ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY BY
F.
KLUGE
A.ND
F.
LUTZ
V
ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY.
A SELECT GLOSSARY SERVING AS AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY
OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
BY
F.
KLUGE
AND F.
LUTZ
"
.'„
STRASSBURG TR BN ER
KARL
J.
1898.
'
•>
Printed by G.
Otto,
Darmstadt.
K7/
-C^-
PREFACE. Our primer of English Etymology an introduction English.
meant
to
serve as
study of the historical grammar of manifold the advantages which the student
to
However
is
tlie
may derive from Professor Skeat's Etymological Dictionary, it cannot be denied that it does not commend itself as a
Though it is a work of deep research, and admirable completeness, the linguistic sagacity, _ laws underlying the various changes of form and meaning < are not brought out clearly enough to be easily grasped by book
for beginners.
brilliant
Q ^
We
the uninitiated.
"^
with a small
^ o
into
therefore propose to furnish the student
and concise book enabling him
the main linguistic phenomena.
to Professor
Skcat,
We
are
to get
an insight
greatly indebted
of whose excellent work
we have made
a great deal of material, which we ample As our aim has of course not hereby thankfully acknowledge. been to produce a book in any way comparable to our predeuse, drawing from
it
of detail and general completeness, ourselves to merely selecting all words the history of which bears on the development of the language at We have therefore, in the first place, traced back to the large. cessor's
work
in fulness
we have confined
older
periods
loanwords of Scandinavian, French and Latin
and such genuine English words as may atTord matter for linguistic investigation. In this vav we hope to have provided a basis for every historical grammar of English, e.g. for origin
Sweet's History of English Sounds.
,'51498^:
VI
Preface.
If
our
we may be allowed to give a hint as book, we should advise the teacher
to
little
the use of
to
make
it
a
point to always deal with a whole group of words at a time. Special interest attaches for instance to words of early Christian to the names of festivals and the days of the week; besides these the names of the various parts of the house and of the materials used in building, the words for cattle and the
origin,
various kinds of meat, for eating
and drinking,
etc.
might be
the subject of a suggestive discussion. On treating etymology in tliis way, the teacher will have the advantage of
made
converting a lesson on the growth of the English language into an inquiry into the history of the Anglo-Saxon race, thus lending to a naturally dry subject a fresh
charm and a deeper meaning. due to Professor 'W. who has placed many words
In conclusion, our best thanks are
Franz
and
of Tubingen University, at our disposal and assisted us in various
etymologies
other ways.
Freiburg
i.
B.
F.
KLUGE —
F.
LUTZ.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. T=
accusative case
=:
adjective
ace. adj.
RKKT. = Breton CKLT. =: Celtic
CORN.
rr
cp.
Cynir.
Cynuic (Welsh)
= Danish = dative case ^ derived, derivative f]er(iv). diniin. = diminutive DU. = Dutch E. = modern English ciat.
= =
(fein.)
frequent.
—
KKIKS. (;.
frequentative
—
Liael.
rr
GOTH.
(iothic
= Greek Icel. = Icelandic
= —
mfl.
=
IT.M..
I.AT.
Hi.
=r
mood
interjection
—
Latin
Geim.ui
Old Slovenian
plural
p.
rr
proL).
:—
—
jiast
paiticijde
prohaldv
pronoun
—
prop. projterly I'Kov. =: Provencal =; preterite, past tense
si).
=
SKR.
Russian
=r substantive
=
Sansk-rit
SHAN. =: Spanish superl.
Italian
Low
OSI.OV. =:
pit.
Irish
= —
= oldique case = Old Dutch OKK. = Old French OH(i. = Old High (icrman OIR. = Old Irish ON. = Old Norse ONKR. — Old North JMench orig. = original, originally OSAX. = Old Saxon
KUSS.
inHected
=
inlerj. IR.
inlinitive
neuter
ouu.
pion.
genitive case
OK.
inl.
—
(neiiti.)
nom. =1 nominative
p.
(lernian
Gaelic
=•
n.
|d,
Friesic
modern
=:
gen.
feminine
French
KR. =r
Middle English
old.
Dan.
f.
=
ME.
compare 3=
I^ithuanian
MHG. -r Middle High German
= conjunction — Cornish
coiij.
literally
=
rr masculine
ni.
adverb
=:
adv.
=
lit.
LITH
— =
superlative
Swedish TKUT. =1 Teutonic SWfCD.
vb.
=
verb
of Symbols in Teutonic Words.
List
\'|[[
LIST OF SYMBOLS IN ?'
(not umlauted)
<'
in in
!?'
e
in
}
a
—
Kuropean and Ai^yan
OE. MK. long idosed OE. ME. long open
i.
e.
i'.
MHC. OSA\. closed
OH(J.
TKUTONIC WORDS.
e
(uinlauted).
reduced Aryan und pie-'IVut. vowel. in (Je. Me. long closeil o.
;'
words lun^ open
(/'
in
UK.
r
in
OE. word-;
.MK.
])alatali/.td
in
.ME.
words
5
in
<-te.
Me. wolds
f
in
lent,
c'
in
On.
k
in
(jotli.
^'
'V *
~
as in
words ()e. is
—
Osa.x.
h
-j-
NK.
a
i>.
/'.
oi^e
l>riJge.
spiraiitic
palatalized
i^,
E. th.
words
=
E. th.
?f.
,
root.
indicates
a
existence
is
word
or form not actnallv
inferred.
found,
Init
of which the
a^,
an
about MK.
indef. article me. a an,
OK. an: ident. \vith one.
a- ME. a: idcnt.
^onbutan;
with on
(cp.
abash
short
j
for me. abaisshc
ahaischc (aba'isse)
:
above
I
hack, abroad^. abase; cp. base.
aboute
but
cp. jie.
OE.
for
dbiltan
OE. biitan.
above earlier abiifen
OE. dbu/an', akin to a. oben oho. obaiia 'from above'; cp. over.
me. abriggc abregge of OFR, abrigier abregier (source lat. ^^i^rro\). 'broad-
abridge
borrowed from
i
OEK. eslmhiss- stem of ofk. csbahir (kr. el'ahir^ 'astonish'. abate :me. abate: adai)t. of ofr.
:
adaj)t.
widely'; cp. broad. cp. use.
ly,
abuse
abairc 'beat down'.
accord vb. me. acorde late of. abbess, abbey see abbot. abbot; older by-form (c. 1 1 40) dcordian borrowed from MK. OE. abbod. Source lat. ab- OFR. acorder fr. accorder (cp.
abbot me.
:
batem {abbas),
whence
'
it. abbdte,
IT.
aecordare).
— from =
cuscr (lat. acciisare^ accrue (aeereja) vb. from fr.
MK. ablwie from FR. abhaye (ofr.
accrue sb. 'growth, increase' (orig. part, of FR. accroitre: lat. ad^
VK.abb'd,
OHG. abba t g.du.
Hence abbess
ime.
abt.
abbesse
FR. ab/yesse (but OE. al'bndisse LAT. abbatissa) 'abbess' and abbey al>eie).
accuse me.
accilse
from fk. ac .
\cretuni);
cp. increase.
abide cp. bide and abode. ace me. as dee: loanword from able ME. able: adapt, of ofr. FR. as (= span, as, g. ass, du. (h)abl(*-= SPAN, habil, rr. abile; aas). Source lat. ^-.f (ace. assent) source LAT. habilis. abode me. abgd prop, al)idino-';
abound
(^p,
.mk.
of FR. abonder
'a
unit,
ache
pound,
foot'.
spelling ake from OE. iice
me. me. abounde: adapt, echc 'pain' under the influence lat. abimdare of the vb. OE. acan me. ake 'ache,
bide.
'delay,
dke;
earlier
derived
=
abound'. English Etymology.
feel pain'. 1
—
achieve
achieve
achevc:
aie,
FR. achcver
adapt, of
adjourn
vb. me. ajurne ajornc:
Akin adapted from 'SK.aJourner (deriv. of fr. Joiir jour nth- 'day').
'accomplish'.
—
to chief.
acorn
me. acorn OE. cecevfi ident. with goth. akraii 'crop, fruit', ON. akani, DU. akcr, G. ecker. \
The meaning 'acorn' being
aghast
a later
ado ME. ado prop, infinit.
'to
do' with
at do: prop, at, orig. in
Northern English.
advance
vb.
me. avaunce
for
and special one as compared loanword from fr. avaiicer with GOl^.akran 'fruit', the group before' (deriv. of fr. avant may be derived from teut. ^Xt^?- ITAL. lat. ah
=
avante,
acre.
-f-
:
'go
=
ante).
advice sb. for me. avis', adopt. acquaint vb. me. aqueinte a- oiY\<.avis {=iY^.az>viso, i^xr.adcomte: borrowed fr. ofr. acointer The vb. advise me. vtsufn).
—
'advise'
cp. quaint.
avise is fr. aviser
acquire ime. aquire aqiiere: bor- lat. rowed from OFR. aquerre (fr. acqiuh-ir
=
(=
it. avvisar,
'^advisare).
afford ME. aforthe 'provide^ oe.
LAT, acqulrere').
acre me. aker oe. cecer 'a field, "^e/ordian 'promote': deriv. of acre' synon. goth. akrs, OSAX. forth. acchar G. acker, DU. OHG. (ikkar, affray 'frighten' me. afraie from
=
akker, on. akr
:
common Teut.
a
and Aryan word: teut. *akra-z, skr. ajra-s, pre-TEUT. agro-s GR. dypog, LAT. ager (stem agro-') 'acre' Aryan \^ ag in lat. ago, (iR. aya), skr. aj, on. aka. The orig. meaning of acre (indoteut. agro-s) was 'place where the cattle are driven'; cp. G. iri/t
=
:
from
treihoi.
adage from
fr. adage
=
lat.
ME. addc from lat. addere
add'.
adder
:\ie.
adder
older /ladder DU.
= osAX. nadra, nat{a)ra icel. nadra —
OE. nd'{d)dre
adder, OHc;. natter {otter),
aiHCi. «(?/^r g. f.
/z«^;-
goth. nadrs'. cogn. with ir. ««For the loss of M(^?//', w. neidr. m.,
initial
//
cp.
:
afraied.
after me. after
=
oe. after adv.
GOTH, aftra 'back, ohg. osax. aftar 'back',
prep.
again', DU. achter.
me. agein oe. ongeyt with G.gege/i OHG. ident. ongedn;
again
gegin gagan,
—
gagn.
adagiu?)i 'proverb'.
add
—
Hence FR. effrayer 'frighten'. the part, afraid 'frightened' jNIE.
oSAX. gegin?,
against
earlier agcines
=
me.
on.
agcincst
OE. togeyies.
age me. age: adoption of fr. Source age (oFR. a-age e-age). a LAT. type *aetaticum (= lat'. aetas)
'time'.
i)art. of me. agaste vb. oe. gd.stan 'terrify'; akin to GOTH, usgaisjan make afraid
aghast
'terrify'
auger and apron. and
peril,
to ghost.
almond
sglet
=
ohg. alder me. alder oe. dlor aglet 'spangle, pin' (Shakcsp.) aiguilld dimin. of ai- elira erila G. erle, ox. elr elre(r), DU. LG. eller (goth. '^diliza is guille needle'. ago MK. ago agon: orig". part, found in span, alisa fr. alice 'wild sorb, wild service-berry). "gone by, past' from go. Akin to OSLOV. jelieha, lat. alnus of en ofr. gogues agog adapt, from FR.
,
pleasant humor'
lusty, lively, in a
—
FR. gogue 'mirth, glee'.
agree
'sve..
{=
agreer
=
calod')
agree: adapt, of fr. IT.
(for ""alsnus) 'alder'. ale :\IE. die oe. ealu ealo
aggradare] source
DAN.
(infl.
ox. sa\ osax. alo akin to oslov. old 'cider',
pi;
LITH. alus
.
,
beer'.
LAT.^/-tf//irw'pleasing, agreeable'). :me.
ague 'sharp,
alight 'alight from a horse' cp. source ofr. agu light vb.
((^'7^6':
(=
acute'
fr.
aigii).
Source LAT. aciitus. aid vb. from fr. aider vb.
ail
'trouble,
ME.
aile
afflict'
eile
=
'help'.
OE.
us-
of
OE.
deriv.
agljan 'trouble':
=
ej^laii
GOTH,
GOTH, agins 'loathsome, For \^ ag cp. troublesome'.
e~^le
a7ve.
air
1
aire
-Ml':,
older
word from
eir
:
loan-
—
A
in
compounds and
derivatives;
mhg. alene goth. alamans
cp. OSAX. ohg. ailing 'entire, complete',
men', ohg. ala-tvdri 'all true ala-nimvi 'all new'. Cogn. \v. oir. 'all
,
uile
(base olio-~). allay :\ie. alaie aleie alegge lay aside, give up'; from lay '. Perh. considered mixed with ofr. aleyer (fr.
ternal appearance'
is
idcnt. with air'^.
aloycj-) ?
aisel (Shakesp.); cp. else I. oncher (oe. on ajar .me. acher
— on
akimbo
—
eyrr')
'ajar'
cp.
eliar.
—
allege
mony
:
me. alegge 'give adajitcd from ofr.
;
ft.st
clement represents an locare)
adapted ox. kengr 'crook the sha{)e of a horse-shoe' (cp. on.
aley: loanwortl
from
going, passage". ME. alone: adapt, of 'grant' (t,at. typo ad-
.
allure aliirer,
testialegiei
?
alegger
me. a kemlnmie a alley im. kenbffioe (in the phrase »his hand, FR. alldc 'a his armes a kcmbowc setten«) allow vb. for ME. hou>e cp. how and elbow. FR. alloiicr
The
=
FR. air (source lat. air 2 from fr. air 'ex-
aet^.
c'crr
—
plur. alle OE. al(l) OSAX. OHG. plur. ealle DU. i.G. al, G. all, ox. allr, GOTH. alls. primary form ala- is found all y[s..al{l)
eal(l)
me. deriv.
ali'tre:
from
of lure
ofr.
'bait'.
Another almond me. almau/ide: from kengboginn 'crooked'). suggestion proceeds from an or. OFR. almande (= fr. amandc, Source ^cyneboga formed as of. cyne- whence nu. amandcl). widde. eat. amygdala (gr. diwyddlr^ 'an * 1
angel
almond', whence a vulgar lat. amend/a (it. inandola OHG.
=
G.
///aiidijla
alms
abnes
vb. me. aMdse oe. d-md-
—
cp. middle. misse; cp. miss. me. amoitg; prop, on-
amid, amidst;
inander).
:\IK.
amaze sia/i.
oe.
crlmessc
amiss me. on
borrowed from among Akin to the svnon. mang on ^emang 'in the crowd'; OSAX. alamosna, ODU. aclmoesc ael- oe. lemang 'crowd' see under mocscnc DU. aalmofs, OHO. alamuo- mingle. Ident. with lg. 7na7ig san alainosan G. almosen. Source 'airiong'. (infl. celmessaji)
:
—
OIR. almsan.
/?>//
l-AT.-GR. elec?nosy/ia (cp. it. wVz^z)
=
=
alone me.
rt/c-'/^^
'all
prop,
late
singlv'
oe.
=
^r*?//-
synon.
ancestor me.
loan-
auncestre'.
word from VK.aneetre older ancestre
(me. auncessonr from ofr. ancesCp. ^7«^, ondlong sour) source lat. aniecessor(em) The prefix anchor me. anker oe. ancor pnandlong; cp. lo/ig. E. for OE. c?;;;^/ is to G. ^//Z- cor\ cp. ON. akkeri, du. g. anker iii cntlang 'along' (ofris. ond- late OHG. anchar: a loanword from LAT. aneora (it. ancora, fr. lingd) aloof adapt, of du. ie locf 'to ancre) the windward'; ident. with luff. older ancient aie. auncient G.
i)U.
allc'iii,
along
:\[E.
allt'cii.
along
oe.
;
^
(^?
.
.
already
orig. 'quite ready'; cp. also prop, 'quite so'
—
ready.
ME. also OE. calswd 'quite so' G.
Ident. witli as.
also.
—
=
auncicn (for the secondary / cp. adapt, of VK.ancie?! {= IT. anziano; lat.
pageant, parchment):
al-
type antednus). osax. endi, and me. oe. and DU. rn, OHG. anti enti inti unti The cogn. »f)eah ic eal ma;ge« 'although MHO. unde G. und. I and' SKR. dtha 'also, further may) cp. though. alum ME. alutn from ofr. alum points to KSCiK^snthd 'and, also'. FR. alun\ source lat. aliimen, andiron ^I'&.aundire: loanword whence g. alanii, Dr. ali/in. from ofr. andier (fr. landier)
though iiE. although in OE. we find theah \
=
altheigh; eal (e. g.
,
;
=
alway new'cy.
]\rE.
orig.
alway alwey oe. ealace. sing, (some-
Source unknown, perh. a LAT. t}-pe amitdrius (lat. Cp. med.-lat. andena antes)} 'fire-dog'. fr.
times contr. to ealncj) prop, 'all the way, all the time'; the com- 'fire-dog'. moner form is always :me. al- angel me. aungel: borrowed loaies, being an adv. gen. sing, from ofr. angcle (fr. ange). The 'all the time, fr. word supplanted the orig. always'.
anger
OE. ME. engel^^ G. DU. engel ohg.
ape
anon
'immediately'
me.
a?i()n
OSAX. engil, GOTH, aggilus early earlier anan oe. on tin 'in one' church-loanwords from lat. an- (moment); cp. one. GR. ayyt'knq 'angel. gelus another; see other. anger me. auger 'affliction, sore, answer sb. me. answare OE. trouble': Scand. loanword from andswaru ; corresp. to the synon. ON. a»gr 'gTisfj sorrow' (dan. OSAX. ani-swor ofris. ondser, Thereto the anger 'penitence', sw. anger 're- ON. andsvar? :
=
,
—
akin to i^xi.angor 'bodily or mental torture'.
gret')
;
deriv.
answer
vb.
me.
a7is7vere
OE.andsivarian. Source theTEUT.
