Universidade Federal do Piauí Campus Universitário Profa Cinobelina Elvas
EXPERIMENTOS FATORIAIS Profa. Gisele Rodrigues Moreira Enga. Agrônoma Genética e Melhoramento Melhoramento E-mail: giselerm@ufp
[email protected] i.br
Dr a.
1. INTRODUÇÃO
São aqueles em que são estudados dois ou mais fatores simultaneamente, cada um deles com dois ou mais níveis. Exemplo: Fator → variedade Níveis → V1, V2, V3, etc. Fator → formulação (doses) Níveis → F1, F2, F3, etc.
1
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Classificação Classificação dos fatores:
- QUALI QUALITAT TATIVO IVOS S - QUANTI QUANTITAT TATIVO IVOS S Ex: Fator qualitativo Fator → variedade Níveis → V1, V2, V3, etc. quantitativoo Ex: Fator quantitativ Fator → formulação Níveis → F1, F2, F3, etc.
Aplicação do esquema fatorial
Quando se quando se deseja estudar a influência de dois ou mais fatores sobre a variável resposta e o relacionamento entre eles.
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Simbologia:
Indicada pelo produto dos níveis dos fatores em teste. Exemplo: Fator → variedade; Níveis → V1, V2, V3
Fator → formulação; Níveis → F1, F2, F3, F4 Fatorial 3 x 4
Quando o número número de níveis níveis é igual para para OBS: Quando
todos os fatores: nF Em que, F é o número número de fatore fatoress número de níveis níveis de cada cada fator fator n é o número Exemplo: Fator → variedade; Níveis → V1, V2, V3
Fator → formulação; Níveis → F1, F2, F3
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Obtenção dos Tratamentos:
A partir da combinação dos níveis dos fatores. Exemplo: Fator → variedade; Níveis → V1, V2, V3
Fator → formulação; Níveis → F1, F2, F3
V1F1, V1F2, V1F3, V2F1, V2F2, V2F3, V3F1, V3F2, V3F3
Importante:
O fatorial fatorial NÃO é um delineame delineamento!!!! nto!!!! É um tipo de de esquema, esquema, ou seja, seja, uma uma das maneiras de organizar os tratamentos, e depois distribuídos às unidades experimentais segundo um tipo de delineamento.
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2. EFEITOS ESTUDADOS NO FATORIAL
EFEITO PRINCIPAL
É o efeito de cada fator, independentemente independentemente do efeito dos outros.
EFEITO DE INTERAÇÃO
É o efeito simultâ simultâneo neo dos dos fatores fatores sobre a variável em estudo. Ocorre interação entre os fatores quando os efeitos dos níveis de um fator são modificados pelos níveis de outros.
Demo De mons nstr traç ação ão de qu quan ando do nã nãoo há e qua quand ndoo há INTERAÇÃO
Suponha um experimento fatorial 2 x 3, em DIC, com os seguintes resultados médios para a variável altura de plantas (cm). 1a situação ⇒ Não Não há intera interação ção Espaçamento E1
V1 8
Variedade V2 10
V3 12
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Espaçamento
V1 8 6
E1 E2
Variedade V2 10 8
V3 12 10
12 10 Altura de plantas em cm 8 6 4 2 0
E1 E2
V1
V2
V3
Quando não há interação interação as diferenças diferenças entre entre os resultados dos níveis de um fator são estatisticamente iguais para todos os níveis do outro fator.
Demo De mons nstr traç ação ão de qu quan ando do nã nãoo há e qua quand ndoo há INTERAÇÃO
2a situação ⇒ Há inte intera raçã çãoo Espaçamento E1 E2
V1 2 5
Variedade V2 4 10
V3 6 2
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Espaçamento
V1 2 5
E1 E2 10 9 8 7 6 Altura de 5 plantas em cm 4 3 2 1 0
Variedade V2 4 10
V3 6 2
E1 E2
V1
V2
V3
Quando há in inte tera ração ção as diferenças entre os resultados dos níveis de um fator dependem dos níveis do outro fator.
3. QUADRO DE TABULAÇÃO DE DADOS
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3.1 QUADRO DE TABULAÇÃO DE DADOS (DIC) Fatores A1
1
Totais
B1
Y111
Y112
...
Y11k
Y11.
B2
Y121
Y122
…
Y12k
Y12.
...
...
...
...
...
...
B j
Y1j1
Y1j2
…
Y1jk
Y1j.
…
…
…
...
B1
Yi11
Yi12
...
Yi1k
Yi1.
B2
Yi21
Yi22
…
Yi2k
Yi2.
...
...
...
...
...
...
B j
Yij1
Yij2
…
Yiik
Yij.
... AI
REPETIÇÕES 2 ... k
3.2 QUADRO DE TABULAÇÃO DE DADOS (DBC) Fatores A1
1 B1
Y111
BLOCOS 2 ... k Y112
...
Y11k
Totais Y11.
