REPUBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA MINISTERIO DEL PODER POPULAR PARA LA EDUCACION ZONA EDUCATIVA DEL ESTADO TRUJILLO TRUJ ILLO MICRO MISION SIMON RODRIGUEZ
PROCESO DE ENSEÑANZAAPRENDIZAJE DE LA L A ADICIÓN ADICIÓN Y SUSTRACCIÓN DE LOS NUMEROS RACIONALES EN LA EDUCACIÓN DE LA MATEMATICA CRÍTICA
San Juan, Febrero de 2!"
REPUBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA MINISTERIO DEL PODER POPULAR PARA LA EDUCACION ZONA EDUCATIVA DEL ESTADO TRUJILLO TRUJ ILLO MICRO MISION SIMON RODRIGUEZ
PROCESO DE ENSEÑANZAAPRENDIZAJE DE LA L A ADICIÓN ADICIÓN Y SUSTRACCIÓN DE LOS NUMEROS RACIONALES EN LA EDUCACIÓN DE LA MATEMATICA CRÍTICA
Traba#o de Grado $re%en&ado an&e e' e ' Co'e(&)*o de 'a U+E+E+ Br+ E-)ro Fuen-a.or/, M)(ro-)%)0n S)-0n Rodr1ue3 . 'a Co-un)dad en Genera', en e' 4rea de Ma&e-5&)(a (o-o re6u)%)&o $ara o$&ar a' T1&u'o de Pro7e%or en Edu(a()0n Med)a Genera' Men()0n8 Ma&e-5&)(a/
Au&or8 Indr)ao Er)(9a Tu&or Peda0)(o8 P')n)o Saa*edra Tu&or A(ad:-)(o8 V)(&or P:re3
San Juan, Febrero de 2!"+
ÍNDICE GENERAL PP INTRODUCCI;N<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<++ ! SITUACI;N PROBLEM4TICA Te-5&)(a Te -5&)(a Genera Generadora<<< dora<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<<<
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Re(o Re (on% n%&r &ru(( u(()0 )0n n de de'' Ob Ob#e #e&o &o de E% E%&u &ud) d)o< o<<< <<<< <<<< <<<< <<<< <<<+ <+++ ++< <
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MODO DE E?PLICACI;N O CONTE?TO REFERENCIAL Edu(a Ed u(a() ()0n 0n de 'a -a -a&e &e-5& -5&)( )(a a <<< <<<<+ <+<< <<<< <<<< <<<+ <+++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++<< <<<< <<
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Edu( Ed u(a( a()0 )0n n de 'a -a -a&e &e-5 -5&&)( )(a a (r (r1& 1&)( )(a a << <<<< <<<< <<<+ <+<< <<<< <<<< <<< <
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F)ne% de 'a edu(a()0n <<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<< !! F)na')dad de en%e@ar edu(a()0n <<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<<< !! Pen%a-)en&o '0)(o -a&e-5&)(o <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<+ <<<<<+ !2 Con(e$&o de n-ero% n -ero% <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< !2 Con(e$&o de n-ero% ra()ona'e% <<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<<<<<++ <<<++ != Con(e$&o de 7ra(()one% <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< << != Pen%a-)en&o ab%&ra(&o <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<++ <<<<<<<<<++ !> Pro$0%)&o de 'a )n*e%&)a()0n <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<++ !> En%e@ar -a&e-5&)(a% <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<++ !> DISEO DE LA INVESTIGACI;N M:&odo de In*e%&)a( In*e%&)a()0n<< )0n<<<<<< <<<<<<<< <<<<<<<< <<<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<< ! Lo% A(&ore% So()a'e% . Su S)&ua()0n<<<<<++<<<<<<<+++++ S)&ua()0n<<<<<++<<<<<<<+++++ ! SISTEMATIZACI;N SISTEMAT IZACI;N DE LA E?PERIENCIA De' Pro(e%o de D)an0%&)(o<<<<<<<<<<<<< D)an0%&)(o<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<+++ <<<<<<+++ 22 De 'a 'a%% A(& (&)* )*)d )dad ade% e% D) D)ar ar)a )a%% Re Re) )%& %&ro ro B) B)&5 &5(o (ora ra< <+< +<<< <<<< <<<< <<++ ++++ ++++
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AL A LLA LAZG ZGO OS< S<<< <<<< <<<< <<<< <<< <<< <<<< <<<< <<< <<< <<<< <<<< <<< <+
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REFERE REF ERENCI NCIAS AS BIB BIBLIO LIOGR4 GR4FIC FICAS< AS<<+ <++<< +<<<< <<<<< <<<<+< <+<<<< <<<< < 2"
INTRODUCCION E' %)u)en&e )n7or-e de rado e))do $or 'a M+M+S+R M)(ro-)%)0n S)-0n Rodr1ue3, $ara %u% $ar&)()$an&e%, e%&5 %u%&en&ado en e' IAPT8 In*e In *e%& %&) )a( a()0 )0n, n, A(() (()0n 0n,, Pa Par& r&)( )()$ )$a& a&)* )*a a . Tr Tran an%7 %7oror-ad adora ora,, 6u 6ue e Ha( Ha(e e %e %er' r'o o d)7eren&e e )nno*ador a o&ro% &)$o% de )n*e%&)a()0n .a rea')3ado%+ En :' &)ene 'a o$or&un)dad e' do(en&e, 'o% . 'a% e%&ud)an&e%, &odo e' (o'e(&)*o )n%&)&u()ona' . 'a (o-un)dad en enera' de &ran%7or-ar e' $ro(e%o edu(a& edu(a&)*o+ )*o+ A &ra*:% &ra*:% de 'a e*a'ua()0n )n)()a', 'a ob%er*a()0n, e' de%arro''o de 'a% ('a%e%, 'a re(o'e(()0n de da&o% . 'a% e*)den()a% 6ue e' do(en&e )n*e%&)ador rea')3a, %uren una %er) %e r)e e de )n )n&e &erro rroa an& n&e% e%,, deb deb)')')d )dad ade% e% . $ro $rob' b'ee-a% a% e e)% )%&e &en& n&e% e% en 'o 'o%% a a% % e%&ud)an&e% en e' 5rea de 7or-a()0n -a&e-5&)(a 6ue debe %er &ran%7or-ado $ara e' 'oro . (a-b)o de' -)%-o+ En 'a a(&ua')dad e%&e &)$o de )n*e%&)a()0n e%&5 enerando en 'a %o()edad . en 'a edu(a()0n un -ara*)''o%o (a-b)o e' (ua' *a or)en&ado a 'a (on%&ru(()0n de nue*o% (ono()-)en&o% de 'a% e$er)en()a% . *)*en()a% 6ue 'o% $ro$)o% e%&ud)an&e% ob&)enen . 6ue (on&r)bu.en a' $ro(e%o de en%e@an3a do(en&e a'u-no%+ La%% *) La *)n( n(u' u'a( a()o )one ne%, %, (o (o-o -o $r $r5( 5(&)&)(a (a do do(e (en& n&e, e, re rea' a')3 )3ad ada% a% $o $orr 'o 'o%% $ar&)()$an&e% de 'a M+M+S+R en (ada 5rea de 7or-a()0n . en (ada )n%&)&u()0n edu( ed u(a& a&)* )*a, a, a% a%) )na nada da,, (o (on%& n%&)&)&u. u.en en $ar $ar&e &e 7u 7und ndaa-en en&a &a'' . e%e e%en() n()a' a' en e' de%ar de %arro ro''''o o de $r $ro(e o(e%o %o de &r &ran% an%7o 7orr-a( a()0 )0n n de en en%e %e@a @an3a n3a a$ a$re rend) nd)3a 3a#e #e,, de-o de -o%& %&ra rando ndo (u (u5n& 5n&o o e% (a (a$a $a33 de Ha Ha(er (er . (a(a-b) b)ar ar++ Co Co-o -o $r $r)n )n() ()$a $a'e 'e%% $ro&aon)%&a% de e%&e (a-b)o Han %)do 'o% e%&ud)an&e% de' &er(er a@o, %e(()0n B/, de 'a Un)dad Edu(a&)*a E%&ada' Br E-)ro Fuen-a.or/ en San Juan de I%no&, Parro6u)a Jo%: Greor)o ern5nde3, Mun)()$)o Ra7ae' Rane'/ de' e%&ado Tru#)''o, 6u)ene% Han %)do 'o% $r)-ero% en e$er)-en&ar d)(Ho (a-b)o en %u $ro$)o $ro(e%o de a$rend)3a#e, ''eando Ha(er %)n)7)(a&)*o . re'e*an&e+ Cabe de%&a(ar 6ue en o&ra% )n*e%&)a()one% de IAPT, 'a% e%&ra&e)a% . re%u'&ado% no &en1an )n#eren()a %o'o 'a% $'an&eaban . nada -5% %)n ''ear a
