anombre heuresH2 It is a num!er hours2 eelay >nom!re? er

AQ i&e In French, il estj is used to express the timeJ thou.h it !ould liter%lly tr%nsl%te %s he isj, it is %ctu%lly, in this c%se, eDuiv%lent to it isj unperson%l ilH2 *nlike in n.lish, it is %l!%ys import%nt to use heuresj hoursjH !hen reerrin. to the time2 In n.lish, it is  to s%y, Its nine,j but this !ouldnt m%ke sense in French2

French Aocabulary 5 2evie* 5 audio 6in1o 5,$ kb 5 hel# i&e 5 Le te&#s Guelle heure est-il ? 'h%t time is it? Ilestuneheure2 Itisoneoclock2 Il est trois heures2 It is three oclock2 Il estdix heures2 It is ten oclock2 Ilestmidi2 Itisnoon2 Ilestminuit2 Itismidni.ht2 Il est Du%tre heures cinD2 It is ive p%st our2 Il est Du%tre heures et Du%rt2 It is % Du%rter p%st our2 Il est Du%tre heures Duin/e2 It is our iteen2 Il est Du%tre heures et demie2 It is h%l p%st our2 Il est Du%tre heures trente2 It is our thirty2 Il est cinD heures moins vin.t2 It is t!enty to ive2 Il est Du%tre heures Du%r%nte2 It is our orty2

AQ he days o1 the *eekE Les Eours de l% sem%ine al%y E/oor duh l%h suhmen

French Aocabulary 5 2evie* 5 audio 6in1o 5,(0 kb 5 hel# he .ays o1 the WeekE 5 Les jours de la se&aineE \ French :ronunciation /nglish 3rigin  lundi luhndee Aond%y Aoon " m%rdi mahrdee :uesd%y A%rs 3 mercredi maircruhdee 'ednesd%y Aercury 45 ( #

Eeudi 0uhdee :hursd%y Kupiter vendredi vah Frid%y
•

)otes •

•

•

What day is it today7 is eDuiv%lent to uel 0our sommesnous 72 uel 0our sommesnous 7 c%n be %ns!ered !ith @ous sommes""", 1$est""" or Gn est""" l%st t!o %re less orm%lH2 @ous sommes""" is not used !ith hier, au0ourdHhui, or demain2 1$-tait p%stH or 1$est present1utureH must be used %ccordin.ly2

AQ he =onths o1 the ear French Aocabulary 5 2evie* 5 audio 6in1o 5$H kb 5 hel# he =onths o1 the ear 5 Les &ois de l8anne \ French :ronE /nglish 0 E%nvier 0Aahnveeyay K%nu%ry 0" @vrier fayvreeyay Febru%ry 03 m%rs mahrse A%rch 04 %vril ahvrill &pril 05 m%i maye A%y 0( Euin 0Awan Kuin 0# Euillet 0Aooeeyay Kuly 08 %oVt ootCoo &u.ust m

09 0  "

septembre octobre novembre decembre

septah !ruh otuh!ruh novahm!ruh daysahm!ruh

eptember ctober )ovember +ecember

AQ 2elative .ate and i&e French Aocabulary 5 2evie* 5 audio 6in1o 5 kb 5 hel# 2elative .ate and i&e 5 .ate et heure relatives i&es o1 .ay d%ybre%k le lever du Eour litthe rise o the d%y sunrise le lever du soleil lit the rise o the sun le soleil lev%nt risin. sun2 lem%tin 222du m%tin hier m%tin lemidi l7%prPs-midi mH lesoir 222du soir l%nuit %v%nt hier hier %uEord7hui cesoir

mornin. &2A2, lit o the mornn. yesterd%y mornin. noon,midd%y %ternoon evenin.,intheevenin. 2A2 lit o the evenin. ni.ht 2elative .ays the d%y beore yesterd%y yesterd%y tod%y toni.ht

dem%in lendem%in

tomorro! the d%y %ter tomorro!

AQ 'easons French Aocabulary 5 2evie* 5 audio 6in1o 5,( kb 5 hel# 'easons 5 Les 'aisons l% s%ison se%son le printemps prin. l7@t@  mH ummer l7%utomne  mH &utumn l7hiver  mH 'inter

.Q " Conversation Bet*een Friends

!aniel "ervé !aniel "ervé !aniel "ervé !aniel "ervé !aniel

French .ialogue 5 2evie* " Coversation Bet*een Friends 5 @ne conversation entre a&is ;onEour erv@2 =omment v%s-tu ? ello, erv@2 o! %re you? >lit' (ow go you7? Ke v%is bien, merci2 t toi 6% v% ? I7m .ood, th%nk you2 &nd you, it .oes ineH? >% v% bien2 st-ce Due " tu viens O mon %nnivers%ire ? K7or.%nise une petite Ste2 It .oes !ell2 Bou7re comin. to my p%rty? I7m or.%ni/in. % little p%rty2 =7est Du%nd ? 'hen is it? >lit' &t is when7? Le 3 m%rs O "0h2 A%rch 3rd %t 0800 A2 Le 3 m%rs, entendu2 :u %is 6% che/ toi 3 ? A%rch 3rd, %.reed2 Bou7re h%vin. it %t your pl%ce? ui c7est che/ moi2 K7%i invit@ une vin.t%ine d7%mis2 n v% d%nser toute l% nuit2 Bes, it7s %t my pl%ce2 I h%ve invited % set oH t!enty riends2 'e 4 %re .oin. to d%nce %ll ni.ht2 =7est trPs .entil de m7inviter, merci2 & bientUt2 It7s very nice to invite me, th%nk you2 o lon.2 & dem%in, bonne Eourn@e2 *ntil tomorro!, .ood d%y2

 9ien is %n %dverb me%nin. well2 Its %dEective eDuiv%lent is !on,ne., !hich me%ns good2 ince 0e vais, me%nin. & go, uses

%n %ction the %dEective !ien is used2 In n.lish, I7m .ood, !hich uses the linkin. verb am, is ollo!ed by %n %dEective r%ther th%nverb, %n %dverb2 " Istce Jue""" liter%lly me%ns &s is that""" %nd is oten used to st%rt Duestions2 :his is used in % simil%r m%nner to do in n.lish2 Inste%d o Kou want it7, one c%n s%y Do you want it7 Istce Jue""" h%s no re%l me%nin., other th%n si.niyin. th%t % Duestion ollo!s2 3 cheA""" is % preposition me%nin. at the house of""" 2 1heA moi is used to s%y at my place2 1heA >n%me? is used to s%y at >n%me7s? place2 4 on c%n me%n we or one2

.Q he :rinci#al French .ialogue 5 2evie* 5 audio 6in1o 5$0$ kb 5 hel# he :rinci#al 5 Le directeur frappe 3 la porte  toc toc tocH !aniel nocs on the door noc noc nocH  Le directeur ntre/ nter monsieur le directeur2 st-ce Due vous %lle/ bien ? !aniel ;onEour, ello, Ar2 +irector2 &re you !ell? v%is bien merci2 t vous, comment %lle/-vous ? Le directeur Ke I %m !ell, th%nk you2 &nd you, ho! %re you? Ke v%is bien2 Ke veux vous dem%nder s7il est possible d7or.%niser une Ste pour mon %nnivers%ire2 Ke l7or.%niser%is le 3 m%rs vers 4 h2 !aniel I7m !ell2 I !%nt to %sk you i it is possible to or.%ni/e % p%rty or my birthd%y2 I !ould or.%ni/e it the third o A%rch %round 0"00 A2 vous voule/ l7or.%niser oQ ? Le directeur t &nd you !%nt to or.%ni/e it !here? +%ns l% .r%nde s%lle de r@union %u deuxiPme @t%.e2 n en %ur%it besoin EusDu7O ( h, le temps de tout nettoyer2 !aniel In the l%r.e conerence room on the second loor2 'e !ould need it until 0400 A, the time o cle%nin. everythin.2 ntendu K7espPre Due Ee ser%is invit@ ?

Le directeur

&.reed I !ouldbe invited? ;ien sVr I hope Aercith%t ;e%ucoup  course :h%nks % lot &u revoir  Le directeur $ood-bye &u revoir et encore merci  !aniel $ood-bye %nd th%nks %.%in2 congratulations on completing

!aniel

Introductory Level C evie! live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

French Level 3ne Lessons "llons! - Basic French I you h%ven7t done so %lre%dy, spend % e! minutes to irst re%d the course7s introductory lessons2 nce th%t7s done, you7re re%dy to be.in your very irst tr%dition%l French lesson &ter you h%ve completed this level, you c%n move on to the next level2 Fin%lly, .o to the lessons pl%nnin. p%.e i you !ould like to help improve this course2

@eouvielle and lac d$ aumar

Level 3ne Contents 20 0, 20" 0,7 203 0$ 204

Le6on 0  $r%mm%ire de b%se Lesson 0  Basic %ra&&ar Le6on 0"  tre Lesson 0"  o Be Le6on 03  L% description Lesson 03  .escri#tion Le6on 04  L% %mille

$ $ender, &rticles, ubEect ronouns < eople $ =onEu.%tion, tre < $ =onEu.%tion, tre, &dEectives < =olors, )umbers $ &voir, le% la, %nd les

0$, 205 0$7 20( 0H( 20# 0H7 208 07( 209 07, 20 07

Lesson 04  Fa&ily Le6on 05  @cr@%tion Lesson 05  2ecreation Le6on 0(  L% m%ison Lesson 0(  he )ouse Le6on 0#  Le temps Lesson 0#  Weather Le6on 08  Les voy%.es Lesson 08  ravel Le6on 09  L7%rt Lesson 09  "rt Le6on 0  L% science Lesson 0  'cience

< F%mily $ -er
Level Gne Lessons

Lesson 20 C ;%sic .r%mm%r %Q %ender o1 ouns In French, %ll nouns h%ve % gra&&atical gender, th%t is, they %re m%sculine or eminine or the purposes o .r%mm%r only2 Aost nouns th%t express entities !ith .ender people %nd %nim%lsH use both % eminine%reorm %nd& % Hm%sculine orm, French %cteur %nd %ctrice 1H2 or ex%mple, the t!o !ords or %ctor in :he nouns th%t express entities !ithout .ender e2.2, obEects %nd %bstr%ct conceptsH h%ve only one orm2 :his orm c%n be m%sculine or eminine2 For ex%mple, la voiture the c%rH c%n only be eminineJ le stylo the penH c%n only be m%sculine2 :here %re some nouns th%t express entities !ith .ender or !hich there is only one orm, !hich is used re.%rdless o the %ctu%l .ender o the entity, or ex%mple, the !ord or personJ personne J is %l!%ys eminine, even i the person is m%le, %nd the !ord or te%cherJ professeurJ is %l!%ys m%sculine even i the te%cher is em%lea2


/a&#les French %ra&&ar 5 Basic gra&&ar 5 audio 6in1o 5 kb 5 hel# %ender o1 ouns 5 %enre des o&s Co&&on /ndings @sed =asculine With =asculine ounsQ le rom%.e le chev%la" the horse -age the cheese le proesseura lechien thedo. -r the te%cher le ch%t lelivre thebook -t the c%t le c%pit%lisme lebruit thenoise -is&e c%pit%lism Co&&on /ndings @sed Fe&inine With Fe&inine ounsQ l% boul%n.erie l% colombe the dove -ie the b%kery l% n%tion l% chemise the shirt -ion the n%tion l% r%ternit@ l% m%ison the house -ite^-it brotherhood l% b%l%nce l% libert@ liberty -nce the sc%les l% ille -nne the .irl -&&e lindienne -lle the Indi%n 2 Professeur c%n be shortened to prof2 'hile the lon. orm, professeur, is %l!%ys m%sculine, even !hen reerrin. to em%le te%chers, prof c%n be either m%sculine or eminine2 le pro - the m%leH te%cherH l% pro - the em%leH te%cherH 7"2 In this book, the dein%te %rticle !ill come beore % noun in voc%bul%ry ch%rts2 I the dein%te %rticle is l due to elision, ,m. !ill ollo! % noun to denote % m%sculine .ender %nd ,f. !ill ollo! % noun to denote % eminine .ender2 *nortun%tely, there %re m%ny exceptions in French !hich c%n only be le%rned2 :here %re even !ords th%t %re spelled the s%me, but h%ve % dierent me%nin. !hen m%sculine or eminineJ or ex%mple, un livre &H me%ns % book, but une livre 1H me%ns % pound ome !ords th%t %ppe%r to be m%sculine like la photo, !hich is %ctu%lly short or la photographieH %re in %ct eminine, %nd vice vers%2 :hen there %re some th%t Eust don7t m%ke senseJ la foi is eminine %nd me%ns % belie, !here%s le foie me%ns liver2 :o help overcome this hurdle !hich m%ny be.inners ind very diicult, be sure to le%rn the .enders %lon. !ith the !ords2

%Q .e1inite and Inde1inite "rticles he .e1inite "rticle In n.lish, the deinite %rticle is %l!%ys thej2 *nlike n.lish, the deinite %rticle is used to t%lk %bout somethin. in % .ener%l sense, % .ener%l st%tement or eelin. %bout %n ide% or thin.2 In French, the deinite %rticle is ch%n.ed dependin. on the noun7s 2 $ender "2 lur%lity 32 First letter o the !ord :here %re three deinite %rticles %nd %n %bbrevi%tion2 Le is used or m%sculine nouns, L% is used or eminine nouns, Les is used or plur%l nouns both m%sculine or eminineH, %nd L7  is used !hen the noun be.ins !ith % vo!el or silent h both m%sculine or eminineH2 It is simil%r to en.lish, !here % ch%n.es to %n beore % vo!el2

French %ra&&ar 5 Basic gra&&ar 5 audio 6in1o 57 kb 5 hel# he .e1inite "rticle 5 L8article d1ini eminine l% l%ille thed%u.hter sin.ul%r m%sculine le leils a3 the son sin.ul%r, st%rtin. !ith % vo!el l len%nt thechild sound les illes the d%u.hters plur%l les lesils thesons les en%nts the children

:luralityS :ronunciationS and /ce#tions :he plur%l o most nouns is ormed by %ddin. %n s2 o!ever, the s endin. is not pronounced2 It is the %rticle th%t tells the listener !hether the noun is sin.ul%r or plur%l2 32 Fils Aost sin.ul%r nouns do not end in -s2 :he -s is %dded or the plur%l orm o the noun2 Fils is one exception2 'henever the sin.ul%r orm o % noun ends in s, there is no ch%n.e in the plur%l orm2 le ils les ils un ils des ils the son the sons % son someH sons le cours les cours un cours des cours the course the courses % course someH courses econdly, the in%l conson%nt is %lmost %l!%ys not pronounced unless ollo!ed by %n e or %nother vo!elH2 Fils pronounced feeceH is %lso %n exception to this rule2

/lision :he deinite %rticles le %nd la %re shortened to l !hen they come beore % noun th%t be.ins !ith % vo!el2 'hen pronounced, the vo!el sound is dropped2 •

•

•

leH %mi - l7%mi - lahmee - the m%leH riend l%H %mie - l7%mie - lahmee the em%leH riend leH @lPve - l7@lPve - lay lev - the student

:his process, c%lled elision,j %lso occurs beore % silent h2 •

l%H heure - l7heure - leur - the hour1the time

he Inde1inite "rticle In n.lish, the indeinite %rticles %re % %nd %n2 ome is used %s % plur%l %rticle in n.lish2 &.%in, indeinite %rticles in French t%ke dierent orms dependin. on .ender %nd plur%lity2 :he %rticles *n %nd une liter%lly me%n one in French2

French %ra&&ar 5 Basic gra&&ar 5 audio 6in1o 5$$ kb 5 hel# he Inde1inite "rticle 5 L8article ind1ini eminine une oon une ille % d%u.hter sin.ul%r m%sculine un uh un ils % son des illes some d%u.hters plur%l des day des ils some sons des ils does me%n some sons but is %n homo.r%ph it c%n %lso me%n some thre%ds !hen pronounced like illH

Liaison emember th%t the l%st conson%nt o % !ord is typic%lly not pronounced unless ollo!ed by % vo!el2 'ell !hen % !ord endin. in % conson%nt is ollo!ed by % !ord be.innin. !ith % vo!el sound, the conson%nt oten becomes pronounced2 :his is % process c%lled liaison2 'hen % vo!el .oes directly %ter un, the norm%lly unpronounced n sound becomes pronounced2 •

•

unH %mi - unn%mi uhnahmeeH - % m%leH riend unH @lPve - unn@lPve uhnay levH - % student

=omp%re the pronunci%tion to !ords !ithout li%iison un .%r6on uh gairsohH •

ne is un%ected by li%ison2 Li%ison %lso occurs !ith des2 •

•

desH %mi - des/%mi dayAahmeeH - someH m%leH riends desH %mie - des/%mie dayAahmeeH - someH em%leH riends

In this book, you !ill see li%ison denoted !ith n or / bet!een t!o !ords2

'o&e )ote th%t des, like les is used in French beore plur%l nouns !hen no %rticle is used in n.lish2 Let7s im%.ine you %re lookin. %t photo.r%phs in %n %lbum2 In n.lish, !e !ould s%y I %m lookin. %t photo.r%phs2 In French, you c%nnot s%y, Ke re.%rde photo.r%phies, you must tell !hich photo.r%phs you %re lookin. %t usin. %n %rticle2 I you !ere lookin. %t % set o specific pictures, you !ould s%y Ke re.%rde les photo.r%phies2 I %m lookin. %t the photo.r%phs2H I you !ere Eust lippin. throu.h the %lbum, lookin. %t nothin. in p%rticul%r, you !ould s%y, Ke re.%rde des photo.r%phies2 I %m lookin. %t some photo.r%phs2H

AQ :eo#le

French Aocabulary 5 Basic gra&&ar :eo#le 5 Les #ersonnes l%personne person pehr son %ender and "ge ohm l7hommemH m%n l%emme !om%n fehm le.%r6on boy gehrsoh l%ille .irl fee l%illette little.irl fee let Friends l7%mi mH ahmee m%le riend le cop%in co pahn l7%mie H l% copine

em%le riend

ahmee co peen

AQ /#ressions >uest-ce ?ue cest+ :o s%y What is it7 or What is that7 in French, uHestce Jue cHest7 pronounced ehss euh sayH is used2 Guest-ce Due cest? - 'h%t is it? •

Liter%lly, uHestce Jue cHest7 tr%nsl%tes to What is it that it is7 Bou !ill be usin. u$estce Jue"""7 oten to s%y What"""7 %t the be.innin. o sentences2 :o respond to this Duestion, you s%y 1Hest un,e. >nom?", me%nin. &t is a >noun?" • •

=7est =7est un un livre2 chien2--It7s It7s%%book2 do.2

emember th%t the indein%te %rticle un or uneH must %.ree !ith the noun it modiies2 •

=7est une chemise2 - It7s % shirt2

Il y aEEE &l y a pronounced eel ee ahH is used to s%y there is or there$sH %nd there are2 Il y % une pomme2 - :here is %n %pple2 :he phr%se is used or both sin.ul%r %nd plur%l nouns2 *nlike in n.lish is  %reH, il y a does not ch%n.e orm2 Il y % des pommes2 - :here %re someH %pples2 •

•

:he %t the end o the mostboth plur%l most nouns tells you th%t%lmost the phr%se is sound there are o %rticle there is 2 Insspoken French, !hen theo sin.ul%r %nd plur%l orms %l!%ys the inste%d s%me, the %nd perh%ps other %dEectives modiyin. the nounH is used to distin.uish bet!een sin.ul%r %nd plur%l versions2 Bou !ill soon le%rn th%t a is the present third person sin.ul%r orm o avoir, the verb me%in. to have, %nd th%t y is % pronoun me%nin. there2 :he phr%se il y a, then, liter%lly tr%nsl%tes to he has there2 Bou !ill see this phr%se used in %ll French tenses2 It is import%nt to remember th%t verb st%ys %s % orm o !e %nd not have2 Like in n.lish, il y a""" is not oten used to point out %n obEect in ront o you2 :o s%y th%t, voici %nd voil3 %re used2

Aoici et Aoil Voici""" tr%nsl%tes to here is""" %nd here are2 imil%rly, voil3 me%ns there is %nd there are2 :hey %re used to point out obEects in ront o you or in excl%m%tory sentences2 congratulations on completing

Lesson 20 C ;%sic .r%mm%r live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

Level Gne Lessons

Lesson 20" C :o ;e .Q Where are you 1ro&+ French .ialogue 5 o be 5 audio 6in1o 5((H kb 5 hel# Where are you 1ro&+ 5 u es do+ >uentin ;onEour, L@on2 +is donc, :u es doQ? Lon Ke suis de %ris, Guentin2 >uentin &lors, tu es r%n6%is? Lon ui, ex%ctement2 >uentin t A%rie, elle est doQ? lle est de A%rseille2 lle est r%n6%ise, Lon %ussi2 >uentin Aerci, L@on2 &u revoir2


%Q 'ubject #ronouns French h%s six dierent types o pronouns the st, "nd, %nd 3rd person sin.ul%r %nd the st, "nd, %nd 3rd person plur%l2

French %ra&&ar 5 o be 5 audio 6in1o 5H kb 5 hel# 'ubject :ronouns 5 Les #rono&s sou&is st person sin.ul%r je plur%l nous sin.ul%r tu "nd person plur%l vous sin.ul%r ilS elleS on 3rd person plur%l ilsS elles

I !e you you he, she, one they m%sculineH they eminineH

'hen reerrin. to more th%n one person in the "nd person, vousj must be used2 'hen reerrin. to % sin.le person, vousj or tuj m%y be used dependin. on the situ%tionJ see notes in the introductory lessons2 :he pronoun it does not exist in French2 &l repl%ces %ll m%sculine nouns, even those th%t %re not hum%n2 :he s%me is true !ith elle %nd eminine nouns2 In %ddition to the nu%nces bet!een vous %nd tu, %s discussed e%rlier, French pronouns c%rry me%nin.s th%t do not exist in n.lish pronouns2 :he French third person on h%s sever%l me%nin.s, but most closely m%tches the no! %rch%ic n.lish one2 'hile in n.lish, ne must be very c%reul in French .r%mm%r sounds old-%shioned, the French eDuiv%lent n doit %ire trPs %ttention O l% .r%mm%ire r%n6%ise is Duite %ccept%ble2 &lso, !hile the third person plur%l they h%s no .ender in n.lish, the French eDuiv%lents ils %nd elles do2 o!ever, !hen pronounced, they norm%lly sound the s%me %s il %nd elle, so distin.uishin. the dierence reDuires underst%ndin. o the v%rious conEu.%tions o the verbs ollo!in. the pronoun2 &lso, i % .roup o people consists o both m%les %nd em%les, the m%le orm is used, even i there is only one m%le in % .roup o thous%nds o em%les2 In everyd%y l%n.u%.e, onj is used, inste%d o nousj, to express !ejJ the verb is %l!%ys used in the 3rd person sin.ul%r2 For ex%mple, to s%y 'e %reH meetin. %t # o7clock, you could s%y either  Gn se rencontre au cin-ma 3 sept heures"M colloDui%lH or @ous nous rencontrons au cin-ma 3 sept heures"M orm%lH2 For more, see the 'ikipedi% entry2

%Q Introduction to Aerbs & verb is % !ord th%t describes %n %ction or ment%l or physic%l st%te2

enses and =oods French verbs c%n be ormed in our moods, e%ch o !hich express % uniDue eelin.2 %ch mood h%s % v%ryin. number o tenses, !hich indic%te the time !hen %n %ction t%kes pl%ce2 In the next section, !e !ill look %t the conEu.%tions in the present tense o the indic%tive mood, more commonly c%lled the #resent indicative2 :here is one conEu.%tion or e%ch o the six subEect pronouns2

In1initives In this book, the ininitive orm o the verb !ill be used to identiy it2 In n.lish, the ininitive orm is to NNN2 In French, the ininitive is one !ord2 For ex%mple, parler tr%nsl%tes to to spea, finir tr%nsl%tes to to finish, %nd aller tr%nsl%tes to to go2

Conjugation French verbs conjugate, !hich me%ns they t%ke dierent sh%pes dependin. on the subEect2 n.lish verbs only h%ve one conEu.%tionJ th%t is the third person sin.ul%r I see, you see, he1she sees, !e see, they seeH2 :he only exception is the verb to be I %mJ thou %rtHJ you %reJ he1she isJ !e %reJ they %reJH2 Aost French verbs !ill conEu.%te into m%ny dierent orms2 Aost verbs %re re.ul%r, !hich me%ns th%t they conEu.%te in the s%me !%y2 :he most common verbs, ho!ever, %re irre.ul%r2

%Q tre - o Be Otre tr%nsl%tes %s to !e in n.lish2 It is %n irre.ul%r verb, %nd is not conEu.%ted like %ny other verb2

For&ation French Aerb 5 o be 5 audio 6in1o 50 kb 5 hel# tre 5 to be 'ingular :lural 1irst #erson je suis 0euh swee I %m nous so&&es noo sum !e %re you %re vous tes vooAett you %re second #erson tu es too ay il est eel ay he is they %re ils sont eelsohn m%sc2 or mi/edH third #erson elle est ell ay she is on est ohn ay one is elles sont ellsohn they %re em2H

/a&#les French %ra&&ar 5 o be 5 audio 6in1o 57 kb 5 hel# o Be /a&#les 5 /e&#les d8tre Ke suis %voc%t2 I %m %H l%!yer2 0Aeuh swee ah voh cah Bou %re %t the too ay ah lah !ahn :u es O l% b%nDue2 b%nk2 Il est be%u2 e is h%ndsome2 eel ay !oh :ry to le%rn %ll these conEu.%tions2 :hey !ill become very useul in ormin. tenses2

Idio&s •

•

•

>% y est - I7ve done it Finished K7y suis - I .et it
/#ressing "gree&ent Tu es dHaccord ou pas7, Tu es dHaccord7 lit Kou are of agreement7H, or simply D$accord7 is used inorm%lly to %sk !hether someone %.rees !ith you2 :o respond poitevely, you s%y Gui% 0e suis d$accord" or simply D$accord2 In n.lish, one !ould s%y Gay" !hen D$accord" is used in French2

%Q Cities and ationalities :o s%y !h%t city you %re rom, you use the preposition de2 •

Il est de %ris2

'hen st%tin. your n%tion%lity or Eob, it is not necess%ry to include the %rticle2 :his is %n exception to the norm%l rule2 •

=e suis #ustralien,ne." - & am #ustralian"

:here is both % m%sculine %nd eminine orm o s%yin. your n%tion%lity - or m%les %nd em%les respectively2

&l est #ustralien" - (e is #ustralian" Ille est #ustralienne" - She is #ustralian" In the next lesson, you !ill le%rn ho! to s%y the n%tion%lity o more th%n one person2 •

•

Check 1or understanding le%se use the the n%tion%lities list to ind out !h%t your n%tion%lity is in French2 :hen s%y !h%t city you %re rom %nd !h%t n%tion%lity you %re2 :hen s%y !h%t n%tion%lity some o your riends %re, %nd !h%t city they %re rom2 For ex%mple, )arie est italienne" Ille est de ome"


Lesson 20" C :o ;e live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

Level Gne Lessons

Lesson 203 C +escription %Q "djectives - Les adjecti1s )ain article' FrenchC:rammarC#d0ectives Kust like %rticles, French %dEectives %lso h%ve to m%tch the nouns th%t they modiy in .ender %nd plur%lity2


2egular For&ation Aost %dEective ch%n.es occur in the ollo!in. m%nner •

Feminine %dd %n -e to the m%sculine orm un .%r6on int@ress%nt -- une ille int@ress%nte un %mi %mus%nt -- une %mie %mus%nt e un c%mion lent -- une voiture lente lur%l %dd %n -s to the sin.ul%r orm un .%r6on int@ress%nt -- des .%r6ons int@ress%nt s une ille int@ress%nte -- des illes int@ress%nte s •

•

•

•

•

•

:ronunciation $ener%lly, the in%l conson%nt is pronounced only !hen it comes beore %n -e2 Aost %dEectives, such %s those %bove, %re %ected by this rule2 •

•

A%sculine ronuci%tion int-ressan, amusan, len Feminine ronunci%tion int-ressant, amusant, lent

'ith plur%l %dEectives, the -s endin. is not pronounced, so the %dEective !ill sound ex%ctly the s%me %s the sin.ul%r orm2

/ce#tions and Irregularities &dEectives th%t end in e in the m%sculine orm do not ch%n.e in .ender2 'hen %n %dEective, such %s .ros, ends in s, it does not ch%n.e in the m%sculine plur%l orm2 ometimes the in%l conson%nt is doubled in the eminine orm2 ee French1$r%mm%r1&dEectives or more2

AQ .escribing :eo#le French %ra&&ar 5 .escri#tion 5 audio 6in1o 5HH kb 5 hel# .escribing :eo#le 5 .crire des #ersonnes =asculine 'ingular Fe&inine 'ingular =asculine :lural Fe&inine :lural si4e and *eight Il est petit2 lle est petit e2 Ilssont petit s2 lles sont petit es2 Il est moyen2 lle est moyen ne2 Ils sont moyen s2 lles sont moyen nes2 Il est .r%nd2 lle est .r%nd e2 Ils sont .r%nd s2 lles sont .r%nd es2 Ilest.ros2 lle est.ros se2 Ilssont .ros2 llessont .ros ses2 hair color Il est blond2 lle est blond e2 Ils sont blond s2 lles sont blond es2 Ilestbrun2 lle estbrun e2 Ilssontbrun s2 lles sont brun es2 attitude and #ersonality Ils sont Il est intelli.ent2 lle est intelli.ent e2 lles sont intelli.entes2 intelli.ents82 Il est int@ress%nt2 lle est int@ress%nt e2 Ils sont int@ress%nt s2 lles sont int@ress%nt es2 Il est %mus%nt2 lle est %mus%nt e2 Ils sont %mus%nt s2 lles sont %mus%nt es2

AQ Co&&on "djectives French Aocabulary 5 .escri#tion Co&&on "djectives 5 Les adjecti1s co&&uns "ttitude and :ersonality symp%thiDueHsH nice %mus%nteHsH unny intelli.enteHsH intelli.ent int@ress%nteHsH interestin. p%tienteHsH p%tient soci%blesH soci%ble timidesH timid dyn%miDuesH .entilleHsH stricteHsH orteHsH

'i4e and Weight .rosseHsesH %t petiteHsH sm%ll moyenneHsH %ver%.e .r%ndeHsH bi.

