EXPERIMENT 1
Demography – Human Population Ecology
INTRODUCTION A cemetery is an excellent place to study human demography. Demography Demography is defined as “the study of the characteristic of human populations, such as a s size, growth and vital statistics”. Gravestones record the dates of births and death, which can be used o calculate death rates and draw survivorship curves. A survivorship curve is simply a graphical representation of the chance that an individual will survive from birth to particular age . By comparing survivorship curves for different periods of time, we may look for historical trends in demography over the decades. Over the last few centuries, centur ies, advances in health care and large-scale global political conflict have left opposing marks on the demographics of o ur population. Two major time intervals stand out: before 1950 and after 1950, Malaysia getting it stability through it independent day, and with the exception of a ratial riot on May 13, 1969. What do you predict about how the demographics of the human population have changed during these two time periods? Demographics from local cemeteries can be used, but in order to get a broader scope of life in we can used the population in US since the world wide web can used to gather data about birth and death rates all over the country. Many cemeteries now have databases that list all individuals buried there. This is a much faster way than visiting all cemeteries in an area and making assumptions about overall World population.
OBJECTIVES
1. 2. 3.
HYPHOTHESIS
Some of the basic concept of population demography How such factors such as advantages in medicine and environmental protection may have affected human demography over the past 150 years. How human demography might change in the future, based on the current socio political reality and the presence of incurable diseases (such (such as AIDS)
1.
In general, what are your prediction about death rates prediction of people before and after 1950? In my expectation, the death rates of prediction of people before 1950 are greater compared to after 1950. Maybe this is because there is better technology developing after or through the year of 1950, causing decreasing number of death. Most of modern technology as years past by is much better to prevent sickness or disease. 2.
For infants of both sexes, would you expect infant mortality to be higher or lower before or after 1950? Why? I think the infant mortality would be higher before 195 0. This is because before 1950, there are no medical treatment advancement or knowledge’s like knowledge’s like we have today. This indicate to infant of both sexes. Sex is not a big factor to this problem.
3.
How might the survivorship of females differ from that of males in the 20-30 age groups? Why?
In my point of view , the survivorship of females differ from that of males in the 20 -30 age because of the female commonly will give birth in their life time. Females are facing a big risk on their life or might die during their pregnancy of labor. Females also have a big risk of dying because we know that the fact is female is more susceptible to certain type of disease’s. disease’s. This is why the survivorship of males is higher than the females.
1. PROCEDURE