=
oe. angol y/^siuar swear; hence answer gngul synon. ohg. angul G. was orig. a solemn charge made angel, on. gngull. Akin to lat. to rebut a charge'; and- means
angle
^
:me,
=
angel
uncus a hook', GR. oyy.og
a hook',
ay/.tOTooV 'fish-hook', SKR. 'hook', on<.. c'eatl 'hook'.
angle- (corner) FR. angle
angle from
= lat. angulus
'corner'.
'against'.
ant ME.
am(e)te oe. cBviete 'em-
TEUT. base d/naitjon
met':
OHG. a)neiyi :mhg.
MDU.
etnte
;
eempte.
Perh. akin to
:me anguisse:
angustia 'straitness, poverty, per-
=
in-
antler me. auntelere: loanword from OFR. antoiUier {iindoillier
=
plexity'.
ankle me. ankel
cp.
ameiz,e g. ameise.
from ofr. G. emsig OHG. emi"i^i anizzi VK.angoisse. Source lat. dustrious'. See e7nmit.
anguish aiigiiisse
I\IE.
anM
orig. ankle OE.
FR.
amlouillery,
lat.
type
an-
uu. anklaauw, tocularis 'tine of a stag's horn OHG. anchlao, ON. gkkla (prop. in front of the eyes'. *ankuldw ?) akin to du. enkel, anvil short for me. anvelt anOHG. anchal cnchil G. enkel 'ankle'. OE. anfill OHti. anafalz, Source and formation of the felt MM. aanbeeld ODU. anbelt: teut. group are doubtful; perli. akin base anafalti- and ana-balti-; cp. to SKR. anguli aiigustha 'thumb, the synon. ohg. ana-boz, cogn. AVEsr. anclano 'ankle'
;
=
toe',
announce
angusta toe'? me. anounce : adapt,
w. beat.
(= lat. annun- any .me. any (Jny any) oe. OSAX. inig enag , du. (mil cp. pr o noiitic e. tiare) ohg. eenig, me. 'wearieitiag G. einig 'only, anoye anuy(e) annoy deriv. of TEUT. aina ness': IVom OFR. enoi anui FR. sole' e?tnui (source LAT. in odio 'in E. one. DU. hatred'). ape MK. lipe oe. apa anoint mi:, anomte: adapt, of aap, ON. api, ohg. affo mhg. g. OFR. enoint 'anointed' part, of a/fe: a common teut. word, enoindre 'anoint'; cp. o int fnc n t. whence ORUSS. slov.
=
;
=
:
=
appal (1)
HEM. opice 'ape' are borrowed. Source of tkut. apau- unknown. appal(l) vb. ME. appallc adaptapallir 'grow pale', akin to pale. :
ed from OFR.
apparel :me. aparaile appareile: adapted from ofr. aparailler apareiller
'dress'
=
fr.
FR. appcler
ir.appellare).
:\ie.
a{p)pere\ adapt,
from OFR. aperer aparir apareir aparoir {= it. apparire] source LAI',
apparere). appease vb.
:\ie.
apcse
earlier
loanword from fr. apaiser 'pacify'; akin to peace.
=
apful: westteut. base applu-, allied to IR. uball, lith. obf/las,
OSLOV.
abliiko 'apple',
'pre-
.
April ME.
adapt, ot the earlier ME. byform averil points to ofr. avrilL Cp. G. DU. April. me. iidapron t)rig. iiapron
LAI.
dpril{l)e:
aprilis\
=
adapt, of fr. 7iaplarge cloth', dimin.
pron iidproun 'a
:
=
lat. viappa 'table, napkin. For the see adder initial n
napkin';
cp.
of
and anger. arch ME.
arcli{e-)
[arce- I?iseop):
borrowed from
OHG.
oe.
Cp. the synon. DU.
arch-.
erzi-
>
apaise:
apple :me. appel oe. cpppel ou. LG. appel, MHG. G. apfel ohg.
lit.
praecoqimvi'i^
cocious
loss
vb.
appear
{inaluni
of nappe adapt, from
a{p)p4lc'.
(=lat.
arm'
peron
(it . apparrechiare) .
appeal me.
appareiller
—
i^-aggiltis)
.
arcc-
fr.
aai'ts,
goth. ^ark G. erz-, Source the lat.
=
Gr. prefix archi- [dg/i-). Perh. OFR. are// (in archangel) influenced the E. word. archer me. archer adapt, of :
FR. archer 'bowman' (lat. type RUSS. jaarcarius, deriv. of arcus 'bow').
bloko.
are (»we, you, they arc«) aiE. adapted are oe. (Northumbr.) aron\ plur. from OFR. aplicr (fr. appUquer, it. to the second person sing, art applicare, "LXil. applicare 'apply'); :me. art oe. eai t. An arvax. ar cp. ply vb. 'be' is prob. in lith. yra 'is'.
apply
vb.
-ME.
aplie:
:me. aprentice apre/t-
ark ME. arke oe. care (infl. OFR. aprentis and ohg. arahhaarcha 'chest' earce) apreiitif vv^.apprenti {^owxcft lat. MHG. arcJic 'chest, money-chest' apprcndere 'learn'). G. arche Noah's ark', DU. ark approach vb. me. aprgchc: 'Noah's ark', ON. grk "chest, coadapt, from fr. approcher: lat. venant, ark, box', goth. arka f. Noah's ark': a Teut. type adpropiare 'draw near'.
apprentice loanword
lis:
apricot
borrowed
from
fr.
abricot; corresp. to DU. abrikoos, G. aprikose; akin to span, albari-
coque,
IT.
7TQaiy.6/.y,ux)
=
fr.
'money-box, loanword from lat. (also ROM.)
area.
arm
^
:me.
arm
oe.
earni
=
(mod. GR. OSAX. DU. arm, on. armr, goth. from lat. praccocium arms, ohg. ar(a)m G. artn. Akin
albercocco
arnT^
—
arrow
annus 'the topmost part of the upper arm, fore-quarter', OSLOV. rame 'shoulder arm', PRUSS, irvio 'arm', SKR. irfud-s 'fore-quarter, arm', avest. arefua arm', aioien. ariimkn elbow'. arm - 'a weapon' me. armes lat, plur. from OFR. amies to LAI',
as me.
ash^
.
from
asean
fr.
(me.
DU.
in
E.
the
Cogn. OKG. asl;a c.
asc/ies).
ase/i,
is
com-
plur. as/ies w. on. aska, asche,
goth.
ask vb. older by-form ax me. aske axe (kent. gxi^ oe. dscian Teut. base aiskbjau =^ dcsian os.vx. escon, ohg. eiskon (o. hei:
areier
'arrange'
(=
OSLOV.
aspi L.vi".
-MK.
ar re stare, arrival
a{r)reste:
landing'.
fr. arrcter
{=
it.
prop, 'landof OFR. arrivaillc arrive :me. arive
.me. arivaile
—
prop, bring to shore, come to shore': adapt, of fr. ar river
=
arrivare\ 'shore').
venomous
lith. feskoti, ieeh 'seek'.
serpent' from
'a
tree' me.
synon.
on.
aspe oe. cespe
asp,
ohg. aspa
MHG. aspe G. espc, DU. esp: perh. adapt, of connected with lat. arlwr (if
lai'. restare'^il^^' back').
adapt,
to
SKR.
aspis.
asp2
=
iskati,
'a
it.
arredare)'. of Teut. origin; cp. GorH. gar aids under ready.
arester
Akin
sc/ien).
array me. araie: adapt, of ofr.
{i-tpa
ohg. asc
azgo 'ashes'.
:
it.
=
mod.
axan);
monly used
arras me. arras; orig-. »cloth of Arras « Arras is the name of a town in Artois (France) famous for its manufacture. See ram brie and lawn'^.
ing-';
cesc
so.
of a tree'
DU. eseh, on. askr 'ash'. ash'- sb. ME. asehe oe. eBSce (infl.
arrant ident. with errant.
arrest
name
sb. 'the
oe.
prop, 'en-
G. esehe,
rauli).
f)FR.
also als alse.
all and
cp.
aseh
:me.
arrair^cr (deriv. of FR. rang 'rank, 'a file' from ohg. hrinc G. ring ring or circle of people'; cp.
arraiei-
:\ihg.
als,
so';
tirely
mc-nrc (lat. arjiiatmui) 'armor army :\ie. annie armc: adoption of FR. artfiie (== rr. afma^a', base LAT. annare).
borrowed
synon. osax. hg.
The compound means
armilre:
borrowed from OFR. armure ar-
arrange
DU.
also,
=
alsnjo
also
als{e)
as{e)
oe. ealswd
arma 'weapons'. ai-mour(e)
:
'bow').
=
^ee.
me. arwe late oe. arive
adapt, of ON. or (plur. orvar'). The native oe. word was earh ident. with on. or (cp. goth. arhwazna 'dart' and lat. areas
,
armor
ass
LAr. type adripare
'
from '^azbos by rhotacism) 'tree'. ass ME. asse oe. assa (infl. sing. from oiR. assan assati) loanword from ofr. asne asne 'ass' on. cp. Source lat. asinus, FR. dne. whence also goth. asilus, oe. esol, OHG. csil G. esel 'ass', DU. ezel and further osLOV. osilfi, russ. :
=
;
oselii
'ass'.
8
assail
—
avenge
^
OSAX. OE. assail vb. me. asaile'. adapt, of see assault. (g. zierde).
FR. assaillir
assault vb. ME.a(s)saut: adapt-
ed from
FR. assaiit (:=IT. assalto,
MED. LAX.
assaltus').
assay me.
assay assai from OB'R. assai assay
borrowed
= fr.
from
ass agio
(it.
tir
'glory,
honor
;
lat.
essai
exagium
attorney
.me.
atourni
aturne
older
atourney
deputy, adapt, of FR.
'agent,
commissioner' ?: part, of atorner
atorne
'direct,
appoint'.
auburn
orig. 'whitish or flaxen-
reddish- brown' me. colored assemble me. a{s)semble a(s)- auburne awbiir ne'' cxXxon-coVoxcdi seffik: adapt, of FR. assembler (it. from OFR. auborne albornc {= it. med. lat. alburnus assemblaj-e deriv. of lat. simul alburfio) 'weigliing').
,
:
=
'whitish'
'toijether').
{albus 'white').
asru'dgc a(s}sildge guger orig. nanger (like adder ir.O¥Yt..asoager asiiagir, for nadder, apron for napron with type ad-suaviarc deriv. of loss of an initial //) me. naiigcr
asstiage me.
:
loanword LAT.
suavis 'sweet
.
vb. :me. a(s)silre borrowed from FR. assurer (^IT. assecurarc).
assure
older ndve-ggr oe. nafo-gd^ 'an auger' prop, 'borer, piercer of
naves' (see nave^ and gore-^] astonish transformed after vbs. cp. the synon. ohg. nabuger in -ish from an earlier astony JMHG. nabeger g. (dial.) ndbcr, astone Mic. astoiiie astune astoune
borrowed from ofr.
:
=
icel.
nafarr. a whit,
anything' me. LAT. type ex\-tonare aught older awight oe. dwiht dnwiht 'aught'; OE. an is one But cp. stun. 'thunder'. osax. at, and for K>iht see whit and not. at :mk. at oe. cet OHG. a-, ON. GOTH, at akin w. August from LAT. augustus me. FR.
//(^////fV-
estoncr
aught
;
=
I
LAT.
aust from ofr. aoust
oiR. aJ-.
a/l 'to',
= fr.
\
aoiitl
ato//c adv. 'at or from late oe. august changed me. at on into to *au7e.iest ? aunt ME. aunt{c) adapt, of ofr. one'; cp. oj/e. Source lax. attach vh.ME.attacclic (law term) afite (fr. tante).
atone
vb.
from
one, agreed'
=
:
prisoner, arrest': adapt, of amita aunt'. avail :me. availe'. source fr. span, atacar, it. FR. attacher vaille from valoir 'be worth'.
'talie
(=
attaccare).
attain
vl).
borrowed
:\ie.
from
attaine
fr.
atteine:
atteindre
avalanche: fr.
of
the aval (fr. ofr. a val is lat.
adoption
ai'alanche
synon. LAT. attingere touch upon). 'downward' attire vb. me. atire: adapted fr. ad valletn 'valley ward'). Source a OFR. atirer 'adorn'. avenge me. avenge: adapt, of Teut. sb. ///" 'ornament, honor' ofr. avengier 'avenge' (source
(=
=
avoid
LAT. vindicare
vcngca nee. avoid ME.
'vindicate')
avoidc:
cp.
;
avcm'e avoiic from fr.
:me.
vow.
avoucr; cp.
await
azoaitc
:\IE.
award
oner.
frcnu
'examine'. For the Teut. source see under guard. aware -AIe. iivare oe. y:wara =; OHG. OSAX. gi7C'ar G. •^iU'cer
£swardc{i)r
6i:aciahr
wary
i)V.
,
watchful,
cp. 7e>ary.
;
away
mic. a7c>av
(y
to gr.
LITH.
'chaflf',
ayvoov opruss.
«;^J'7;
akfitas
,
ackons 'awn'.
me. a7vry{c)
awry
011701 y;
7v r y.
=
ax(e) ME. ax oe. eax oe. eax ibx, ohg. ahse
IVIHG.
awardc from oner.
:me.
eegne, ohg. agana mhg. ageiie G. ahne, goth. ahana chaff;
synon.
cp. 10 ail.
mi'aiHi)cr\
aye^
adapted from prob. related,
FR. avoider 'empty out'; cp. void. avouch 'declare, confess' from OFR. avoch{i)er', cp. vojich.
avow
—
oe. omce^
aMav' prop, 'on tlic wav'; cp. 7C'ay and aljcay. awe -ME. a7c>e older age: adapt, of ox. agi 'awe, terror'. Akin to OE. e^e ME. cie 'fear, terror' GOTli. agis and or. o^ot,'anguisli' cp. goth. ag/us 'mo-
=
G.
whence
gxiill,
E.
\^\:.
achse,
with formative
axle-(lrec).
as
c\).
the ahsa
and
the synon. ox. borrowed jME. axel For a pre -TEUT. -/
gr. ix^cov, cp. skr. dksa LAT. axis, osLov. osi, Lrrn. aszis a/isa
,
'axle'.
ax(e) ME. ax(e) oe. ax orig. '"'aeees -synon. osAX. ohg. aeeiis yiwo. aekcs g. ax{t), du. aeas
ox. ox, goth. aqizi 'axe'. Yx&-l•s^5 x. agist agzi {akst) appears also in gr. ixiivrj 'axe'.
aaks,
axle
-AIE.
rowed
axel in axel-ire: borox. gxultri; akin
from
;
lesting',
oiR. agar
"I
to ax.
fear'.
awkward :me. a7vk7vard auk7vard
aye^ 'yes' occurring in the me. auke 'contrary, 16'*^ cent, as / and not found earlier; perh. ident. with / wrt)ng'; auk- contr. of avekOX. o/iigr 'turned tlie wrong OE. ic\ in OE. we lind nie (for beside
a'ui/i,
and srr. apak 'turned
awl (a7C'ol
^
=
Cogn. w. osAX.
way'. ahi/i
late
:me.
ail/
'awl':
if
aivcl
uic.
traceable
ohg.
away'.
lie
-f-
ox.
aeii/ciis
'ever',
sting'.
aiine
Scand. agene ox. ogn wliich :
older
loanword is
(in
answering). of aye was
by aye'^ (cp.
a nay').
—
ME.
'no'
a7vel influenced perliaps
to
Teut. base atcoia (for ag7Vola-), akin to eat. aeiis 'needle'
awn
/V)
The orthography
aye'- mi:, ay ey: ei
ever
;
ohg. osax.
a7vene ever. In tlie
from
ident. with oE.
borrowed from
akin to goth. io
Aryan
g. je;
langs. ai7va- 'age, time' exists in ai7C's,
LAT.
aevuf/i,
ai7i'
cp.
a sb.
goth.
gr. niinv.
lO
babe
bait
B babe from 'a
babe fuller form bdbiUr.
:me,
w. GAEL.
babe,
IR.
part, of the vb. d-bcedan 'compel, restrain'.
CORN, baban
me. bagge: of fr. b>age, med.-lat. bagia 'signum, a ring'. badger orig. ident. with an obsolete badger 'one who buys
child',
baboon
me.
badge
babobi
bcibwiii
:
loanword from the synon. fr. Akin to uu. baviaan, G. paviaii. Source OFR. babou
babouin.
late
origin,
cp. ofr.
corn';
cp. FR. blaireau
'badger' corn-merchant'. The bachelor :\[e. bacheler: borrow- source is a med.-lat. bladariuSy fr. OFR. blaycr 'corn-merchant' (fr. ed from uER. baclieler Source :med.-lat. bae- M'''corn): E. badger for b/adger? bac/ic/ier. 'i^rimace?
baby
:^ie.
bdbi:
tlimin.
of babe.
little
orig.
=
bag :me. bagge: loanword from ON. baggi 'bag, bundle'. — t)agback' cp. basin. ME. baggage according to back- 'the hinder part of the gage
calarms.
=
FR. baggage points to OFR. bague osax. body' :me. bak oe. becc ON. bagg/. bak DU. (in comp.), icel. sw. bail 'a hoop' :\ie. bet/: perh. back". back adv. for almck traceable to an oe. ''^'be^e/ Vyiel on bcec 'backward' j\iE. abak OE. := G. bdge/, ON. l>ygill\ \rbug 'on the back'. backprop, in bow. board OE. hcecbord =r. du. lc;. bail vli. borrowed from ofr. baklmord (whence G. backbord, bailer 'secure, keep in custody'. fr. babord^, icel. bakbord 'lar-
—
=
i
—
board'.
Akin to bailiff me. Imilif from OFR. bailif (whence
baili:
also
=
'backprop, DU. baljim') later baili bailli game', l)ecause the men when IsiED.-hxr .bai/bivus balUvus. Source taken are back. See put LAT. bajulus 'burdenbearer gammon. bairn child' (Sc.) me. bcrn bacon me. bacon bdcoim: bor- OE. beam 'child OHG. GOTH. rowed from OFR. l)acon 'flitch of barn, on. barn (whence also bacon'. Source a teut. base ME. barii): deriv. of the teut. bdkon :mdu. :\ilg. bake, ohg. \f ber 'produce', prop, partic. bah ho AiHG. Iniche 'side of bacon, with the meaning that which is ham'; akin to back sb. born
backgammon
.