"ctions bonnesH .ood m%uv%iseHs out.oin. b%d H nice, .entle .i11iculty strict %cilesH e%sy stron. diicilesH diicult

AQ Colors French Aocabulary 5 .escri#tion 5 audio 6in1o 5H0 kb 5 hel# Colors 5 Les couleurs =asculine Fe&inine /nglish bl%nc bl%nche !hite .ris .rise .r%y noir noire bl%ck rou.e rou.e red or%n.e or%n.e or%n.e E%une E%une yello! vert verte .reen bleu bleue blue violet violette violet m%rron m%rron bro!n everythin. but h%irH brun brune bro!n h%ir - d%rk h%iredH rose rose pink s%r%n s%r%nne s%ron

%Q "dverbs /#ressing .egree •

%sse/ - r%ther, enou.h Il est %sse/ intelli.ent2 - e is r%ther intelli.ent2 trPs - very Il est trPs/intelli.ent2a - e is very intelli.ent2 vr%iment - truly, re%lly Il est vr%iment intelli.ent2 - e is re%lly intelli.ent2 •

•

•

•

•

 ten !hen % vo!el sound comes %ter % conson%nt, the usu%lly unpronounced s %nd A ch%n.e to % sh%rp / sound %nd link to the next syll%ble2 :his process is c%lled li%ison2 In this book, !ill !ill sho! th%t the sound is connected usun. /2 Tr5sAin is pronounced trayAahn2

congratulations on finishing

Lesson 203 C +escription live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

Level Gne Lessons

Lesson 204 C F%mily live version discussion exercises edit lesson comment report %n error %sk % Duestion

%Q he verb avoir &voir c%n be tr%nsl%ted %s to h%ve2

For&ation

French Aerb 5 :resent Indicative 5 audio 600 kb 5 hel# avoir 5 to have 'ingular :lural 1irst #erson j8ai A0ay I h%ve nous4avons nooAahvohn !e h%ve you h%ve il a eel ah he h%s third #erson elle a ell ah she h%s onna ohnah one h%s

second #erson tu as too ah

vous4ave4 vooAahvay you h%ve

eelAohnt

they h%ve m%sc2 or mi/edH

elles4ont ellAohnt

they h%ve em2H

ils4ont

/a&#les K7%i deux stylos2 :u %s trois rPres2 Il % une id@e2

I h%ve t!o pens2 Bou h%ve three brothers2 e h%s %n ide%2

/#ressing "ge #voir is used to express %.e2 :u %s Duel R.e? - o! old %re you? alit Bou h%ve !h%t %.e? K7%i trente %ns2 - I7m thirty ye%rs oldH2 alit I h%ve thirty ye%rs •

•

here isâre - Il y a :he expression il y a me%ns there is or there are2 •

•

Il y % un livre2 - :here is % book2 Il y % des livres2 - :here %re books2

AQ he Fa&ily French Aocabulary 5 Fa&ily 5 audio 6in1o 5(,$ kb 5 hel# he Fa&ily 5 La Fa&ille I&&ediate Fa&ily /tended Fa&ily m% %mille m% %mille my %mily my extended %mily @loi.n@e les p%rents p%rents les .r%nd-p%rents .r%ndp%rents l%mPre mother le.r%nd-pPre .r%nd%ther lepPre %ther l%.r%nd-mPre .r%ndmother l% emme !ie les petits-en%nts .r%ndchildren lem%ri husb%nd lepetit-ils .r%ndson l%soeur sister l%petite-ille .r%ndd%u.hter lerPre brother l7oncle, tonton uncle child m or l7en%nt l% t%nte, tati %unt H lesen%nts children leneveu nephe! l%ille d%u.hter l%niPce niece leils son le1l%cousineH cousinmorH 'te# Fa&ily l% belle-mPre stepmother l% demi-soeur h%l sister le be%u-pPre step%ther le demi-rPre h%l brother :o spe%k %bout more complex %mily rel%tions, such %s my .r%ndmother7s cousin, you must use the de mon1m%1mes orm - le cousin de m% .r%ndmPre2

%Q .irect 3bject :ronouns le# laS and les le% la, %nd les %re c%lled direct obEect pronouns, bec%use they %re pronouns th%t %re, you .uessed it, used %s direct obEects2 & direct obEect is % noun th%t is %cted upon by % verb2 Il Eette la !oule2 - e thro!s the !all2 In the %bove sentence la !oule is the direct obEect2 Bou h%ve le%rned e%rlier th%t n%mes %nd re.ul%r nouns c%n be repl%ced by the subEect pronouns  0e% tu222H2 imil%ry, direct obEects, such %s l% boule, c%n be repl%ced by pronouns2 le - repl%ces % m%sculine sin.ul%r direct obEect •

•

la repl%cesle% eminine sin.ul%r obEect l$ --repl%ces %nd la i they comedirect beore % vo!el les - repl%ces plur%l direct obEects, both m%sculine %nd eminine :he direct obEect pronouns come beore the verb they %re linked to2 Il la Eette2 - e thro!s it2 Il les Eette2 - e thro!s them2 Le% la, %nd les c%n repl%ce either people or in%nim%te obEects2 • •

•

•

•


Lesson 204 C F%mily live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

Level Gne Lessons

Lesson 205 C ecre%tion %Q 2egular -er Aerbs For&ation Aost French verbs %ll into the c%te.ory o -er verbs2 :o conEu.%te, drop the -er to


ind the stem or root2 &dd endin.s to the root b%sed on the subEect %nd tense2

jouer - to pl%y French %ra&&ar 5 2ecreation 5 audio 6in1o 5, kb 5 hel# -er Aerb For&ation 5 For&ation de verbes en -er #ronoun ending verb Ee -e Eoue tu -es Eoues il1elle -e Eoue nous -ons Eouons vous -e/ Eoue4 ils1elles -ent Eouent

/lision and Liaison In %ll conEu.%tions, 0e ch%n.es to 0 7 !hen ollo!ed by % vo!el2 x%mple =$attends2 &lso, %s % rule o thumb h is considered % vo!elJ %s in =$ha!ite"""2 I % phr%se is ne.%tive, ne ch%n.es to n$2 In %ll plur%l orms, the s %t the end o e%ch subEect pronoun, norm%lly unpronounced, becomes % A sound %nd the n o on becomes pronounced !hen ollo!ed by % vo!el2

Co&&on -er Aerbs French %ra&&ar 5 2ecreation For&ation o1 Co&&on -er Aerbs 5 For&ation des verbes co&&uns en -er In1initive 'te& :resent Indicative Conjuagtion First :erson 'econd :erson hrid :erson #arler #arl Kep%rle :up%rles Ilp%rle 'ingular to spe%k )ous p%rlons
'8a&user )ain article' FrenchC:rammarCVer!sCPronominal :he verb s$amuser me%ns to have fun in n.lish2 It is % type o pronomin%l verb % verb th%t includes % pronoun %s p%rt o itH c%lled % relexive verb, !hich me%ns th%t the %ction o the verb is reflected b%ck onto the subEect2 Liter%lly tr%nsl%ted, the verb me%ns & amuse myself"

For&ation

Conjugated Aerb [ In1initive Like in n.lish, some verbs c%n be ollo!ed by ininitives2 :he most common -er verbs used in this m%nner %re aimer %nd d-tester2 •

•

K7%ime p%rler2 - I like to spe%k2 )ous d@testons tr%v%iller2 - 'e h%te !orkin.2

'hen ne.%tin. % sentence, remember th%t the ne.%tive .oes %round the conEu.%ted verb2 •

Ke n7%ime p%s p%rler2 - I don7t like to spe%k2

.Q 2ecreation ere is % short di%lo. %bout people pl%nnin.1doin. leisure %ctivities2 ;esides the ne! voc%bul%ry you should %lso h%ve % look %t ho! the verbs %re conEu.%ted dependin. on the subEect o the sentence2 =eanPaul ' Gu7est-ce Due vous %ites ? •

•

•

•

•

•

)arc et' Ke Paul ' )ous Eouons %u tennis2 )arie inis mes devoirs2 )ichel ' K7%ttends mon %mi2 Pierre ' Ke v%is %u p%rc2 1hristophe ' Ke viens du st%de2

AQ 2ecreation Gu7est-ce Due vous %Ttes? 'h%t %re you doin.? Eouer to pl%y inira toinish %ttendrea to!%itorH %imer to like d@tester toh%te ri.oler toEoke%rounda" %mieH myH riend-er verbs2 Bou !ill le%rn their conEu%.tion in % l%ter lesson2 mon1m%H Finir and attendre %re not re.ul%r  Tu rigoles8 me%ns KouHre 0oing8 or Kou donHt mean it8

AQ :laces l% bibliothPDue libr%ry lep%rc p%rk l% piscine s!immin. pool l%pl%.e be%ch le rest%ur%nt rest%ur%nt s%lle de conce rt concert h%ll lest%de le th@Rtre

st%dium the%ter

=%ution % li!rairie is % bookshop2

%Q Indirect 3bject :ronouns lui and leur Indirect obEects %re preposition%l phr%ses !ith the obEect o the preoposition &n indirect obEect is % noun th%t receives the %ction o % verb2 •

•

•

Il Eette l% boule O K%cDues2 - e thro!s the b%ll to K%ck2 Il Eette l% boule O A%rie2 - e thro!s the b%ll to A%ry2 Il Eette l% boule O K%cDues et A%rie2 - e thro!s the b%ll to K%ck %nd A%ry2

Lui %nd leur %re indirect obEect pronouns2 :hey repl%ce nouns reerrin. to people %nd me%n to himCher %nd to them respectively2 lui - repl%ces % sin.ul%r m%sculine or eminine indirect obEect reerrin. to % hum%n leur - repl%ces % plur%l m%sculine or eminine indirect obEect reerrin. to % hum%n &n ex%mple ollo!s Il lui Eette l% boule2 - e thro!s the b%ll to him2 Il lui Eette l% boule2 - e thro!s the b%ll to her2 Il leur Eette l% boule2 - e thro!s the b%ll to them2 'hether lui me%ns to him or to her is .iven by context2 In n.lish, e thro!s him the b%ll is %lso s%id, %nd me%ns the s%me thin.2 'hen used !ith the direct obEect pronouns le% la, %nd les, lui %nd leur come %ter those pronouns2 Il l% lui Eette2 - e thro!s it to him2 )ote th%t !hile le% la, %nd les %re used to repl%ce people or in%nim%te obEects, lui %nd leur %re not used to repl%ce inn%nim%te obEects %nd thin.s2 &lso note th%t unlike le %nd la, !hich %re shortened to l$ !hen ollo!ed by % vo!el, lui is never •

•

•

•

•

•

shortened

AQ ;ouer :he verb 0ouer is % re.ul%r -er verb me%nin. to play2 It c%n be used to reer to both sports %nd instruments2 'hen reerrin. to sports, use 0ouer 3, but !hen reerrin. to instruments, use 0ouer de""" &s %l!%ys, 0ouer must be conEu.%ted r%ther th%n let in the ininitive2

French Aocabulary 5 2ecreation :lay 5 ;ouer %u b%seb%ll %ub%sket %u ootb%ll %u ootb%ll %m@ric%in %u.ol %utennis %uvolley %uxc%rtes %ux d%mes %ux@checs

jouer EEE b%seb%ll b%sketb%ll soccerJ ootb%ll

jouer deEEE de l%cl%rinettec l%rinet dupi%no pi%no de l% .uit%re .uit%r

&meric%n ootb%ll du violon

violin

.ol del%b%tterie drums tennis sin.ul%r in FrenchH volleyb%ll c%rds checkers1 dr%u.hts chess congratulations on completing

Lesson 205 C ecre%tion


Level Gne Lessons

Lesson 20( C :he house live version discussion exercises edit lesson comment report %n error %sk % Duestion

AQ he )ouse

French Aocabulary 5 he house he )ouse 5 La &aison %eneral "ctions street %rriverOl%m%isonH to%rrivehomeH be%utiulH si.ht, vie! rentrer O l% m%isonH to .o b%ck home Duitter l% toutH prPs deH veryH close toH to le%ve homeH m%isonHa" p%sH toutH loin deH notH veryH %r romH to le%ve % roomH Duitter une s%lleH %t the house o donner sur l% rue to overlook the street che/ aperson aperson donner sur l% cour to overlook the courty%rd %t aperson7s house )ouses h%biter tolivesome!hereH l% m%ison house, home h%biter en ville to live do!nto!n l% m%isonnette sm%ll house le p%villon individu%l house h%biter en b%nlieue to live in the suburb limmeuble %pp%rtmentH buildin. Floors l7%pp%rtementmH l%t1%p%rtment l7@t%.emH level lestudio studio lere/-de-ch%uss@e lobby,.roundloor 2L2A2 le premier @t%.e second loor %bit%tions O lo! income housin. le deuxiPme @t%.e third loor Loyer Aod@r@H le troisiPme @t%.e ourth loor Cities and eigborhoods leDu%rtier nei.borhood lecentreville do!nto!n l7%rrondissementmH district l%ville city l%b%nlieue thesuburb levill%.e to!n 2oo&s :arts o1 2oo& a l% piPce room lepl%ond ceilin. l% ch%mbre l%s%lledes@Eour %milyroom lesol .round l%c%ve b%sement l%enStre !indo! le .renier %ttic le toit roo l%cuisine kitchen /ntering and /iting l%ruea l% belleH vue

l%s%lleOm%n.er dinin.room lemur !%ll l%s%lledeb%ins b%throom l7esc%liermH st%irs l% ch%mbre O coucher bedroom monter O pied to !%lk up st%irs le.%r%.e $%r%.e l7%scenseurmH elev%tor les toilettes !%ter-closet, restroom monter en %scenseur to .o up by elev%tor H no sin.ul%rH only toliet, no b%thH prendre l7%scenseur to t%ke the elev%tor lebure%u oice monterOpied to.oupbyoot 3utside a )ouse l%porte door l%voiture c%r l7entr@eH entry!%yH l%terr%se p%tio Furniture leb%lcon b%lcony leride%u curt%in leE%rdin .%rden l%ch%ise ch%ir l%leur lo!er l%t%ble t%ble l7%rbremH tree l7%rmoireH cupbo%rd l% cour courty%rd le lit bed lel%HvoisineH nei.bor let%pis c%rpet le%uteuil %rmch%ir  :o express to live on NNNN street, you s%y ha!iter rue NNNN •

•

K7h%bite ue Lecourbe2 - I live on Lecourbe treet2 Il h%bite ue de ennes2 - e lives on ennes treet2

 uitter must be ollo!ed by % direct obEect, usu%lly % room or buildin.22 Partir is used in other phr%ses2 Bou !ill le%rn ho! to conEu.%te these verbs in % uture lesson2

%Q Faire :he verb faire is tr%nsl%ted to to do or to mae2 It is irre.ul%rly conEu.%ted it does not count %s % re.ul%r -re verbH2

For&ation French Aerb 5 :resent Indicative 5 audio 6,( kb 5 hel# 1aire 5 to doS to &ake 'ingular :lural 1irst #erson je 1ais 0Aeuh fay I do nous 1aisons noo feAohn !e do second #erson tu 1ais too fay you do vous 1aites voo feht you do il 1ait eel fay he does they do ils 1ont eel fohnt m%sc2 or mi/edH third #erson elle 1ait ell fay she does on 1ait oh fay one does elles 1ont ell fohnt they do em2H

@ses For $aire •

•

•

•

sports !e%ther t%sks le %ire c%us%ti %ire conEu.%tedH  ininitive - to h%ve somethin. done or onesel Ke %is r@p%rer le ourne%u2 - I m%ke1h%ve the stove rep%ired2 •

•

2elated Words •

•

•

d@%ire - to demolish m%l%ire - to do b%dly re%ire - to rem%ke

/#ressions *ith Faire •

•

•

•

•

%ire %ttention - to p%y %ttention %ire conn%iss%nce - to .et %cDu%inted %ire l% mor%le - to scold %ire%ire l% Dueue - to !%it in line s7en - to !orry

AQ )ouse*ork French Aocabulary 5 he house 5 audio 6in1o 5$(, kb 5 hel# )ouse*ork 5 Le &nage %ire l% cuisine to do the cookin. %ire l% lessive1le lin.e to do the l%undry %ire le E%rdin to do the .%rdenin. %irelelit tom%kethebed %ire le m@n%.e to do the house!ork %ire l% v%iselle to do the dishes %ire les c%rre%ux to do the !indo!s %ire les courses to do the shoppin.1err%nds %ire le rep%ss%.e to do the ironin.

%Q me# te# nousS and vous •

+irect %nd Indirect bEect ronouns

=eanings •

•

•

•

me - me,, to me te - you, to you sin.ul%r, inorm%lH nous - us, to us vous - you, to you plur%l, orm%lH

:lace in sentences •

:hese pronouns %re pl%ced beore the verb th%t they modiy Ke te vois2 - I see you2 Ke veux te voir2 - I !%nt to see you2 I % perect tense is used, these pronouns .o beore the %uxill%ry verb2 Ke t7%i vu2 - I s%! you2 •

•

•

•

.irect 3bject 2e#lace&ent •

•

•

•

Il me voit2 - e sees me2 Il te voit2 - e sees you2 Il nous voit2 - e sees us2 Il vous voit2 - e sees you2

Indirect 3bject 2e#lace&ent •

•

•

•

Il m7%ppelle2 - e c%lls to me2 Il te le Eette2 - e thro!s it to you2 Il nous le Eette2 - e thro!s it to us2 Il vous le Eette2 - e thro!s it to you2

/ercises :ry to describe your house or bedrooom usin. the voc%bul%ry2 +on7t or.et prepositions2 Bou m%y %lso !ish to t%lk %bout !h%t house!ork you do2

Che4 &oi K7h%bite une vill% O Aorn%nt, O cot@ dea3 Lyon en Fr%nce2 A% m%ison % " ch%mbres  l% premiPre pour moi et m% emme %vec un .r%nd lit2 L% deuxiPme est plus petite  c7est l% ch%mbre de mon ils2 )ous %vons %ussi un bure%u %vec 3 ordin%teursa4  un p%r personne  L% s%lle de s@Eour est trPs .r%nde et O cot@, il y % un petit s%lon2 )ous %imons re.%rdera5 l% t@l@vision %llon.@s d%ns le %uteuil2 L% cuisine est toute petite et nous ya( m%n.eonsa# le soir2 Il y % une petite t%ble et 4 ch%ises2 L% m%ison est de plein pied et ne comporte p%s d7@t%.e2 Le E%rdin est %sse/ .r%nd et nous y %isons pousser des leurs2

p O cot@ de - %t the side o, next to p y eeH - there

p l7ordin%teur mH p %imer re.%rder - to like to !%tch computer p m%n.er - to e%t congratulations on completing

Lesson 20( C :he house live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

Level Gne Lessons

Lesson 20# C 'e%ther %Q 'tandard egation In order to s%y th%t one did not do somethin., the ne """ pas construction must be used2 :he ne is pl%ced beore the verb, !hile the pas is pl%ced %ter2

For&ation and 2ules •

imple ne.%tion is done by !r%ppin. ne"""pas %round the verb2 Ke ne vole p%s2 - I do not ste%l2 In % perect tense, ne"""pas !r%ps %round the %uxill%ry verb, not the p%rticiple2 Ke n7%i p%s vol@2 - I h%ve not stolen2 'hen %n ininitive %nd conEu.%ted verb %re to.ether, ne"""pas usu%lly !r%ps %round the conEu.%ted verb2 Ke ne veux p%s voler2 - I do not !%nt to ste%l2 ne pas c%n %lso .o directly in ront o the ininitive or % dierent me%nin.2 Ke veux ne p%s voler2 - I !%nt to not ste%l2 ne .oes beore %ny pronoun rel%tin. to the verb it %ects2 Ke ne le vole p%s2 - I did not ste%l it2 •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

/a&#les French %ra&&ar 5 Weather 5 audio 6in1o 5(H( kb 5 hel# egation For&ation /a&#les 5 /e&#les de 1or&ation de ngation Il est %voc%t2 e is a% l%!yer2 Il n7est p%s %voc%t2 e is not a% l%!yer2 )ous %isons nos devoirs2 'e %re doin. our home!ork2 )ous ne %isons p%s nos devoirs2 'e %re not doin. our home!ork2 Ke Eoue du pi%no2 I pl%y the pi%no2 Ke ne Eoue p%s du pi%no2 I do not pl%y the pi%no2

egation o1 Inde1inate "rticles :he indeinite %rticles un, une, %nd des ch%n.e to de or dHH !hen ne.%tin. % sentence2 K7%i un livre2 - I h%ve % book2 Ke n7%i p%s de livre2 - I don7t h%ve %ny book2 K7%i des livres2 - I h%ve some books2 Ke n7%i p%s de livres2 - I don7t h%ve %ny books2 •

•

•

•

/a&#les Il Il est n7estbel.e22 p%s bel.e2 )ous lisons un livre2 )ous ne lisons p%s de livre2 Ke m%n.e une cerise2 Ke ne m%n.e p%s de cerise2

e e is is ;el.i%n2 not ;el.i%n2 'e re%d % book2 'e do not re%d % book2 I e%t % cherry2 I do not e%t % cherry2

AQ Weather - Le te&#sOP %eneral lesoleil

sun

leciel

sky

French Aocabulary 5 Weather Weather 5 Le te&#s CloudyWeather cloud le nu%.e It7s cloudy2 Il y % des nu%.es2 lit :here %re some 2 clouds2 nu%.eux-euseH cloudy

couverteHsH overc%st, lit covered War& Weather l7@cl%ircie H cle%rin., bre%k in cloudsH Il%itbe%u It7snice2 Cold and Windy Weather Il%itch%ud2 It7s!%rm2 Il%itroid2 It7scold2 Le ciel est d@.%.@2 :he skiy is cle%r2 le vent !ind lit :he sky is reed2 Il %it du vent2 It7s !indy2 Le ciel se d@.%.e2 :he skiy is cle%rin. up2 Le vent soule2 :he !ind blo!s2 Le soleil brille2 :hesun isshinin.2 l%r%%le .usto !ind 2ainyWeather 'no*yWeather l%brume o.,h%/e,mist l7hivermH !inter l% nei.e sno! lebrouill%rd o. Il nei.e2 It7s sno!in.2 l% .rSle h%il Il tombe de l% l%bruine dri//le It7s h%ilin.2 .rSle2 lit It %lls o the h%il2 2 une .outte de pluie

% drop o r%in

l% pluie L% pluie tombe2

r%in :he r%in %lls2

Il pleut2 il % plu2 Il v% pleuvoir2

It7s r%inin.2 It r%ined2 It7s .oin. to r%in2 r%iny pluvieux-euseH It7s r%inin.2 Le temps est pluvieux2 lit :he !e%ther is 2 r%iny2 de .ros nu%.es noirs2 l%r.e bl%ck clouds l7%verseH do!npour

/tre&e *eather un or%.e % storm or%.eux-euseH stormy Il y % un or%.e :here7s % storm l7@cl%ir mH l7@cl%ir%.e mH

l%sh o li.htenin.H li.htenin.

l% tempSte

storm, tempest

%.it@eHsH letonnerre

 Le temps me%ns both the weather %nd the time2

stormy, %.it%ted thunder

%Q "ller :he verb aller is tr%nsl%ted to to go2 It is irre.ul%rly conEu.%ted it does not count %s % re.ul%r -er verbH2

For&ation In the present indic%tive, %ller is conEu.%ted %s ollo!s

French Aerb 5 Weather 5 audio 6in1o 5(7 kb 5 hel# aller 5 to go 'ingular :lural nous4allons nouAah lohn !e .o 1irst #erson je vais 0euh vay I .o second #erson tu vas too vah you .o vous4alle4 vouAah lay you .o il va eel vah he .oes they .o ils vont eel vohn m%sc2 or mi/edH third #erson elle va ell vah she .oes on va ohn vah one .oes elles vont ell vohn they .o em2H

@sage :here is no present pro.ressive tense in French, so aller in the present indic%tive is used to express both & go %nd & am going2 #ller must be used !ith % pl%ce %nd c%nnot st%nd %lone2 :he preposition 3, me%in. in% at, or to, is used, ollo!ed by the pl%ce2 :u v%s % l7@cole? - Bou7re .oin. to school2 emember th%t 3 le contr%cts to au %nd 3 les contr%cts to aux2 =e vais au stade2 - I7m .oin. to the st%.e2 Inste%d o % preposition %nd pl%ce, you c%n use the pronoun y, me%nin. there2 K comes beore the verb2 emember th%t aller must be used !ith % pl%ce there or % n%meH !hen indic%tin. th%t you %re .oin. some!here, even i % pl%ce !ouldn7t norm%lly be .iven in n.lish2 K7y v%is2 - I7m .oin. there2 :u y v%s2 - Bou7re .oin. there2 )ous y %llons2 - 'e7re .oin. there2 •

•

•

•

•

Futur :roche :he strucure aller  ininitive is used to s%y th%t somethin. is .oin. to h%ppen in the ne%r uture2 •

Il v% pleuvoir dem%in2 - It7s .oin. to r%in tomorro!2

Il v% %ire roid2 - It7s .oin. to be cold2 emember th%t the ne.%tive .oes %round the conEu.%ted verb2 •

•

Il ne v% p%s pleuvoir dem%in2 - It7s not .oin. to r%in tomorro!2

Idio&s •

•

•

•

&llons-y - ahlonAee - Let7s .o imp@r%tiH >% v%? - o! %re you? lit It .oes?H n y v% - Let7s .et .oin. n y v%? - hould !e .o?

Liaison *su%lly, !henever % vo!el sound comes %ter """ons or """eA, the usu%lly unpronounced s %nd A ch%n.e to % sh%rp A sound %nd link to the next syll%ble2 :his process is c%lled li%ison2H o!ever, since %llons %nd %lle/ be.ins !ith vo!els, nous %llons is pronounced nyooAahloh %nd vous %lle/ is pronounced vooAahlay2 In order to h%ve % ple%sin. %nd cle%n sound, t!o li%isons should not .o connsecultively2 :here is thereore no li%ison in allons 3 !hen it comes ri.ht %ter nous %nd alleA 3 !hen it comes %ter vous2 •

•

In the phr%se Vous alleA 3 l$-cole7, vous alleA 3 is pronounced vouAahlay ah2 In the phr%se vous et )arie alleA 3 l$-cole7+% %lle/ O is pronounced %hl%y/%h"


Lesson 20# C 'e%ther live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

Level Gne Lessons

Lesson 208 C :r%vel live version discussion exercises :he second c%te.ory o re.ul%r French verbs is -ir verbs2 :o conEu.%te, drop the -ir edit lesson to ind the stem or root2 &dd endin.s to the root b%sed on the subEect %nd tense2 comment report %n error 1inir - to inish %sk % Duestion French %ra&&ar 5 ravel -ir Aerb For&ation 5 For&ation des verbes en -ir #ronoun ending verb Ee -is inis tu -is inis il1elle -it init nous -issons inissons vous -isse/ inisse4 ils1elles -issent inissent

%Q 2egular -ir Aerbs

%Q :ossessive "djectives For&ation French %ra&&ar 5 ravel :ossessive "djectives 5 Les adjecti1s #ossessi1s First :erson 'econd :erson hird :erson 'ingular mon, m%, mes my ton, t%, tes your son, s%, ses his, her leur, leur, :lural notre, notre, nos our votre, votre, vos your their leurs

@sage &s you c%n prob%bly tell rom their n%me, possessive %dEective %re used to express possession o %n obEect2 •

=7est mon livre2 - It7s my book2

In n.lish the possessive %dEective %.rees !ith the subEect  his sister, her !rotherH2 ;ut in French, possessive %dEectives %ct like %ll other %dEectives they must %.ree !ith the noun they modiy2

French %ra&&ar 5 ravel :ossesive "djective @sage 5 @tilisation des adjecti1s #ossesive =asculine oun Fe&inine oun le livre la voiture le livre de A%rc son livre l% voiture de A%rc s% voiture the book o A%rc his book the c%r o A%rc his c%r les livres de A%rc ses livres les voitures de A%rc ses voitures the books o A%rc his books the c%rs o A%rc his c%rs le livre de A%rie son livre l% voiture de A%rie s% voiture the book o A%rie her book the c%r o A%rie her c%r les livres de A%rie ses livres les voitures de A%rie ses voitures the books o A%rie her books the c%rs o A%rie her c%rs 'hether the third person sin.ul%r possessive %dEectives son, sa %nd ses %re his or her is indic%ted by context2 lle lit son livre2 - he re%ds her book2 •

Liaison and "djective Changes Li%ison occurs !hen mon, ton, %nd son %re ollo!ed by % vo!el2 •

•

•

Il est monn%mi2 - e is my riend2 Il est tonn%mi2 - e is your riend2 Il est sonn%mi2 - e is his1her riend2

Li%ison %lso occurs !ith %ll plur%l orms, since they %ll end in s2 •

•

Ils sont mes/ - :hey %re my riends2 Ils sont nos/ - :hey %re our riends2

)on% ton, %nd son %re used beore % eminine sin.ul%r noun2 lision to m7, t7, or s7H does not occur2 lle est monn%mie2 - he is my riend2 •


Lesson 208 C :r%vel live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

Level Gne Lessons

Lesson 209 C &rt live version discussion exercises :he third c%te.ory o re.ul%r verbs is m%de up o re$ verbs2 :o conEu.%te, drop the edit lesson -re to ind the stem or root2 &dd endin.s to the root b%sed on the subEect %nd comment tense, %s demonstr%ted belo! or the present tense2 report %n error %sk % Duestion

%Q 2egular -re Aerbs

For&ation attendre  to !%it French %ra&&ar 5 "rt -re Aerb For&ation 5 For&ation des verbes en -re #ronoun ending verb Ee ,0$. -s %ttends tu -s %ttends il1elle %ttend nous -ons %ttendons vous -e/ %ttende4 ils1elles -ent %ttendent

Aendre :he verb vendre is % re.ul%r -re verb

1irst #erson je vends second #erson tu vends il vend third #erson elle vend on vend

French Aerb 5 :resent Indicative vendre 5 to sell 'ingular :lural noo vahn dohn 0Aeuh vahn I sell nous vendons too vahn you sell vous vende4 voo vahn day$ eel vahn he sells ils vendent eel vahnde ell vahn she sells oh vahn one sells elles vendent ell vahnde

!e sell you sell they sell m%sc2 or mi/edH they sell em2H

Co&&on -re Aerbs =omp%red to -er verbs, -re verbs %re not very common2 Bou !ill ho!ever see the ollo!in. verbs %irly oten2

AQ %oing to a =useu& l% portr%itiste portr%itist

AQ =usic French Aocabulary 5 "rt 5 audio 6in1o 5(7 kb 5 hel# =usic 5 La &usi?ue @couter l% musiDue to listen to music des p%roles lurics le p%role  !ordH Co&#osing lemusicien musici%n le compositeur composer l%uteur des p%rolesH lyricsH !riter Instru&ents l7instrument mH instruement l%cl%rinette cl%rient leviolon violin l%h%rpe h%rp l%.uit%re .uit%r lepi%no pi%no

AQ French =useu&sS heatersS and 3#era )ouses

:he Louvre

:he Louvre yr%mid

%Q BeauS ouveauS and Aieu For&ation French %ra&&ar 5 "rt he "djectives Beauti1ulS e*S and 3ld 5 BeauS ouveauS and Aieu =ascE Consonant =ascE Ao*el Fe&E 'ingE 6all 'ingular un be%u .%r6on un bel individu une belle illette Beau de be%ux/individus de belles illettes :lural de be%ux .%r6ons une nouvelle id@e 'ingular un nouve%u c%mion un nouvel ordre de nouve%ux de nouve%ux ordres :lural de nouvelles id@es / c%mions 'ingular un vieux c%mion un vieil ordre une vieille id@e Aieu de vieux/ordres :lural de vieux c%mions de vieilles id@es

ouveau

'entences :lace&ent &s you h%ve %lre%dy le%rned, most %dEectives come %ter the noun they modiy in French2 •

•

un homme intelli.ent - %n intelli.ent m%n des hommes intelli.ents - intelli.ent men

o!ever, some common French %dEectives, includin. be%u, nouve%u, %nd vieux come beore the noun2 •

une Eolie voiture - % pretty c%r

Des is repl%ced !ith de !hen %n %dEective comes beore the noun2 de Eolies voitures - pretty c%rs )ote th%t in inorm%l speech, des in very oten used in pl%ce o de2 •

AQ :lays French Aocabulary 5 "rt :lays 5 Les #ices "ttheheater :lay%enres leth@Rtre the%ter leb%llet b%llet the%tric%lH pl%y l% piPce de th@RtreH lit the%tric%lH l%com@die comedy piece l7%cte H %ct l% com@die l% scPne scene music%l comedy music%le l7entr%cte mH intermission ch%nter to sin. le l%H ch%nteur ledr%me dr%m% sin.er -euseH d%nser to d%nce l%tr%.@die tr%.edy le l%H d%nseur -euseH d%ncer

AQ French "rtists and /ntertainers •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

=h%rles &/n%vour $ilbert ;ec%ud K%cDues ;rel obert =h%rlebois Koe +%ssin %ymond +evos =eline +ion $%rou Kuliette $reco dith i%


Lesson 209 C &rt live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

Level Gne Lessons

Lesson 20 C cience %Q :rendre rendre is not % re.ul%r -re verb, %nd is conEu%.ted dierntly2

For&ation

1irst #erson second #erson

third #erson

French Aerb 5 :resent Indicative #rendre 5 to take 'ingular :lural noo prenn je 0Aeuh nous I t%ke !e t%ke #rends prahn #rennons ohn voo tu too prahn you you t%ke vous #rene4 #rends t%ke prennay eel he il #rend they t%ke prahnn t%kes ils #rennent eel prehn m%sc2 or elle ell she mi/edH #rend prahnn t%kes on oh one elles they t%ke #rend prahnn t%kes #rennent ell prehn em2H

2elated Words •

•

•

•

prendre - to t%ke %pprendre - to le%rn comprendre - to comprehend1underst%nd m@prendre - to mist%ke


Idio&s and 2elated /#ressions •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

prendre - to t%ke, to h%ve somethin. to e%t prendre conscience deH - to become %!%re oH prendre l% correspond%nce - to ch%n.e tr%ins prendre une d@cision - to m%ke % decision prendre des kilos - to .%in !ei.ht prendre p%rt OH - to t%ke p%rt inH prendre l% p%role - to st%rt t%lkin. prendre le p%s sur - to surp%ss prendre le petit d@Eeuner - to e%t bre%k%st prendre rende/-vous - to m%ke %n %ppointment

AQ he 'ciences - Les 'ciences French Aocabulary 5 'cience he 'ciences and 'cientists 5 Les sciences et les savants %eneral Biology-Labiologie le s%v%nt une personne Dui exp@rimente l% biolo.ieH l@tude des or.%nismes viv%nts scientist % person !ho experiments biolo.y the study o livin. or.%nisms observer to observe l% bot%niDue l@tude des pl%ntes %n%lyser to %n%lyse bot%ny the study o pl%nts l%n%tomie H l@tude du corps hum%in :hysics - La #hysi?ue %n%tomy the study o the hum%n body l@tude de l% m%tiPre et de l% physiDue l% /oolo.ie l@tude des %nim%ux physics l@ner.ie /oolo.y the study o %nim%ls the study o m%tter %nd ener.y lephysicienp hysicist Che&istry - La chi&ie l% chimie chemistry

l@tude des @l@ments the study o elements

lechimiste chemist

lebiolo.iste biolo.ist l% cellule % cell des microbes .erms des b%ct@ries b%ceri% des virus viri lemicroscopem icroscope

AQ "strono&y French Aocabulary 5 'cience "strono&y he :lanets Aercure Aercury

Lesson 20 C cience


French Level *o Lessons oujours L+ - 'lightly =ore "dvanced French )o! th%t you kno! ho! to compose French sentences in the present indic%tive, you c%n continue on to 'ikibook7s second French course2 Inside, you !ill le%rn the p%ss@ compos@, the most common French p%st tense, %nd revie! the .r%mm%r you h%ve %lre%dy le%rned2 :he .r%mm%r no! becomes % lot more %dv%nced, %nd e%ch lesson no! .ives much more inorm%tion2 &ter you h%ve completed this level, you c%n move on to the next level2 &lso remember to .o to the lessons pl%nnin. p%.e i you !ould like to help improve this course2

la 1atedral de @otre Dame en ParQs

Level *o Contents "20 Le6on 0  L7@cole 0 Lesson 0  'chool "20" Le6on 0"  L% culture

09 Lesson 0"  Culture "203 Le6on 03  F%ire des courses

09( Lesson 03  'ho##ing

< =lothin., $ hoppin., ortir  %rtir, -enir hoes
"204 Le6on 04  ortir

09 "205

0 "20(

0 "20#  "208 , "209 (0 "20 (,

$ %ss@ =ompos@ o e.ul%r
Level Two Lessons

Lesson "20 C chool live version discussion exercises :he next section is option%l2 Bou !ill eventu%lly le%rn everythin. th%t is covered in edit lesson it, but i you !ould like % previe!, re%d it, %nd i not, continue on to the school comment section2 report %n error %sk % Duestion

%Q Introduction to :er1ect enses

)ain article' FrenchC:rammarCTensesC1omposed •

•

:he perect tenses %re %lso c%lled the compound or composed tenses2 :he perect tenses %re %ll composed o % conEu.%ted %uxill%ry verb %nd % ixed p%st p%rticiple2

"uillary Aerb For&ation •

•

:he %uxill%ry verb is %l!%ys either %voir or Stre2 :he tense o the verb depends upon the tense th%t %voir or Stre is conEu.%ted in2 'hen the %uxill%ry verb is conEu.%ted in the p%ss@ compos@, or ex%mple, the %uxill%ry verb is conEu.%ted in the present indic%tive2 K7%i ini2 - I h%ve inished2 •

•

:ast :artici#le For&ation •

•

•

•

-er verbs - repl%ce -er !ith @ -ir verbs - repl%ce -ir !ith i -re verbs - repl%ce -re !ith u irre.ul%r verbs - must be memori/ed

:ast :artici#le "gree&ent •

:he p%st p%sticiple must %.ree !ith the direct obEect o % cl%use in .ender %nd plur%lity i the direct obEect .oes beore the verb2 the direct obEect is masculine singular - no ch%n.e K7%i ini le Eeu2 - I h%ve inished the .%me2 Ke l7%i ini2 - I h%ve inished it2 the direct obEect is feminine singular - %dd %n e to the p%st p%rticiple K7%i ini l% tRche2 - I h%ve inished the t%sk2 Ke l7%i inie2 - I h%ve inished it2 the direct obEect is masculine plural - %dd %n s to the p%st p%rticiple2 •