de#ar'a ab)er&a $ara %u (on&)nu)dad . a'(an(e de -e&a% e' (ua' *a or)en&ado a 'a (on%&ru(()0n de nue*o% (ono()-)en&o%, a &ra*:% de 'a% e$er)en()a% . 'o% Ha''a3o% en(on&rado% duran&e e' $ro(e%o de 7or-a()0n $ro7e%)ona'+ De &a' 7or-a, 6ue e' )n7or-e %e e%&ru(&uro en *ar)a% %e(()one%8 •
S)&ua()0n+
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Prob'e-5&)(a+
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Te-5&)(a Generadora+ Generad ora+
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De')-)&a()0n de' ob#e&o de e%&ud)o+
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A(()0n So()a' Prob'e-a&)3ada+
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A(&ore% So()a'e%+
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D)-en%)0n E%$a()a'+ 4-b)&o Te-$ora'+ Te-$ora'+
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Re(on%&ru(()0n de' Ob#e&o de E%&ud)o+
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Modo de E$')(a()0n o Con&e&o Re7eren()a'+
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D)re(()ona')dad de 'a In*e%&)a()0n+
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De%arro''o de 'a A(()0n Tran%7or-adora+ Lo% $ar&)()$an&e% de 'a M+M+SR a D)o% ra()a% Han &en)do . (on&ado
(on e' a$o.o )n(ond)()ona' de un $o&en()a' re(ur%o Hu-ano, (on7or-ado $or &u&ore%, 7a()')&adore%, $ar&)()$an&e% a-)o% (o'ea% en enera', ade-5% de &odo e' (o'e(&)*o de 'a U+E+E+ Br+ E-)ro Fuen-a.or/, re7eren&e% b)b')or57)(o% (o-o $or e#e-$'o e' )n7or-e de IAPT, rea')3ado $or 'a Do(&ora Pro7e%ora8 Ro%a Be(erra de Ma.a . e' Pro7e%or8 Ar)do% Ma.a Ro-ero . 'a Co'e(()0n B)(en&enar)o+
SITUACION PROBLEMÁTICA E' M)n)%&er)o de' Poder Po$u'ar $ara 'a Edu(a()0n M+P+P+ M+P+P+E E 2=, en e' P'an Na()ona' de Edu(a()0n $ara Todo% EPT, (o-o e% %ab)do, d)(Ho $'an Ha %)do (on(eb)do (o-o un )n%&ru )n%&ru-en&o -en&o $ara $ro$)()ar $ro$)()ar 7or-a% . re(ur%o% de $ar&)()$a()0n de 'a %o()edad, en &orno a' dere(Ho %o()a' a 'a edu(a()0n, 'a %u$era()0n de 'o% ob%&5(u'o% 6ue a7e(&an 'a (a')dad de 'o% a$rend)3a#e% 6ue %e )-$ar&en en 'a% en 'a% )n%&)&u()one% edu(a&)*a% 'a $ro&e(()0n . aran&)3ar 'a 7or-a()0n de 'o% ru$o% -5% *u'nerab'e% 6ue H)%&0r)(a-en&e Han 6uedado e('u)do% de 'o% (en&ro% edu(a&)*o% . a' a((e%o a 'a% nue*a% Herra-)en&a% de' (ono()-)en&o+ E% $or e''o 6ue e' P'an Na()ona' de Edu(a()0n en %u do(u-en&o P'an de Edu(a()0n Edu(a()0n Na()ona' Para To Todo%/ Cara(a%, Cara(a%, 2=, re(oe . $ro7und)3a $ro7und)3a $r)n()$)o% . nor-a% $ara 'a (on%&ru(()0n de un re$ub')(ano na 6ue *a'ore a 'a Edu(a()0n, ade-5% de %a'&ar 'o% ob%&5(u'o% 6ue duran&e d:(ada% Han de&er)orado 'a% (ond)()one% de 'a en%e@an3a . e' a$rend)3a#e+ En (uan&o a 'o% e%&ud)an&e% de' &er(er a@o %e(()0n B/ de 'a Un)dad Edu(a&)*a E%&ada' Br E-)ro Fuen-a.or/ en San Juan de I%no&, Parro6u)a Jo%: Greor)o ern5nde3, Mun)()$)o Ra7ae' Rane' en e' E%&ado Tru#)''o, a' rea')3ar'e 'a e*a'ua()0n )n)()a' u&)')3ando 'a &:(n)(a de $reun&a% . re%$ue%&a%+ Re%o'u()0n de e#er()()o%, . en e' de%arro''o de 'a% 'e(()one% de 'a (o'e(()0n B)(en&enar)o %e $udo e*)den()ar de7)()en()a%, a 'a Hora de de%arro''ar 'o% e#er( e# er()( )()o )o%% de 7r 7ra( a(() ()on one% e% de ad ad)( )()0 )0n n . %u %u%& %&ra ra(( (()0 )0n n (o (on n ) )ua ua'' . d) d)7e 7ere ren& n&e e deno-)nador+ De a(uer erd do a 'o 7or or-u -u''ado en 'o% E%&5nd nda are% B5% 5%))(o% de Co-$e&en()a% en Ma&e-5&)(a% 2K, %e e%$era 6ue 'o% e%&ud)an&e% en edu(a()0n edu(a() 0n -ed)a a'(an(e% uno% a$rend a$rend)3a#e% )3a#e% (on(e$&ua'e% (on(e$&ua'e% %)n)7 %)n)7)(a&)* )(a&)*o% o% en 'o% re'a&)*o a 'a% 7ra(() 7ra(()one% one% . %u% d)7eren&e% d)7eren&e% %)n)7)(ado%, %)n)7)(ado%, %)n e-baro, en e' au'a de ('a%e (uando %e $ro$one a-$')ar a' (on#un&o nu-:r)(o de 'o%
ra()ona'e%, %e e*)den()a d)7)(u'&ade% de (o-$ren%)0n $r)n()$a'-en&e en 'o re7eren re7 eren&e &e a' (on (on(e$& (e$&o o de 7ra 7ra(() (()0n+ 0n+ Son &an )-$ )-$or& or&an& an&e% e% 'a% o$e o$era() ra()one one%% 7unda-en&a'e% (on 7ra(()0n 6ue %e debe )-$u'%ar e' (on&en)do, $ara 6ue e' n)@o a' %a')r de %e&o rado . ''ear a' ')(eo, -ue%&re 'a Hab)')dad . %o'&ura a' rea')3ar 'a% o$era()one%+ D)(9%on 2=, $'an&ea E' (on(e$&o de 7ra(()0n e% (o-$'e#o . no e% $o%)b'e a$render'o en%eu)da+ E% $re()%o ad6u)r)r'o a &ra*:% de un $ro'onado $ro'on ado $ro(e%o de de%arro''o de%arro''o %e(uen()a'/+ %e(uen()a'/+ Lo an&er)or-en& an&er)or-en&e e e$ue%&o no% ''e*a a $re()%ar 6ue e' $ro(e%o de en%e@an3a a$rend)3a#e debe e%&ar en-ar(ado en un (on&e&o en e' (ua' 'o% e%&ud)an&e% 'e o&oruen %en&)do . %)n %) n)7)7)( )(ad ado o a 'o 'o%% (on (on&e &en) n)do do%% 6u 6ue e ad ad6u 6u)e )ere ren n .a 6u 6ue e e%& e%&o% o% 'e da dan n -a. -a.or or $er&)nen()a . durab)')dad, o&or5ndo'e% a' -)%-o &)e-$o un *a'or $ra-5&)(o 6ue de-andan a(&ua'-en&e 'o% #0*ene% a' %)%&e-a edu(a&)*o+ Por 'o 6ue %e $uede a7)r-ar 6ue 'o% #0*ene% en $ro(e%o de 7or-a()0n o&oran un -a.or *a'or a a6ue''o% (ono()-)en&o% 6ue $odr1an %er*)r'e% de -anera )n-ed)a&a 6ue )n('u%)*e 6ue &ena 'uar en e' en&orno en e' 6ue %e de%arro''a+ A(()0n So()a' Prob'e-a&)3ada8 D)7)(u'&ade% en 'a re%o'u()0n de e#er()()o% de o$era()one% (on 7ra(()one% en e' re7eren&e &e0r)(o $r5(&)(o de 'o% n-ero% ra()ona'e% $or $ar&e de 'o% e%&ud)an&e% (on e' do(en&e+ A@o Se(()0n B/+ Actores soci!es" 2! e%&ud)an&e% de' =er+ A@o
