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Load Important Terms and Factors
(i) Connected load . It is the sum of continuous ratings of all the equipment connected to supply system. Unit : Watt (W). (ii) Maximum demand . It is the greatest demand of load on the power station during a given period. The knowledge of maximum demand is very important as it helps in determining the installed capacity of the station. Unit: Watt (W). Demand factor . It is the ratio of maximum demand on the power station to its (iii) Demand connected load. The knowledge of demand factor is vital in determining the capacity of the plant equipment. Demand factor =
maximum demand connecetd load
(iv) Average load . The average loads occurring on the power station in a given period (day or month or year) is known as average load or average demand.
Daily average load
Monthly
=
Units generated
24 hours
average load
Annual average load
per day ( kWh )
=
=
Units generated
=
Energy consumed 24 hours
per month ( kWh )
Number of hours in a month
Unit generated in a year ( kWh ) 8760 hours
=
=
in a day
Energy consumed in a month number of hours in a month
Energy consumed in a year 8760 hours
(v) Load factor . The ratio of average load to the maximum demand during a given period.
Daily Load Factor ( L. F .) =
Annual L. F . =
Average
load
peak load
=
Total Energy
total anual energy peak load ×8760 hr
Example 1.1
Consumed
Maximum
Demand
during a period ×
24hr
The maximum demand on a power station is 100 MW. If the annual load factor is 40%, calculate the total energy consumed in a year. Solution:
Energy consumed in a year = Max. demand x hours in a year x L.F. =
(100
10 6 ) ×8760
×
=
3.504
=
3504
10
×
10
×
0.40
×
11
5
kWh
Example 1.2
A generating station has a connected load of 43 MW and a maximum demand of 20 MW and the unit generated being 61.5 x 106 kWh per annum. Calculate: (i) (i) the the dema demand nd fac facto tor r (ii) (ii) load load factor factor Solution:
(i)
(ii)
Demand factor
=
Average demand
Max .demand Connected
=
load
=
20 43
=
0.465
Unit generated in a year 8760 hrs
61 .5 ×10 6
=
8760
=
7020 .5kW
Example 1.3
A 100 MW power station delivers 100 MW for 2 hours, 50 MW for 6 hours and is shut down for the rest of each day. It is also shut down for maintenance for 45 days each year. Calculate the annual load factor. Solution:
The generated unit on working hour: =
(100
=
500 MWh
×
2 ) +( 50
6)
×
Operation days in a year = 365 – 45 = 320 days in a year The unit generated in a year: = 500 MWh x 320 = 160000 MWh Energy consumed
Annual load factor = Max .demand
×
in a year
working
hours
100 %
×
=
160000 100 100 × ( 320 320 × 24)
×
100 100% = 20.8%
Examples 1.4
A diesel station supplies the following load to the various consumers: Industrial consumer Comm Commer erci cial al esta establ blis ishm hmen entt Domestic power Domestic light
: 1500 kW : 750 750 kW : 100 kW : 450 kW
If the maximum demand of the station is 2500 kW and the number of kWh being supplied per year is 45 x 105, determine: (i) Average Average load load in in a year year (ii) Annual load factor factor Solution:
A power station has the following daily load cycle: Time in hours Load in MW
6-8
8 - 12
12 - 16
16 - 20
20 - 24
24 - 6
20
40
60
20
50
20
(i) Plot Plot the the load load curve curvess (ii) Plot the load load duration duration curves (iii (iii)) Calc Calcul ulat atee the the tota totall ener energy gy bei being ng supp suppli lied ed in in a day day W 70 (iv)Calculate the daily load factor M 60
o
50
da
ni
L Solution:
40
1. The The 30 loa load d cur curve vess 20 10
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
time (hrs)
2. The The load load dura durati tion on cur curve vess
1. Give the advantag advantages es and disadvant disadvantages ages of the electri electrical cal power generat generation ion station station which using the following energy sources: a. Sun b. Water c. Wind d. Nuclear
2. Discuss Discuss the differe difference nce between between base load, interm intermediat ediatee load and peak peak load. load. 3. State State the advan advantag tages es of Nation National al Grid Grid Syste System. m. 4. Explai Explain n the signif significa icance nce of daily daily load load curve curves. s. 5. Discuss Discuss the differe difference nce between between load load duration duration curves curves and load load curves. curves. 6. A generating generating stati station on has a connecte connected d load of 40 MW and a maximum maximum demand demand of 20 6 MW. The units generated to supply the the consumer are 60 x 10 kWh. Calculate (i) the demand factor and (ii) the load factor [Ans: (i) 0.5 (ii) 34.52% ] 7. A generation generation station station has the followi following ng daily daily load load cycle: cycle: Time (hours) Load (MW)
0-6
6-10
10-12
12-16
16-20
20-24
20
25
30
25
35
20
Draw the load curve and fond: (i) (i) maxi maximu mum m dem deman and d (ii) Total unit unit generated generated per day (iii) average lo load (iv)load factor [Ans: (i) 35 MW (ii) 560 x 103 kWh (iii) 23333 kW (iv) 66.67%] 8. A power power statio station n has to meet meet the the following following load demand: demand: Lo a d A Lo a d B Lo a d C
50 kW 30 kW 20 kW
10 am till 6 pm 6 pm till 10 pm 4 pm till 10 am
Plot the daily load curve and determine: (i) Unit Unit gener generate ated d per per day day (ii) (ii) load load factor factor [Ans: (i) 880 kWh (ii) 52.38%] 9. A generating generating station station supplies supplies the the followin following g consumer’s consumer’s loads: Industrial consumer Comm Commer erci cial al esta establ blis ishm hmen entt Domestic power Domestic light
: 1500 kW : 750 750 kW : 100 kW : 450 kW
If the maximum demand on the station is 2500 kW and the number of kWh generated per year is 60 x 105, determine the annual load factor. [ Ans: 27.43% ] 10. The annual load of a substatio substation n is given in the following following table. During each month, the power is assumed constant at an average value. (i) Obtain Obtain the plot plot of the annual annual load load curve. curve. (ii) Calculate Calculate the average average load (iii (iii)) Dete Determ rmin inee the the annu annual al load load fact factor or
Annual Load System Month Load (MW) January 8 February 6 March 4 April 2 May 6 June 12 July 16 August 14 September 10 October 4 November 6 D e c emb e r 8