•

•

•

•

•

•

K7%i ini%iles Eeux2 I h%ve inished the .%mes2 Ke les inis2 - I -h%ve inished them2 the direct obEect is feminine plural - %dd %n es to the p%st p%rticiple2 K7%i ini les tRches2 - I h%ve inished the t%sks2 Ke l7%i inies2 - I h%ve inished them2 • •

•

•

•

"voir ou tre+ •

•

•

In most circumst%nces, the %uxill%ry verb is %voir2 o!ever, under cert%in situ%tions, the %uxill%ry verb is Stre2 :his occurs !hen :he verb is one o ( speci%l verbs th%t t%ke Stre2 )ote th%t !hen % direct obEect is used !ith these verbs, the %uxill%ry verb becomes %voir2 :he verb is relexive2 :h%t is, the subEect o the verb is %lso its obEect2 •

•

•

•

List o1 enses :here %re seven perect tenses in French2 :hese %re 2 "2 32 42 52 (2 #2

Le p%ss@ compos@ :he resent erectH Le plus-Due-p%r%it de l7indic%ti :he luperect o the Indic%tiveH Le plus-Due-p%r%it du subEoncti :he luperect ubEunctiveH Le p%ss@ %nt@rieur :he %st &nteriorH Le utur %nt@rieur :he Future &nteriorH Le conditionnel p%ss@ :he %st =ondition%lH Le p%ss@ du subEoncti :he %st ubEunctiveH

+on7t !orry i you don7t completely underst%nd the perect tenses2 %ch tense %nd lists o irre.ul%r verb conEu%.tions !ill be .iven l%ter in this course2 In the next lesson, the p%ss@ compos@ is introduced2

AQ 'chool French Aocabulary 5 'chool 'chool 5 L8cole %eneral Classes%radesOP ^ te%cher "th$r%de =l%sse:ermin%le schol%rship th$r%de Prel%premiPrecl%sseH

leproesseura" l%bourse le diplUme diplom% 0th$r%de "Pmel%deuxiPmecl%sseH proessionnelH le b%cc%l%ur@%tH hi.h school exit ex%m 9th $r%de 3Pme l% troisiPme cl%sseH l%bibliothPDue libr%ry 8th$r%de 4Pmel%Du%triPmecl%sseH les notes .r%des%s on % testH #th $r%de 5Pme l% cinDuiPme cl%sseH lescours cl%ssesorcourses (th$r%de (Pmel%sixiPmecl%sseH l% cl%sse .r%de e2.2 (th $r%deH5 th $r%de =A" =A cours moyenH encoursdea222 ina222cl%ss 4th$r%de =A :endant les cours - .uring Classes 3rd $r%de =" =cours @l@ment%ireH let%ble%u ch%lkbo%rd "nd$r%de = l%cr%ie ch%lk st$r%de ==courspr@p%r%toireH lepupitre desk Aerbs p%sser l7ex%menmH test to t%ke % test un ex%men lesdevoirs home!ork @tudier tostudy l%cl%sse cl%ss @crirea3 to!rite l% c%ntine c%eteri% d@Eeuner to e%tH lunch l% r@cr@%tionH recess l% cour courty%rd 'chools and 'tudents l7@coleH school l7@tudi%nt student mH l7@tudi%nte student H le collP.e Er2 hi.h school cl%sses 3-termin%leH .r%des (-9H Er2 hi.h school le [email protected] student le lyc@e hi.h school cl%sses (-4H .r%des 0-"H lelyc@en hi.hschoolstudent l7universit@ H university l% %cult@H hi.her educ%tion l7ensei.nement sup@rieur .r%du%te school

lever l% m%inHa4 to r%ise your h%ndH poser une DuestionH p%rler @couter

to %sk % DuestionH to spe%k tolistentoHa5

entendre

to he%r oHa5

re.%rder

to!%tch

d@Eeuner

to h%veH lunch

.escribing eachers and 'tudents intelli.enteH intelli.ent nulleH not .ood, not bri.ht stricteH

strict

.es 1ournitures scolaires - 'chool 'u#llies cray le p%pier p%per l% euille de p%hpeey%y tah!loh sheet o p%per p%pier steeloh ,!ee. le bloc-notes sm%llH notep%d !loc nut le cl%sseur three-rin. binder rayoh le s%c O dos b%ckp%ck sac ah doe gum l%.omme er%ser leevr lerP.le ruler rehgluh ie ay leeutre m%rker feuhtr  :he !ord professeur is considered m%sculine %t %ll times, even i the te%cher is em%le2 :he only c%se !hen proesseur c%n be preceded by eminine determin%nt is either !hen contr%ctin. it in colloDui%l l%n.u%.e l% pro, or !hen %ddin. % e! !ords beore  m%d%me1m%demoiselle l%1le proesseur2  :he !%y th%t .r%des %re numbered in Fr%nce is opposite the !%y they %re in the *2 'here%s &meric%n .r%de numbers .o up %s you %ppro%ch your senior ye%r, they descend in Fr%nce2  qcrire is %n irre.ul%r verb2 Bou !ill le%rn to conEu.%te it in the next section2  In French, you do not o!n body p%rts2 'hile in n.lish, you !ould s%y my hand or your hand, the dein%te %rticle is %l!%ys used in French2 la main - my hand la 0am!e - my leg le !ras - my arm  :o %nd of %re built into the verbs -couter %nd entendre respectively2 It is not necess%ry to %dd % preposition to the verb2 ther verbs, such %s r-pondre R3., me%nin. to respond ,to., %re %lmost %l!%ys l%cr%ie ch%lk le t%ble%u the bo%rd le stylopen billeH le cr%yon pencil l% c%lcul%trice c%lcul%tor le livre book le bouDuin le c%hier notebook

•

•

•

ollo!ed by % preposition2

%Q qcire J Lire French Aerb 5 'chool crire 5 to *rite #ast #artici#leQ crit 1irst #erson j8 cris second #erson tu cris il crit third #erson elle crit on crit

'ingular 0ay cree too aycree eel aycree ell aycree ohn aycree

I !rite you !rite he !rites she !rites one !rites

:lural nous crivons newAay creevohn !e !rite vous crive4 vooAay creevay you !rite they !rite ils crivent eel aycreeve m%sc2 or mi/edH elles crivent ell aycreeve they !rite em2H

1irst #erson je lis second #erson tu lis il lit third #erson elle lit on lit

French Aerb 5 'chool lire 5 to read #ast #artici#leQ lu 'ingular 0euh lee I re%d nous lisons too lee you re%d vous lise4 eel dee he re%ds ils lisent ell lee she re%ds ohn dee one re%ds elles lisent

:lural noo leeAohn !e re%d voo leeAay you re%d they re%d eel leeA m%sc2 or mi/edH ell leeA they re%d em2H

AQ 'chool 'ubjects French Aocabulary 5 'chool 'chool 'ubjects 5 Les &atires d8enseigne&ent les &ath&ati?ues les langues languages &athe&atics les &aths l7%n.l%is n.lish l7%l.PbreH %l.ebr% ler%n6%is French lec%lcul c%lculus l7esp%.nol p%nish l% .@om@trie .eometry les sciences social l7%llem%nd $erm%n sociales sciences lerusse ussi%n l7@conomie economics l7it%lien It%li%n l% .@o.r%phieH .eo.r%phy l7histoire H history les sciences natural d8autres other subjects naturelles sciences &atires l% biolo.ie biolo.y le dessin dr%!in. l% bio l% chimie chemistry l7inorm%tiDue H computer science l% technolo.ie en.ineerin. l% litt@r%ture liter%ture l%physiDue physics l%musiDue music

%Q :ass Co&#os *ith 2egular Aerbs )ain article' FrenchC:rammarCTensesCPresent perfect :he p%ss@ compos@ is % perect tense, %nd is thereore composed o %n %uxili%ry verb %nd % p%st p%rticiple2 'ith most verbs, th%t %uxilil%ry verb is %voir2

=eaning In n.lish, verbs comEu.%ted in the p%ss@ compos@ liter%lly me%n haveChas NNNNed2 'hile there is % simple p%st tense in French, it is only used in orm%l !ritin., so verbs conEu.%ted in the p%ss@ compos@ c%n %lso be used to me%n the n.lish simple tense2 •

For ex%mple, the p%ss@ compos@ orm o p%rler to spe%kH, aavoir p%rl@, liter%lly me%n hasChave spoen, but %lso me%ns spoe2

Basic For&ation :o conEu.%te verb in p%rticiple the p%ss@ compos@, the helpin. verb, usu%lly %voir, is conEu.%ted in the present indic%tive %nd%the p%st is then %dded2

"uiliary Aerb - "voir =onEu.%te %voir in the present indic%tive2 E7%i I h%ve nous %vons !e h%ve tu %s you h%ve vous %ve/ you h%ve il% he h%s ilsont theyh%ve

:ast :artici#le •

•

•

-er verbs - repl%ce -er !ith @ -ir verbs - repl%ce -ir !ith i -re verbs - repl%ce -re !ith u

For&ation o1 the :ast :artici#le Aerb %rou# In1initive 'te& :ast :artici#le -er verbs Eouer Eou Eou -ir verbs inir in ini -re verbs r@pondre r@pond r@pondu "voir [ :ast :artici#le K7%i Eou@2 I h%ve pl%yed )ous %vons Eou@2 'e h%ve pl%yed2 :u %s Eou@2 Bou h%ve pl%yed2
Lesson "20 C chool


Level Two Lessons

Lesson "20" C =ulture :his lesson is on the culture o1 France2 :he culture o Fr%nce is diverse, relectin. live version re.ion%l dierences %s !ell %s the inluence o recent immi.r%tion2 &lso, try %nd discussion relect on ho! your culture is simil%r %nd dierent to French culture2 exercises edit lesson comment %Q %eneral Aerbs 2evie* report %n error %sk % Duestion Aost verbs in French %re re.ul%r -er verbs2 thers %re re.ul%r -ir or -re verbs or %re simply irre.ul%r2

For&ation

'te&Q 'ubject ;e u Il ous Aous Ils

French %ra&&ar 5 Culture 2egular Aerbs 5 Les verbes rguliers -erAerbs -irAerbs -reAerbs p%rl222 in222 vend222 /nding /a&#le /nding Aerb /nding /a&#le -e p%rle -is inis -s vends -es p%rle -is inis -s vends -e p%rle -it init vend -ons p%rlons -issons inissons -ons vendons -e/ p%rle/ -isse/ inisse/ -e/ vende/ -e p%rlent -issent inissent -ent vendent

Irregular Aerbs /nding in -er %ller

Irregular Aerbs /nding in -ir %cDu@rir  %voir  s7%sseoir  devoir  dormir  %lloir  ouvrir  p%rtir  pleuvoir  pouvoir  recevoir  s%voir  servir  venir  voir  vouloir

Co&&on -re Aerbs %ttendre - to !%it orH  r@pondre - to %ns!er

Irregular Aerbs /nding in -re boire  conduire  conn%Ttre  croire  dire  @crire  Stre  %ire  lire  mettre  prendre  rire  suivre  vivre

%Q Croire J Aoir =roire is not % re.ul%r -re verb, %nd is conEu.%ted irre.ul%rly2

1irst #erson

French Aerb 5 :resent Indicative croire 5 to believe 6#ast #artici#le - cru 'ingular :lural je crois 0Aeuh crah I believe nous croyons noo croy oh !e believe

crah second #erson tu crois too il croit eel crah third #erson elle croit ell crah on croit oh crah

you believe vous croye4 voo croy ay he believes ils croient eel crah she believes one believes elles croient ell crah

you believe they believe m%sc2 or mi/edH they believe em2H

French Aerb 5 :resent Indicative voir 5 to see 6#ast #artici#le - vu 'ingular :lural 1irst #erson je vois 0Aeuh vwah I see nous voyons noo vwahyoh !e see second #erson tu vois too vwah you see vous voye4 voo vwah ay you see

eel vwah vwah il voit third #erson elle voit ell on voit oh vwah

AQ 2eligion l% reli.ion reli.ion le musulm%n Auslim =hr@tien =hristi%n L7Isl%m Isl%m l7%th@e m2H %thiest Le Pre noXl %nt% =l%use le 4 Euillet ;%stille +%y

he shesees sees ils voient eel vwah one sees elles voient ell vwah

they seeor mi/edH m%sc2 they see em2H

AQ Birthday Birthdays l7%nnivers%ire mH birthd%y :u %s Duel R.e? o! old %re you? I %m  ye%rs old2 K7%i  %ns2 alit & have NNN years"  le.Rte%u c%ke lec%de%u .it l%bou.ie c%ndle l%Ste p%rty inviter toinvite donner une Ste to thro! % p%rty

AQ )olidays Les Eours @ri@s )e! Be%r7s +%y L%bor +%y Aemori%l +%y J &rmistice +%y Independ%nce +%y =hristm%sve =hristm%sJBule

le )ouvel &n L% FSte du :r%v%il l7&rmistice l% FSte )%tion%le leeveillon )oel


Lesson "20" C =ulture live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

Level Two Lessons

Lesson "203 C hoppin. live version discussion exercises edit lesson comment report %n error %sk % Duestion

AQ 'ho##ing

French Aocabulary 5 'ho##ing 'ho##ing 5 Les achats o%o'ho##ing Buying%oods %ire des courses lel%H vendeureuseH s%lesperson to .o shoppin. %ire du shoppin. lel%H c%ssier-iPreH c%shier %ire le m%rch@ to .o .rocery shoppin. plus1moinsH cherPreH more1lessH expensive %ire du lPcheto .o !indo! l%vitrine displ%y!indo! vitrine shoppin. porter to !e%r, to c%rry en solde on s%le dem%nder to%skorH leprix price dem%nder le prix - to %sk or the price p%yer to p%y c%sh re.ister l% c%isse p%yer O l% c%isse to p%y %t the counter checkout counter vendre

to sell

%cheter

tobuy

%eneral%oods'tores lem%.%sin shopJstore le centre m%llJ shoppin. centre commerci%l le .r%nd m%.%sin dep%rtment store ler%yon dep%rtment l%boutiDue sm%llstore l% ph%rm%cie ph%rm%cyJ chemist lem%rch@ outdoorm%rket

coVter

to cost o! much is it? =estcombien? alit It7s ho! much? >% coVte combien? alitIt costs ho! much? o! much does anoun cost? =ombien coVte anom? alit o! much costs anoun? Foods'tores lesuperm%rch@ superm%rket le hyperm%rch@

l% boucherie l%boul%n.erie led@pUtdep%in l% ch%rcuterie l%cr@merie l% pRtisserie l% poissonnerie l7@picerie H

hyperm%rketJ bi. superm%rket butcher shop  b%kery " % pl%ce th%t sells bre%d " delic%tessen 3 d%irystore p%stry shopJ pRtisserie se%ood storeJ ishmon.er .rocery 4

2 French butchers do not sell por k, pork products, nor horseme%t2 For these products, .o to % charcuterie2 "2 In Fr%nce, b%keries only sell resh bre%dJ e2.2 the bre%d is b%ked on site 2 l%ces !here they sell bre%d th%t is not resh %re c%lled dép%t de pain2 32 7&harcuteries' sell thin.s besides pork products, includin. pRte, s%l%mi, cold me%ts, s%l%ds, Duiches %nd pi//%s2 42 &n %ltern%tive to %n 7 épicerie' is %n alimentation générale% .ener%l oodstoreH2

%Q 3bject :ronouns 2evie* .irect 3bjects 'hile the subEect o % sentence initi%tes %n %ction the verbH, the direct obEect is the one th%t is %ected by the %ction2 & direct obEect pronoun is used to reer to the direct obEect o % previous sentence ierre vois le ca&brioleur2 ierre sees the burglar2 ierre lev ois2 ierresees hi&2 :he ollo!in. t%ble sho!s the v%rious types o direct obEect pronouns

French me, m7 te, t7 le, l7 l%, l7 nous vous les him, /nglish me you her, it us you them it )otes •

 me% te% nous, %nd vous %re %lso used %s indirect obEects to me%n

to me% to you% to us, %nd to you

respectively2 •

•

•

:he ormpronoun !ith %n or %postrophe usedisbeore % vo!el2 :he pronoun direct obEect nous %ndisvous the s%me %s the subEect2 'hen the direct obEect comes beore % verb in % perect tense, % tense th%t uses % p%st p%rticiple, the direct obEect must %.ree in .ender %nd plur%lity !ith the p%st p%rticiple2 For ex%mple, in te phr%se =e les ai eus, or & had them, the p%st p%rticiple !ould be spelled eus i the direct obEect, les, !%s reerrin. to % m%sculine obEect, %nd eues i les is reerrin. to % eminine obEect2

Indirect 3bjects &n indirect obEect is %n obEect th%t !ould be %sked or !ith To whom"""7 or From whom"""72 It is c%lled indirect bec%use it occurs usu%lly to.ether !ith % direct obEect !hich is %ected directly by the %ction Il donne du p%in  :he m%n .ives some bre%d to :ierre2 :ierre2 Il lui d onne du p%in2 e .ives bre%d to hi&2 :he ollo!in. t%ble sho!s the v%rious types o direct obEect pronouns

French me,m7 te,t7

lui nous vous leur to him, to /nglish to me to you to us to you to them her )otes

•

•

•

•

 me% te% nous, %nd vous %re %lso used %s direct obEects to me%n

me% you% us, %nd you respectively2 :he pronoun orm !ith %n %postrophe is used beore % vo!el2 :he direct obEect pronoun or nous %nd vous is the s%me %s the subEect2 :he indirect obEect pronouns do not %.ree !ith the p%st p%rticiple like the direct obEect pronouns do2 'hen me% te% nous, %nd vous %re used in % perect tense, the !riter must decide !hether they %re used %s direct or indirect obEect pronouns2 :his is done by lookin. %t the verb %nd seein. !h%t type o %ction is bein. perormed2

:he bre%d is given by the m%n directH2 ierre gets the given %pple indirectH2

%Q -exer Aerbs -exer %re re.ul%r -er verbs, but %lso %re stem ch%n.in.2 :he stem ch%n.e %pplies to %ll orms except nous %nd vous2 :he stem ch%n.e involves %ddin. % .r%ve %ccent   H over the e in the stem2

For&ation French Aerb 5 :resent Indicative acheter 5 to buy 6#ast #artici#le - achet 'ingular :lural nous4achetons nooAashtoh !e buy 1irst #erson j8achte 0Aah shet I buy second #erson tu achtes too ahshet you buy vous4achete4 vooAahshtay you buy il achte eel ahshet he buys ils achtent they buy 4 eelAahshet third #erson elle achte ell ahshet she buys onnachte ohnahshet one buys elles4achtent ellAahshet

3ther -exer Aerbs •

•

•

•

•

•

•

peser - to !ei.h mener - to c%rry out emmener - to t%ke %lon. %mener - to brin. surmener - to over!ork lever - to r%ise soulever - to r%ise

m%sc2 or mi/edH they buy em2H

AQ Clothing French Aocabulary 5 'ho##ing Clothing 5 )abille&ent les vte&ents habills - dress les vte&ents s#ort - casual les chaussures - shoes clothes clothes l% chemise button do!n shirt l% c%sDuestte c%p les ch%ussures shoes l% p%ire de l%cr%v%te tie letee-shirt t-shirt p%ir o shoes ch%ussures b%sketb%ll lep%nt%lon

p%nts

le complet le costume lem%nte%u

co%t

le t%illeur

!omen7s suit

suit

l%robe dress lechemisier blouse l%Eupe skirt

lepolo lepulloverH

poloshirt %s!e%ter

les!e%t-shirt s!e%tshirt le blouson E%cket l% veste leEe%n Ee%ns lesch%ussettes socks

lesb%skets

shoes tr%iners

lestennis

tennisshoes

less%nd%les

s%nd%ls

%Q -yer verbs -yer verbs %re re.ul%r -er verbs2 o!ever, !hen y is p%rt o the l%st syll%ble, it ch%n.es to i in order to keep the ay sound2 In the present indic%tive o -yer verbs, this %ects %ll orms except nous %nd vous2

:ayer :he verb payer tr%nsl%tes to to pay2

For&ation In the present indic%tive, p%yer %nd %ll other -yer verbsH is conEu%.ted %s ollo!s

1irst #erson je #aie second #erson tu #aies il #aie elle #aie third #erson on #aie

French Aerb 5 :resent Indicative #ayer 5 to #ay 6#ast #artici#le - #ay 'ingular :lural 0Aeuh pay I p%y nous #ayons noo pay oh too pay you p%y vous #aye4 voo pay yay eel pay he p%ys ils #aient eel ell pay she p%ys ou #ayent elles #aient oh pay one p%ys ell ou #ayent

!e p%y you p%y they p%y m%sc2 or mi/edH they p%y em2H

3ther -yer Aerbs •

•

•

•

•

•

%ppuyer - to support employer - to employ ess%yer - to try essuyer - to !ipe nettoyer - to cle%n tutoyer - to %ddress %s tu, to c%ll someone inorm%lly

%Q Irregular :ast :artici#les A%ny o the verbs you h%ve le%rned so %r h%ve irre.ul%r p%st p%rticiples2 •

•

•

•

•

%voir - eu croire - cru Stre - @t@ %ire - %it voir - vu

.Q :ractice Conversations Let7s pr%ctise some o these !ords %nd verbs in some everyd%y shoppin. t%lk

E ( la boulangerie 6"t the bakery ;ern%rd le boul%n.erH  9on0our madame =%mille l% clienteH  9on0our monsieur ;ern%rd  u$estce Jue vous vouleA 7 =%mille  =e voudrais acheter une !aguette% s$il vous plat ;ern%rd  1$est tout 7 =%mille  @on% 0e voudrais deux croissants aussi ;ern%rd  Tr5s !ien  ça fait deux euros% s$il vous plat =%mille  )erci !eaucoup

*seul voc%bul%ry here Gu7est-ce Due vous voule/ ? - 'h%t !ould you like? Ke voudr%is222 - I !ould like 2 2 2 =7est tout ? - Is th%t %ll? >% %it deux euros - :h%t7ll be t!o euros emember your verb - acheter to buyH2 )ote o % renchm%n  Gu7est-ce Due vous voule/ ? is % little %brupt2 'e use mostly Gue voule/-vous ? or Gue d@sire/vous ?2 %me or =7est tout ?, !e use most o the time =e ser% tout ? uture tenseH or t %vec ceci ? %nd !ith this?H2

(E )u marché 6"t the &arket A%rie l% m%rch%ndeH  9on0our monsieur =l@ment le clientH  9on0our madame =l@ment  u$estce Jue vous aveA 3 vendre 7 A%rie  =$ai un grand choix de fruits et l-gumes =l@ment  Tr5s !ien" Istce Jue vous aveA des cerises 7 A%rie  Gui""" elles cotent deux euros le ilo =l@ment  9on% 0e voudrais trois ilos% s$il vous plat A%rie  Tr5s !ien% monsieur" #lors% pour trois ilos il faut pa*er six euros% s$il vous plat" *seul voc%bul%ry here Gu7est-ce Due vous %ve/222 ? - 'h%t do you h%ve? *n .r%nd choix - & l%r.e r%n.e +es cerises - ome cherries lles coVtent deux euros le kilo - :hey eminineH cost t!o euros per kilo Il %ut - ne must1Bou need to emember your verbs - vendre to sellH %nd #ayer to p%yH2


Lesson "203 C hoppin.


Level Two Lessons

Lesson "204 C $oin. out %Q  and .e :he preposition 3 c%n indic%te % destin%tion, % loc%tion, % ch%r%cteristic, me%surement, % point in time, purpose, %nd sever%l other thin.s !hich !ill be covered l%ter2 'hen aux 2 le ollo!s 3, the 3 %nd le combine into au2 imil%rly, 3 %nd les combine into :he preposition de c%n indic%te %n ori.in, contents, possession, c%use, m%nner, %nd sever%l other thin.s !hich !ill be covered l%ter2 'hen le ollo!s de, the de %nd le combine into du2 imil%rly, de %nd les combine into des2

AQ Leisure "ctivites Les loisirs lecin@m% l%musiDue leb%l%deur unesortie unspect%cle leth@Rtre lerepos lev%c%ncier l%d%nse %llumer1@teindre l%t@l@vision lel%H t@l@spect%teurtriceH

cinem% music !%lkm%n .oin.out %sho! thethe%ter rest %v%c%tioner d%nce to turn on1turn o television television vie!er

lesport

sport


%Q :artir J 'ortir French Aerb 5 :resent Indicative #artir 5 to leave 6#ast #artici#le - #arti6e6s 'ingular :lural 1irst #erson je #ars 0Aeuh pahr I le%ve nous #artons noo partoh second #erson tu #ars too pahr you le%ve vous #arte4 voo pahrtay il #art eel pahr he le%ves third #erson elle #art ell pahr she le%ves ils #artent eel part on #art oh pahr one le%ves elles #artent ell part

1irst #erson je sors second #erson tu sors il sort third #erson elle sort on sort

•

they le%ve m%sc2 or mi/edH they le%ve em2H

French Aerb 5 :resent Indicative sortir 5 to go outS to take out 6#ast #artici#le - sorti6e6s 'ingular :lural 0Aeuh sore I .o out nous sortons noo sortoh !e .o out too sore you .o out vous sorte4 voo sortay you .o out eel sore he .oes out they .o out ils sortent eel sort m%sc2 or mi/edH ell sore she .oes out oh sore one .oes out elles sortent ell sort they .o out em2H

ome other verbs use sortir %nd p%rtir %s stems2 •

!e le%ve you le%ve

rep%rtir - to set out %.%in r@p%rtir - to distribute

AQ =ovies

le ilm domestiDueH en vid@oH le ilm @tr%n.erH en +<+H l7%cteur mH l7%ctrice H

French Aocabulary 5 %oing ou t =ovies 5 Les 1il&s %eneral domesticH movie on <22 
un%ltered sub-titles video +<+

louer

rent to he=ovieheater Fil&%enres lecin@m% themovieHthe%ter ledessin%nim@ c%rtoon the%ter sho!in. room l% s%lle du cin@m% le document%ire document%ry lit room o the the the%ter l%s@%nce sho!in. leilmd%mour lovestory le.uichet ticket!indo! leilmd%ventures %dventuremovie se%t1pl%ce to sit l% pl%ce le ilm dhorreur horror ilm le %uteuil ch%ir coVter tocost leilmpolicier policeilm le ilm de scienceEouer to pl%y sci-i ilm iction *n %uteuil is the physic%l ch%ir th%t one sits on2 ne !ould norm%lly use une pl%ce !henever % se%t is used in n.lish2 •

rene/ l% pl%ce - :%ke % se%t Les ilms sont %scin%nts
%Q -enir verbs •

-enir verbs %re irre.ul%rly conEu.%ted they does not count %s re.ul%r -ir verbsH2

Aenir •

•

•

:he most common -enir verb is venir2 :he verb venir is tr%nsl%ted to to come2 'hen it me%ns to come from, venir is used !ith the preposition de2 @ous venons du stade 2 •

•

Bou c%n %lso mes use venir !ith % verb st%te th%t h%ve recently %ccomplished %n %ction2 __ =e viens de finir devoirs I7ve Eust to inished my you home!orkH2

For&ation In the present indic%tive, venir %nd %ll other -enir verbsH is conEu%.ted %s ollo!s

1irst #erson je viens second #erson tu viens il vient third #erson elle vient on vient

French Aerb 5 :resent Indicative venir 5 to co&e 6#ast #artici#le - venu6e6s 'ingular 0Aeuh vee ehn I come nous venons too vee ehn you come vous vene4 eel vee ehn he comes ils viennent ell vee ehn she comes oh vee ehn one comes elles viennent

3ther -enir Aerbs •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

revenir - to come b%ck, to return devenir - to become %pp%rtenir - to belon. contenir - to cont%in d@tenir - to keep, to det%in retenir - to ret%in se souvenir - to remember soutenir to support tenir - to -hold

:lural noo venn oh !e come voo vennay you come they come eel vee ehn m%sc2 or mi/edH ell vee ehn they come em2H

%Q -xer Aerbs -@xer verbs %re re.ul%r -er verbs, but %re %lso stem ch%n.in.2

For&ation French Aerb 5 :resent Indicative suggrer 5 to suggest 6#ast #artici#le - suggr 'ingular :lural 0Aeuh soo noo soo nous I su..est 1irst #erson je suggre A0air suggrons A0airoh voo soo second tu suggres too soo A0air you su..est vous suggre4 #erson A0airay il suggre eel soo A0air he su..ests ils suggrent eel soo A0air she elle suggre ell soo A0air third #erson su..ests one on suggre oh soo A0air elles suggrent ell soo A0air su..ests

!e su..est you su..est they su..est m%sc2 or mi/edH they su..est em2H

3ther -xer Aerbs • •

•

•

•

•

%cc@l@rer %cceler%te c@l@brer - -totocelebr%te esp@rer - to hope oblit@rer - to obliter%te pr@@rer - to preer s@cher - to dry


Lesson "204 C $oin. out live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

Level Two Lessons

Lesson "205 C :r%nsport%tion live version discussion exercises edit lesson comment report %n error %sk % Duestion

%Q -uire Aerbs -uire verbs %re conEu.%ted irre.ul%rly2

For&ation

1irst #erson second #erson third #erson

je conduis tu conduis il conduit elle conduit on conduit

French Aerb 5 :resent Indicative conduire 5 to drive 6#ast #artici#le - conduit 'ingular :lural 0Aeuh I drive noo nous cohndwee conduisons cohndweeAoh too voo you vous cohndwee drive conduise4 cohndweeAay eel eel cohndweeA he ils cohndwee drives conduisent ell she cohndwee drives oh ell cohndweeA one elles cohndwee drives conduisent

3ther -uire Aerbs •

produire - to produce

AQ .riving ouvrir to open ermer to close

!e drive you drive they drive m%sc2 or mi/edH they drive em2H

%Q -rir Aerbs :hese verbs %re conEu.%ted irre.ul%rly, ollo!in. the -er conEu.%tion scheme2 & common -rir verb is ouvrir2

For&ation •

•

•

•

•

•

•

E7ouvre tu ouvres il ouvre nous ouvre/ ouvrons vous ils ouvrent p%st p%rticiple ouvert

3ther 'tandard -rir verbs In p%st p%rticiple orm, -rir is repl%ced !ith -ert or these verbs2 •

•

•

•

couvrir - to cover d@couvrir - to discover orir - to oer sourir - to suer

-rir Aerb /ce#tions Courir - o 2un •

•

•

•

•

•

•

Ee cours tu cours il court nous courons vous coure/ ils courent p%st p%rticiple couru

=ourir - o .ie •

•

•

•

•

•

•

Ee meurs tu meurs il meurt nous mourons vous moure/ ils meurent p%st p%rticiple morteHsH

Aourir is the only -rir verb th%t t%kes Stre %s its helpin. verb in perect tenses %nd thereore %.rees

!ith the subEect %s % p%st p%rticiple in % perect tenseH2

"c?urir - o "c?uire •

•

•

•

•

•

•

E7%cDuiers tu %cDuiers il %cDuiert nous %cDu@rons vous %cDu@re/ ils %cDuiPrent p%st p%rticiple %cDuis

%Q :ass Co&#os *ith tre Aost verbs orm the pass- compos- !ith avoir, ho!ever there %re % sm%ll number o verbs th%t %re %l!%ys conEu.%ted !ith Utre2

List o1 Aerbs French %ra&&ar 5 rans#ortation :er1ect :ast *ith tre 5 :ass co&#os avec tre Aerb /a&#le %ller Ke suis %ll@ %u cin@m%2 I !ent to the cinem%2 venir Ke suis venu en r%nce2 I c%me to Fr%nce2 %rriver Le tr%in est %rriv@2 :he tr%in h%s %rrived2 p%rtir lle est p%rtie tr%v%iller2 he let to .o to !ork2 rester Ke suis rest@ O l% m%ison2 I st%yed home2 retourner Il est retourn@ %u rest%ur%nt2 e returned to the rest%ur%nt2 tomber Ke suis tomb@ d%ns l% piscine2 I ell into the pool2 n%Ttre Ke suis n@ en octobre2 I !%s born in october2 mourir Il est mort en 9#2 e died in 9#2 It h%ppened in ront o the p%sser Il est p%ss@ dev%nt l% m%ison2 house2 monter Ke suis mont@ %u sommet2 I climbed to the top2 descendre Il est descendu du tr%in2 e .ot out o the tr%in2 sortir Ke suis sorti %vec mes %mies2 I !ent out !ith my riends2 Ke suis entr@ d%ns m% entrer I entered my room2 ch%mbre2 rentre Il est rentr@ tUt de l7@cole2 e c%me b%ck e%rly rom school2

:he verbs th%t t%ke Stre c%n be e%sily remebered by the %cronym A2 + <&)+:&A A    + mont@ rest@ sorti revenu devenu <& ) +   :  & A  venu %rriv@ n@ descendu entr@ rentr@ tomb@ retourn@ %ll@ mort p%rti

.irect 3bjects ne must kno! th%t these verbs t%ke their conEu.%ted %voir !hen they %re immedi%tely ollo!ed by % direct obEect For x%mple Ke suis descendu !ith the direct obEect mes b%..%.es becomes K7ai descendu mes b%..%.es2 •

•

•

•

•

¬her ex%mple Ke suis mont@ !ith the direct obEect mes b%..%.es becomes K7ai mont@ mes b%..%.es2 •

•

•

•

Bet %nother ex%mple but !ith ils inste%d o Ke Ils sont sortis !ith direct obEect leur p%ssport becomes Ils ont sorti leur p%ssport2 •

•

•

'ubject-:ast :artici#le "gree&ent

:he p%st p%rticiples o the %bove verbs must %.ree !ith the the subEect o % sentence in .ender %nd plur%lity2 )ote th%t there is no %.reement i these verbs %re conEu.%ted !ith %voir2 •

•

•

•

I the subEect is m%sculine sin.ul%r, there is no ch%n.e in the p%st p%rticiple2 I the subEect is eminine sin.ul%r, %n -e is %dded to the p%st p%rticiple2 I the subEect is m%sculine plur%l, %n -s is %dded to the p%st p%rticiple2 I the subEect is m%sculine sin.ul%r, %n -es is %dded to the p%st p%rticiple2

K suis %ll@6e2 )ous sommes %ll@ es2 :u es %ll@6e2
%Q he :ronoun + Indirect 3bject :ronoun - to it# to them :he French pronoun y is used to repl%ce %n obEect o % preposition%l phr%se introduced by O2 •

•

Ke r@ponds O les Duestions2 - K7 y r@ponds2 I respond to the Duestions2 - I respond to them2

)ote th%t lui %nd leur, %nd not y, %re used !hen the the obEect reers the % person or persons2

2e#lace&ent o1 :laces - there :he French pronoun y repl%ces % preposition%l phr%se reerrin. to % pl%ce th%t be.ins !ith %ny preoposition except de or !hich en is usedH2 •

•

Les hommes vont en Fr%nce2 - Les hommes y vont2 :he men .o to Fr%nce - :he men .o there2

)ote th%t en, %nd not y is used !hen the obEect is o the preposition de2

Idio&s •

•

>% y est - It7s +one K7y suis - I .et it


Lesson "205 C :r%nsport%tion live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

Level Two Lessons

Lesson "20( C veryd%y lie live version discussion exercises edit lesson comment report %n error %sk % Duestion

%Q .or&ir French Aerb 5 :resent Indicative dor&ir 5 to slee# 6#ast #artici#le - dor&i 'ingular :lural I sleep noo 1irst #erson je dors 0Aeuh nous door dor&ons doormoh second tu dors too door you vous voo #erson sleep dor&e4 doormay third il dort eel door he sleeps ils dor&ent eel dorm #erson elle ell door she dort sleeps ell dorm on oh door one elles dort sleeps dor&ent

!e sleep you sleep they sleep m%sc2 or mi/edH they sleep em2H

AQ Waking u# and %etting oursel1 2eady •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

se uponeselH se lever l%ver to to .et !%sh se r%ser  to sh%ve se doucher to sho!er se b%i.ner to b%the oneselH se brosser les cheveux1les dents to brush one7s h%ir1teeth se pei.ner les cheveux to comb one7s h%ir s7h%biller to dress oneselH

I the subEect is perormin. the %ction on him or hersel, the verbs %re relexive2 o!ever, i the subEect !ere to %ct on someone else, the verb is no lon.er relexiveJ inste%d the relexive pronoun becomes % direct obEect2 •

•

Ke m7h%bille I .et myselH dressed2 Ke t7h%bille I .et you dressed2

In the p%ss@ compos@, the p%rticiple must %.ree in .ender %nd number !ith the subEect2 •

•

•

•

•

•

•

ierre s7est h%bill@2 &lice s7est h%bill@e2 $eor.es et A%rtin se sont h%bill@s2 Lisette et ose se sont h%bill@es2 A%rc et =l%ire se sont h%bill@s2 Ke m7%ppelle Lucie, et Ee me suis lev@e O six heures2 Ke%n et %ul, vous vous %ve/ lev@s %sse/ t%rd2

%Q :rono&inal Aerbs ronomin%l verbs %re verbs th%t, put simply, include pronouns2 :hese pronouns %re me% te% se% nous, %nd vous %nd %re used %s either direct obEects or indirect obEects, dependin. on the verb th%t they modiy2 :here %re three types o pronomin%l verbs relexive verbs, reciproc%l verbs, %nd n%tur%lly pronomin%l verbs2

2e1leive Aerbs elexive verbs relect the %ction on the subEect2 •

•

•

Ke me l%ve2 - I !%sh myself2 )ous nous l%vons2 - 'e !%sh ourselves2 Ils se l%vent2 - :hey !%sh themselves2

elexive verbs c%n %lso be used %s ininitives2 •

•

Ke v%is me l%ver2 - I7m .oin. to !%sh mysel2 Ke v%is ne p%s me l%ver2 - I7m .oin. to not !%sh mysel2

2eci#rocal Aerbs 'ith reciproc%l verbs, people perorm %ctions to e%ch other2 •

)ous nous %imons2 - 'e like e%ch other2

aturally :rono&inal Aerbs ome verbs %re pronomin%l !ithout perormin. % relexive or reciproc%l %ction2 :u te souviens? - Bou remember?

