Photographic Formulas INTRODUCTION
h foll follow owin ing g paghs paghs of chm chmic ical al form formul ulas as cons consis istt of vari variou ouss ghnhr hnhral al and and sphci sphcial al purpo purposh sh dhvhloping compounds, hrs, tonhrs and th li!h" #omh of thsh formulas arh currhntl$ %hing ushd wit conthmporar$ potograpic mathrials, wilh othrs arh old formulas and it ougt to %h hmpasi&hd' th$ ma$ or ma$ not produch dhsira%lh rhsults whn ushd wit currhnt mathrials" #omh of sith formulas could %h considhrhd o%solhth, owhvhr, th$ arh includhd %hcaush man$ potog potograp raphr hrss arh arh inthrh inthrhsth sthd d in old compou compounds nds and and prochs prochsshs shs"" (rh)p (rh)pac! ac!ag aghd, hd, commhr commhrcia ciall$ ll$ availa%lh formulas o*hr man$ advantaghs not th lhast of wic is convhnihnch" +lso, all othr factors %hing hual, th hnd rhsult is consisthnt and dhphnda%lh" -owhvhr, to th potographr incl inclin inhd hd towa toward rd a %h.h %h.hrr undh undhrs rsta tand ndin ing g of th th pot potog ogra rapi picc proc prochs hsss or hphr hphrim imhn hntat tatio ion n concocting onh/s onh/s own formular$ can %h a rhwarding hphrihnch" + fhw words of caution0
+lwa$s +lwa$s mi mi chmic chmicals als in in th ordh ordhrr givhn givhn 1tis 1tis inc includ ludhs hs wathr wathr,, it is, a2hr a2hr all, all, a chmi chmical cal compound3" Nhvhr pour wathr on an acid)alwa$s add acid to wathr wathr"" 4hasurh chmical chmical amounts carhfull$" carhfull$" 5or solid su%stanchs su%stanchs ush ush a la%orator$ la%orator$ scalh onl$" onl$" Clhan %ha!hrs, %ha!hrs, graduaths, graduaths, containhrs and soon soon torougl$ torougl$ to to avoid an$ contamination" contamination" +lso, to avoid di6cultihs in miing, ma!h surh containhrs arh dr$ %hforh mhasuring out powdhrs or cr$stals onto thm" (a$ a.hntion a.hntion to th th chmic chmical al namhs" namhs" 5or hamplh, hamplh, do not not confu confush sh sulfa sulfath th wit wit sulth, sulth, or clorath wit cloridh" h vhr$ lhast tat will apphn is tat th formula will not wor!" +t worst, $ou migt caush a pothntiall$ danghrous chmical chmical rhaction" If $ou althr sh sh amount amount of an$ onh onh compound compound in a formul formula, a, do it it in vhr$ vhr$ modhrath modhrath sthps sthps and and !hhp accurath rhcords, so rhsults can %h duplicathd and mista!hs avoidhd"
7astl$, 7astl$, nhvhr nhvhr run a roll of, possi% possi%l$ l$ irrhplach irrhplacha%lh a%lh,, nhgativh nhgativhss troug troug an unthsthd unthsthd dhvhl dhvhlophr ophr"" +lwa$s thst rst"
(-OTO8R+(-IC 5OR4U7+#
9hn a potograpic hmulsion is hposhd to ligt, th silvhr salt 1silvhr %romidh, cloridh or iodidh3 wic th ligt rhachs, undhrgohs, a dhnith toug invisi%lh cangh to form wat is !nown as th lathnt imagh" It is not $ht dhnithl$ !nown :ust ow tis cangh ta!hs plach, %ut it is %hlihvhd tat th hposhd parts of th hmulsion gain a chrtain ;activation; tat ma!hs tis suschpti%lh to th rhducing action of a dhvhlophr" 9hn plachd in a dhvhloping solution th hposhd, ;activathd; particlhs of silvhr salt arh rhduchd chmicall$ to %lac! mhtallic silvhr, lhaving th unhposhd particlhs of silvhr salt uncanghd" Rhduction in tis shnsh dohs, not avh th mhaning commonl$ tougt of in th potograpic hld, namhl$, namhl$, th lhsshning of dhnsit$ in a lm nhgativh" is chmical rhduction is a convhrsion of th silvhr salts to frhh silvhr and for th rhaction onh or morh rhducing aghnts)wic potographrs call ;dhvhlophrs; arh nhchssar$" nhchssar$"
T-< D<=<7O(
+#IC CO4(ON
T Rducing Agnt
hrh arh man$ chmicals wic arh rhducing aghnts, %ut most of thm arh too powhrful to %h ushd for dhvhloping %hcaush th$ rhduch all th silvhr salt in th hmulsion witout rhgard to th lathnt imagh wic hposurh in th camhra as produchd, thrhforh a rhducing aghnt must %h shlhcthd wic is satisfactor$ as a dhvhlophr and wic connhs its action to th hposhd particlhs of silvhr salt, lhaving th rhmaining una*hcthd" Of th rhducing aghnts tat arh satisfactor$ for potograpic ush, mhtol and $drouinonh arh most commonl$ ushd, and thrh arh in addition othr dhvhloping aghnts suc as gl$cin, amidol, p$ro, phnidonh and rodinal frhuhntl$ hmplo$hd" hrh arh shvhral dhvhloping aghnts on th mar!ht undhr di*hrhnt namhs from mhtol 1suc as htol3, %ut wic arh %asicall$ hhmical)mono)mht$lpara)amino)phnol)sulf hhmical)mono)mht$lpara)amino)phnol)sulfath" ath"
+s as %hhn indicathd, th chmical action of thsh dhvhloping aghnts is fundamhntall$ th samh, h potograpic h*hct, owhvhr, dhphnds to a largh hthnt on th particular dhvhloping aghnts, and onh formula ma$ avh, for hamplh, a ig phrchntagh of $drouinonh to produch %rilliant potograpic imaghs wilh anothr formula ma$ ush a larghr ratio of mhtol to produch so2hr rhsults"
7astl$, 7astl$, nhvhr nhvhr run a roll of, possi% possi%l$ l$ irrhplach irrhplacha%lh a%lh,, nhgativh nhgativhss troug troug an unthsthd unthsthd dhvhl dhvhlophr ophr"" +lwa$s thst rst"
(-OTO8R+(-IC 5OR4U7+#
9hn a potograpic hmulsion is hposhd to ligt, th silvhr salt 1silvhr %romidh, cloridh or iodidh3 wic th ligt rhachs, undhrgohs, a dhnith toug invisi%lh cangh to form wat is !nown as th lathnt imagh" It is not $ht dhnithl$ !nown :ust ow tis cangh ta!hs plach, %ut it is %hlihvhd tat th hposhd parts of th hmulsion gain a chrtain ;activation; tat ma!hs tis suschpti%lh to th rhducing action of a dhvhlophr" 9hn plachd in a dhvhloping solution th hposhd, ;activathd; particlhs of silvhr salt arh rhduchd chmicall$ to %lac! mhtallic silvhr, lhaving th unhposhd particlhs of silvhr salt uncanghd" Rhduction in tis shnsh dohs, not avh th mhaning commonl$ tougt of in th potograpic hld, namhl$, namhl$, th lhsshning of dhnsit$ in a lm nhgativh" is chmical rhduction is a convhrsion of th silvhr salts to frhh silvhr and for th rhaction onh or morh rhducing aghnts)wic potographrs call ;dhvhlophrs; arh nhchssar$" nhchssar$"
T-< D<=<7O(+#IC CO4(ON
T Rducing Agnt
hrh arh man$ chmicals wic arh rhducing aghnts, %ut most of thm arh too powhrful to %h ushd for dhvhloping %hcaush th$ rhduch all th silvhr salt in th hmulsion witout rhgard to th lathnt imagh wic hposurh in th camhra as produchd, thrhforh a rhducing aghnt must %h shlhcthd wic is satisfactor$ as a dhvhlophr and wic connhs its action to th hposhd particlhs of silvhr salt, lhaving th rhmaining una*hcthd" Of th rhducing aghnts tat arh satisfactor$ for potograpic ush, mhtol and $drouinonh arh most commonl$ ushd, and thrh arh in addition othr dhvhloping aghnts suc as gl$cin, amidol, p$ro, phnidonh and rodinal frhuhntl$ hmplo$hd" hrh arh shvhral dhvhloping aghnts on th mar!ht undhr di*hrhnt namhs from mhtol 1suc as htol3, %ut wic arh %asicall$ hhmical)mono)mht$lpara)amino)phnol)sulf hhmical)mono)mht$lpara)amino)phnol)sulfath" ath"
+s as %hhn indicathd, th chmical action of thsh dhvhloping aghnts is fundamhntall$ th samh, h potograpic h*hct, owhvhr, dhphnds to a largh hthnt on th particular dhvhloping aghnts, and onh formula ma$ avh, for hamplh, a ig phrchntagh of $drouinonh to produch %rilliant potograpic imaghs wilh anothr formula ma$ ush a larghr ratio of mhtol to produch so2hr rhsults"
It is o%vious, thrhforh, tat grhat carh sould %h ta!hn in th prhparation of dhvhloping solutions, for a sligt hrror in th t$ph or amount of th dhvhloping aghnts 1or th othr constituhnts too, for tat ma.hr3 ma$ avh a shrious h*hct on th %havior of th dhvhlophr"
Mtol 1N)4ht$l)p)aminophnol sulfath3 is a rhadil$ wathr)solu%lh, non)staining aghnt wic, wit th addition of a small amount of %romidh, is vhr$ clhan wor!ing and as hchllhnt !hhping ualitihs" It is rhlativhl$ una*hcthd %$ low thmphraturhs, %ut will not dissolvh in al!alinh solutions" In car%onath solutions it givhs rapid dhvhlopmhnt timhs wic ma$ %h hthndhd %$ dilution" 9it sulth alonh, or mild al!alis suc as %ora or sodium mhta%orath, it produchs a slow, nh grain dhvhlophr for lms" 4htol)onl$ dhvhlophrs wit car%onaths, suc as ?oda! #hlhctol #o2 and +nsco @AB, arh vhr$ so2 wor!ing paphr dhvhlophrs" 4htol) $drouinonh dhvhlophrs arh considhra%l$ morh contrast$ tan mhtol)onl$, mhtol)onl$, and arh th most widhl$ ushd dhvhlophrs for %ot lm and paphr pa phr"" is aghnt can caush s!in rashs in somh phoplh"
4htol %$ itshlf is a so2)wor!ing, low)fog aghnt, and wit th low al!alinit$ of th sodium sulth plus its anti)oidant ualitihs, D)A is a formula tat is almost guaranthhd not to %loc! up ig valuhs hvhn whn long dhvhlopmhnt timhs arh rhuirhd" is is th dhvhlophr +nshl +dams cosh to dhvhlop is ; 4oonrish, -hrnandh&, Nhw 4hico; nhgativh in, %hcaush h was conchrnhd tat th moon would comh out ovhrdhvhlophd and not sow an$ dhtail" -h lathr said if h ad !nown ow dar! th forhground arha was h would avh givhn th wolh nhgativh anothr stop of hposu hposurh rh))% ))%ut ut undhr undhr normal normal circ circums umstan tanchs chs,, whrh whrh corr corrhct hct hpos hposur urhh is givhn, givhn, D)A D)A rhndh rhndhrs rs hchllhnt sadow dhtail" 1+dams couldn/t nd is hposurh mhthr in is urr$ to ma!h th sot %hforh th sun sht %hind im" -h lathr ushd a silvhr)%ashd inthnsihr to hnanch th forhground of tis famous nhgativh"3
+ diluth mhtol dhvhlophr rhstrains igligt dhvhlopmhnt morh tan sadow dhvhlopmhnt"
Hydroquinon 1p)Di$dro$%hn&hnh3 is a clhan)wor!ing, non)staining aghnt tat is rhadil$ solu%lh in warm wathr 1somhwat lhss so in cold3, and is htrhmhl$ shnsitivh to th h*hcts of low thmphraturh and %romidhs" In igl$ al!alinh solutions it produchs a ig sphhd, ig contrast dhvhlophr suita%lh for prochss wor!" In com%ination wit mhtol or phnidonh, and car%onath, it produchs a virtual univhrsal dhvhlophr wic can %h ad:usthd for almost an$ ush"
Phnidon 1@)phn$l 1@)phn$l))p ))p$ra&o $ra&olidon lidonh3 h3 is a clhan)wor clhan)wor!ing !ing,, non)stain non)staining, ing, igl$ igl$ activh activh aghnt aghnt tat is onl$ modhrathl$ solu%lh in ot wathr" Duh to its ig activit$ it rhuirhs considhra%lh rhstrainhr))
usuall$ %hn&otria&olh in addition to potassium %romidh" In car%onath solution it produchs a fast %ut so2 wor!ing dhvhlophr" 9it %ora or sodium mhta%orath it ma!hs a nh grain dhvhlophr" In com%ination wit $drouinonh it %hcomhs a normal contrast all purposh dhvhlophr wit hchllhnt !hhping prophrtihs" It as ta!hn th plach of mhtol in man$ formulas %hcaush it is muc lhss li!hl$ to caush s!in rashs" 5 E is an outstanding (F non)solvhnt lm dhvhlophr, particularl$ wit T)grain lms, tat utili&hs phnidonh/s sphhd)hnancing prophrtihs"
p-Aminophnol hydrochlorid p)+minophnol $drocloridh is muc %h.hr !nown %$ its tradh namh Rodinal" It is a fast) wor!ing, fog)frhh, stain)frhh aghnt tat !hhps htrhmhl$ whll and produchs nhgativhs of vhr$ ig acutanch" It is ushd primaril$ in igl$ conchntrathd prh)mihd solutions, and is rarhl$ found in omh dar!rooms %hcaush prh)mihd Rodinal rhmains chap and rhadil$ availa%lh" Rodinal produchs a uniuh gradation %htwhhn tat of D)EG and th htrhmh sarpnhss of 5)@" Rodinal @0HB wit +gfa +( BB ma!hs a good ghnhral com%ination" Rodinal at @0@BB wit +gfa AH is igl$ rhcommhndhd for landscaphs"
Amidol 1A,)Diaminophnol $drocloridh3 is a low)fog aghnt wic dissolvhs hasil$ in wathr and sulth solutions, and is modhrathl$ shnsitivh to %romidhs" It is toic, stains th nghrs wit oidation %$) products, and dohs not !hhp whll, toug its !hhping prophrtihs ma$ %h improvhd %$ th addition of lactic or citric acid" +midol was th paphr dhvhlophr of coich of rh. 9hston, and is still chrishd %$ man$ nh)art potographrs" It was famous 2$ $hars ago for th %luh)%lac! tonhs it produchs on %romidh paphrs" +midol posshsshs th unusual ualit$ of %hing an activh dhvhloping aghnt in a sulth onl$ solution, witout th addition of car%onath, and hvhn rhmains activh in sligtl$ acidic hnvironmhnts" It is also said to %hgin its dhvhlopmhnt in th dhpt of th hmulsion rathr tan on th surfach as do most aghnts"
h m$stiuh of amidol hndurhs, dhspith th di6cultihs involvhd in its ush" h chmical is uith poisonous, dohsn/t !hhp, stains nghrs and cloting, and is th most hphnsivh dhvhloping aghnt still in ush" +dams nhvhr ushd it muc, stating tat h fhlt h could ght as good or %h.hr rhsults wit othr formulas, toug rh. 9hston ushd it all thir livhs and a num%hr of nh art potographrs continuh to maintain tat it as chrtain uniuh %ut almost undhna%lh ualitihs tat ma!h it th most dhsirha%lh of dhvhloping aghnts for paphrs"
warm purplh)%rown" +gfa >rovira is said to %h th onl$ purh %romidh paphr still in production, and amidol formulas do indhhd givh cold %luh)%lac! uhs wit tis paphr" J>rovira as %hhn rhmovhd from th mar!ht sinch tis was wri.hn"K
+midol as also long %hhn famous for th dhpt of its %lac!s" 4odhrn thsts indicath tat thrh arh shvhral formulas tat produch %lac!s tat arh hual to or grhathr in dhnsit$ tan tosh produchd %$ +midol formulas, %ut truh a6cionados of amidol !now tat su%:hctivh a*hct is muc morh important tan scihntic proof whn it comhs to art" In trut, prints madh in amidol givh an imprhssion of grhathr dhpt, and avh rhmar!a%l$ good tonal shparation"
+lmost hvhr$ manufacturhr of chmicals and paphr as produchd an amidol formula at onh timh or anothr, and th vast ma:orit$ of thm givh vhr$ similar rhsults" Onh modhrn formula stands out from th rhst))tat of #amuhl 5hin" 4r" 5hin cosh to ush %hn&otria&olh as an anti)foggant rathr tan potassium %romidh, and to add a signicant uantit$ of citric acid" h citric acid prhvhnts prhmaturh oidation of th dhvhlophr and hliminaths unwanthd stains, wilh th %hn&otria&olh givhs a muc coldhr uh, hvhn wit cloro)%romidh paphrs" is is dhnithl$ a dhvhlophr wort hphrimhnting wit"
+midol solutions do not !hhp and must %h mihd :ust prior to ush" -owhvhr, hvhr$ting %ut th dhvhloping aghnt ma$ %h prh)mihd" +midol in its purh form is a with, Lu*$ cr$stallinh powdhr" +s it aghs it turns grh$, thn %lac!, and %hcomhs incrhasingl$ di6cult to dissolvh full$"
8lovhs must alwa$s %h worn whn wor!ing wit amidol solutions, and th dhvhloping aghnt sould nhvhr %h addhd to a ot solution, as it givhs o* noious fumhs" It is wish to lhavh a alf) inc to an inc margin around th print %hcaush tongs or glovhs wic arh dipphd in amidol dhvhlophr and thn hposhd to air thnd to stain th print"
Pyrocatchin 1o)Di$dro$%hn&hnh3, also !nown as Cathcol, is a toic, staining, low)fog aghnt tat is onl$ sligtl$ shnsitivh to %romidh in its most common solution wit sodium $droidh" It is considhra%l$ morh suschpti%lh to th inLuhnch of %romidh in car%onath solutions" ($rocathcin oidi&hs vhr$ rhadil$, particularl$ in th a%shnch of a sulth prhshrvativh' th oidation %$products avh a tanning h*hct on th ghlatinh of th potograpic hmulsion, wic thnds to ardhn and stain it" is tanning h*hct is proportional to th amount of silvhr rhduchd and is thrhforh grhathst in th igligt arhas wic avh rhchivhd th grhathst hposurh" 7ocal tanning and ardhning thnds to ini%it furthr dhvhloping action in th arha, ma!ing p$rocathcin an idhal comphnsating dhvhlophr" h tanning h*hct also prhvhnts dhvhlopmhnt %hlow th surfach of th hmulsion" Ushr/s rhport tat T)4a @BB, +gfa @BB, and +gfa AH do not sow as stain as othr lms"
($rocathcin shhms to %h th prhfhrrhd namh for tis aghnt, %ut cathcol is somhtimhs morh convhnihnt as it prhvhnts confusion wit p$rogallol" >hcaush of th tanning h*hct of cathcol on hmulsion ghlatinh, it as man$ of th prophrtihs of p$rogallol, including ig acutanch and low fog" >ot arh hsshntiall$ surfach dhvhlophrs0 th ardhnhd hmulsion prhvhnts dhvhlopmhnt of alidhs %hlow th surfach, thrh%$ rhducing alation h*hcts" -alation is caushd %$ stra$ ligt %ouncing around insidh th ghlatinh la$hr and hposing alidh cr$stals tat would not othrwish rhchivh hposurh, %ut alation ta!hs plach almost hclusivhl$ in th dhpts of th hmulsion and so its h*hcts arh larghl$ nhgathd %$ surfach dhvhlophrs"
Cathcol is a muc undhrutili&hd aghnt, and formulas for it arh rarhl$ found" =irtuall$ its onl$ ush is as a comphnsating dhvhlophr for su%:hcts wit htrhmh scalhs in th thn to 2hhn stop rangh" #uc htrhmh hposurh valuh ranghs arh actuall$ uith common in th #outwhst" +nshl +dams givhs an hchllhnt two)solution cathcol formula in is %oo! h Nhgativh" -h staths tat it rhduchs hmulsion sphhd considhra%l$ in th low valuhs, so tat it is nhchssar$ to givh twich th normal hposurh"
h staining h*hct of cathcol is somhwat unprhdicta%lh, dhphnding upon th agh of th dr$ chmical, th agh of th mihd solution, and numhrous hnvironmhntal factors" h stain also ma!hs it di6cult to dhthrminh corrhct hposurh of th nhgativh, sort of actual printing" >rac!hting of hposurhs is rhcommhndhd for tosh inhphrihnchd wit th formula, as is dhvhlopmhnt %$ insphction" ($rocat)-D is a shmi)comphnsating, ig)dhnition dhvhlophr, formulathd %$ #and$ ?ing as an althrnativh to (4?"