The data from Appendix A was used or extracted the data from cemetery c emetery database found at www.interment.net . 2. The data was recorded in table 1 and it was used to calculate and all questions provided in this lab was answered. 3. For data table 2, the total number of death was placed in first row (0-9) of column B. It was the total number of o f people in our group upon which death took its toll as they grew older. 4. The number of who died was subtracted in e ach age interval (column A) from the number number who were “alive” in our sample from the beginning of that age interval. The number was written in the next nex t row in column B. To fill out the column, it was repeated. 5. The survivorship was calculated- for each row in column c, the number was divided in column B by the TOTAL we found at the bottom of column A. This gave us the fraction of people that survived to each age interval. By definition, the survivorship of the first age interval equals 1.0 ( all living newborns have survived that point)
DATA
Data Table 1: FEMALE WHO DIED BEFORE 1950 NO NAME DEATH YEARS 1. Batik Binti Che 1946 2. Esah Binti Ali 1945 3. Kalsom Binti Yop 1946 4. Melati Binti Awang 1945 5. Minah Binti Jantan 1908 6. Piah Binti Hasan 1945 7. Rokiah Binti Awang 1946 8. Salmah Binti Kasim 1957 9. Senah Binti Karim 1947 10. Senah Binti Rom 1935 11. Siah Binti Jelon 1941
BIRTH 1933 1943 1940 1944 1840 1923 1931 1957 1921 1888 1940
AGE OF DEATH 13 2 6 1 68 22 15 0 26 47 1
FEMALE WHO DIED AFTER 1950 No NAME DEATH YEARS 1. Basah Binti Mat 1953 2 Ah Binti Rashid 1975 3. Bedah binti Kosi 1965 4. Biah Binti Li 1990 5. Cekor Binti Mat 1973 6. Che Ah Binti Aki 2007 7. Ecah Binti Awang 1962 8. Esah Binti Tok 2000 9. Jenab Binti Mat 2012 Long 10. Jenab binti Ngah 1977 Pi 11. Kalsom Binti 1954 Jantan 12. Kalsom Binti Mat 2000 13. Kasih Binti Atan 1970 14. Kecom Binti Teh 1971 15. Kembang binti 1954 Long 16. Kesah Binti Kari 2012 17. Koriah Binti Karim 1980 18. Mawar Binti Long 1999 19. Melur Binti Mat 1989 20. Minah Binti Kasim 1967 21. Rabiah Binti Deris 1976 22. Rokiah Binti Jan 1980 23. Raden Binti Lang 2012 24. Rodiah Binti Zam 1999 25. Rokiah Binti Ripin 2012 26. Ros Binti Man 1970 27. Salmiah Binti 1957 Kasim 28. Senah Binti 1980 Rahman 29. Som Binti Akop 1999 30. Zenab Binti Talik 1990
BIRTH 1941 1921 1925 1931 1931 1933 1962 1934 1935
AGE OF DEATH 12 54 40 59 42 74 0 66 77
1934
43
1954
0
1955 1930 1970 1891
45 40 1 63
1951 1902 1939 1915 1937 1936 1925 1951 1932 1950 1930 1957
61 78 60 74 30 40 55 61 67 62 40 0
1927
53
1925 1929
74 61
MALE WHO DIED BEFORE 1950 No NAME DEATH YEARS 1. Ali Bin Ahmad Jul 01, 1848 2. Api Bin Rotan 1923 3. Atan Bin Kosim 1902 4. Awang Bin Anjang 1940 5. Burhan Bin Mat 1948 6. Jendol Bin Seman 1946 7. Kasih Bin Saleh 1945 8. Kumir Bin Tam 1928 9. Misan Bin Uda 1946 10. Mus Bin Mustam 1943 11. Pian Bin Jabir 1947 12. Redah Bin Mat 1947 13. Rom Bin Radin 1923 14. Sabar Bin Hitam 1937 15. Salim Bin Ban 1946 16. Samir Bin Rodin 1947 17. Sedi Bin Galak 1945 18. Som Bin Mat 1945 19. Yop Bin Man 1946 20. Zam Bin Putih 1945
BIRTH 1800 1888 1891 1933 1944 1935 1933 1895 1923 1918 1935 1924 1890 1921 1911 1927 1924 1943 1911 1929
AGE OF DEATH 48 35 11 7 4 11 12 33 23 25 12 23 33 16 35 20 21 2 35 16
MALE WHO DIED AFTER 1950 No NAME DEATH YEARS 1. Abu Bin Ketuk 2010 2. Aki Bin Akop 1972 3. Ali Bin Ahmad 1981 4. Apo Bin Selar 1972 5. Biah Binti Mat 1983 6. Buntang Bin Tang 1968 7. Che Bin Teh 1966 8. Din Bin Dam 1972 9. Din Bin Pin 1980 10. Gambir Bin Mat 1963 11. Jam Bin Mi 1967 12. Jantan Bin Mat 1959 13. Karim Bin Ratip 1970 14. Katam Bin Somad 1988 15. Kiah Bin Dam 1980 16. Koi Bin Dan 1962 17. Lang Bin Mat 1966 18. Leman Bin Chiah 2000 19. Merah Bin Jantan 1976 20. Nam Bin Mad 1981 21. Rambai Bin Tikai 1970 22. Rasid Bin Soh 1964 23. Rosid Bin Lazim 2012 24. Rostam Bin Ali 1988 25. Rotam Bin Ran 1970 26. Rotan Bin Takim 2012 27. Saleh Bin Saleh 1980 28. Salem Bin Man 2006 29. Salim Bin Jebat 1964 30. Samad Binti 1969 Jantan 31. Som Bin Samad 1958 32. Soman Bin Sagat 1980 33. Supi Bin Mok 1989 34. Syukur Bin Mat 1970 35. Tukan Bin Jan 1998 36. Wahid Bin Resam 1970 37. Walid Bin Tam 1966 38. Yakob Bin Mat 1965 39. Yakop Bin Yop 1980