AQ "t Work tr%v%iller to !ork tr%v%iller pour to !ork or somebodyH

%Q .evoir French Aerb 5 /veryday li1e devoir 5 to have toS to o*e #ast #artici#leQ d 'ingular :lural 1irst #erson je dois 0euh dwah I h%ve to nous devons noo dehvohn second #erson tu dois too dwah you h%ve to vous deve4 voo dehvay il doit eel dwah he h%s to ils doivent eel dwahve third #erson elle doit ell dwah she h%s to on doit ohn dwah one h%s to elles doivent ell dwahve

!e h%ve to you h%ve to they h%ve to m%sc2 or mi/edH they h%ve to em2H

%Q Falloir •

•

•

•

•

•

%lloir - to be necess%ry il %ut - it is necess%ry il % %llu - it !%s necess%ry p%ss@ compos@H il %ll%it - it !%s necess%ry imp%r%itH il %udr% - it !ill be necess%ry il %udr%it - it !ould be necess%ry

:he verb falloir diers rom simil%r verbs such %s avoir !esoin de >faire JuelJue chose? to need ato do somethin.H %nd devoir must, duty, o!eH2 Falloir is %l!%ys used !ith the imperson%l il only in the 3rd person sin.ul%r, !here%s devoir c%n be used !ith %ll subEect pronouns in %ll tenses2

Falloir expresses general necessities, such %s :o live, one must e%t or :o spe%k French !ell, one must conEu.%te verbs correctly2 Devoir expresses more person%lly *hat so&eone &ust doJ I !%nt to p%ss my French test, so I must study verb conEu.%tions2 #voir !esoin de >faire JuelJue chose? expresses needJ I need to study or my test, it7s tomorro!2 congratulations on completing

Lesson "20( C veryd%y lie live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

Level Two Lessons

Lesson "20# C ur%l lie live version discussion exercises edit lesson comment report %n error %sk % Duestion

%Q 'uivre French Aerb 5 2ural li1e suivre 5 to 1ollo* #ast #artici#leQ suivi 'ingular :lural 0euh noo nous 1irst #erson je suis I ollo! swee suivons sweevohn second too you voo tu suis vous suive4 swee sweevay #erson ollo! il suit eel dee he ollo!s ils suivent eel sweeve elle she third ell swee suit ollo!s #erson ohn one elles on suit ell sweeve swee ollo!s suivent

!e ollo! you ollo! they ollo! m%sc2 or mi/edH they ollo! em2H

%Q Aivre

1irst #erson je vis second #erson tu vis il vit third #erson elle vit on vit

French Aerb 5 2ural li1e vivre 5 to live #ast #artici#leQ vcu Ova*cooP 'ingular :lural 0euh vee I live nous vivons noo veevohn too vee you live vous vive4 voo veevay eel vee he lives ils vivent eel veeve ell vee she lives ohn vee one lives elles vivent ell veeve

!e live you live they live m%sc2 or mi/edH they live em2H

%Q aftre French Aerb 5 2ural li1e naftre 5 to be born #ast #artici#leQ n6e6s 'ingular :lural 1irst #erson je nais 0euh nay I %m born nous naissons noo nehssohn !e %re born second #erson tu nais too nay you %re born vous naisse4 voo nehssay you %re born il naft eel nay he is born they %re born ils naissent eel nesse m%sc2 or mi/edH ell nay she is born third #erson elle naft on naft ohn nay one is born elles naissent ell nesse they %re born em2H  )%Ttre is the only -%Ttre verb th%t t%kes Stre %s its helpin. verb %nd thereore %.rees !ith the subEect %s % p%st p%rticiple in perect tensesH2

%Q 2e1leive Aerbs *ith :er1ect enses 'hen pronimin%l verbs %re conEu.%ted in perect tenses, Stre is used %s the %uxili%ry verb2

2e1leive Aerbs In perect tenses, the p%st p%rticiples %.ree !ith the direct obEect pronoun, but not the indirect obEect pronoun, in .ender %nd plur%lity2 :hereore it !ould only %.ree !hen the relexive pronoun is the direct obEect2 &lso remember th%t the p%st p%rticiple does not %.ree !ith the direct obEect i it .oes %ter the verb2 •

•

•

•

lle s7est l%v@e2 - he !%s hersel2 )ous nous sommes l%v@eHs2 - 'e !%sh ourselves2 lle s7est l%v@ les m%ins2 - he !%shed her h%nds2 )ous nous sommes l%v@ les m%ins2 - 'e !%shed our h%nds2

2eci#rocal Aerbs •

•

Like relexive verbs, the p%st p%rticiple o reciproc%l verbs %.rees in number %nd .ender !ith the direct obEect i it .oes beore the verb2 It thereore %.rees !ith %ll reciproc%l pronouns th%t unction %s direct obEects2 )ous nous sommes %im@eHs2 - 'e liked e%ch other2

:he reciproc%l pronoun c%n %lso unction %s %n indirect obEect !ithout % direct obEect pronoun2 •

•

•

)ous nous sommes p%rl@2 - 'e spoke to e%ch other2 lles se sont t@l@phon@2 - :hey c%lled to one %nother2
aturally :rono&inal Aerbs •

•

•

In perect tenses, these verbs %.ree !ith the direct obEect i it .oes beore the verb2 ther!ise, the p%st p%rticiple %.rees !ith the subEect2 lle s7est souvenue2 - he remembered2 Le chien se couche2 - :he do. lies do!n2

)ote th%t assis,e.,es. , the p%st p%rticiple o s$asseoir to sitH, does not ch%n.e in the m%sculine plur%l orm2


Lesson "20# C ur%l lie live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

Level Two Lessons

Lesson "208 C Food %nd drink live version discussion exercises -.er verbs %re re.ul%r -er verbs th%t %re %lso stem ch%n.in.2 :he most common -.er edit lesson verb is m%n.er2 For manger %nd %ll other re.ul%r -.er verbs, the stem ch%n.e is comment %ddin. %n e %ter the g2 :his only %pplies in the nous orm2 In this c%se, the ch%n.e report %n error is m%de to preserve the sot g pronunci%tion r%ther th%n the h%rd g th%t !ould be %sk % Duestion present i the e !ere not included2

%Q -ger Aerbs

For&ation French Aerb 5 Food and drink &anger 5 to eat #ast #artici#le - &ang 'ingular :lural 1irst #erson je &ange 0euh mahnge I e%t nous &angeons noo vmahnge ohn second #erson tu &anges too mahnge you e%t vous &ange4 voo mahngay il &ange eel mahnge he e%ts ils &angent eel mahnge third #erson elle &ange ell mahnge she e%ts on &ange ohn mahnge one e%ts elles &angent ell mahnge

3ther -ger Aerbs •

•

•

•

•

ch%n.er - to ch%n.e exi.er - to reDuire n%.er - to s!im soul%.er - to relieve voy%.er - to tr%vel

!e e%t you e%t they e%t m%sc2 or mi/edH they e%t em2H

AQ Food French Aocabulary 5 Food and drink Food 5 La nourriture les1ruits-1ruits leslgu&es-vegetables l%b%n%ne b%n%n% l%c%rotte c%rrot l%cerise cherry les@pin%rdsmplH spin%ch lecitron lemon l7oi.nonmH onion l%r%ise str%!berry lespetitspoismplH pe%s l7or%n.eH or%n.e l%pommedeterre pot%to l%pomme %pple l%tom%te tom%to ler%isin .r%pe les%sper.esplH %sp%r%.us lep%mplemousse .r%peruit lesh%ricotsmplH be%ns la viande - &eat les 1ruits de &er 6& #l - shell1ishS sea1ood L% coDuille %int-K%cDues l7%.ne%umH l%mb sc%llop H l% dinde turkey le cr%be cr%b leE%mbon h%m leporc pork le #oisson - 1ish lepoulet chicken les%nchoismplH %nchovies le boeu bee le s%umon s%lmon l%s%ucisse s%us%.e l7%n.uilleH eel les #roduits laitiers- dairy #roducts 3ther Foods lebeurre butter lecroiss%nt lerom%.e cheese lesritesplH l%it le milk crSpe l% ley%ourt1leyo.hurt yo.urt l%m%yonn%ise le dessert - dessert l%mout%rde le bonbon c%ndy le p%in lechocol%t chocol%te lebeurre le.Rte%u c%ke l%t%rtinedep%inbeurr@ l%.l%ce icecre%m lepoivre l% mousse mousse le ri/ l% t%rte %ux %ppleHpie lesel pommesH chocol%teH ice l% .l%ce %u chocol%tH lesucre cre%m l% .l%ce O l% v%nilleH v%nill%H ice cre%m l% coniture

crescentroll Frenchries crepe m%yonn%ise must%rd bre%d butter sliceobutteredbre%d pepper rice s%lt su.%r E%m

%Q Boire :he verb !oire is tr%nsl%ted to to drin2 It is irre.ul%rly conEu.%ted it does not count %s % re.ul%r -re verbH %s ollo!s

French Aerb 5 Food and drink boire 5 to drink #ast #artici#le - bu 'ingular :lural 1irst #erson je bois 0euh !wah I drink nous buvons noo !oovohn second #erson tu bois too !wah you drink vous buve4 voo !oovay il boit eel !wah he drinks ils boivent eel !wahve third #erson elle boit ell !wah she drinks on boit ohn !wah one drinks elles boivent ell !wahve

AQ .rinks les boissons drinks l%biPre beer lec%@ coee le chocol%t ch%ud hot chocol%te lecoc% sod% l% limon%de lemon sod% le citron press@ lemon%de l7e%uH !%ter leEus Euice le Eus d7or%n.e or%n.e Euice le Eus de pomme %pple Euice le Eus de r%isin .r%pe Euice le Eus de tom%te tom%to Euice leth@ te% levin !ine

!e drink you drink they drink m%sc2 or mi/edH they drink em2H

%Q :artitive "rticle :he p%rtitive %rticle de indic%tes, %mon. other thin.s, the !ord some2 &s le%rnt e%rlier, de %nd le contr%ct combineH into du, %s de %nd les contr%ct into des2 &lso, inste%d o du or de la, de l$ is used in ront o vo!els2 'hen spe%kin. %bout ood, the p%rtitive %rticle is used %t some times !hile the deinite %rticle  le% la% lesH is used %t other times, %nd the indeinite %rticle un% uneH in yet %nother set o situ%tions2 In .ener%l de reers to % part o ood % piece o pieH !here%s the deinite %rticle leH reers to % ood in .ener%l I like pie in .ener%lHH2 :he indeinite %rticle reers to %n entire unit o % ood I !ould like %  wholeH pieH2 'hen spe%kin. %bout preerences, use the deinite %rticle K7%ime la . l%ce2 I like ice cre%m2 )ous pr@@rons le ste%k2 'e preer ste%k2
.e1E artE s#eci1ic^*hole ite&s K7%i m%n.@ la t% rte2 I %te the !holeH pie2 IndE artE kno*n ?uantity K7%i m%n.@ une t%rte2 I %te % pie2 :artE artE unkno*n ?uantity K7%i m%n.@ de la t%rte2 I %te some pie2 In the ne.%tive construction, cert%in rules %pply2 &s one h%s le%rnt in % previous lesson, un or une ch%n.es deinme%nin., this context, %nyH in % ne.%tive construction2 imil%rly, du, de la, or des ch%n.e totode ne.%tive in constructions2 )ous %vons m%n.@ une t %rte2 'e %te % pie2 )ous n7%vons p%s m%n.@ de t%rte2 'e did not e%t % pie1 'e di d not e%t %ny pie2 )ous %vons m%n.@ de la t %rte2 'e %te some pie2 'e did not e%t some pie1 'e did not e%t %ny )ous n7%vons p%s m%n.@ de t%rte2 pie2 )ote  )o! you should underst%nd better ho! th%t Guoi de neu?!h%t7s ne!?H encountered in the very irst lesson !%s constructed222 Guoi de plus be%u? !h%t is there prettier?H

%Q /n )ote ho! !e s%y =e veux du pain to s%y 7I !%nt some bre%d7 ? ;ut !h%t h%ppens !hen !e !%nt to s%y 7I !%nt some7 !ithout speciyin. !h%t !e !%nt? In these c%ses, !e use the pronoun 7en72 &s !ell, 7en7 c%n me%n 7o it7 !hen 7it7 is not speciied2 For inst%nce, inste%d o s%yin. =$ai !esoin de l$argent, i the ide% o money h%s %lre%dy been r%ised, !e c%n Eust s%y 7K7en %i besoin72 :his is bec%use !h%t en does is repl%ce du, de la or des !hen there is nothin. %ter it2 Like !ith 7me7, 7te7 %nd other pronouns, en me%nin. 7some7H comes beore the verb2 :u Eoue du pi%no? )on, Ee n7en Eoue p%s

+o you pl%y pi%no? )o, I don7t pl%y it2

&re you h%vin. ish? Bes, I7m h%vin. some2 +id you order some !%ter? Bes, !e ordered some2

%Q =ettre For&ation French Aerb 5 Food and drink &ettre 5 to #ut #ast #artici#le - &is 'ingular 1irst #erson je &ets second #erson tu &ets il &et third #erson elle &et on &et

0euh may too may eel may ell may ohn may

I put you put he puts she puts one puts

nous &ettons noo mettohn !e put vous &ette4 voo mettay you put they put ils &ettent eel met m%sc2 or mi/edH elles &ettent ell met they put em2H

2elated Words •

•

•

•

•

•

•

:lural

mettre - to put on, to turn on, to pl%ce permettre - to %llo! remettre - to put b%ck remettre en pl%ce - to set b%ck into pl%ce soumettre - to submit se remettre - to recover rom %n illness se remettre en route - to .et b%ck on the ro%d

Idio&s and 2elated /#ressions •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

mettre %u Eour - to brin. to li.ht mettre de l7%r.ent de cot@ - to put money %side mettre in O - to put %n end to mettre l% m%in O l% pRte - to pitch in mettre le cont%ct - to st%rt the c%r mettre le couvert - to set the t%ble se mettre O t%ble - to sit do!n to e%t se mettre d7%ccord - to %.ree se mettre en orme - to .et in sh%pe


Lesson "208 C Food %nd drink live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

Level Two Lessons

Lesson "209 C +inin. AQ %eneral .ining

l%cuisine l% s%lle O m%n.er lerest%ur%nt

French Aocabulary 5 .ining .ining 5 .iner :laces "ctionsandFeelings kitchen %voir%im tobehun.ry dinin.room

%voirsoi


tobethirsty

rest%ur%nt m%n.er toe%t =eals boire to drink lerep%s theme%l prendre tot%ke lepetit-d@Eeuner bre%k%st vouloir to!%nt led@Eeuner lunch mettrelecouvert tosetthet%ble ledTner dinner pr@p%rerunrep%st oprep%re%me%l le.oVter sn%ck Food'tores >uantity l% boucherie le.r%mme .r%m butcher shop  l% boul%n.erie b%kery " le kilo.r%mmeH kilo.r%n % pl%ce th%t sells bre%d le d@pUt de p%in " l% ch%rcuterie delic%tessen 3 l7@picerie H .rocery 4 l%cr@merie d%irystore l%poissonnerie se%oodstore lem%rch@ outdoorm%rket l% pRtisserie p%stry shop

lelitre l% bouteille l%boTte l%livre lep%Duet lepot

liter bottle 5 c%n p%ck ( p%cket pot

=%n%di%n %nd ;el.i%n French h%s %n o-by-one beh%viour !ith me%ls  bre%k%st is c%lled d-0euner, lunch is c%lled dner %nd dinner is souper2 2 French butchers do not sell por k, pork products, nor horseme%t2 For these products, .o to % charcuterie2 "2 In Fr%nce, b%keries only sell resh bre%d2 l%ces !here they sell b re%d th%t is not res h %re c%lled dép%t de pain2 32 42 52 (2

7Duiches sell thin.s besides pork products, includin. pRte, s%l%mi, cold me%ts, s%l%ds, &harcuteries' %nd pi//%s2 &n %ltern%tive to %n 7 épicerie' is %n alimentation générale% .ener%l oodstoreH2 -eille is pronounced ay +o not conuse !ith le livre !ooH2

%Q Aouloir J :ouvoir :he verb vouloir is tr%nsl%ted to to want2 It is irre.ul%rly conEu.%ted it does not count %s % re.ul%r -ir verbH %s ollo!s

1irst #erson je veu second #erson tu veu il veut third #erson elle veut on veut

French Aerb 5 .ining vouloir 5 to *ant #ast #artici#le - voulu 'ingular :lural 0euh veuh I !%nt nous voulons noo voolohn too veuh you !%nt vous voule4 voo voolay eel veuh he !%nts ils veulent eel veuhl ell veuh she !%nts ohn veuh one !%nts elles veulent ell veuhl

!e !%nt you !%nt they !%nt m%sc2 or mi/edH they !%nt em2H

ouvoir is conEu.%ted in % simil%r m%nner

French Aerb 5 .ining #ouvoir 5 to be able to #ast #artici#le - #u 'ingular :lural 0euh nous noo 1irst #erson je #eu I c%n1%m %ble to !e c%n1%re %ble to peuh #ouvons poovohn second you c%n1%re %ble tu #eu too peuh vous #ouve4 voo poovay you c%n1%re %ble to #erson to il #eut eel peuh he c%n1is %ble to ils #euvent eel peuhve elle ell peuh she c%n1is %ble third #erson #eut to one c%n1is %ble on #eut ohn peuh elles #euvent ell peuhve to

they c%n1%re %ble to m%sc2 or mi/edH they c%n1%re %ble to em2H

AQ .ining at a 2estaurant %rriver to%rrive l% t%ble occup@e %n occupied t%ble l% t%ble libre % ree t%ble trouver toind comm%nder to order d@Eeuner to e%t lunch to dine dTner to e%t dinner d@sirer todesire le serveur !%iter l% serveuse !%itresse l%c%rte menu l7%ddition check le pourboire tip l%isser tole%ve Ee voudr%is22 I !ould like222

%Q 'ervir

1irst #erson je sers second #erson tu sers il sert third #erson elle sert on sert

French Aerb 5 .ining servir 5 to serve #ast #artici#leQ servi 'ingular :lural 0euh sair I serve nous servons noo sairvohn too sair you serve vous serve4 voo sairvay eel sair he serves ils servent eel sairve ell sair she serves ohn sair one serves elles servent ell sairve

!e serve you serve they serve m%sc2 or mi/edH they serve em2H

%Q -cer Aerbs -cer verbs %re r%.ul%r -er verbs, but %re %lso stem ch%n.in.2 :he most common -cer verb is commencer2

For&ation French Aerb 5 .ining co&&encer 5 to begin #ast #artici#le - co&&enc 'ingular :lural 0euh coe noo coe nous 1irst #erson je co&&ence I be.in mahnce co&&enons mahnsohn too coe voo coe second tu you vous co&&ence4 #erson co&&ences mahnce be.in mahnsay

third #erson

coe il co&&ence eel mahnce ell coe elle co&&ence mahnce ohn coe on co&&ence mahnce

he be.ins she be.ins one be.ins

!e be.in you be.in

they be.in ils co&&encent eel coe mahnce m%sc2 or mi/edH

elles co&&encent

ell coe mahnce they be.in em2H

3ther -cer Aerbs •

e%cer - to er%se

AQ 'ilver*areS /tcE le couvert

cover

l7%ssiette H pl%te lebol bo!l l% soucoupe s%ucer le coute%u knie l% cuillPre spoon l% ourchette ork l% serviette n%pkin l% n%ppe t%blecloth l%t%sse cup le verre .l%ss


Lesson "209 C +inin.


Level Two Lessons

Lesson "20 C =ommunic%tion live version discussion exercises edit lesson comment report %n error %sk % Duestion

%Q -aftre Aerbs For&ation French Aerb 5 Co&&unication

1irst #erson second #erson

third #erson

connaftre 5 to kno* 6#ersonally #ast #artici#leQ connu 'ingular :lural je 0euh nous noo I kno! connais cohnay connaissons cohnehssohn tu too you vous voo connais cohnay kno! connaisse4 cohnehssay eel he il connaft cohnay kno!s ils eel cohnesse connaissent elle ell she connaft cohnay kno!s on ohn one elles ell cohnesse connaft cohnay kno!s connaissent

!e kno! you kno! they kno! m%sc2 or mi/edH they kno! em2H

3ther -aftre verbs •

•

•

•

%pp%r%Ttre - to %ppe%r conn%Ttre - to kno! disp%r%Ttre - to dis%ppe%r n%Ttre - to be born 

)%Ttre h%s %n irre.ul%r p%st p%rticiple n@H %nd

t%kes Stre %s its helpin. verb in perect tenses2

%Q Connaftre J 'avoir =onn%Ttre is used to s%y th%t you kno! someone person%lly2 %voir is used to s%y th%t you kno! someone by reput%tion or th%t you kno! % %ct or piece o inorm%tion2

1irst #erson je sais second #erson tu sais il sait third #erson elle sait on sait

French Aerb 5 Co&&unication savoir 5 to kno* 6as a 1act #ast #artici#leQ su 'ingular :lural 0euh say I kno! nous savons noo sahvohn too say you kno! vous save4 voo sahvay eel say he kno!s ils savent eel sahve ell say she kno!s ohn say one kno!s elles savent ell sahve

!e kno! you kno! they kno! m%sc2 or mi/edH they kno! em2H

AQ Calling 3thers :@l@phoner OH is used to s%y th%t you %re c%llin. toH someone2 In French, you c%ll to someone, so the verb is used !ith indirect, %nd not direct, obEects2 •

=e t-l-phone , =acJues" - &$m calling =acJues"

%Q "##eler #ppeler is used to s%y !h%t your n%me is2 =e m$appelle""" liter%lly me%ns & call myself"", but in n.lish you !ouldIns%y name indic%tive, is""2 #ppeler is conEu%.ted % re.ul%r -er%sverb, but, %s you m%y h%ve noticed, is %lso stem ch%n.in.2 the)y present it is ollo!s

French Aerb 5 Co&&unication a##eler 5 to call #ast #artici#leQ a##el 'ingular :lural 1irst #erson j8 a##elle 0ahhpell I c%ll nous a##elons newAahh pell ohn second #erson tu a##elles too ahhpell you c%ll vous a##ele4 vooAahh pellay il a##elle eel ahhpell he c%lls ils a##ellent eel ahhpell third #erson elle a##elle ell ahhpell she c%lls on a##elle ohn ahhpell one c%lls elles a##ellent ell ahhpell

!e c%ll you c%ll they c%ll m%sc2 or mi/edH they c%ll em2H

%Q .ire French Aerb 5 Co&&unication dire 5 to say #ast #artici#leQ dit 'ingular :lural 1irst #erson je dis 0euh dee I s%y nous disons noo deeAohn second #erson tu dis too dee you s%y vous dites voo deet il dit eel dee he s%ys ils disent eel deeA third #erson elle dit ell dee she s%ys on dit ohn dee one s%ys elles disent ell deeA

AQ =ail •

•

•

•

•

•

le poste le courier le lettre le boTte des lettres envoyer recevoir

!e s%y you s%y they s%y m%sc2 or mi/edH they s%y em2H

%Q /nvoyer J 2ecevoir

1irst #erson second #erson third #erson

French Aerb 5 Co&&unication envoyer 5 to send #ast #artici#leQ envoy 'ingular :lural nous j8 envoie 0ahnvwah I send newAahnvwahyoh n !e send envoyons tu envoies too ahnvwah you send vous envoyons vooAahnvwahyay you send il envoie eel aycree elle envoie ell aycree

he sends ils envoient eelAahnvwah she sends

they send m%sc2 or mi/edH

on envoie ohn ahnvwah

one sends

they send em2H

elles envoient ellAahnvwah

French Aerb 5 Co&&unication recevoir 5 to receive #ast #artici#leQ reu 'ingular :lural 0euh nous newAay 1irst #erson je reois I receive rehswah recevons rehsevohn second tu reois too rehswah you receive vous receve4 voo resehvay #erson il reoit eel rehswah he receives ils reoivent eel rehswahve elle she ell rehswah third #erson reoit receives one elles on reoit ohn rehswah ell rehswahve receives reoivent

!e receive you receive they receive m%sc2 or mi/edH they receive em2H

AQ Co&#uters J the Internet French Aocabulary 5 Co&&unication echnology 5 La technologie l%technolo.ie technolo.y Co&#uter)ard*are Co&#uter'o1t*are leh%rd!%re h%rd!%re lesot!%re sot!%re l7ordin%teurmH computer linorm%tion inorm%tion l7@cr%nmH monitor lelo.iciel sot!%repro.r%mH le pro.r%mme pro.r%m lecl%vier keybo%rd pro.r%mm%tion pro.r%mmin. %dEH le document document l%souris mouse le ichier ile l7imprim%nte H printer le=+-A =+-A he Internet l% disDuette loppy disk %ller sur Internet to .o on the Internet lemodem modem Co&#uter @se utiliser touse l%connexion connection connecter to connect t%per un texteH to type % textH Stre connect@ to be connected s%uve.%rder un tos%ve%ileH lesite site ichierH to run, c%rry ex@cuter l7e-m%ilmH e-m%il out stocker des donn@esH to store d%t%H n%vi.uer sur to n%vi.%te the InternetH InternetH cliDuer toclick t@l@ch%r.er todo!nlo%d %llumer toturnon tr%nsmettre totr%nsmit to turn o @teindre to extin.uishH French %ct the n%me o the comp%ny Lo.itech comes rom the French term logiciel technolgie2


Lesson "20 C =ommunic%tion live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

French Level hree Lessons For&idable! - Inter&ediate French &ter h%vin. completed the second level o the 'ikibooks French l%n.u%.e course, you c%n .r%du%te to the third level2 :his is % much more ri.orous present%tion o the French l%n.u%.e2 ever%l verb tenses !ill be introduced in this level, %nd there !ill no! be more voc%bul%ry sections in e%ch lesson2 ;ut !e didn7t decide to stop there :his level !ill include lon.er lectures %bout % lesson7s subEect %nd !ill introduce you to re%l French liter%ry !orks %nd ne!s %rticles, such %s Ke%n de L% Font%ine7s F%bles2 &ter you h%ve completed this level, you c%n move on to the next level2 &lso remember th%t i you !ould like to help develop this course, .o to the lessons pl%nnin. p%.e2

Drapeau de la France

Level hree Contents 320 Le6on 0  Les v%c%nces

 Lesson 0  Aacations 320" Le6on 0"  Le tr%v%il

, Lesson 0"  Work

$ $eo.r%phy repositions, erect :enses Introduction, imple Future o e.ul%r
3203 Le6on 03  L% s%nt@ , Lesson 03  )ealth 3204

,9 3205

$ 320(

$7 320#

H0

$ imple Future o Irre.ul%r
3208 Le6on 08  @volution

H( 3209

H$ 320

HH

$ %ss@ imple o Irre.ul%r
Level Three Lessons

Lesson 320 C <%c%tions AQ %eneral raveling &udio .. French n%tive spe%ker

%eneral ily% there is,there%re l%@roport m2H %irport l%utobus m2H bus l%vion m2H %ircr%t, %irpl%ne les b%.%.es b%..%.e le billet ticket or tr%in, %irpl%neH le m@tro sub!%y, under.round l% poste post oice let%xi t%xi le ticket ticket or bus, m@troH letr%in tr%in l% v%lise suitc%se l%voiture c%r &udio  French n%tive spe%ker

Aisiting 3ther Cities % :u es d7oQ? inorm%lH 'here %re you rom? +7oQ Stes-vous? b orm%lH c Ke suis de222 d7H I %m rom222


AQ %eogra#hy &udio  French n%tive spe%ker

%eogra#hy the !orld le monde :olitical %eogra#hy % city une ville % vill%.e un vill%.e % country un p%ys % st%te un @t%t atural %eogra#hy river le leuve mount%in l% mont%.ne l%ke lel%c oce%n l7oc@%n mH Cardinal .irections north le nord south lesud e%st l7est !est l7ouest

%Q %eogra#hy :re#ositions Cities French n%tive spe%ker 3 is used to s%y in% at, to Ke v%is  %ris2 - I7m .oin. to %ris de is used to s%y from2 Ke reviens de %ris2 - I return 1ro& %ris2 cities th%t h%ve %rticles %s p%rt o their n%mes contr%ct !ith the preposition i the city is m%sculine2 le =%ire - Ke v%is au =%ire2 - Ke reviens du =%ire2 le %vre - Ke v%is au %vre2 - Ke reviens du %vre2 l% )ouvelle-rl@%ns - Ke v%is  la )ouvelle-rl@%ns2 - Ke reviens de la )ouvellerl@%ns2 •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Fe&inine 2egionsS CountriesS and Continents •

•

•

•

Aost .eo.r%phic%l %re%s %re eminine very French .eo.r%phic%l %re%, !ith one or t!o exceptions, th%t ends in -e is eminine2 very continent is eminine2

en is used to s%y in% at% to or %ll eminine .eo.r%phic%l %re%s except cities Ke v%is en Fr%nce2 - I .o to Fr%nce2 de is used to s%y from or %ll eminine .eo.r%phic%l %re%s except cities Ke reviens de Fr%nce2 - I return 1ro& Fr%nce2 •

•

•

•

de is contr%cted d$ !hen ollo!ed by d8 % vo!el2 Ke v%is entosp%.ne2 - Ke reviens sp%.ne •

=asculine 2egions •

%ll re.ions th%t do not end in % slient e %re m%scuiline

&udio  French n%tive spe%ker •

dans le is used to s%y in% at% to or most m%sculine re.ions, provinces, %nd st%tes Ke v%is dans le Limousin2 - I7m .oin. to Limousin2 du, % contr%ction o de  le, is used to s%y from or most re.ions, provinces, %nd st%tes Ke reviens du Limousin2 - I return 1ro& Limousin2 I % re.ion is thou.ht o or considered %s its o!n soverei.n st%te, au is used inste%d o dans le Ke v%is au Gu@bec2 - Ke reviens du Gu@bec2 Ke v%is au :ex%s2 - Ke reviens du :ex%s2 •

•

•

•

•

•

=asculine Countries 'tarting With a Consonant •

•

•

%ll countries th%t do not end in % silent e %re m%scuiline le =%mbod.e %nd le AexiDue %re m%sculine

au is used to s%y in% at% to or m%sculine countries be.innin. !ith % conson%nt Ke v%is au ortu.%l2 - I7m .oin. to ortu.%l2 du is used to s%y from or m%sculine countries be.innin. !ith % conson%nt Ke reviens du ortu.%l2 - I return 1ro& ortu.%l2 •

•

•

:lural Countries &udio  French n%tive spe%ker •

aux, % contr%ction o 3  les, is used to s%y in% to% as i % plur%l %rticle is p%rt o the n%me o % country Ke v%is au t%ts-*nis2 - I7m .oin. to the *nited t%tes2 pronounced aytahAoohneeH des, % contr%ction o de  les, is used to s%y from i % plur%l %rticle is p%rt o the n%me o % country Ke reviens des t%ts-*nis2 - I return 1ro& the *nited t%tes2 •

•

•

=asculine Countries 'tarting With a Ao*el •

en is used to s%y in% at% to or %ll m%sculine countries be.innin. !ith % vo!el Ke v%is en Isr%Xl2 - I7m .oin. to Isr%el2 d$ is used to s%y from or %ll m%sculine countries be.innin. !ith % vo!el Ke reviens d8 Isr%Xl2 - I return 1ro& Isr%el2 •

•

•

Check For @nderstanding •

•

•

•

&re %ll French countries endin. in e eminine? 'h%t .eo.r%phic%l %re%s use the preposition dans le? 'h%t prepositions do countries be.innin. !ith vo!els use? 'h%t prepositions does the city o Guebec use? 222the province o Guebec?