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4. MODELO ESTATÍSTICO (DIC)
Yijk = m + αi + βj + (αβ)ij+ eijk EM QUE: Yij é o valor observado para a variável resposta referente a k-ésima repetição repetição da combinação combinação do i-ésmio nível do fator A com o j-ésimo j-ésimo nível do fator B; m é a média de todos os valores possíveis da variável resposta; αi é o efeit efeitoo do i-és i-ésimo imo níve nívell do fat fator or A no valo valorr obse observ rvad adoo Yijk; j-ésimo nível do do fator B no valor observad observadoo Yijk; βj é o efeito do j-ésimo (αβ)ij é o efeito efeito da interação interação do i-ésimo i-ésimo nível do do fator A com com o jésimo nível do fator fator B; experimental associado associado ao valor observado observado Y ijk. eij é o erro experimental
4. MODELO ESTATÍSTICO (DBC)
Yijk = m + αi + βj + (αβ)ij+ bk + eijk
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5. ANÁLISE DE VARIÂNCIA É uma análise análise estatística estatística que permite permite decompor decompor a variação total, ou seja a variação existente, na variação devido à diferença diferença entre efeitos efeitos dos tratamentos tratamentos (efeitos (efeitos principais e interação), ao bloco (quando o experimento for em DBC) e na variação devido ao acaso (erro experimental ou resíduo).
Pressuposições: os efeitos do modelo devem ser aditivos; os erros experimentais devem ser normalmente distribuídos [eij ~ N (0, 1) 1) e indepen independent dentes. es.
Quadro da ANOVA (DIC) Fonte de variação
GL
SQ
QM
F
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Quadro da ANOVA (DBC) Fonte de GL SQ QM F variação Fator A I–1 SQA SQA/GL Fator B J-1 SQB SQA/GL AxB (I – 1)(J 1)(J-1 -1)) SQAxB SQAxB/GL QMAxB/QMR (Trat.) (IJ – 1) SQTrat Bloco (K – 1) SQB Resíduo (IJ – 1)( 1)(K – 1) SQR SQR/GL TOTAL IJK - 1 SQT -
Importante:
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Se, interação não-significativa ⇒ os efeitos dos fatores atuam de forma independente e devese proceder o teste F para cada fator. fator . Se, interação significativa ⇒ os efeitos dos fatores atuam de forma dependente, não se faz o teste F para cada fator, e sim deve-se proceder outras ANOVAs ANOVAs em que se faz o desdobra desdobramento mento do efeito da interação (A/B e B/A).
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5.1. Interação não significativa Fonte de GL SQ QM F variação QMA/QMR Fator A I–1 SQA SQA/GL QMB/QMR Fator B J-1 SQB SQB/GL AxB (I – 1)(J 1)(J-1 -1)) SQAxB SQAxB/GL Não significativo (Tratamento) (IJ – 1) SQTrat Resíduo IJ(K IJ(K–– 1) SQR SQR/GL TOTAL IJK - 1 SQT Obs: quadro para um experimento em DIC
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Se os fatores A e B forem f orem qualitativos (Ex.: variedade, raça) e o teste F para A e/ou B for não significativo, a aplicação do teste de médias médias é desneces desnecessária sária.. Porém se for significativo para A e/ou B, deve-se aplicar um teste de médias para comparar os níveis do fator em questão.
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Fórmulas para os testes de médias dos fatores A e/ou B Teste de Tukey
Fator A : ∆ = q
QMR
Fator B : ∆ = q
QMR
JK IK
q(
%; I , n2 )
q(
%; J , n2 )
α
α
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Fórmulas para os testes de médias dos fatores A e/ou B Teste t
Fator A : t =
ˆ − Y Y A A QMR JK
Fator B : t =
IK
%;n2 )
t (
%;n2 )
∑a
2 i
i =1
ˆ − Y Y B B QMR
t (
α
I
α
I
∑a
2 i
i =1
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Exemplo: Experimento em DIC, no esquema fatorial 22 (A1: ração com cálcio e A2: ração sem cálcio; B1: ambien ambiente te à noi noite te com luz artificial e B2: ambient ambi entee à noi noite te sem luz artificial), com 6 repetições ⇒ variável resposta: No de ovos/poedeira REPETIÇÕES
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I. Hipóteses Hipótese de nulidade (Ho): Os fatores A e B atuam independente sobre a variável resposta em estudo.
Hipótese alternativa (Ha):
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I ; J ; K
I
∑ A
2 i
SQA =
i =1
JK
(
−
∑ Y ijk )
i =1; j ; k =1
IJK
I ; J ; K
J
∑ B
2 j
2
SQB =
j =1
IK
(
−
SQAxB = SQTrat − SQA − SQB
∑ Y ijk )
i =1; j ; k =1
IJK
2
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SOMA DE QUADRADOS DO FATOR B I ; J ; K
J
∑ B
2 j
SQB =
j =1
IK
(
−
∑ Y ijk )
i =1; j ;k =1
IJK
2
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SOMA DE QUADRADOS DA INTERAÇÃO A x B
SQAxB = SQTrat − SQA − SQB
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SOMA DE QUADRADOS DO RESÍDUO
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III. Nível de significâ significância ncia
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ANOVA
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