=
^
.
bad
:\IE.
'worthless, bad{de) prob. ident. with OE.
wicked'; dbdded ''iorcQd, compelled': orig.
bait vb. ME. baite borrowed from ON. to bite'
^ MHG.
beite
beita
'feed':
'cause
beizen 'bait
,
oe.
bake
—
causative of teut. Intan
hdtan:
I I
ball2 a dance' (=: du. g. ball): FR. bal 'a dance'
borrowed from
cp. bite.
'bite';
bark*
str. vb. (=1 SPAN, bade, IT. balk)) 'a OHG. bahhan 'bake'. dance', fr, bailer (it, ballare) The G. forms partly show teut. is traced to GR. i^aWiC^iv 'dance'. loanword from s\v. ballast: kk for TEUT. k: G. baeken, DU. DAN. ballast orig. baglast for barbakken (OSAX. bakkeri 'baker') the kk is also shown in batch. lass prop, 'bare last' i. e. 'mere DU. LG, G. ballast. The TEUT, \f bak from pre-TEUT. load' baum {J>annie bame balm :\ie. is connected with bhog perh. GR. (pidyfiv 'roast'. adapt, of fr. baume. basfiie) Source lat. balsamu7n, whence bald -MH. ba//eit
bake
:me.
bake oe. bacan
= ON. baka,
;
= :
(oe. '^bealledef)
;
source and history unknown. baldrick ^[e. baudrik l>auderik\ akin to ox. bijldrekr,
mhg.
bal-
derich, fr. baudroy (oer. baldrei, whence ilE. baudry) , .med.-lat.
haldringtts: related ^.oi^X'i. balteus under belt.
G, balsam,
bane
du.
balsevt.
'harm' me. bdne\ o^.bana 'murderer'; cp. on. bone,
means
OHG. bano
Akin to gr.
'death'.
(povo^ 'murder'.
bank on,
oe. banea
me. bdnke
bakki
(orig. —
''baiike)
=-
akin
:
bank (for money) to bench. bale sb. 'a large bundle of merit. banca: adapt, of FR. banque chandise ready for transportault. source teut. bank(i) in tion': loanword from ofr. ba{l)le bench. {= SPAN, bala, XT.balld) of Teut. bar ME. bar re: adapt, of ofr.
=
;
ident. with ball.
origin,
barre. vb. 'empty water out of org. bare me. bare OE. beer a ship', also spelled bail: bor- G, bar, on, berr: teut,-goth, rowed from DU. balieii 'bale out'; base bazabhaso-
=
bale
=
DU.
balie
(=^ :mlg.
LG. balje, IT, bagl/a)
ballige balge, 'tui)'
fr,
fr,
in
pre-TEUT. OSLOV, bosu 'bare-foot', lith.
basas.
represents aLat. type baeiila bargain sb, :me. bargain adapt, (cogn. w, basin). of OFK. bargainc 'traffic'. bale ME. bale oe, bealu; cp, barge me. barge: adapt, of ofr. OSAX. balu, OHG. balu, ox, bpl barge. Source a MEO.r.Ar. bariea,
bailie
:
evil, 'evil'
calamity'; in
comp.
Goi'H,
and
'^balws
dcriv.
balweins bahujaii 'torment'. ball' a spherical body' ball(e)
:
borrowed from ofr,
= OHG. balla balk) ON. bollr
'ball'.
'a ball,
as
whence bark
also barli^. 'the rind
of a tree' ME.
barke: possibly a
loanword from
'
ME. the equiv. on. bgrkr balle
sphere',
borke,
NORTHFRIS.
;
cp, G. lg.
biiark,
goth.
*barkns: prob. akin to birch on account of skr. bhiirja m. 'birch'
12
bark2
basket
—
n. 'birchbark'. Bark orig-. 'mercenary', which oftentimes is 'birchbark'? cp. birch. found in the Teut. Leges Barbark- adapt, of fk. barque', barorum for 'baron'. ident. with barge. barrel me. bdrel prop, baril: bark vb. ME. berke OE. beorcan; ])orrowed fr. FR. baril. barren me. barrein a fr. loancp. OE. borcian 'bark' and on. Tiiur. \^ berk, not word, cp. OFR. brahain barhain herkja 'bark :
:
recorded elsewhere. late is
how
OE. bierlic;
connected
with
barlich
unknown.
word
barrow
the
=- ON. barr, cp. GOTH, 'made of barley'), akin 'corn'
(arvan base
barizeins to
lat.
bharos-).
barm 'yeast' aiE. berme OE. beorma
= DU.
'a
synon. bdrwc
the
OE. berc (cp. barii), is uncertain. Source a teut. base baraz {bariz
far
Source
(fr. brihaigne 'sterile').
barley me. barli older
wheel- barrow' me. derived
(oE. '^bcarwe') from the TEUT. \f bcr
:
as for the
meox-byrwe 'a
bear; -
,
stretcher'.
bier,
barter barate
in
cp. also OE. westphal. bierwe
7<.'-suffix
deriv.
Engl,
'deceit,
fraud'
of (oFft.
ofr. ba-
Teut. ;-r?/^r 'beguile'), whence .me. bardt berm, mlg. berme base berman- from an Aryan base baret, ODU. baraet fraud', mhg. bherfneii- in lat. fcrmentiwi. bardt. barn me. bertie oe. bcrn short base ^ 'low' from fr. basse f. :
for orig. /wY-^;v/ 'barley-house'; OE, -em (for cp. barley.
am
{Ims m.). bass US ?
Source vulg. -lat.
house' corresponds to base 2 si), 'foundation' me. base *rce/i/i) GOTH, raz/i 'house', on. ran/i. loanword from fr. base (bas) barnacle 'a tish' me. bernake; (lat. basis). transformed by suffix-exchange bashful see abash. from oe. byrncte 'loUigo'. basin me. basin loanword from barnacle- a kind of goose FR. bassin. Source lat. baccinum ME. bernakc; an anglo-lat. ber- (akin w. LXi.bacarawdbiedrium}) naca of the 2 cent, is the first whence DU. bekken, ohg. (osax.) bekkin G. beckcn 'basin'; cp. DU. record of the obscure word. barnacles^ 'spectacles' orig. lg. bak 'bowl, tub, trough', fk. 'irons put on the noses of horses A/t 'trough, basin' lat. bacea). to keep them quiet' dimin. to bask vb. me. baske: a Scand. ME. bernac from ofr. bernac loanword, from o^.badask 'bathe oneself. Source see under bath. 'camus, a barnacle'. baron me. bdrou/i: loanword basket me. basket; commonly from FR. baron, whence also ODU. considered ident. with BRrrANN.baroen, mhg. barini G. DU. baron. lat. bascauda 'dish-pan' (=-- OFR. Source a militarv word lat. baro baschoe 'bucket'); an OE.*bascod :
'
:
^'^
i
=
bass
bay
batch ME. bacche OE. *bcecce; *baxod was supplanted by *l>ascof, being an Y,. dimin. suffix. deriv. from the teut. \'" bakk A primit.LAT.-GALL. Awrrt: appears {\ba}t)\ see bake. bath ME. bath OE. ba'd= osax. in FR. Ixichc tilt, vat'. bass 'a fish' me. />ase barse OE. bat/i, DU. G. OHG. bad, on. b>ad. -at
bars
= DU.
baai-s, G. barsc/i;
SWED. abborre from rs).
,
oborre
]jan.
cp. {ir
The
dental being suffix, the word on a teut. \'~ ba (be) in OHG. baen G. luihen. bathe
rests
— OE. badian = OHG.
=
vb. :me. bathe
bastard
.me. bastard {^^ g. badbn G. baden, ON. bada deriv. borrowed bastard, DU, bastaard) from the TEUT. sb. bapa- 'bath from OFR. bastard (fr. bdtard batten vb. 'grow fat' me. *batne: SPAN. IT. bastardd). Source ofr. a Scand. loanword from o'S.batna :
:
=
bast
.SPAN.
=
basto
IT.
'pack-
cp. OFR. fils de bast *a bastard', lit. 'a son of a pack-
saddle';
saddle'
(not
of a bed, cp. G. 'son of a bench).
.
'grow better' (= goth. gabatnan Akin to better and 'profit'). boot"-.
batter \b. 'beatME. /v7//r from Source lat. battuere. baste ^ vb. 'beat with a stick, Hence batter 'a compound of strike': a Scand. loanword from eggs, flour and milk' me. baiiire: sw. bbsta ON. beysta 'beat' from OFR. bate-ure 'a beating'. thump', DAN. bostc strike'. ME. bdtaile: loanword battle baste 2 vb. 'pour fat over meat'; from FR. bataiile, whence ODU. I'ankert prop,
:
FR. battre.
^
unknown. mhg. bateile 'battle'. bataelghe baste^ vb. 'sew slightly' me. Source lat. battuere 'beat'. baste: borrowed from ofr. Aw//';from adj. 'reddish' me. origin
,
= span, Source a imbastarc) teut. bastjan = OHG. bestan 'patch' batir
(fr.
bastrar,
ir.
'baste'.
MHG. bat
bcitefi '
bat fr.
loanword from
staff,
cudgel' or
FR. battc 'a
bay:
Source lat.
baditis 'l)ay-
colored'.
bay^
'inlet
of the sea' me. bale: fr. bale {= span.
borrowed from
short cudgel' ME. late OE.
'a
bat{tt~):
'bind'.
bay
FR. bat.
ir.
Gael.
bahia^ ir. baja). bay'- sb. 'a kind of laurel-tree,
more prob. sweet-bay me. bay bale borrowed from ofr.
rammer, wand'.
'a berry': baie baye
batwinged mammal'; the fr. baie a berry. Source lat. Scotch by-forra ba{c)k points to bacca bdca 'berry'. ME. Ihikke DAN. ba^lr (only in bay vb. 'bark as a dog' me. comp. afteiibakkc 'evening-bat'). baye shortened from abaye: loanPeril, connected with back and word from OFR. abaier fr. aboyer. '-
=
bacon, made prob. by jiy>^r/('w<7//.f
G. (dial.)
'bat' prop. 'flitch-mouse'.
bay^
'berry'
bai bei OE. luei
bay-riwi) = northfris. (in
me. bei,
be
14
—
DITMARSCH beic DU. hci 'berry': Teut. base baijiz bajj'iz; not ident. L.vr. bacca. with OFR. bale be 'exist' ME. be OE. hcon fr. a Teut. base '^bijan\ cp. OHG. bitn ;= OSAX. biu-tn 'I am', which answers to LAT. fio: Aryan base bhio {bhijo) traceable to bhwio ,
=
bhidd; cp.
\^ bhfi
in i.\i\/u/
Cp. booth and build. be- prefix ME. OE. /v-
'I
was'.
/^ti^//,
ox. baun: teut. base baunoThe early existence of
'bean'.
the
word (goth.
bckcn
:
bcaccn
oe.
=r OHG. bouhhan, osAX.
bokaii (du. ofris. baketi): bank, TEUT. base baukna-. See beck. ^
is
at-
beans?).
bear bera
me. berc
vb. 'carry'
=
oe.
osAX. ohg. beran, ox. du. bar en, goth. bairan.
b'eran ,
Cp. bier and birth.
\Pbher.
beacon me.
'^'haumi)
tested by the name of the Fris. island Baunonia (island of
Akin to LAT. ferre, gr. (pfofiv, ident. SKR. \^ bhar 'bear, carry': aryax
with by.
G.
beaver*
fr.
bear
sb. 'ursus' lA^.berc oe. bera
= OHG. bera mhg. /^^rr.
b'er
The MY.\}t.bcron-
G. biir,
du.
(on. bjgrn)
based on an Aryan adj. bherobead me. <^tv/(? 'a bead, a prayer' 'brown preserved in LiTH.'^iVajDeriv. from 'brown'. OE. g^i^^'^Z 'prayer'. beard :me. bcrd oe. beard the teut. \fbcd\ cp. bid. beadle :me. bedel bedel: loan- DU. baard, ofris. (^f^v/, ohg. g. Aryan fr. barf. TEUT. base bar daword from OFR. bedel b^deau (it. bide Ho'). Source a bhardha- in lat. barba, oslov. Teut. bidil ^= OHG. /'////. brada, lith. barzda, pruss. borbeaker me. bike?-; cp. the sy- dus 'beard'. beast ME. best: loanword from non. DU. beker, oSAX. bikcri, ohg. is
=
=
=
becher. Pcrh. the E. OFR. bestc (fr. bete), whence also borrowed from the sy- LG. DU. bccst 'beast'. Source lat. Source lat. bcstia (in a vulijar form besta). non. ON. bikarr. b'chhari
word
G.
is
beat vb. :\IE. bete oe. beatan biccarium (it. bicchiere) with the OHG. bo- -an JNIHG. boyn, icel. hy-^orin. piccarinm (see pitcher). Further connections under basin^ bauta 'beat. Cp. beetle. beam 'a piece of timber' iviE. beaver' 'an animal' me. bei^cr
=
=
=
ohg. bibar
OHG. bem OE. bcmn 'a tree' MHG. bourn G. baum, lg. du. The boo7n, OSAX. bom 'a tree'. corresp. synon. GOTH, bagms (ON. badmr}) 'tree' seems to point to
DU. bever, on. /y^/v teut. bebruz (whence are borrowed iT. bevero, fr. bievrc) points to pre-teut."
a TEUT. bagwma- with a by-form bawina- bauma-. bean :me. bene ben oe. bean svnon. OHG. bona G. bohne, du.
OSLOV. bebru, lith. bcbrus, lett. In bebris, RUSS. bobrii 'beaver'. SKR. there is an adj. babhrus 'brown', which is perh. a reduph
=
OE. beofor
G. biber,
:
bhebhrus
=
i^xi. fil>er, covoi.be/er,
beaver^
form
pointing to lith. 'brown' under bear.
15
begin
hei'as
beech me. biKck
=
beche oe. bece (orig.
lg. ba;ke 'beech')
:
for-
beaver- 'the lower part of a med with vowel mutation from helmet' borrowed from the synon. */w in OE. boc-treow\ cp. ohg. FR. bazncir,
whence
also the sy-
buohha
aehg.
buochc
G.
buche,
The name
of this tree because :\ie. because bicause by- (whence book) is a pre-teut. cause (also separately written be-, bhagos ^^'LKT.fdgus 'beech', gr. The gk. word bi-, by- cause) -fl>y the prep, (pay 6c ffi]y6c. cause. signifies perh. originally 'tree beck^ 'a stream' :\rE. bck: loan- with edible fruit, food-tree' {(f'Ocword from ON. bekkr (= sw. ysTv 'eat'). beef ]ME. bef older bxif {beof) back); cp. osax. bcki, du. beck, OHG. bah{hh) g. bach from a teut. borrowed from ofr. boef fr. baki-. Source lat. bovcni {bos). boeuf. beck- a nod or sign' me. bek beer me. ber oe. Ifcor ohg. short for :me. b{ke OE. bcaceii osax. bior G. DU. bier. A common see beacon. WESTTEUT. word (base beura-), goth. perh. derived fr. OE. osax. bdo, bed ME.' OE. bed i^dd) badi (stem badja-), ohg. beii betti on. l?ygg 'barley hence beer :mhg. bdie bete g. bett, du. bed. prop, 'barley-juice'? The cogn. cymr. bedd 'grave' beet ME. OE. bete. Source lat. ri'. (celt, base bcdo-) points to the l)cta (= FR. l)ette />ieta^, ARYAN \'~bhedh bhodh (in lat. whence also G. l>cete. beetle' me. betel oe. bytel betel fodio 'I dig', LlTH. bedu 'I dig'), as is evident in g. beet (blumen- ^= the synon. lg. biviel, on. beytill 'hammer'. E. bed (flowerbed). The teut. base bcet) bedrid me. bedred oe. bedrida: bautila- belongs to the TEUT. lit. 'a bed-rider' r:^ mlg. bed\^ baut in beat. dcrcdc 'bedridden'. beetle- an insect yiv.. Intel oe. Cp. ride (and the phrase »ride on an- bitola; derived from an adj. oe.
non. nu. bever.
ON.
/^^/&.
:
:
=
\
=
;
,
^
chor«).
Akin to ohg.
yu.o. bcddcresc
bettiriso,
'bedridden'
krcsc 'a lazy fellow. bee AFE. l>e oe. beo
— ban-
bitol 'inclined
beg
vb.
:me.
bite".
begge
shortened
formed from intensive k (as in hark,
from oe.
bedecian,
of bid \\\\}i\ du. lurk, 7c
(infl.
biati)
=
contr.
ohg.
Ina,
=
_
to
i6
bellows
begin
Aryan k
the
belfry me. berfray berfrey berberfreit adapt, of ofr. berin OSLOV. po-cmq (infinit. po-ceti frci bere/reit= ¥V..beJfroi. Source MHG. berevrit from berc 'pro'begin', koiii 'beginning'). beguile vb. mr. begile {= mdu. tection' and frid 'a place of loanword from ofr. security'. beghijloi) belief .aik. beleve from the vb. me. giiiler. C}). tvile, believe. behalf 'interest, benefit' me. beleve Phonetically on behalve for oti halve or he not ident. with ]ME. beleve ilcve halve OE. on (be) healfc\ OE. OE. lelea/a OSAX. gilobo, DU. in
traceable
is
compound)
Aryan \^ ken freid
the
to
:
^
=
h,ealf sb.
(=
oiiG. haUni)
means geloof
'side'.
behave
vb.
late
behave
:\ie.
— =
OHG. giloubo believe vb. me.
ilevc
G.