Di#e$si%$ es&ci!" U+E+E+ Br+ E-)ro Fuen-a.or/ en San Juan de I%no& Parro6u)a Jo%: Greor)o ern5nde3 de' Mun)()$)o Ra7ae' Rane' de' E%&ado Tru#)''o+
Á#'ito Te#&or!" 2!K2!"+ Reco$str(cci%$ )e! o'*eto )e Est()io
En e' d)ano%&)(o rea')3ado a' &er(er a@o %e(()0n B/, %e abord0 en 7or-a de e#er()()o% $ro$ue%&o% (on %u-a, re%&a, -u'&)$')(a()0n, . d)*)%)0n (on (an&)dade% de()-a'e%, %u-a . re%&a de n-ero% en&ero%, . %u-a . re%&a de 7ra(()one% $ara (ono(er (u5'e% eran 'o% (ono()-)en&o% 6ue e''o% $o%e1an+ E' d)ano%&)(o arro#o (o-o re%u'&ado deb)')dade% en 'a ad)()0n . %u%&ra(()0n de 7ra(()one%+ En (uan&o a 'a e%(r)&ura de (an&)dade% %e $udo ob%er*ar 6ue 'a -a.or1a -a.or1 a &)enen 'e&ra 'e&ra 'e)b'e, . Ha. d)7)(u'&a d)7)(u'&ad d en 'a reda(()0n reda(()0n en (uan&o a 'a% (an&)dade%+ (an&)d ade%+ E%$e(17)(a-en&e E%$e(17)(a-en&e a' rea')3 rea')3ar ar 'a% o$era()one% -a&e-5&)(a% -a&e-5&)(a% 6ue 'a ran -a.or1a no %aben re%o'*er una %u-a . re%&a (on d)%&)n&o deno-)nador+ E% )-$or&an&e %e@a'ar 6ue ade-5% de 'a% deb)')dade% en(on&rada% en e' de%arro''o de e#er()()o%, e)%&e una de%-o&)*a()0na$a&1a de (a%) &odo e' ru$o, 6ue en %u -a.or1a %on He-bra% a%1 (o-o &a-b):n de )nd)%()$')na . $o(o )n&er:% en 'o 6ue e''o% -)%-o rea')3an+
De !s cti+i))es )iris ,Re-istro Bit.cor/0 Duran&e &odo e' $ro(e%o de 7or-a()0n a(ad:-)(o 6ue %e de%arro''0 en 'a M+M M+M+S+ +S+R+, R+, e%& e%&u*o u*o $re $re%en& %en&e e 'a u&) u&)')3 ')3a() a()0n 0n de' (ua (uader derno no b)& b)&5(or 5(ora, a, (o(o-o o Herra He rra-) -)en en&a &a 7u 7unda nda-e -en& n&a' a' de au& au&oe* oe*a' a'ua ua() ()0n 0n de de'' $ar $ar&)&)() ()$a $an& n&e e . $) $)e3 e3a a 7unda7un da-en& en&a' a' en 'a% *)n *)n(u' (u'a() a()one% one% rea rea')3 ')3ada% ada%,, $ar $ara a 'a &ra &ran%7 n%7oror-a() a()0n 0n de' $ro(e%o de en%e@an3a a$rend)3a#e en :' e%&5 $'aneado un re)%&ro d)ar)o de 'a% a(()one a(()one%% rea')3ada% . una re7'e re7'e)0n )0n d)ar)a 6ue (on'' (on''e*a e*a a 'a a$')(a()0n a$')(a()0n de e%&ra&e)a%, $ara un 'oro e)&o%o de 'a% a(()one%+
E$tre+ists &ro1($)i))0 Pre-($ts !os est()i$tes0 !+
C0-o &e $ar are( e(e e e' de% de%arro ro'''o de 'a ('a%e, %o %ob bre %)%&e-a% de e(ua()one% ')nea'e% . -:&odo% de re%o'u()0n
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u u: : e' e'ee-en en&&o% de' de' de%ar de%arro ro'''o de' de' (on&e (on&en) n)do do %obr %obre e %) %)%& %&ee-a a de e(ua()0n ')nea' . -:&odo% de re%o'u()0n no en&end)%&e
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C0C 0-o o &e &e u% u%&a &ar1 r1a a 6ue 6ue 7u 7uer era a e' e' de% de%ar arro ro''''o o de de 'a% 'a% (' ('a% a%e% e%
Pre-($ts ! Coor)i$)or" !+
C0-o ob%er*a u%&ed 'a $'an)7)(a()0n de 'o% (on&en)do% -a&e-5&)(o% . 'a 7or-a()0n ()udadana
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Se a$')(a 'a u&)')3a()0n de 'a Co'e(()0n B)(en&enar)a, en 'a 7or-a()0n de 'a% o% e%&ud)an&e%
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Cu Cu5' 5' e% 'a 'a d)7er d)7eren en() ()a a en& en&re e' $ro7 $ro7e% e%or or 6ue 6ue u&)' u&)')3 )3a a 'a (o'e (o'e(( (())0n b)(en&enar)a . e' 6ue no
Sub D)re(&or
O'*eti+os )e Acci%$ En&re 'o% ob#e&)*o% de a(()0n, 6ue %e $'an&ean $ara e' de%arro''o de' $re%en&e $ro.e(&o %e $uede -en()onar8 D)ano%&)(ar 6ue8 !+
Re(o Re (ono no(e (err d) d)77)( )(u' u'&&ad ade% e% $r $re% e%en en&&an 'o% o%a a% % e% e%&&ud ud))an an&&e% a' e7 e7e( e(&&ua uar r
o$era()one% de ad)()0n . %u%&ra(()0n en + 2+
De%a De %arro rro''''ar ar e' e' $en% $en%aa-)e )en& n&o o '0) '0)(o (o-a -a&e &e-5& -5&)( )(o o en 'o 'o% %a% a% e%&u e%&ud) d)an& an&e% e%++
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D)%%e@ D) e@ar ar e% e%&r &ra& a&e e))a% -o -o&&)* )*ad ador ora% a% re re'a 'a() ()on onad ada% a% a' re re7e 7ere ren& n&e e &e0 e0r) r)(o (o
$r5(&)(o a e%&ud)ar, 6ue $uedan %er a$')(ada% $or 'a% o% e%&ud)an&e% (on e#e-$'o de 'a *)da (o&)d)ana o 6ue %e en(uen&re en e' (on&e&o+
CONTE2TO RE3ERENCIAL E)(cci%$ )e ! #te#.tic0 Mo.a 2> $'an&ea 6ue 'a Edu(a()0n Ma&e-5&)(a, e% un (a-$o de (ono()-)en&o 6ue e%&5 $r5(&)(a-en&e en de%arro''o, o en %u% )n)()o% en (o-$ara()0n (on o&ra% d)%()$')na% (o-o 'a %o()o'o1a o 'a $%)(o'o1a+ A (au%a de e%&a #u*en&ud, e' %)%&e-a de ob#e&)*o%, -e&odo'o1a% . (r)&er)o% $ara *a')da *a' )darr e' (on (ono() o()-)e -)en&o n&o de 'a edu edu(a() (a()0n 0n -a& -a&e-5 e-5&)( &)(a, a, $re $re%en& %en&a a e( e(e%)* e%)*a a *ar)ab)')dad . $o(o (on%en%o+ Por o&ra $ar&e Serrano 2Q, de7)ne a 'a Edu(a()0n Ma&e-5&)(a (o-o un He(Ho $o'1&)(o, )n)()ando %u e%&ud)o (on una d)%(u%)0n de 'o% $r)n()$)o% $ara $a ra un una a ed edu( u(a( a()0 )0n n -a -a&e &e-5 -5&)&)(a (a (r (r1& 1&)( )(a a en nu nue% e%&r &ro o $a $a1% 1%,, a% a%11 (o (o-o -o 'a na&u na &ura ra'e 'e3a 3a de un una a a' a'7a 7abe& be&)3 )3a( a()0 )0n n -a -a&e &e-5 -5&)&)(a (a 6u 6ue e %e *) *)n(u n(u'e 'e (o (on n e% e%&o &o%% $'an&ea-)en $'an& ea-)en&o% &o% . (on e' (on&e (on&e&o, &o, &a-b) &a-b):n :n abar(0 abar(0 'a e#e(u( e#e(u()0n )0n de ()n(o $ro.e(& $ro. e(&o%, o%, a$o. a$o.ado% ado% en 'a a'7 a'7abe& abe&)3a )3a()0 ()0n n -a& -a&e-5 e-5&)( &)(a a de7 de7)n) )n)da da (o(o-o o 'a (o-$o%)()0n de 'a% (o-$e&en()a% -a&e-5&)(a%, -e&a-a&e-5&)(a, %o()a' . a))o'0)(a a (a++