AQ "ir#orts and "ir#lanes French Aocabulary 5 Aacations 5 audioQ 3ne 5 *o 6($ [ (0$ kb 5 hel# "ir#orts and "ir#lanes 5 Les aro#orts et les avions he "ir#ort Baggage %irport pronounced l7%@roport mH les b%.%.es  plH b%..%.e ahehrohporH lep%sseport p%ssport lesb%.%.esOm%in c%rry-onb%.%.e l% livr%ison des unch%riot %shoppin.1b%..%.eHc%rt b%..%.e cl%im b%.%.es enre.istrer ses to check in one7s les %rriv@es  plH %rriv%ls b%.%.esH b%..%.eH les d@p%rts m plH dep%rtures %rriver en %v%nce1en to %rrive e%rly1l%teH ret%rdH heer&inal he"ir#lane l7%@ro.%re termin%l l7%vionmH pl%ne pl%ne, m%chine, bodyH l% comp%.nie %@rienneH %n %irlineH comp%ny l7%pp%reil mH system le billet pl%ne1one-!%y1round tripH d@coller to t%ke o d7%vion1simple1%ller-retourH ticket le d@coll%.e t%ke-o l% cl%sse tourisme co%ch levol li.ht%lsothetH l% premiPre cl%sse irst cl%ss p%sser O l% dou%ne to .o throu.h customs le pilote pilot le contrUleur security oicer l7hUtesse de l7%irH H li.ht %ttend%nt le contrUle de s@curit@ security check l%porte .%te%lsodoorH lep%ss%.er p%ssen.er %tterrir to l%nd emb%rDuer tobo%rd l7%tterriss%.e mH l%ndin.

AQ :laces &udio  French n%tive spe%ker

French 2egions le-de-Fr%nce - %ris ;%sse-)orm%ndie - =%en ;our.o.ne - +iEon ;ret%.ne - ennes Continents l7&riDue H l7&m@riDue du nord H l7&m@riDue du sud H l7&nt%rctiDue H l7&sie H l7&ustr%lie H l7urope H 3ceans l7c@%n %tl%ntiDue mH l7c@%n .l%ci%l %rctiDue mH l7c@%n indien mH l7c@%n p%ciiDue mH &udio  French n%tive spe%ker &udio  French n%tive spe%ker l% Fr%nce _ %ris l% ;el.iDue _ ;ruxelles le ortu.%l _ Lisbonne l7sp%.ne _ A%drid l7It%lie

/uro#ean Countries Fr%nce _ %ris ;el.ium _ ;ruxelles ortu.%l _ Lisbon p%in _ A%drid It%ly

_l%ome $r%nde-;ret%.ne _ Londres l7Irl%nde _ +ublin

_$re%t ome ;rit%in _ London Irel%nd _ +ublin

le .r%nd-duch@ duH Luxembour. _ Luxembour. les %ys-;%s _ &msterd%m l7&llem%.ne _ ;erlin l7&utriche _
Luxembur. _ Luxembur. )etherl%nds _ &msterd%m $erm%ny _ ;erlin &ustri% _
_Aoscou _Aosco! l7*kr%ine *kr%ine _ iev _ iev )%tions o the 'orld Aore %udio pronunci%tion here2 •

•

AQ ationalities French Aocabulary 5 Aacations 5 audioQ 3ne 5 *o 5 hree 6v( 00kb 6($0 [ (, [H kb 5 hel# ationalities 5 Les nationalits =asculine %llem%nd %m@ric%in %n.l%is %ustr%lien bel.e birm%n c%mbod.ien c%n%dien chinois cor@en esp%.nol r%n6%is

Fe&inine %llem%nde %m@ric%ine %n.l%ise %ustr%lienne bel.e birm%ne c%mbod.ienne c%n%dienne chinoise cor@enne esp%.nole r%n6%ise

/nglish $erm%n &meric%n n.lish &ustr%li%n ;el.i%n ;urmese =%mbodi%n =%n%di%n =hinese ore%n p%nish French

indien indon@sien it%lien E%pon%is m%l%isien m%uricien n@erl%nd%is philippin portu.%is sin.%pourien su@dois suisse th%Yl%nd%is v@n@/u@lien vietn%mien

indienne indon@sienne it%lienne E%pon%ise m%l%isienne m%uricienne n@erl%nd%ise philippine portu.%ise sin.%pourienne su@doise suisse th%Yl%nd%ise v@n@/u@liene vietn%mienne

Indi%n Indonesi%n It%li%n K%p%nese A%l%ysi%n A%uriti%n +utch Filipino ortu.uese in.%pore%n !edish !iss :h%i
)%tion%lities %re not c%pit%li/ed %s oten in French %s they %re in n.lish2 I you %re reerrin. to % person, %s in %n &r%b person or % =hinese person, the French eDuiv%lent is un #ra!e or un 1hinois2 o!ever, i you %re reerrin. to the &r%bic l%n.u%.e or =hinese l%n.u%.e, the French !ould not c%pit%li/e l$ara!eJ le chinois2 I the n%tion%lity is used %s %n %dEective, it is norm%lly let unc%pit%li/edJ un livre chinois, un t%pis %r%be2

%Q :er1ect enses Bou !ill be le%rnin. sever%l ne! perect tenses in this level2 evie! the .r%mm%r behind them2 :his time, m%ke sure you kno! %ll the rules2 •

•

:he perect tenses tenses %re %re %ll %lsocomposed c%lled theocompound or composed tenses2 :he perect % conEu.%ted %uxill%ry verb %nd % ixed p%st p%rticiple2

"uillary Aerb For&ation •

•

:he %uxill%ry verb is %l!%ys either %voir or Stre2 :he tense o the verb depends upon the tense th%t %voir or Stre is conEu.%ted in2 'hen the %uxill%ry verb is conEu.%ted in the p%ss@ compos@, or ex%mple, the %uxill%ry verb is conEu.%ted in the present indic%tive2 K7%i ini2 - I h%ve inished2 •

•

:ast :artici#le For&ation •

•

• •

-er verbs - repl%ce -er !ith @ -ir verbs - repl%ce -ir !ith i -re verbs verbs - repl%ce -re !ith u irre.ul%r - must be memori/ed

:ast :artici#le "gree&ent &udio French n%tive spe%ker •

:he p%st p%sticiple must %.ree !ith the direct obEect o % cl%use in .ender %nd plur%lity i the direct obEect .oes beore the verb2 the direct obEect is masculine singular - no ch%n.e K7%i ini le Eeu2 - I h%ve inished the .%me2 Ke l7%i ini2 - I h%ve inished it2 the direct obEect is feminine singular - %dd %n e to the p%st p%rticiple K7%i ini l% tRche2 - I h%ve inished the t%sk2 Ke l7%i inie2 - I h%ve inished it2 the direct obEect is masculine plural - %dd %n s to the p%st p%rticiple2 •

•

•

•

•

•

•

K7%i ini%iles Eeux2 I h%ve inished the .%mes2 Ke les inis2 - I -h%ve inished them2 the direct obEect is feminine plural - %dd %n es to the p%st p%rticiple2 K7%i ini les tRches2 - I h%ve inished the t%sks2 Ke les %i inies2 - I h%ve inished them2 • •

•

•

•

"voir ou tre+ •

•

•

In most circumst%nces, the %uxill%ry verb is %voir2 o!ever, under cert%in situ%tions, the %uxill%ry verb is Stre2 :his occurs !hen :he verb is one o ( speci%l verbs th%t t%ke Stre2 )ote th%t !hen % direct obEect is used !ith these verbs, the %uxill%ry verb becomes %voir2 :he verb is relexive2 :h%t is, the subEect o the verb is %lso its obEect2 •

•

•

•

List o1 enses :here %re seven perect tenses in French2 :hese %re 2 "2 32 42 52 (2 #2

Le pss@ compos@ :he resent erectH Le plus-Due-p%r%it de l7indic%ti :he luperect o the Indic%tiveH Le plus-Due-p%r%it du subEoncti :he luperect ubEunctiveH Le p%ss@ %nt@rieur :he %st &nteriorH Le utur %nt@rieur :he Future &nteriorH Le conditionnel p%ss@ :he %st =ondition%lH Le p%ss@ du subEoncti :he %st ubEunctiveH

%Q 'i&#le Future o1 2egular Aerbs :here %re three versions o the utur tense in French, the futur simple the futur compos-, %nd the futur

ant-rieur perectH2 :heshe futur!ill composormed by insertin. present o aller beore the va r-ussir r-ussit ininitive,uture e2.2 elle p%ss, oris she is .oin. to p%ssH the is the utur orm compos@ o elle :o conEu.%te % verb in the utur simple, one t%kes the ininitive %nd %ppends the ri.ht orm o avoir except or nous %nd vous !hich t%kes ons or eA, %s %ccordin. to the t%ble &udio French n%tive spe%ker 'ubject "dd /nding Conjugated Aerb Ke -%i r@ussir%i :u -%s r@ussir%s Il1lle1n- % r@ussir% )ous -ons r@ussirons
Les vacances &udio French n%tive spe%ker =et @t@, nous p%rtirons en v%c%nces %u bord de l% mer2 )ous %llons p%sser une sem%ine O )ice sur l% cUte d7&/ur2 )ous p%rtirons en voiture et il y %ur% cert%inement be%ucoup de bouchons sur l7%utoroute2 )ous nous b%i.nerons le m%tin et Ee er%i des chRte%ux de s%ble %vec mon ils2 & midi nous m%n.erons puis nous erons une bonne sieste c%r il er% cert%inement trPs ch%ud2 L7%prPs-midi, nous irons visiter des expositions de peintures ou %lors nous irons d%ns des p%rc d7%ttr%ctions2

Lesson 320 C <%c%tions live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

Level Three Lessons

Lesson 320" C 'ork %Q Irregular :ast :artici#les 2evie* &udio  rench n%tive spe%ker &udio  rench n%tive spe%ker •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

%voir - eu to h%veH boire - bu- to drinkHto driveH %nd %ll other -uire verbsH conduire conduit conn%Ttre - connu to kno! person%llyHH courir - couru to runH croire - cru to believeH dire - dit to s%yH devoir - dV to h%ve to, to o!eH Stre - @t@ to beH %ire - %it to do, to m%keH %lloir - %llu to be necess%ryH lire - lu to re%dH mettre - mis to put onHH %nd %ll !ords %ddin. preixes to mettreH ouvrir - ouvert to openH %nd most other -rir verbsH pouvoir - pu to be %ble toH pleuvoir - plu to r%inH prendre - pris to t%keH recevoir - re6u to receiveH rire - ri to l%u.hH s%voir - su to kno! %s % %ctHH sourire - souri to smileH suivre - suivi to ollo!H vivre - v@cu to liveH voir - vu to seeH vouloir - voulu to !%ntH


%Q Conjugated Aerb [ In1initive 2evie* Faire Causiti1 &udio  rench n%tive spe%ker :he %ire c%usiti is ormed by conEu.%tin. faire %nd %ddin. %n ininitive2 •

Ke le %is ixer2 - I h%ve it ixed2

Futur :roche :he uture proche tense is ormed by conEu.%tin. aller in the present indic%tive %nd %ddin. %n ininitive •

Ke v%is %ller2 - I7m .oin. to .o2

:ronouns ronouns come beore the verb they modiy, !hich is not necess%rily the irst verb in % sentence •

Ke v%is le voir2 - I7m .oin. to see it2

egation ither the conEu.%ted verb or the ininitive c%n be ne.%ted, e%ch me%nin. sli.htly dierent thin.s2 •

•

Ke n7%ime p%s m%rcher2 - I don7t like to run2 K7%ime ne p%s m%rcher2 - I like to not run2

Le cho&age &udio  rench n%tive spe%ker &v%nt E7%v%is un tr%v%il  Ee tr%v%ill%is d%ns une b%nDue2 A%is l% b%nDue % erm@ et Ee me suis retrouv@ %u chom%.e2 Ke n7%i plus de tr%v%il et E7en cherche tous les Eours2 Ke lis les petites %nnonces et E7envoie des lettres de c%ndid%ture2 Ke n7%i p%s souvent une r@ponse2 A%is %uEourd7hui, E7%i obtenu un entretien d7emb%uche2 &vec un peu de ch%nce, E7obtiendr%is le tr%v%il222


Lesson 320" C 'ork live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

Level Three Lessons

Lesson 3203 C e%lth AQ Illness French Aocabulary 5 )ealth 5 audio 6$ kb 5 hel# Illness 5 La &aladie o ache to h%ve % 222%che, to %voir m%l O222 hurt %voir m%l %u ventre to h%ve % belly%che %voir m%l O l% to h%ve % he%d%che %voir m%l p%rtout to %che %ll over tSte %voir m%l R %voir des m%ux de to eel sick, to h%ve %n e%r%che l7oreille cûr n%use%us %voir m%l %ux to h%ve % tooth%che "ctions dents 'ickness and :ain @ternuer tosnee/e Strem%l%de tobesick s7@v%nouir to%int %voirl%.rippe toh%vethelu s%i.ner tobleed %voirdel%iPvre toh%ve%ever tousser tocou.h Streenrhum@ toh%ve%cold vomir tothro!up

%Q Issuing Co&&ands in French - l8i&#rati1 •

•

:he nous orm comm%nds %re used to s%y Let7s2222 :he subEect is not used !hen .ivin. % comm%nd2

For&ation :%ke %!%y the endin. %nd %dd on the ollo!in. sho!n in the t%ble2

French %ra&&ar 5 )ealth 5 audio 6in1o 50, kb 5 hel# he I&#erative 5 L8i&#rati1 -erAerbs -irAerbs -reAerbs 'ubject /nding Aerb /nding Aerb /nding Aerb u -e %rle -is Finis -s
%rle/ -isse/

Finisse/ -e/


%Q "dverbs French %dverbs, like their n.lish counterp%rts, %re used to modiy French1$r%mm%r1&dEectives, other %dverbs, %nd French1$r%mm%r1
For&ation In French, %s in n.lish, most %dverbs %re derived rom %dEectives2 In most c%ses, this is done by %ddin. the suix ment -lyH to the %dEective7s eminine sin.ul%r orm2 For ex%mple, the eminine sin.ul%r orm o lent slo!H is lente the correspondin. %dverb is lentement slo!lyHJ simil%rly, heureux w heureusement h%ppy w, so h%ppilyH2 &s in n.lish, ho!ever, the %dEective stem is sometimes modiied to %ccommod%te the suix &udio  )%tive French pe%ker I the %dEective ends in %n i, then ment is %dded to the m%sculine sin.ul%r de%ultH orm, r%ther th%n to the eminine sin.ul%r orm vrai w vraiment re%l w re%llyH poli w poliment polite w politelyH I the %dEective ends in ant or ent, then the correspondin. %dverb ends in amment or emment, respectively constant w constamment const%nt w const%ntlyH r-cent w r-cemment recent w recentlyH ome %dEectives m%ke other ch%n.es pr-cis w pr-cis-ment precise w preciselyH gentil w gentiment nice w nicelyH •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

ome%dverbs %re derived rom %dEectives in completely irre.ul%r %shions, not even usin. the suix ment !on w !ien .ood w !ellH mauvais w mal b%d w b%dlyH meilleur w mieux better-%dEective w better-%dverbH pire w pis !orse-%dEective w !orse-%dverbH &nd, %s in n.lish, m%ny common %dverbs %re not derived rom %dEectives %t %ll ainsi thus or thuslyH •

•

•

•

•

:lace&ent :he pl%cement o French %dverbs is %lmost the s%me %s the pl%cement o n.lish %dverbs2 &udio  )%tive French pe%ker &n %dverb th%t modiies %n %dEective or %dverb comes beore th%t %dEective or %dverb •

•

•

compl-tement vrai co&#letely trueH pas possi!le not possibleH tellement discr5tement so discreetlyH

&n %dverb th%t modiies %n Ininitive verb%l nounH .ener%lly comes %ter the ininitive marcher lentement to !%lk slo*lyH •

;ut ne.%tive %dverbs, such %s pas notH, plus not %ny moreH, %nd 0amais come beore the ininitive

ne pas marcher not to !%lkH &n %dverb th%t modiies % m%in verb or cl%use comes either %ter the verb, or beore the cl%use Lentement il commença 3 marcher or &l commença lentement 3 marcher lo!ly, he be.%n to !%lk or e be.%n slo!ly to !%lkH2 )ote th%t, unlike in n.lish, this is true even o ne.%tive %dverbs amais 0e n$ai fait cela or =e n$ai /amais fait cela ever h%ve I done th%t or I7ve never done th%tH •

•

•

.Q Aisiting the .octor &udio  )%tive French pe%ker

Le #atient Q Ke suis m%l%de2 I %m illH2 •

•

•

•

•

•

K7%i m%l O l% tSte2 I h%ve % he%d%cheH2 K7%i de l% iPvre2 I %m evrishH K7%i m%l %u ventre2 Ke vomis2 Ke tousse2 I cou.hH

Le docteur =omment %lle/-vous ? rene/ de l7%spirine2 Ke v%is vous prescrire un m@dic%ment2 rene/ une cuillPre de sirop m%tin, midi et soir Il %ut p%sser un sc%nner Il %ut p%sser des r%dios2 Il %ut vous op@rer2 •

•

•

•

•

•

•

.Q Aisiting the .entist &udio  )%tive French pe%ker •

•

•

•

•

•

K7%i m%l %ux dents2
.Q /&ergencies &udio  )%tive French pe%ker •

•

•

•

•

•

Ke v%is O l7hUpit%l2 =7est .r%ve  Ke v%is %ux ur.ences2 K7%i eu un %ccident de voiture2 &A*ervice &mbul%ncier A@dic%l d7*r.ence n c%s d7%ccident .r%ve, il %ut t@l@phoner %u &A* 5H ou %ux pompiers 8H ou %u "2

AQ Body #arts ere is the voc%bul%ry to spe%k %bout body p%rts  &udio  ne )%tive French pe%kerH :!o

French L%tSte Lecorps Lebr%s L%E%mbe L% poitrine

/nglish e%d ;ody &rm Le. =hest

Le ventre ;elly L7@p%ule H houlder Le coude lbo! Le poi.net 'rist L%m%in %nd Ledoi.t Fin.er Le.enou nee Lepied Foot L7orteil mH :oe L7oeil mH ye pl2 les yeuxH L% bouche Aouth L%dent :ooth Lene/ )ose L7oreille H %r Lecou )eck L% l%n.ue :on.ue Les cheveux %ir L7on.le mH )%il Le poumon Lun. L7estom%c mH tom%ch Lecoeur e%rt Leoie Liver L7instestin mH Intestine L7osmH ;one LecrRne kull Le muscle Auscle Le cerve%u ;r%in L%r%te pleen L7ut@rus mH 'omb Le nombril )%vel, belly button

AQ Body #osition &nd here is the voc%bul%ry or body positions 

French +ebout &ssis =ouch@ f .enoux &ccroupi

/nglish t%ndin. e%tin. L%yin. do!n neelin. Du%tted

AQ Co&&on sentencies 'hen you 7c%tch % cold7 you 7%ttr%pes un rhume72 'hen you7re sick, tu es malade2 'hen you !ish to s%y th%t p%rts o your body %re sore, you s%y K7%i m%l O abody p%rt 2222 x%mple K7%i m%l O l% tete2 I h%ve % he%d%cheHJ K7%i m%l %ux dents Ay teeth hurtH2

/Q E0  - Body :arts - Aisual =e&ori4ation •

oint to dierent p%rts o the body %nd recite its n%me in French par cur2


Lesson 3203 C e%lth live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

Level Three Lessons

Lesson 3204 C Aoney live version discussion exercises edit lesson comment report %n error %sk % Duestion

%Q :ersonal :ronouns 2evie* )ain article' French personal pronouns

.irect 3bjects 'hile the subEect o % sentence initi%tes %n %ction the verbH, the direct obEect is the one th%t is %ected by the %ction2 & direct obEect pronoun is used to reer to the direct obEect o % previous sentence ierre vois le ca&brioleur2 ierre sees the burglar2 ierre lev ois2 ierresees hi&2 :he ollo!in. t%ble sho!s the v%rious types o direct obEect pronouns

French me, m7 te, t7 le, l7 l%, l7 nous vous les him, /nglish me you her, it us you them it )otes •

 me% te% nous, %nd vous %re %lso used %s indirect obEects to me%n

to me% to you% to us, %nd to you

respectively2 •

•

•

:he pronoun orm !ith %n %postrophe is used beore % vo!el2 :he direct obEect pronoun or nous %nd vous is the s%me %s the subEect2 'hen the direct obEect comes beore % verb in % perect tense, % tense th%t uses % p%st p%rticiple, the direct obEect must %.ree in .ender %nd plur%lity !ith the p%st p%rticiple2 For ex%mple, in te phr%se =e les ai eus, or & had them, the p%st p%rticiple !ould be spelled eus i the direct obEect, les, !%s reerrin. to % m%sculine obEect, %nd eues i les is reerrin. to % eminine obEect2

Indirect 3bjects &n indirect obEect is %n obEect th%t !ould be %sked or !ith To whom"""7 or From whom"""72 It is c%lled indirect bec%use it occurs usu%lly to.ether !ith % direct obEect !hich is %ected directly by the %ction Il donne du p%in  :ierre2 :he m%n .ives some bre%d to :ierre2 Il luid onnedup%in2 e.ivesbre%d to hi&2 :he ollo!in. t%ble sho!s the v%rious types o direct obEect pronouns

French me,m7 te,t7 /nglish

to me

lui nous vous leur to him, to to us to you to them her

to you

)otes  me% te% nous, %nd vous %re %lso used %s direct obEects to me%n

me% you% us, %nd you respectively2 :he pronoun orm !ith %n %postrophe is used beore % vo!el2 :he direct obEect pronoun or nous %nd vous is the s%me %s the subEect2 :he indirect obEect pronouns do not %.ree !ith the p%st p%rticiple like the direct obEect pronouns do2 'hen me% te% nous, %nd vous %re used in % perect tense, the !riter must decide !hether they %re used %s direct or indirect obEect pronouns2 :his is done by lookin. %t the verb %nd seein. !h%t type o %ction is bein. perormed2 :he bre%d is given by the m%n directH2 ierre gets the given %pple indirectH2 •

•

•

•

he :ronoun + Indirect 3bject :ronoun - to it# to them :he French pronoun y is used to repl%ce %n obEect o % preposition%l phr%se introduced by O2 •

•

Ke r@ponds O les Duestions2 - K7 y r@ponds2 I respond to the Duestions2 - I respond to them2


2e#lace&ent o1 :laces - there :he French pronoun y repl%ces % preposition%l phr%se reerrin. to % pl%ce th%t be.ins !ith %ny preoposition except de or !hich en is usedH2 •

•



Idio&s •

•


/n )ote ho! !e s%y =e veux du pain to s%y 7I !%nt some bre%d7 ? ;ut !h%t h%ppens !hen !e !%nt to s%y 7I !%nt some7 !ithout speciyin. !h%t !e !%nt? In these c%ses, !e use the pronoun 7en72 &s !ell, 7en7 c%n me%n 7o it7 !hen 7it7 is not speciied2 For inst%nce, inste%d o s%yin. =$ai !esoin de l$argent, i the ide% o money h%s %lre%dy been r%ised, !e c%n Eust s%y 7K7en %i besoin72 :his is bec%use !h%t en does is repl%ce du, de la or des !hen there is nothin. %ter it2 Like !ith 7me7, 7te7 %nd other pronouns, en me%nin. 7some7H comes beore the verb2

:u Eoues du pi%no? )on, Ee n7en Eoue p%s
+o you pl%y pi%no? )o, I don7t pl%y it2 &re you h%vin. ish? Bes, I7m h%vin. some2 +id you order some !%ter? Bes, !e ordered some2

%Q Co&&ands *ith :ronouns - L8i&#rati1 'hen expressin. positive comm%nds, there %re sever%l rules one must remember !hen usin. obEect pronouns2 :heses %re •

:he pronouns %re %tt%ched the the verb !ith % hyphen2 etrouve-l%2 - Find it2 Ae %nd :e become moi %nd toi2 +onne/-moi les vid@os2 - $ive me the videos2 •

•

•

•

Le, la, %nd les precede %ll otheritobEect +onne/-le-moi2 - $ive to me2pronouns2 •

%Q :resent Conditional :o conEu.%te % verb in the =ondition%l, one t%kes the ininitive %nd %ppends the s%me endin.s %s !hen usin. the imparfait, %s %ccordin. to the t%ble

'ubject "dd /nding Conjugated Aerb Ke -%is r@ussir%is :u -%is r@ussir%is Il 1 lle 1 n -%it r@ussir%it )ous -ions r@ussirions
-ie/ -%ient

r@ussirie/ r@ussir%ient


Lesson 3204 C Aoney live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

Level Three Lessons

Lesson 3205 C Bouth live version discussion exercises :he imp%r%it is used to set the tone o % p%st situ%tion2 &n ex%mple in n.lish edit lesson bein. 'e !ere sin.in. !hen +%d c%me home2 It tells !h%t !%s .oin. on !hen % comment p%rticul%r %ction or event occured2 In French, the %bove ex%mple !ould be )ous report %n error ch%ntions Du%nd p%p% est rentr@2 %sk % Duestion In order to conEu.%te the imperect,

%Q I&#er1ect - I&#ar1ait

•

t%ke the st person plur%l o the verb you !%nt to conEu.%te

jouer - to #lay singular #lural 1irst #erson Ee Eoue nous jouons second #erson tu Eoues vous Eoue/ third #erson il Eoue ils Eouent •

emove the ons endin. to ind the stem, %nd %dd these endin.s

French %ra&&ar 5 outh 5 audio 6in1o 5 kb 5 hel# he I&#er1ect 5 L8i&#ar1ait jouer 1inir attendre subject ending 6nous /ouons 6nous finissons 6nous attendons je 0ais Eou%is iniss%is %ttend%is tu 0ais Eou%is iniss%is %ttend%is ilêlleôn 0ait Eou%it iniss%it %ttend%it nous 0ions Eouions inissions %ttendions vous 0iez Eouie/ inissie/ %ttendie/ ilsêlles 0aient Eou%ient iniss%ient %ttend%ient )ote :he only verb th%t h%s %n irre.ul%r stem one not derived rom the nous orm o the present idic%tiveH is Stre2 :he imperect endin. %re %dded to @t2 very other verb uses the nous orm o the present indic%tive %s its root2 •

%Q :ossesive :ronouns ossessive pronouns repl%ce possessive %rticle  noun sets2

French %ra&&ar 5 outh 5 audioQ 3ne 5 *o 6( [ (( kb 5 hel# :ossesive :ronouns 5 Les #rono&s #ossesi1s mon cop%in ton cop%in son cop%in notre cop%in votre cop%in leur cop%in my riend your riend his1her riend our riend your riend their riend le &ien le tien le sien le ntre le vtre le leur &ine yours his^hers ours yours theirs ses cop%ins mesriends cop%ins your tes cop%ins nos riends cop%ins your vos cop%ins leurs riends cop%ins my riends his1her our riends their riends les &iens les tiens les siens les ntres les vtres les leurs &ine yours his^hers ours yours theirs m% copine t% copine s% copine notre copine votre copine leurs copine my riend your riend his1her riend our riend your riend their riend la &ienne le tienne le sienne la ntre la vtre la leur &ine yours his^hers ours yours theirs ses copines mes copines tes copines nos copines vos copines leurs copines his1her my riends your riends our riends your riends their riends riends les &iennes les tiennes les siennes les ntres les vtres les leurs &ine yours his^hers ours yours theirs
•

f  % stress pronoun is used !hen the noun repl%ced is %lso the subEect o the sentence2 :his usu%lly occurs in sentences !ith Stre2 •

•

lle est t% voiture? - Is th%t your c%r? ui, elle est O moi2 - Bes, it is mine2

%Q 'te& Changing Aerbs 2evie* -exer Aerbs -exer %re re.ul%r -er verbs, but %lso %re stem ch%n.in.2 :he stem ch%n.e %pplies to %ll orms except nous %nd vous2 :he stem ch%n.e involves %ddin. % .r%ve %ccent   H over the e in the stem2

-xer Aerbs Like -exer verbs, the %ccent %i.u %bove the e  @ H ch%n.es to %n %ccent .r%ve  P H2

-yer Aerbs -yer verbs %re re.ul%r -er verbs2 o!ever, !hen y is p%rt o the l%st syll%ble, it ch%n.es to i in order to keep the ay sound2 In the present indic%tive o -yer verbs, this %ects %ll orms except nous %nd vous2

"##eler &ll orms except nous %nd vous h%ve the l doubled2

-cer Aerbs :he l%st c in the verb ch%n.es to ç in the nous orm2

-ger Aerbs &n e is %dded %ter the g in the nous orm2

AQ Children8s %a&es and oys •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

un hochet un chev%l de bois une poup@e une dinette un tr%in @lectriDue des [email protected] un ours en peluche une console de Eeu une nintendo, une .%meboy, une ps"H des Eeux de soci@t@  le monopoly, le cluedo, l% bonne p%ye des tr%nsormers

AQ French Children8s :oe&sS 'ongsS and 'tories :etit :a#a ol etit %p% )oXl Gu%nd tu descendr%s du ciel &vec des Eouets p%r milliers )7oublies p%s mes petits souliers A%is %v%nt de p%rtir Il %udr% bien te couvrir +ehors tu v%s %voir si roid =7est un peu O c%use de moi 222


Lesson 3205 C Bouth live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

Level Three Lessons

Lesson 320( C &dolescence live version discussion exercises ronomin%l verbs %re verbs th%t, put simply, include pronouns2 :hese pronouns %re edit lesson me% te% se% nous, %nd vous %nd %re used %s either direct obEects or indirect obEects, comment dependin. on the verb th%t they modiy2 'hen pronimin%l verbs %re conEu.%ted in report %n error perect tenses, Stre is used %s the %uxili%ry verb2 :here %re three types o %sk % Duestion pronomin%l verbs relexive verbs, reciproc%l verbs, %nd n%tur%lly pronomin%l verbs2

%Q :rono&inal Aerbs 2evie*

2e1leive Aerbs elexive verbs relect the %ction on the subEect2 Ke me l%ve2 - I !%sh myself2 )ous nous l%vons2 - 'e !%sh ourselves2 Ils se l%vent2 - :hey !%sh themselves2 •

•

•


Ke v%is me l%ver2 - I7m .oin. to !%sh mysel2

ither the conEu.%ted verb or the ininitive c%n be ne.%ted e%ch !ith sli.htly dierent me%nin.s2 Ke ne v%is p%s me l%ver2 - I7m not .oin. to !%sh mysel2 •

In perect tenses, the p%st p%rticiples %.ree !ith the direct obEect pronoun, but not the indirect obEect pronoun, in .ender %nd plur%lity2 :hereore it !ould only %.ree !hen the relexive pronoun is the direct obEect2 &lso remember th%t the p%st p%rticiple does not %.ree !ith the direct obEect i it .oes %ter the verb2 •

•

•

•


2eci#rocal Aerbs 'ith reciproc%l verbs, people perorm %ctions to e%ch other2 )ous nous %imons2 - 'e like e%ch other2 Like relexive verbs, the p%st p%rticiple o reciproc%l verbs %.rees in number %nd .ender !ith the direct obEect i it .oes beore the verb2 It thereore %.rees !ith %ll reciproc%l pronouns th%t unction %s direct obEects2 )ous nous sommes %im@eHs2 - 'e liked e%ch other2 •

•

•

:he reciproc%l pronoun c%n %lso unction %s %n indirect obEect !ithout % direct obEect pronoun2 )ous nous sommes p%rl@2 - 'e spoke to e%ch other2 lles se sont t@l@phon@2 - :hey c%lled to one %nother2
•

•

aturally :rono&inal Aerbs ome verbs %re pronomin%l !ithout perormin. % relexive or reciproc%l %ction2 :u te souvenu? - Bou remember? •

•

In perect tenses, these verbs %.ree !ith the direct obEect i it .oes beore the verb2 ther!ise, the p%st p%rticiple %.rees !ith the subEect2 lle s7est souvenue2 - he remembered2

ome verbs h%ve dierent me%nin.s %s pronomin%l verbs2 •

•

rendre - to return, to .ive b%ck se rendre OH - to .o toH

%Q :lus->ue-:ar1ait :he plusJueparfait is used !hen there %re t!o occurrences in the p%st %nd one !%nts to symbolise th%t one occurrence h%ppened beore the other2 In n.lish, this is used in % phr%se like I had given him the toy beore he !ent to sleep2 In this ex%mple, there %re t!o p%st tenses, but they occur %t dierent times2 :he plusJueparfait c%n be used to indic%te the occurrence o one beore the other2 ssenti%lly, the p%st beore the p%st2 In French, the plusJueparfait is ormed by conEu.%tin. the %uxili%ry verb in the imparfait %nd %ddin. the p%st p%rticiple2 o to conEu.%te 0e mange I e%tH in the plusJueparfait, one inds the %ppropri%te %uxili%ry verb avoirH, conEu.%tes it avaisH %nd inds the p%st p%rticiple o manger mang-H2 o, the conEu.%tion o =e mange in the plusJueparfait becomes 0$avais mang- or, in n.lish, & had eaten2

/a&#les K7%i p%rl@ r%n6%is2 Ke p%rl%is r%n6%is2

I spoke French ,on one particular occasion.2 I spoke French ,during a period of time% and & don$t spea French any more.2

)ous %vons r@ussi 'e p%ssed the test2 l7ex%men2 Il % @t@ mon %mi2 e !%s my riend ,and he is not my friend any more. Il @t%it mon %mi lorsDue222 e !%s my riend !hen 2 2 2 Ils ont %it leurs devoirs2 :hey did their home!ork2 Ilestvenu2 ec%me ,and & don$t need to say when. Il vint le lendem%in2 e c%me the d%y %ter2 Il ven%it tous les Eours2 eh%d c%me1used to come every d%y2 Il @t%it d@EO venu2 e %lre%dy come2 It should be noted th%t these ex%mples %re m%kin. use o %ll the possible p%st tensesJ not Eust the plusDue-p%r%it2