,
glaube.
bileve
orig. OE. lelcfan "^elyfan 'believe'
OSAX. gilobian, du. gelooven, have. a fr. ending OHG. giloiiban G. glaubcn, GOTH. in imitation of havior, var. of galaubjan. bell :me. oe. belle ur! bel, haver for aver 'possession'. behead vb. me. behcde hihefden LG. belle: west-teut. base b'ellon. OE. beheafiUan cp. I^IHG. behoiibeicn Akin to bellow'^ bellow \b. ME. bel{o)ive belwe 'behead'. Cp. head. oe. belgian bylgian 'bellow': teut. Inhcst me. earlier behest behest(e) base '^'balligonl Prob. an extended hehcse oe. behcvs 'command, vow.' form with vowel mutation and OE. hch (base hdsi- haisi-) points intensive formative of oe. bellan OE. behabbau: ident. with
— behavior shows
=
;
to
TEUT.
GOTH,
hdtan\ cp. highi
behind
-ME.
haitau
and
=
behmde(n)
(behca/dan)
oe.
synon. I\IHG.
du.
behoef,
'hold,
bellan 'bellow'.
ailg.
belz bels,
\~ corresponds oe.
see'.
oe. behof
behuflf G. behuf,
—
OHG.
b>e-
Cp.
Cp. hold.
behoof me. behof
=
traceable to
hindau 'afterwards, after'. hinder and hindfnosi. behold vb. me. behglde behdhian
OE.
hesf.
^
\{ bell- is
the teut.
to skr. bhas (for
=
/'//
and
bellows
jME. belwes (also belies) bellows': prop. plur. o{ belowe belli beli 'a bellows, a bag, belly' OE. berli byli (blckstbyly) 'a bag'
'a
=
behof, ON. bels;r, G. du. balg 'skin'. icel. hof Ident. with belly, a teut. \^belg
'moderation'. behoove vb.ME. 'swell' appears in ohg. b'elgan behove oe. behpjfan 'be necessary' 'be angry', OE. ~^ebolgen 'angry', r^ i)U. behoeveft, iMlg. behoven. ON. bolgen 'swollen'; cogn. w. belch vb. akin to me. belke oe. OIR. bolgaim 'I swell' bolg bole balcian bealcian and with suffix 'bag, bellows' OGALL. biilga healceitan 'belch'. 'leather-bag'. Cp. bolster
—
—
belly ME, also a
/'e/k 3e/i'he\\y,
belly
between
womb,
bon G. bej-auben,
17
goth. biraubon
bellows'
OE. ^e/^ bylj^ 'a 'rob', ON. raufa 'rob'. bag, pouch, purse, bag of any berry me. oe. berie cp. synon. kind'. Ident. with bellows. OHG. beri G. becre. The r was ;
below
=
ME. bilgwe cp. lotv. belt ME. OE, belt OHG. balz, ox. belli 'a belt, border'. Source LAT, (gall. ?) balteus 'belt'.
^; cp. goth, basi in orig. 2 weitiabasi 'wineberry, grape', du, bes 'berry'.
=
bench me,
beseech
vb. :me, biseche biseke
oe. bisecan: ident. with seek.
bench oe. bene; with
besom 'a broom' me. besom umlaut and palatalization from a TEUT. base bankt{z) OSAX. besmc 'a broom, rod' OE. besma DU. beze/n, ohg. b'esamo DU. G, OHG. bank, ON. bekkr; fr, 'a rod' l>a?ic and it. span, banco are G, besen 'a broom', goth, "^'bisma. lat. ferula may accord with rEUT, loanwords. Cp. bank. the Teut. word in an Aryan bend sb. 'a
=
OE, bend
band, OSAX,
(=
=
bond'
:NrE.
\'~ bhes.
ODU.
bend/,
best :me. beste oe, betsta ^= goth. OHG. bp^i^isto :mhg. g. beste, OSAX. betsto. Cp. better and
go xm.batidi'B. band, bond') from the \f bend in bind, whence
bende,
also
bend
bende
OE.
vb. 'bow, curve'
bendan
batista,
yis,.
boot''-.
'bind,
curve,
bestow
bend'.
beneath
= DU,
'ixs..
from OE. neodan, OSAX. nithana, ohg, nidana mhg, niden(c) 'below'. Cp. nether. beneden
bene'ifon.
= osax,
bin(e)-^
better
Imjueste usually biquide
osax. betoro
betre.
langs.; for and best.
vb.
Cp.
,
the
du.
beter,
corresp.
the
root
cp. boof-
between me. bitwcne oe. betweonu7n 'between'; in ok. the
{rcve)
oe. ber^afian (rcafian) ^= oSAX. birobon, du. beroovcn, OHG. (bi)rouEnglish Etvmologv.
G.
besser,
,
No primitive adj. superl. best. exists in the Teut. and Aryan
—
cwedan 'speak' cp. quoth. bereave vb. me. bireve
=
batiza
ON.
For the oe.
oe. betera
ohg. bc"^iro
.me. better
goth.
g.
vb, iiE, bcqucthe oe, beciocdan 'declare, affirm', be-
byquide bequide.
(by-form
adapt, of fr. trahir lat. tradere 'deliver").
traitor and treason. betroth vb. :he. bitrenthie 'betroth'; deriv. from truth.
du. bentgras.
bequeath
quest ME.
cp. tide.
;
betraie
Cjj.
=
lat. maledictioncvi).
bent-grass oe. bconot binut, OHG. binu-^ MHG, binse,
cp.
betraisse):
Source lat,
benedictionem (vp, :me, maleisoun fnak'icon,
aiE. betide
betray vb. me.
:
OFR.
bestgwe;
;
benison me. beneisonn borrowed (source from OFR,
ME.
vb.
stow. betide vb.
bene the oe. beneodan
orig. \
construction was be scent r=- 'between the seas',
tweonum
i8
)evei-age
—
hind
*iweon earlier tunhn 'two' entreaty'): pre-TEUT. bhidh. Cp, lat. bid 'pray' for the identity of bide answers to goth. tzveihus with TEUT. bidja/i. binus (Aryan base dweikno-s). bier ]\ie. bere b(re oe, bckr betwixt ME. belwix (by-form DU. behc'ixe) OE. f>ci7cieox bitwihs (by- OSAX. OHG. /wvz G. biihre form bdwcoxn^ osx'i^.u/idarhvisk ^m;- the modern spelling with ohg. undar zwiskem ie (since 1600) is due to fr. 'between', Source a teut. herd-, 'between' o. zwischen. The Teut. bih-e. base iwiska- 'two' is a cleriv. of derived fr. bea7- (teut. \f ber). bile ME, bile oe, byle TEUT, twa in ttvo. du. beverage :me. beverage beverege: buil OHG, bulla '^•biillia 'blain' ofr. loanword from bevrage iiHG. biule G. bcuk: teut, base beitrage breuvaige == fr. bretivage. buljb(ii)-, bilP 'a writing, account' toSource lat. bibere (lat. type OE.
=
—
=
,
;
=
,
gether with
biberaticuni) .
bevy
'a
company'
yiE.
bevey
beve\ doubtful if ident. with ofr. beveye fr. bevie 'drink, drinking'?
then
the
e.
word might prop,
denote
a drinking-party'. beyond me. beyonde oe. beiem-
dan.
Cp. yo7i. bible ME. bible
FR. bibky G.
:
whence
SW. DAN.
bibe/.
loanword from
note' ME, billeite 'a
billet 'a
letter'
(dimin,
from mei»,-lat, bubble, boss, leaden
a bull'.
bill'-
'a
note'):
billa bulla 'a
seal,
dimin.
its
bille
Cp. bull.
'sword' ME. oe.
^ OHG. OSAX. GOTH,
'^bilja-
bhilyo-
for
/;//(//) 'a
/'///
'sword'
sword'.
If
goes back to Aryan bhid/yo-, connection
LAT, findere is possible. Source lat. Hence bill 'the instrument for
also DU.
bijbel,
biblia.
with
splitting'
and
bill'* 'bird's beak' me, bill{e) bid ME, bidde OE. biddan str. vb. GOTH, bidjan, OSAX. biddian, bil(e) OE. bile "beak prob. conDU. biddefi, OHG. bitta/i g. bitten, nected with bill''. The teut. sf billow ME. '^bilwe prop. "^ bilge: ON. bidja 'bid'. bed for bid goes back to an borrowed from ON. bylgja: teut. Aryan \/^ bhidh in gr. nfilho 'move \/" bclg 'swell' treated under bag by praying' which with lat. /id(^ and bellows. bin iiE. Innne oe. i^/w^ 'manger': trust' points to connection with CELT, loanword from gall, beniia bide. kind of vehicle, whence also bide ME. bide oe. bidan str. vb. GOTH, beidan, osax. bida/i, ohg. FR. be/me 'a l)asket, hamper'
=
;
=
ON. bida. The strong verb (it. beima 'sleigh, cart'). G. beiwc bidan wait' agrees with 'basket-wagon' is of fr. origin. bind ME. binde oe. bindan str. vb. l.Xi:./ido 'I trust' and GR. vtido!.iai OSAX. bindan, on. binda, du. I trust, obey' (rrfiOo} I move by
bitan,
TEUT.
=
birch
G.
OHG.
linden,
An
\^ bend.
teut,
b'uitan:
\(~ bheitdh
Ar}'an
blame
base
19 also
I'ikjbn-
in
ox.
cp. OFR. biche 'bitch'. bite ME. bite oe. bitan str. vb.
bitch';
appears in skr. baiidh 'bind'; SKR. bandhu 'relative' points to OSAX. bitan, o\iQ,.bi"^an connection with or. Tuv^tm^ DU. bijten 'bite', ox. /'//(?. gr.
'father-in-law',
*TiH't)ouu
for
Tj^ldt^ia
str.
vb.
'bite'
lutan.
is
=
G.l>eissen,
A
teut.
developed
LAT. of-fend-ijnentwii from an Aryan \'~ bhid 'split' in LAT. Ji/ido, SKR. bkid 'split'. Cp. bitter and bill'-.
,
'band, rope'. Cp. band, bend. birch ME. birchc OE. hirce
=
OHG. bircha
g. hirke
The
birkjbn-.
:
teut. base
synon. OE. beorc,
DU. berk, ox. bjgrk from an orig. base b'erko- are an Aryan bhergd =^ SKR. bhurja oslov, brcza, ,
xxx^n. bcrzas
bird
Cp. bark^.
'birch',
^/n/ mostly brid'a. bird', young- bird' OE. brid (plur.
-ME.
oriy. 'a
young of any
briddas) 'the
base
I'EUT.
f
bridja-
bird':
b/cdjo-;
bitter adj.ME./;///<^r oe.
=
bitter biter
OSAX.
OHG. bittar mhg. g. DU. ^n.G. lg. dax. s\v. bitter, ox. bitr 'bitter': teut. base bitra(and baitra- in goth. baitrs 'bitter'), prop, biting': deriv. from the teut. \'~bit in bite. bittern .me, bitor older butor (= DU. butoor^ borrowed from FR. butor (= IT. bittore). Source :
LAT. bos tajiriis a bird's name? black ME. blak oe. blcec (blac-) birth -ME. bir/he older i-birde akin to lg. black 'ink'. OE. lebyrd OSAX. giburd, DU. bladder me. bladdre oe. blckdre geboortc, ohg. giburi a. geburt, DU. blaar lg. bladere ohg. OX. /w/v/r 'birth', goth. gabailrps blattara G. blatter, ICEL. bladra; 'birth": deriv. from a teut. vb. the TEUT. base '^'blcdrbn- (with gabiran 'produce' with sufllix dl-: //r^- as suffix) comes from the pi (cp. IR. brith 'birth', skr. TEUT. V"''''^'' ii^ blow'^. /'///// bearing'). blade me. M/^/t' oe. /V«-^/ (plur.
breed and brood}
akin to
;
=
=
bishop bisccop
=
-ME.
Inshop
OSAX.
bisshop
OE.
DU.
bis-
bisliop,
bladit) blatt,
OHG. biscof G. bischof, ox. GOTH, WEST-TEUT. <^/V^t^ (taken seems bis/iup. schop,
as a
compound
tical
gr.
\\;ith
ln-\-
GOTH,
skop)
is
iden-
aipisbaiipus
'LAT. episcopus. also wanting in
=
,
,
=
synon. ohg. /V*^?/ g. DU. OSAX. /Vr/
to
l>e
Their formative;
dental
M/-
from
pre-TEUT. bhlo- is perh. akin to lat. fol-iu7n, gr. tpvXkov.
The Aryan
\f blwl bblo- in bloo?n} blain me. blein OE. blej^en vcscovc, OFR. PRO\-. ves(]ue (but fr. DU. (^/«>? TEUT. base blajinoh>eque from ovx^.evesque) vulgar from TEUT. yfbla in bladder} LAT. {e)biscopus. blame vb. me. bld7nc (== mdu. bitch -ME. bicche OE. Incce; teut. blamen) loanword from FR. f-nt'n/.OTio^',
initial
6'
is
=
rr.
:
=
:
20
—
blank
bldmer
ospan. blasmar, it. biasource lat. blaspheniare).
(=
shtiare:
blank me. blank
ot. blanc blgnc
=
bless
:me.
bleik
late oe. bldec:
ed from ON.
=
borrow-
orig. oe. bide :me. blpk, DU. bleek, G. bleich. teut. Y^i^/f/^ appears in oe. bleikr
synon. ohg. mhg. bla7ic G. A blank; ON. blakkr 'gray or white blican, ON. blika, OS AX. blikan, horse': teut. \f bl'iink in blink. DU. blijken, ohg. blihhan 'shine'. The TEUT. adj. blanka- was in- blear-eyed having sore eyes' troduced into the Roman, langs.; me. bl{r-eyed bler-eighed fr. blcre cp. IT. bianco, fr. blanc with the 'blear' -f eye ei\e 'eye'; cp. dan. deriv. fr. blanchet ^= ofr. blanket, plir-gjet, LG. bler-bged 'blear-eyed' whence me. e. blanket 'a coarse (akin to I.Q. flirr-bge 'a bleared-
woolen blare DU.
cover'.
ME.
vb.' roar'
vb.
=
bliirren pliirren.
G,
blaren,
bloD'C
= =
eye', en flirr up't oge hebben 'have
a bleared eye'). bleat vb. me. blete
=
oe. blcktan
DU. blaten bleeten, lg. bleten, ohg. blast ME. blast oe. blcRst OHG. bldyxn mhg. bidden. /'A?iV, ox. blast?' 'a gust of wind': DU. deriv. of the teut. \f bles bleed vb. ^^ie. blede oe. ^bledan OFRis. bUda, DU. bloeden, lg. blazen, ohg. bldsan G. blasen, on. A shorter bld'den, ohg. bluotan, on. blceda bldsa, GOTH, blesan. 'bleed': deriv. from teut. bloda\l~ ble cp. under blow-.
blaze
sb.
torch'
bldsan)
'torch'
'a
=
flame'
'a
'flame,
=
Akin
torch'.
OE.
M^'i'f?
(infl.
in
blood.
blemish
vb.
me.
biennis s(h)c
MHG. bias '\vound, injure, soil': loanword GOTH, blesan from OFR. blemiss-, stem of some
lg.
to
G. blasen 'blow'
me.
blase
=
(cp. G. 7vind-
forms of FR. blemir 'grow pale' (fr. bk?nc blesfne 'pale,
licht 'torch').
wan).
me. bldse blench vb. me. blcnche (also 'blow as a trumpet': perh. loan- blenke) 'shrink back, give way', word from ON. bldsa 'blow' ^= OE. blencan 'deceive': causative DU. blazen 'sound a trumpet', of blink, TEUT. base *blankjan. OHG. bldsan G. blasen 'blow', goth. blend vb. me. blende (pret. OSAX. blandan blhan (in tifblesan 'puff up'). oe. blende) blazon^ 'proclamation' from fr. GOTH, blandan, ON. blanda, ohg.
blaze
vb. 'proclaim'
1
=
—
•
whence DU. blantan mhg. blanden. blazon- me. bldso?i blend'-^ vb. me. blende oe. blenolder bldsoun from FR. blason dan ohg. blentan blenten G. 'coat of arms' (whence also bletiden: causative of blind v^. DU. blazoeri) ? bless vb. :me. blesse older bli;tsie bleach vb. me. bleche oe. blcscan OE. blitsian older blddsian 'bless' --= ON. 'whiten': teut. from a teut. base *blddison, not bleikja base M/Z^/'rw from the adj. bleak found elsewhere in teut. The blasonner blazocn.
'blazon',
—
=
21
blow^
blind
orig. 'sprinkle with blood' G. block. Uncertain whether the appar. a deriv. of teut. bloda- E. word is a native e. word or in blood. adapt, fr. fr. bloc 'block, log'. blond from fr. blond, whence blind adj. me, oe. blind OSAX. DU. G. SW. DAN. blind (OHG. also G. DU. DAN. blond. Source MHO. blini), ON. blindr, GOTH. a lost TEUT. bliinda- (= it. Akin to ox. blimda vb. biondo, span, blondo). blinds. OSAX. blood ME. OE. blpd 'close one's eyes' and to lith. blandyti 'cast down one's eyes' blod, DU. bloed, LG. blood, ohg. dark'. MHG. bliiot G. bint, ON. blod, blesti blisti 'grow blind vb. 'make blind' deriv. SAV. DAN. blod: TEUT. base blbda-
vb. is
=
=
—
—
(and blopa- in goth. blbf) from ^= a pre-TEUT. bhloto- bhlato-, not blende) (pret. Its relation found elsewhere. synon. ohg. blentan G. blende7i of the teut. base to the \'~ bid 'bloom' is doubtful. causative blindfold See bleed and bless. blinda in blirid adj. of
blind,
supplanting me. blende OE.
blendan
:
adj. ME. blindfelle oe. blindfellian 'strike blind, put out the eyes';
bloom
ME.
blp?n(e)
:
borrowed
=
GOTH. from on. blom bldtni mod. phonology of the blbma, osAX. blomo, du. bloem, the second element of the word is OHG. bluovia (bluotno) G. blmne due to confusion .with fold'i But 'flower'. For the \fbld cp. lat. its origin is obscure; it may be fibs and OIR. bldth 'blossom' and akin to OE./t'//, G. fell ohg. fel, blo7t<\ LAT. pellis. blossom ME. blosme oe. bldsim{a) GOTH, fill blink vb. ME. blinke := G. DV. blds7fia^=\iV. bloesem (bloeni), mlg. hiinkcn, sw. blinka, DAN. blinke. blo(s)sem: deriv. of the teut.