Pyrogallol 1@,A,)Tri$dro$%hn&hnh3, also !nown as ($ro, is a staining aghnt tat is uith toic, produchs low fog, and is modhrathl$ shnsitivh to th addition of %romidh" Ushd %$ itshlf it is vhr$ so2 wor!ing, %ut wit th addition of mhtol it produchs normal contrast nhgativhs" It oidi&hs rhadil$ and th oidation %$products tan th ghlatinh of th hmulsion, producing a distinct $hllow)grhhn stain in dirhct proportion to th amount of silvhr alidh rhduchd" is as th h*hct of somhwat mas!ing imagh grain and improving dhtail in th ig valuhs" Onch widhl$ ushd 1nota%l$ %$ rh. 9hston, among man$ othrs3, p$ro formulas fhll out of voguh duh to th di6cult$ of controlling th staining h*hct" 8ordon -utcings/ (4? 1p$ro) mhtol) !odal!3 formula givhs vhr$ good control ovhr th staining action and as %rougt p$ro into widhsprhad ush onch again, particularl$ %$ nh art potographrs"
8allic acid was ushd %$ 5o Tal%ot as harl$ as @MB to shnsiti&h as whll as dhvhlop is paphr nhgativhs, %ut it provhd to %h an htrhmhl$ slow dhvhloping aghnt" >$ @MM it ad alrhad$ %hhn discovhrhd tat whn gallic acid is hathd to ABB)AHB it %hcomhs morh activh" In harl$ chmistr$
su%stanchs whrh o2hn hathd to shh wat nhw prophrtihs th$ migt acuirh, and thsh hathd su%stanchs whrh thn prhhd wit th 8rhh! word p$ro, mhaning rh" #o hathd gallic acid was rhfhrrhd to 1incorrhctl$3 as p$rogallic acid" +ctuall$, hating gallic acid li%hraths car%on dioidh, lhaving @)A) tri$dro$%hn&hnh or p$rogallol" ($rogallol found ush as harl$ as @MH@ in th collodion wht plath prochss, and continuhd to %h ushd for th rhst of th @t chntur$ and whll into th ABt in %ot wht and dr$ prochsshs" 8ordon -utcings gohs so far as to sa$ tat p$rogallol was th most popular dhvhloping aghnt of th @t chntur$, dhspith th man$ di6cultihs associathd wit its ush" oug it was famous for its tonal gradation and rhndhring of nh dhtail, it was also !nown for its thndhnc$ to oidi&h rapidl$ and caush mo.ling, strha!s, and stains"
9it th discovhr$ of $drouinonh in @MMB, mhtol in @M@, and th su%shuhnt invhntion of mhtol) $drouinonh formulas, p$rogallol %hgan to fall into disfavor" 9ilh it was discovhrhd tat mhtol could %h addhd to p$rogallol to incrhash lm sphhd and contrast, inconsisthnt staining of th nhgativh %$ oidation %$products continuhd to %h a ma:or pro%lhm' and, toug non)staining formulas whrh dhvhlophd, it was uic!l$ discovhrhd tat man$ of th advantaghs of p$ro ovhr othr dhvhloping aghnts rhsulthd from th vhr$ stain tat ad %hhn hliminathd" ($ro continuhd to %h ushd %$ a fhw nh art potographrs and portraitists wo apprhciathd its uniuh ualitihs, and %$ a fhw prhss potographrs wo rhuirhd th sphhd of dhvhlopmhnt dhlivhrhd %$ chrtain p$ro) mhtol formulas, %ut for popular ush wit miniaturh lms 1i"h", Hmm3 p$ro was complhthl$ supplanthd %$ mhtol) $drouinonh"
8ordon -utcings apphars to avh donh morh rhsharc on p$ro tan an$onh in rhchnt istor$, and is h >oo! of ($ro is dhnitivh" -utcings as dhvhlophd a formula tat maimi&hs th stain, %ut allows it to ta!h plach in a controllhd mannhr, witin th hmulsion and a2hr dhvhlopmhnt" -is (4? formula 1wic stands for p$ro)mhtol )!odal!3, is now :ustl$ famous and continuhs to gain adhrhnts among nh art potographrs"
h advantaghs o*hrhd %$ p$ro arh man$, and far outwhig th disadvantaghs" h $hllow)grhhn color of p$ro/s stain adds h*hctivh dhnsit$ to th nhgativh 1wic can onl$ %h accurathl$ mhasurhd wit a color dhnsitomhthr3, %ut unli!h mhrh ovhrdhvhlopmhnt, wic thnds to incrhash graininhss and mas! nh dhtail, th stain shrvhs to ll th gaps %htwhhn silvhr grains, thrh%$ partiall$ mas!ing th grain and providing a uniuhl$ smoot tonal gradation" (4? is unhuallhd in its a%ilit$ to h*hctivhl$ rhndhr fog and mist" Duh to th dhnsit$ addhd %$ th stain, dhvhlopmhnt can %h rhduchd somhwat to allow for transluchnt nhgativh igligt valuhs, thrh%$ producing dhtail in th ig valuhs tat cannot %h achivhd wit an$ othr dhvhlophr" Rhduchd dhvhlopmhnt in turn rhstricts th possi%ilit$ of contagious dhvhlopmhnt and virtuall$ hliminaths fog" ($ro/s tanning h*hct on ghlatinh hlps to rhduch grain migration, and also ini%its th di*usion of %romidh out of th hmulsion" is givhs th p$ro)mhtol form hnanchd ad:achnc$ h*hcts and htrhmhl$ ig acutanch)th dhtail it rhndhrs somhtimhs shhms almost unrhal" >hcaush, wit (4?, th staining action ta!hs plach witin th hmulsion rathr tan as a rhsult of oidation in th dhvhlophr, it is dirhctl$ proportional to th amount of silvhr rhduchd and th unwanthd, random stain of oldhr
p$ro formulas is hliminathd" h stain and tanning of th hmulsion allow hthndhd insphction timhs"
($ro formulas oidi&h rapidl$ and must %h mihd :ust prior to ush, %ut (4? is a simplh two) solution formula tat !hhps vhr$ whll" ($ro is uith toic)long thrm hposurh can caush !idnh$ dishash and is pro%a%l$ carcinoghnic" It is possi%lh tat ut it is has$ to ovhr)rhact0 simplh !itchn glovhs and h$h)whar arh adhuath prothction whn andling p$ro solutions" +n occasional fhw drops of diluth solution on th s!in can %h Lushd wit wathr and arh no caush for alarm" 7ong) thrm hposurh is anothr ma.hr, and dirhct inghstion of hvhn a gram of th purh chmical would chrtainl$ %h fatal" 5or tosh wo don/t wis to andlh cr$stallinh p$rogallol, (4? is now availa%lh prh)mihd from (otographr/s 5ormular$"
Glycin 1p)-$dro$phn$l gl$cinh3 is a slow)wor!ing, low)contrast, long)lasting aghnt tat is uith shnsitivh to th addition of %romidh" It hld a %rihf voguh as a nh grain lm dhvhlophr, %ut as primaril$ %hhn ushd as a warm)tonh paphr dhvhlophr in com%ination wit mhtol and $drouinonh" It is rarhl$ ushd toda$, %ut still o*hrs %hautiful gradation and uniuh print color"
8l$cin is a lhss hphnsivh dhvhloping aghnt tan it shhms at rst glanch %hcaush it is vhr$ long) lasting in solution" +nsco @B will !hhp for man$ monts and can %h ushd again and again" +s it aghs, th solution oidi&hs somhwat and turns dar!hr" It is still phrfhctl$ functional as a dhvhlophr, toug it thnds to produch lhss contrast as it aghs, and prints sould alwa$s %h dhvhlophd fach up to prhvhnt unwanthd stains" h $drouinonh in th formula %rha!s down and chashs to produch its suphradditivh h*hct wit th mhtol, %ut th mhtol and gl$cin continuh to function long a2hr th $drouinonh is hausthd" +nshl +dams pro%a%l$ got th idha for is variant from using +nsco @B whll %h$ond th h*hctivh lifh of th $drouinonh"
Chlorquinol, p-Phnylndiamin, and Phnyln-diamin hrh arh othr whll !nown dhvhloping aghnts, including Cloruinol 1Clor$dro)uinonh3, p) (hn$lhnhdiaminh 1@,)Diamino%hn&hnh3, and its variant o)(hn$lhnh) diaminh))thsh aghnts arh virtuall$ o%solhth for omh dar!room ush, toug th$ still nd commhrcial applications" hrh is also a chmical of th naptalhnh shrihs 1a dou%lh %hn&hnh ring3 !nown as
H A!"A!# - H AC#$A%R
h function and importanch of th rhducing aghnt in th dhvhlophr avh %ot %hhn mhntionhd) %ut thrh arh trhh othr componhnts wic also pla$ an important rolh in an$ dhvhloping solution" h rst of thsh is th al!ali)wic is ordinaril$ hsshntial for dhvhlopmhnt" 4ost of th rhducing aghnts arh nhutral or sligtl$ acid in thir normal stath, and in tis condition givh li.lh or no dhvhloping action" -owhvhr, whn an al!alinh salt li!h sodium car%onath is introduchd into th solution containing th rhducing aghnt, a vhr$ inthrhsting cangh ta!hs plach" h rhducing aghnt forms wat is callhd an al!alinh salt wic in a potograpic shnsh is a morh activh mathrial, and it is tis al!alinh salt of th rhducing aghnt tat actuall$ rhduchs th hposhd grains of silvhr salt to mhtallic silvhr" h al!ali as a shcondar$ h*hct in th dhvhloping solution wic is also important" It hlps th ghlatin hmulsion to swhll and tus facilitaths th phnhtration of th dhvhloping solution trougout th nhtwor! la$hr of th hmulsion"
It is o%vious tat th al!ali is an important componhnt of th dhvhloping solution and is li!hwish hvidhnt tat carh must %h hhrcishd in using th rigt !ind and corrhct amount of al!ali" #odium car%onath is normall$ rhcommhndhd toug potassium car%onath is somhtimhs ushd in its plach" + dhvhlophr containing a largh amount of car%onath can caush car%onic gas %u%%lhs to form in th hmulsion of lm or paphr whn trasfhrrhd to an achtic stop %at" h caustic al!alis, sodium $droidh and potassium $droidh, sould not %h su%stituthd unlhss dhnithl$ sphcihd, as th$ arh muc stronghr and can hasil$ caush fog" Normall$ th$ arh ushd onl$ in sphcial)purposh dhvhlophrs giving ig contrast" >ora and similar al!alis wic arh lhss hnhrghtic arh o2hn sphcihd for nh)grain dhvhlopmhnt in wic grain si&h must %h controllhd %$ so2hr dhvhlopmhnt" +nothr al!ali ushd for potograpic wor! is sodium mhta%orath wic is hlpful in rhducing %listhr formation whrh it is di6cult to control th thmphraturh of prochssing solutions during ot whathr"
h amount of al!ali sould %h whighd accurathl$ to th amount sphcihd, as too muc ma$ caush fog in dhvhlophd nhgativhs' too li.lh ma$ rhsult in slow, so2 dhvhlopmhnt" It is important to rhmhm%hr whn using car%onath tat th potassium salt is ghnhrall$ availa%lh onl$ in th an$drous form, wilh th morh ghnhrall$ ushd sodium salt can %h o%tainhd as 1@3 th an$drous 1dhsiccathd3 salt containing a%out AP wathr, 1A3 th mono$drathd salt containing a%out @P wathr, or 13 in cr$stal form containing a%out GP wathr" h an$drous and cr$stallinh forms arh %ot unsta%lh at ordinar$ conditions of thmphraturh and umidit$, and must %h !hpt in tigtl$ shalhd containhrs and ushd wit grhat carh to prhvhnt considhra%lh a%sorption of wathr from th atmosphrh %$ th an$drous salt, or loss of wathr %$ th cr$stallinh form" h mono$drathd form of sodium car%onath is sta%lh and thrhforh prhfhrrhd %$ most potographrs for accurath prhparation of dhvhloping solutions"
H PR&R$A#$
It is caracthristic of man$ potograpic rhducing aghnts in al!alinh solutions to com%inh frhhl$ and hasil$ wit o$ghn, >hcaush of tis ;unghr; for o$ghn, al!alinh solutions of th dhvhloping aghnts spoil vhr$ uic!l$ whn hposhd to air" To incrhash thir ushful lifh, to allow th dhvhloping aghnt to do its wor! on th hposhd silvhr alidh as dhsirhd, and to prhvhnt th occurrhnch of stains, a prhshrvativh must %h addhd to th dhvhloping solution,
#odium sulth is ordinaril$ ushd as th prhshrvativh, toug in dhvhlophrs prhparhd for stoc! in two solutions, prhshrvativhs wic arh sligtl$ acid in solution suc as sodium %isulth and potassium mhta%isulth arh prhfhrrhd" >hcaush dhvhloping aghnts !hhp %h.hr in acid solution tan in onh wic is al!alinh, it is common practich to ush onh of thsh acid sulths as th prhshrvativh in th dhvhlophr part of th stoc! solution" hrh is no practical di*hrhnch %htwhhn sodium %isulth and sodium mhta%isulth in most potograpic formulas" In singlh)solution dhvhlophrs, sodium %isulth is nhvhr ushd alonh as a prhshrvativh, sinch it nhutrali&hs somh of th al!ali in th solution and would rhsult in so2hr dhvhlopmhnt" Onh othr inthrhsting point a%out prhshrvativhs is tat in somh cashs th prhshrvativh phrforms a shcondar$ function in th dhvhlophr, In somh nh)grain dhvhlophrs, for instanch, a largh amount of sodium sulth is ushd to aid in !hhping grain si&h at a minimum" T)grain lms apphar to phrform %hst whn th wor!ing solution contains lhss tan H gQ7 of sodium sulth"
H R&RA#'R
h fourt and nal important componhnt of th t$pical dhvhloping solution is th rhstrainhr, potassium %romidh" is nhchssar$ constituhnt of th dhvhloping solution acts as a ;%ra!h; on th chmical rhaction of dhvhlopmhnt and !hhps th ophration undhr control" h action of th rhstrainhr is suc tat an incrhash in th conchntration of potassium %romidh in th dhvhlophr thnds to slow down or ;rhstrain; th dhvhlopmhnt of th potograpic imagh" h conchntration of potassium %romidh in th solution is o%viousl$ important, for too muc ma$ rhtard dhvhlopmhnt hchssivhl$ and indicath an apparhnt loss of sphhd, wilh too li.lh ma$ phrmit dhvhlopmhnt of fog" >romidh is commonl$ ushd in nhutral to warm tonh paphr wit morh %romidh for a warmhr tonh"
>hn&otria&olh as grhathr antifogging action, particularl$ in ig p- dhvhlophrs" It is o2hn ushd whn %luh)%lac! tonhs arh dhsirhd" >hn&otria&olh is o2hn ushd in mhdium to ig al!ilinh dhvhlophrs, whrh onh)thnt th amount of sphcihd %romidh is su%stituthd"
(otassium Iodidh as a rhstrainhr as not %hhn torougl$ invhstigathd" It ma$ provh to %h suphrior to %romidh" If $ou wis to hphrimhnt, ghnhrall$ @Q@B to @QBB th whigt of %romidh is ushd" Iodidh is somhtimhs ushd in com%ination wit %romidh"
($!%PR )HA*&#%'
h chmical rhaction of dhvhlopmhnt rhsults in a dhplhtion of chrtain constituhnts of th dhvhloping solution so tat wit continuhd ush th dhvhlophr %hcomhs lhss h6cihnt" is ;haustion; of th dhvhlophr is caracthri&hd %$ a loss in h*hctivh sphhd and gradation of th potograpic hmulsion 1of importanch in %ot lm and paphr dhvhlopmhnt3 and %$ a cangh in tonh of th dhvhlophd imagh 1of sphcial importanch in ma!ing prints3" In conshuhnch of tis condition, it is standard practich to ush frhs dhvhloping solution whnhvhr possi%lh, as it is good insuranch of o%taining uniforml$ optimum rhsults wit potograpic lms and paphrs"
RP!'#&HR&
hrh arh, owhvhr, occasions whn a rathr largh uantit$ of dhvhlophr must %h put in ush, as in th tan! dhvhlopmhnt of lms, and in suc circumstanchs it %hcomhs dhsira%lh, for rhasons of hconom$, to prolong th ushfulnhss of th dhvhlophr %$ th addition of a ;rhplhnishr; solution wic rhplachs solution carrihd awa$ on dhvhlophd lms and hlps rhstorh th %alanch of activh ingrhdihnts in th solution"
>$ th occasional addition of suc rhplhnishrs to maintain a constant volumh of solution in th dhvhloping tan!, th ushful lifh of th dhvhlophr can %h prolonghd trhh to four timhs witout shriousl$ dhgrading th ualit$ of dhvhlophd nhgativhs" If largh amounts of rhplhnishr arh to %h addhd at an$ onh timh, th activit$ of th solution ma$ %h so incrhashd tat dhvhloping timh will avh to %h sorthnhd hchssivhl$, unlhss th rhplhnishr is diluthd somhwat wit wathr"
h haustion caracthristics of a dhvhlophr dhphnds larghl$ on th trhh following factors wic sould %h considhrhd whn inthrprhting data on haustion caracthristics"
h rath of haustion it grhatl$ inLuhnchd %$ th t$ph of nhgativhs or prints, 9hn avhragh dhnsit$ is ig, haustion will %h fasthr, 9hrh avhragh dhnsit$ is low, haustions will occur morh slowl$" Tirh ushful lifh of a dhvhlophr is sorthnhd %$ oidation caushd %$ contact wit air" <austion caracthristics will, thrhforh, dhphnd grhatl$ on th agh and mannhr in wic th solution is ushd"
h dhgrhh of phrmissi%lh haustion of paphr dhvhlophrs is also dhphndhnt on th acchpta%lh tolhranch in variation of imagh tonh of prints"
AG#A#%'
Dhvhloping timhs listhd wit formulas as whll as timh thmphraturh comphnsation mhtods prhviousl$ dhscri%hd, arh %ashd on h*hctivh agitation of th lm in th dhvhloping solution" <*hctivh agitation can %h considhrhd to %h an$ mhtod wic providhs a continual Low of solution across th surfach of th lm, %ut for practical considhrations an inthrmi.hnt form of agitation can %h hmplo$hd wic will adhuathl$ rhmovh dhvhlopmhnt %$products and suppl$ frhs dhvhloping solution to th lm hmulsion" #uc a mhtod rhuirhs actual movhmhnt of th lm in th dhvhlophr, or dhvhlophr ovhr th lm for H shconds out of hvhr$ minuth, and can %h acihvhd %$ roc!ing th tra$ in tra$ dhvhlopmhnt, or %$ agitation of th lm in th solution whn tan! dhvhlopmhnt is hmplo$hd" h important point is tat a rhphata%lh mhtod of gh.ing h*hctivh agitation sould %h hsta%lishd if uniforml$ hchllhnt rhsults arh to %h o%tainhd in lm dhvhlopmhnt"
H #MP%RA'C %F A &H%R &%P
+s nhgativhs or prints arh rhmovhd from th dhvhloping solution, th$ carr$ wit thm considhra%lh amounts of al!ali and othr chmicals wic can contaminath th ing %at and inthrfhrh wit its action" Ushd)up dhvhlophr carrihd along wit nhgativhs and prints can also caush trou%lhsomh stains if somh mhtod is not ushd to stop dhvhlopmhnt instantl$ and complhthl$" h %hst and most rhlia%lh wa$ of doing tis is th whll)!nown sort)stop %at of diluth achtic acid wic nhutrali&hs an$ al!ali rhmaining on nhgativhs or prints and prhvhnts contamination of th ing solution" ht it is surprising ow man$ potographrs still tr$ to ght along witout tis inthrmhdiath %at %htwhhn dhvhlopmhnt and ation, it is truh tat an acid ing %at will givh satisfactor$ rhsults witout th ush of a prhliminar$ sort)stop %at, %ut it/s ushful lifh is shvhrhl$ limithd whn a sort)stop is not ushd"
(otographrs frhuhntl$ as! w$ achtic acid is ushd for th sort)stop %at and ing %at insthad of othr common acids li!h $drocloric or sulfuric" h answhr lihs in th fact tat a rhlativhl$ largh amount of acid must %h availa%lh %ut th solution must not %h too strongl$ acid" Conshuhntl$ a compound is ushd wic is wha! in acidit$ %ut wic as availa%lh a ig rhshrvh of acid to nhutrali&h al!ali" + corrhspondingl$ larghr amount of th wha! achtic acid ma$ thrhforh %h ushd tan could %h ushd of a strong acid"
C%MP%&##%' A'( F*'C#%' %F H F#)#'G +AH
h prochdurh of ation is rhlativhl$ simplh %ut is sould %h carrihd out wit considhra%lh carh, as it can %h th sourch of muc trou%lh whn improphrl$ andlhd" h potograpic lm nhgativh upon rhmoval from th dhvhloping solution is still shnsitivh to ligt, as it contains undhvhlophd silvhr salt in th sadow portions of th imagh" To ma!h th nhgativh imagh phrmanhnt %$ rhmoving tis undhvhlophd silvhr salt, as whll as to ma!h it clhar and transparhnt for printing, th action of th ing %at must %h hmplo$hd" h principal constituth of th ing solutions is sodium tiosulfath, morh commonl$ !nown as //$po// 1for its oldhr namh of sodium $posulth3, for in solution tis ushful chmical as th prophrt$ of dissolving ligt)shnsitivh silvhr salts" h mhtod %$ wic th silvhr salt is rhmovhd is ghnhrall$ considhrhd as, rst, a convhrsion to a solu%lh dou%lh salt %$ th $po, and shcond, th wasing out of tis solu%lh salt wit wathr"
h convhntional ing solution ghnhrall$ contains othr chmicals in addition to th $po" +chtic acid is o2hn includhd to aid in rhgulating th acidit$ of th ing solution and to prhvhnt stains" -owhvhr, a $po solution containing muc acid is apt to prhcipitath sulfur, so anothr chmical, sodium sulth, is addhd to prhvhnt tis unwanthd rhaction"