Lesson 320( C &dolescence live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

Level Three Lessons

Lesson 320# C istory L$histoire de la France 0usJu$en XYY"

live version discussion exercises %Q :ass 'i&#le o1 2egular Aerbs edit lesson comment *nlike n.lish, there is % liter%ry p%st tense, used !hen !ritin. orm%lly2 :his p%st tense is the pass- simple2 It is rel%tively simple to predict !hen to use this tense or report %n error %sk % Duestion every occurrence the passcomposconvers%tion%l French, one% simply uses the passsimple inoliter%ry French2 )oteinth%t the p%ss@ simple is not composed tense, %nd thereore does not h%ve %n %uxili%ry verb like the p%ss@ compos@ does2

For&ation :o conEu.%te in this tense, one inds the stem %nd %ppends the ollo!in., %s %ccordin. to the t%ble

French %ra&&ar 5 )istory he 'i&#le :ast 5 Le #ass si&#le 'ubject /dning Conjugated Aerb /nglish Ke -%i Ked%ns%i2 Id%nced2 :u -%s :ud%ns%s2 Boud%nced2 Il -% Ild%ns%2 ed%nced2 )ous -Rmes )ous d%nsRmes2 'e d%nced
2egular or&ally-Irregular Aerbs :he ollo!in. verbs %re irre.ul%r in the present indic%tive, put %re re.ul%r in their p%ss@ simple stems2

In1initive

'te& ;eEEE -ir verbs dor&ir dorm dormis #artir p%rt p%rtis sentir sent sentis servir serv servis sortir sort sortis -rir Aerbs couvrir couvr couvris dcouvrir d@crouvr d@couvris o11rir or oris ouvrir ouvr ouvris sou11rir sour souris -re Aerbs co&battre comb%tt comb%ttis ro&#re romp rompis suivre suiv suivis


Lesson 320# C istory live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

Level Three Lessons

Lesson 3208 C evolution +@cl%r%tion des +roits de l7omme et du =itoyen - istoric%l :ext or this lesson2

%Q :ass 'i&#le o1 Irregular Aerbs ome p%ss@ simple stems %re b%sed o the p%st p%rticiple2 thers must be memori/ed2


/nding For&ation Ee -is Ee -in] /ndings -ins Ee -u] /ndings -us

-i] /ndings

tu il nous -is -it -Tmes tu il nous -ins -int -Tnmes tu il nous -us -ut -Vmes

vous -Ttes vous -Tntes vous -Vtes

ils irent ils inrent ils urent

Irregular Aerb List French %ra&&ar 5 2evolution! In1initive

s8asseoir conduire con?urir construire craindre dire 1aire crire &ettre naftre #eindre #rendre rejoindre

'i&#le :ast Irregular Aerbs 5 .es verbes irrguliers du #ass si&#le :ast 'te& :ass si&#le :artE je tu il nous vous ils -i] /ndings assis ass m7%ssis t7%ssis s7%ssit nous% ssTmes vous% ssTtes s7%ssirent conduis conduisis conduisis conduisit conduisTmes conduisTtes conduisirent con?uis con?u conDuis conDuis conDuit conDuTmes conDuTtes conDuirent contruis construisis construisis construisit construisTmes construisTtes construisirent craign cr%i.nis cr%i.nis cr%i.nit cr%i.nTmes cr%i.nTtes cr%i.nirent dit d dis dis dit dTmes dTtes dirent 1 is is it Tmes Ttes irent criv @crivis @crivis @crivit @crivTmes @crivTtes @crivirent &is & mis mis mit mTmes mTtes mirent

#ris

na?u #eign #r rejoin

n%Duis pei.nis pris reEoi.nis

n%Duis pei.nis pris reEoi.nis

n%Duit pei.nit prit reEoi.nit

n%DuTmes pei.nTmes prTmes reEoi.nTmes

n%DuTtes pei.nTtes prTtes reEoi.nTtes

n%Duirent pei.nirent prirent reEoi.nirent

rire sourire vaincre

ri souri

devenir tenir venir avoir eu boire bu connaftre connus courir couru croire cru devoir d tre 1alloir 1allu lire lut &ourir #laire #lu #leuvoir #lu #ouvoir # recevoir reu savoir su valoir valu vivre vcu vouloir voulu

r ris ris sour souris souris vain?u v%inDuis v%inDuis -in] /ndings dev devins devins t tins tins v vins vins -u] /ndings e eus eus b bus bus conn connus connus cour courus courus cr crus crus d dus dus 1 us us 1all %llus %llus l lus lus &our mourus mourus plus #l plus #l plus plus pus pus put re6us re re6us s sus sus v%lus val v%lus v@cus vc v@cus voul voulus voulus

rit sourit v%inDuit

rTmes sourTmes v%inDuTmes

rTtes sourTtes v%inDuTtes

rirent sourirent v%inDuirent

devin tint vint

devTnmes tTnmes vTnmes

devTntes tTntes vTntes

devinrent tinrent vinrent

eut but connut courut crut dut ut %llut lut mourut plut plut pVmes re6ut sut v%lut v@cut voulut

eVmes bVmes connVmes courVmes crVmes dVmes Vmes %llVmes lVmes mourVmes plVmes plVmes pVtes re6Vmes suVmes v%lVmes v@cVmes voulVmes

eVtes bVtes connVtes courVtes crVtes dVtes Vtes %llVtes lVtes mourVtes plVtes plVtes purent re6Vtes sVtes v%lVtes v@cVtes voulVtes

eurent burent connurent coururent crurent durent urent %llurent lurent moururent plurent plurent re6urent surent v%lurent v@curent voulurent

%Q 2elative :ronouns 1ui and 1ue Les pronoms relatifs Jui et Jue rel%tive pronouns be.in %dEective cl%uses the m%n that!%s here the m%n thatI s%! Jui is the subEect o the cl%use it introduces Ke vois l7homme ?uil7% %it2 - I see the m%n th%t did it2 L7homme ?uil7% %it est ici2 - :he m%n th%t did it is here2 Jue is the direct obEect o the cl%use it introduces •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Il est l7homme vu 2the - e is the m%n th%t I h%ve seen2 ?ueE7%i remember th%t in perect tenses, p%st p%rticiple %.rees !ith the direct obEect in .ender %nd plur%lity i the direct obEect comes beore the verb lles sont les emmes ?ueE7%i vu es2 - :hey %re the !omen th%t I h%ve seen2 I Jue is olled by % vo!el, it is shortened to Ju$2 Il est l7homme ?u8il % vu 2 - e is the m%n th%t he h%s seen2 Jui is never shortened, even !hen ollo!ed by % vo!el Jui %nd Jue c%n modiy both people %nd thin.s Ke vois l% voiture ?uiest c%ss@ 2 - I see the c%r th%t is broken2 Jui %nd Jue c%n modiy both m%sculine %nd eminine nouns Jui %nd Jue c%n modiy both sin.ul%r %nd plur%l nouns in the phr%ses ce Jui %nd ce Jue, !hich liter%lly me%n that which, but more n%tur%lly me%n what, ce is the noun •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•


Lesson 3208 C evolution


Level Three Lessons

Lesson 3209 C Aodern Fr%nce %Q Co&#arative French %ra&&ar 5 =odern France he Co&#arative 5 Le Co&#arati1 "djectives 'ubE [ Aerb Co&#arative "djective Co&#arative 3bject Ke suis intelli.ent toi2 #lus ?ue I %m &ore intelli.ent than you Ke suis intelli.ent toi2 &oins ?ue I %m less intelli.ent than you Ke suis aussi intelli.ent ?ue toi2 I %m intelli.ent you2 as as "dverbs 'ubE [ Aerb Co&#arative "dverb Co&#arative 3bject Ke vois #lusâussi^&oins cl%irement ?ue toi2 &ore than I see cle%rly you2 as as less than Aerbs 'ubE Ke I

Eoue Aerb pl%y

'ubE [ Aerb Co&#arative #lus de Ke Eoue O autant de &oins de &ore I pl%y as &any less


Co&#arative Co&#arative 3bject #lusâutant^&oins ?ue toi2 &ore than as &uch as you2 less than ouns oun Co&#arative 3bject Eeux

?ue

toi

.%mes

than as than

toi2

Lesson 3209 C Aodern Fr%nce live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

Level Three Lessons

Lesson 320 C =urrent events %Q Future :er1ect In French, the uture perect tense is c%lled the futur ant-rieur2

For&ation


:he uture perect is % perect tense, %nd thereore consists o %n %uxili%ry verb %nd % p%st perect2 :he %uxili%ry verb, avoir or Utre, is conEu.%ted in the uture tense2 &ll rules th%t %pply to the p%ss@ compos@ %nd other perect tenses, such %s cert%in verbs usin. Utre %s %n %uxili%ry verb, %ppy to the uture perect %s !ell2

French %ra&&ar 5 Current events he Future :er1ect 5 Le 1utur antrieur #arler #asser 'ubject "voir ConjE :ast :artE 'ubject tre ConjE :ast :artE E7 %ur%i p%rl@ Ee ser%i p%ss@eH tu %ur%s p%rl@ tu ser%s p%ss@eH il %ur% p%rl@ il ser% p%ss@ elle %ur% p%rl@ elle ser% p%ss@e nous %urons p%rl@ nous serons p%ss@eHs vous %ure/ p%rl@ vous sere/ p%ss@eHsH ils %uront p%rl@ ils seront p%ss@s elles %uront p%rl@ elles seront p%ss@es

@se hr%ses constructed in the uture perect tense me%n !ill h%ve ed in both French %nd n.lish2 :his construction is used to s%y th%t beore %n event occurs, somethin. else !ill h%ve occured by th%t time2

AQ e*s un Duotidien % d%ily ne!sp%per un hebdom%d%ire % !eekly m%.%/ine l7%ctu%lit@ ne!s, current events les nouvelles ne!s les %its divers loc%l ne!s items se tenir inorm@eH to st%y inormed l%une

therontp%.e

AQ French 'ocial :roble&s lec%mbrioleur un voleur l7incendie2H lev%nd%lisme l7%cte de terrorisme m2H or un %ttent%t l%crimin%lit@

bur.l%r thie % ire v%nd%lism terrorism crime

AQ French %overn&ent •

L8lection #rsidentielle Q Le pr@sident de l% r@publiDue est @lu pour 5 %ns %u sur%.e universel direct2 L7@lection comporte " tours  %u premier tour l% plup%rt des p%rtis, petits ou .r%nds, proposent un c%ndid%t2 Il existe %ussi de nombreux c%ndid%ts soutenus p%r %ucun p%rti2 Il y % souvent entre 0 et 5 c%ndid%ts %u premier tour2 Les " c%ndid%ts %rriv%nt en tSte %u premier tour s7%rontent lors du deuxiPme tour2 n .@n@r%l, il y % un c%ndid%t du  et un c%ndid%t de l7*A %u deuxiPme tour2 n "00", O l% surprise .@n@r%le, Ke%n-A%rie Lepen F)H est %rriv@ deuxiPme %u premier tour dev%nt Lionel Kospin H2 Le second tour % donc oppos@ K%cDues =hir%c *AH et Ke%n-A%rie Lepen F)H2 K%cDues =hir%c l7% l%r.ement emport@ %vec 80 des voix2 Le r@sident de l% @publiDue est le che des %rm@es et il [email protected] le remier Ainistre2 L8"sse&ble ationale Q Les d@put@s sont @lus %u sur%.e universel direct O " tours2 Les d@put@s peuvent renvers@ le .ouvernement si l% politiDue Du7il conduit ne leur convient p%s2 Le remier Ainistre doit %lors d@missionner2 Le r@sident de l% @publiDue est donc obli.@ de choisir un remier Ainistre %y%nt l% m%Eorit@ des d@put@s O l7&ssembl@e )%tion%le2 L7&ssembl@e )%tion%le vote les lois propos@es p%r le .ouvernement2 Le snat Q •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Il est @lu %u sur%.e indirect  seul les m%ires et les %utres @lus peuvent voter pour les s@n%teurs2 Les s@n%teurs peuvent modiier cert%ines lois m%is ont %sse/ peu de pouvoir2

AQ French :olitics >uel?ues ho&&es #oliti?ues

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Le %rti oci%liste H  Lionel Eospin, Fr%n6ois oll%nde, @.olPne oy%l, K%ck L%n.,2222 L7*A  K%cDues =hir%c r@sident de l% @publiDueH, +ominiDue de
La #oliti?ue en France •

n r%nce, les p%rtis politiDues sont de droite ou de .%uche2 O droite  l7*A, l7*+F et le Front )%tion%l F)H2 O .%uche  le , les
•

•

Les .ouvernements de .%uche sont compos@s de membres du %rti oci%liste, de DuelDues membres du =F et des

Lesson 320 C =urrent events live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

$& AA &

une fleuve au pont de Sainte)arguerite

%ra&&ar Contents •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

#" - &dEectives #5 - &dverbs ## - $ender 8 - )e.%tion 83 - repositions 85  ronouns 9  entences 9"- :enses 95 
•

$r%mm%r

&dEectives Kust like %rticles, French %dEectives %lso h%ve to m%tch the nouns th%t they modiy in .ender %nd plur%lity2

2egular For&ation


'#elling Aost %dEective ch%n.es occur in the ollo!in. m%nner •

Feminine %dd %n -e to the m%sculine orm un .%r6on int@ress%nt -- une ille int@ress%nte un %mi %mus%nt -- une %mie %mus%nt e un c%mion lent -- une voiture lente lur%l %dd %n -s to the sin.ul%r orm un .%r6on int@ress%nt -- des .%r6ons int@ress%nt s une ille int@ress%nte -- des illes int@ress%nte s •

•

•

•

•

•

:ronunciation $ener%lly, the in%l conson%nt is pronounced only !hen it comes beore %n -e2 Aost %dEectives, such %s those %bove, %re %ected by this rule2 A%sculine ronuci%tion int-ressan, amusan, len Feminine ronunci%tion int-ressant, amusant, lent •

•

Irregular For&ation Irregular :lural For&ation
-x

un homme .@n@reux un .%r6on urieux

-/

un .%/ d%n.ereux

-%ux -eux -e%ux -%ux

un Eourn%l un pieu un chRte%u un Eourn%l

-/

-%u -eu -e%u -%l

des .ros porcs des hommes .@n@reux des .%r6ons urieux des .%/ d%n.ereux des Eourn%ux des pieux

/ce#tionsQl%nd%u l%nd%usH, s%rr%u s%rr%usH /ce#tionsQbleu bleusH, pneu pneusH

des chRte%ux des Eourn%ux

]] -ou

otes

-oux un biEou des biEoux

/ce#tionsQb%l, c%l, c%rn%v%l, ch%c%l, estiv%l, p%l, r@cit%l et r@.%l t%ke %n 7s7 otesQ'hile most -ou %dEectives h%ve %n s %dded in the plur%l orm, seven %re the exception2 :hese %re un biEou des biEoux, 0ewelH, un c%illou des c%illoux, stoneHH, un pou des poux, louseH, un EouEou des EouEoux, toy H, un chou des choux, ca!!ageH, un hibou des hiboux, owlH, un .enou des .enoux, neeH

'#ecial 2ules "djectives hat :recede ouns &dEectives th%t %re used reDuently .o beore nouns2 :hese %re •

•

•

be%u nouve%u vieux bon m%uv%is petit .r%nd lon. Eoli Eeune .ros

Changes in =eaning 'hen .r%nd .oes beore % noun, it me%ns .re%t2 o!ever, !hen it .oes %ter the noun, it me%ns t%ll2 Like!ise, !hen p%uvre .oes beore % noun, it me%ns unortun%te2 'hen it comes %ter the noun, it me%ns in%nci%lly poor2 :his rule !orks most o the time, but be c%reul, p%uvre c%n me%n in%nci%lly poor even !hen used beore the nouns2

BeauS ouveauS and Aieu =ascE 'ingE =ascE 'ing =ascE :lural Fe&E 'ingE 6all Fe&E :lural ConsE Ao*el Beau un be%u .%r6on un bel individu de be%ux .%r6ons une belle illette de belles illettes un nouve%u de nouve%ux une nouvelle de nouvelles ouveau un nouvel ordre c%mion ordres id@e id@es Aieu un vieux c%mion un vieil ordre de vieux c%mions une vieille id@e de vieilles id@es

:ossessive "djectives In n.lish, !e s%y her c%r !hen the o!ner o the c%r is % !om%n %nd his c%r !hen the o!ner is % m%n2 In French, they s%y s% voiture even i the o!ner is % m%le2 It is not the o!ner !ho determines the .ender o the possessive %dEective but the obEect o!ned2 First person sin.ul%r - mon, m%, mes econd person sin.ul%r inorm%lH - ton, t%, tes :hird person sin.ul%r - son, s%, ses First person plur%l - notre, notre, nos econd person plur%l %nd polite ormH - votre, votre, vos :hird person plur%l - leur, leur, leurs $r%mm%r

&dEectives live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

$r%mm%r

&dverbs French %dverbs, like their n.lish counterp%rts, %re used to modiy live version French1$r%mm%r1&dEectives, other %dverbs, %nd French1$r%mm%r1
•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

ome %dverbs %re derived rom %dEectives in completely irre.ul%r %shions, not even usin. the suix ment !on w !ien .ood w !ellH mauvais w mal b%d w b%dlyH meilleur w mieux better-%dEective w better-%dverbH pire w pis !orse-%dEective w !orse-%dverbH &nd, %s in n.lish, m%ny common %dverbs %re not derived rom %dEectives %t %ll ainsi thus or thuslyH •

•

•

•

•

:lace&ent :he pl%cement o French %dverbs is %lmost the s%me %s the pl%cement o n.lish %dverbs2 &n %dverb th%t modiies %n %dEective or %dverb comes beore th%t %dEective or %dverb •

•

•

compl-tement vrai co&#letely trueH pas possi!le not possibleH tellement discr5tement so discreetlyH

&n %dverb th%t modiies %n Ininitive verb%l nounH .ener%lly comes %ter the ininitive •

marcher lentement to !%lk slo*lyH

;ut ne.%tive %dverbs, such %s pas notH, plus not %ny moreH, %nd 0amais come beore the ininitive ne pas marcher not to !%lkH •

&n %dverb th%t modiies % m%in verb or cl%use comes either %ter the verb, or beore the cl%use Lentement il commença 3 marcher or &l commença lentement 3 marcher lo!ly, he be.%n to !%lk or e be.%n slo!ly to !%lkH2 •

)ote th%t, unlike in n.lish, this is true even o ne.%tive %dverbs amais 0e n$ai fait cela or =e n$ai /amais fait cela ever h%ve I done th%t or I7ve never done th%tH •

List o1 Co&&on "dverbs •

%prPs

2 %ter!%rds Gn va au cin-ma apr5s We$ll go the cinema afterwards "2 %lso % preposition $r%mm%r

&dverbs live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

$r%mm%r

$ender %ender o1 ouns In French, %ll nouns h%ve % gra&&atical gender, th%t is, they %re m%sculine or eminine or the purposes o .r%mm%r only2 Aost nouns th%t express entities !ith .ender people %nd %nim%lsH use both % eminine%reorm %nd& % Hm%sculine orm, French %cteur %nd %ctrice 1H2 or ex%mple, the t!o !ords or %ctor in :he nouns th%t express entities !ithout .ender e2.2, obEects %nd %bstr%ct conceptsH h%ve only one orm2 :his orm c%n be m%sculine or eminine2 For ex%mple, la voiture the c%rH c%n only be eminineJ le stylo the penH c%n only be m%sculine2 :here %re some nouns th%t express entities !ith .ender or !hich there is only one orm, !hich is used re.%rdless o the %ctu%l .ender o the entity, or ex%mple, the !ord or personJ personne J is %l!%ys eminine, even i the person is m%le, %nd the !ord or te%cherJ professeurJ is %l!%ys m%sculine even i the te%cher is em%le2


/a&#les French %ra&&ar 5 %ender 5 audio 6in1o 5 kb 5 hel# %ender o1 ouns 5 %enre des o&s Co&&on /ndings @sed =asculine With =asculine ounsQ le rom%.e le chev%l the horse -age the cheese le proesseur le chien the do. -r the te%cher le ch%t lelivre thebook -t the c%t le c%pit%lisme le bruit the noise -is&e c%pit%lism Co&&on /ndings @sed Fe&inine With Fe&inine ounsQ l% boul%n.erie l% colombe the dove -ie the b%kery l% n%tion l% chemise the shirt -ion the n%tion l% r%ternit@ l% m%ison the house -ite^-it brotherhood l% b%l%nce l% libert@ liberty -nce the sc%les l% ille -nne the .irl -&&e -lle lindienne the Indi%n *nortun%tely, there %re m%ny exceptions in French !hich c%n only be le%rned2 :here %re even !ords th%t %re spelled the s%me, but h%ve % dierent me%nin. !hen m%sculine or eminineJ or ex%mple, un livre &H me%ns % book, but une livre 1H me%ns % pound ome !ords th%t %ppe%r to be m%sculine like la photo, !hich is %ctu%lly short or la photographieH %re in %ct eminine, %nd vice vers%2 :hen there %re some th%t Eust don7t m%ke senseJ la foi is eminine %nd me%ns % belie, !here%s le foie me%ns liver2 :o help overcome this hurdle !hich m%ny be.inners ind very diicult, be sure to le%rn the .enders %lon. !ith the !ords2

.e1inite and Inde1inite "rticles he .e1inite "rticle In n.lish, the deinite %rticle is %l!%ys thej2 In French, the deinite %rticle is ch%n.ed dependin. on the noun7s 2 $ender "2 lur%lity 32 First letter o the !ord :here %re three deinite %rticles %nd %n %bbrevi%tion2 Le is used or m%sculine nouns, L% is used or eminine nouns, Les is used or plur%l nouns both m%sculine or eminineH, %nd L7  is used !hen the noun be.ins !ith % vo!el or silent h both m%sculine or eminineH2 It is simil%r to en.lish, !here % ch%n.es to %n beore % vo!el2

French %ra&&ar 5 %ender 5 audio 6in1o 57 kb 5 hel# he .e1inite "rticle 5 L8article d1ini eminine l% l%ille thed%u.hter sin.ul%r le leils theson sin.ul%r, st%rtin. !ith % vo!el l len%nt thechild sound les illes the d%u.hters plur%l les les ils the sons les en%nts the children )ote *nlike n.lish, the deinite %rticle is used to t%lk %bout somethin. in % .ener%l sense, % .ener%l st%tement or eelin. %bout %n ide% or thin.2

he Inde1inite "rticle In n.lish, the indeinite %rticles %re % %nd %n2 ome is used %s % plur%l %rticle in n.lish2 &.%in, indeinite %rticles in French t%ke dierent orms dependin. on .ender %nd plur%lity2 :he %rticles *n %nd une liter%lly me%n one in French2

French %ra&&ar 5 %ender 5 audio 6in1o 5$$ kb 5 hel# he Inde1inite "rticle 5 L8article ind1ini eminine une une ille % d%u.hter sin.ul%r m%sculine un un ils % son des illes some d%u.hters plur%l des des ils some sons

des ils does me%n some sons but is %n homo.r%ph it c%n %lso me%n some thre%ds

&lso note th%t des, like les is used in French beore plur%l nouns !hen no %rticle is used in n.lish2 Let7s im%.ine you %re lookin. %t photo.r%phs in %n %lbum2 In n.lish, !e !ould s%y I %m lookin. %t photo.r%phs2 In French, you c%nnot s%y, Ke re.%rde photo.r%phies, you must tell !hich photo.r%phs you %re lookin. %t usin. %n %rticle2 I you !ere lookin. %t % set o specific pictures, you !ould s%y Ke re.%rde les photo.r%phies2 I %m lookin. %t the photo.r%phs2H I you !ere Eust lippin. throu.h the %lbum, lookin. %t nothin. in p%rticul%r, you !ould s%y, Ke re.%rd des photo.r%phies2 I %m lookin. %t some photo.r%phs2H

'ubject #ronouns French h%s six dierent types o pronouns the st, "nd, %nd 3rd person sin.ul%r %nd the st, "nd, %nd 3rd person plur%l2

French %ra&&ar 5 %ender 5 audio 6in1o 5H kb 5 hel# 'ubject :ronouns 5 Les #rono&s sou&is sin.ul%r Ee I st person plur%l nous !e sin.ul%r tu you "nd person plur%l vous you sin.ul%r il, elle, on he, she, one 3rd person they m%sculineH plur%l ils, elles they eminineH 'hen reerrin. to more th%n one person in the "nd person, vousj must be used2 'hen reerrin. to % sin.le person, vousj or tuj m%y be used dependin. on the situ%tionJ see notes in lesson 2 In %ddition to the nu%nces bet!een vous %nd tu, %s discussed in lesson , French pronouns c%rry me%nin.s th%t do not exist in n.lish pronouns2 :he French third person on h%s sever%l me%nin.s, but most closely m%tches the no! %rch%ic n.lish one2 'hile in n.lish, ne must be very c%reul in French .r%mm%r sounds old-%shioned, the French eDuiv%lent n doit %ire trPs %ttention O l% .r%mm%ire r%n6%ise is Duite %ccept%ble2 &lso, !hile the third person plur%l they h%s no .ender in n.lish, the French eDuiv%lents ils %nd elles do2 o!ever, !hen pronounced, they norm%lly sound the s%me %s il %nd elle, so distin.uishin. the dierence reDuires underst%ndin. o the v%rious conEu.%tions o the verbs ollo!in. the pronoun2 &lso, i % .roup o people consists o both m%les %nd em%les, the m%le orm is used, even i there is only one m%le in % .roup o thous%nds o em%les2 In everyd%y l%n.u%.e, onj is used, inste%d o nousj, to express !ejJ the verb is %l!%ys used in the 3rd person sin.ul%r2 For ex%mple, to s%y 'e %reH meetin. %t # o7clock, you could s%y either  Gn se rencontre au cin-ma 3 sept heures"M colloDui%lH or @ous nous rencontrons au cin-ma 3 sept heures"M orm%lH2 For more, see the 'ikipedi% entry2 $r%mm%r

$ender


$r%mm%r

)e.%tion ne..pas •

imple ne.%tion is done by !r%ppin. ne"""pas %round the verb2 Ke ne vole p%s2 - I do not ste%l2 In % perect tense, ne"""pas !r%ps %round the %uxill%ry verb, not the p%rticiple2 •

•

•

•

Ke ininitive n7%i p%s vol@2 - I h%ve never stolen2 'hen %n %nd conEu.%ted verb %re to.ether, ne"""pas usu%lly !r%ps %round the conEu.%ted verb2 Ke ne veux p%s voler2 - I do not !%nt to ste%l2 ne pas c%n %lso .o directly in ront o the ininitive or % dierent me%nin.2 Ke veux ne p%s voler2 - I !%nt to not ste%l2 ne .oes beore %ny pronoun rel%tin. to the verb it %ects2 Ke ne le vole p%s2 - I did not ste%l it2 •

•

•

•

•


3ther egative /#ressions ne222%ucuneH ne222E%m%is ne222ni222ni ne222p%s du tout ne222p%s encore ne222personne

not %ny, none, no never neither222nor not %t %ll not yet nobody

ne222plus ne222.uPre ne222Due

no lon.er h%rdly only

•

ne"""personne !r%ps %round the entire verb set2 Ke ne l7%i donn@ O personne2 - I did not .ive it too %nyone2 Ke ne veux le donner O personne2 - I do not !%nt to .ive it to %nybody2 ne"""ni"""ni reDuires t!o obEects, either direct or indirect, %nd comes beore them2 Ke ne l7%i donn@ ni O mon rPre, ni O m% sûr2 - I .%ve it neither to my brother nor my sister2 Ke ne peux voir ni mon rPre ni m% sûr2 - I %m not %ble to see neither my brother nor my sister2 In ne"""aucun,e., aucun,e. goes !efore an o!0ect" Il n7% %ucun %mi2 &ucun2 - e h%s no riend2 )one2 Il n7% %ucune euille de p%pier2 &ucune2 - e h%s no sheet o p%per2 )one2 •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

• •

Il Du7une de p%pier2 - eeth%s o p%per2 Il n7% Ke ne peux euille .uPre voir mon rPre m%only sûrone - I piece c%n h%rdly see my brother %nd sister2

'#oken French )o!, the 7ne7 sometimes dis%ppe%rs !hen one spe%ks2 o!ever, it is %l!%ys used in !ritten French %nd in orm%l convers%tions2 •

•

Ke l7%i donn@ O personne I didn7t .ive it to %nyoneH Ke s%is p%s I don7t kno!H $r%mm%r

)e.%tion live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

$r%mm%r

repositions live version discussion exercises edit lesson comment report %n error %sk % Duestion

Co&&on :re#ositions

:re#ostion

O

ranslation 2 to "2 %t 32 o 42 in

/a&#le =e vais , Paris2 -- & am going to Paris2 =e pars , cinJ heures2 -- & am leaving at five 1$est un ami , moi" -- This is a friend of mine" 1$est la voiture 3 =ohn" -This is =ohn$s car"

O cUt@ de next to, besides O l7int@rieur inside de %prPs

%ter

%u-del% %vec che/

beyond !ith %tthehomeo

contre

%.%inst

d%ns

in

de

2 o, rom "2 %bout

dehors derriPre dev%nt

outside behind in ronto

en

in

entre ici loinde

bet!een here %r

otes -xpresses % report1r%tio o pl%ce toH, time %tH, possession o or 7sH, me%ns, m%nner, price2 - Introduced % complement o indirect obEect or % complement o %ttribution, % complement o the n%me or %dEective2 <ern%tive ded%ns r%rely used %s % prepositionH

n m%n.e a#rs %voir bu 'e e%t a1ter !e drink

&lso %n %dverb2

La paille est contre la maison the straw is against the house ynonym en &lso %n indeinite %rtcle2 =ontr%ctions du, des I& 1d`1

*sed mostly to indic%te dist%nce in time or sp%ce2 &lso % pronoun2otheverb &lso%conEu.%tion

entrer2

p%r prPs de pour s%ns selon

2 throu.h "2 by, or ne%r or !ithout 2 %ccordin. to "2 in %ccord%nce !ith

sous

belo!,under

sur

2 on "2 upon 32 on top o 42 %bove 52 out o (2 sept sur dix seven out o tenH

&lso % noun le par  ,golf. par I& 1pur1

el%ted term dessous &lso % noun m pl o sou  penny%

wothless thing% peanuts ynonyms %u-dessus de %boveH &ntonyms sous belo!, underH &ntonyms dessous, %u-dessous-de belo!H &lso %n %dEective m sing, me%nin. sure I& 1syr1 %udioH $r%mm%r

repositions live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

$r%mm%r

ronouns live version discussion exercises First person sin.ul%r I, meH - Ke, moi edit lesson econd person sin.ul%r youH -
'ubject :ronouns •

•

•

•

•

•

he #ronoun on :he subEect pronoun on is %n%lo.ous to the n.lish person%l pronoun one, except th%t it is not so orm%l, %nd is more common2 It h%s % number o uses It is used in the s%me !%ys %s the n.lish person%l pronoun one It is used in expressin. .ener%lities  =7est en or.e%nt Du7 on devient or.eur2 z It is by bl%cksmithin. th%t one becomes % bl%cksmith2H It is the implicit subEect or %n ininitive th%t h%s no other implicit subEect  penser Du7on % r%ison z to think th%t one is ri.ht, i2e2 to think onesel1 ri.htH2 •

•

•

•

•

•

;ec%use limited p%ssive voice, it iszoten used %s it%ntoempty subEect or Itis unkno!noorFrench7s unimport%nt  3n me l7% donn@2 >Gn? .%ve me or I !%s!hen .iventhe it%.ent !%s .iven to me2H It is used %s % less orm%l substitute or the subEect pronoun nous weH2 In this c%se, note th%t even thou.h on %l!%ys t%kes % third-person sin.ul%r verb, it t%kes plur%l %dEectives  n est %m@ric%ins z, 'e7re &meric%nH2 &lso, note th%t the other orms o nous direct obEect, indirect obEect, %nd disEunctiveH %re not repl%ced by orms o on unless on is the subEect %s !ell2 ence,  Ils nous l7ont donn@ z, :hey .%ve it to us, but  n se l7est donn@ z, 'e .%ve it to ourselves2H It is not the number , %nd thereore is not used to me%n one o them2 In French %s in n.lish, numbers c%n be used %s pronouns g  +eux sont entr@s et un est ressorti z,

:!o !ent in %nd one c%me b%ck out g but the number  is un,e., not on2 Gn does not h%ve ordin%ry direct- %nd indirect-obEect pronouns, only the relexive pronoun se2 imil%rly, its disEunctive-pronoun orm, soi, is only used !hen on is the subEect %nd soi reers to the s%me entity2 :he pronoun JuelJu$un someoneH c%n ill some o the roles o on, in the s%me !%y th%t

one %nd someone %re sometimes interch%n.e%ble in n.lish2

me# te# nousS and vous •

+irect %nd Indirect bEect ronouns

=eanings •

•

•

•

•

•

me - me, to me te - you, to you sin.ul%r, inorm%lH lui - to him nous - us, to us vous -- you, to you plur%l, orm%lH leurs to them

:lace in sentences •

:hese pronouns %re pl%ced beore the verb th%t they modiy Ke te vois2 - I see you2 Ke veux te voir2 - I !%nt to see you2 I % perect tense is used, these pronouns .o beore the %uxill%ry verb2 Ke t7%i vu2 - I s%! you2 •

•

•

•

.irect 3bject 2e#lace&ent •

•

•

•

Il me voit2 - e sees me2 Il te voit2 - e sees you2 Il Il nous vous voit2 voit2 -- e e sees sees us2 you2

Indirect 3bject 2e#lace&ent •

•

•

•

Il m7%ppelle2 - e c%lls to me2 Il te le Eette2 - e thro!s it to you2 Il nous le Eette2 - e thro!s it to us2 Il vous le Eette2 - e thro!s it to you2

le# laS and les le% la, %nd les %re c%lled direct obEect pronouns, bec%use they %re pronouns th%t %re, you .uessed it, used %s direct obEect2 & direct obEect is % noun th%t receives the %ction o % verb2 Il Eette la !oule2 - e thro!s the !all2 In the %bove sentence la !oule is the direct obEect2 •