BIRTH 1951 1944 1911 1911 1916 1925 1904 1941 1911 1926 1950 1940 1956 1930 1939 1930 1903 1957 1925 1922 1938 1964 1952 1953 1911 1951 1926 1934 1918 1914
AGE OF DEATH 59 28 70 61 67 43 62 31 69 37 17 19 14 58 41 32 63 43 51 58 58 32 0 60 35 59 61 54 72 46 55
1958 1929 1922 1911 1931 1970 1951 1912 1921
0 51 67 59 67 0 15 53 59
Data Table 2: FEMALE WHO DIED BEFORE 1950 Age Group COLUMN A Mortality (M)= #of death per age interval 5 0-9 2 10-19 2 20-29 0 30-39 40-49 1 0 50-59 1 60-69 0 70-79
COLUMN B “alive” at the beginning of the age interval 11 6 (11-5) 4 (6-2) 2 1 -
COLUMN C Survivorship(S)
1.0 (11/11) 0.55 (6/11) 0.36 0.18 0.09 -
Total Number of Death for data set: 11
FEMALE WHO DIED AFTER 1950 Age Group COLUMN A COLUMN B COLUMN C Mortality (M)= “alive” at the #of death per age beginning of the Survivorship(S) interval age interval 4 30 1.0(by definition) 0-9 1 26(30-4) 0.87 10-19 0 20-29 1 25 0.83 30-39 7 24 0.8 40-49 4 17 0.57 50-59 60-69 8 13 0.43 5 5 0.17 70-79 0 80-89 Total Number of Death for data set: 30
MALE WHO DIED BEFORE 1950 Age Group COLUMN A COLUMN B COLUMN C Mortality (M)= “alive” at the #of death per age beginning of the Survivorship(S) interval age interval 0-9 3 20 1.0(by definition) 6 17(20-3) 0.85 10-19 5 11 0.55 20-29 5 6 0.3 30-39 1 1 0.05 40-49 0 50-59 0 60-69 0 70-79 80-89 0 Total Number of Death for data set: 20 MALE WHO DIED AFTER 1950 Age Group COLUMN A COLUMN B COLUMN C Mortality (M)= “alive” at the #of death per age beginning of the Survivorship(S) interval age interval 3 39 1.0(by definition) 0-9 10-19 4 36 0.92 1 32 0.82 20-29 5 31 0.79 30-39 40-49 4 26 0.66 11 22 0.56 50-59 60-69 9 11 0.28 2 2 0.05 70-79 80-89 0 Total Number of Death for data set: 39
DATA ANALYSIS
1. What is your interpretation of the j uvenile (age 0-19) mortality pre and post 1950 for males and for females. List all factors that might account for any differences you see. - Juvenile mortality pre 1950 was higher than post 1950. This could be due to less advanced cares. Lack of vaccines and antibiotics.
2.
What is your interpretation of mortality for re productive age adults (20-40) for pre and post 1950 for males and for females? List all factors that might account for any differences you see. -
Reproductive age mortality for pre 1950 was higher higher compared to to post 1950. This could be due to : 1. Less improved medical care. 2. Less maternal care during parturition. 3. Many females could be giving birth in the homes rather t han hospitals.
3.
Refer graph answer sheet.
4.
What shift in survivorship and mortality curves would you expect if significant cuts were made in social services such as prenatal and infant care? -
5.
The curves would shift to the left rather than to the right. It is because there would be more mortality for infant.
Compares the two curves below: which country is probably the better place to live? Defend your answer. In our opinion, Malaysia is the better place to live rather than Africa. In Malaysia, people live in a healthy lifestyle after 1950 . The curves from the graph show that Malaysia have highest of survivorship in the 20-40 age group. However, in Africa mostly deaths occur at that age. Most of it is had AIDS disease. Malaysia has less number in that such of disease.