=
ME.
bliss
blids
blids
blisse
{;=
oe. bliss older
OSAX.
blidsed)
:
sf bib
in blo7v.^
blow
sb.
'a
stroke' me. blowe\
from ime. blezve oe. bleowan oe. *blysire OHG. bliuwan aihg. bliuzcen Root unknown, G. blcinen, du. blonwen, goth. ^)\)\:. bluyster. blithe ME. blithe oe. blide 'joy- bliggivan 'strike': teut. \'^ bleu of blithe. blister me. blister
deriv.
j-deriv.
^
—
ful,
glad' (cp. bliss) ^=-DU. LG. blide,
Mthi
O.SAX.
blew.
blow
vb. 'bloom' IME. blowe osAX. blpwan 'blossom' ohg. du. The dental GOTH, bluojan bl-d, bloeijen, blbjan, blcips. is formative, but the teut. \rbli G. bliihen 'blow, bloom', goth. unknown elsewhere. '^blbjan. The teut. \^/V(5 appears block ME. block 'a block' (of also in bloom and blossofn. blow'- vb. 'puff' ME. bbfice oe. wood). Cp. thg synon. DU. blok, MLG. block, OHG. bloh MHG. bloch bldwan str. vb. ohg. blaian 'blow'
ohg.
,
blidi,
ON.
blidr,
bli/(de),
sw. dan.
'
=
oe.
=
22
blue
MHG.
blcewen
bill
agrees
blcihen
The teut.
not
bleic:
cleriv.
OE. blchveti (deriv. of OE. bldiv), whence me. ^blewe ought to be
me.
derived,
word from
ble^v
bodkin
:me.
boidekiii
of
small
'a
uncertain
origin,
w. bidog ir. bideog The diphthong oi in :\IE. shows foreign origin of from T^iE. boidekiu; but the suffix seems to be Anglisized. lat.
blade and
in
bolster
-y^A'^ dagger';
with
partly
fare (Aryan bhia bladder). blue ME.
G.
blcejen
swell".
'blow,
—
bleu is loan-
related
'a
to
,
dagger'?
body ME. body bodi oe. 'body'; akin to ohg. botah
bodij^
mhg.
Relation
synon. er. bleu b!o 'blue is MEbiaz'd); The source adapt, of ox. blifr. of the whole group is a teut. base blawa- b'ava- 'blue' ^= OE. bldzv, ON. bldr, du. blaauw, OHG.
botech 'trunk,
blao G. blau;
loanword from ofr. boillir boyle FR. bouillir .span, bullir, IT.
{=
the
IT.
ident. w. \.xx.flavtis
'yellow'.
=
boar ME. bar oe. bar ohg. MHG. bcr 'a voung boar', OSAX. ber(swin), lg. b:r, du. /'('i?;base baizii- or bain/-.
board
bJrd
table'
=
OSAX. DU. sw. DAX. bord, LG. boord, G.
bori,
bailrd
bordain
goth.
ON. bord,
with
oe. bred
the
=
{fd(u)-
base
teut.
'foot-stool':
by-form breda-
G. brett (du. berd
ODU. bred).
boast
rkiE.
perh.
bjste\
to an oe. *bdsettiafz from teut. \f baus bus in bose ohg. bjsi}
:
deriv,
boat ME. belt 'boat'.
bdi
oe.
The
source of on.
and
E.
bitr,
/'(?/
=
word du.
is
ON. the
g.
boot
women'
for-
FR. bateau.
bodice
corpse'.
botahha
g.
bottich
'a
large vessel, tub' is uncertain. boil 'a small tumor' me. bile OE.
byl{e):
ident. with bile.
boil vb. 'bubble :
up'
inie.
boile
=
Source lat.
bollire 'boil'.
bullire
'bubble'.
boisterous me. boistrous 'rough, an extended form of
ME.
boistflzis
'rough, clumsy. The points to foreign
(?/-diphthong origin; no
bold
source yet found.
Iwld OE. bald (braid older bcalp) goth. '"balpa(in balpaba adv.), on. ballr (orig. "^balpr), OSAX. ohg. bald 'bold' (hence G. bald 'soon, quickly'). MHG. bole g. bole ME. bole bolile 'a thick plank'; akin to ON. bolr 'trunk of a tree' and perh. related to GR. ff^'/jiy^ 'stem of a treg'. boll ME. bolle OE. bolla bowel, du. bol m. a round vessel' OHG. bolla 'a round vessel', on. bolli. Perh. akin to ball and LAT. follis 'hose'. du. bolster .me. oe. bolster :me
=
=
vb.
traceable G.
ohg.
coarse':
oe.
'a
plank' :\ik. 'board, plank, shield,
teut.
:
to
stays for
merly bodies, being plur. o{ body. MHG. Cp. pence for pcinics.
=
=
bolster
OHG.
bolstar
G.
bolt
hence
from
its
(teut.
'swelling'
booty
boom borrowed
meaning
orig.
base
meal' me.
'sift
borrowed from ofr.
boon
:
DU. from
Borrowed
ox.
bouf,
booi/i
bone 'petition, favor'
:\IE.
:
loanword from ox. bon 'a prayer'. There was a native OE. ben ME.
(fr.
bene
stout pin of iron etc., mb:. oe. bolt ^= synon.
'a
an arrow' OHG. bo/z,
from DU.
(=r
'sift'.
blutci-)
bolt
bultt'
bulter
scratch
to
LG. booni) 'a tree, beam, Ident. with beam. pole'.
bolstra-
"^bolhstra-^.
bolt vb.
used
deriv. with beech-tablet' teut. \^ helg runes on.
polster, ON. bohtr : sfr- suffix from the 'swell';
—
'a
prayer'.
boor adapt, of du. G.
bo/tt\
'peasant'.
bauer~)
(=
boer
Akin
to
OE. lebilr, cp. neighbor. boot' ME. bgte\ loanword from
lat. caLipulta ? G. bone ME. bpn OE. ban bei/i, osAX. be/!, DU. btr//, ox. bein,
=
OFR.
bote
(boute)
=
fr.
botte
akin to G. bossen SW. DAX. ben, GOTH. *A?/>/ (dU. G. (it. bota) Source unknown. ox. SW. also "leg'). Perh. cogn. 'shoes'. ;
with ON.
bet/in
boot- 'advantage' me. bote OE. osax. GOTH, bota, OHG.
'straight'.
=
bonnetME. bond: loanword from bg't OFR. bond orig. fr. diapel de buoyx
buoZy
G. basse,
bond; med.-lat. bonnda "a stuff the TEUT. \^ ^^7/ better and best. of which caps were made'.
ox.
For
bol.
batten,
cp.
loanword booth :\IE. bothe from ODAX. both (dax. hod) booby not found in me. oe., MHG. buode G. bude. The oicel. with exgl. ending derived from bud differs from dax. bod in the me.
bonny
bony
an
:
exgl.
:
^
derivative of fr. ban 'good'.
The root-vowels (teut. b\ii). dental is suffix. For the teut.
SPAN, bobo 'fool'?
book
ME.
biili
buck 0H(;. buoh, boek,
GOTH.
l}dka
OE.
bgc
osax. f.
=
\fbu (iXDO-TEUT. bhii) 'dwell' cp. UTH. butas 'house', OIR. both (bothdn) 'hut' (base bhii-io). See build and be.
DU.
bok,
— bok
G.
n. 'a
of the alpliabet' shows in the plur. the meaning 'writing, letter
document, book', and the ohg. osax. oe. corresponding buoh
bptye
bok occurs in pluralform with the
equiv.
meaning fore
it
meant single
The
'a
is
book
There-
single evident, that the sing,
beute,
orig. (as letter of the
was
butin,
du.
ox. byte 'booty'
buit ;
the
,
G.
fr.
j
word represents an osax.
goth.)
'a '*bi/ti, I
ali)habet'.
I
beech)
;
fr.
which
w.
*b{ittn
OIR. cogn. buaid victory' and cvMR./'«(A/'adbokabase Aryan \'~ bhud (cp. vantage, profit'. bhaud. orig. 'beech-bark, in
TEUT.
.
booty in the 15''' cent, spelled akin to the and butin
\
:
is
border
24
border me.
border
—
bord{e)tire\
adapt, of FR. bordure.
Ultimate
source ohg. borto 'edge'.
bore
me. bore oe. borian OHG. boron G. bohren, du. boreu, on. bora. The teut. base boron agrees with lat. forare 'bore' cp. GR. r/,«(>Os^'plough',SKR.
=
vb.
'scissors':
bhdr.
borough and
stem of the numeral in its oldest forms had no dental goth. bai
=
:
OE. be^eu
dental
bd
bit
'both'.
The
short for the article me. bdthe OE. bd da, G. beide instead of bei die. In the older periods the article
ending
:
is
=
was combined with the numeral; Aryan v^ M^r cp. GOTH, ba fb scipa 'both OE. bej^en dd gebrodru ships',
;
bhurij
bough
place- 'both brothers'. bottle^ 'a hollow vessel' me. bir\') oe. burh burg (dat. sing, /yvj) botel DU. bottel, lg. bitUel bud'town', oe. burg synon. OSAX. del: loanwords from FR. bouteilk bur(u)g, DU. buig, OHG. bur(u)g {= SPAN, botella, IT. bottigl'ui) G. burg, ON. borg, GOTH, baiirgs Source med.-lat. buticula f. di» 'town'. min. of butis 'a butt'. borrow vb. inie. borwe oe. bor- bottle- 'a bundle of hay' me. ohg. botel: loanword from ofr. botel gian 'protect, borrow' borgen G. borgen 'borrow, give dimin. of fr. hotte 'a bundle of a pledge'. Prob. akin to ohg. hay'. Source a teut. bauta- in b'ergan, goth. bairgan 'protect, ohg. boy) 'a bundle of flax'. shelter' (oSLOV. brcgq 'I take bottom :\IE. botum oe. botm care of'). OSAX. bodom, DU. bodem, ohg. bodam G. boden. The teut. bases bosom ME. biisum oe. bosm OSAX. Ifostn, DU. boezem, ohg. bupma- {= OHG. bodavi) or but/ia buosam Ci. buseii, goth. '^bbsina-. (= ON. botn~) or with assimibotch vb. 'mend a garment' lation hutnia- (= OE. botni) reME. bocche 'repair' deriv. from present Aryan bases bhutnoboot 'mending, repair of a thing'? bhudno cp. ARYAN bhudhno- 'botperh. ident, with OE. botettian tom' in SKR. budlina cp. GR. '? repair Cp G. dial biietzeJi TTv9/nijv, LAT. fundus (if tracemend slioes OHG. buoszen able to Windlino- si). The phonetical relations of the group 'repair'. botch 'a swelling on the skin, are obscure. a boil' ME. bocche: borrowed bough :me. bough bow oe. boh from OFR. boche 'a sore' (fr. bosse bog DU. boeg 'bow of the ship', it. boccia 'ball'). OHG. buog 'upper joint of the 'swelling' both ME. bgthe osAX. bedie, arm or leg, shoulder, hip' G. OFRis. bcthe bede, ohg. g. beide, on. bug 'shoulders, withers', on. bogr bddir, sw. bddcj, dan. baade. The 'shoulder, bow of a ship'. GOTH.
names
:\ie.
-bury
borwe
in
(and
=
=
=
^
=
:
;
;
^
=
=
=
bounce
25
boy
from pre-teut. bhaghil-s weapon, a bend' me. bpwe OE. OHG. OSAX. bogo du. corresponds to boga SKR. bdhii 'arm', also GR. na^vg boog, G. bogen, ox, bogi. bow- 'the forward part of a TTtj/vg 'fore-arm, elbow', ^Iwgus
=
fore-arm'
'arm,
,
bounce vb. me. bounse 'beat, ship', var. of bough. knock' oe. *h'msian\ frequent, bowel ME, boud bowel: loanof a primit. *bfinan} Akin to lg. word from ofr. bo7iel (fr. boyau); bunsen buffisen (bansen}^ 'knock*? source lat, botellus 'sausage' (it. bound sb. me. bounde older bjuiel/o), whence also odu. bodebo line: borrowed fr. ofk. bonde Unc DU. beuUng 'sausage'. bonne 'boundary'. boundary bower sb, me. bour oE. bilr 'a
—
to
points also DU.
1
bonnier
R.
,
whence
bunder ODU. bunre. Source MED.-LAT. bodina.
dwelling' (see
=
neighbor
=
OE,
oSAX. MLG. bur 'a 7iih~^ebur^ house, cage', oho. mho. bur 'a bound vb, 'leap, spring' bor- chamber' G. hauer 'a cage', ox. rowed from FR. [yondlr 'leap, biir 'a chamber, larder'. For the spring' prop, 'resound'. Source TEUT. \f^ bu 'dwell' cp. build. L.VT. bombitare 'hum' ? on. bow^l ME, bolle OE, bolla bound adj. 'ready, prepared' bolli, DU, bol, OHG. bolla. ilE. boun 'ready, prepared to go': box' 'a chest' ME, OE, box: borloanword from ox. buinn 'pre- rowed from a vulg,-lat, '"^'buxem pared', part, dibila 'till, prepare'; for buxidem (nom. buxis), whence also DU. bus, G. bilehse 'box' ohg. cp. busk. vulg.-lat. mk. bounte: loanword buhsa for "buhsja.
=
bounty
source lat. boni- buxis (from GR. uvhg 'box made ^w.. bounte- of the box-tree' cp. ^(?x-) ap-
from FR.
—
bonti\
tatcni.
bounteous
vous:
derived from ofk.
'benevolent'
by
pears of 'box'.
boftlivc
inlluence
in
FR, bossette,
it.
bossolo
box'- 'the name of a tree' ME. righteous. bourn 'boundary' adapt, of fr. box-Ire oe. box: borrowed from lat. -ROM. buxus (= IT. bosso, borne\ ident. with bound. bow vb, 'l)end' Mi:, bowe earlier span, box, FR. buis), whence also
OE, bugan
hiiwe flee'
(only
intr.)
str,
vb. 'bend,
= du.
buigen,
JILG. biigcn, oik;, biogan G. biegen, GOTH, biugan 'bend'. The teut. \'^ bug
count cogn. fiigio,
an ARYAN bhtik on acof OHG, buhil 'liiir. A
is
\'~bhug appears in eat. GR. (fevyio. bow^ sb. 'a
—
OHG. MHG. buhs(-boum)
baum
'box-tree',
=
G. buchs-
du. busbootn.
boy ME. boic OE. *bdia; perh. dimin. of a lost OE. "^''bp 'brother' FLEir. boe 'brother': childish abbreviation of E. brother, as G. bube OHG. buobo is a reduplication of *bd 'brother'?
=
26
boycott
lieard of in Dec.
first
boycott
1880. Captain James Boycott was a fanner at Lough Mask, co. Mayo, Ireland the Irish league pronounced their edict, in consequence of which no one wished to work or have anything to do with him; he was the victim of the system of procedure named after him. brace sli. me. brace: adapt, of OFR. brace. Source lat. l>rac;
chiuiii.
—
brave
bramble
me. brcmbel oe. breinel
earlier *brcefnil; cogn. w. G. brombeere 'l)rambleberry' ohg. brama,
DU. braani, brp7/i
perh. ident.
w. OE.
under brooin.
bran me. bran: adapt, from.
ir.
w. bran.
ME. bren adapt, from OFR. bren points to the same source. branch 'a bough of a tree' ME. braunche: borrowed from PR. In-anche
type
{=
span.
I>i-ramical
branca lat. of lat.
it.
deriv.
brach me. bracchc: adapt, of raniJK 'branch'?). OFR. brache. Source ohg. bracko brand me. oe. braiid brand DU. brak ODU. ODU. MLG. brand, ohg. mhg. brant 'hunting dog' bracke. 'a burning, a brand', DU. G.%l>rand brad me. brad usually brod: 'a burning, fuel', ON. brandr 'a loanword from ON. broddr 'spike, firebrand', sw. dan. brand a fireshaft' (= OE. brord 'spike', ohg. brand, fire'. From teut. brinnan brort 'edge'). The teut. base burn. brandish vb, me.
=
=
=
brozda- answers to OIR. brot vb. 'boast'
brag
'sting'.
me. bra{g)ge\
—
braitndisshc braundissc;
from FR. brandiss-
in
loanword
brandir
(=
akin to ofr. bragiier 'flaunt, brave, it. brandire^ 'brandish'. Source Source doubtful. a teut. brand 'sword' E. brand brag'. braid vb. 'weave' me. breide 'sword' OE. brand, ON. brandr, OE. br'cyian "move to and fro, mhg. brant 'blade of a sword'. weave' osax. br'egdan lg. brandy short for brandywinc DU. brandewijn, G. brantewcin breideri, ohg. br'cttan mhg. l>rctteii,
=
=
— =
,
ON.
bregda 'draw, pull, weave, braid'; orig. 'move quickly'; but
'brandy',
lit.