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E)(cci%$ )e ! Mte#.tic Cr4tic0 OSCAR 2!= La &eor1a (r1&)(a/ Ha )n7'u)do en e' a$rend)3a#e . 'a en%e en %e@a @an3 n3a a de 'a -a -a&e &e-5 -5&)&)(a (a,, a' (o (on% n%&)&)&u &u)r )r%e %e 'a ''''aa-ad ada a Ed Edu( u(a( a()0 )0n n Ma&e Ma &e-5 -5&)&)(a (a Cr1 Cr1&)&)(a (a e% e%&5 &5,, a% a%uu-e e a' a'u uno% no% de %u% (o (on%& n%&ru( ru(&o &o%% $a $ara ra %er &eor)3ado% . a$')(ado% en 'a $r5(&)(a $eda0)(a de' $ro7e%or de -a&e-5&)(a o en o&ro% (on&e&o% en 'o% 6ue %e -ane#en (ono()-)en&o% -a&e-5&)(o%+ Se de%&a(an en&re e''o%8 'a edu(a()0n d)a'0)(a . $rob'e-a&)3adora, 'a re7'e)0n . a(()0n, a(() 0n, 'a e-a e-an() n()$a( $a()0n )0n,, 'a (o(o-$e& $e&en( en()a )a dede-o(r5 o(r5&)( &)(a, a, e' (on (ono() o()-)e -)en&o n&o re7'e)*o -a&e-5&)(o, 'a re'a()0n (u'&ura . -a&e-5&)(a, 'a -a&e-5&)(a (o-o
(on%&ru(()0n Hu-ana . %o()a' ., e' do(en&ea'u-nao (o-o %u#e&o% $o'1&)(o% . no %0'o (on)&)*o% E' an5')%)% de e%&o% (on%&ru(&o% debe a.udar a 'o% 7u&uro% do(en&e%, no %0'o a una re7'e)0n $r5(&)(a %obre e' (ono()-)en&o d)d5(&)(o de' (on&en)do a en%e@ar, %)no a re7'e)onar (r1&)(a-en&e %obre (0-o %u% a(()one% $eda0)(a% &)enen re$er(u%)one% -ora'e% . :&)(a% en 'o% e%&ud)an&e%+ Abreu 2 Ba#o un en7o6ue %o()o(u'&ura' a-$')o, %e en&)ende 6ue &odo )nd)*)duo e% un %er %o()a' . 6ue e' au'a e% un -)(ro(on&e&o %o()a' donde )n&era(&an a'u-no% . $ro7e%or+ D)(Ho -)(ro(on&e&o no $uede %er d)%o()ado de' -a(ro(on&e&o en e' 6ue e%&5n )n-er%o% e' au'a . 6u)ene% 'a (o-$o La% -a&e-5&)(a% no %on un (ono()-)en&o neu&ra', %)no 6ue %on un (ono (o no() ()-) -)en en&o &o$ $od oder er de de'' (u (ua' a' %e %ere re%% Hu Hu-a -ano no%% Ha Ha(e (en n u% u%o o en d) d)*e *er% r%a% a% %)&ua()one% de 'a *)da %o()a' $ara $ro-o*er una *)%)0n de&er-)nada de' -undo/+ Va'ero, 2", $+ 2+
3i$es )e ! E)(cci%$0 En (uan&o a 'o% ba%a-en&o% 'ea'e% 6ue %u%&en&an e' $ro(e%o de &ran%7or-a()0n (urr)(u'ar %e en(uen&ra 'o% 7)ne% de 'a edu(a()0n e%&ab'e()do% en e' Ar& ! de 'a LOE, Le. Or5n)(a de Edu(a()0n, en &:r-)no% enera'e% de%arro de%a rro''a ''arr una nue* nue*a a (u' (u'&ur &ura a $o' $o'1&) 1&)(a (a 7un 7undada-en& en&ada ada en 'a $ar& $ar&)() )()$a() $a()0n 0n $ro&a0n)(a . e' 7or&a'e()-)en&o de' $oder $o$u'ar, en 'a de-o(ra&)3a()0n de' %aber . en 'a $ro-o()0n de 'a e%(ue'a (o-o, e%$a()o de 7or-a()0n de ()udadan1a . de $ar&)()$a()0n (o-un)&ar)a, $ara 'a re(on%&ru(()0n de' e%$1r)&u $ub' $u b')( )(o o en 'o 'o%% nu nue* e*o% o% re re$u $ub' b')( )(an ano% o% . en 'a 'a%% nu nue* e*a% a% re$ re$ub ub')')(an (ana% a% (o (on n $ro7unda (on()en()a de' deber %o()a'+
3i$!i)) )e E$se5r Mte#.tic
Mara 22, 6u)ene% e%&5n *)n(u'ado% (on e' 5rea de -a&e-5&)(a, (on%)deran 6ue 'a% . 'o% e%&ud)an&e% deben ad6u)r)r d)*er%a% 7or-a% de (0-o %er -a&e-5&)(o% en . $ara d)7eren&e% %)&ua()one%+
Pe$s#ie$to !%-ico #te#.tico0 Re()en&e-en&e, O')*e CHa$-an 2!! Ha de%(r)&o de 7or-a %)n&:&)(a e' $en%a-)en&o -a&e-5&)(o (o-o e' &)$o de $en%a-)en&o 6ue $one-o% en #ueo a' Ha(er -a&e-5&)(a%+ Can&ora' . o&ro% 2 ob%er*an 6ue e' $en%a-)en&o -a&e-5&)(o )n('u.e, $or un 'ado, $en%a-)en&o %obre &0$)(o% -a&e-5&)(o%, . $or o&ro, $ro(e $ro (e%o %o%% a* a*an3 an3ad ado% o% de de'' $e $en% n%aa-)e )en& n&o o (o (o-o -o ab ab%& %&ra( ra(() ()0n 0n,, #u #u%& %&)7)7)( )(a( a()0 )0n, n, *)%ua *) %ua')')3a 3a() ()0n, 0n, e%& e%&))-a() a()0n 0n o ra ra3o 3ona na-) -)en en&o &o ba ba#o #o H) H)$0 $0&e &e%) %)%+ %+ De De%de %de e% e%&a &a $er%$e( $er% $e(&)* &)*a, a, e' $en%a-)en& $en%a-)en&o o -a& -a&e-5& e-5&)(o )(o no en( en(uen& uen&ra ra %u% ra1(e% ra1(e% en 'a% &area% &ar ea% $ro$)a% $ro$)a% . e( e('u% 'u%)*a )*a%% de 'o% -a&e-5& -a&e-5&)(o )(o%% $ro7 $ro7e%) e%)ona ona'e% 'e%,, %)n %)no o 6ue e%&5 e% &5n n )n )n(' ('u) u)da da%% &o &oda da%% 'a 'a%% 7o 7orr-a% a% $o $o%) %)b' b'e% e% de (o (on% n%&r &ru( u(() ()0n 0n de )d )dea ea%% -a&e-5&)(a% -a&e5&)(a% en una ran *ar)edad *ar)edad de &area%+ Por 'o &an&o, e' $en%a-)en& $en%a-)en&o o -a&e-5&)(o %e de%arro''a en &odo% 'o% %ere% Hu-ano% en e' en7ren&a-)en&o (o&)d)ano a %u% -'&)$'e% &area%+
Co$ce&to )e $6#eros0 Para Pa ra e' de de%a %arro rro''''o o de de'' $e $en% n%aa-)e )en& n&o o '0 '0) )(o (o,, e% ne( ne(e% e%ar ar)o )o 6u 6ue e 'o 'o%% e%&ud)an&e%, (o-$rendan 'o% (on(e$&o% ab%&ra(&o% de 'o% n-ero%, .a 6ue (o-o 'o e$')(a P)ae& 2K (uando e$')(a 6ue8 e' n-ero %e (on%&)&u.e en e' n)@o $or una %1n&e%)% '0)(o-a&e-5&)(a de do% o$era()one% (on)&)*a%8 'a ('a%)7)(a()0n o (a&eor)3a()0n, . 'a %er)a()0n/ $+8 K>+ Con re%$e(&o a 'a ('a%)7)(a()0 ('a%)7 )(a()0n n e%&e d)(e 6ue e%&a% e%&a% %on &area% 6ue %e re%ue'*en re%ue'*en Ha()a 'o% K" a@o% de edad, (on%)%&e en ordenar 'o% e'e-en&o% %en %u% d)-en%)one% (re()en&e% (re()e n&e% o de(re()en&e% de(re()en&e% . (o-o 'o de7)ne San&a San&a-ar1a -ar1a 2 2 (on%&)&u.e (on%&)&u.e una %er)e de re'a()one% -en&a'e% en 7un()0n de 'a% (ua'e% 'o% ob#e&o% %e renen $or %e-e#an3a%, %e %e$aran $or d)7eren()a%, %e de7)ne 'a $er&enen()a