+n additional componhnt of th usual ing %at is th ardhning aghnt wic prhvhnts frilling and so2hning of tirh ghlatin hmulsion" 9ith potassium alum 1potassium aluminum sulfath3 is usuall$ hmplo$hd for tis purposh, toug somh potographrs prhfhr potassium cromh alum ushd wit a small amount of sulfuric acid" Carh must %h ushd wit cromh alum as th ardhnhr rapidl$ loshs its strhngt and is onl$ trul$ h*hctivh whn a frhs solution is ushd" h ing %at will shldom, if hvhr, givh trou%lh whn prophrl$ prhparhd from purh chmicals, if a %at turns mil!$ a2hr prhparation, it indicaths tat sulfur is prhcipitating %hcaush of too muc or too strong an acid, too li.lh sulth, too ig a thmphraturh of th solution, or improphr miing" + mil!$ appharanch of th %at during ush is duh to th prhshnch of hchss al!ali and indicaths tat th %at sould %h rhplachd, it is important not to ovhrwor! th ing %at, %hcaush a nharl$ hausthd ing solution will not complhthl$ rhmovh th silvhr salts, and prints or nhgativhs will turn $hllow or stain on aging"
+ gallon of standard strhngt ing %at sould @BB M@B; dou%lh)whigt prints or thir huivalhnt" >htwhhn @BB and @AB rolls of @AB lm 1or huivalhnt3 ma$ %h hd in onh gallon of standard)strhngt ing %at if th lms avh prhviousl$ %hhn rinshd in a sort)stop %at or plain wathr" 9hn th %at frots or foams, it sould %h rhplachd" 4an$ potographrs avh found tat a convhnihnt, chrtain and hconomical mhtod of insuring complhth ation lihs in th ush of two ing solutions" 5iing is carrihd out rst in th morh ushd of th two %ats and nall$ in th frhshr solution" 9hn th oldhr %at %hcomhs hausthd, th partl$ ushd solution ta!hs its plach and a frhs ing %at is prhparhd for th shcond solution"
M#)#'G PH%%GRAPH#C &%!*#%'&
Distillhd wathr is rhcommhndhd for lm dhvhlophrs, as hvhn minuth uantitihs of impuritihs can caush nhgativh dhfhcts" It can %h hathd on th stovh to th nhchssar$ miing thmphraturh, and small uantitihs can %h !hpt rhfrighrathd for ad:usting solution thmphraturhs downward" Tap wathr is ghnhrall$ su6cihnt for miing paphr dhvhlophrs"
#omh chmicals mi phrfhctl$ whll at room thmphraturh, %ut man$ rhuirh ot wathr to dissolvh complhthl$, so most dhvhlophr formulas call for wathr at @AH" 8hnhrall$ onh %hgins wit wathr at EHP of th liuid volumh dhsirhd, so if onh lithr of solution is to %h mihd, onh %hgins wit EHB millilithrs of wathr" +2hr th chmicals arh addhd, th solution is topphd up to th dhsirhd volumh wit cold wathr"
Chmicals sould %h addhd to th wathr slowl$, onh at a timh, wilh stirring constantl$"
4i all componhnts of a solution in th ordhr listhd in th formula" is is htrhmhl$ important and lac! of a.hntion to tis point can hasil$ rhsult in th formation of prhcipitaths wic will not dissolvh in th solution" + wortwilh corollar$ to tis rulh is to wait until hac chmical is torougl$ dissolvhd %hforh adding th nht componhnt of th solution" In most singlh)solution dhvhlophrs th prhshrvativh sodium sulth is usuall$ addhd immhdiathl$ a2hr th dhvhloping aghnt %ut %hforh th $drouinonh, if tis chmical is ushd" 9hn two dhvhloping aghnts suc as mhtol and $drouinonh arh ushd, th addition is ghnhrall$ madh in th ordhr mhtol, sulth, $drouinonh" -owhvhr, wit dhvhloping aghnts li!h gl$cin, th sulth and car%onath arh dissolvhd rst, as th gl$cin dissolvhs wit grhathr di6cult$ othrwish"
Dhvhlophr chmicals arh usuall$ mihd in th following ordhr0
prhshrvativh dhvhloping aghnt acchlhrator rhstrainhr
h primar$ hchption to th a%ovh rulh is mhtol, wic is alwa$s mihd rst %hcaush it dohs not dissolvh whll in al!alinh solutions" 4ost formularihs rhcommhnd adding a pinc of sulth %hforh miing th mhtol to rhtard oidation" +lwa$s mi chmicals in th ordhr givhn in th formula"
+ tird important rulh for an$ potographr is to ush th purhst o%taina%lh, innumhra%lh trou%lhs in dhvhloping and ing avh %hhn trachd to impuritihs prhshnt in th wathr" 4an$ potographrs nd it a wish dhcision to ush distillhd wathr for all stoc! solutions, adding tap wathr for dilution"
#torh dhvhlophr solutions in %rown glass or plastic %o.lhs, wit li.lh or no air trapphd in thm" #hvhral small %o.lhs arh prhfhra%lh to onh largh onh)th lhss air a dhvhlophr is hposhd to, th longhr it will !hhp"
&AF
4ost of th dhvhloping aghnts arh somhwat toic and sould not %h inghsthd or %rhathd" h$ arh all cr$stallinh, %ut somh dust is inhvita%lh, particularl$ whn $groscopic aghnts %hcomh ca!hd up and avh to %h scraphd from thir containhrs" It cannot %h hmpasi&hd hnoug tat dust from dhvhloping aghnts sould not %h %rhathd" Dar!room wor!hrs sould ma!h hvhr$ h*ort to minimi&h th production of dust, and sould awa$s whar a mas! whn miing dhvhlophrs"
Conchntrathd acids and caustic al!alis sould alwa$s %h andlhd wit th grhathst carh" oug suc chmicals arh rarhl$ ushd in th modhrn dar!room, th$ arh not un!nown)acid proof glovhs arh strongl$ rhcommhndhd" 8hnhrall$ spha!ing, wathr sould not %h addhd to conchntrathd acids %hcaush th$ thnd to %oil and spla.hr acid hvhr$whrh, toug glacial achtic acid is an hchption to tis rulh" #imilarl$, carh sould %h ta!hn whn adding caustic al!alis to wathr, particularl$ ot wathr" #trong acids and %ashs sould not %h com%inhd hchpt undhr hphrt suphrvision"
($rogallol, p$rocathcin, amidol, and gl$cin arh igl$ toic and rhadil$ a%sor%hd troug th s!in))a fhw drops now and thn will not %h danghrous, %ut glovhs and h$h prothction sould alwa$s %h worn whn wor!ing wit solutions of thsh aghnts" #toc! solutions of p$ro)gallol sould %h mihd undhr a chmical vhnt ood or out)of)doors to prhvhnt th conchntration of toic fumhs in th dar!room" +midol sould nhvhr %h mihd into a solution muc a%ovh MB for th samh rhason"
RFR'C
h 5ilm Dhvhloping Coo!%oo!, #thphn 8" +nchll and >ill Troop" u*aloh, Un%lin!ing <$h" +dams, +nshl" h Nhgativh, Nhw +nshl +dams (otograp$ #hrihs, >oo! A, Nhw or! 8rapic #ociht$ 1>oston0 7i.lh, >rown and Co", @M@3" +dams, +nshl" h (rint, Nhw +nshl +dams (otograp$ #hrihs, >oo! , Nhw or! 8rapic #ociht$ 1>oston0 7i.lh, >rown and Co", @M3" S9 <i%ition (aphrs,; Dar!room and Crhativh Camhra Thcniuhs, =ol" G, No" @ 1an"Q5h%" @MH3" 8hrmain, 4orris" Dar!room -and%oo! and 5ormular$, 7i.lh Thcnical 7i%rar$ 1Cicago, Nhw or!0 i*)Davis (u%lising Compan$, @B3" -hnr$, Ricard " Controls in >lac! and 9ith (otograp$, And oston, 7ondon0 5ocal (rhss, @MM3" -utcings, 8ordon" h >oo! of ($ro, 18ranith >a$, California0 >i.hr Dog (rhss, @A3" aco%son, C"I", and aco%shn, R"<" Dhvhloping, @Mt Rhvishd lac!)and)9ith (otograp$, #hvhnt
Photographic Chmical (scriptions
AC#C AC#(, G!AC#A! Othr namhs0 4htanhca%%o$lic acid' htanoic acid" Dhscription0 Colorlhss, wathr li!h liuid wit a punghnt vinhgar$ odor" odor" (rhcautions0 Caushs shvhrh shvhrh %urns so avoid contact wit liuid or vapor in th h$hs, on th s!in, %$ %rhating, or on cloting" ?hhp %o.lh in a cool plach and rhmovh cap vhr$ carhfull$ to avoid liuid or vapor contact" 4a$ %h fatal if swallowhd" ?hhp awa$ from hat and ophn Lamh" 5irst +id0 In cash of contact wit h$hs, Lus wit plhnt$ of wathr for at lhast @H minuths, thn ght mhdi mhdica call a.hn a.hnti tion on"" 5or 5or hth hthrn rnal al cont contac act, t, Lus Lus wi wit t wa wathr thr,, thn thn wa wath thrr cont contai aini ning ng sodi sodium um %icar%onath" If ta!hn inthrnall$, givh tap wathr, mil!, or mil! of magnhsia" 8ivh withs of hggs %hathn wit wathr" Do not givh hmhtics" #hh a p$sician immhdiathl$" immhdiathl$" Noth0 8lacial achtic acid contains at lhast "HP achtic acid' achtic acid contains G to EP, %$ whigt" (otograpic gradh achtic acid is AMP %hcaush glacial achtic acid cannot %h addhd to sodium sulth witout dhcomposing th sulth to form sulfur dioidh gas" Do not add glacial achtic acid to sodium tiosulfath solutions witout sodium sulth %hing prhshnt as th tiosulfath will sulfuri&h" 9ith vinhgar is a diluth solution of achtic acid, usuall$ to GP achtic acid, altoug distillhd vinhgar ma$ avh a ighr acid conthnt" 8lacial achtic acid ma$ %h diluthd to AM phrchnt %$ miing parts of 8lacial achtic acid wit M parts of wathr" wathr" (otograpic 5ormulas0 >luh Tonhr 18T)@3, 5ihr Ga, #top >at #>)@, Uranium Tonhr"
AMM%'#*M A!*M Othr namhs0 +mmonium alum' ammonium aluminium sulfath' aluminium ammonium sulfath dodhca$drath" Dhscription0 Colorlhss cr$stals, with granulhs, or powdhr wit a strong, astringhnt tasth mhlt at "HV, losh AB -AO at @ABV, and dh$drath complhthl$ at a%out AHBV" #olu%ilit$ is @H"@ grams in @BBml wathr at ABV wit grhathr solu%ilit$ in ot wathr 1GG"G grams at GBV3" 5rhhl$ solu%lh in gl$chrol and diluth acid %ut almost insolu%lh in alcool" p- of an auhous solution 1B"BH molhcular whigt in @BBB ml solution3 is "G (rhcautions0 +mmonium alum is considhrhd onl$ modhrathl$ toic %ut ma$ caush dhrmatitis %$ s!in irritation %hcaush of th rhlhash of sulfuric acid" Inalation and inghstion of largh uanitihs caush caush shrious shrious upsht" ?hhp in closhd closhd containhr and avoid avoid %rhating %rhating dust" Ush onl$ wit adhuath adhuath vhntilation" +void contact wit h$hs, s!in, and cloting" 9har 9har safht$ glasshs and ru%%hr, or similar glovhs whn andling" 9as a2hr andling" Do not swallow" 5irst +id0 If contact is madh wit th s!in, Lus torougl$ wit plhnt$ of wathr, using soap, if availa%lh" If contact is madh wit h$hs, Lus wit plhnt$ of wathrfor @H minuths" Call a p$sician" If ina inalhd lhd or ingh inghst sthd hd,, dilu diluth th %$ drin drin!i !ing ng a larg larghh volu volumh mh of wa wath thrr, thn thn call call a p$s p$sic icia ian n immhdiathl$ for furthr trhatmhnt" 8ht mhdical hlp if s!in dhrmatitis dhvhlops" Ushs0 +s a ardnhr in acid ing %ats or somhtimhs as a shphrath ardnhr for ghlatin" (otograpic 5ormulas0 Uranium Tonhr 1?oda! T)3"
AMM%'#*M CAR+%'A CAR+%'A Othr Othr namhs namhs00 +mmoni +mmonium um shsui shsuicar car%on %onath ath'' cr$sta cr$stall ammoni ammonia' a' arts artsorn orn'' roc! roc! ammoni ammonia' a' sal volatilh" Dhscription0 h dou%lh salt of ammonium %icar%onath and ammonium car%amath, consists of colorl colorlhss hss,, transl transluch uchnt nt plaths plaths or masshs masshs,, or with with powdhr powdhr,, wit wit a strong strong odor of ammoni ammoniaa 1ingrhdihnt of smhlling salts3" h solid is unsta%lh in air, hvolving ammonia and car%on dioidh to lhavh ammonium %icar%onath, %hcoming with and powdhr$ on th outsidh to form a solid of unchrtain composition" (rhcautions0 ?hhp containhr tigtl$ closhd and storh in a cool plach" Do not hat as irritating fumhs will %h hvolvhd" Ush wit adhuath vhntilation and do not %rhath th fumhs" +void contact wit h$hs, s!in, and cloting" +void %rhating fumhs from solid or solutions as irritation ma$ rhsult" 5irst +id0 In cash of contact, immhdiathl$ Lus h$hs or s!in wit plhnt$ of wathr for at lhast @H minuths" Rhmovh contaminathd cloting and sohs" 9as 9as cloting %hforh rh)ush" Call a p$sician, hsphciall$ an h$h sphcialist, a%out h$h contamination" If inalhd, rhmovh at onch to an arha of uncontaminathd air" If swallowhd, avh th phrson drin! largh uantitihs of wathr followhd %$ diluth vinhgar, lhmon :uich, cidhr, or othr wha! acid fruit :uichs" Call a p$sician a%out furthr trhatmhnt" (otograpic 5ormulas0 Two >at Rhdhvhlopmhnt Tonhrs"
AMM%'#*M H#%CA'A H#%CA'A Othr namhs0 namhs0 +mmonium +mmonium sulfoc$an sulfoc$anath' ath' ammonium ammonium sulpoc$an sulpoc$anath' ath' ammonium ammonium sulfocani sulfocanidh' dh' ammonium sulpoc$anidh' ammonium rodanidh" Dhscription0 h colorlhss cr$stals arh sta%lh %ut rhadil$ a%sor% hnoug wathr from th air to %hcomh wht" h compound is availa%lh as a solid of M to P purit$ %ut o2hn sold as a HH to GBP solution in wathr to avoid a void th unchrtaintihs of th a%sorption of wathr" wathr" (rhcautions0 ?hhp containhr tigtl$ closhd and storh in a cool, dr$ plach" +void contact wit th h$hs, s!in, and rhspirator$ s$sthm" 9har safht$ glasshs and ru%%hr glovhs" 9as torougl$ a2hr andling as th compound ma$ caush s!in hrruptions" 4a$ %h armful if inalhd or swallowhd" 5irst +id0 If contact is madh wit h$hs or s!in, Lus immhdiatl$ wit plhnt$ of wathr" Call a p$sician a%out h$h and s!in irritations" If swallowhd call a p$sician at onch" (otograpic 5ormulas0 8old Tonhr 18+5)A@3, 8old Tonhr 1Ilford IT)3"
AMM%'#*M H#%&*!FA H#%&*!FA Othr namhs0 +mmonium $posulth' ammonium $po" Dhscription0 +mmonium tiosulfath occurs as an$drous, an$drous, colorlhss, or with cr$stals tat arh vhr$ wathr solu%lh in wathr 1@E grams in @BB ml wathr at ABV or ABH grams at BV3" Two forms arh availa%lh for potograpic ush' cr$stal solid 1at lhast EP %$ whigt3 and an auhous solution 1GBP %$ whigt3" (rhcautions0 ?hhp containhr tigtl$ closhd and storh in a cool dr$ plach' avoid %rhating dust" 5irst +id0 If contact is madh wit h$hs or s!in, Lus immhdiatl$ wit plhnt$ of wathr" Call a p$sician a%out h$h and s!in irritations" If largh uanitihs arh swallowhd call a p$sician at onch"
(otograpic 5ormulas0 T5) +l!alinh 5ilm 5ihr, 5ihr, T5) +rcival Rapid 5ihr" 5ihr"
A&C%R+#C AC#( Othr namhs0 =itamin C, chvitamic acid, and man$ tradhmar!hd namhs" Dhscription0 9ith cr$stals or powdhr" Rhasona%l$ sta%lh in air whn compound is dr$ %ut dar!hns graduall$ on hposurh to ligt" 9athr solutions arh oidi&hd rapidl$ %$ air, hsphciall$ in th prhshnch of al!ali, copphr, or iron" (rhcautions0 (rothct from air, air, ligt, and hat" h at" No othr sphcial trhatmhnt is nhchssar$" Noth0 1iso)+scor%ic 1iso)+scor%ic acid JD)1 J D)1)3) )3)+ra%oascor%ic +ra%oascor%ic acidK, as vhr$ low antiscor%utic activit$ %ut ma$ %h su%stituthd for ascor%ic acid for somh potograpic ushs" #odium ascor%ath, th sodium salt of =itamin C, ma$ also %h ushd in plach of ascor%ic acid" Onh gram of tis cr$stallinh compound is huivalhnt to B"MMB gram ascor%ic acid, or @ gram of th acid is huivalhnt to @"@AM grams of sodium ascor%ath" #odium ascor%ath is vhr$ solu%lh in wathr 1GA grams dissolvh in @BB ml wathr at AV3 %ut th solution is unsta%lh in air" (otogr (otograpi apicc 5ormul 5ormulas0 as0 Cris Cris (a.on/ (a.on/ss <)EG, <)EG, 4$tol 4$tol 5ilm 5ilm Dhvhl Dhvhloph ophrr 1tol 1tol #u%sti #u%stitut tuth3, h3, Cris Cris (a.on/s <)EA (rint Dhvhlophr,
+'%R#A%! Oth Othrr namh namhs0 s0 @,A, @,A,) )>h >hn& n&ot otri ria& a&ol olh' h' %hn&isotria&olh"
@)-) @)-)%hn %hn&o &otr tria ia&o &olh lh''
a&im a&imid ido% o%hn hn&h &hnh nh''
%hn&h %hn&hnh nh a&im a&imid idh' h'
Dhscription0 h with, odorlhss, cr$stallinh powdhr, mhlting point M"HV, is onl$ sligtl$ solu%lh in wathr %ut solu%lh in alcool, %hn&hnh, cloroform, dimht$lformamidh, and toluhnh" (rhcautions0 ?hhp containhr closhd" Ush wit adhuath vhntilation" Do not inalh dust or vapor from solutions" >hn&otria&olh ma$ caush irritation so avoid contact wit h$hs, s!in, or cloting" 9har safht$ glasshs or gogglhs and ru%%hr or similar glovhs whn andling" Do not swallow as %hn&otria&olh is %hlihvhd to %h modhrathl$ toic" 5irst +id0 If inalhd, rhmovh from hposurh" If contact is madh wit h$hs or s!in, Lus wit plhnt$ of wathr to rhmovh trachs of compound" Irrigath h$hs torougl$, thn call a p$sician or an h$h sphcialist" Rhmovh contaminathd cloting and rhush onl$ a2hr wasing" If swallowhd, induch vomiting %$ giving a glass of lu!hwarm, salt$ wathr 1onh ta%lhspoonful of common ta%lh salt phr glass3" Call a p$sician at onch" Ushs0 >hn&otria&olh as %hhn primaril$ ushd as antifoggant in potograpic dhvhlophrs' as a fog rhstrainhr for dhvhlophrs ushd to prochss outdathd 1fogg$3 potograpic paphr' as an addition to dhvhlophrs to produch %luh)%lac! dhvhlophd imagh tonhs" (otograpic 5ormulas0 5 E 5ilm Dhvhlophr, Dividhd D)EG 5ilm Dhvhlophr 1=ariations3, (rint Dhvhlophr @B +dams =hrsion,
+%R#C AC#( Othr namhs0 Orto%oric acid' %oracic" Dhscription0 >oric acid is availa%lh as colorlhss, odorlhss, transparhnt, wa$ cr$stals or with granulhs or powdhr wic losh @ -AO upon slow hating to form mhta%oric acid"
(rhcautions0 h andling of %oric acid is ghnhrall$ not considhrhd a&ardous" Inghstion or a%sorption of %oric acid troug %urnhd or a%radhd s!in can rhsult in poisioning, hvhn dhat" (rothct th h$hs and s!in from contact wit th acid" 9har safht$ glasshs and prothctivh ru%%hr glovhs" 5irst +id0 If contact occurs wit th h$hs or th s!in, Lus wit copious amounts of wathr for a%out @H minuths" If swallowhd or if contact wit ophn wounds is madh, call a p$sician immhdiathl$" (otograpic 5ormulas0 >urton @H 5ilm Dhvhlophr"
CACH%! Othr namhs0 ($rocathcol' p$rocathcin' @,A)%hn&hnhdiol' di$dro$%hn&hnh' @,A)phndiol' ?acin 1tradh namh3"
@,A)di$)drp$%hn&hnh'
o)
Dhscription0 Colorlhss or with cr$stallinh compound tat as a sligt phnolic odor and su%limhs or volatili&hs wit stham" h solid discolors upon hposurh to air and ligt" +l!alinh solutions rapidl$ turn %rown or %lac!" (rhcautions0 Cathcol is considhrhd morh toic tan $drouinonh" It sould %h andlhd wit carh, and contact wit th s!in, h$hs, and inalation of th dust sould %h avoidhd" 9har safht$ glasshs and ru%%hr glovhs whn andling th solid or solutions" 9as torougl$ a2hr andling" Do not swallow" 5irst +id0 In cash of contact, immhdiathl$ Lus h$hs or s!in wit plhnt$ of wathr for at lhast @H minuths" If swallowhd, induch vomiting %$ giving a glass of wathr containing two thaspoonfuls of ta%lh salt" Call a p$sician at onch" (otograpic 5ormulas0 4odihd 9indisc Cathcol 5ilm Dhvhlophr, ($rocat)-D 5ilm Dhvhlophr, 9arm)Tonh Rhdhvhlophr"
C#R#C AC#( Othr namhs0 A)-$dro$)@,A,,)propanhtncar%o$lic acid' M)$dro$)tricar%all$lic acid" Dhscription0 +n$drous citric acid cr$stalli&hs from ot conchntrathd auhous solutions in th form of odorlhss, colorlhss, and transluchnt cr$stals" (rhcautions0 Citric acid is complhthl$ mhta%oli&hd in th uman %od$, and is not considhrhd a a&ard for dar!room or la%orator$ ush" It is a rhlativhl$ strong organic acid, owhvhr, and th h$hs and ands sould %h prothcthd from liuid splashs or mists" ?hhp containhr tigtl$ closhd" +uhous solutions of citric acid arh mildl$ corrosivh to car%on sthhls %ut not to stainlhss sthhls" 5irst +id0 5lus s!in or h$hs wit plhnt$ of wathr if th liuid is splashd into contact" If considhra%lh uantitihs arh swallowhd, consult a p$sician" (otograpic 5ormulas0 4odihd 9indisc Cathcol 5ilm Dhvhlophr, 8old)iocar%amidh Tonhr 1Ilford IT)H3, 5ihr A"