'burnt wine'.
brass me. bras oe.
brces. lat. mlg. breideii 'knit'. Cp. bridle. ferr urn, if {ox ferso- aryax bherso-, is ccyisidered akin to the teut. brain ime. brain OE. bra:-^en DU. brein, lg. bregen 'brain'. The base brasa- in OE. brccs. TEUT. base bragena- 'brain', if brat 'a child' perh. ident. witli from an aryan mrogh-, is com- ME. OE. bratt 'a coarse cloak': pared with gr. ^Qf^iioc 'fore- orig. a Celt, word, cp. GAEL. ir. w. brat brat 'a cloak, mantle' head' (for * II [)!/-)
=
—
brake perh. trunk
'a
cogn. ?
me. brake; w. lg. brake 'tree-
thicket'
'a
rag, a jnuafore'.
brave borrowed from fr. brave, whence also DU. hraaf, G. brav.
brawn
brawn me. hi-aun
braivn 'muscle,
orig. "^braoun braborrowed from ofr. b?-aon
hf)ar's hibr.
flesh';
a piece of flesh, muscle'. Source a TEUT. brado ace. bradim ^=
OHG. brato MHG. brate 'a slice of bread' and also like g. braten
*
breeze
27 'break'
\fbrek
(aryan
bhre£)
cp. LAT.//77//^^; {\nQ.\..fregi) 'break',
breakfast me. brc'kefaste: prop, 'breaking one's fast, the first meal of the day by which the fast is broken'.
bream me. brrm: loanword from FR. brhnc; source a teut. meat', G. braten, DU. braden 'roast'; braxtna in OHG. brahs'ima mhg. in LG. dial, an OSAX. brddo braesefn G. brass en osAX. 'muscle' is preserved (e. g-. westbressemo, DU. brasrni, osw. braxn, PHAL. icadbrae) cp. :mlg. bradc. DAN. brasen. braze^ vb. 'adorn with brass' breast :\ie. brcst short for me. ME. brdsc OE. brasian 'cover with brest OE. breast osax. briost, 'roast
meat',
OE. brckdan
'roast
=
;
deriv. of
brass':
OE. brces\ cp.
brass. braze"^ vb. 'harden':
loanword
=
OERis. briast, ox. brjost; akin to
GOTH,
brnsts
plur.
,
DU.
borst,
OFRIS. bnrst (and briast), G.brnst:
from ox. brasa 'harden by fire'. TEUT. bases brenst- brust-. breach iiE. brechc: adapt, of breath .me. breth oe. brdd FR. brechc. Source tlie teut. vb. 'breatli odor'; akin to OHG. brckaii br e a k. bradam :mhg. brddem G. brodeni bread me. bred late oe. bread broden 'steam, vapor, exhalation'. ^= OHG. brid G. hrbd, osAX. brbd.^ breech 'buttocks' .me. brech oe. nu. brood, lafe ox. brand. The brec. Orig. ident. with breeches Teut. base bran-da- is deriv. fr. the \^ brn in E. broth and (»a pair of breeches«) me. :
=
,
brech
breche; the corresp. oe. teut. word for brec plur. points to a sing, '^broc teut. (= hlaiba-'). =r DU. brock, OFRIS. brok (plur. OE. we find bread 'piece of
The
brew.
oriy.
bread was. loaf In
bread' and /w/'/vWhonev-comb'.
breadth
formed
after
breli),
OX. brok (plur. brdkr'), OHG.
MHG. bruoch.
The teut. base
length
is seemingly secondary th from brddo 'breadth': connected with g.\ll.-la r. brdca for the legs'. abstract noun formed from broad 'clothing breed vb. .mi;, brede oe. brcdan with umlaut (goth. braidei, OHG. =^ DU. broeden ohg. brnoten WEsrpHAL.
strength with
ME.
brede
Cj).
OSAX.
'^-bredtha
str.
vb.
plur. brbkiz)
:\niG.
brileten
OE.
breit'i).
break
/'/('/'-
bredde,
from bred 'broad'.
vb. .me. brc'ke OE. brecan
=r DU.
breken
,
,
hatch',
GO rn.
G.
brilten
''brodjan
:
'brood, deriv. of
osAX. teut. brbda- see brood. breeze^ 'a strong wind synon. G. brise, d.\n. bris: source
brekan, ohg. brehhan G. brechen, GOTH, brikan. With the teut.
=
28 FR.
breeze
brisc
SPAN,
'the
north
wind'
brim
-
^=^
brisa.
ME. brideg07ne into e. bridegroom is due to the influence oi groom.
breeze- 'gadfly' inie. brese oe. bridge me. briggc oe. brycg r= Connection with G. brcmse OFRis. brigge du. <5r«<^, ohg, and bref/te (ohg. br'unisa bremd) bnicka G. briicke (goth. *brugja is doubtful. *brugjo). Thecorresp. ON.bryggJa brew vb. ME. brewe oe. breowan (also LG. briigge, northfris. DU. brouwen, OHG. str. vb. brilckc bragJi) and germ, (dial.) With the signify 'pavement, floor'; and oe. briuwan G. braueii. TEUT. \fbru (Aryan bhru bhrcii) brycgian inie. brigge and nfris. 'brew' are related phryg.-thrac. braghin, mlg. bri'iggen signify to which prob. [^ovTOi' 'beer, cider, breosa.
,
=
pave'.
stands for gr. '*(povvov, also lat. dcfrntmn 'must boiled down', oiR. bruthe 'broth'
—
heat'
— bruth
bruith
'live
'cooking'.
brcii d.
"briidi)
:= OSAX.
odu.
LG. brini, du. I'riiid, ohg. mhg. brut G. brant, on. briidr; goth. briips
means
=
ohg. brittil for from the TEUT. Cp. vb. brcgdan 'pull' under braid. Akin to OSLOV. bruzda 'Bridle'
coals,
bridal, see bride. bride me. bride oe. bryd (from '^brydi
bridle me. oe. bridel older oe. briylel briylil deriv. '^brictil:
in lat.
(Aryan \P blireghdh also
frcnum brief
'bridle'?). 'short' adj.
borrowed from IT.
brcvc
=
me. bref: fr. bref (span.
lat.
brexiis
'short').
'daughter-in-law'
brief sb. 'a commission, do(but briip-faps 'bridegroom') cument' ME. bref; cp. du. g. OSAX. briid is 'the newly married ohg. briaf and the corbridal brief as e. bride. wife' OFR. bref 'an official responding ME. br id-die oe. bryd-ealo: lit. document'. Orig. ident. with bride oe. ^bride-ale bryd (me. brief adj. and ME. die oe. ealo). In ger:m. brier 'a prickly shrub' me. brere dialects, we find kindelbier 'bapOE. brdr brer 'a bramble'. tism'. bridegroom me. brideME. bright oe. beorht gome OE. brydgufna ^= synon. bright osAX. 'briglft, white, clear' bruidedu. OSAX, briidigtitno ;
—
—
=
,
gomo, ohg. briitigomo :mhg. briicteon. brudgome G. brimtigam ,
gume
(goth. bn^ip-faps).
The
berht,
ohg.
'bright'.
b'eraht,
Akin
'shine, glisten'
;
goth.
bairhts
:\ilg.
brehefi
to
cp. skr. bhargas
second element of these com- 'brightness pounds (oE. goth. guma, ohg. brim me. britn; perh. ident. gomo 'man' is related to LAT. witli OE. brim 'ocean surf homo from ixdo-teut. ghomo?i). on. brim 'surf; cp. the name of .
,
The
phonetical development of the city of Bremen.
=
brimstone
brimstone me. bremton stone':
=
brimstdn earlier
on. brennisteinn 'brimderiv. of me. brenne
b u r n.
brine me. brine 'salt liquor' DU. brijn MDU. brine.
= =
brook
29
brock
'a
(=
brocc
badger' me. dan. brok)
loanword;
cp.
GAEL.
broch,.
oe. celt.
l)rok
a
;
w. corn. bret.
IR.
MANX
broc
'a
badger (celt, base
brokko-, perh. ident. w. lat. broccus adj. 'having
bring vb. ilE. bringc OE. bringan prominent teeth' and ofr. broc == OHG. OSAX. bringan G. bringen, 'spit, point'). broil vb. iiE. <5;WZ?; adapt, of GOTH, briggan; cp. DU. brengen, OSAX. brengian, OE. brengan 'bring': TEUT. \fbreng brang. brink .me. brink 'edge'; cp. on. lg. brink. brekka from *b7-inkd brisk a celt, loanword; cp. w. brysg, GAEL. bri(o)sg 'quick, lively'. bristle :me. bristle older birstle OE. ^byrsiel: dimin. of oe. byrsi OHG. burst G. borste, DU. borste bristle'; akin to ohg. biirsta g. The teut. \fbors biirste 'brush'. ,
=
OFR. bruiller
ofr.
roast',
'broil,
bruir 'roast' seems to be ident.
with G. briihcn MHG.
broker
me.
pawnbroker' OFR.
who
DU.
brilejen,
foment'; cp. brood.
broeijen
;
br occur
brgcour
'pedlar,
from
loanword brokeor
'tapster
wine from the tap'; cp. FR. broche under broach. retails
brooch pin,
'broach'
peg,
:\IE.
brooch':
broche
'a
borrowed
(whence btir in burdock^ from FR. broche 'a spit, point'. an Aryan \fbhrs in skr. bhrsfi du. broed, brood :me. oe. brgd Cp. brush. 'point, prong'. OHG. MHG. bruot G. brut: appar. brittle me. britel oe. "^'brytel: formed with dental suffix from formed with suffix -il (oe. el cp. the TEUT. \(~brd in G. briihen, breotan 'break' nimble^ from oe. DU. brocien. Cp. breed. :=: on. 'break'. burs
=
is
=
brjoia
brook -ME. brpk oe. broc 'bore, DU. broek, ]MLG. brbk LG. brook on broche spur, spit, tap' (setten ohg. bruoh(h) mhg. 'set a-broach, tap' ^= fr. mettrc 'marsh, pool*, en brochc\'a.\> a barrel') er. broeher bruoch G. bruch 'marsh, bog'; connected with the 'broach, pierce' and broche 'a possibly TEUT. \f brek 'break' in break. broach
vb.
me.
brgche
;
l)roach,
spit'.
broad me. brod
oe.
brad
=
brook
vb. 'put
up
with'
me.
DU. breed, G. bro{o)ke brouke oe. briican 'use, DU. osAX. briikan sw. dan. bred, enjoy' ON. brcit, breidr, GOTH, braids 'broad': prob. from gebruiken, OHG. brilhhan mhg. a PRE-TEUT. wraito-, akin to an bruchen G. brauchen 'use, need The preAryan \'~ nirit in skr. mrit 'fall GOTH, brtikjan 'use'. form of the to i)ieces' (therefore <^rc
OSAX. ailg. bred,
=
,
,
broom
\o
—
buckiam
brute borrowed from FR. brut ^fruvor for *frugvo?- and cp. lat. lat. adj. (fem. brute); source fruges. us. brut 'the [>yo7?i oe. broom me. plant buck vb. 'wash linen QDC. broan steep of the broom' 'broom'; perh. cogn. w. bramble. clothes in lye' me. bouke (oe.
=
,
=
dan. byge, sw. byka, broth :me. bi-oth oe. brod =^ '*biuiaii) ON. brod, OHG. brod: deriv. from NORW. boukja, icel. bauka, mhg. The teut. biichen g. bauehen. the \^ brU under brew.
brother
=
aie.
brother oe.
DU. broeder
OHG.
brodor vb.
osAX. brothar,
,
:\IHG. briioder G. bruder, ox.
biikbii
{bukjaii)
is
based on
The (cp. bucket). Ro:\L FR. buer, it. bucare 'wash' oe.
bile
from Teut. goth. brbpar 'brother'. are borrowed bukkc OE. bueea; ME. sb. buck The TEUT, base brbper- (Aryan osax. the LAT. to buck, fris. synon. cp. bhrater-^ corresponds frater skr. bhratar- OSLOV. \i\:.bok, OHG. :suiG. bot(ek) G.boek, ON. bukkr bokkr, s\v. /^t;^/^,, dan. gr. bratni\ brodir
,
,
,
cp.
ifouroia. browc brilwc oe. bril;
buk 'a he-goat, ram, buck(deer)', GOTH, ''^bukks '^bukka: ident. w. 'eyebrow' and skr. GAEL, boc, oiR. boec, cy:mr. boch bruvi osLov. GR. o(f^hc, bhrii, 'buck' from a celt, base bukko'brow'. (whence fr. bouc OFR. boc) and brown :\ie. broun oe. brhiv w. ARMEX. buc 'lamb', avest. biiza DU. MLG. OHG. :MHG. OFRIS. brt'lll, TheiXDOThe teut. buck' (ARYAN M%?). ox. brilnii. bruin TEUT. base bhiigo- is perh. conname of the color passed into nected with the root oi fugio, spax. ir. ROM. (fr. bran GR. (ftvyw 'flee'; hence buck may briino 'brown') and lith. (bru/ias iiave signified orig. 'fugitive'. The proper stem of 'brown'). bucket 'a kind of pail' ME.
brow
cp. ox.
:\ie.
bri'iii
=
y
=
Aryan
blir-iiiio-
in lith.
appears
beras 'brown' (see bear sb.) and reduplicated in skr. babhrii-s
'reddish-
brown'
whence
deriv.
from
oe.
biie
with the dimin. sulfix
'a -et.
buckle me. boket: adapt, of fr. whence also G. bucket. loanword Source med.-lat. buc{c)ula 'a
(see beaver').
bruise vb. me. brilse: from OFR. bruser (fr. 'break',
boket: pit>;her'
boucle,
briser)
oe. brysan 'break'.
beaver, shield',
buckler me. bokeler: adapt, of bruit 'a FR. bouclier OFR. boeler bucler rowed from fr. bruit 'noise'. mhg. DU. also beukelaar, 'a brush sb. me. hrusshe brush', (whence borrowed buckeler, ox. buklari). Cp. buckle. 'brush-wood': oriiif. rumor' me.
from OFR.
wood,
l>rilt:
bor-
broee fr. brosse brusli-
brush'.
=
me. bokeram bukeram OFR. bouqueran boucaran (fr.
buckram
=
buckwheat
bougran, mhg. buckerani). Source history unknown. du. bockweit, buckwheat
and
=
burn
31
on. byrdr, goth. of the teut. baurpei: \'^ ber in bear\ cp. skr. bhrti
burdi G.
bilrde, all
deriv.
=
MLG. bbkwete, G. biiclnveizcii, dan. oiR. brith the carrying' and boghvcde: lit. 'beech-wheat' from see birth. the resemblance of its seeds to burden- 'the refrain of a song' the mast of the beech-tree. The ME. burdoun: loanword from fr. E. word is of continental origin. botcrdon, orig. 'a drone-bee' {= SPAN, bordon, it. bordonc 'a drone' Cp. beech. bud -MK. Imddc] pcrh. akin to from LAT. burdo 'a drone') cp. iR. bouton, DU. bot 'bud'. History MLG. bardun 'tenor; a musical and source uncertain. instrument'. ;
bugle biigle:
'a
a horn'
buffalo,
borrowed from ofr.
me. bugle
burgess
:\ie.
loanword burgcis fr. bourgeois :
from OFR. burgeis
wild ox' (lap. hucnlus, dimin. (lat. type burgcusis from burgus of bos 'an ox'). The meaning 'town). burgher borrowed 'horn' is short for 'bugle-horn'. from DU. burger ==; mlg. borgcre, build vb. short forME. bilde (pret. OHG. burgar i :\IHG. burgcere burger 'a
—
OK. '"byldan (pret. bylde^
G. burger deriv. of teut. burgvowel mutation from cp. borough. OE. bold 'house' which goes back, burial :mi-:. buriel biricl prop. as shown by the older oe. botl buriels biriels oe. byr~^els 'tomb' deriv. bodl, by metathesis to a I'Eur. (^ OSAX. burgisli 'tomb') DU. boedel, from the OE. vb. byry.in (oSAX. bo-pla- (=r ox. bol OS AX. bodlos plur. OFRis. bodel ^burgian); cp. bury. bilde)
:
;
deriv. with
:
,
,
bold.
OF.,
byldan
TEur. bupljan.
(J?ytlan) is i'eut. bopla-
a
=
burin 'an engraver's tool' borrowed from fr. burin; perh. of :
ARYAN
bhii-tlobelongs to the Teut. origin; cp. ohg. bora indo-teut. \^bha 'dwell, reside' borer' (see under bore). (cj).
the
be, bower and ARYAN //- suffix
booili).
For
cp. needle. OE. only in
burly Mi>:. Akin
lice.
'a
burli borli OE. *//«;-
to
org. buro-
'very'
bull ME. bule\ in burolatig borahmg Very long' dimin. bullae me. e. bulloek; and perh. to SKR. bhuri 'much'? burn vb. ME. berne oe. bcernan cp. tlie synon. du. bul, lg. bulle, OX. bo/u, DAN. boll 'a castrated bull'; bernan tr. {Jiyrnan intr.). Cp.
=
LITH.
synon. ^^1G. brinnen intr. and causative brentien; G. brcnnen SCAXD. loanword, is uncertain. intr. and tr., goth. brinnan intr. burden 'a load' ME. birthen and braniijan tr. Only one n beOE. bxrden == OSAX. burthiimia longs to the teut. \fbren, as burden cp. the equival. ohg. shown by bryne 'conllagration'. bulliis
Whether the 1
;
is
E.
primit. related. bull is orig. a
its
burnish
^2
niss-,
butter
'a support for a woman's borrowed from FR. busc the stem of certain parts busque orig. 'the whole bodice',
burnish vb. :me. burnisshe loanword from ofr.
nisse:
—
=
bur-
bur-
busk
stays'
prob. a corruption of bust. buss^ 'a herring-boat' ME. Imsse du. kardborre 'a burdock', dan, borre, OE. butse (in butsecarlas) The N.FRis. bor, HELGOL. borrctt 'bur- bids, OHG. biizo, on. buza. dock'. OE. '-^Imrre, if for teut. Rom. shows similar words: med.'a kind of boat', burzo?i-, may be deriv. from the LAT. bussa buscia Source TEUT. M'^bors in G. borste; cp. OFR. busse buse buce. of burnir brunir burr ME. biiri'e
'a
fr. brunir.
bur'; cp.
sw.
unknown.
bri stle.
burst vb. ME.
berstc OE. berstan;
cp. synon. OSAX. brcstan, lg. du. bersten, G.
ohg. v''
break'
bury byriian
Irr'estan
mhg.
on. bresta.
bersten,
Aryan
=
''^/^?'f^
for
{ss
vb.
'tomb' burial, teut.
byr'^en
—
dial, bussen
of reverence'; perh. orig. a chilan dish onomatopoeia. brissif/i bust from FR. buste {= IT. span.
whence
busto), (^/r?V
/5/^rz
byrj^aii \vk.