Bou h%ve le%rned e%rlier th%t n%mes %nd re.ul%r nouns c%n be repl%ced by the subEect pronouns  0e% tu222H2 imil%ry, direct obEects, such %s l% boule, c%n be repl%ced by pronouns2

le - repl%ces % m%sculine sin.ul%r direct obEect la - repl%ces % eminine sin.ul%r direct obEect l$ - repl%ces le %nd la i they come beore % vo!el les - repl%ces plur%l direct obEects, both m%sculine %nd eminine :he direct obEect pronouns come beore the verb they %re linked to2 Il la Eette2 - e thro!s it2 Il les Eette2 - e thro!s them2 •

•

•

•

•

•

lui and leur Indirect obEects %re preposition%l phr%ses !ith the obEect o the preoposition &n indirect obEect is % noun th%t receives the %ction o % verb2 Il Eette l% boule O K%cDues2 - e thro!s the b%ll to K%ck2 Il Eette l% boule O A%rie2 - e thro!s the b%ll to A%ry2 Il Eette l% boule O K%cDues et A%rie2 - e thro!s the b%ll to K%ck %nd A%ry2 •

•

•

Lui %nd leur %re indirect obEect pronouns2 :hey repl%ce nouns reerrin. to people %nd me%n to himCher %nd to them respectively2 lui - repl%ces % sin.ul%r m%sculine or eminine indirect obEect reerrin. to % hum%n leur - repl%ces % plur%l m%sculine or eminine indirect obEect reerrin. to % hum%n &n ex%mple ollo!s Il lui Eette l% boule2 - e thro!s the b%ll to him2 •

•

•

•

•

Il lui Eette l% boule2 - e thro!s the b%ll to her2 Il leur Eette l% boule2 - e thro!s the b%ll to them2

'hether lui me%ns to him or to her is .iven by context2 In n.lish, e thro!s him the b%ll is %lso s%id, %nd me%ns the s%me thin.2 'hen used !ith the direct obEect pronouns le% la, %nd les, lui %nd leur come %ter those pronouns2 •

Il l% lui Eette2 - e thro!s it to him2

)ote th%t !hile le% la, %nd les %re used to repl%ce people or in%nim%te obEects, lui %nd leur %re not used to repl%ce inn%nim%te obEects %nd thin.s2 &lso note th%t unlike le %nd la, !hich %re shortened to l$ !hen ollo!ed by % vo!el, lui is never shortened

* Indirect 3bject :ronoun - to it# to them :he French pronoun y is used to repl%ce %n obEect o % preposition%l phr%se introduced by O2

•

•

Ke r@ponds %ux Duestions2 - K7 y r@ponds2 I respond to the Duestions2 - I respond to them2


2e#lace&ent o1 :laces - there :he French pronoun y repl%ces % preposition%l phr%se reerrin. to % pl%ce th%t be.ins !ith %ny preposition except de or !hich en is usedH2 •

•



Idio&s •

•


en 2e#lace&ent o1 a :artitive Construction 2e#lace&ent o1 >uanti1ied ouns 2e#lace&ent o1 :hrases *ith de •

:he pronoun en repl%ces preposition%l phr%ses be.innin. !ith de i the obEect o the preposition is reerrin. to % thin. or pl%ce2 Ke viens de %ris2 - I come rom %ris2 K7 en viens2 - I come rom it2 )ote th%t stress pronouns, %nd not en %re used i the obEect reers to % person or persons2 •

•

•

:ronoun 3rder 3rder Chart I % sentence uses no ininitive, the pronouns %re embedded %s ollo!s

'ubject .irect or .irect 3bj Indirect :ronoun eg eg Indirect :ronouns 3bjects 6or noun Ee me tu le te p%s il elleH l% lui conEu.%ted p%st ne nous y en plus nous l7 leur verb p%rticiple vous etc222 vous les se relexiveH ils ellesH I % sentence uses %n ininitive, the pronouns %re embedded %s ollo!s 'ubject .irect or .irect 3bj Indirect :ronoun eg eg Indirect :ronouns 3bjects 6or noun Ee me tu le p%s te il elleH conEu.%ted p%st l% lui ne plus nous y en ininitive nous verb p%rticiple l7 leur etc222 vous vous les se relexiveH ils ellesH

3rder 2ules •

'hen % sentence uses the indirect obEect pronouns me, te, nous, %nd vous !ith the direct obEect pronouns le, la, %nd les, me, te, nous, %nd vous .o irst2 Il me le donne2 - e .%ve it to me2 'hen % sentence uses the indirect obEect pronouns lui %nd leur !ith the direct obEect pronouns •

•

le, la, %nd , la, %nd les.%ve .o irst2 Il leleslui, ledonne2 - e it to him1her2 'hen y is used in the s%me sentence %s other pronouns, y .oes %ter %ll o them !ith the exception o en2 Il m7emmPne O %ris2 - e t%kes me to %ris2 Il m7y emmPne2 - e t%kes me there2 K in conEunction !ith en is only used in % e! c%ses2 Il y en %2 - :here exist sever%l ones2 'hen there %re t!o pronouns in % sentence, en %l!%ys .o l%st2 •

•

•

•

•

•

•

L8i&#rati1 'hen expressin. positive comm%nds, there %re sever%l rules one must remember !hen usin. obEect pronouns2 :heses %re :he pronouns %re %tt%ched the the verb !ith % hyphen2 etrouve-l%2 - Find it2 Ae %nd :e become moi %nd toi2 +onne/-moi les vid@os2 - $ive me the videos2 Le, la, %nd les precede %ll other obEect pronouns2 +onne/-le-moi2 - $ive it to me2 •

•

•

•

•

•

:ossesive :ronouns ossessive pronouns repl%ce possessive %rticle  noun sets2

French %ra&&ar 5 :ronouns :ossesive :ronouns 5 Les #rono&s #ossesi1s mon cop%in ton cop%in son cop%in notre cop%in votre cop%in leur cop%in my riend your riend his1her riend our riend your riend their riend le &ien le tien le sien le ntre le vtre le leur &ine yours his^hers ours yours theirs ses cop%ins mesriends cop%ins your tes cop%ins nos riends cop%ins your vos cop%ins leurs riends cop%ins my riends his1her our riends their riends les &iens les tiens les siens les ntres les vtres les leurs &ine yours his^hers ours yours theirs m% copine t% copine s% copine notre copine votre copine leurs copine my riend your riend his1her riend our riend your riend their riend la &ienne le tienne le sienne la ntre la vtre la leur &ine yours his^hers ours yours theirs ses copines mes copines tes copines nos copines vos copines leurs copines his1her my riends your riends our riends your riends their riends riends les &iennes les tiennes les siennes les ntres les vtres les leurs &ine yours his^hers ours yours theirs
•

f  % stress pronoun is used !hen the noun repl%ced is %lso the subEect o the sentence2 :his usu%lly occurs in sentences !ith Stre2 •

•

lle est t% voiture? - Is th%t your c%r? ui, elle est O moi2 - Bes, it is mine2 $r%mm%r

ronouns live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

$r%mm%r

entences live version discussion exercises edit lesson comment report %n error %sk % Duestion

Interrogation >uestion Words •

•

•

•

•

•

Q? - 'here? Gu%nd? - 'hen? ourDuoi? - 'hy? =omment? - o!? Guel1Guels1Guelle1Guelles? - 'h%t? Gui? - 'ho?

Co&&ands )ain article' FrenchC:rammarCTensesC&mperative $r%mm%r

entences live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

$r%mm%r

:enses Aerb enses 'orted by =ood on-1inite For&s •

Le p%rticipe pr@sent :he resent %rticipleH

•

•

•

•

p%rticipe p%ss@ :he %st %rticipleH Le
L8indicati1 6he Indicative =ood 'i&#le enses •

•

•

•

Le pr@sent de l7indic%ti :he resent Indic%tiveH L7imp%r%it de l7indic%ti :he ImperectH Le p%ss@ simple :he %st istoricH Le utur :he FutureH

:er1ect enses •

•

•

•

•

Le p%ss@ compos@ :he resent erectH Le plus-Due-p%r%it de l7indic%ti :he luperect o the Indic%tiveH Le p%ss@ %nt@rieur :he %st &nteriorH Le utur %nt@rieur :he Future &nteriorH Le p%ss@ du subEoncti :he ubEunctive %stH

3ther enses •

•

Le p%ss@ r@cent :he )e%r %stH Le utur proche :he )e%r FutureH

Le subjoncti1 6he 'ubjunctive =ood • •

•

•

Le subEonctidu:he ubEunctiveH L$imparfait su!0onctif ,The &mperfect Su!0unctive. Le subEoncti p%ss@ :he %st ubEunctiveH Le plusJueparfait du su!0onctif ,The Pluperfect Su!0unctive.


L8i&#rati1 6he I&#erative =ood •

•

L7imp@r%ti :he Imper%tiveH L7imp@r%ti p%ss@ :he %st Imper%tiveH

Le conditionnel 6he Conditional =ood •

•

•

Le conditionnel :he =ondition%lH Le conditionnel p%ss@ :he %st =ondition%lH Le deuxi5me forme du conditionnel pass- ,The Second Form of the Past 1onditional.

Aerb enses 'orted by y#e 'i&#le enses •

•

•

•

•

•

•

Le pr@sent de l7indic%ti :he resent Indic%tiveH L7imp%r%it de l7indic%ti :he ImperectH Le p%ss@ simple :he %st istoricH Le utur :he FutureH Le conditionnel :he =ondition%lH Le pr@sent du subEoncti :he resent ubEunctiveH L7imp%r%it du subEoncti :he Imperect ubEunctiveH

:er1ect enses •

•

•

•

•

•

•

Le p%ss@ compos@ :he resent perectH Le plus-Due-p%r%it de l7indic%ti :he luperect o the Indic%tiveH Le plus-Due-p%r%it du subEoncti :he luperect o the ubEunctiveH Le p%ss@ %nt@rieur :he %st &nteriorH Le utur %nt@rieur :he Future &nteriorH Le conditionnel p%ss@ :he =ondition%l %stH Le p%ss@ du subEoncti :he ubEunctive %stH

:er1ect ense Co&#onents •

•

•

Le p%rticipe pr@sent :he resent %rticipleH Le p%rticipe p%ss@ :he %st %rticipleH Le verbe %uxili%ire :he &uxili%ry
3ther enses •

•

•

•

Le p%ss@ r@cent :he )e%r %stH Le utur proche :he )e%r FutureH L7Imp@r%ti :he Imper%tiveH L7imp@r%ti p%ss@ :he %st Imper%tiveH $r%mm%r

:enses live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

$r%mm%r

•

•

•


Irre.ul%r
%eneral otes •

•

•

•

•

:he m%sculine orm %nd eminine orm o the third person %re conEu.%ted in ex%ctly the s%me m%nner2 Inste%d o mentionin. both, only the m%sculine orm !ill be used or the s%ke o brevity2 ne m%y %ssume th%t il includes elle %nd ils includes elles unless the context cle%rly indic%tes other!ise2 In t%bles sho!in. the endin.s or conEu.%tions o verbs, %n %ccent m%rk is sho!n !ithout % letter belo! it indic%tes th%t the %ccent m%rk is pl%ced %bove the l%st letter o the stem2 +eriv%tives o % verb %re conEu.%ted in the s%me m%nner %s th%t verb2 For inst%nce, devenir %nd revenir ollo! the s%me p%tterns %s venir2 In this %ppendix, !hen the conEu.%tion o the root verb is .iven, it is %ssumed th%t the re%der !ill kno! th%t deriv%tive verbs %re simil%rly conEu.%ted2 :he verb tenses here %re or.%ni/ed by mood2 :he .ener%l uses o % p%rticul%r mood !ill be covered in the p%.e linkd to by the section he%din.2 Liter%ry tenses, !hich %re only used in orm%l !ritin., %re in italics2 $r%mm%r

$r%mm%r
Irre.ul%r =onEu.%tions Bou spend % lot o time in French le%rnin. the .r%mm%tic%l rules - there %re some !ords !hich bre%k these rules, %nd they %re listed belo!, !ith !h%t they do2 &lso see !iktion%ry=%te.oryFrench verbs %nd !iktion%ryr=%[email protected]
aller Ee v%is [vE]

indicati1 #rsent nous %llons [alO~]

tu v%s [va]

vous %lle/ [ale]

il v% [va]

ils vont [vO~]

E7%ll%i [alE]

#ass si&#le nous %llRmes [alAm]

tu %ll%s [ala]

vous %llRtes [alAt]

il %ll% [ala]

ils %llPrent [alER]

i&#rati1 tu nous

v% [va] %llons [alO~]

vous

%lle/ [ale]

p%ss@

#artici#es %ll@ [ale]

pr@sent

%ll%nt [alA~]

radicau conditionnel utur simple subEoncti Ee1tu1il1ilsH subEoncti nous1vousH

ir- [iR-] %ill- [aj-]

%ll- [al-] imp%r%it  :he verb aller uses the %uxili%ry verb Utre in the pass- compos- 2


ac?urir indicati1 #rsent E7%cDuiers [akjER] nous %cDu@rons [akerO~] tu %cDuiers [akjER]

vous %cDu@re/ [akeRe]

il %cDuiert [akjER]

ils %cDuiPrent [akjER]

E7%cDuis [aki]

#ass si&#le nous %cDuTmes [akim]

tu %cDuis [aki] il %cDuit [aki] tu

vous %cDuTtes [akit] ils %cDuirent [akiR]

i&#rati1 %cDuiers [akjER]

nous

%cDu@rons [akeRO~]

vous

%cDu@re/ [akeRe]

p%ss@

#artici#es %cDuis [aki] radicau

conditionnel utur simple

%cDuerr- [akER-]

subEoncti Ee1tu1il1ilsH subEoncti nous1vousH

%cDuiPr- [akjER-] %cDu@r- [akeR-]

imp%r%it

%cDu@r- [akeR-]

avoir E7%i [e] ou [E]

indicati1 #rsent nous %vons [avO~]

tu %s [a]

vous %ve/ [ave]

il % [a]

ils ont [O~]

E7eus [y]

#ass si&#le nous eVmes [ym]

tu eus [y] il eut [y] Due E7%ie [E]

vous eVtes [yt] ils eurent [yR]

subjoncti1 Due nous %yons [EjO~]

Due tu %ies [E]

Due vous %ye/ [eje]

Du7il %it [E]

Du7ils %ient [E]

tu

i&#rati1 %ie [E]

nous

%yons [EjO~]

vous

%ye/ [eje]

#artici#es p%ss@ pr@sent

eu [y] %y%nt [ajA~]

radicau conditionnel utur simple

%ur- [Or-]

imp%r%it

%v- [av-]

s8asseoir - to sit #artici#e #rsentQ s7%ssey%nt #artici#e #assQ %ssiseHesH #rsent Ee m7%ssieds nous nous %sseyons tu t7%ssieds vous vous %sseye/ il s7%ssied ils s7%sseyent i&#rati1 %sseyons-nous %ssieds-toi %sseye/-vous #ass si&#le Ee m7%ssis nous nous %ssTmes tu t7%ssis vous vous %ssTtes il s7%ssit ils s7%ssirent

tre Ee suis [sHi]

indicati1 #rsent nous sommes [sOm]

tu es

vous Stes

[E] il est [E]

[Et] ils sont [sO~]

Ee us [fy]

#ass si&#le nous Vmes [fym]

tu us [fy]

vous Vtes [fyt]

il ut [fy]

ils urent [fyR]

Due Ee sois [swa] Due tu sois [swa] Du7il soit [swa]

subjoncti1 Due nous soyons [swajO~] Due vous soye/ [swaje] Du7ils soient [swa]

i&#rati1 tu nous

sois [swa] soyons [swajO~]

vous

soye/ [swaje]

p%ss@ pr@sent

#artici#es @t@ [ete] @t%nt [etA~]

radicau conditionnel utur simple imp%r%it

ser- [s(@)r-] @t- [et-]

1aire Ee %is [fE]

indicati1 #rsent nous %isons [f(@)zO~]

tu %is [fE]

vous %ites [fEt]

il %it [fE]

ils ont [fO~]

Ee is [fi]

#ass si&#le nous Tmes [fim]

tu is [fi]

vous Ttes [fit]

il it [fi]

ils irent [fiR]

tu

i&#rati1 %is [fE]

nous

%isons [f(@)zO~]

vous

%ites [fEt]

p%ss@ pr@sent

#artici#es %it [fE] %is%nt [f(@)zA~]


er- [fER-]

subEoncti

%ss- [fas-]

imp%r%it

%is- [fEz-]

1alloir indicati1 #rsent il %ut [fo]

#ass si&#le il %llut [faly]

#artici#e #ass %llu [faly] conditionnel utur simple subEoncti imp%r%it

radicau %udr- [fOdR-] %ill- [faj-] %ll- [fal-]

savoir Ee s%is [sE]

indicati1 #rsent nous s%vons [savO~]

tu s%is [sE]

vous s%ve/ [save]

il s%it [sE]

ils s%vent [sav]

Ee sus [sy]

#ass si&#le nous sVmes [sym]

tu sus [sy]

vous sVtes [syt]

il sut [sy]

ils surent [syR]

tu

i&#rati1 s%che [sa]

nous

s%chons [saO~]

vous

s%che/ [sae]

p%ss@ pr@sent

#artici#es su [sy] s%ch%nt [saA~]


s%ur- [sOR-]

subEoncti

s%ch- [sa-]

imp%r%it

s%v- [sav-]

venir :he verb tenir %nd verbs endin. in tenir %nd venir %lso ollo! this p%ttern2 Ee viens [vjE~]

indicati1 #rsent nous venons [v(@)!O~]

tu viens [vjE~] il vient [vjE~] Ee vins [vE~]

vous vene/ [v(@)!e] ils viennent [vjE!]

#ass si&#le nous vTnmes [vE~m]

tu vins [vE~]

vous vTntes [vE~t]

il vint [vE~]

ils vinrent [vE~R]

tu nous vous p%ss@ pr@sent

i&#rati1 viens [vyE~] venons [v(@)!O~] vene/ [v(@)!e]

#artici#es venu [v(@)!y] ven%nt [v(@)!A~]

radicau conditionnel utur simple subEoncti Ee1tu1il1ilsH

viendr- [vjE~dR-] vienn- [vjE!-]

subEoncti nous1vousH ven- [v(@)!-] imp%r%it  :he verbs venir, devenir, %nd revenir use the %uxili%ry verb Utre in the pass- compos- 2

vouloir Ee veux [v"]

indicati1 #rsent nous voulons [vulO~]

tu veux [v"]

vous voule/ [vule]

il veut [v"]

ils veulent [v#l]

Ee voulus [vuly] tu voulus [vuly] il voulut [vuly] tu

#ass si&#le nous voulVmes [vulym] vous voulVtes [vulyt] ils voulurent [vulyR]

i&#rati1 veux [v"] or veuille [v#j]

nous

voulons [vulO~]

vous

voule/ [vule] or veuille/" [v#je]

p%ss@ pr@sent

#artici#es voulu [vuly] voul%nt [vulA~]

radicau conditionnel voudr- [vudR-] utur simple veuill- [v#j-] subEoncti Ee1tu1il1ilsH subEoncti nous1vousH voul- [vul-] imp%r%it  :he imper%tive orms veux , voulons, %nd vouleA %re r%re2 " :he imper%tive orm veuilleA is used to m%ke very polite reDuests2 It is most oten used on si.ns %nd in imperson%l !ritin.2 e2.2  VeuilleA suivre les instructions cidessous"H

devoir Ee dois tudois ildoit Ee dus

indicati1 #rsent nous devons vousdeve/ ilsdoivent #ass si&#le nous dVmes

tudus ildut tu nous vous p%ss@ pr@sent conditionnel utur simple subEoncti Ee1tu1il1ilsH subEoncti nous1vousH imp%r%it

vousdVtes ilsdurent i&#rati1 dois devons deve/ #artici#es dV dev%nt radicau devrdoive dev$r%mm%r
Irre.ul%r =onEu.%tions live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

$r%mm%r
ronomin%l ronomin%l verbs %re verbs th%t, put simply, include pronouns2 :hese pronouns %re me% te% se% nous, %nd vous %nd %re used %s either direct obEects or indirect obEects, dependin. on the verb th%t they modiy2 'hen pronimin%l verbs %re conEu.%ted in perect tenses, Stre is used %s the %uxili%ry verb2 :here %re three types o pronomin%l verbs relexive verbs, reciproc%l verbs, %nd n%tur%lly pronomin%l verbs2

2e1leive Aerbs


elexive verbs relect the %ction on the subEect2 •

•

•

Ke me l%ve2 - I !%sh myself2 )ous nous l%vons2 - 'e !%sh ourselves2 Ils se l%vent2 - :hey !%sh themselves2


Ke v%is me l%ver2 - I7m .oin. to !%sh mysel2

ither the conEu.%ted verb or the ininitive c%n be ne.%ted e%ch !ith sli.htly dierent me%nin.s2 •

Ke ne v%is p%s me l%ver2 - I7m not .oin. to !%sh mysel2

In perect tenses, the p%st p%rticiples %.ree !ith the direct obEect pronoun, but not the indirect obEect pronoun, in .ender %nd plur%lity2 :hereore it !ould only %.ree !hen the relexive pronoun is the direct obEect2 &lso remember th%t the p%st p%rticiple does not %.ree !ith the direct obEect i it .oes %ter the verb2 •

•

•

•


2eci#rocal Aerbs 'ith reciproc%l verbs, people perorm %ctions to e%ch other2 •

•

•

)ous nous %imons2 - 'e like e%ch other2 Like relexive verbs, the p%st p%rticiple o reciproc%l verbs %.rees in number %nd .ender !ith the direct obEect i it .oes beore the verb2 It thereore %.rees !ith %ll reciproc%l pronouns th%t unction %s direct obEects2 )ous nous sommes %im@eHs2 - 'e liked e%ch other2

:he reciproc%l pronoun c%n %lso unction %s %n indirect obEect !ithout % direct obEect pronoun2 •

•

•

)ous nous sommes p%rl@2 - 'e spoke to e%ch other2 lles se sont t@l@phon@2 - :hey c%lled to one %nother2
aturally :rono&inal Aerbs ome verbs %re pronomin%l !ithout perormin. % relexive or reciproc%l %ction2 :u te souvenu? - Bou remember? •

•

In perect tenses, these verbs %.ree !ith the direct obEect i it .oes beore the verb2 ther!ise, the p%st p%rticiple %.rees !ith the subEect2 lle s7est souvenue2 - he remembered2

ome verbs h%ve dierent me%nin.s %s pronomin%l verbs2 •

•

rendre - to return, to .ive b%ck se rendre OH - to .o toH

2e1leive Aerbs .etails 2e1leive Aerbs in French %re %ctions th%t one does to onesel2 :hey c%n be reco.nised bec%use their ininitive orm h%s the pronoun se in ront o it or s$ beore % vo!el2 'hen conEu.%tin. % relexive verb you must use the correct relexive pronoun2 :he ollo!in. t%bles sho! !hich relexive pronoun to use !ith e%ch orm o the verb u$je%t

Refle&ive 'ro!ou!

j

e

me

t

u

te

i

l

se

! ous

!ous

v ous

vous

i

ls

se

ere is %n ex%mple conEu.%tion o % relexive verb

'e coucher - to go to bed :resent Ke me couche :u te couches Il se couche lle se couche )ous nous couchons
:ass Co&#os Ke me suis couch@ :u t7es couch@eH Il s7est couch@ lle s7est couch@e )ous nous sommes couch@eHs
Futur :roche Ke v%is me coucher :u v%s te coucher Il v% se coucher lle v% se coucher )ous %llons nous coucher
ronomin%l live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

&ppendices

Le midi d$ossau dans les pyr-n-es

"##endices Contents 2 "2 32 42

" - +%tes, :ime, %nd )umbers "3 - French &uthors "5 - )%tions o the 'orld ""( - hr%sebook

52 ""9 - l%n. (2 "40 - :ypin. =h%r%cters #2 "4" - 'eb esources

&ppendices

&ppendix &20 C +%tes, time, %nd numbers Les jours de la se&aine •

:he d%ys o the !eek2 al%y E/oor duh l%h suhmen

French Aocabulary 5 .atesS ti&eS and nu&bers 5 audio 6in1o 5,(0 kb 5 hel#

\  " 3 4 5 ( #

he .ays o1 the WeekE 5 Les jours /nglish de la se&aineE 3rigin French :ronunciation lundi luhndee Aond%y Aoon m%rdi mahrdee :uesd%y A%rs mercredi maircruhdee 'ednesd%y Aercury Eeudi 0uhdee :hursd%y Kupiter vendredi vahndruhdee Frid%y
•

:he d%ys o the !eek %re not c%pit%li/ed in French2 For phr%ses rel%tin. to the d%y o the !eek, see the phr%sebook2

live version discussion edit %ppendix comment report %n error %sk % Duestion

Les &ois de l8anne •

:he months o the ye%r2 al%y m!%h duh l%hn%y

French Aocabulary 5 .atesS ti&eS and nu&bers 5 audio 6in1o 5$H kb 5 hel#

\ 0 0" 03 04 05 0( 0# 08 09 0  " •

•

he =onths o1 the ear 5 Les &ois de l8anne French :ronE /nglish E%nvier 0Aahnveeyay K%nu%ry fayvreeyay @vrier Febru%ry m%rs mahrse A%rch %vril ahvrill &pril maye m%i A%y Euin 0Awan Kuin Euillet 0Aooeeyay Kuly ootCoo %oVt &u.ust septembre septahm!ruh eptember octobre otuh!ruh ctober novahm!ruh novembre )ovember decembre daysahm!ruh +ecember :he months o the ye%r %re not c%pit%li/ed in French2 For phr%ses rel%tin. to the months o the ye%r, see the phr%sebook

Les 'aisons French Aocabulary 5 .atesS ti&eS and nu&bers 5 audio 6in1o 5,( kb 5 hel#

s%ison l% le printemps l7@t@ mH l7%utomne  mH l7hiver  mH

'easons 5 Les 'aisons se%son prin. ummer &utumn 'inter

&ppendices

&ppendix &20 C +%tes, time, live version C discussion C edit %ppendix C comment C report%nd %n errornumbers C %sk % Duestion

&ppendices

&ppendix &20" C List o %uthors =iddle "ge •

=hr@tien de :royes %round 35 - %round 83H

Hth century •

•

•

Fr%ncois %bel%is %round 483 or 494  553H ierre de ons%rd 5"4  585H Louise L%b@ %25"( - %25(5H

7th century •

•

•

•

•

•

•

en@ +esc%rtes 59( - (50H ierre =orneille (0((84H Ke%n de L% Font%ine ("(95H AoliPre (""(#3H ;l%ise %sc%l ("3(("H =h%rles err%ult ("8#03H Ke%n %cine (39(99H

th century •

•

•

•

•

•

A%riv%ux (88#(3H AontesDuieu (89#55H

9th century •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Fr%n6ois-en@ de =h%te%ubri%nd #(8 - 848H onor@ de ;%l/%c #99 - 850H
(0th century •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

%ul =l%udel 8(8 - 955H A%rcel roust 8# - 9""H $uill%ume &pollin%ire 880 - 98H Ke%n =octe%u 89" - 9(3H Louis-Ferdin%nd =@line 894 - 9(H Ke%n $iono 895 - 9#0H A%rcel %.nol 895 - 9#4H &ndr@ ;reton 89( - 9((H K%cDues r@vert 900 - 9##H &ndr@ A%lr%ux 90 - 9#(H %ymond Guene%u 903 - 9#(H Ke%n-%ul %rtre 905 - 980H obert Aerle 908 - "004H )icol%s ;ouvier 9"9 - 998H $eor.es erec 93( - 98"H

Links List o French %uthors in the French 'ikipedi%2 &ppendices

&ppendix &20" C List o %uthors live version C discussion C edit %ppendix C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

&ppendices

&ppendix &203 C )%tions o the !orld Les #ays du &onde 6ations o1 the World

" French /nglish l7&.h%nist%n mH &.h%nist%n l7&riDue du ud H outh &ric% l7&lb%nieH &lb%ni% l7&l.@rieH &l.eri% l7&llem%.ne H $erm%ny &ndorreH &ndorr% l7&n.leterre H n.l%nd l7&n.ol%H &n.ol% &nti.u%-et-;%rbud% mH &nti.u% %nd ;%rbud% l7&r%bie s%oudite H %udi &r%bi% l7&r.entine H &r.entin% l7&rm@nieH &rmeni% &rub% l7&ustr%lie H l7&utricheH l7&/erb%YdE%n H

&rub% &ustr%li% &ustri% &/erb%iE%n


B French les ;%h%m%s H le ;%hreYn le ;%n.l%desh l% ;%rb%de l% ;el.iDue

/nglish :he ;%h%m%s ;%hr%in ;%n.l%desh ;%rb%dos ;el.ium

le;eli/e ;eli/e le;@nin ;enin le ;hout%n ;hut%n l% ;i@lorussie ;el%rus l% ;irm%nie ;urm% l% ;olivie ;olivi% le ;ots!%n% ;ots!%n% le;r@sil ;r%/il le;run@i ;runei l% ;ul.%rie ;ul.%ri% le ;urkin%-F%so ;urkin% F%so le ;urundi ;urundi

C French le =%mbod.e le =%meroun le=%n%d% le =%p-
/nglish =%mbodi% =%meroon =%n%d% =%pe
l%=hine =hin% =hypre H =yprus l% =olombie =olumbi% les =omores H =omores le=on.o =on.o l% =or@e du )ord )orth ore% l% =or@e du ud outh ore% le =ost% ic% =ost% ic% l% =Ute d7Ivoire =ote d7Ivoire l%=ro%tie =ro%ti% =ub% =ub%

. French /nglish le +%nem%rk +enm%rk +Eibouti +Eibouti l% +ominiDue +ominic%

/ French l7qcosseH l7q.ypteH les qmir%ts %r%bes unis mH l7qDu%teurmH l7qrythr@eH l7sp%.neH l7stonieH les qt%s-*nis mH l7qthiopieH

/nglish cotl%nd .ypt :he *nited &r%b mir%tes Du%dor ritre% p%in stoni% :he *nited t%tes thiopi%

F French /nglish les FidEi H FiEi l% Finl%nde Finl%nd l% Fr%nce Fr%nce

% French /nglish le$%bon $%bon l%$%mbie $%mbi% l%[email protected] $eor.i% le$h%n% $h%n% l%$rPce $reece l%$ren%de $ren%d% le $u%tem%l% $u%tem%l% l%$uin@e $unie% l% $uin@e-;iss%o $uine%-;iss%u l% $uin@e-@Du%tori%le Du%tori%l $uine% l%$uy%n% $uy%n%

) French %Yti le ondur%s l% on.rie

/nglish %iti ondur%s un.%ry

I French l7le A%urice H les les =ook H les les A%rsh%ll H les les %lomon H l7IndeH l7Indon@sie H l7Ir%nmH l7Ir%D1l7Ir%k mH l7Irl%nde H

/nglish A%uritius =ook Isl%nds

Indi% Indonesi% Ir%n Ir%D Irel%nd

l7Isl%nde H Isr%XlmH l7It%lieH

Icel%nd Isr%el It%ly

A%rsh%ll Isl%nds olomon Isl%nds

; French /nglish l% K%m%YDue K%m%ic% le K%pon K%p%n l% Kord%nie Kord%n

< French /nglish le %/%khst%n %/%khst%n leeny% eny% le ir.hi/st%n yr.y/st%n irib%ti H irib%ti le o!eYt u!%it

L French /nglish leL%os L%os le Lesotho Lesotho l% Lettonie L%tvi% leLib%n Leb%non le Lib@ri% Liberi% l%Libye Liby% le Lichtenstein Lichtenstein l% Litu%nie Lithu%ni% le Luxemb our. Luxembour.