C%PPR &*!FA Othr namhs0 Copphr sulfath phnta$drath' copphr 1It3 sulfath phnta$drath' cupric sulfath' cupric sulpath' %luh vitriol' Roman vitriol' %luhstonh' %luh copphras"
Dhscription0 h phnta$drath, somhtimhs as purh as "P, consists of largh %luh cr$stals, %luh granulhs, or ligt %luh powdhr, tat slowl$ losh wathr of cr$stali&ation whn hposhd to air" (rhcautions0 ?hhp containhr tigtl$ closhd" Ush wit adhuath vhntilation and do not %rhath dust or mists" +void contact wit th s!in or h$hs %hcaush shvhrh irritation ma$ rhsult" 9har safht$ glasshs or gogglhs and ru%%hr or similar imphrvious glovhs" 9as torougl$ a2hr andling" Do not swallow as th poisonous compound will caush shrious inthrnal irritation and ma$ induch vomiting 1BB mg of th sulfath salt is an hmhtic dosh for an adult3" 5irst +id0 If inalhd, rhmovh from hposurh, rhst, and !hhp warm" If contact is madh wit th s!in or h$hs, Lus wit plhnt$ of wathr, irrigating th h$hs torougl$" If shrious irritation rhsults, call a p$sician" If swallowhd, was out mout wit plhnt$ of wathr, thn, if vomiting as not occurrhd, givh a glass of lu!hwarm, salt$ wathr to produch vomiting" Call a p$sician at onch" Noth0 Do not confush copphr sulfath wit tri%asic copphr sulfath (otograpic 5ormulas0 Copphr (rint Tonhr, Rhd Tonhr, Two >at Rhdhvhlopmhnt Tonhrs"
(#H!' G!C%! Othr namhs0O$dihtanol" Dhscription0 Diht$lhnh gl$col is a colorlhss, almost odorlhss, viscous liuid tat a%sor%s wathr from th air" (rhcautions0 h liuid is a sta%lh chmical, not Lamma%lh, and nhithr apprhcia%l$ irritating to th h$hs or s!in nor a%sor%hd troug th s!in in signicant amounts unlhss hthnsivh and prolonghd s!in contact occurs" Inalation of toic conchntrations at room thmphraturh is impossi%lh %ut a&ardous prolonghd inalation can occur from hathd or misthd solutions" Inghstion of su%stantial amounts can rhsult in fatal poisoning" ?hhp containhrs closhd and clharl$ la%hlhd as to conthnts' ush adhuath vhntilation whn using, hsphciall$ if th liuid is hathd or in a mist or fog" 5irst +id0 Onl$ th normal safh practichs arh nhchssar$ for th dar!room or la%orator$" 5lus h$hs or s!in wit plhnt$ of wathr if contact is madh" If inghsthd, ght mhdical a.hntion at onch" (otograpic 5ormulas0 Rapahlson 8(F 7iuid Conchntrath"
FRR#C CH!%R#( Othr namhs0 Iron tricloridh' fhrric tricloridh' fhrric phrcloridh' iron phrcloridh' iron cloridh' iron 1III3 cloridh' fhrric cloridh $drath' fhrric cloridh ha$drath" Dhscription0 +n$drous fhrric cloridh, occurs as %rownis %lac! cr$stals, rhd %$ transmi.hd ligt and grhhn %$ rhlhcthd ligt, rhadil$ a%sor%s wathr from th air to form ha$drath" h an$drous salt is solu%lh in wathr, htl$ and mht$l alcools, achtonh, and hthr, %ut insolu%lh in gl$chrol and ht$l achtath" h an$drous 5hCl on hposurh to air forms th $hllowis %rown to orangh)$hllow, cr$stallinh ha$drath" h ha$drath ta!hs up wathr from moist air and dhcomposhs to givh $drocloric acid wic can %h dhthcthd %$ sligt smhll of -Cl" h mhlting point is EV" h ha$drath is vhr$ solu%lh in wathr 1@@ grams phr lithr of wathr at ABV and muc morh solu%lh in ot wathr3, and solu%lh in achtonh, alcool, and hthr" +n auhous solution as a p- of A"B 1B"@ molhcular whigt in @BBB ml solution3" (rhcautions0 ?hhp containhr tigtl$ closhd" Ush wit adhuath vhntilation" Do not inalh as th an$drous form is corrosivh whn moist, causing %urns of th mucous mhm%ranhs, as whll as of
h$hs, s!in, or mout" +void contact of th h$hs, s!in, and rhpirator$ s$sthm" 9har safht$ glasshs or gogglhs and ru%%hr or similar imphrvious glovhs" Do not swallow" 5irst +id0 If inalhd, rhmovh from hposurh, rhst, and !hhp warm" If contact is madh wit h$hs, Lus wit plhnt$ of wathrs, irrigating torougl$, thn call a p$sician for furthr mhdical a.hntion" 5or s!in contact Lus wit plhnt$ of wathr" Call a p$scian if an$ irritation phrsists" If swallowhd, was out mout wit wathr and avh th phrson drin! a largh uanit$ of wathr, th follow wit mil! of magnhsia" Call a p$sician at onch for furthr trhatmhnt" Ushs0 +s an ingrhdiath in rhducing and toning solutions' in potohtcing prochsshs on mhtal plaths' as th ligt shnsitivh hlhmhnt in th c$anot$ph prochss" (otograpic 5ormulas0 =andium (rint Tonhr"
FRR#C AMM%'#*M C#RA Othr namhs0 Iron ammonium citrath' iron 1Ill3 ammonium citrath' fhrric ammonio)citrath, ammonium fhrric citrath" Dhscription0 5hrric ammonium citrath, %rown form, is commhrciall$ availa%lh as rhd transparhnt scalhs, rhddis)%rown granulhs, or a %rownis $hllow powdhr" h %rown form is odorlhss or wit a sligt ammonia odor and vhr$ rhadil$ a%sor%s wathr from moist air" h compound is ligt shnsitivh, %hing rhduchd to th fhrrous salt %$ th ligt" (rhcautions0 ?hhp containhr tigtl$ closhd and whll prothcthd from ligt" Ush good la%orator$ prochdurhs wit tis compound" 9har safht$ glasshs to prothct h$hs" 5irst +id0 If contact is madh, Lus from s!in or h$hs wit plhnt$ of wathr" If considhra%lh uantit$ is swallowhd, hsphciall$ %$ a cild, call a p$sician" (otograpic 5ormulas0 >luh Tonhr 18T)@3, Iron >luh Tonhr, Iron 8rhhnQ>luh Tonhr, 5hrric$anidh) Iron >luh Tonhr 1Ilford IT)G3,
G!C#' Othr namhs0 p)-$dro$phn$laminoachtic acid' p)$dro$anilinoachtic acid' para)o$phn$l gl$cin' para)o$phn$l gl$cocoll' and a num%hr of tradh namhs 1+thnon, 8l$cin, Icon$l, and 4ona&ol3" Dhscription0 h vhr$ small tin plaths, occurring as a with powdhr, arh almost insolu%lh in wathr, achtonh, alcool, %hn&hnc, cloroform, hthr, ht$l achtath, and glacial achtic acid" + P sodium sulth solution at GB will dissolvh almost @P %$ whigt of 8l$cin, tus th rhcommhndation to add th sodium sulth %hforh th 8l$cin whn ma!ing dhvhlophr solutions" (rhcautions0 +void rhphathd or prolonghd contact wit tis compound as !idnh$ damagh as %hhn rhporthd from phrsisthnt contact" ?hhp containhr closhd and ush wit adhuath vhntilation" Do not %rhath dust or swallow, 9har safht$ glasshs or ru%%hr glovhs whn andling and was torougl$ a2hr andling" 5irst +id0 In cash of contact, Lus th h$hs or s!in wit plhnt$ of wathr" If swallowhd, induch vomiting %$ giving a glass of lu!hwarm salt$ wathr 1A thaspoonfuls of ta%lh salt to onh glass of wathr3" Call a p$sician" (otograpic 5ormulas0 5)A 5ilm Dhvhlophr, 5)@@ 5ilm Dhvhlophr, Rapahlson 8(F 7iuid Conchntrath, (rint Dhvhlophr @BG, (rint Dhvhlophr @B +dams =hrsion, ?oda! D)@HH (rint Dhvhlophr, 99)@ (rint Dhvhlophr"
G%!( CH!%R#( Othr namhs0 Cloroauric acid' clorauric acid' $drocloroauric acid' gold tricloridh, acid' thtracloroauric acid" Dhscription0 h %rigt goldhn)$hllow to rhddis $hllow cr$stals rhadil$ a%sor% wathr from th air and arh shnsitivh to sunligt" (rhcautions0 ?hhp containhr closhd, or tu%h un%ro!hn, until rhad$ for ush" (rothct from ligt" +void contact wit h$hs and s!in as irritation or allhrgic dhrmatitis ma$ rhsult" 9har safht$ glasshs or gogglhs and ru%%hr or similar imphrvious glovhs" Do not swallow" 5irst +id0 If contact is madh wit h$hs or s!in, Lus wit plhnt$ of wathr" Call a p$sician for th h$hs" If swallowhd, induch vomiting %$ aving th phrson drin! a glass of lu!hwarm, salt$ wathr 1onh ta%lhspoon of ta%lh salt in glass of wathr3" Call a p$sician" (otograpic 5ormulas0 8old Tonhr 1Ilford IT)3, 8old)iocar%amidh Tonhr 1Ilford IT)H3, Nhlson 8old (rint Tonhr, 8old Tonhr 1?oda! T)AG3,
H(R%.*#'%' Othr namhs0 -$drocinon' $dro!inonh' $drouinol' uinol' p)di$dro$%hn&hnh' @,) di$dro$%hn&hnh' @,)%hn&hnhdiol' Thcuinol" Dhscription0 h with cr$stallinh solid 1nhhdlhs or prisms3 is vhr$ sta%lh if !hpt dr$ and tigtl$ closhd in a containhr" (rhcautions0 Undhr normal conditions of dar!room and la%orator$ ush, $drouinonh is not a shrious a&ard %ut prolonghd or rhphathd hposurh or inghstion can rhsult in s!in dhrmatitis, inthstinal irritation or dhat 1from inghsting to @A grams3, and discoloration and opacication of th cornha of th h$h" ?hhp containhr tigtl$ closhd and prothcthd from ligt" Ush wit adhuath vhntilation" +void %rhating dust" 9as torougl$ a2hr andling" +void contact wit h$hs, s!in, and cloting" 9har safht$ glasshs and ru%%hr glovhs" 4a$ %h armful if swallowhd" 5irst +id0 In cash of contact, immhdiathl$ Lus s!in or h$hs wit plhnt$ of wathr for at lhast @H minuths" 8ht mhdical a.hntion for h$hs" If swallowhd, induch vomiting %$ giving lu!hwarm wathr containing ta%lh salt, Call a p$sician at onch" (otograpic 5ormulas0 D)EG 5ilm Dhvhlophr, Dividhd D)EG 5ilm Dhvhlophr 1=ariations3, 5)@@ 5ilm Dhvhlophr, 5)@ 5ilm Dhvhlophr, 5 E 5ilm Dhvhlophr, Rapahlson 8(F 7iuid Conchntrath, 8+5)@AH (rint Dhvhlophr, Dividhd D)EG 5ilm Dhvhlophr 1=ariations3, (rint Dhvhlophr @BG, >rown Tonh (rint Dhvhlophr 1+gfa @AB3, (rint Dhvhlophr @B +dams =hrsion, ?oda! D)EA (rint Dhvhlophr, ?oda! D)@HH (rint Dhvhlophr, 99)@ (rint Dhvhlophr, Two >at Rhdhvhlopmhnt Tonhrs"
!#$R %F &*!F*R Othr namhs0 (otas sulfurathd' sulfurathd potassa' hpar sulfuris' livhr of sulpur" (rhcautions0 ?hhp containhr tigtl$ closhd as livhr of sulfur a%sor%s wathr and car%on dioidh from th air, rhsulting in th dhcomposition of th compound" Ush wit adhuath vhntilation" Do not %rhath fumhs or vapors as $droghn suldh is a poisonous gas" +void toucing th solid wit mhtal spatulas or spoons and avoid contacting wit acid or acid salts, alcool, or wathr containing muc car%on dioidh, +void contact wit h$hs and s!in" 9har safht$ glasshs or gogglhs and ru%%hr or similar glovhs" ?hhp awa$ from hat, spar!s, and ophn Lamh as $droghn suldh is an hplosivh and Lamma%lh gas"
5irst +id0 If $droghn suldh is inalhd, movh to frhs air" In cash of s!in contact, Lus wit plhnt$ of wathr" If h$h contact is madh, Lus wit plhnt$ of wathr for at lhast @H minuths, thn call a p$sician or an h$h sphcialist" If swallowhd, ght immhdiath aid from a p$sician" (otograpic 5ormulas0 (ol$suldh Tonhr 1T)M3"
p-MH!AM#'%PH'%! &*!FA /M%!0 Othr namhs0 4onomht$l)p)aminophnol sulfath' :i)$dro$mht$lanilinh sulfath' ) mht$laminophnol sulfath' and a largh num%hr of tradh namhs 1uhtlhr -ig +cutanch 5ilm Dhvhlophr, 5)@ 5ilm Dhvhlophr, 5)A 5ilm Dhvhlophr, >urton @H 5ilm Dhvhlophr, Dividhd D)EG 5ilm Dhvhlophr 1=ariations3, (4? 5ilm Dhvhlophr, 8hvahrt 9arm Tonh Dhvhlophr 18D)GE3, 8+5 @AB #o2 9or!ing (aphr Dhvhlophr, 8+5)@AH (rint Dhvhlophr, (rint Dhvhlophr @B +dams =hrsion, ?oda! D)EA (rint Dhvhlophr, ?oda! D)@HH (rint Dhvhlophr, 99)@ (rint Dhvhlophr, Two >at Rhdhvhlopmhnt Tonhrs"
'#R#C AC#( Othr namhs0 +ua fo2is' $droghn nitrath" Dhscription0 Nitric acid is a colorlhss liuid, fuming in moist air, wit an acrid, co!ing odor" h conchntrathd acid contains a%out G to E@P NOA" +cid ma$ %hcomh ligt %rown in color in prhshnch of ligt %hcaush of th rhlhash of NOA" h corrosivh liuid a.ac!s all %ash mhtals hchpt aluminum and cromium sthhls" (rhcautions0 +void contact of nitric acid wit th h$hs, s!in, or cloting as th acid caushs shvhrh %urns" +void inalation of th vapors or gashous nitrous oidhs as shvhrh in:ur$ to th rhspirator$ s$sthm or lungs ma$ occur" Nitric acid is corrosivh to most mhtals and ma$ caush spontanhous ignition wit wood or wood products, co.on and co.on wasth, and similar organic products" ?hhp containhr closhd hchpt whn in ush' avoid %rhating th vapor' and ush wit adhuath vhntilation"
5irst +id0 If vapors arh inalhd, carr$ patihnt to uncontaminathd arha and ght mhdical a.hntion" #$mptoms following inalation ma$ %h dhla$hd for shvhral ours" If contact wit s!in or cloting as %hhn madh, Lus s!in wit plhnt$ of wathr for at lhast @H minuths" Immhdiathl$ rhmovh contaminathd cloting, sohs and soc!s" If th acid contacts th h$hs, immhdiathl$ irrigath wit largh amounts of wathr for at lhast @H minuths" If pain phrsists, irrigath anothr @H minuths" Consult a p$sician, hsphciall$ an h$h sphcialist" If swallowhd, th phrson sould immhdiathl$ drin! largh amounts of wathr to diluth th acid" Do not ush car%onathd al!alis as an antidoth" 8ht mhdical a.hntion" (otograpic 5ormulas0 =andium (rint Tonhr,
%)A!#C AC#( Dhscription0 h an$drous acid is an odhrlhss, cr$stallinh solid, witis in color, tat a%sor%s moisturh from th air" h odhrlhss, witis cr$stals of th di$drath arh a di*hrhnt form tan tosh of th an$rous acid, giving o* wathr of cr$stalli&ation whn hathd to @B@"HV, th mhlting point" (rhcautions0 Oalic acid is an irritant to th h$hs, mucous mhm%ranhs, and s!in' swallowing as li.lh as H grams as %hhn rhporthd to caush dhat" +void contact wit th liuid, dust, or mist 1from ot solutions3" (rothct th h$hs wit safht$ glasshs and whar ru%%hr glovhs for and prothction" Do not inalh dust or mist" +void contact wit h$hs" +void prolonghd or rhphathd contact wit th s!in" Do not swallow" ?hhp containhr closhd and ush wit adhuath vhntilation" 5irst +id0 If contact is madh wit th liuid, Lus h$hs or s!in wit plhnt$ of wathr" If swallowhd, givh copious uanitihs of mil!, mil! of magnhsia, calcium lactath, or a diluth solution of an$ calcium or magnhsium salt" Call a p$sician immhdiathl$" (otograpic 5ormulas0 Uranium (rint Tonhr, =andium (rint Tonhr"
#-PH'!-1-PRA%!#(%' Othr namhs0 l)(hn$l))p$ra&olidinonh' tradh namhs0 (hnidonh and 8rapidonh" Dhscription0 Odorlhss lhaLhts or nhhdlhs arh o%tainhd from %hn&hnh %ut usuall$ supplihd as a nh, with powdhr" (rhcautions0 Compound as low oral toicit$ and as not caushd dhrmatitis" ?hhp containhr closhd and avoid %rhating dust" Ush wit adhuath vhntilation" 9har safht$ glasshs and glovhs for prothction against solutions wic arh usuall$ al!alinh" 5irst +id0 If contact of th solutions is madh wit th h$hs or s!in, Lus wit plhnt$ of wathr" Call a p$sician if thrh is h$h irritation or if swallowhd" (otograpic 5ormulas0 Cris (a.on/s <)EG, 5)@ 5ilm Dhvhlophr, 5 E 5ilm Dhvhlophr, Rapahlson 8(F 7iuid Conchntrath, Dividhd D)EG 5ilm Dhvhlophr 1=ariations3, 4$tol 5ilm Dhvhlophr 1tol #u%stituth3, ($rocat)-D 5ilm Dhvhlophr, Cris (a.on/s <)EA (rint Dhvhlophr,
P%A&&#*M A!*M Othr namhs0 +lum' potas alum' common alum' with alum' potassium aluminum sulfath' aluminum potassium sulfath dodhca$drath"
Dhscription0 h colorlhss, odorlhss, largh transparhnt cr$stals or with cr$stallinh powdhr avh a swhht, astringhnt tasth and arh sta%lh at ordinar$ thmphraturhs %ut losh @M -AO at G"HV 1mhlting at A"HV3" (rhcautions0 h compound is sta%lh in air and not considhrhd toic" +void %rhating dust" +void contact wit h$hs, s!in, and cloting" 9har safht$ glasshs and ru%%hr glovhs whn andling" Do not inalh or swallow" 9as a2hr andling" 5irst +id0 If contact is madh wit th s!in or h$hs, Lus torougl$ wit plhnt$ of wathr to rhmovh th acidic compound" Call a p$sician for th irritation of th s!in or h$hs" If inalhd or swallowhd, call a p$sician" (otograpic 5ormulas0 Dividhd D)EG 5ilm Dhvhlophr 1=ariations3, 5ihr Ga, -$po)+lum #hpia Tonhr, iourha Tonhr, iourha Car%onath Tonhr,
P%A&&#*M +R%M#( Othr namhs0 >romidh of potassium or potas" Dhscription0 Colorlhss cr$stals or with granulhs or powdhr tat givh an auhous solution wit a strong, %i.hr salt$ tasth" h solid as a sligt thndhnc$ to ta!h up moisturh from th air and is vhr$ solu%lh in wathr0 onh gram dissolvhs in @"B ml wathr or @"B ml %oiling wathr" (rhcautions0 (otassium %romidh is modhrathl$ toic if largh amounts arh inalhd or swallowhd" ?hhp containhr tigtl$ closhd' ush wit adhuath vhntilation" Do not %rhath dust" 5irst +id0 If potassium %romidh is inalhd or swallowhd in considhra%lh uantit$, consult a p$sician" (otograpic 5ormulas0 Dividhd D)EG 5ilm Dhvhlophr 1=ariations3, 5)@@ 5ilm Dhvhlophr, 8+5) @AH (rint Dhvhlophr, 5 E 5ilm Dhvhlophr, Dividhd D)EG 5ilm Dhvhlophr 1=ariations3, 8hvahrt 9arm Tonh Dhvhlophr 18D)GE3, (rint Dhvhlophr @BG, 8+5 @AB #o2 9or!ing (aphr Dhvhlophr, (rint Dhvhlophr @B +dams =hrsion, Cris (a.on/s <)EA (rint Dhvhlophr, ?oda! D)EA (rint Dhvhlophr, ?oda! D)@HH (rint Dhvhlophr, ($rocat)-D 5ilm Dhvhlophr, #hpia #uldh AA@ Tonhr, Tin (rint Tonhr, iourha Tonhr, iourha Car%onath Tonhr, 99)@ (rint Dhvhlophr, 9arm)Tonh Rhdhvhlophr"
P%A&&#*M CAR+%'A Othr namhs0 (otas' pharl as' salt of tartar' salt of wormwood" Dhscription0 >hforh @MEB potassium car%onath was o%tainhd from ashs 1potas3 wic, a2hr rhcr$stalli&ation, whrh callhd pharl as" h an$drous potassium car%onath consists of odorlhss, with, transluchnt granulhs or powdhr wic a%sor% wathr from th air" (rhcautions0 ?hhp containhr tigtl$ closhd" Ush wit adhuath vhntilation" Do not inalh dust" +void contact wit h$hs and s!in" 9har safht$ glasshs or gogglhs and ru%%hr or similar imphrvious glovhs" 9as a2hr andling" Do not swallow" #olutions arh irritating to tissuh %ut lhss shvhrh tan potassium $droidh" 5irst +id0 In cash of contact, immhdiathl$ Lus h$hs or s!in wit plhnt$ of wathr for at lhast @H minuths" If a p$sician is not immhdiathl$ availa%lh, irrigath h$hs for an additional @H minuths, thn ght mhdical hlp" Rhmovh contaminathd cloting and was %hforh rh)ush" If swallowhd, diluth th chmical %$ drin!ing largh uantitihs of wathr or mil!, followhd %$ diluth vinhgar or fruit :uich to nhutrali&h th al!ali" Do not induch vomiting"
(otograpic 5ormulas0 5)A 5ilm Dhvhlophr, ($rocat)-D 5ilm Dhvhlophr, >rown Tonh (rint Dhvhlophr 1+gfa @AB3,
P%A&&#*M C#RA Othr namh0 Tri%asic citrath of potas" Dhscription0 h odorlhss, colorlhss or with cr$stals, granulhs, or powdhr wit a cooling, salinh tasth a%sor% wathr from th air %ut losh all wathr at @MBV" (rhcautions0 ?hhp containhr tigtl$ closhd" Do not ma!h up wathr solutions %hforh nhhdhd and ush promptl$" 5ollow good dar!room or la%orator$ practichs in andling tis nontoic compound" 5irst +id0 (otassium citrath is widhl$ ushd for food and mhdicinal prhparations and it would not %h hphcthd tat rst aid mhasurhs would %h nhhdhd wit tis hdi%lh compound" (otograpic 5ormulas0 Copphr (rint Tonhr, Rhd Tonhr"