de'' ob de ob#e #e&&o a un una a ('a 'a%e %e . %e )n )n(' ('u. u.en en en e' e''a 'a %u %ub( b(''a% a%e% e%,, en 'o 6u 6ue e (orre%$onde/+ (orre%$ onde/+ En (uan&o (uan&o a 'a %er)a()0n %e &)ene &)ene 6ue e%&a e% una o$era()0n o$era()0n '0)(a 6ue a $ar&)r de uno% %)%&e-a% de re7eren()a%, $er-)&e e%&ab'e(er re'a()one% (o-$ara&)*a% en&re 'o% e'e-en&o% de un (on#un&o, . ordenar'o% %en %u% d)7eren()a%, .a %ea en 7or-a de(re()en&e o (re()en&e P)ae& ()&ad () &ado o $or San San&a&a-ar1 ar1a, a, 2 2K+ K+ E' (on (ono() o()-)e -)en&o n&o '0 '0)(o )(o-a& -a&e-5& e-5&)(o )(o e%& e%&5 5 (on%o')dado $or d)%&)n&a% no()one% 6ue %e de%$renden %en e' &)$o de re'a()0n 6ue %e e%&ab'e(e en&re 'o% ob#e&o%, de 'o% 6ue %e e$')(aran 'o% %)u)en&e% (on(e$&o de n-ero, e' e%$a()o, %e(uen()a . $a&r0n+
Co$ce&to )e $6#eros rcio$!es0 Lo% n-ero% ra()ona'e% o 7ra(()one% a$are()eron -u. $ron&o en 'a H)%& H) %&or or)a )a de 'a 'a%% -a -a&e &e-5 -5&)&)(a (a%+ %+ Co Co-o -o 'a r ran an -a. -a.or1 or1a a de 'o 'o%% (o (on(e n(e$& $&o% o% -a&e-5&)(o%, %u de%(ubr)-)en&o 7ue deb)do a 'a ne(e%)dad de re%o'*er un $rob'e-a+ Lo% an&)uo% ne(e%)&aban -ed)r 'on)&ude%, 5rea%, &)e-$o, $e%o% . &odo o&ro &)$o de -ed)da%+ A' en7ren&ar%e a e%&o en 'a *)da (o&)d)ana, $ron&o de%(ubr)eron 6ue no era %u7)()en&e $oder (on&ar (on 'o% n-ero% na&ura'e% $ara Ha(er'o de -anera ea(&a, .a 6ue e%&a% -ed)da% eran %u%(e$&)b'e% de d)*)%)one% d)*)%) one% -5% $e6ue@a $e6ue@a%% 6ue 'a un)dad, o d)*)% d)*)%)one% )one% -a.ore% 6ue 'a -)%-a $ero 6ue no eran n-ero% na&ura'e%, $or 'o 6ue 7ue ne(e%ar)o a-$')ar e' (on(e$& (on( e$&o o de n-ero na&ura' na&ura'++ A% A%11 %ur %ur)er )eron on 'o% nn-ero% ero% ra()ona ra()ona'e%+ 'e%+ La% 7ra(()one% a$are(en .a en 'o% $r)-ero% &e&o% -a&e-5&)(o% de 'o% 6ue Ha. (on%&an()a, 6u)35% uno de 'o% -5% an&)uo% . -5% )-$or&an&e% %ea e' Pa$)ro RH)nd de E)$&o, e%(r)&o Ha()a e' !+K a+C+ . 6ue $a%a $or %er 'a -a.or 7uen&e de (ono()-)en&o de 'a -a&e-5&)(a e)$()a+ SEVILLA 2!+
Co$ce&to )e 1rccio$es0 E%(o'ano . Ga)r1n 2 -en()onan 6ue e' or)en de' %)n)7)(ado de' (on(e$&o de 7ra(()0n (o-o re'a()0n $ar&e&odo %ure de 'a% ne(e%)dade%
Hu-ana% (o-o 'o %o%&)ene B)%Ho$ !QQQ ()&ado en E%(o'ano . Ga)r1n, 2, $ue% %en aru-en&an e%&o% au&ore%, e' or)en de' (on(e$&o de n-e n -ero ro ra ra() ()on ona' a' %e en( en(ue uen& n&ra ra en 'a )d )dea ea de -e -ed) d)da da de (a (an& n&)d )dade ade%% de -an)&ud -an)& ud . 6ue ade-5% e%&e %)n)7)(ado %)n)7)(ado 7ra(()0n (o-o re'a() re'a()0n 0n $ar&e& $ar&e&odo odo &a-$o(o 7ue e'aborado $or 'a% -a&e-5&)(a%+ Lo% -en()onado% au&ore% (reen 6ue e%e %)n)7)(ado de 7ra(()0n -5% b)en 7ue (reado $or ne(e%)dade% de' $ro(e%o de en%e@an3a . a$rend)3a#e, . :%&e $ro*o(a una %er)e de ob%&5(u'o% d)d5(&)(o% (o-o 'o% 6ue 7ueron -en()onado% (on an&er)or)dad+ Ade-5% de a(uerdo a 'o% au&ore%, d)(Ho -ode'o, d)7)(u'&a 'a no()0n de n-ero ra()ona' . ob%&a(u')3a 'a 7or-a()0n de )dea% ab%&ra(&a%+
Pe$s#ie$to A'strcto0 E' $en%a-)en&o ab%&ra(&o &a' (o-o 'o &ene-o% Ho. no% ''e*a a &ra&ar e' -ed)oa-b)en&e na&ura' (o-o %) 7uera (o-$ue%&o de $ar&e% %e$arada% a %er e$'o&ada% (o-er()a'-en&e o en bene7)()o $ro$)o o de un ru$o+ Ade-5%, 7ra-en&a-o% 'a %o()edad Hu-ana en na()one%, ra3a%, ru$o%, a'e#5ndono% de 'a na&ura'e3a . de nue%&ro% (o-$a@ero%, d)%-)nu.endo nue%&ra 7uer3a+ Para re(u$erar nue%&ra $'ena Hu-an)dad, &ene-o% 6ue re(u$erar nue%&ra e$er)en()a e$er)e n()a de (one(&)*)dad (one(&)*)dad (on &oda 'a &ra-a de 'a *)da+/ CAPRA, CAPRA, !QQ", $+ 2=+
Pro&%sito )e ! i$+esti-ci%$0 E' $ro$0%)&o de 'a )n*e%&)a()0n $uede %er un &e-a (o-$')(ado . *ar)ar de a(uerdo a' 5rea, $or e#e-$'o 'a% -a&e-5&)(a% %e re'a()onan (on 'a (o-$re%)0n (o-$re% )0n de 'o% $r)n()$)o% $r)n()$)o% . ob%&5(u ob%&5(u'o%, 'o%, %ub.a(en&e% %ub.a(en&e% . %u de%(r)$()0n $or -ed)o% de &eor1a% e'ean&e%+ Por e' (on&rar)o, 'a% -a&e-5&)(a% a$')(ada% u&)')3an e%&a% e(ua()one% $ara e$')(ar 7en0-eno% de 'a *)da rea' ade-5% e% una a.uda )n*a'uab'e en 'a reda(()0n de' )n7or-e de re%u'&ado%+
E$se5r Mte#.tic
Para 'orar &a'e% ob#e&o% %e ne(e%)&a &a-b):n 'a $ar&)()$a()0n a(&)*a de 'o% $adre%, 'a %o()edad en %u (on#un&o Mara 2=, &an&o e' a$rend)3a#e (o-o 'a en%e@an3a &)ene 6ue en(on&rar un ba'an(e ade(uado+ Por una $ar&e 'a en%e@an3a &)ene 6ue a#u%& a#u%&ar%e ar%e a 'a% (ara(&er1%&)(a% (ara(&er1%&)(a% de a$rend) a$rend)3a#e 3a#e de 'o% a'u-no% e )ua'-en&e, e' a$rend)3a#e de' ru$o . de (ada e%&ud)an&e en $ar&)(u'ar+
DISEÑO DE LA L A IN7ESTIGACIÓN Meto)o!o-40 I$+esti-ci%$ Acci%$ Prtici&ti+ 8 Tr Tr$s1or#ci%$ $s1or#ci%$ ,IAPT/ La )n*e%&)a()0n a(()0n $ar&)()$a&)*a . &ran%7or-adora e% e' &)$o de -e&odo'o1a de )n*e%&)a()0n 6ue en 'a a(&ua')dad e%&5 enerando en 'a %o()edade% una -a.or (a$a()dad de re%$ue%&a% a 'o% $rob'e-a% de d)(Ha %o()edad, a$')(ada a' %)%&e-a edu(a&)*o a(&ua' en &odo e' en&orno edu(a&)*o en donde 'a (o-un) (o-un)dad dad #uea un $a$e' -u. )-$or&an&e, )-$or&an&e, no %o'a-e %o'a-en&e n&e $or e' )n*e%&)ador 6ue e%&ud)a 'a $rob'e-5&)(a, %)no 6ue de -anera )n&erada %e )n*o'u(ran )n*o'u (ran (ada uno de 'o% -)e-br -)e-bro% o% de d)(Ha (o-un)dad, (o-un)dad, $ara e%&ud) e%&ud)ar ar 'o% $rob'e-a% . 'a% $o%)b'e% %o'u()one%+
Los ctores soci!es i$+o!(cr)os so$" •
2! e%&ud)an&e% de' =er+ A@o de 'a %e(()0n B/+ A@o E%(o'ar8 2!K2!"