= French /nglish l% A%c@doine A%cedoni% A%d%.%sc%r H A%d%.%sc%r l% A%l%isie A%l%ysi% le A%l%!i A%l%!i les A%ldives H :he A%ldives leA%li A%li A%lte A%lt% leA%roc Aorocco l% A%urit%nie A%urit%ni% le AexiDue Aexico l% Aicron@sie Aicronesi% l% Aold%vie Aold%vi% Aon%co Aon%co l% Aon.olie Aon.oli% le Ao/%mbiDue Ao/%mbiDue

 French /nglish l%)%mibie )%mibi% l%)%uru )%uru le)@p%l )ep%l le )ic%r%.u% )ic%r%.u% le)i.er )i.er le)i.eri% )i.eri% l%)orvP.e )or!%y l% )ouvelle-N@l%nde )e! Ne%l%nd

3 French /nglish l7m%n mH m%n l7u.%nd% mH *.%nd% l7u/b@kist%n */bekist%n

: French /nglish le%kist%n %kist%n le%n%m% %n%m% l% %pou%ise-)ouvelle-$uin@e %pu% )e! $uine% le%r%.u%y %r%.u%y les %ys-;%smH :he)etherl%nds le %ys de $%lles mH '%les le @rou eru les hilippines H :he hilippines l%olo.ne ol%nd l% olyn@sie r%n6%is French olynesi% leortu.%l

> French /nglish le G%t%r G%t%r

2

ortu.%l

French /nglish l% @publiDue centr%ric%ine =entr%l &ric%n epublic l% @publiDue dominic%ine +ominic%n epublic l% @publiDue tchPDue =/ech epublic l%oum%nie om%ni% le oy%ume-*ni :he *nited in.dom l%ussie ussi% le!%nd% !%nd%

' French /nglish %int-=hristophe-et-)i@vPs mH %int itts %nd )evis %inte-LucieH %intLuci% %int-A%rinmH %nA%rino le %int-iP.e le <%tic%nH :he oly ee :he <%tic%nH %int-
%o :om@ %nd rincipe ene.%l eychelles ierr%Leone in.%pore lov%ki% loveni% om%li% ud%n riL%nk% !eden !it/erl%nd

leurin%m le!%/il%nd yrie l%

urin%m !%/il%nd yri%

 French /nglish le :%dEikist%n mH :%Eikist%n l% :%n/%nie :%n/%ni% le:ch%d =h%d l% :h%Yl%nde :h%il%nd le:o.o :o.o les :on.% H :on.% :rinit@-et-:ob%.o :rinid%d %nd :ob%.o l%:unisie :unisi% le :urkm@nist%n :urkmenist%n l%:urDuie :urkey :uv%lu :uv%lu

@ French /nglish l7*kr%ine H *kr%ine l7*ru.u%y mH *ru.u%y

A French /nglish <%nu%tu <%nu%tu le <%tic%n :he <%tic%n le
W a)one

 a)one

 leB@men l% Bou.osl%vie mH

Bemen Bu.osl%vi%

D French /nglish l% N%mbie N%mbi% le Nimb%b!e Nimb%b!e &ppendices

&ppendix &203 C )%tions o the !orld live version C discussion C edit %ppendix C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

&ppendices

&ppendix &204 C hr%sebook :r%vel'iki phr%se book

AQ %reetings French Aocabulary 5 :hrasebook 5 audio 6in1o 5(7H kb 5 hel# %reetings 5 Les salutations %lut ;onEour

i21;ye2 ello

inorm%lH more orm%l th%n s%lutH %ll d%yH

;onsoir ;onne nuit

$oodevenin. $ood ni.ht !un nwee 'h%t7s up %bout youH? lit2 !h%t7s Guoi de neu ? ne!H %s .r%nd)ot much2 lit2 no bi.-thin.H chose2

AQ )o* are you+ French Aocabulary 5 :hrasebook 5 audio 6in1o 5 kb 5 hel#

)o* are you+ 5 ma va+ =omment %lle/-vous? orm%lH, =omment v%s-tu? inorm%lH, o! %re you? =omment 6% v%?1>% v% ? inorm%lH I7m doin. veryH !ell >% v% trPsH bien lit2 It7s .oin. veryH !ellH ui,6%v%2 Bes,it.oes2 :rPsbien,merci2
o-o2 I7msorry2 &nd you? inorm%lH &nd you? orm%lH


itles French Aocabulary 5 :hrasebook 5 audio 6in1o 5($ kb 5 hel# itles 5 Les titres French "bbrE :ronunciation /nglishS @sage 'ingular Aonsieur muhsyur Ar2, ir2 A2 :lural Aessieurs2 mehsyur $entlemen2 'ingular A%d%me mahdahmn Ars2, A%7%m2 me A :lural Aesd%mes maydahm L%dies 'ingular A%demoiselle mahdmwoiAell Aiss, Boun. l%dy lle :lural Aesdemoiselles A

maydmwahAell Boun. l%dies

AQ Courtesy French Aocabulary 5 :hrasebook 5 audio 6in1o 5,, kb 5 hel# Courtesy 5 La #olitesse 7il te pl%Tt2 Lit I you ple%se2H le%se 7il vous pl%Tt2 orm%lH2 :h%nks % lotH Aerci be%ucoupH2 +e rien2 Lit  nothin.2H Lit )ot o !h%t2H )o %s de Duoi2 problem2H Bou7re !elcome2 Ke t7en prie2 shtahn pree inorm%lH Ke vous en prie 0Auh vooA ahn pree orm%lH

AQ %ood-bye French Aocabulary 5 :hrasebook 5 audio 6in1o 5(0( kb 5 hel# %ood-bye 5 "u revoir %lut2 i21;ye2 inorm%lH &urevoir2 $ood-bye2 ohrvwahr ev not pronouncedH ah duhman Lit :o1*ntil f dem%in2 ee you tomorro!2 :omorro!H &u revoir, O ;ye, see you dem%in2 tomorro!2 f tout O l7heure2 ee you l%ter tod%yH ah tootah luhr f l% proch%ine2 ee you tomorro!H ah lah proh shayn fbientUt2 eeyousoon2 ah !yantoe =i%o ;ye2 chow It%li%nH

AQ "sking 1or the day^date^ti&e French Aocabulary 5 :hrasebook 5 audio 6in1o 5H( kb 5 hel# "sking For he .ayS .ateS i&e 5 .e&ander le jourS la dateS le te&#s "sking 1or the dayE &uEourd7hui c7est Duel % :od%y is !h%t d%y? o0Aoordwee say ell 0Aoor Eour? b &uEourd7hui c7est a 0our2 :od%y is a day2 :omorro! is !h%t "% +em%in c7est Duel Eour Duhman say ell 0Aoor d%y? "b +em%in c7est a 0our2 Guelle est l% d%te %uEourd7huiH? 3b =7est le a amonth2 3%

4% Guelle heure est-il? 4b Il est Duelle heure? 5 Il est anombre heuresH2

:omorro!isa day2 "sking 1or the dateE 'h%t is the d%te tod%yH? It7s amonth a2 "sking 1or the ti&eE 'h%t hour1time is it? It is a num!er hours2

ell ay lah daht

ell er ayteel eel ay ell er eelay >nom!re? er

&ppendices

&ppendix &204 C hr%sebook

live version C discussion C edit %ppendix C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

&ppendices

&ppendix &205 C l%n. otes on ho* to use slang Foreign s#eakers It is import%nt to note th%t, %s % orei.ner, your use o sl%n. !ill oten be received


%s cute or unny, dependin. upon yourtoover%ll in spoken French2 underst%nd this, think on ho!.re%tly it !ould sound you i luency % orei.nerg!ith % stron.:o %ccent %nd odd rythym o speechgc%me up to you %nd s%id +ude, !h%t % sketchy%ss h%ter th%t bi//-n%tch !%s, I tot%lly !%s Eust like 7uck o o-shee/y72 :hereore, no m%tter ho! much sl%n. you use in your n%tive l%n.u%.e, limitin. your use o sl%n. in French proportion%lly to your level o luencyH !ill %lso limit ho! much you %re p%troni/ed %nd .i..led %t by n%tive listeners2

'langQ consistency J style :o use sl%n. eeciently, it is import%nt to m%int%in % consistency o style2 Aixin. styles mi.ht sound like s%yin. :hy %ce, it is Duite inely r%!kin72 &void vous unless % plur%l is necess%ry2 &void subEect-verb inversion in Duestions2 *se r%ther Duestion orm%tions !here there is no inversion or 7est-ce Due7, only the r%ised tone %t the end o the sentence2 'hen doin. this !ith interro.%tives Jui, Juand, comment, etc2H, pl%ce them %t the end o the sentenceJ i2e2 n v% bouer Du%nd? •

•

ranslating 8Fuck8 :he n.lish term 7uck7 is exception%l %s it c%n serve %s noun, verb, %dEective, excl%m%tion, %nd others2 :here is no such eDuiv%lent us%.e o %ny !ord in the French l%n.u%.e2 :hereore the tr%nsl%tion o 7uck7 into rench depends on the correspondin. p%rt o speech2

/a&#les noun e7s % .re%t uck  Il est bien b%is%ble %lthou.h 7b%is%ble7  uck%bleH e is such % uckerH  =7est un enoir@1encul@1conn%rd1s%l%ud insert %ny insultH e7s such % uck-up  =7est un p%uvre con1un r%t@ verb sexu%l !aiser% niJuer% coucher avec J insultin. foutre% enculer I ucked up on my French test  K7%i r%t@1niDu@ mon ex%men de r%n6%is I ucked upH my c%r  K7%i niDu@ m% b%.nole e ucked me over  Il m7% tr%hi I ucked your mom  K7%i b%is@1niDu@ t% mPre Fuck o  Fous-moi l% p%ix, Fous le c%mp see the verb 7Foutre7H Fuck you1$o uck yoursel  <% te %ire outre1enculer %dEective :his is uckin. %!ul  ut%in, 6% cr%int1=7est bordeliDue1=7est de l% merde I %m so ucked-up  >% v% p%s du tout ment%l st%teHJ K7suis tot%lement bourr@eH drunkH %dverb I %m tryin. to uckin. !ork here  ut%in, lO, E7ess%ie de bosser excl%m%tion Fuck  Aerde  J ut%in  J ;ordel  n2b2 these c%n %lso be compounded in French, i2e2, ut%in de merde  ut%in de bordel de merde or strin.in. these to.ether, see the scene in the ilm A%trix elo%ded !ith the Frenchm%n in the rest%ur%ntH

%lossary otes o! 'ro!u!%iatio! *+o feel ,ow R s,ould $e ro!ou!%ed. /ar/le wit, water. t,e! try /ar/li!/ wit,out water0 +,at is w,at your t,roat s,ould $e doi!/ w,e! ro!ou!%i!/ t,e R0 *+,e 1 is ,ardest for E!/lis, seakers0 +,e $a%k of t,e t,roat s,ould $e stret%,ed out as if you see a mouse a!d are sayi!/ 2eee32. $ut t,e lis s,ould $e i! a ti/,t %ir%le as if you are sayi!/ 2ooo20

Look up &ategor*:fr:2lang on 'iktion%ry, the ree diction%ry2 &udio &udio" &udio3 &udio4 &brutieH n2, & ret%rd, %n idiot ah9GGtee &ccro n2, %ddict acG &do n2, teen%.erJ short or 7%dolescent7 #(doh &pero n2, hort or %p@riti2 ahP#&roh &pp%rt n2, l%t or %p%rtmentJ short or 7%pp%rtement7 ahP# &prPm n2, hort or %prPs-midi2 ahP&m ;%.nole n2, l%n. or 7c%r7 !anKGLI ;%hut n2, l%n. or 7hi.h school7 ormerly or 7%ctory7H ;%rE7 or ;%rEot

%dE2, cr%/y n2, % cr%/y person 9#ge 9#(0oe ;%nder v2, to become erect, to .et % h%rd-on 9#(@day ;en interE2 or 7!ell72 oten used %t the be.innin. o % phr%se, %nd ollo!ed by ou%is or non

9aaZ 7b%%7 like the sound % sheep m%kes !ith % n%s%li/ed sound %t the endH ;ite n2, dick !IIt ;l%ire%u n2, Loser !l#&roh Le ;led n2, the boondocks !lID ;oule n2, litt2 7b%ll72 ynonym or 7tSte7, or 7he%d7 in its sl%n. us%.eJ % rou.h eDuiv%lent in n.lish !ould be 7%ce7 th%n 7he%d7, :% bouler%ther me m%nDue  Ii2e2 miss seein. your s!eet %ce !GGL ;ouer v2, to e%t n2, la !ouffe, ood 9GGFfay ;osser v2, to !ork !ossS#K ;oulot n2, Eob !GGLoh e ;r%nler v2, to m%sturb%te lit2 to !obbleH suh 9#hnlay

>% % @t@ exp2, it !ent !ellJ %lso % Duestion :% pr@sent%tion, 6% % @t@ ?  o!7d your present%tion .o? J &ns!ers to this Duestion u%is, 6% % @t@ Bes, it !ent !ellH 1 %s du tout )ot %t %llH saw ah #KT#K =h%ud L%pin n2, ex m%ni%c lit2 hot r%bbitH show lahP#[ =inoche n2, & ni.ht %t the movies

SIInohsh L% =it@ n2, .hetto seeT#K =on %dE2, stupid K7%i @t@ con Du%nd E7%i d@cid@ de sortir  I !%s dumb !hen I decided to .o out n2, litt2 7cunt7 %s used in * n.lishHJ Guel con  'h%t %n idiot exp2 O l% con, stupid, in % stupid !%y2 K7%i cet ex%men O l% con  I h%ve this stupid test

coh[ =rever v2, to burst or explodeJ to die, 7to kick the bucket7 %dE2, crev-,e., exh%usted2 &s in Ke suis crev@eH  I7m exh%usted n2, la cr5ve, % cold, the lu2 exp2 K7%i l% crPve2 crehvay lah crehve +@bile n2 or %dE2 sl%n. or stupid D#K!eel +irlo n2 =olloDui%l !ord me%nin. 7he%dm%ster72 dearloh nculer v2 :o uck, to bu..er2 Duiv%lent to uck in the %ss cul%ssH2 'idely used under the orm v% te %ire enculer litt2 .o .et ucked in the %ssH !hich st%nds or uck o2 &lso, encul@ is the p%rticiple turned into % subst%ntive, %nd me%ns b%st%rd or %sshole2 exp2  enculer des mouches litt2 to uck lies in the %ssH me%ns to nit-pick2 eZ1lay

L% F%c n2, colle.e or university fac F%ire l% tSte exp2, to pout2 ynonyms 7bouder7to broodHJ %ire l% .ueule2 fer lah tet Foutre n2 perm2 v2
A%cdo hort or A%c+on%ld7s2 macdoh Aerde n2, excl2, tr%nsl%ted %s 7shit7, merde is not seen %s vul.%r %s 7shit72 :h%t is to s%y, %dults use it oten, %s !ell %s the youth2 It c%n %lso me%n 7rubbish7, or ex%mple 7=e rep%s, c7est de l% merde7, or 7:he me%l is cr%p7 :his !ord h%s produced the phr%se le mot de cinD lettresz, %n ex%ct tr%nscribed me%nin. o the n.lish ph%se our-letter !ord2 maed 1 !ith emph%sis or in excl%m%tion mareD( )7importe Duoi exp2, 7!h%tever7 n2, bullshit %s in =7est du n7importe Duoi, ce Du7il dit nahmpot(wah )iDuer v2 l%n. or 7to h%ve sexu%l intercourse72 ten used in insults such %s 7)iDue t% mPre7 Fuck your motherH, sometimes reduced to 7:% mPre72 Aet%phoric%lly, sl%n. or 7to bre%k7 or 7to be .re%t72 7Ke v%is te niDuer t% .ueule vul.%ireH7  Ee v%is me b%ttre contre toi  e2.2 7=ette porte est niDu@e27 :his door is out o order2H 7=e Eeu niDue tout27 :his .%me is .re%t2H

@II\ay u%is 7ye%h7 %s opposed to oui  yesH waay ut%in n2, excl2 ou.hly eDuiv%lent to 7merde7 !hen used %s %n excl%m%tion2 &s % n%me, old orm or 7pute7 !horeH2 7ut%in7 is the closest eDuiv%lent to the n.lish 7uck7 see note on 7uck7H2 pewt#[ uper %dE2, 7very7, 7re%lly7 J Ke suis super content  I7m re%lly h%ppy soupair :% n2 !ork, Eob, t%sk taff :ruc n2 tu trewuh :ronche

n2 =olloDui%l !ord me%nin. 7%ce72 Tonshuh <%chement %dE2, Fr%nce, sl%n.2 Liter%lly co!ly, v%chement is % synonym or very, %nd c%n be tr%nsl%ted in some c%ses or the n.lish %dEective 7Duite72 For inst%nce - 7Il est v%chement idiot7 could be tr%nsl%ted %s 7e is Duite stupid72 'hilst on the subEect o 7v%che7, % popul%r French phr%se is 7l% v%che7 !hich, %s %n excl%m%tion, me%ns 7d%mn7 or 7d%rn72 For ex%mple - 7tu %s perdu7 could be .reeted !ith 7l% v%che7 or 7mince7 or other such expressions o discontent2 It c%n ho!ever be used sometimes %s %n excl%m%tion o surprise or %m%/ement 7l% v%che c7est .eni%l ce Jtruc7 vahshuh vahshuh)#W[ Nin/in n2 =olloDui%l !ord me%nin. 7cr%/y72

Aerlan
Co&&on Chat "bbreviations :here %re t!o .ener%l .uidelines •

•

 c%n be susbstituted or %ll homophonic eDuiv%lents includin. -%is, -%it, -es such %s in the %rticles les %nd desH, the conEunction et %ndH, %nd the verb est third person sin.2 conEu.%tion o Utre, to beH2 !ords th%t end in % silent -s commonly drop this s such %s pas paH, %nd vois voiH2

bi/ n2, !isous, kisses2 c

subEverb, c$est, it is2

ct subEverb, c$-tait, it !%sJ imp%r%it p%stH conEu.%tion o c$est2 dc conE2, donc, thereore, so2 dsl %dE2, d-sol-,e., sorry2 ok exp2, il faut Jue, it is necess%ry2 ke interr2 %nd rel%tive pronoun, Jue, th%t2 ki interr2 %nd rel2 pron2, Jui, th%t or !hich2 koi interro.%tive, Juoi, !h%tJ %lso seen in pouroi, !hy2 mdr exp2, mort,e. de rire, l%u.hin. mysel to de%th, eDuiv%lent o lol, l%u.hin. out loudH2 m@ conE2, mais, but2 pr prep2, pour, or2 ptdr exp2, pet-,e. de rire , burstin. !ith l%u.hter, eDuiv%lent o lol, l%u.hin. out loudH2 stron.er th%n mdr2

tt %dE2, tout,e., %llJ %lso seen in the expression tout le monde2 vnr %dE2, rom the
&ppendix &205 C l%n. live version C discussion C edit %ppendix C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

&ppendices

&ppendix &20( C :ypin. ch%r%cters International

In 'indo!s M 40 "0 80 :0 ;0 =0

tart -5 etti!/s -5 6o!trol 'a!el Re/io!al a!d 7a!/ua/e Otio!s 7a!/ua/es -5 9etails 000 6li%k Add0 1!der ey$oard layout?<E. %,oose 1!ited tates-
)o! to orm %ccents, you preix the letter !ith either  7  { or  o, to .et P, one types  %nd then e2 :o .et |, one types  %nd then 2  AltB4;4 or AltBC":# D AltB4;C or AltBC";4  AltB4"# or AltBC";"

In =ac 3'  Bou could ch%n.e your keybo%rd l%yout in ystem reerences-Intern%tion%l-Input Aenu or !ith the de%ult D!erty keybo%rd l%yout you c%n use met% keys to cre%te the %ccents2 For inst%nce i you !%nt to cre%te %n  %ccent you !ould press option then press the vo!el you !%nt to %ppe%r under the letter to cre%te O, P, }, ~, or Q2 :he keystrokes or the dient %ccents %re222 otio! otio! otio! otio!

B B B B

2F2 2e2 2i2 2u2

G G G G

F  I J

Co#y J :aste :his method c%n be useul i you %re Eust !ritin. % short text or ex%mple %n e-m%ilH %nd don7t h%ve % computer !here you c%n1!%nt ch%n.e l%n.u%.e settin.s2 Kust try to pull up % !eb p%.e or % document th%t cont%ins the speci%l ch%r%cters %nd p%ste them into your text2 For lon.er texts, ho!ever, this c%n become Duite tedious2

'earch J 2e#lace I you %re !orkin. !ith % text editor you h%ve the option to se%rch or text %nd repl%ce it !ith other text2 :his e%ture c%n be used to 7type7 speci%l ch%r%cters2 :he ide% is to mar % ch%r%cter or becomin. % speci%l ch%r%cter, or ex%mple typin. ]a !hen you me%n 32 &ter you h%ve !ritten your text you repl%ce m%rked ch%r%cters the ]aH !ith speci%l ch%r%cters the 3H2  course you h%ve to either type in the < number code or p%ste the ch%r%cter, but the point is th%t you only h%ve to do it once or the !hole text %nd not or every sin.le 3 th%t you !%nt to type2

@ni and the Co&#ose key I you %re usin. *nix or % deriv%tive oper%tin. system such %s LinuxH !ith MFree8(, you c%n deine % compose key by openin. % termin%l !indo! %nd typin. To use the Windows menu key (between the right Windows key and right Ctrl key:

&modma -e 2keysym e!u G ultiKkey2 To use the right Windows key:

&modma -e 2keysym RKeta G ultiKkey2 To use the right Alt key:

&modma -e 2keysym AltKLr G ultiKkey2

:o use the =ompose key, press %nd rele%se the =ompose key, then type t!o ch%r%cters2 =ombin%tions useul or typin. in French ollo! M 6omose B a B F N 6omose B a B  P 6omose B a B 2 Q 6omose B % B .  S U V W

6omose 6omose 6omose 6omose 6omose

B B B B B

e e e e E

B B B B B

F T  2 T

X 6omose B i B  Y 6omose B i B 2 Z 6omose B o B   6omose B o B 2  6omose B u B F D 6omose B u B   6omose B u B 2

&ppendices

&ppendix &20( C :ypin. ch%r%cters

live version C discussion C edit %ppendix C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

&ppendices

&ppendix &20# C 'eb resources 'ikipedi% French l%n.u%.e extern%l links - +o/ens o v%lu%ble links2

ranslators •

•

•

$oo.le :r%nsl%tor ;%belish :r%nsl%tion  & tr%nsl%tion !ebsite


$oo.le onlyH :oolb%r - %utom%tic tr%nsl%te on mouseover o % !ord n.lish to French

Learning 1rench •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

&bout2com French L%n.u%.e &nne Fox ;;= Kump-$%te *niversity o &del%ide, &ustr%li% French L%n.u%.e Le%rnin. ot!%re Free nline French :utori%l ;;= ;itesi/e .r%mm%r :r%vel'iki hr%sebook rbis L%tinus French AI: French I &ssi.nments AI: French II &ssi.nments *seul inorm%tion on the French l%n.u%.e c%n be ound on the site o tv5 !!!2tv52or.H +ictionn%ire de l%n.ue r%nc%ise, +ictionn%ire de synonymes, =onEu.%isons, +ictionn%ire %n.l%is1r%nc%is, +ictionn%ire r%nc%is1%n.l%is, %nd lots more

French gra&&ar 'ikipedi% h%s more %bout this subEect

$rench language $rench grammar •

•

•

•

•

ort%il lettres =lo# French .r%mm%r lessons xercises on French .r%mm%r +r2 Aeul tienneH nline verb conEu.%tor

.ictionaries •

•

Lexilo.os  %ll online French diction%ries French diction%ry

French Culture •

•

•

Le port%il de l% culture =ortl%nd &mb%ss%de de Fr%nce en )ouvelle-N@l%nde

ravel in France •

•

AinistPre des &%ires tr%n.Pres r%n6%is :r%vel'iki

French "d&inistration •

Le port%il de l7%dministr%tion &ppendices

&ppendix &20# C 'eb resources live version C discussion C edit %ppendix C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion

&bout the ;ook

Plouhinec  9ucht von Pors Poulhan

Current .evelo#&ent •

•

$ener%l the m%in t%lk p%.e2 Lessons Lessons pl%nnin. p%.e2

.o*nloadable and :rint Aersions •

•

=omplete rint
:hird dition C A%y 05, "00( C "25A; revious ditions First Lessons dition Febru%ry 8, "00(H econd dition A%rch 8, "00(H peciic1+et%iled ;ook
•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

"uthors 2 %sh%r - =re%ted this book "2 :r%roth - =re%ted Intro p%.e, edited sever%l errors2 32 %.ind%/

License and .istrubtion =opyri.ht cH "00( 'ikibooks2 ermission is .r%nted to copy, distribute %nd1or modiy this document under the terms o the $)* Free +ocument%tion License,
%@ F2// .3C@=/"I3 LIC/'/

0E :2/"=BL/ :he purpose o this License is to m%ke % m%nu%l, textbook, or other unction%l %nd useul document ree in the sense o reedom to %ssure everyone the eective reedom to copy %nd redistribute it, !ith or !ithout modiyin. it, either commerci%lly or noncommerci%lly2 econd%rily, this License preserves or the %uthor %nd publisher % !%y to .et credit or their !ork, !hile not bein. considered responsible or modiic%tions m%de by others2 :his License is % kind o copylet, !hich me%ns th%t deriv%tive !orks o the document must themselves be ree in the s%me sense2 It complements the $)* $ener%l ublic License, !hich is % copylet license desi.ned or ree sot!%re2 'e h%ve desi.ned this License in order to use it or m%nu%ls or ree sot!%re, bec%use ree sot!%re needs ree document%tion % ree pro.r%m should come !ith m%nu%ls providin. the s%me reedoms th%t the sot!%re does2 ;ut this License is not limited to sot!%re m%nu%lsJ it c%n be used or %ny textu%l !ork, re.%rdless o subEect m%tter or !hether it is published %s % printed book2 'e recommend this License princip%lly or !orks !hose purpose is instruction or reerence2

E "::LIC"BILI ". ./FIII3' :his License %pplies to %ny m%nu%l or other !ork, in %ny medium, th%t cont%ins % notice pl%ced by the copyri.ht holder s%yin. it c%n be distributed under the terms o this License2 uch % notice .r%nts % !orld-!ide, roy%lty-ree license, unlimited in dur%tion, to use th%t !ork under the conditions st%ted herein2 :he +ocument, belo!, reers to %ny such m%nu%l or !ork2 &ny member o the public is % licensee, %nd is %ddressed %s you2 Bou %ccept the license i you copy, modiy or distribute the !ork in % !%y reDuirin. permission under copyri.ht l%!2 & Aodiied
tr%nsl%tes MBN in %nother l%n.u%.e2 ere MBN st%nds or % speciic section n%me mentioned belo!, such %s &ckno!led.ements, +edic%tions, ndorsements, or istory2H :o reserve the :itle o such % section !hen you modiy the +ocument me%ns th%t it rem%ins % section ntitled MBN %ccordin. to this deinition2 :he +ocument m%y include '%rr%nty +iscl%imers next to the notice !hich st%tes th%t this License %pplies to the +ocument2 :hese '%rr%nty +iscl%imers %re considered to be included by reerence in this License, but only %s re.%rds discl%imin. !%rr%nties %ny other implic%tion th%t these '%rr%nty +iscl%imers m%y h%ve is void %nd h%s no eect on the me%nin. o this License2

(E A/2B"I= C3:I% Bou m%y copy %nd distribute the +ocument in %ny medium, either commerci%lly or noncommerci%lly, provided th%t this License, the copyri.ht notices, %nd the license notice s%yin. this License %pplies to the +ocument %re reproduced in %ll copies, %nd th%t you %dd no other conditions !h%tsoever to those o this License2 Bou m%y not use technic%l me%sures to obstruct or control the re%din. or urther copyin. o the copies you m%ke or distribute2 o!ever, you m%y %ccept compens%tion in exch%n.e or copies2 I you distribute % l%r.e enou.h number o copies you must %lso ollo! the conditions in section 32 Bou m%y %lso lend copies, under the s%me conditions st%ted %bove, %nd you m%y publicly displ%y copies2

E C3:I% I >@"I I you publish printed copies or copies in medi% th%t commonly h%ve printed coversH o the +ocument, numberin. more th%n 00, %nd the +ocument7s license notice reDuires =over :exts, you must enclose the copies in covers th%t c%rry, cle%rly %nd le.ibly, %ll these =over :exts Front-=over :exts on the ront cover, %nd ;%ck-=over :exts on the b%ck cover2 ;oth covers must %lso cle%rly %nd le.ibly identiy you %s the publisher o these copies2 :he ront cover must present the ull title !ith %ll !ords o the title eDu%lly prominent %nd visible2 Bou m%y %dd other m%teri%l on the covers in %ddition2 =opyin. !ith ch%n.es limited to the covers, %s lon. %s they preserve the title o the +ocument %nd s%tisy these conditions, c%n be tre%ted %s verb%tim copyin. in other respects2 I the reDuired texts or either cover %re too voluminous to it le.ibly, you should put the irst ones listed %s m%ny %s it re%son%blyH on the %ctu%l cover, %nd continue the rest onto %dE%cent p%.es2 I you publish or distribute p%Due copies o the +ocument numberin. more th%n 00, you must either include % m%chine-re%d%ble :r%nsp%rent copy %lon. !ith e%ch p%Due copy, or st%te in or !ith e%ch p%Due copy % computer-net!ork loc%tion rom !hich the .ener%l net!ork-usin. public h%s %ccess to do!nlo%d usin. public-st%nd%rd net!ork protocols % complete :r%nsp%rent copy o the +ocument, ree o %dded m%teri%l2 I you use the l%tter option, you must t%ke re%son%bly prudent steps, !hen you be.in distribution o p%Due copies in Du%ntity, to ensure th%t this :r%nsp%rent copy !ill rem%in thus %ccessible %t the st%ted loc%tion until %t le%st one ye%r %ter the l%st time you distribute %n p%Due copy directly or throu.h your %.ents or ret%ilersH o th%t edition to the public2 It is reDuested, but not reDuired, th%t you cont%ct the %uthors o the +ocument !ell beore redistributin. %ny l%r.e number o copies, to .ive them % ch%nce to provide you !ith %n upd%ted version o the +ocument2

,E =3.IFIC"I3' Bou m%y copy %nd distribute % Aodiied
•

• • • •

• • •

•

•

"E *se in the :itle %.e %nd on the covers, i %nyH % title distinct rom th%t o the +ocument, %nd rom those o previous versions !hich should, i there !ere %ny, be listed in the istory section o the +ocumentH2 Bou m%y use the s%me title %s % previous version i the ori.in%l publisher o th%t version .ives permission2 BE List on the :itle %.e, %s %uthors, one or more persons or entities responsible or %uthorship o the modiic%tions in the Aodiied
•

• • •

LE reserve %ll the Inv%ri%nt ections o the +ocument, un%ltered in their text %nd in their titles2 ection numbers or the eDuiv%lent %re not considered p%rt o the section titles2 =E +elete %ny section ntitled ndorsements2 uch % section m%y not be included in the Aodiied
I the Aodiied
$E C3=BII% .3C@=/' Bou m%y combine the +ocument !ith other documents rele%sed under this License, under the terms deined in section 4 %bove or modiied versions, provided th%t you include in the combin%tion %ll o the Inv%ri%nt ections o %ll o the ori.in%l documents, unmodiied, %nd list them %ll %s Inv%ri%nt ections o your combined !ork in its license notice, %nd th%t you preserve %ll their '%rr%nty +iscl%imers2 :he combined !ork need only cont%in one copy o this License, %nd multiple identic%l Inv%ri%nt ections m%y be repl%ced !ith % sin.le copy2 I there %re multiple Inv%ri%nt ections !ith the s%me n%me but dierent contents, m%ke the title o e%ch such section uniDue by %ddin. %t the end o it, in p%rentheses, the n%me o the ori.in%l %uthor or publisher o th%t section i kno!n, or else % uniDue number2 A%ke the s%me %dEustment to the section titles in the list o Inv%ri%nt ections in the license notice o the combined !ork2 In the combin%tion, you must combine %ny sections ntitled istory in the v%rious ori.in%l documents, ormin. one section ntitled istoryJ like!ise combine %ny sections ntitled &ckno!led.ements, %nd %ny sections ntitled +edic%tions2 Bou must delete %ll sections ntitled ndorsements2

HE C3LL/CI3' 3F .3C@=/' Bou m%y m%ke % collection consistin. o the +ocument %nd other documents rele%sed under this License, %nd repl%ce the individu%l copies o this License in theov%rious documents !ith % sin.le copy th%t is included in the collection, provided th%t you ollo! the rules o this License or verb%tim copyin. o e%ch the documents in %ll other respects2 Bou m%y extr%ct % sin.le document rom such % collection, %nd distribute it individu%lly under this License, provided you insert % copy o this License into the extr%cted document, %nd ollo! this License in %ll other respects re.%rdin. verb%tim copyin. o th%t document2

7E "%%2/%"I3 WI) I./:/./ W32<' & compil%tion o the +ocument or its deriv%tives !ith other sep%r%te %nd independent documents or !orks, in or on % volume o % stor%.e or distribution medium, is c%lled %n %..re.%te i the copyri.ht resultin. rom the compil%tion is not used to limit the le.%l ri.hts o the compil%tion7s users beyond !h%t the individu%l !orks permit2 'hen the +ocument is included in %n %..re.%te, this License does not %pply to the other !orks in the %..re.%te !hich %re not themselves deriv%tive !orks o the +ocument2 I the =over :ext reDuirement o section 3 is %pplic%ble to these copies o the +ocument, then i the +ocument is less th%n one h%l o the entire %..re.%te, the +ocument7s =over :exts m%y be pl%ced on covers th%t br%cket the +ocument !ithin the %..re.%te, or the electronic eDuiv%lent o covers i the +ocument is in electronic orm2 ther!ise they must %ppe%r on printed covers th%t br%cket the !hole %..re.%te2

E 2"'L"I3 :r%nsl%tion is considered % kind o modiic%tion, so you m%y distribute tr%nsl%tions o the +ocument under the terms o section 42 epl%cin. Inv%ri%nt ections !ith tr%nsl%tions reDuires speci%l permission rom their copyri.ht holders, but you m%y include tr%nsl%tions o some or %ll Inv%ri%nt ections in %ddition to the+iscl%imers, ori.in%l versions o these ections2 m%y include tr%nsl%tion o License this License, %ndori.in%l %ll the license in the +ocument, %ny '%rr%nty provided th%t Inv%ri%nt you %lso include theBou ori.in%l n.lish%version o this %nd the versionsnotices o those notices %nd %nd discl%imers2 In c%se o % dis%.reement bet!een the tr%nsl%tion %nd the ori.in%l version o this License or % notice or discl%imer, the ori.in%l version !ill prev%il2 I % section in the +ocument is ntitled &ckno!led.ements, +edic%tions, or istory, the reDuirement section 4H to reserve its :itle section H !ill typic%lly reDuire ch%n.in. the %ctu%l title2

9E /2=I"I3 Bou m%y not copy, modiy, sublicense, or distribute the +ocument except %s expressly provided or under this License2 &ny other %ttempt to copy, modiy, sublicense or distribute the +ocument is void, %nd !ill %utom%tic%lly termin%te your ri.hts under this License2 o!ever, p%rties !ho h%ve received copies, or ri.hts, rom you under this License !ill not h%ve their licenses termin%ted so lon. %s such p%rties rem%in in ull compli%nce2

0E F@@2/ 2/AI'I3' 3F )I' LIC/'/ :he Free ot!%re Found%tion m%y publish ne!, revised versions o the $)* Free +ocument%tion License rom time to time2 uch ne! versions !ill be simil%r in spirit to the present version, but m%y dier in det%il to %ddress ne! problems or concerns2 ee http11!!!2.nu2or.1copylet12 %ch version o the License is .iven % distin.uishin. version number2 I the +ocument speciies th%t % p%rticul%r numbered version o this License or %ny l%ter version %pplies to it, you h%ve the option o ollo!in. the terms %nd conditions either o th%t speciied version or o %ny l%ter version th%t h%s been published not %s % dr%tH by the Free ot!%re Found%tion2 I the +ocument does not speciy % version number o this License, you m%y choose %ny version ever published not %s % dr%tH by the Free ot!%re Found%tion2

)o* to use this License 1or your docu&ents :o use this License in % document you h%ve !ritten, include % copy o the License in the document %nd put the ollo!in. copyri.ht %nd license notices Eust %ter the title p%.e 6oyri/,t (%) _EAR _O1R AE0 'ermissio! is /ra!ted to %oy. distri$ute a!d?or modify t,is do%ume!t u!der t,e terms of t,e L1 \ree 9o%ume!tatio! 7i%e!se. èrsio! 40" or a!y later versio! u$lis,ed $y t,e \ree oftware \ou!datio! wit, !o
I you h%ve Inv%ri%nt ections, Front-=over :exts %nd ;%ck-=over :exts, repl%ce the !ith222:exts2 line !ith this wit, t,e
I you h%ve Inv%ri%nt ections !ithout =over :exts, or some other combin%tion o the three, mer.e those t!o %ltern%tives to suit the situ%tion2 I your document cont%ins nontrivi%l ex%mples o pro.r%m code, !e recommend rele%sin. these ex%mples in p%r%llel under your choice o ree sot!%re license, such %s the $)* $ener%l ublic License, to permit their use in ree sot!%re2

French Language Course

Recommend Documents