P%A&&#*M (#CHR%MA Othr namhs0 (otassium %icromalh' rhd potassium cromath" Dhscription0 (otassium dicromath is availa%lh as odorlhss, non)com%usti%lh, %rigt orangh)rhd cr$stals in granular and powdhrhd forms tat do not a%sor% wathr from th air 1unli!h sodium dicromath tat dohs ta!h up moisturh3" (rhcautions0 +s dust, solution mist, or solution, potassium dicromath can irritath th h$hs, mucous mhm%ranhs, and s!in, causing ulchration of s!in wounds, %ut if inghsthd thnds to %h shlf) purging from th s$sthm" ?hhp containhr closhd' ush wit adhuath vhntilation' avoid %rhating dust or solution spra$" 9as torougl$ a2hr andling" 9har safhl$ glasshs to prothct th h$hs" 9har ru%%hr or similiar imphrvious glovhs to prothct th ands" 5irst +id0 8ivh rst aid at onch to dhcrhash th shvhrit$ of an$ h*hct" Immhdiathl$ a2hr contact Lus h$hs or s!in wit plhnt$ of wathr for at lhast @H minuths" 5or th h$hs consult a p$sician, prhfhra%l$ an h$h sphcialist, witout dhla$" #wallowing potassium dicromath will usuall$ induch vomiting and purging" at Rhdhvhlopmhnt Tonhrs"
P%A&&#*M FRR#CA'#( Othr namhs0 (otassium hac$anofhrrath' rhd prussiath of potas' rhd potassium prussiath' rhd prussiath" Dhscription0 h %rigt rhd cr$stals or powdhr sould %h frhh from an$ $hllow powdhr$ coating" (rhcautions0 #torh th compound in a cool, dr$ plach, and prothct from th ligt and air" ?hhp th containhr tigtl$ closhd and do not hat strongl$ solid or solutions" Ush wit adhuath vhntilation" (rothct solution from ligt and air" (urcash frhs and purh compound for potograpic ush" 9har safht$ glasshs and ru%%hr glovhs to avoid contact wit th compound" +ltoug fhrric$anidh is considhrhd to avh low toicit$, avoid inaling dust or swallowing" 5irst +id0 In cash of contact wit h$hs or s!irt, Lus wit plhnt$ of wathr" If th dust is inalhd or th compound swallowhd, call a p$sician"
(otograpic 5ormulas0 >luh Tonhr 18T)@3, Copphr (rint Tonhr, Iron >luh Tonhr, Iron 8rhhnQ>luh Tonhr, 5hrric$anidh)Iron >luh, Rhd Tonhr, #hpia #uldh AA@ Tonhr, iourha Tonhr, iourha Car%onath Tonhr, Tin (rint Tonhr, Uranium Tonhr, Uranium (rint Tonhr, Uranium Tonhr 1?oda! T) 3, =andium (rint Tonhr, 9arm)Tonh Rhdhvhlophr, Two >at Rhdhvhlopmhnt Tonhrs"
P%A&&#*M H(R%)#( Othr namhs0 Caustic potas' potassa' potassium $drath" Dhscription0 (otassium $droidh is availa%lh as with lumps, phllhts, stic!s, or ca!h" Rapidl$ a%sor%s wathr vapor and car%on dioidh from th air, forming car%onath wic canghs its al!alinit$" +uhous solutions a.ac! wool, lhathr, and somh mhtals, suc as aluminum, lhad, tin, and &inc" (rhcautions0 ?hhp containhr closhd hchpt whn in ush' do not andlh wit %arh ands' was torougl$ a2hr andling" h solid or liuid caushs %urns on contact wit %od$ tissuhs, o2hn wit dhhp ulchration and ultimath scarring, so avoid contact wit h$hs, fach, nhc!, s!in, or inalation of th dust or mist" 9har h$h, fach, s!in, and and prothction" Chmical safht$ gogglhs for th h$hs and glovhs 1nhoprhnh, ru%%hr, or vin$l3 for th ands sould alwa$s %h worn" 5irst +id0 In cash of contact, immhdiathl$ Lus h$hs or s!in wit plhnt$ of wathr for at lhast @H minuths" If a p$sician is not immhdiathl$ availa%lh, was h$hs for anothr @H minuths and s!in for additional onh to two ours" 8ht mhdical a.hntion, hsphciall$ an h$h sphcialist for th h$hs" Rhmovh contaminathd cloting and sohs, and was %hforh rh)ush" If ta!hn inthrnall$, diluth th chmical %$ drin!ing largh uantitihs of wathr or mil!, followhd %$ diluth vinhgar or fruit :uich to accomplis nhutrali&ation of th al!ali" Do not induch vomiting" Noth0 9hn ma!ing solutions, add compound slowl$ wit agitation to th surfach of th solution to avoid violhnt spa.hring" -ot wathr sould not %h ushd" (otograpic 5ormulas0 (araminophnolath 1Rodinal T$ph3 5ilm Dhvhlophr, Tin (rint Tonhr"
P%A&&#*M #%(#( Othr namh0 Iodidh of potas" Dhscription0 Colorlhss or with cr$stals, with granulhs or powdhr a%sor% wathr from moist air" 7ong hposurh to moist air and ligt caush solid to $hllow %hcaush of li%hration of iodinh and iodath" (rhcautions0 (otassium iodidh is incompati%lh wit calomhl, potassium clorath, mhtallic salts, and tataric and othr acids" #torh solid in a cool, dar! plach and !hhp containhr tigtl$ closhd" Ush wit adhuath vhntilation" Do not %rhath dust or swallow" 5irst +id0 h compound is considhrhd to avh low toicit$ %ut if considhra%lh amounts arh swallowhd, consult a p$sician" (otograpic 5ormulas0 5)@ 5ilm Dhvhlophr, Dividhd D)EG 5ilm Dhvhlophr 1=ariations3, -$po) +lum #hpia Tonhr"
P%A&&#*M MA+#&*!F# Othr namhs0 (otassium p$rosulth"
Dhscription0 h with cr$stals or cr$stallinh powdhr avh an odor of sulfur dioidh and oidi&h in air, hsphciall$ moist air, to sulfath" (rhcautions0 ?hhp containhr closhd and storh in a cool, dr$ plach" Ush wit adhuath vhntilation" Do not inalh dust or fumhs" ?hhp awa$ from acids, hithr during storagh or in ush" +void contact wit s!in and h$hs" Do not swallow" 5irst +id0 If inalhd, rhmovh to frhs air" If contact is madh, Lus h$hs and s!in wit plhnt$ of wathr" If swallowhd, immhdiathl$ call a p$sician" (otograpic 5ormulas0 Two >at Rhdhvhlopmhnt Tonhrs"
P%A&&#*M %)A!A Othr namhs0 Nhutral oalath of potas' oalic acid, dipotassium salt" Dhscription0 h colorlhss, odorlhss, transparhnt cr$stals slowl$ losh wathr in warm, dr$ air, losing all wathr at a%out @GBV" Dhcomposhs into car%onath whn hathd" (rhcautions0 ?hhp containhr tigtl$ closhd and storh in a cool plach" Ush wit adhuath vhntilation and do not %rhath dust or ot vapors" Oalath salts arh an irritant to th h$hs, s!in, and mucous mhm%ranhs, as whll as %hing toic if inghsthd" +void contact wit h$hs, s!in, and cloting" 9har safht$ glasshs or gogglhs and ru%%hr or similar imphrvious glovhs" 9as torougl$ a2hr andling" Do not swallow" 5irst +id0 If inalhd, rhmovh from hposurh" 5lus contaminathd s!in wit plhnt$ of wathr" Rhmovh contaminathd cloting and was %hforh rh)ush" If contact is madh wit h$hs, irrigath torougl$ wit plhnt$ of wathr for a%out @H minuths, thn call a p$sician or h$h sphcialist" If swallowhd, immhdiathl$ contact a p$sician for trhatmhnt, as convulsions, soc!, and !idnh$ damagh o2hn rhsult" Inghsting an oalath sould %h considhrhd an hmhrghnc$" (otograpic 5ormulas0 Uranium Tonhr 1?oda! T)3"
P%A&&#*M PR&*!FA Othr namhs0 (otassium phrsulpath' potassium phro$disulfath' phrsulfath of potas' tradh namh0 +ntion" Dhscription0 h odhrlhss, colorlhss or with cr$stals avh %hhn rhporthd to avh hchllhnt storagh sta%ilit$ and to %h practicall$ una*hcthd %$ hposurh to th atmosphrh" h commhrcial product, containg a%out to EP ?A#AOM, is said to dhcomposh slowl$, losing availa%lh o$ghn, and morh rapidl$ at ighr thmphraturhs, complhthl$ at a%out @BBV" (rhcautions0 ?hhp containhr tigtl$ closhd and storh in a cool, dr$ plach" Do not contaminath wit, or storh nhar com%usti%lh mathrials" h compound is an irritant and modhrathl$ toic" +void contact wit h$hs, s!in or mucous mhm%ranhs" 9har safht$ glasshs and ru%%hr glovhs whn andling" Do not inalh dust or swallow" 5irst +id0 In cash of contact wit s!in or h$hs, Lus wit plhnt$ of wathr for a%out @H minuths" 5or shrious s!in irritation or contact of an$ !ind wit h$hs, call a p$sician" If swallowhd, ght mhdical a.hntion" (otograpic 5ormulas0 Nhlson 8old (rint Tonhr"
P%A&&#*M H#%CA'A Othr namhs0 (otassium sulfoc$anath' potassium sulpoc$anath' potassium sulfocanidh' potassium rodanidh" Dhscription0 h colorlhss or with cr$stals arh solu%lh in wathr 1A@E grams in @BB grams of wathr at ABV3, ta!ing up moisturh vhr$ hasil$ from th air" (urit$ of th solid is o2hn a minimum of P" (rhcautions0 ?hhp containhr tigtl$ closhd and storh in a cool, dr$ plach" +void contact wit th h$hs, s!in, and rhspirator$ s$sthm" 9har safht$ glasshs and ru%%hr glovhs" 9as torougl$ a2hr andling as th compound ma$ caush s!in hrruptions" 4a$ %h armful if inalhd or swallowhd" 5irst +id0 If contact is madh wit h$hs or s!in, Lus immhdiatl$ wit plhnt$ of wathr" Call a p$sician a%out h$h and s!in irritations" If swallowhd call a p$sician at onch" (otograpic 5ormulas0 8old Tonhr 18+5)A@3"
PR%GA!!%! Othr namhs0 ($ro' p$rogallic acid' @,A,)tri$dro$%hn&hnh' @,A,)%ha&hnh)triol' (iral 1tradh namh for cr$stalli&hd p$rogallol3" Dhscription0 h purh compound is an htrhmhl$ ligt, nh with powdhr of vhr$ nh cr$stals" >hcaush th nh cr$stals thnd to Loat into th air at th sligthst movhmhnt of th air, a cr$stalli&hd form 1largh colorlhss cr$stals3 is availa%lh, causing lhss trou%lh to whig and mi tan th nhr cr$stallinh, Lu*$ nhhdlhs" 5airl$ sta%lh in tigtl$ closhd containhrs %ut turns gra$ on hposurh to air and ligt" (rhcautions0 ($rogallol is considhrhd poisonous %hcaush it is armful if a%sor%hd troug th s!in or swallowhd" +void contact wit h$hs, s!in, or cloting" 9har safht$ glasshs to prothct h$hs and ru%%hr glovhs for and prothction" ?hhp containhr tigtl$ closhd and prothcthd from ligt" Ush wit adhuath vhntilation, and ush, if possi%lh, th cr$stalli&hd form to minimi&h danghr of inalation and s!in contact" 9as torougl$ a2hr andling" +void contact wit low)sulth al!alinh solutions of p$ro, suc as a dhvhloping solution, as suc solutions stain th s!in %rown and ris! poisoning troug a%sorption troug th s!in" 5irst +id0 If contact is madh, Lus th s!in and h$hs wit plhnt$ of wathr for a%out @H minuths" If hthnsivh arhas of th s!in avh %hhn contacthd or for th h$hs, consult a p$sician" If inalhd or inghsthd, ght mhdical a.hntion immhdiathl$, as p$rogallol can caush dhghnhration of th !idnh$s and livhr as whll as rhmoving th o$ghn from th %lood 1rhsulting in dhat3" (otograpic 5ormulas0 (4? 5ilm Dhvhlophr"
&!'#*M Othr namh0 Nonh" Dhscription0 is nonmhtallic hlhmhnt hists in di*hrhnt forms0 1@3 amorpous, 1A3 cr$stallinh or rhd, and 13 gra$ or mhtallic" +morpous0 h dar! rhd to %lac! powdhr sofhns at B to GBV, producing a vitrhous mass upon cooling" Cr$stallinh or rhd0 Cooling molthn shlhnium produchs dar! rhd transparhnt cr$stals, mhlting at @X to form a %rownis rhd liuid, and canging into th gra$ or mhtallic form upon hating" h dar! rhd cr$stals arh solu%lh in diluth wathr solutions of caustic al!ali or in potassium sulth solution"
8ra$ or mhtallic0 h gra$ to %lac! cr$stals wit a mhtallic lusthr arh th most sta%lh form of hlhmhntal shlhnium and arh insolu%lh in alcool or wathr %ut solu%lh in hthr" (rhcautions0 ?hhp containhr tigtl$ closhd" Ush onl$ wit adhuath vhntilation" Do not inalh th dust, gasshs, vapors, or fumhs of th hlhmhnt or its compounds" +void contact wit h$hs or s!in as irritation ma$ rhsult" 9har safht$ gogglhs and ru%%hr or similar glovhs" Cangh glovhs frhuhntl$ as th$ ma$ %hcomh saturathd wit shlhnium or its salts" Do not hat or smo!h wilh wor!ing" Do not swallow" 5irst +id0 If dust or vapor is inalhd, rhmovh from hposurh, rhst, and !hhp warm" If contact is madh wit h$hs, Lus torougl$ wit plhnt$ of wathr 1@BP sodium tiosulfath in wathr3 and call a p$sician at onch" 9as contaminathd s!in arhas wit plhnt$ of soap and wathr 1or @BP auhous sodium tiosulfath solution3" 9as contaminhd cloting %hforh rh)ush" If swallowhd, was out mout wit wathr, thn induch vomiting %$ giving a glass of lu!hwarm salt$ wathr 1onh ta%lhspoon of salt in a glass of wathr3" Call a p$sician at onch" Ushs0 +s a toning aghnt for potograpic silvhr prints"
&#!$R '#RA Othr namh0 7unar caustic 1fushd salt3" Dhscription0 h odorlhss, colorlhss, transparhnt, largh cr$stals or small with cr$stals, rhporthd to avh a %i.hr and caustic tasth, arh availa%lh in hchptional purit$, suc as "P from a commhrcial sourch" h purh cr$stals arh sta%lh in purh air and do not dar!hn on hposurh to ligt unlhss organic ma.hr is prhshnt" 5or hamplh, th prhshnch of uman s!in, ghlatin or paphr will caush purh silvhr nitrath to turn gra$ or gra$is)%lac! on hposurh to ligt" (rhcautions0 #torh in tigtl$ closhd, ligt)rhsistant containhrs" Ush wit adhuath vhntilation and avoid %rhating dust or vapor ovhr hathd solutions" +void contact wit h$hs and s!in as h$h irritation and s!in %urns rhsult" #ilvhr ma$ imprhgnath s!in, h$hs, and mucous mhm%ranhs, producing gra$)%luh patchs of pigmhntation 1arg$ria3, said to rhuirh th accumulathd inta!h of from @ to H grams of silvhr" 9har safht$ glasshs and ru%%hr glovhs" +void contamination of cloting or ush of contaminathd glovhs" Do not swallow" #ilvhr nitrath is a poisonous compound" 5irst +id0 If inalhd, rhmovh from hposurh, rhst, and !hhp warm" If contact is madh wit h$hs or s!in, Lus immhdiathl$ wit plhnt$ of wathr, ma!ing surh tat th irrigation of th h$hs is toroug" Call a p$sician or h$h sphcialist at onch as damagh to h$hs can %h phrmanhnt" If swallowhd, avh th phrson drin! salt wathr 1sodium cloridh3 to prhcipitath insolu%lh silvhr cloridh, thn lu!hwarm salt$ wathr to caush vomiting to rhmovh th silvhr salt" (otograpic 5ormulas0 -$po)+lum #hpia Tonhr, Nhlson 8old (rint Tonhr"
&%(#*M A&C%R+A Othr namhs0 #oda ascor%ath, #odium Isoascor%ath, =itamin C sodium" Dhscription0 9ith cr$stals" (rhcautions0 (rothct from air, ligt, and hat" No othr sphcial trhatmhnt is nhchssar$" Noth0 #odium ascor%ath, th sodium salt of =itamin C, ma$ %h ushd in plach of ascor%ic acid" Onh gram of tis cr$stallinh compound is huivalhnt to B"MMB gram ascor%ic acid, or @ gram of th acid is huivalhnt to @"@AM grams of sodium ascor%ath" #odium ascor%ath is vhr$ solu%lh in wathr 1GA grams dissolvh in @BB ml wathr at AV3 %ut th solution is unsta%lh in air"
(otograpic 5ormulas0 Cris (a.on/s <)EG, 4$tol 5ilm Dhvhlophr 1tol #u%stituth3"
&%(#*M +#CAR+%'A Othr namhs0 #odium $droghn car%onath' #odium acid car%onath' %a!ing soda" Dhscription0 #odium %icar%onath is a with, cr$stallinh powdhr or granulhs tat is o2hn supplihd as "EP or %h.hr purit$" Compound is sta%lh in dr$ air %ut slowl$ dhcomposhs in moist air" (rhcautions0 #odium %icar%onath rhuirhs onl$ th good safh wor!ing conditions and prhcautions of normal dar!room and la%orator$ practich" ?hhp containhr tigtl$ closhd" (otograpic 5ormulas0 4$tol 5ilm Dhvhlophr 1tol #u%stituth3"
&%(#*M +#&*!FA Othr namhs0 #odium acid sulfath' sodium $droghn sulfath' sodium %isulpath' acid sulfath' sodium p$rosulfath' nithr ca!h 1impurh3" Dhscription0 #odium %isulfath is availa%lh as colorlhss, frhh)Lowing cr$stals or as with, fushd lumps' Onh part of th an$drous %isulfath is solu%lh in A parts wathr or @ part %oiling wathr, %ut alcool dhcomposhs it into sodium sulfath and sulfuric acid" (rhcautions0 ?hhp containhr tigtl$ closhd" Ush wit adhuath vhntilation" Do not inalh dust as contact wit sodium %isulfath caushs %urns" +void contact wit h$hs, s!in, and cloting" +lwa$s whar safht$ glasshs or gogglhs and ru%%hr or similar imphrvious glovhs" Do not swallow" 5irst +id0 5or h$h contact irrigath th h$hs torougl$ wit plhnt$ of wathr, thn contact a p$sician or an h$h sphcialist" orougl$ Lus contacthd s!in wit plhnt$ of wathr" Rhmovh contaminathd cloting at onch and was cloting %hforh rh)ush" If swallowhd, was out mout torougl$ wit plhnt$ of wathr' givh muc wathr to drin!, thn givh mil! of magnhsia" Call a p$sician at onch" (otograpic 5ormulas0 Iron 8rhhnQ>luh Tonhr"
&%(#*M +#&*!F# /&%(#*M +#&*!PH#0 Othr namh0 #odium acid sulth" Dhscription0 h colorlhss or with cr$stals or powdhr avh a faint sulfur dioidh odor" (rhcautions0 ?hhp containhr tigtl$ closhd and storh in a cool dr$ plach" Do not storh nhar, and avoid contact wit, acids or oidi&ing aghnts"
&%(#*M +%RA /+%RA)0 Othr namhs0 #odium thtra%orath' sodium p$ro%orath' sodium %i%orath" Two of th common forms of sodium %orath arh0
Disodlum thtra%orath 1an$drous %ora, fushd %ora, %ora glass, or fushd sodium %orath3 Disodium thtra%orath dhca$drath 1%ora dhca$drath, %ora, sodium %orath dhca$drath3 Dhscription0 +n$drous sodium %orath 1an$drous %ora3 consists of glass$ plaths or cr$stallinh powdhr tat ta!h up wathr on hposurh to air and arh onl$ slowl$ solu%lh in wathr" #odium %orath dhca$drath 1%ora3 is availa%lh as colorlhss, odorlhss, ard cr$stals or nh with granulhs or powdhr tat slowl$ losh somh of thir wathr of cr$stalli&ation in air" (rhcautions0 h andling of %ora is not considhrhd a&ardous undhr normal safh dar!room and la%orator$ practich" Do not swallow and !hhp out of th rhac of cildrhn wo migt" 5irst +id0 If contact is madh wit s!in or h$hs, Lus wit wathr to rhmovh th compound" In cash %ora is swallowhd, hsphciall$ %$ a $oung cild, contact a p$sician immhdiathl$" (otograpic 5ormulas0 >urton @H 5ilm Dhvhlophr, D)EG 5ilm Dhvhlophr, Cris (a.on/s <)EG, Dividhd D)EG 5ilm Dhvhlophr 1=ariations3, 5)@@ 5ilm Dhvhlophr, 5 E 5ilm Dhvhlophr, Iron >luh Tonhr"
&%(#*M CAR+%'A Othr namhs0 #oda as, soda, calcinhd soda, as" Dhscription0 +n$drous sodium car%onath is a with, cr$stallinh, odorlhss powdhr tat a%sor%s wathr vapor from th air, graduall$ forming sodium car%onath mono$drath" (rhcautions0 #odium car%onath is a s!in irritant, and dusts and mists arh irritating to th h$hs and th rhspirator$ s$sthm" ?hhp containhr closhd' ush wit adhuath vhntilation' storh in a cool dr$ plach" Do not %rhath dust" +void prolonghd or rhphathd contact wit th s!in" Do not ta!h inthrnall$" 9har safht$ glasshs for th h$hs and ru%%hr or othr imphrvious glovhs on th ands" 5irst +id0 In cash of contact, ush plhnt$ of wathr to Lus h$hs or s!in for at lhast @H minuths" 5or h$hs, consult a p$sician" If swallowhd, ght mhdical a.hntion" (otograpic 5ormulas0 >uhtlhr -ig +cutanch 5ilm Dhvhlophr, 5)@ 5ilm Dhvhlophr, 5)@@ 5ilm Dhvhlophr, 5 E 5ilm Dhvhlophr, Rapahlson 8(F 7iuid Conchntrath, Dividhd D)EG 5ilm Dhvhlophr 1=ariations3, 8hvahrt 9arm Tonh Dhvhlophr 18D)GE3, 8+5)@AH (rint Dhvhlophr, (rint Dhvhlophr @BG, 8+5 @AB #o2 9or!ing (aphr Dhvhlophr, (rint Dhvhlophr @B +dams =hrsion, ?oda! D)EA (rint Dhvhlophr, Cris (a.on/s <)EA (rint Dhvhlophr, ?oda! D)@HH (rint Dhvhlophr, 99)@ (rint Dhvhlophr, (ol$suldh Tonhr 1T)M3, #hpia #uldh AA@ Tonhr, iourha Tonhr, iourha Car%onath Tonhr, Uranium (rint Tonhr, Uranium Tonhr 1?oda! T)3, Two >at Rhdhvhlopmhnt Tonhrs, 9arm)Tonh Rhdhvhlophr"
&%(#*M CH!%R#( Othr namhs0 #alt' common salt' muriath or cloridh of soda" Dhscription0 #odium cloridh is availa%lh as with cr$stals, granulhs, or powdhr' largh, purh cr$stals arh colorlhss and transparhnt" (rhcautions0 #alt is noncom%usti%lh and as vhr$ low toicit$" In fact, salt is an hsshntial ingrhdihnt of th uman diht to maintain cloridh %alanch in th %od$" In th prhshnch of moisturh and car%on dioidh of th air, salt incrhashs th rath of th rusting of iron and sthhl, and is corrosivh on othr mhtals, hsphciall$ &inc" Chrtain stainlhss sthhls and monhl mhtal arh almost rhsistant to salt corrosion" >rass, %ron&h, and tin arh somhwat rhsistant to a.ac!"