•
Pro7e%ora de' 5rea de 7or-a()0n8 Er)(9a Indr)ao
•
Madre%, Padre% . Re$re%en&an&e% de 'o% e%&ud)an&e%+
Direccio$!i))0 O'*eti+os 3i$!i)) )e Acci%$ For&a'e(er A$')(ar un 'a% d)ano%&)(o, deb)')dade% $ara (ono(er 6ue 'a% $re%en&an deb)')dade% . 'o% a% 7or&a'e3a% de e%&ud)an&e% 'a% o% en 'a ad)()0n e%&ud)an&e% . %u%&ra(()0n de' &er(er de n n-e -ero ro%% a@ a@o o %e %e(( (()0 )0n n ra()ona'e%, B/+ 7ra(()one%, de 'a %e(()0n Pre Pre()% ()%ar ar 'a% B/ de' &er(er de7)()en()a% a@o de 'a 6ue d)7)(u'&an U+E+E+Br+ a 'o% a% E-)ro e%&ud)an&e%+ Fuen-a.or/ en San Juan de I%no&, Funda-en&ar Mun)()$)o 'o% Ra7ae' $re%u$ue%&o Rane' Ran e',, A@ A@o o % E%(o'ar 2!> $%)(o'0)(o% 2!+ re7er re7 eren& en&e% e% a E'aborar 'a 7or-a()0n+ -a&er)a' )n7or-a&)*o $ara %e r e$ue e $ue%& %&o o en 'o% a-b)en&e% de a$rend)3a#e+
Mets Mo&)*ar a 'o% a% e%&ud)an&e% a' de% de%arro arro''o ''o (orr (o rre( e(&&o de e#er()()o%+ For&a'e(er For&a 'e(er e' $ro ro((e%o de en%e@an3a a$rend)3a#e (on e%&ra&e)a% )nno*adora%+ Ob&ener a$rend)3a#e% %)n)7)(a&)*o%, (on e#e-$'o% de 'a *)da (o&)d)ana+ A'(an3ar a$rend)3a#e% %)n)7)(a&)*o%, de 6u: -ane -a nera ra 6u 6ue e 'a% e%&ra&e)a% $uedan u%ar%e . 'e% den u&)')dad+
Tres
Rec(rsos
P'a 'a%%-ar ar en L5 L5-) -)na na%% de Ho#a% de $a$e' bond+ $a$e $a $e'' bo bond nd,, Mar(adore%+ e' 'enua#e -a&e-5&)(o+ E#e-$'o8 S)no% )ua'e% %e %u-an, . %e (on% (o n%er er*a *a e' -)%-o -)% -o %) %)no no %ea %)no o %)no + S)no% d)7eren&e% %e re%&an . %e 'e area a' re%u re %u'&'&ad ado o e' %)no de' n-ero -a.or+ Le. L e. de 'o% %)no%+ Po&en()a, $ro$)edade% de 'a $o&en()a+ La L a ) )H$a H$a'a 'a++ Cuaderno de b) b)&5 &5(or (ora+ a+ E'abora()0n de $or&a7o')o%+
Des&e*e" E% un $ro(ed)-)en&o (on e' 6ue %e en(uen&ra e' *a'or de una )n(0n)&a $re%en&e en una e(ua()0n+ E%&e de%$e#e e% una Herra-)en&a -u. &)', $ara en(on&rar *a'ore% de *ar)ab'e (on&en)da% en a'una e(ua()0n+ una a ) )ua ua'd 'dad ad -a -a&e &e-5 -5&)&)(a (a en en&r &re e do do%% e$ e$re% re%)o )one ne%% Ec(ci%$" E% un a'ebra)(a%, deno-)nada% -)e-bro% en donde a$are(en *a'ore% (ono()do% o da&o% re$re%en&ado% $or n-ero%, (oe7)()en&e% o (on%&an&e%, . de%(ono()do% o )n(0n)&a%, re$re%en&ado% enera'-en&e $or 'e&ra% . 6ue (on%&)&u.en 'o% *a'ore% 6ue %e $re&enden Ha''ar+
Mie#'ro" E% (ada una de 'a% e$re%)one% a a-bo% 'ado% de un %)no de )ua'dad / o de%)ua'dad / W/
I$co-$it" E% un *a'or de%(ono()do, *)ene re$re%en&ado $or una 'e&ra, $or 'o enera' / ./
Co$st$te" E% un n-ero 7)#o 6ue no (a-b)a+ Pr)-er -)e-bro8 =! Q Seundo -)e-bro Con%&an&e%
Re-! 1($)#e$t!" De&er-)nar 'a o$era()0n 6ue a7e(&a a &odo% 'o% &:r-)no% de' -)e-bro+
E#8 r2 W !K
SISTEMATIZACIÓN De! &roceso )e ce&tci%$ e$ ! i$stit(ci%$0
E' $ro(e%o de $e&)()0n . a(e$&a()0n, (o-o *)n(u'an&e en 'a U+E+E+Br+ E-)ro Fuen-a.or/ en San Juan de I%no&, 7ue de%de e' $r)-er -o-en&o -u. re(e$&)*o . (ord)a' $or $ar&e de 'a d)re(&ora 'a Pro7e%ora Mar'ene Ju5re3 . &o &odo do%% 'o 'o%% 6ue (o (on7 n7or or-a -an n e' $e $er% r%ona ona'' de 'a )n )n%& %&)&)&u() u()0n 0n++ De De%de %de a6 a6ue' ue' d)()e-bre d)()ebre de' 2!> 'a% $uer&a $uer&a%% de' L)(eo 6uedaron ab)er&a% ab)er&a% a d)%$o% d)%$o%)()0n )()0n no %0'o de -) $er%ona, %)no de o&ra% do% *)n(u'an&e% -5%, . Ho. en d1a 'abora-o% Q en d)7eren&e% 5rea% de 7or-a()0n, $or 'a M+M+S+R+/ $ara e%e en&on(e% e%&ar1a *)n(u'ando en e' &er(er a@o, %e(()0n B/, #un&o a 'a &)&u'ar de' 5rea 5re a 'a Pr Pro7 o7e% e%ora ora E' E'a)n a)ne e Ja Ja))-e% e% 6u 6u)e )en n -e a(e a(e$& $&0 0 en %u aa-b) b)en en&e &e de a$rend)3a#e . 'a 6ue -e u)0 duran&e e%e a@o e%(o'ar 2!> 2!+
De! &roceso )e )i-$%stico0 Co-o un $r)-er d)ano%&)(o %e rea')30 'a e*a'ua()0n )n)()a', (u.o (on& (o n&en en)d )do o 7u 7ue e un una a %e %er) r)e e de e# e#er er() ()() ()o% o% $r $ro$ o$ue ue%& %&o% o%88 %u %u-a -a . re re%& %&a a (o (on n (an&)dade% de()-a'e%, ad)()0n . %u%&ra(()0n de 7ra(()one%, %u-a . re%&a de n-ero% en&ero%, en&re o&ro% &e-a% 6ue arro#o (o-o re%u'&ado8 deb)')dade% en e' de%arro''o de o$era()one% de ad)()0n . %u%&ra(()0n de 7ra(()one%+