G.
br'esten
i-/").
iiE.
=
cp. also span, buz 'a kiss
Cp.
OIR.
in
buss'-^ 'kiss' 'kiss';
oe.
vb.; akin to OE. byriels
biirgjan
under
belongs
also G.
bustle vb. ME.
biis4c.
bustele
'wander akin
blindly or stupidly': perh. to G. (dial.) pusseln 'bustle Inistla 'bustle'?
,
icel.
=
perh. with OE. beorg 'mound, place of burial' to the ^'E?J'X.\'~ b'erg in GOTH, bairgan, DU. G. bergen, OE.
du. oe. bisi'i^ base teut. ^'to/^frtr-. bezig, -LG.bcsig: but ME. bate shortened for biiten
beorgan 'protect, shelter, secure'. bury in place-names see bo-
OE. biitan conj. 'except' du. 'besides, without'
rough.
'except'.
bush
ME. /^z^.y^ older /^z/.f-^; ident. du. Imsk G. busch bosch bos and a ROM. bosco (= with FR.
OHG.
bois,
,
IT.
bosco^.
busy
IME. bisy
=
— prep,
buiten
Contr. from be-utan; cp. G. ausser and e. out. butcher me. bpcher earlier bou-
chcr:
borrowed from
Uncertain 'on^ who
kills
=
FR. bojicher
he-goats' (deriv.
whether of Teut. or of Lat. origin. of FR. bouc bucli). bush 'a thicket' me. busch busk butler ME. buteler bot{e)lcr fr. OHG. busc G. busch, du. bosch', OFR. bouteiller: deriv. of bottle. butt borrowed from ofr. boute, akin to fr. bois, it. bosco. Orig. derived as lat. *lmxicum from FR. botte (= SPAN, bota, it. botte) Akin to oe. bytt 'a butt, cask'. boxl LAT. buxus busk vb. 'get one's self ready' "hose, a leather bottle', ohg. Imiin
=
=
ME.
buske
'prepare one'self: of G.
biltte.
butter Scand. origin; cp. ON. biiask 'prebutore Cp. bou7id adj. pare'.
=
iiE.
butere
oe.
buterc
G.
butter,
du.
boter,
buttock
LG.
— butterfly = uu.
^
vlieg;
bow] bilgan meaning was 'obedient, obliging'. Akin to DU. buigzaatn,
boter-
cp. g. dial, buttervogel
=
from OE.
the old
gr.
yiE.butter-
fiie OE. butor-fieoge
33
caitiff
source lat. butifnwi sum
hotter',
(cp. FR. beiirrc, it. burro) ,iovrv(jov.
—
G.
biegsam 'submissive'. vb. HE. bie earlier
buy
'a
=
bigge
and the G. dial, syno- OE. bycgan 'purchase' OSAX. nyms milchdieb and molkenstchler. buggian, GOTH, bugjan 'buy'. buttock :me. buttok with dimin. buzzard -ME. biisard short for suffix (cp. hillock) fr. ofr. hot biisard: loanword from FR. busard butterfly'
(fi?..
'an end';
bout)
fr. bouton
'a
buttress
'a
:
borrowed LAT.
bud, a button'.
support' (in architecture) 'si'E. butcras butres: borrowed from OFR. boutcrets, prop. l)lur. of bouteret 'a buttress'; cp. FR.
boter
buxom
bouter yiY..
FR. dial, caboche kahids),
IT.
OHG.
'thrust,
prop'.
buxom older
earlier cabbache
cabbage
;
DU.
ME. OE.
=byOSAX.
!
bi
tion with GR.
LAT.
ai.i(f)i.^
from
kojnbuis, FR. cambuse.
G. kappes capuceio oritif. deriv. of lat,
as prefix)
be-
(but
OHG. INIHG, bl G. fe', DU, <^zy; GOTH, bl means 'round, round about' and thus connec-
becomes
= fr. cabus (du.
(:=:
hvLzzsLvd), whence also buizerd, G. bushart. bi'iteo
ibich-
,
kabu-^ caput 'head'.
by-form of fr. buse 'buzzard'
cp. butt-end.
button ME. butouu
innbi-
possible.
Prob. akin
to e. cabin.
cackle vb. mk. kakle kakclen,
G.
DAN. kagle
= du. lg.
s\v.
kakeln,
kackla,
Onomato-
'cackle'.
cabin me. caban: borrowed poetic formations. from FR. cabane =^ it. med.-lat. cage ME. edge: adapt, of fr. Source and capanna 'a cabin'. IT. gabbia gaggia dial. cage history unknown. cabbia] source lat. cdvea, whence cable ME. ciible (= g. uu. s\v. also OHG. clievia g. kdpig 'cage'.
=
i»AN. kalcl)
Source
:
lat.
adapt, of fr. cable. capuhcm 'a ro|ie'
(lat. capere 'take, hold).
caboose
ident. with du. kabuis, G. kabiisc, dan. kabys. Earlier E. form covdwosc ident. with \^\j. English Etvmoi.ogv.
cairn borrowed frcnn Gael. \v.
cam
caitiff
'a
pile,
ME.
ir.
rock'?
caitif
a
loanword from
captive'
:
OXFR. caitif 'a wretch' (whence also du. katijvig ODU. catijf caitijf) fr. cMtif
=
34
cajole
vile'
'mean,
cattivo
(it.
—
=
lat. cauquer 'tread' (source lat. calcare 'tread down'). call vb. ME. calle oe. (c. 950) 'coax'
captlviis 'captive'),
^
fr. cajolfr cajole vb. (oiR. cageoler 'chatter like a bird in a cage, prate', deriv. of fr. r=-
cage
E.
camphor
callian
(once misspelled r^'^z/Z/c/;/): a SCAND. loanword cp. on. kalla
name'
'say, call,
cage).
kaldc
cake iNtE. ccike oe. ''"caca (inferred from the dimin. formation kallen,
(sAv. kalla,
ident.
'call'):
ohg.
kallon;
with cp.
dan. DU. skr.
OE. Cecil cicel, teut. base kakila-) \^gir 'call, praise'. callous from LAT. callosus 'hardON. SAV. kaka, DAN. kage 'cake'. skinned (lat. callus 'hard skin'). Akin to OSAX. koko, DU. koek, sc. callow adj. me. calowe calu oe. cooky (also oe. cdcil ime. kechel DU. kaal, ohg. from the dimin. goth. '''kdkila-), calu (caha-) OHG. kuocho G. kiichen. The base kalo (infl. kalawer') g. kahl: an lat. calvus kakaii- kokan- is genuine teut. early lat. loanword fr. chauve, it. span. (whence jNIE, borcaudroim: ca(u)ldron calvd), which is of Aryan Origin rowed from AFR. ^^caiidroim (cp. SKR. kulva, avest. kaourva c alderone
=
=
=
=
FR. chaiidron
{= it.
'a
Source lat.
large kettle').
r«/-
'callow')
calm
.
cahne (= du. kalvi) of from FR. calnie (= SPAN. ir. modern spelling is inserted in calma 'calmness, still weather). imitation ofLAT. (Scotch still caii- Source med.-lat. caitma'\h.ii heat of the sun' gr. y.avjLia 'great droii) / being due to association heat', calf^ -ME. calf oe. cealf^ osax. w. i>AT. calor. DU. LG. sw. calf, ON. kdlfr, ohg. cambric borrowed from fr. G. kall)\ GOTH, has only a fern. so called from Camhrai kalho 'heifer' (ohg. chalba G. ca7td)ray, kalhe f. 'a Outside of (flem. du. Kamcrijk'), a town of 'a
^/czrzVz
kettle
for
{caldus calidus 'hot).
hot
water'
The
jNIE.
/
=
.
calf). TEUT., there is a series of words with the base glbh- in skr.
womb, an embryo', 'womb' and its deriv.
garbha
'the
GR.
—
young
pig'.
n(?rthern
France where
made
tirst
tuck).
(hence
—
it
was
kaninur-
See arras and law 11-.
camp borrowed 'field,
G.
army'
from fr. camp
= lat. campus
campaign
from
fr.
'field
.
ca»i-
perh. adopt, of pa{i)giic 'an open field, a miHsw. tary campaign'. kalvc kalf (J>€7t-kalf) 'calf of the leg'. camphor borrowed from fr, it. canfora, G. kafnpfr, ca(u)lk vb. j\iE. cauke 'tread caniphrc as a cock borrowed from OFR. DU. kanifcr. calf2
ON.
iiE.
kdlf
calf;
=
NORW.
,
=
:
can
can
=
vb. me. oe. can
card
goth. DU.
35
Source lat. cappa;
kap'cdc^'').
OSAX. OHG. kafz G. katm. ident. with cape^ and cope. The TEUT. vb. hmtian is akin to cape^ 'M^.cdpc: borrowed from keen: the ARYAN y",^^;/ see under ONFR. cape (= IT. lat. cappa 'a /;afi//,
know. can sb.
oe. canne
:me.
= du.
cloak,
ident. with cap.
cape'):
kati
cape- 'a headland' borrowed a pot, mug', OHG. kanna g. kan?ie, from FR. cap 'cape, headland, The head' ox. kanna, goth. *kannd. G. kap, it. capo. Source TEUT. word passed into fr. (ofr. lat. caput 'head'.
=
canne fr. dimin. canette
=
canary
'a
jug).
span, canario
'bird'
caper from
fr.
(=
cdpre
it.
DU. kapper, o. kapcr^: FR. canari\ cp. G. kanarien- source lat. capparis. vogel 'canary-bird', dan. canariecapon ME. cdpoun late OE. (c. fitgl, sw. canariefogel, du. kanarie- looo) capini fr. oxfr. capon (fr. so named vogel 'canary-bird'; source I-AT. cappo(nem), chapon') after tlie Canary islands. whence also G. kapaun and OHG. candle mk. candle candel oe. kappo. candel: early loanword fr. lat. captain :me. capitain from fr.
=
capper 0,
:
whence
catidela,
Cp. cliandelicj-
cane
:\if.
FR. canne
also it. candela. .
cane:
=
canker
borrowed from canna
it.
chancre^
whence
cancre
me.
onfr. source
fr. :
also o.
'a reed,
late
cancre
oe.
(fr. cancer,
lat. du. hanker org.
kanhir.
canon FR.
(gr.
deriv.
capitanus,
a cane', lat. canna. cancer
(lat.
capitaifie
Ident. w. chieftain.
'head').
car
type capitaneus of lat. caput
i\iE.
carre (by-form charre)
:
borrowed from onfr. carre (fr. char^. Source LAT. -GALL, carrus IR.
(p.RET.
AV. carr^ 'chariot', also it. carro, du. kar,
whence
OHG. charra charro
'cart' G.
karre
karrcn.
me.
canon. y.(i)'('
canoun: adapt, of caraway borrowed from fr. Source lat. canoti carvi irr- it. carvi lat. careuvi 'a rule, standard of 'caraway'; cj). xyv.karioij, G.karl>c. ,
ii)
right'.
canvas me.
can{e)vas
(=
du.
kanefaSy G. cannevas kanevas, sw. kanfass, dax. kannevas): borrowed from OXFR. canevas (lat. type
canahacms
,
deriv.
of
cannabis
carbuncle :\rE. carhuclc: borrowed from OXFR. carbuncle carboucle (fr. escarboucle; ident. with it.
caroonchio,
of car bo.
(=
fr. carte
'cloak' G. kappe.
o. 'a
glowing coal, gem,
'hemp'). cap MK. cappe oe. cappe 'cloak'
OHG. kappa
karbonkel,
carbunculus
v>'\:.
i-.vr.
karbunkeiy.
card
^
iME.
card:
'a
boil',
dimin.
borrowed from
card,
ticket, :\'
bill,
car d2
36
map,
ident.
chart;
DU.
with
Source
kaart, G. karte, it. carta.
LAT. c{h)arta 'a card, paper'. card^ ME. carde: adapt, from FR. carde; ident. with the synon. DU. kaarde, ohg. charta G. karte, SPAN, tarda, it. cardo 'a card'. Source lat. carduus 'a thistle'.
care
:me. care
oe.
cam
(cearii)
=
OSAX. 'sorrow, suffering, grief OHG. kara 'lament' (g. kar- in karfreitag 'Good Friday"; karwoche 'Passion week')
kara 'sorrow'.
mhg. g. goth.
=
A
cashier.
cai'iage (fr. charriage), e. carry. carier
=
carrion
:me.
deriv. of
=
carion caroitie
DU. karonje) cp. also me. crone, ODU. kronie: adapt, of onfr. caroignc
(ofr.
charogne');
carcass'
fr.
=
charoigne
fr.
lat. type caronia caro
'a
'flesh'.
carry vb. me. carie: adapt, from onfr. carier (fr. charrier'); lat. type car r kar e 'carry' (lat. carries 'a cart, car'; cp. car^. cart me. cart fr. o^.kartr; ident.
cognate vb. w. oe. crcet plur. cratu 'chariot' (meaning 'sigh') is preserved in DU. krat 'hind])art of a cart': OHG. qiicran (goth. *qaira/i). of Celt, origin; cp. oiji. cret C\). chary. 'a wain-body. carol ME. Carole 'dance, song' cartridge with intensive r for from OFR. Carole 'a kind of dance, also a carol or Christmas song'. cartidge, a corruption oi cartouche
=
Of
CELT, origin (bret. koroll 'a a carol', dance', Manx carval
w. carol
'a
song',
gael.
=
FR.
cartouche
'cartridge',
(it.
cartoccio
deriv. of lat. cha7'ta
carull 'paper').
carve vb.
kerve oe.
ceorfan 'melody, harmony'). DU. kerven, G. kerben 'notch, du. karper, carp :\ie. carpe OHG. charpho karfo G. katpfen, indent' (goth. '^kairfan, ohg. ON. karfe, s\v. karp, dan. karpc. '^•k'erban not found). The s" kerf Ident. with late lat. carpa fr. appears in GR. ytjdrpfo 'scratch, \>trite'. it. span, carpe, carpa. case^ ME. cds case: borrowed carp vb. ME. rc?;^!'!? carp at, talk, FR. cas (span. it. caso 'cirfrom of on. say adapt, karpa 'boast, Source The present meaning cumstance, chance'). brag'. LAT. casus. is an of the outgrowth prob. dice cdsse: adapt, case'-^ ME. associated idea in lat. carpere from ovK.casse FR. caisse; source
=
=
t^ie.
=
:
"pluck'.
LAT. capsa 'box, cover'. carpenter me. carpenter: borrowed from ONFR. carpentier (fr. cash from fr. casse. Hence Source lat. car- Cashier sb. charpe?ttief'). cashier vb. dismiss from serpcittum 'carriage'. :\ie. vice' carid^e 'burden, carriage (= G. kassireti): from fr. baggage': borrowed from onfr. casscr 'discharge'.
caution
cask
37
cask borrowed from fr. casque chacepof)
cp. G. Jmnervogt title a of tax-gatherer. (= cater sb. yuL.catour acatour achahelmet'). casket corrupted from fk. cas- toiir 'a buyer of provisions a sette "a small casket', dimin. of caterer': source oner. rt-^a/^ fr. achat 'a buying, purchase', whence FR. casse 'a chest, box'. cassock: adapt.fromFR.^a^a^?^^ FR. acheter. Orig. lat. type span. accaptare. (it. casacca 'an outer coat, casaca 'a great-coat, surtout). caterpillar earlier form late me. cast vb. ME. caste', a Scand. caterpcl corrupted from ofr. 'a
cask, helmet'
;
it. casco 'a
,
loanword; cp. ox. sw. /&(7^A7, dax. kastc 'throw'.
caste
breed, race'
'a
= G.kaste,
-\-
peleuse (lat. pilosus)
borrowed from span. caterwaul
FR. caste:
casta 'breed, race, caste'. castle OiiE. late oe. caste/ (also ]\IE.
chatepeleuse 'a weevil' lit. 'a hairy she-cat': ofr. chate 'a she-cat'
castf't
=
ODU.
DU.
kasteet)
the
E.
'hair}-'.
—
catcrwawe shows word cat in an extended ime.
form like caterpillar; me. 7va7C'e 'make a noise' is imitative. catkin dimin. of cat; cp. G.
castle, village': borrowed (c. looo) fr. osvv.. castel (pvK. chastel kdtzchcn 'catkin'.
'a
=
FR. chdteaii).
Source lat.
ca-
cattle ME. cat(l (chatel,
whence
chattel) borrowed from oner. cat :me. oe. cat (tt): borrowed catel (ofr. chatel); source med.from OIR. CORN, cat or from lat. cap/tale 'capital, i)ro})erty'. ONFR. cat (fr. chat') and ident. caudle me. caudcl: borrowed fr. with G. katze, on. kgttr, norw. from ONFR. caudel (chaudel deriv. s w. katta. The word (base catties') chaiideaii) 'a warm drink' is in use in the Teut. Rom. Celt, of fr. chaud 'hot' (i,Ar. caldus
stellum.
E.
:
=
;
lat.
cattus 'cat'.
calidus 'warm'). cause ME. cause:
cazar, it. cacciare), whence also ODU. caetsen 'to chase' du.
wa}>)
languages;
cp.
late
catta
adapt, from catch vb. ME. cacche (with the FR. cause (by-form chose) 'a cause, earlier by-form c(chen): borrowed thing' =^ it. lat. causa. from O'SVK.cac/ier (= fr. chasser, causeway causey corruption
si> A^.
of causey (due to confusion with MI-:, cause irom onfr. cauce
'play ball'. "caj>tiare
=
=
and mlg. katzen (whence also odu. casseie) Source a lat. type FR. chaussie: lat. type {inci) "^calciata 'a paved (way)' fr. calciare captare 'catch'.
kaatsen 'play ball'
Hence catchpoll
—
me.
cacchepol 'pave.
late OE. ccecepol prop, 'catcher caution y\Y..cauciou7i: borrowed of poultry' (cp. fr. poiile under from vv.. caution (rr. cauzioiie) ONFR. *cac/iepo/ (ofr. lat. cajitio 'caution'. poult)
=
=
;il49S
,
cave
58
cave ME.