5irst +id0 #alt is not considhrhd poisonous %ut if largh amounts arh swallowhd, hsphciall$ %$ infants, a p$sician sould %h consulthd" Ushs0 +s an ingrhdihnt in th prhcipitation of potograpic hmulsions' as a silvhr alidh solvhnt in nh grain dhvhlophrs' as an ingrhdihnt in rhducing and toning solutions' as a wasing aid to hliminath rhsidual tiosulfath from silvhr imaghs" Noth0 hrh arh a num%hr of compounds callhd salt tat arh not purh sodium cloridh" Roc! salt is minhd from th hart and contains @ to P impuritihs 1hsphciall$ calcium sulfath3" #ha salt or solar salt is o%tainhd %$ hvaporation of salt la!hs or ochan wathr and contains a variht$ of impuritihs" Ta%lh salt is sodium cloridh to wic as %hhn addhd a frhh)Lowing aghnt 1a%out @P calcium silicath or magnhsium car%onath3, an anti)ca!ing aghnt 1sodium fhrroc$anidh3, an iodi&ing salt 1a%out B"B@P potassium iodidh or sodium iodidh3, and a sta%ili&hr for th iodinh 1o2hn B"@P sodium car%onath and B"@P sodium tiosulfath3" (otograpic 5ormulas0 Nhlson 8old (rint Tonhr, Two >at Rhdhvhlopmhnt Tonhrs, 9arm)Tonh Rhdhvhlophr"
&%(#*M H(R%)#( Othr namhs0 Caustic' caustic soda' l$h' soda l$h' sodium $drath" Dhscription0 #odium $droidh is sold as with dhliuhschnt La!hs, lumps, phllhts, stic!s, ca!h, or in solutions of various conchntration of sodium $droidh in wathr" #olid forms usuall$ contain E to MP sodium $droidh %ut rapidl$ a%sor% car%on dioidh and wathr from th air" Caustic solutions a.ac! wool and lhathr cloting, and chrtain mhtals, suc as aluminum, tin, and &inc, as whll as thir allo$s" (rhcautions0 ?hhp containhr closhd unlhss in ush" #odium $droidh a%sor%s %ot wathr and car%on dioidh from th air, forming car%onath wic lowhrs th al!alinit$" h hat ghnhrathd whn wathr is addhd to caustic solution ma$ %h su6cihnt to caush %oiling and spa.hring of th ot solution" #odium $droidh caushs shvhrh %urns or corrosivh a.ac! on all tissuhs of th uman %od$" (rothct th h$hs, fach, nhc!, ands, and rhspirator$ passaghs from contact wit th solid, solutions, dust, or mist" 9hn andling, whar safht$ gogglhs or fachsihld, glovhs, and prothctivh cloting" 5irst +id0 #phhd in rhmoving caustic soda is of primar$ importanch if contact as %hhn madh wit tis chmical, Immhdiathl$ Lus s!in wit plhnt$ of wathr for up to two ours or until mhdical hlp arrivhs for shrious cashs" 5or h$hs, Lus wit plhnt$ of wathr for at lhast @H minuths" If a p$sician is not availa%lh thn, continuh Lusing for anothr @H minuths, thn ght mhdical a.hntion, prhfhra%l$ a h$h sphcialist" If ta!hn inthrnall$, avh th patihnt drin! largh amounts of wathr or mil!" Diluth vinhgar or fruit :uich ma$ thn %h givhn to a.hmpt nhutrali&ation of th al!ali" Do not induch vomiting" Rhmovh contaminathd cloting and sohs" Dhcontaminath %hforh rh)ush" (otograpic 5ormulas0 4odihd 9indisc Cathcol 5ilm Dhvhlophr, iourha Car%onath Tonhr, Two >at Rhdhvhlopmhnt Tonhrs"
&%(#*M MA+#&*!F# Othr namhs0 #odium p$rosulth' sodium mhta%isuipith" Dhscription0 #odium mhta%isulth is th commhrcial namh for th sodium salt of p$rosulfurous acid, an acid tat is !nown onl$ troug its salts,
(rhcautions0 ?hhp containhr tigtl$ closhd and storh undhr cool, dr$ conditions as moisturh caushs ca!ing and oidation wit li%hration of sulfur dioidh" Ush wit adhuath vhntilation" Do not inalh dust or fumhs, ?hhp awa$ from acids %hcaush sulfur dioidh ma$ %h rhlhashd, +void contact wit h$hs or s!in" Do not swallow" 5irst +id0 If inalhd, rhmovh to frhs air" If contact is madh wit h$hs or s!in, Lus wit plhnt$ of wathr, %hing chrtain to irrigath th h$hs torougl$" If swallowhd, call a p$sician immhdiathl$" (otograpic 5ormulas0 5ilm Dhvhlophr AH, (araminophnolath 1Rodinal T$ph3 5ilm Dhvhlophr, 4$tol 5ilm Dhvhlophr 1tol #u%stituth3, 5ihr A, T5) +l!alinh 5ilm 5ihr"
&%(#*M MA+%RA Othr namhs0 #odium mhta%orath thtra$drath' tradh namh0 ?odal! %alanchd al!ali" Dhscription0 9hn a solution containing %ora and an amount of sodium $droidh :ust in hchss of th thorhtical valuh is coolhd, th thtra$drath is th sta%lh pash in contact wit th saturathd liuid %htwhhn @@" and "GV' th di$drath is th sta%lh form %htwhhn "G and @BV" +n$drous sodium mhta%orath is o%tainhd %$ fusing %ora and sodium car%onath" h thtra$drath, is a with, odorlhss, cr$stallinh compound solu%lh in wathr and mhtanol" (rhcautions0 ?hhp containhr tigtl$ closhd as hposurh to th atmosphrh ma$ considhra%l$ rhduch th activit$ of th compound" Ush wit adhuath vhntilation and do not inalh th dust" +void contact wit h$hs, s!in, and cloting" 9har safht$ glasshs or gogglhs and ru%%hr or similar imphrvious glovhs" Do not swallow" 5irst +id0 If inalhd, rhmovh from hposurh" Immhdiathl$ Lus wit plhnt$ of wathr if contact is madh wit h$hs or s!in" +2hr irrigating th h$hs torougl$, call a p$sician or h$h sphcialist" If swallowhd, induch vomiting %$ aving th phrson drin! a glass of lu!hwarm, salt$ wathr 1onh ta%lhspoonful of ta%lh salt to a glass of wathr3" Call a p$sician at onch" (otograpic 5ormulas0 (4? 5ilm Dhvhlophr, D)EG 5ilm Dhvhlophr, Dividhd D)EG 5ilm Dhvhlophr 1=ariations3, 5ilm Dhvhlophr AH, 5)A? 5ilm Dhvhlophr, 4$tol 5ilm Dhvhlophr 1tol #u%stituth3, (rint Dhvhlophr @BG, (rint Dhvhlophr @B +dams =hrsion, 5ihr Ga, 5ihr A, T5)A +l!alinh #odium iosulfath 5ihr"
&%(#*M &*!FA Dhscription0 +n$drous sodium sulfath is availa%lh as colorlhss cr$stals or a with powdhr tat rhachs maium solu%ilit$ in wathr at "V, th transition point from th dhca$drath to th an$drous salt" h dhca$drath or 8lau%hr/s salt, namhd a2hr th man wo rst prhparhd it %$ dhcomposing sodium cloridh wit sulfuric acid, as th form of odorlhss cr$stals or granulhs tat slowl$ losh th wathr of cr$stalli&ation" +ll th wathr is lost at @BBV" (rhcautions0 ?hhp th dhca$drath 18lau%hr/s salt3 in a tigtl$ closhd containhr to prhvhnt th loss of th wathr of cr$stalli&ation" 5irst +id0 #odium sulfath is ushd as a diurhtic and catartic" (otograpic 5ormulas0 8old Tonhr 1?oda! T)AG3"
&%(#*M &*!F#( /&%(#*M &*!PH#(0 Othr namhs0 #odium monosuldh' sodium sulfurht" Dhscription0 #odium suldh 1an$drous30 h cr$stals or granulhs rhadil$ ta!h up moisturh from th air and discolor" h purh monosuldh is a with microcr$stallinh powdhr %ut th commhrcial product is o2hn $hllow)to)rhd lumps or fushd La!hs" h solid is unsta%lh and ma$ hplodh upon rapid hating or phrcussion" In contact wit air auhous solutions arh convhrthd slowl$ to sodium tiosulfath and sodium $droidh" (rhcautions0 ?hhp containhrs whll closhd and in a cool plach" ?hhp awa$ from acid" Clhan up an$ spillagh and do not Lus into shwhr wic ma$ contain acid" 9har safht$ glasshs to prothct h$hs from contact as th solution can caush shvhrh %urns" 9har ru%%hr or othr imphrvious glovhs and do not andlh wit %arh ands" +void prolonghd or rhphathd %rhating of vapor, suc as from hathd solutions" Ush onl$ in whll vhntilathd arhas, and !hhp awa$ from hat, spar!s, and ophn Lamh 1$droghn suldh is htrhmhl$ Lamma%lh3" Do not dhphnd upon th o%noious odor of th gas as a warning signal, as th gas dhadhns th shnsh of smhll" 5irst +id0 If small amounts of th gas arh inalhd, movh to frhs air immhdiathl$" In cash of s!in contact, Lus wit plhnt$ of wathr" In cash of h$h contact, Lus wit plhnt$ of wathr for at lhast @H minuths" Call a p$sician or an h$h sphcialist" If liuid is swallowhd accidhntall$, ght immhdiath aid from a p$sician" (otograpic 5ormulas0 #hpia #uldh AA@ Tonhr"
&%(#*M &*!F# /&%(#*M &*!PH#0 Two forms arh commonl$ found0 #odium sulth, an$drous or dhsiccathd, and #odium sulth, cr$stal or hpta$drath" Dhscription0 +n$drous sodium sulth0 h with cr$stallinh powdhr or granulhs can hist for long phriods as a frhh)Lowing powdhr of constant composition, unli!h th $drathd form" (rhcautions0 ?hhp containhrs whll closhd and in a cool plach" uhtlhr -ig +cutanch 5ilm Dhvhlophr, 5)@ 5ilm Dhvhlophr, 5) A 5ilm Dhvhlophr, 5)@@ 5ilm Dhvhlophr, 5)@ 5ilm Dhvhlophr, 5 E 5ilm Dhvhlophr, Rapahlson 8(F 7iuid Conchntrath, 4odihd 9indisc Cathcol 5ilm Dhvhlophr, Dividhd D)EG 5ilm Dhvhlophr 1=ariations3, >urton @H 5ilm Dhvhlophr, 4$tol 5ilm Dhvhlophr 1tol #u%stituth3, 8hvahrt 9arm Tonh Dhvhlophr 18D)GE3, 8+5)@AH (rint Dhvhlophr, (rint Dhvhlophr @BG, >rown Tonh (rint Dhvhlophr 1+gfa @AB3, 8+5 @AB #o2 9or!ing (aphr Dhvhlophr, (rint Dhvhlophr @B +dams =hrsion, Cris (a.on/s <)EA (rint Dhvhlophr, ?oda! D)EA (rint Dhvhlophr, ?oda! D)@HH (rint Dhvhlophr, 5ihr Ga, 5ihr A, T5)A +l!alinh #odium iosulfath 5ihr, T5) +l!alinh 5ilm 5ihr, iourha Tonhr, iourha Car%onath Tonhr, 99)@ (rint Dhvhlophr, Two >at Rhdhvhlopmhnt Tonhrs"
&%(#*M H#%CA'A Othr namhs0 #odium sulfoc$anath' sodium sulpoc$anath' sodium sulfocanidh' sodium rodanidh" Dhscription0 h colorlhss or with cr$stals rhadil$ ta!h up moisturh from th air" (rhcautions0 ?hhp containhr tigtl$ closhd and storh in a cool, dr$ plach" +void contact wit th h$hs, s!in, and rhspirator$ s$sthm" 9har safht$ glasshs and ru%%hr glovhs" 9as torougl$ a2hr andling as th compound ma$ caush s!in hrruptions" 4a$ %h armful if inalhd or swallowhd" 5irst +id0 If contact is madh wit h$hs or s!in, Lus immhdiatl$ wit plhnt$ of wathr" Call a p$sician a%out h$h and s!in irritations" If swallowhd call a p$sician at onch" (otograpic 5ormulas0 8old Tonhr 18+5)A@3, 8old Tonhr 1Ilford IT)3"
&%(#*M H#%&*!FA Othr namhs0 #odium $posulth' sodium su%sulth' $po' anticlor" Dhscription0 7argh, colorlhss or with, odorlhss cr$stals or a coarsh cr$stallinh powdhr arh common forms of th phnta$drath of sodium tiosulfath tat arh availa%lh" In warm dr$ air th cr$stals givh up somh of th wathr of cr$stalli&ation 1a%ovh V3' in moist air th cr$stals a%sor% wathr vapor from th air" (rhcautions0 #odium tiosulfath as low toicit$ and swallowing largh amounts caush purging" In fact, tiosulfath is an antidoth for c$anidh poisoning" ?hhp containhr tigtl$ closhd' ush adhuath vhntilation to prhvhnt %rhating dust' storh in a cool dr$ plach" Ush th normal safh practichs of dar!room and la%orator$ prochdurhs" 5irst +id0 If contact is madh, Lus th h$hs and s!in wit wathr" If irritation occurs, or largh uantitihs arh swallowhd, consult a p$sician" Noth0 h an$drous form of sodium tiosulfath 1an$drous $po3 is also commhrciall$ availa%lh" h with powdhr is solu%lh in wathr %ut insolu%lh in alcool" h solid ta!hs up wathr vapor from th air" h an$drous form savhs a%out GP %$ whigt in plach of th phnta$drath and as a %h.hr shlf lifh in mihd potograpic prhparations" (otograpic 5ormulas0 5ihr Ga, 5ihr A, T5)A +l!alinh #odium iosulfath 5ihr, Nhlson 8old (rint Tonhr"
&A''%*& CH!%R#( Othr namhs0 Tin cloridh' tin dicloridh' tin salt' tin protocloridh" Dhscription0 h with, cr$stallinh solid, wic canghs into o$cloridh %$ a%sor%ing o$ghn from th air, is solu%lh in wathr, achtonh, alcool, al!alihs, glacial achtic acid, ta.aric acid, and man$ organic solvhnts" Diluth auhous solutions thnd to $drol$&h and oidi&h in th prhshnch of air %ut conchntrathd solutions arh sta%lh to %ot of thsh thndhncihs" + P solution of stannous cloridh as %hhn rhporthd to avh sown no oidation a2hr H $hars"
(rhcautions0 hrh is no hvidhnch tat tin compounds, as inghsthd in food, avh an$ h*hct on man" #tannous cloridh, owhvhr, sould %h considhrhd as a strong acid" ?hhp th containhr tigtl$ closhd" Ush wit adhuath vhntilation" Do not %rhath dust or vapors" +void contact wit h$hs, s!in, and cloting" 9har safht$ glasshs or gogglhs and ru%%hr or similar imphrvious glovhs" Do not swallow" 5irst +id0 If inalhd, rhmovh from hposurh, rhst, and !hhp warm" If h$hs arh a*hcthd, irrigath torougl$ wit plhnt$ of wathr' optain prompt mhdical a.hntion if warranthd" If contact is madh wit s!in, Lus torougl$ wit plhnt$ of wathr" Rhmovh contaminathd cloting and was %hforh rh)ush" If swallowhd, was out mout torougl$ wit wathr, thn givh plhnt$ of wathr followhd %$ mil! of magnhsia" Call a p$sician immhdiathl$" Ushs0 #tannous cloridh as %hhn ushd as a %lac!hning aghnt for inthnsication and for fogging silvhr alidhs during rhvhrsal prochssing" (otograpic 5ormulas0 Tin (rint Tonhr"
&*!F*R#C AC#( Othr namhs0 Oil of vitriol' fuming sulfuric acid' olhum 1sulfuric acid wit dissolvhd sulfur trioidh3" Dhscription0 #ulfuric acid is a colorlhss, odorlhss, oil$ liuid of a corrosivh caracthr availa%lh in man$ gradhs and conchntrations" 4isci%lh wit wathr or alcool, hvolving hat" 5uming sulfuric acid 1olhum3 as a sarp phnhtrating odor %hcaush of th rhlhash of #BA gas" #ulfuric acid as a grhat a6nit$ for wathr, rhmoving it from air or from man$ su%stanchs 1carring wood, cloting, sugars, htc"3 -igl$ corrosivh in wathr dilution to most mhtals, hvolving $droghn gas" Conchntrathd sulfuric acid is a strong oidi&ing aghnt, causing possi%lh ignition on contact wit organic mathrials, car%idhs, cloraths, nitraths, and othr su%stanchs" (rhcautions0 >hcaush of its corrosivh and oidi&ing prophrtihs, sulfuric acid caushs shvhrh %urns and dhstro$s uman tissuh of an$ !ind upon contact" Do not %rhath hvolvhd gas" +ltoug th acid itshlf is not Lamma%lh, th ighr conchntrations ma$ caush ignition of com%usti%lh mathrials" h acid a.ac!s most mhtals, hvolving $droghn tat is Lamma%lh and hplosivh" ?hhp containhrs closhd hchpt whn in ush" Ush wit adhuath vhntilation" (rothct h$hs, s!in, rhspirator$ tract, and cloting from contact at all timhs" 5irst +id0 In cash of contact, immhdiathl$ Lus s!in wit plhnt$ of wathr for @H minuths" Rhmovh all contaminathd cloting, including soc!s and sohs" If small amounts of sulfuric acid hnthrs th h$hs, immhdiathl$ Lus th h$hs wit largh amounts of wathr for at lhast @H minuths and, if nhchssar$, continuh for anothr @H minuths" hn consult a p$sician, prhfhra%l$ an h$h sphcialist" If swallowhd, givh largh amounts of wathr to diluth th conchntration of th acid" If inalhd, rhmovh to an uncontaminathd arha" In all cashs, ght mhdical a.hntion as soon as possi%lh" Noth0 #ulfuric acid is htrhmhl$ danghrous whn improphrl$ andlhd" 9hn diluting alwa$s add th acid to th wathr, nhvhr th wathr to th acid" #hvhrh %urns, loss of sigt, or damagh of th rhspirator$ or lung tissuhs can rhsult from carhlhss andling of tis acid" (otograpic 5ormulas0 5hrric$anidh)Iron >luh Tonhr 1Ilford IT)G3, Two >at Rhdhvhlopmhnt Tonhrs"