9C(.!es so$ !s estrte-is: De e% e%&&a -a -ane nera ra %e $' $'an an)7 )7)( )(ar ar5n 5n e% e%&&ra ra&&e e))a% de en en%e %e@a @an3 n3a a a$rend)3a#e 6ue 7or&a'e3(an e' a$rend)3a#e+ Por e#e-$'o e' $r)-er $ro.e(&o 6ue ''e*a $or no-bre Ener1a $ara e' Buen V)*)r, (u.o% (on&en)do% %er1an8 S)%&e-a de e(ua()one% (on do% )n(0n)&a%+ M:&odo% de re%o'u()0n, u&)')3ando e#e-$'o de 'a *)da d)ar)a, 6ue a$are(en en 'a Co'e(()0n B)(en&enar)a+
De !s Acti+i))es Diris ,C()er$o )e Bit.cor/0
E' $o(o &)e-$o de 'o% -0du'o%, 7ue una de 'a% d)7)(u'&ade% $ara e' de%a de %arr rro' o''o 'o de 'o 'o%% (o (on& n&en en)d )do% o% 6u 6ue e %e $r $re% e%en en&a &aro ron n a' (o (o-) -)en en3o 3o de 'a 'a%% *)n(u'a()one%+ La )nd)%()$')na, 'a 7a'&a de *a'ore% -a' (o-$or&a-)en&o, e' de%)n&er:%, $o(a $ar&)()$a()0n . rend)-)en&o+ E' de%e-$e@o . e%7uer3o 6ue %e rea')3a %e *e e-$a@ado $or e' $o(o )n&er:%, 6ue $re%en&an a'uno% e%&ud)an&e% $or no de()r 6ue 'a -a.or1a+ A -ed)da 6ue %e )ban de%arro''ando 'a% ('a%e%, %e )ban $re%en&ando 'o% nudo% (r1&)(o%+ La re%)%&en()a ''e*ar 'o% de ')bro% de 'a (o'e(()0n era o&ro ob%&5(u'o+ Pero no &odo% 'o% d1a% eran d)71()'e%, (o-o &odo (a-b)o Hab1a d1a% 6ue %) %e (u-$'1a &odo e' (on&en)do de 'a ('a%e+ La $r5(&)(a $eda0)(a . 'a% e$er)en()a% %a'en de e%&e re)%&ro d)ar)o, a%1 (o-o 'a% e%&ra&e)a% 6ue Ha. 6ue a$')(ar+ E' en(on&rar%e %o'o (on e''o%, $er-)&e rea'-en&e (ono(er (u5'e% %on 'a% deb)')dade% . 7or&a'e3a% 6ue $re%en&an 'a% o% e%&ud)an&e%, a%1 (o-o 'a% -1a% &a-b):n, . $'an)7)(ar 'a% e%&ra&e)a% 6ue 7or&a'e3(an 'a% -)%-a%+ Porr o& Po o&ro ro 'ad ado o e% e%&&5n 'a% e% e%&&ra ra&&e e)a )a%% 6u 6ue e o& o&ro ro%% do( o(en en&e &e%% Han )-$'e-en&ado, (o-o $or e#e-$'o e5-en en $are#a a (uaderno ab)er&o, no e% e7 e7e( e(&)&)*a *a,, e' do do-) -)n) n)o o de (o (on& n&en en)d )do o e% no $r $rod odu( u(e e un a$ a$re rend nd)3 )3a# a#e e %)n)7)(a&)*o .a 6ue a -) $are(er e% una (o$)a+ La% e%&ra&e)a% %) 7or&a'e(en . a.udan a' a$rend)3a#e+ La% e%&ra&e)a% %) %on -o&)*adora%+ La% e%&ra&e)a% a$')(ada% no 7ueron a(er&ada% en e' &er(er 'a$%o, deb)do a 6ue 7a'&0 -a.or -o&)*a()0n $or $ar&e de 'a do(en&e+ Lo 6ue $ude 'orar &ener a (aro un $r)-er a@o . %)endo u1a+
;ALLAZGOS
En (uan&o a' He(Ho $eda0)(o, $eda0)(o, %e $uede (on('u)r (on('u)r 6ue e' d)an0 d)an0%&)(o %&)(o e% una a(&)*)dad $er-anen&e, a $e%ar de 6ue %e Ha(e un e%&ud)o )n)()a' $ara de&er-)nar 'a% $o&en()a')dade% . ne(e%)dade% de 'o% e%&ud)an&e% duran&e e' de%arro''o de%arro ''o de 'a% a(&)*)dade% a(&)*)dade% a de&erde&er-)nar )nar nue*o% a%$e(&o% 6ue %on de ran re'e*an()a re'e*an ()a en e%&e %en&)do %e $uede a7)ra7)r-ar ar 6ue 'a a(&)*)dad de d)an0%&)(o debe %er un (uaderno ab)er&o, ab)er&o, %u#e&o a nue*o% nue*o% . (on%&an&e a$or&e% a$or&e% 'o (ua' e% de $or %1 una (ara(&er1%&)(a de 'o% $ro.e(&o% abordado% ba#o e' $arad)-a )n&er$re&a&)*o, 'o% (ua'e% no obede(en a un $ro(ed)-)en&o ')nea', %)no 6ue e% (1(')(o+ En (uan&o (uan&o a 'a (on&e (on&e&u &ua' a')3 )3a() a()0n 0n de 'o 'o%% (o (on& n&en en)d )do% o% a
abor ab orda dar r
(en& (e n&rad rado% o% en 'a ne ne(e% (e%)d )dad ad $e $eda da0 0)( )(a a de 'o 'o%% e% e%&u &ud) d)an& an&e% e% de de'' =er =er++ A@o Se(()0n Se(()0 n B/ U+E+E+ Br+ E-)ro E-)ro Fuen-a. Fuen-a.or/ or/ en San Juan de I%no& I%no& Parro6u Parro6u)a )a Jo%: Greor)o ern5nde3 de' Mun)()$)o Ra7ae' Rane' de' E%&ado Tru#)''o %e $udo ob&ener re%u'&ado% $o%)&)*o% a'(an3ando un %)n)7)(a&)*o a$rend)3a#e (on 'a% e%&ra&e)a% a$')(ada% $ara 'a *)da+ Co-o $ar&e de 'a a(()0n do(en&e %e debe $ro(urar &ender &ender $uen&e% de (o-un)(a()0n (o-un) (a()0n (on 'o% re$re%e re$re%en&an& n&an&e% e% . 'a (o-un)dad, 'a a(()0n edu(a& edu(a&)*a, )*a, . 'a%% )n 'a )n%& %&)&)&u( u()o )one ne%% -) -)%%-a% a% no de debe ben n %e %err )% )%'a 'a%% %e %e$a $ara rada da%% de de'' en en&o &orn rno o (o-un)&ar)o, .a 6ue 'o 6ue %e Ha(e en 'a (o-un)dad debe Haber re$')(a% en e' ')(eo, . 'o% a%$e(&o% 6ue %e en%e@an en e' ')(eo, %e 'e% debe dar (on&)nu)dad . deben %er (oHeren&e%+ Re%$e(&o a 'a% a(&)*)dade% $ara e' de%arro''o de' $en%a-)en&o '0)(o -a&e-5&)(o, %e $udo no&ar 6ue e' (ar5(&er 'd)(o 6ue %e 'e )-$r)-)0 a 'a% a(&)&)*) a( *)da dade% de%,, de%$e de%$er& r&0 0 )n&er )n&er:% :% .
$ar& $a r&)( )()$ )$a( a()0 )0n n
en 'o% 'o% #0*ene #0*ene% % (on (on 'a
a$')(a()0n de 'a% e%&ra&e)a% $ara 'a $o&en()a()0n de e%&a% Hab)')dade% %e 'or0 una -e#ora %)n)7)(a&)*a en 'a% Hab)')dade% de )den&)7)(a()0n de 'a% o$er o$ era() a()on one% e% )d )d0n 0nea% ea% $ar $ara a re% re%o'* o'*er er un $r $rob' ob'ee-a, a, d) d)a ara ra-ar -ar'o 'o . o7 o7re re(e (er r re%u'&ado%+
A(&ua'-en&e 'o% e%&ud)an&e% de' &o A@o+ Se(()0n B/ PIONEROS DE LA TRANSFOR MACI;N
Bienaventurado el que comienza por educarse antes de dedicarse a perfeccionar a los demás. Juan C. Abella
;ALLAZGOS En (uan&o a' He(Ho $eda0)(o, $eda0)(o, %e $uede (on('u)r (on('u)r 6ue e' d)an0 d)an0%&)(o %&)(o e% una a(&)*)dad $er-anen&e, a $e%ar de 6ue %e Ha(e un e%&ud)o )n)()a' $ara de&er-)nar 'a% $o&en()a')dade% . ne(e%)dade% de 'o% e%&ud)an&e% duran&e e' de%arro''o de%arro ''o de 'a% a(&)*)dade% a(&)*)dade% a de&erde&er-)nar )nar nue*o% a%$e(&o% 6ue %on de ran re'e*an()a re'e*an ()a en e%&e %en&)do %e $uede a7)ra7)r-ar ar 6ue 'a a(&)*)dad de d)an0%&)(o debe %er un (uaderno ab)er&o, ab)er&o, %u#e&o a nue*o% nue*o% . (on%&an&e a$or&e% a$or&e% 'o (ua' e% de $or %1 una (ara(&er1%&)(a de 'o% $ro.e(&o% abordado% ba#o e' $arad)-a )n&er$re&a&)*o, 'o% (ua'e% no obede(en a un $ro(ed)-)en&o ')nea', %)no 6ue e% (1(')(o+ En (uan&o (uan&o a 'a (on&e (on&e&u &ua' a')3 )3a() a()0n 0n de 'o 'o%% (o (on& n&en en)d )do% o% a
abor ab orda dar r
(en& (e n&rad rado% o% en 'a ne ne(e% (e%)d )dad ad $e $eda da0 0)( )(a a de 'o 'o%% e% e%&u &ud) d)an& an&e% e% de de'' =er =er++ A@o Se(()0n Se(()0 n B/ U+E+E+ Br+ E-)ro E-)ro Fuen-a. Fuen-a.or/ or/ en San Juan de I%no& I%no& Parro6u Parro6u)a )a Jo%: Greor)o ern5nde3 de' Mun)()$)o Ra7ae' Rane' de' E%&ado Tru#)''o %e $udo ob&ener re%u'&ado% $o%)&)*o% a'(an3ando un %)n)7)(a&)*o a$rend)3a#e (on 'a% e%&ra&e)a% a$')(ada% $ara 'a *)da+ Co-o $ar&e de 'a a(()0n do(en&e %e debe $ro(urar &ender &ender $uen&e% de (o-un)(a()0n (o-un) (a()0n (on 'o% re$re%e re$re%en&an& n&an&e% e% . 'a (o-un)dad, 'a a(()0n edu(a& edu(a&)*a, )*a, . 'a%% )n 'a )n%& %&)&)&u( u()o )one ne%% -) -)%%-a% a% no de debe ben n %e %err )% )%'a 'a%% %e %e$a $ara rada da%% de de'' en en&o &orn rno o (o-un)&ar)o, .a 6ue 'o 6ue %e Ha(e en 'a (o-un)dad debe Haber re$')(a% en e' ')(eo, . 'o% a%$e(&o% 6ue %e en%e@an en e' ')(eo, %e 'e% debe dar (on&)nu)dad . deben %er (oHeren&e%+ Re%$e(&o a 'a% a(&)*)dade% $ara e' de%arro''o de' $en%a-)en&o '0)(o -a&e-5&)(o, %e $udo no&ar 6ue e' (ar5(&er 'd)(o 6ue %e 'e )-$r)-)0 a 'a% a(&)&)*) a( *)da dade% de%,, de%$e de%$er& r&0 0 )n&er )n&er:% :% .
$ar& $a r&)( )()$ )$a( a()0 )0n n
en 'o% 'o% #0*ene #0*ene% % (on (on 'a
a$')(a()0n de 'a% e%&ra&e)a% $ara 'a $o&en()a()0n de e%&a% Hab)')dade% %e 'or0 una -e#ora %)n)7)(a&)*a en 'a% Hab)')dade% de )den&)7)(a()0n de 'a% o$er o$ era() a()on one% e% )d )d0n 0nea% ea% $ar $ara a re% re%o'* o'*er er un $r $rob' ob'ee-a, a, d) d)a ara ra-ar -ar'o 'o . o7 o7re re(e (er r re%u'&ado%+
RE3ERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁ3ICAS Ar)a% F, 2K E' $ro.e(&o de )n*e%&)a()0n u1a $ara %u e'abora()0n, Cara(a% Ve Vene3ue'a+ ne3ue'a+ Fo'ue)ra%, P+ 2Q+ M:&odo% . T:(n)(a% de Re(o)da . An5')%)% de In7or-a()0n Cua')&a&)*a,Bueno%A)re%,Un)*er%)dad de Bar(e'ona+ Fre)re, Pau'o 2!+ Pedao1a de 'a au&ono-1a . o&ro% &e&o% +La abana8 Ca-)no%+ Gon35'e3, F+ !QQ" La en%e@an3a en%e @an3a de 'a -a&e-5&)(a+ Seunda ed)()0n+ Cara(a%+ FEDUPEL+ Guerrero, F+ 2 T:(n)(a% . re(ur%o% $ara e' a$rend)3a#e+ Cara(a%+ UNA+ ern e rn5n 5nde de3, 3, )n*e%&)a()0n 2X
Fern Fe rn5n 5nde de33 . Ba Ba$& $&)% )%&a &a ! !QQ QQ Me Me&o &odo do'o 'o1 1a a de 'a ed)()0n+ M:)(o+ MC Gra )''+
M)n)%& M)n )%&er)o er)o de' Pod Poder er Po$ Po$u'a u'arr $ar $ara a 'a Edu Edu(a() (a()0n+ 0n+ 2! 2!2+ 2+Co' Co'e(() e(()0n 0n B)(en&enar)o+ Mor1n, Edar 2!+ Lo% S)e&e Sabere% Ne(e%ar)o% $ara 'a Edu(a()0n de' Fu&uro+ Co'o-b)a8 No-o%+ Sab)no, C 22, E' $ro(e%o de )n*e%&)a()0n+ Cara(a%+ Pana$o de Vene3ue'a+ Sarr Sa rraa-on ona, a, J 2 2 2 2 Co Co-o -o a$ a$')')(a (arr e% e%&r &ra& a&e e)a )a%% de En En%e %e@a @an3 n3a+ a+ Bar(e'ona+ CEAC+ Ca%& Ca %&a@ a@on on,, N 2 2 ++ -a&e-5&)(o+
YDo(u-en&o
Co-$ Co -$on onen en&e &e%% de de'' $e $en% n%aa-)e )en& n&o o '0 '0) )(o (o en
'1nea,
d)%$on)b'e
en8
H&&$8are%+un)-e&+edu+*ed)da(&)(an(a%&anonCon)&)*oSe-ana>Co-$onen &e%[2de'[2$en%a-)en&o+do(+ YCon%u'&a8 2!, O(&ubre 2+ G0-e G0 -e3, 3, A 2 2 " "++ S) S)&u &ua( a()o )one ne%% de a$ a$re rend nd)3 )3a# a#e e ba ba%a %ada da%% en e' ra3onara3o na-)en )en&o &o ab%& ab%&ra(& ra(&o o (o(o-o o e%& e%&ra& ra&e) e)a a $ara de%a de%arro' rro''ar 'ar . 7or 7or&a' &a'e(e e(err e' $en%a-) $en% a-)en& en&o o '0 '0)(o )(o . -a& -a&e-5 e-5&)( &)(o+ o+ YDo YDo(u(u-en& en&o o en '1n '1nea ea++ D)% D)%$on $on)b' )b'e e en8 H&&$8+(o-$u&adore%$araedu(ar+o* H&&$8 +(o-$u&adore%$araedu(ar+o*+(oeb%)&e +(oeb%)&ee%Do(u-en&o%E$er)e e%Do(u-en&o%E$er)e
n()a%Ra3ona-)en&o[2ab%&ra(&o[2.[2'o)(o[2-a&e-a&)(o+do(+ Y(on%u'&a8 2!, No*)e-bre 2>+ L0$e3 P 2+ C0-o de%arro''ar e' $en%a-)en&o '0)(o -a&e-5&)(o de 'o% a' a'uu-no no%%+ Re Re**)% )%&a &a ()e )en( n()a )a%% YRe Re**)% )%&a &a en '1 '1ne nea a++ D) D)%$ %$on on))b' b'e8 e8 H&&$8+re*)%&a()en()a%+(o-$ub')(a()one%E9E$$9uu.ZMFE6N\V H&&$8 +re*)%&a()en()a%+(o-$ub')(a()one%E9E$$9uu.ZMFE6N\V+$H$ +$H$ Y(on%u'&a8 2! No*)e-bre 2"+