ARAR#C /&*CC#'#C0 AC#( Othr namhs0 7)Tartaric acid' natural tartaric acid' ordinar$ tartaric acid' d)tartaric acid' 1Y3) tartaric acid' dhtrotartaric acid' d)a,1)di$dro$succinic acid' t)A,)di$dro$%utancdiodic acid"
Dhscription0 h odorlhss, colorlhss, transparhnt cr$stals or with cr$stallinh powdhr arh sta%lh to ligt and air, aving a strong acid tasth in wathr %ut plhasant in diluth solution" (rhcautions0 Tartaric acid is non)toic %ut is a vhr$ strong organic acid, causing local irritation" Do not allow contact wit th h$hs, s!in, or thht 1hrodhs toot surfachs3" 9har safht$ glasshs or gogglhs to prothct h$hs from irritation" Do not %rhath th vapor from ot solutions" 9har ru%%hr or othr prothctivh glovhs" 5irst +id0 In cash of contact, was h$hs or s!in Lus wit plhnt$ of wathr until th acid is Lushd awa$" In cash of s!in ulchrs from rhphathd and prolonghd contact or gastric distur%anchs %hcaush of inalation or inghstion, call a p$sician for trhatmhnt" (otograpic 5ormulas0 Iron >luh Tonhr, 8old Tonhr 1?oda! T)AG3"
H#%*RA Othr namhs0 iocar%amidh' sulfocar%amidh' sulfourhn" Dhscription0 h colorlhss or with cr$stals arh solu%lh in wathr or alcool %ut onl$ sparingl$ solu%lh in hthr" iourha solutions dissolvh salts of silvhr, gold, and platinum" 8hlatin is so2hnhd and ma$ %h solu%ili&hd" (rhcautions0 Do not inalh dust" Ush wit adhuath vhntilation" 9har safht$ glasshs or gogglhs and glovhs whn prhparing or using tiourha solutions" +void contact wit th h$hs and s!in" 4a!h surh glovhs arh dhcontaminathd a2hr ush %$ rinsing th outhr surfach wit a diluth solution of sodium $poclorith 1B ml of Cloro or similar liuid oushold %lhac to @ lithr of wathr3" hn ush warm wathr to was th glovhs torougl$ a2hr th $poclorith trhatmhnt" Do not inghst tiourha" Ush good la%orator$ or dar!room practichs whn andling tiourha as it as carcinoghnic prophrtihs" 5irst +id0 If inalhd, rhmovh from hposurh" If contact is madh wit h$hs or s!in, Lus wit plhnt$ of wathr for a%out @H minuths" If swallowhd, call a p$sician at onch for trhatmhnt" Noth0 iourha is a powhrful fogging aghnt for silvhr)shnsiti&hd potograpic mathrials" Do not contaminath dar!rooms %$ miing and using tiourha solutions in th samh arha whrh potograpic prochssing is to %h donh" (otograpic 5ormulas0 8old)iocar%amidh Tonhr 1Ilford)ITH3, 8old Tonhr 1?oda! T)AG3, Iron >luh Tonhr, iourha Tonhr, iourha Car%onath Tonhr"
*RA'! '#RA Othr namh0 Uranium nitrath' uranic nitrath' uranium o$nitrath' uranium nitrath ha$drath" Dhscription0 h $hllow cr$stals wit a grhhnis lusthr %$ rhLhcthd ligt, mhlting at GB"AV, arh solu%lh in wathr 1M gramsQlithr at @X and gramsQlithr at @BBV3, alcool, and hthr" (rhcautions0 Uranl$ nitrath is a igl$ toic compound tat caushs shrious !idnh$ damagh" It also rhprhshnts a shvhrh rh and hplosion ris! whn hathd or su%:hcthd to soc! in contact wit oidi&a%lh su%stanchs" ?hhp in a tigtl$ closhd containhrs to and prothct against p$sical damagh" #torh in a cool, dr$ plach" Ush wit adhuath vhntilation" Do not inalh dust, vapor or fumhs" +void contact wit h$hs, s!in, and rhspirator$ s$sthm" (rolonghd s!in contact sould %h avoidhd %hcaush of pothntial radiation damagh" Do not swallow" 9har safht$ glasshs or gogglhs and ru%%hr or similar imphrvious glovhs" 9as torougl$ a2hr andling and %hforh hating or smo!ing"
5irst +id0 If contact is madh wit h$hs, immhdiathl$ irrigath torougl$ wit plhnt$ of wathr, thn call a p$sician or an h$h sphcialist" 9as contaminathd arhas of s!in wit plhnt$ of soap and wathr" If swallowhd, induch vomiting %$ aving th phrson drin! a glass of lu!hwarm, salt$ wathr 1onh ta%lhspoonful of ta%lh salt in a glass of wathr3" Call a p$sician at onch" Trhat as a hmhrghnc$" (otograpic 5ormulas0 Uranium Tonhr, Uranium (rint Tonhr, Uranium Tonhr 1?oda! T)3"
2AR Othr namh0 -$droghn oidh" Dhscription0 9athr is a colorlhss, odorlhss, tasthlhss liuid at room thmphraturhs %ut undhr othr conditions hists as a solid 1ich3 or a vapor 1stham3" Ich forms at th frhh&ing point, A or BV, hpanding a%out @BP in volumh, %ut th maimum dhnsit$ of @"BB1@BB gramQml is rhachd at "BMV 1ich B"@H3" #tham is produchd at @BBV at EGB mm mhrcur$ prhssurh' suphrhathd stham ma$ %h madh %$ hnclosing wathr in an autoclavh and incrhasing prhssurh" 9athr rhuirhs onh calorih phr gram to raish th thmphraturh @V" Ich nhhds MB calorihsQgram to cangh from ich to wathr' stham givhs up HB calorihsQgram whn it condhnshs to form wathr" 9athr as %hhn callhd th most univhrsal solvhnt !nown and tis prophrt$ is hi%ithd %$ natural wathrs, wic rapidl$ %hcomh contaminathd %$ gashs and solids" -ard wathr contains calcium and magnhsium salts tat arh di6cult to rhmovh %ut wathr can %h purihd %$ distillation and rhdistillation, tat is, %$ hvaporation and stham and thn condhnsation as wathr two or morh timhs" Carh must %h ta!hn in th shlhction of containhrs for distillhd wathr as th solvhnt powhr of wathr ma$ dissolvh parts of th containhrs, hsphciall$ frhh al!ali in glass" (rhcautions0 ?hhp purihd wathr in tigtl$ closhd containhrs to prhvhnt atmosphric contamination or loss %$ hvaporation" Do not allow wathr to frhh&h in containhrs tat ma$ %h rupturhd %$ th hpansion of ich" Do not allow %oiling wathr to contact h$hs or s!in" Do not inalh stham" 5irst +id0 9athr is an hsshntial nutrihnt for uman lifh %ut prothct against hposurh to %oiling wathr and stham" 9har safht$ glasshs or gogglhs and ru%%hr or prothctivh glovhs whn andling hathd wathr" (otograpic 5ormulas0 5ilm Dhvhlophrs, (aphr Dhvhlophrs, 5ihrs, (aphr Tonhrs"
Chmical Con3rsion Almost Mad asy 4y (5 2illiam Richnr
is articlh is inthndhd to %h incomplhth" h convhrsions includhd in th cart arh tosh I avh found to %h th most common and most ushful in m$ compounding of formulas" +dditional hntrihs could %h madh" I invith corrhspondhnch tat could furthr hthnd th ush)fulnhss of th cart" If thrh is a su6cihnt num%hr of ghnhrall$ usha%lh convhrsions rhchivhd, anothr articlh summari&ing thsh in cart form will %h prhparhd"
+ word of C+UTION" #omh convhrsions can %h madh witout an$ di6cult$ or cangh in th chmical action of a solution ) wilh othrs simpl$ 4U#T NOT %h madh" hrh arh man$ factors tat must %h considhrhd" #omh compounds arh morh solu%lh tan chmicall$)similar althrnaths" Othrs arh morh toic, lhss sta%lh, morh hphnsivh, di6cult to o%tain, contain undhsira%lh impuritihs in its commhrcial form if not sphcicall$ prhparhd for potograpic purposhs, htc"
h cart hntrihs avh %hhn limithd to has$ convhrsions" osh tat arh NOT rhcommhndhd for +77 applications arh indicathd %$ an asthris! nht to th #phcihd Ingrhdihnt" h othrs arh rhcommhndhd undhr 4O#T conditions" hrh arh vhr$ sphcial applications whrh normall$ usha%lh su%stitutions must not %h ushd" 5or hamplh, in prhparing dr$)pac!aging of hr, th cr$stal form of #odium iosulfath must not %h ushd in plach of th an$drous form" is particular rhstriction applihs to similar forms of chmicals ushd in dr$)pac!aging"
(roducing th nhchssar$ al!alinit$ for potograpic solutions can %h phrplhing" It is possi%lh to produch th rhuirhd al!alinit$ in somh solutions %$ th ush of a small amount of a igl$ caustic compound li!h #odium -$droidh, or %$ th ush of a largh amount of a mildhr caustic compound li!h #odium Car%onath or ?odal! or #odium (ospath, Tri%asic, or othrs" Dohs it rhall$ ma.hr wat is ushd as long as th dhgrhh of al!alinit$ rhachd is th samhZ It DO<# ma.hr0 (otograpicall$ spha!ing thrh arh di*hrhnt familihs of +l!alinh +ghnts" 9itin hac famil$ su%stitutions can %h madh wit li.lh fhar of althring th caracthristics of th solution" #omh rhplachmhnts %htwhhn familihs mav %h possi%lh %ut thsh arh th rarh hchptions and th$ arh woll$ dhphndhnt upon th actual ush of th solution"
h +l!alinh familihs arh shparathd from hac othr on th cart" h ordhr of hntrihs in th ta%lh is %ashd on frhuhnc$ of ush" 5or all practical purposhs, an$drous and dhssicathd forms arh considhrhd to %h th samh"
MULTIPLY YOU HAVE
AND THE FORMULA SPECIFIES
SPECIFIED AMOUNT BY
Borax (Sodium Borate, Pentahydrated) Borax (Sodium Borate, Decahydrated)
Borax (Sodium Borate, Decahydrated) Borax (Sodium Borate, Pentahydrated) Sodium Carbonate, nhydrated Sodium Carbonate, Cry"ta# Pota""ium Carbonate, nhydrou"$ Sodium Carbonate, Monohydrated$ Pota""ium &ydroxide Sodium &ydroxide
0.76 1.31 1.!0 !.33 0.%0 1.1! 1.'0 0.7!
Sodium Carbonate, Monohydrated$
1.70
oda# (Ba#anced #a#i) (Sodium Metaborate) cetic cid (!-) Sodium Diacetate (nhydrated)
0.*% 0.! 0.'3
cetic cid (!-) cetic cid (+#acia#) Sodium hio"u#/ate (Cry"ta#) Sodium hio"u#/ate (nhydrated) Pota""ium Bromide Sodium Bromide Sodium cetate (nhydrated) Sodium cetate (Cry"ta#)
cetic cid (+#acia#) Sodium Diacetate (nhydrated) Sodium hio"u#/ate (nhydrated) Sodium hio"u#/ate (Cry"ta#) Sodium Bromide Pota""ium Bromide Sodium cetate (Cry"ta#) Sodium cetate (nhydrated)
3.*' 1.*! 1.*7 0.6' 1.16 0.6 0.60 1.66
Sodium Su#/ate (nhydrated) Sodium Su#/ate (Cry"ta#) Sodium Su#/ite (nhydrated) Sodium Su#/ite (Cry"ta#) Pota""ium hiocyanate Sodium hiocyanate Benotriao#e (nti2o 41) 65itrobenimidao#e 5itrate (nti2o 4!)
Sodium Su#/ate (Cry"ta#) Sodium Su#/ate (nhydrated) Sodium Su#/ite (Cry"ta#) Sodium Su#/ite (nhydrated) Sodium hiocyanate Pota""ium hiocyanate 65itrobenimidao#e 5itrate (nti2o 4!) Benotriao#e (nti2o 41)
0.'' !.!7 0.*0 !.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Sodium Carbonate, Monohydrated Pota""ium Carbonate, nhydrou" Sodium &ydroxide Pota""ium &ydroxide oda# (Ba#anced #a#i) (Sodium Metaborate)$$ Sodium Carbonate, Monohydrated cetic cid (+#acia#)
[ )) NOT rhcommhndhd for +77 applications" [[ )))) hrh arh man$ forms of #odium 4hta%orath ) hphrimhntation ma$ %h nhchssar$"
Cross R6rnc o6 Photographic Chmicals
A ACID SULFATE, Sodium Bisulfate ALUMINUM POTASSIUM SULFATE DODECAHYDRATE, Potassium Alum AMMONIUM FERRIC CITRATE, Fei! Ammo"ium Citate AMMONIUM FERRIC SULFATE, Fei! Ammo"ium Sulfate AMMONIUM HYPO, Ammo"ium T#iosulfate AMMONlUM HYPOSULFITE, Ammo"ium T#iosulfate AMMONIUM RHODANIDE, Ammo"ium T#io!$a"ate AMMONIUM SULFOCYANATE, Ammo"ium T#io!$a"ate AMMONIUM SULFHOCYANATE, Ammo"ium T#io!$a"ate AMMONIUM SULFOCYANIDE, Ammo"ium T#io!$a"ate AMMONIUM SULPHOCYANlDE, Ammo"ium T#io!$a"ate ANTHION, Potassium Pesulfate A%UA FORTIS, Niti! A!id L&' ( )& ASCORBIC ACID, As!o*i! A!id ASH, Sodium Ca*o"ate ATHENON, N&'+&H$do$+#e"$l)-l$!i"e '.l$!i") A/IMIDOBEN/ENE, Be"0otia0ole
B BA1IN. SODA, Sodium Bi!a*o"ate BEN/ENE A/IMIDE, Be"0otia0ole 2,3&BEN/ENEDlOL, Cate!#ol 2,4&BEN/ENDIOL, H$do5ui"o"e 2,3,6&BEN/ENETRlOL, P$o-allol BEN/lSOTRIA/OLE, Be"0otia0ole 2&H&BEN/OTRlA/OLE, Be"0otia0ole 2,3,6&BEN/OTRlA/OLE, Be"0otia0ole BIS&'3&HYDRO7YETHYL) ETHER, Diet#$le"e .l$!ol BLUE COPPERAS, Co++e Sulfate BLUESTONE, Co++e Sulfate BORACIC ACID, Boi! A!id BROMIDE OF POTASSIUM, Potassium Bomide BROMIDE OF POTASH, Potassium Bomide
C CALCINED SODA, Sodium Ca*o"ate CAUSTIC, Sodium H$doide CAUSTIC POTASH, Potassium H$doide CAUSTIC SODA, Sodium H$doide CE8ITAMIC ACID, As!o*i! A!id CHLORAURIC ACID, .old C#loide CHLORIDE OF SODA, Sodium C#loide CHLOROAURIC ACID .old C#loide COMMON ALUM, Potassium Alum COMMON SALT, Sodium C#loide COPPER SULFATE PENTAHYDRATE, Co++e Sulfate COPPER 'II) SULFATE PENTAHYDRATE, Co++e Sulfate CUPRIC SULFATE, Co++e Sulfate CUPRIC SULPHATE, Co++e Sulfate
D DE7TROTARTARIC ACID, Tatai! A!id 2,3&DIHYDRO7YBEN/ENE, Cate!#ol o&DIHYDRO7YBEN/ENE, Cate!#ol 2,4&DIHYDR.7YBEN/ENE, H$do5ui"o"e +&DIHYDRO7YBEN/ENE, H$do5ui"o"e L&3,6&DIHYDRO7YBUTANEDIOIC ACID, Tatai! A!id d&a,9& &DIHYDRO7YSUCCINIC ACID, Tatai! A!id
E ELON, +&Met#$lami"o+#e"ol Sulfate 'Metol) ENOL, +&Met#$lami"o+#e"ol Sulfate 'Metol) ETHANEDIOIC ACID, Oali! A!id ETHANOIC ACID, A!eti! A!id, .la!ial
F FUMIN. SULFURIC AClD, Sulfui! A!id
G .ENOL, +&Met#$lami"o+#e"ol Sulfate 'Metol) .LAUBER:S SALT, Sodium Sulfate 'Sodium Sul+#ate) .LYCIN, N&'+&H$do$+#e"$l) .l$!i"e .OLD TRICHLORIDE, ACID, .old C#loide .RAPHOL, +&Met#$lami"o+#e"ol Sulfate 'Metol)
H HEPAR SULFURIS, Li;e of Sulfu HYDROCHINON, H$do5ui"o"e HYDROCHLOROAURIC ACID, .old C#loide HYDROCHLORIC ACID, A%UEOUS, H$do!#loi! A!id HYDRO.EN NITRATE, Niti! A!id HYDRO.EN O7IDE,
I ICONYL, N&'+&H$do$+#e"$l)-l$!i"e '.l$!i") lODIDE OF POTASH, Potassium Iodide IRON AMMONIUM CITRATE, Fei! Ammo"ium Citate IRON 'Ill) AMMONIUM CITRATE, Fei! Ammo"ium Citate
K 1ACHIN, Cate!#ol 1ODAL1, Sodium Meta*oate
L LI8ER OF SULPHUR, Li;e of Sulfu LUNAR CAUSTIC, Sil;e Nitate LYE, Sodium H$doide
M METHANECARBO7YLIC ACID, A!eti! A!id, .la!ial METOL, +&Met#$lami"o+#e"ol Sulfate 'Metol) MONA/OL, N&'+&H$do$+#e"$l)-I$!i"e '.l$!i") MONOMETHYL&+&AMINOPHENOL SULFATE, +&Met#$lami"o+#e"ol Sulfate 'Metol) MURIATE OF SODA, Sodium C#loide MURIATIC ACID, H$do!#loi! A!id
N NATURAL TARTARIC ACID, Tatai! A!id NEUTRAL O7ALATE OF POTASH, Potassium Oalate NITER CA1E, Sodium Bisulfate
O OIL OF 8ITRIOL, Sulfui! A!id OLEUM, Sulfui! A!id ORDINARY TARTARIC ACID, Tata"i! A!id ORTHOBORIC ACID, Boi! A!id 3,3:&O7YDlETHANOL, Diet#$le"e .l$!ol
P PARA&O7YPHENYL .LYCIN, N&'+&H$do$+#e"$l)-l$!i"e '.l$!i") PARA&O7YPHENYL .LYCOCOLL, N&'+&H$d"$+#e"$l)-l$!i"e '.l$!i") PEARL ASH, Potassium Ca*o"ate PERSULFATE OF POTASH, Potassium Pesulfate 2,3&PHENDlOL, Cate!#ol PHOTOL, +&Met#$lami"o+#e"ol Sulfate 'Metol) PHOTO&RE7, +&Met#$lami"o+#e"ol Sulfate 'Metol) PICTOL, +&Met#$lami"o+#e"ol Sulfate 'Metol) PIRAL, P$o-allol
POTASH, Potassium Ca*o"ate POTASH ALUM, Potassium Alum POTASH SULFURATED, Li;e of Sulfu POTASSA, Potassium H$doide POTASSIUM ALUMINUM SULFATE, Potassium Alum POTASSIUM HE7ACYANOFERRATE'III), Potassium Fei!$a"ide POTASSIUM HYDRATE, Potassium H$doide POTASSIUM PERO7YDISULFITE, Potassium Pesulfate POTASSIUM PERSULPHATE, Potassium Pesulfate POTASSIUM PYROSULFITE, Potassium Meta*isulfite POTASSIUM RHODANIDE, Potassium T#io!$a"ate POTASSIUM SULFOCYANATE, Potassium T#io!$a"ate POTASSIUM SULPHOCYANATE, Potassium T#io!$a"ate POTASSIUM SULPHOCYANII)E, Potassium T#io!$a"ate PYRO, P$o-allol PYROCATECHIN, Cate!#ol PYROCATECHOL, Cate!#ol PYRO.ALLIC ACID, P$o-allol
Q %UINOL, H$do5ui"o"e
R RED POTASSIUM CHROMATE, Potassium Di!#omate RED POTASSIUM PRUSSIATE, Potassium Fei!$a"ide RED PRUSSIATE, Potassium Fei!$a"ide RED PRUSSIATE OF POTASH, Potassium Fei!$a"ide RHODOL, o&Met#$lami"o+#e"ol Sulfate 'Metol) ROMAN 8ITRIOL, Co++e Sulfate
S SALT OF TARTAR, Potassium Ca*o"ate SALT OF
SODA LYE, Sodium H$doide SODIUM ACID CARBONATE, Sodium Bi!a*o"ate SODIUM ACID SULFATE, Sodium Bisulfate SODUIM ACID SULFITE, Sodium Bisulfite 'Sodium Bisul+#ite) SODIUM BIBORATE, Sodium Boate 'Boa) SODIUM BICARBONATE SODIUM BISULPHATE, Sodium Bisulfate SODIUM HYDRATE, Sodium H$doide SODIUM HYDRO.EN CARBONATE, Sodium Bi!a*o"ate SODIUM HYDRO.EN SULFATE, Sodium Bisulfate SODIUM HYPOSULFITE, Sodium T#iosulfate SODIUM METABISULPHITE, Sodium Meta*isulfite SODIUM METABORATE TETRAHYDRATE, Sodium Meta*oate SODIUM MONOSULFIDE, Sodium Sulfide 'Sodium Sul+#ide) SODIUM PHOSPHATE TRIBASIC, Tisodium P#os+#ate SODIUM PYROBORATE, Sodium Boate 'Boa) SODIUM PYROSULFATE, Sodium Bisulfate SODIUM PYROSULFITE, Sodium Meta*isulfite SODIUM RHODANIDE, Sodium T#io!$a"ate SODIUM SUBSULFITE, Sodium T#iosulfate SODIUM SULFATE ANHYDROUS, Sodium Sulfate 'Sodium Sul+#ate) SODIUM SULFOCYANATE, Sodium T#io!$a"ate SODIUM SULFOCYANIDE, Sodium T#io!$a"ate SODIUM SULFURET, Sodium Sulfide 'Sodium Sul+#ide) SODIUM SULPHOCYANATE, Sodium T#io!$a"ate SODIUM TETRABORATE, Sodium Boate 'Boa) SULFOCARBAMIDE, T#iouea SULFOUREA, T#iouea SULFURATED POTASSA, Li;e of Sulfu
T TSP, Tisodium P#os+#ate= '()&TARTARIC ACID, Tatai! A!id d&TARTARIC ACID, Tatai! A!id L&TARTARIC ACID, Tatai! A!id TEC%UINOL, H$do5ui"o"e TETRACHLOROAURlC ACID, .old C#loide TETRACHLOROMETHANE, Ca*o" Teta!#loide THIOCARBAMIDE, T#iouea TRIBASIC CITRATE OF POTASH, Potassium Citate 2,3,6&TRIHYDRO7YBEN/ENE, P$o-allol
6,4,>&TRIHYDRO7YBEN/OIC ACID, .alli! A!id TRIHYDRO7YPROPANE, .l$!eol TRISODIUM ORTHOPHOSPHATE, Tisodium P#os+#ate
U URANIC NITRATE, Ua"$l Nitate URANIUM NITRATE, Ua"$l Nitate URANIUM NITRATE HE7AHYDRATE, Ua"$l Nitate URANIUM O7YNITRATE, Ua"$l Nitate
V 8EROL, +&Met#$lami"o+#e"ol Sulfate 'Metol) 8ITAMIN C, As!o*i! A!id 8ITEROL, +&Met#$lami"o+#e"ol Sulfate 'Metol)
W
X L&7YLOASCORBIC ACID, As!o*i! A!id
Arrangmnt and Mi7ing o6 Formulas +RR+N8<4
4+?IN8 #O7UTION# +CCUR+T<7 +s a ma.hr of good chmical practich, appl$ing huall$ whll to potograp$ as to othr chmical scihnchs, formulas whrh standardi&hd as to thir rhlativh strhngt' almost hvhr$ formula is concludhd %$ th hprhssion0 ;+dd cold wathr to ma!h @BBBml"; is rhcommhndation is %ashd upon th fact tat whn th chmical is dissolvhd in wathr, th volumh of th solution is usuall$ grhathr tan tat of th wathr, %hcaush th particlhs of th chmical occup$ a dhnith spach in th solution" 5or tis rhason, it is alwa$s %hst to dissolvh th chmicals in a volumh of warm wathr su%stantiall$ lhss tan th nal volumh of th complhthd formula and thn add cold wathr to ma!h up th stathd volumh" is also ma!hs it hasihr to dissolvh th chmicals, and rhsults in grhathr uniformit$ of th conchntration in its nal solution" It is o%vious tat if th prhparation of th solution whrh starthd wit th amount of wathr stathd for th nal volumh, th complhthd solution would %h of wha!hr conchntration, toug of grhathr volumh, tan originall$ sphcihd" In man$ instanchs whn th solution is %hing prhparhd wit warm wathr 1a%out @AHQHAV3, frhuhntl$ cold wathr or crac!hd ich can %h addhd, %ringing th solution to th dhsirhd thmphraturh morh rapidl$" h practich of dissolving chmicals in warm wathr and th su%shuhnt addition of cold wathr or ich to ma!h th sphcihd volumh dhnithl$ rhsults in consisthntl$ uniform solutions of standard ushful prophrtihs"
h thrm ;stoc! solution; is applihd trougout to hvhr$ formula wic nhhds to %h diluthd wit wathr for ush" #toc! solutions of formulas frhuhntl$ hashd arh most hconomical and practical" h$ !hhp whll for long timhs if storhd in whll)llhd and torougl$)stopphrhd %o.lhs, prhfhra%l$ of am%hr glass" >o.lhs containing stoc! solutions sould %h !hpt in cool, dar! plachs and suita%l$ la%hlhd" +s uantitihs of stoc! solutions arh rhmovhd for sith, it is a good practich, in ordhr to !hhp th lhvhl of th rhmaining portion of stoc! solution as closh as possi%lh to th closurh, to ll th %o.lh wit glass mar%lhs" 9or!ing solutions, tat is diluthd solutions, sould %h discardhd a2hr ush" 9hn a dilution of a stoc! solution of an$ chmical is callhd for, suc as ;diluth @0,; it is implihd tat th rst num%hr rhfhrs to th uantit$ of th conchntrath 1stoc! solution3, and th
shcond num%hr rhfhrs to th dhsirhd uantit$ of wathr" hrhforh, in th a%ovh hamplh, $ou would %h dhaling wit onh part of th conchntrathd solution, a dhvhlophr, for hamplh)and trhh parts of wathr, to ma!h a wor!ing solution of a total of four parts"
CO4(OUNDIN8 OUR O9N vs" (R<(+Rhing prhparhd %$ th manufacturhr of th potoshnsitivh mathrial, th$ arh dhphnda%l$ accurath wit a !nown conthnt" hir ush hliminaths wasth" In tis form th$ can %h storhd almost indhnithl$ and %h hasil$ transporthd" hir cost is low and thir ush most hconomical" Onh nhhds no scalhs whn prhparing solutions from thm0 a graduath and a stirring rod ma!h thm immhdiathl$ availa%lh for ush" Onh nhhd not worr$ a%out inadvhrthntl$ omi.ing onh of th ingrhdihnts, or pu.ing anothr ingrhdihnt into th solution twich" Inaccuracihs in whiging and mhasuring arh also hliminathd" h cost of suc prhparhd formulas is low' wilh sligtl$ morh hphnsivh tan formulas compoundhd from individual ingrhdihnts, th sligt additional cost is dhnithl$ o*sht %$ th grhathr convhnihnch and saving of timh" Consisthnt ush of prhparhd formulas ma!hs it unnhchssar$ to maintain stoc!s of various shparath ingrhdihnts in a variht$ of containhrs, wic is frhuhntl$ couplhd wit possi%lh wasth from dhthrioration or pollution"
Film (3loprs 5inh)8rain Film (3lopr 89 A fie-grai fm deveoper that coitais meto aid a md sver soveit, sodum metabsufte.
8hnhral (urposh "oda: (-;< Film (3lopr A deveoper or ow coitrast aid maxmum shadow deta.
(i3idd (-;< Film (3lopr /$ariations0 A deveoper havig great capacty, aoig wth t's varatois, oig e aid coissteicy i resuts.
Chris Patton=s -;< Film (3lopr Ai ascorbc acd- pheidoie deveoper smar to Kodak -!".
F)->? Film (3lopr #ormuated as a $heidoie-%ydro&uioie versoi o -!". rgiay ormuated by (eo)rey *. +rawey
F) 1; Film (3lopr A deveoper optmed or both -ax aid eta fms. #ormuated aid dscosed by (eo)rey *. +rawey
Mytol Film (3lopr /)tol &u4stitut0 $au /ews suggests ths deveoper cai be used as you woud packaged Kodak 0to.
-ig)Dhnition +utlr High Acutanc Film (3lopr /'o@n +lu Formula0 A compeisatig deveoper that gves exceeit sharpiess, medum grai, aid ow coitrast.
F)-> High Acutanc Film (3lopr esgied to produce iegatves wth maxmum acutaice or sharpiess. rgiay ormuated by (eo)rey *. +rawey
F)-8 High Acutanc Film (3lopr #ormuated to produce iegatves wth a hgh degree o sharpiess aid iorma grai wth the capabty o iterestig iteria e)ects. rgiay ormuated by (eo)rey *. +rawey. #0 1K, a varatoi, provdes more 2exbty wth eihaiced mdtoies.
Paraminophnol /Rodinal0 Film (3lopr A $-Amiopheio %ydrochorde fm deveoper or that s ecoiomca aid exceeit or sower speed fms 345 61-1778.
(us)(rochssing F)- Film (3lopr #ormuated as a substtute or Acufie. rgiay ormuated by (eo)rey *. +rawey
F)->> Film (3lopr #ormuated to gve the 9uest possbe speed icrease wth the mimum graiuarty icrease.9 rgiay ormuated by (eo)rey *. +rawey
GP. !iquid Concntrat Film (3lopr A gyci- pheidoie-hydro&uioie ormua or -ax :77, ;x< sheet fm. A &ud coiceitrate ormuated aid copyrghted by $au =aphaesoi.
($ro PM" Film (3lopr >e $K ormua s desgied as a uiversa deveoper or a wde varety o moderi emusois used uider dverse coidtois.
Pyrocat-H( $yrocat-% s a sem-compeisatig, hgh-defitoi deveoper, ormuated by 5aidy Kig as ai ateriatve to $K.
7ow)Contrast +urton >?9 Film (3lopr A deveoper or Kodak echica $ai.
Modi@d 2indisch Film (3lopr >s super compeisatig deveoper works we wth Kodak echica $ai #m. 5uggested by r. *am roop.
Film (3lopr 89 D)AH 5inh 8rain 5ilm Dhvhlophr is a nh)grain lm dhvhlophr tat contains mhtol and a mild silvhr solvhnt, sodium mhta%isulth" h grain o%tainhd wit D)AH rhshm%lhs tat o%tainhd wit Dhvhlophr @A" -owhvhr, D)AH contains mhtol rathr tan th toic p)phn$lhnhdiaminh found in Dhvhlophr @A" Contrast is normal wit D)AH, %ut so2nhss ma$ rhsult" D)AH is rhputhd to %h a non)staining dhvhlophr, owhvhr, staining and dicronic fog avh %hhn rhporthd wit modhrn nh)grain lms" hrhforh, th dhvhlophr sould %h thsthd wit $our currhnt lm %hforh tis dhvhlophr is ushd hthnsivhl$" C-<4IC+7 #+5
Chemical
ater (1!*28*!C) Meto# Sodium "u#/ite Sodium Metabi"u#/ite Co#d ater to mae
Amount Unit
7*0 m# 7.* 100 1* 1000 m#
(lach th warm wathr in th storagh containhr and add a pinc of sodium sulth" 1h #odium sulth minimi&hs th initial oidation of th mhtol" If morh sulth is addhd at tis point, th mhtol will not dissolvh"3 +dd th mhtol and stir, ma!ing surh all th mhtol as complhthl$ dissolvhd" +dd hac chmical in th ordhr givhn ma!ing surh hac dissolvhs complhthl$ %hforh adding nht" 5inall$ add cold wathr to %ring th nal volumh in th containhr up to @ lithr and stir to hnsurh th solution is torougl$ mihd" #-<75 7I5< Unushd Dhvhlophr AH as a shlf)lifh of a%out G monts in a full and tigtl$ capphd %o.lh" 4IIN8 T-< R<(7
Chemical
ater (1!028'C) Meto# Sodium "u#/ite Sodium Metaborate (oda#) Co#d ater to mae
Amount Unit
7*0 m# 10 100 !0 1000 m#
(lach th warm wathr in th storagh containhr and add a pinc of sodium sulth" 1h sodium sulth minimi&hs th initial oidation of th mhtol" If morh sulth is addhd at tis point, th mhtol will not dissolvh"3 +dd th mhtol and stir, ma!ing surh all th mhtol as complhthl$ dissolvhd" +dd hac chmical in th ordhr givhn ma!ing surh hac dissolvhs complhthl$ %hforh adding nht" 5inall$ add cold wathr to %ring th nal volumh in th containhr up to @ lithr and stir to hnsurh th solution is torougl$ mihd" C+(+CIT h capacit$ of th dhvhlophr is rolls 1AB suarh inchs3 phr lithr" h capacit$ can %h hthndhd to AH rolls phr lithr %$ rhplhnismhnt wit D?)AHR Rhplhnishr 1Cat" No" B@)BBHE3" +dd rhplhnishr at a rath of M ml phr lithr of dhvhlophr for hac roll of lm dhvhlophd for th rst @H rolls dhvhlophd thn add A ml of th rhplhnishr phr lithr of dhvhlophr phr roll dhvhlophd" Discard th dhvhlophr a2hr AH rolls avh %hhn dhvhlophd or at th hnd of onh mont from its rst ush, wichvhr comhs rst" U#+8< 9h rhcommhnd a dhvhlopmhnt timh of @H to AB minuths wit agitation hac minuth" 5ollow $our normal dhvhlop, stop, , was, clhar and was prochdurh" Dhvhlophr AH can %h ushd at AHVQEE, owhvhr th dhvhlopmhnt timh sould %h sorthnhd to a%out @@ minuths" h nhgativh will still avh nh grain and low to mhdium contrast" R<5ill Troop, p" @BG 5ilm Dhvhlophr AH, h Dar!room Coo!%oo!, #hcond
"oda: (-;< Film (3lopr is dhvhlophr is good for low contrast and maimum sadow dhtail" 9OR?IN8 #O7UTION
Chemical
9ater (1!*28*!C) Meto# Sodium "u#/ite (de""ic) &ydro:uinone Borax Co#d ater to mae
Amount Unit
7*0 m# ! 100 * ! 1000 m#
U#+8< Diluth @0@ and dhvhlop for E to @A minuths at GMQABV 1for %hst rhsults, do not ush ovhr EAQAAV3" Dhvhlopmhnt timhs using D)EG arh availa%lh from most lm manufacturhrs" NOT< D)EG ma$ %h ushd undiluthd, %ut thrh is no advantagh in doing so" h nhgativhs, wilh sligtl$ nhr grainhd, do not hi%it th samh dhgrhh of sarpnhss or tonal scalh" h ;o6cial; pu%lishd formula for D)EG rhcommhnds using A"B grams of %ora for th acchlhrator" -owhvhr, in its pac!aghd dhvhlophr alanchd +l!ali" If dhsirhd, >alanchd +l!ali ma$ %h su%stituthd at th samh whigt for %ora" Dhvhlopmhnt timh sould %h dhcrhashd %$ approimathl$ @HP to comphnsath for th ighr p-" =+RI+TION D)EGD ushs M"Bg of %ora, along wit th addition of M"Bg of %oric acid" diluth @0@ for ush at GMXf" T4 ) @BB ) @A min" T4 ) BB ) @A\ min" D)EG- omits th $drouinonh and incrhashs th amount of mhtol to A"H grams" D)EG- can %h ushd in th samh wa$ as D)EG, including dhvhlopmhnt timhs" R<5ill Troop, p" B) D)EG- 15ormula ]@3,h Dar!room Coo!%oo!, And
(i3idd (-;< Film (3lopr /$ariations0 Dividhd D)EG, along wit it/s variations, is univhrsal dividhd lm dhvhlophr aving grhat capacit$, long lifh and consisthnc$ in rhsults and rhlativhl$ panthrmic 1$ihlding similar rhsults ovhr a rangh of thmphraturhs, particularl$ %htwhhn GH and MB" Dividhd Dhvhlophrs arh usuall$ two %ats ushd in succhssion witout a rinsh" +2hr th shcond %at th lm is put dirhctl$ into an acid)ardhning hr" h rst %at contains all th dhvhlophr ingrhdihnts <C<(T th al!ali, tus, no dhvhlopmhnt ta!hs plach in th rst %at" It is mhrhl$ a%sor%hd %$ th hmulsion, not U#
F((-;+T- 1+3 Chemical
9ater (%*2) Phenidone Meto# Sodium "u#/ite &ydro:uinone Pota""ium Bromide Benotrio#e Sodium Bi"u#/ite 9ater to mae
FDD!"#
7*0 m# ' 100.0 7.* 0.3 1000 m#
PD!"#
VD!"#
7*0 m# 0.3 100.0 *.0 1.0 0.! 1%.0 1000 m#
7*0 m# ! 100.0 *.0 1000 m#
FSD!"#
7*0 m# ! *0.0 *.0 1.0 1000 m#
AP
7*0 m# 0.7 100.0 *.0 1.! !0.0 1000 m#
$AP
7*0 m# 0.7 1. 100.0 *.0 1.! !0.0 1000 m#
>+T- 1>3 Chemical
FDD!"#
9ater (%*2) Sodium Metaborate Borax Sodium Carbonate (mono) Sodium "u#/ite Pota""ium ;odide (0.1-) Pota""ium Bromide 9ater to mae
7*0 m# 60.0 1000 m#
PD!"#
VD!"#
7*0 m# *0.0
7*0 m# !.0
1000 m#
FSD!"#
7*0 m# 60.0
*0.0 1000 m#
1000 m#
AP
$AP
7*0 m#
7*0 m#
1!.0
1!.0
100.0 10.0 m# 0.* 1000 m#
100.0 10.0 m# 0.* 1000 m#
4IIN8 T-< #O7UTION# 5or >at 1+3, dissolvh a pinc of #odium sulth rst, thn dissolvh th (hnidonh andQor th 4htol" 4a!h chrtain it is complhthl$ dissolvhd %hforh adding and dissolving th othr ingrhdihnts in ordhr" (otassium Iodidh can %h madh into a B"@P solution %$ ta!ing @"B gram of (otassium Iodidh and dissolving it in wathr %rougt up to @"B lithr total volumh" Ush Distillhd 1or Dh)ioni&hd3 9athr for all >ats" D<=<7O(4at 1+3 is not important as long as th lm is torougl$ soa!hd" h timh th lm rhmains in >at 1>3 controls th dhvhlopmhnt and nal contrast of th nhgativh" + cangh of B shconds will not %h noticha%lh"
Bath
FDD!"#
PD!"#
VD!"#
FSD!"#
AP
$AP
() (B)
3 min. 3 min.
3 min. 3 min.
* min. 3 min. !! min. !' min. * min. !' min. !' min. !' min.
+8IT+TION Continuous for th rst @H shconds in hac %at, thn A or spiral turns 1or @ invhrsion3 hvhr$ B shconds" U#+8< >at 1+3 is rhusa%lh and can %h rhturnhd to its storagh containhr" >at 1>3 is ushd onch thn disgardhd" #-<75 7I5< h shlf lifh of >at 1+3 in a full stopphrhd %o.lh is a%out si monts" h shlf lifh of >at 1>3 in a full stopphrhd %o.lh is a%out trhh monts"
R<5ill Troop, p" MH"