—
from fr.
cave: adapt,
(^IT. cavd)\ source
cave'^. cave'
champion
chair me.
chaire:
adapt,
from
FR. chaire (ofr. cha-ere)', source LAX. cathedra (gr. yM&sdoa) 'a
LAX. cavus 'hollow'. cease me. cesse ccse: adapt, of chair, seat'. chalice :m£. c(h)alice: borrowed it. lax. cessai'e. FR. cesser fr. ceil ciel me. cele selc vb. lit. from OFR. chalice {calice source la r. 'emboss' from an earlier syle cyll calice, ix. calice) From 'a canopy': source fr. ciel\ ca- cdlic-, stem oi calix 'a cup
=
=
:
.
nopy' (fr. ciel, SPAN. 'heaven, canopy, roof
avium 'heaven'). cerge :\ie. cerge; ;
certain me.
=
lat.
the same source also oe. cdlic, OSAX. kelik, DU. kelk, ohg. kelih G.
FR. ciergc (ix. cero) cereus 'a wax taper'.
rowed from
cielo
IT.
kelch.
chalk me. chalk oe. cealc 'chalk, adapt, from DU. G. kalk, on. sw. source lax. lime'
=
DAN. kalk: early loanword from bor- LAT. calc- stem of calx 'lime-
cert em certain:
(=
FR. certain
ix.
certanii) of cert us.
chafe ME.
w. elu7u/e \wa.rm
of FR. chauffer t}'pe caleficarc
;
:
adapt,
source a LAX.
{= lax. calefacere')
(whence also fr.
stone, chalk'
irorm.AT. ce?-tanus, deriv. chaux,
ir.
calce,
ir.
gael.*
cailc,
calch
lime'). challenge sb.
'claim': adapt,
me.
chalenge
from ofr. chalen-
gier; cp. ix. calogna 'accusation'
^::^'LXt.calumnia 'a slander, false 'make warm'. chafer me. '^clidfer oE. ceafor: accusation'. chamber :\ie. chamnbrc: borXEUX. base kafru-; cp. the synon. DU. kever, ohg. ch'cvaro G. kiifer rowed from FR. r/z(?w/'r(? cp. ir. lax. ca?nera camara (goxh. '^kifra '^'kafrus). Perh. camera
=
chaff
is
cognate. chaf oe. ceaf (= du. LG. kaf^\ akin to oviQ>.cheva 'pod, husk' and perh. to chafer. chaffer :\ie. chaff'ere chaffare
chaff
riiE.
earlier chap-fare
=
OE. c&ap 'a journey' also
bargain' ^ faru
'a
'business';
on.
cp.
kaupfgr
'a
journey'.
chaffinch tinch
prop,
'the
chaff-
sb.
:\ie.
chaine:
borrowed
from FR. chaine ofr. chaine
(=
LAX. catena^; ident. with du.
keten,
room'; vault, a (vaulted) ident. w. du. kamer, ohg. chamara 'a
—
kammer 'chamber, office'. chamberlain me. chaumberlein borrowed from ofr. chambrelein
G.
:
chambrelenc
(span, cafftarlengo, camarlingo ca?nerle>igo) ident. w. :MED.-LAr. camar- ca7nerUngus, ohg. chamarlinc G. kaf/unerling, formed with suffix line and lax. IX.
;
camera.
.
chain IX.
;
oiiG. chetinna G.
kette.
champion rowed
kampioeii).
campione
MK.chautnpiowi: bor-
FR. champion (cp. du.
fr.
'a
lax. type caynpio, ix. combatant' {cafnpus
chance
—
duel'). From the same st)urce OE. cemj)a, ohg. chcmph{i)o
IT.
'a battle,
39
chaptei*
cantl'iare
source
cangiare)',
LAT. catnbiare 'change, exchange'. channel me. chanelle: adapt. olg. kevipio, ON. :NraG. kanpfe, from OER. chanel; ident. w. e. kappi 'warrior, hero'. chance me. chaunce'. adapt, of canal {= ER. SPAN, canal, IT. ER. chance
(whence also
canale, T)\:.kanaal, G. s\v. hanal).
mho.
chant vb. me. chaunte: adapt. G.schanze; but du. kaus fr. oxer. FR. chanter {= span, cantar, from cance): ofr. che-ance, it. cadenza IT. LAT. cantar e 'sing'). 'a cadentia a lat. to type point chap vb. me. chappe 'cut, chop' falling, chance' (esp. in dice:mdu. DU. happen, dan. kappe,
=
'
playing).
chancel me.
chauncel'.
from OFR. chancel
\
sw. kappa.
borrowed
chapel ME.
:med.-lat.6V?//-
from
plur. a grating, lattice-work', whence ohg. cancel/a chanzclla g.
ER.
cclli
— chan-
capclla,
chapele:
ohg.
borrowed
{=
chapelle
kapella
it.
G.
lat.
kapelle,
DU. DAN. kapel, sw. kapell). lat. of capa^ signified cellor :me. chauncelfr chaimseler: capella (dimin. 'a cape'; the chapel itself wiiere borrowed from Y\<.chancelier (lat. the cloak of St. Martin and other type cancellar'nis 'a chancellor', relics were preserved lirst oborig. 'an officer near the screen tained the name capella; then before the judge's bench', deriv. from the 7 '^ cent, the use of )f LAT. cancellus 'grating ). Ident. the word became general. Cp. w. ohg. chanciliwi :\ihg. kanzelcere kanzel'\i\A\n'Cy
du. hansel.
[
'
I
i
i
(
j
G. kanzler,
du. kanselier, dan. sw.
I
—
cape.
borrowspan. it. capellano, med.-lat. capellan, cclleric: adai)t. of Y'^.chancellerie 'the priest guardw. it. cancellerla, du. capcllanus, orig. (ident. ing the cloak of St. INIartin'). dan. canG. kanzlei, kanselarij, Cp. .MHG. kapelldn G. kaplan, ce Hi, s\v. kansli). DU. kapelaan, dan. sw. kapellan. chandelier from er. chandelier chapman me. chap?nan 'a merspan, candelero, it. candelliere) cViant' shortened for OE. ccapin vian ^= du. LAT. type candelarius also koopvian, ohg. choufDU. kandelaar; cp. candle. 7nan G. kaufmann. For OE. C(ap chandler me. chaundcler; loan'bargain, trade' cp. cheap. word fr. ER. chandelier 'a candlechapter me. chapitre: adapt, it. candemaker, candle-stick' lat. capituof FR. chapitre lajo: LAT. type candelarius. 'a lutn chapter of a book',
chankansler, ICEL. kanzcllari. cery ME. chauncerie earlier chaiui-
ch.Si'pldCin MV..chapelein:
cd from fr.
j
chapelain
{=
j
=
—
=
change
vh.yiK.ehaun^'e: adapt.
fromER. changer
(^=sv>A'S.canil>iar,
=
whence
also
of a book'.
G.
kapitel 'ciiapter
40
char
—
char vb. me. cherre OE. cyrran wk. vb. turn': teut. base karrjan or karzjanl See ajar. charge vb. me. charge; adapt, of FR. charger (it. caricare, med.-
cheek
{=
chdtier
span,
lat.
castigar
,
rr.
ident. w. G. castigare) chastise kasteien, ODU. castmi.
—
;
vb. ME.
shorter see chaste vb.
for the
chastise
chastie 'chasten';
chattel ]ME. chatel chetel, ident. car) deriv. of LAT. carries ^= car. charge w. cattle: source ofr. chatel. sb. ME. charge: adapt, from fr. chatter vb. me. chat(e)re (chitere) 'LX'X.carricare 'load a
—
;
charge (it. caricd) 'a load'. chariot me. chariot: borrowed
'chatter',
an imitative word.
chaudron
'entrails'
:
borrowed
dimin. of char from OFR. chaudim cauldun', ident. 'a car'. w. G. kaldaimen. The synon. Sicilian qiiadiwii. charity me. charite (cherite) bor- IT. caldtime rowed from FR. charifd (it. carita Cat. escaldimis point to vulgar LAT. caritatevi). LAT. *cahiih?ie?i. charm me. channc: borrowed cheap ME. chep 'trade, barter,
from FR.
chariot,
:
,
=
charme 'an enchantsource lat. cart/ien 'a song, enchantment'. chart ident. w. g. karie^ DU. kaart\ borrowed from fr. charte; source lat. charta. charter me. chartrc charter: adapt, of
from
I'R.
ment';
—
kop
,
;^
=
aSAX. OHG. hou/ G. hoop 'trade, traffic'; source lat.
price' OE. cc'ap
DU.
'price'
,
caupo 'huckster'. cheat vb. ME. chete
short
for
The meaning
eschete 'escheat'.
'defraud' was ushered in in the
1 6"' cent, on account of the of the escheaunscrupulousness paper'), chary :\ie. chdri oe. ccarii ters. Cp. escheat. 'full of care sad' OSAX. checker sb. me. cheker chekker{e) OHG. karag (Heliand modkarag 'a chess-board' short for eschekcr loanword from 'sad') 'full of care' G. karg 'slow 'the exchequer
FR.
chartrc
chartula
'a
'a
charter'
(lat.
little
^
,
:
OFR. eschcquier eschakier 'a chessfr. ichiquicr chase vb. :\ie. chdce chase: bor- board, exchequer' rowed from FR. chasser (Picard. {= IT. scacchiere , med. - lat. to give'.
cachier see
Cp. care.
=
under catcJi); lat.
—
chase captiare. chdce chase: adapt, from chasse it. caccia 'chase'. type
=
me. fr.
sca(c)cariiLni).
cheek me.
cheke oe. ceoce: teut.
base keukon also 'jaw-bone'
in ofris. tziake
(modern
=
soke^
;
akin to
eastfris. kukken chaste me. chaste: borrowed GOTH, kukjan from FR. cJiaste (it. casto lat. 'kiss'. But ME. chckc cheke OE. cectce castus chaste). chaste vb. 'jaw-bone' may also point to 'chastise' me. ^//^^i•//l? also chasty: v>\:.kaak ODU. cake 'cheek': teut.
—
adapt,
of OFR. chastier
=
=
fr.
base
kdkoii-
kekon-
;
cp.
mlg.
cheer
kake
and
'"kakd)
(fr.
kcke
—
(fr.
'gums, jaw-bone'. cheer sb. me. cherc: adapt, ot
"^keokii)
FR. chcrc
it.
(whence
cera),
41
chimney
TEUT. glw
oslov.
ii\
cp. 'chew'.
zii'nti
zivq
chich 'a dwarf pea' me. (r/z?V//<': borrowed from fr. chiche 'chick-
cheese 'Mv..chese OY..ccse{cys:)^=i pea' (^ ir. cece, span, chicharo, DU. kaas, OSAX. ohg. kasi G. kdse ohg. kichurra G. kichcr~). Source early loanword from lat. caseus LAT. ciccr. (whence also it. cascio, span. chicken short for me. chike oe. :
=
and oiR. caise). du. keuken cyccn plur. cycmi cherish vb. ]me. cherisshc: adapt. kieken, g. dial, kiichen kilchlein. oiv&.chcriss-, stem of some parts TELTT. base kiukina- is perh. of tV/t'r/r 'hold dear'; source fr. traceable to oe. cocc cock. qucso
^
=
LAT. cants 'dear'. cherry me. chery in comp.
cher
cherc-
c/iiri-
dehor ie, dan. cikoric\ of FR. chicorie ^= if. developed LAT. cichoritun ?
a new sing-, from the supposed plur. ~cheris "^chiris OE. ciris cyrs ohg.
=
G.
Source
kirsche.
G.
adapt,
c/ieries
cherys
(plur.
chiries),
kirsa
chicory
ident. w. du. chikorci,
lat.
chide
vb. .ME. chide
'chide, brawl'
:
cicorea,
oe. cidau
teut. base
kidjaii.
chief MK. chef: borrowed from corresp. ]-T<. SPAN, cabo, it. capo chef Rom. group it. ciriega, fr. cerise —^ from a vulgar lat. type cercsia. source lat. capttt 'head'. chieftain me. chcvctain chevechess ME. ches(s)e\ borrowed from OER. eschcc's chess' prop, tein: borrowed from ofr. chevetai/ie ^= iMi<:i).-LAT. capiUmus ident. ccrasus
whence
,
the
the plur. of cschcc G. schach
scacco,
,
'check'
dl".
Source pers. shah chest ME. chesic
= du.
cest (ciste)
G.
kistc
h/sfc.
ox.
,
lat.
a b(jx chestnut me.
(chiste)
ohg. hisfa
,
c/s/a
chestcin
w. captain.
child oe. chista
dan, (gr.
.
•/.(6nf)
;
;
(iT.
schaa/i).
'kinti:'.
kist,
SAV.
Source
=
chastciti
OE.
-ME.
ci/d
base
child
(plur.
kilpiz-
elsewhere;
(plur. ciidrii)
childre) :
feut.
not found perh. akin to
kelpaz-,
but
GOTH,
inkilpo 'pregnant'. chill ME. chile oe. cyle ccle
a TEUT.
h;va(i kali-;
fr.
forthe\^/\//
loanword from ofr. cp. cool and cold. =- FR. chataignc and chime me. chimbe orig. 'cymbal', with ohg. kcstiniia g. short for orig. cimble OE. cimnu. kastanjc. Source bal[a) from LAT. cymbalum 'a
'chestnut': chastiiigiic
ident. kixstanie
:
,
LAT. castanea.
chew =^
i)U.
cymbal'.
vb. :me. chave oe. ceowan
kamven,
ohg. k'nnvan
mlg.
G. kauen.
keuwen,
A
pre-
chimney
yiv..chimnee earlier
r//^-
mcne: lf)anword from fr. chemine'c
=
IT. camtiiiiiata,
onv..cheminata;
churl
chin
42
Source lat.
akin to G. kamin. ciwiitms 'hearth'.
=
choke :\IE. choke; older by-form ME. a-chcke OE. a-ceocian ? Phonology and etymology doubtful.
osax. chin :me. c/ii/i oe. ci/i choler ^ie. choler: OHG. kinni G. ki/in, DU. kin. The older meaning 'clieek' cp. in from FR. colere (= GOTH, kinnus 'cheek'. For a pre- LAT. cholera 'bile'). choose vb. older TEUT. base genu- cp. gr. yivvq jaw, jaw-bone', yei'Stdc f. 'chin, beard'; lat. gcna 'cheek'
'chin,
t)bscure
collera,
with
chiise
but 'choose
phonology ceosan
OE.
chese
borrowed it.
,
ME.
=
IR. OS AX. OHG. kiosan g. kiesen, DU. {lientes gcnuini 'molar teeth') gin 'mouth'; skr. liann-s 'jaw', kiezen, on. kjdsa, goth. kiusan: TEUT. Y^/v/j- from pre-TEUT. Y"^?^J /iana7'ya 'jaw-bone'. chine me. chine adapted from in LAT. gus-tus gus-tare, gr. ;
—
:
= fr.
for skr. \r Jus ofr. cschine h-hine, which fivio ysvaw with IT. sc/iicna 'the chine, back- 'choose, like'. The teut. factibone' is traced to OHG. skina tive /&«//.?/«// (cp. choice) appears 'tlie
sliin-bone' vb.
:\IE.
schicnc 'shin,
G.
shin-bone, splint';
chip
',
cj).
shin. 'cut
chippc
into
:
an onomatopoetic word. chisel sb. :\rE. chisel: borrowed fr. ciscaii from ofr. cisel
=
(it. cesello
= imed.-lat.
chisel'; prob. with scindere.
sciseluni)
connected
ult.
Slav, kusiti.
vb.
chop
small pieces' =. DU. G. kippen "hatch out'. chirp vb. ME. chirpc {cliirkc)
'a
in
:\IE.
*
choppe
(chappe)
'cut uj), strike off"; akin to G. happen 'cut, lop'.
DU.
chord cord fr. lat. chorda. Christmas shortened for ME. Christesmasse OE. Crislesmcssseprop.
mass of Christ'. chronicle me. cronicle with the
'the
cronikc
by-form
(but
late
OE.
cranic): i\ova.Y^.chronique\ ident. w. DU. krofiijk, LAF. chronica.
church ]\[E. chirche OE. cyrcecirce chivalry ME. chivalric: loanword OSAX. kirika, DU. from FR. chcvalcrie (deriv. of older cirice cheval from lat. caballns 'a kerk, OHG. kiricha G. -^/;r^''church'.
=
horse').
choice ME. fr.
chois(e)
:
OFR. chois fr. choix
As shown by the E. palatalization borrowed and by the G. ch in kiricha, the 'a choice'. word must have existed in the
TheFK.vh.choisir 'choose' points to a TEUT. kaiisjan\ cp. choose. choir earlier qim-e me. qitcr borrowed from fr. chocur 'the choir of a church, a trouj) of singers': source lat. chorus 'a band of singers'. :
but a goth. '^kyreiko unrecorded. Source GR. y,v^iuy.6v (not found in lat. nor in the Rom. languages). churl ME. cherl oe. ceorl 'a 5"'
cent.
'church'
churl'
;
is
= DU.
G. kcrl:
kerel,
:mlg. ker/e LG.
TEUT. base kerla-.
With
churn
clean
vowel ON. kat'l 'oldman', OHG. karal :\mG. karl 'man, luisband, lover'; hence the G.
43
claim vb. :\ie. borrowed fr. ofr.
different
claivte
=
(source lat. clamare proper name Karl (lat. Karolus, tnare 'call, name, send E.
i-R.
churn tlie
•ih. my.,
ehirtie OE.
chtirn
=
ox.
for
making
clan clann
butter' butter',
{=
IT.
source lat.
=
cigar
cinder
(whence G.
oir.
eland
G. klappeii),
ono.klaphon
klaffen.
clasp :\IE. claspe, prob. akin to clap and OE. clyppan 'embrace'.
SPAX. sidra;
cidro,
chvin
vb. yiY.clappe ov..cl(rppian} lg. klappen klappen ,
from fr.
:
IR.
=clapDU.
ox. hinia, DU. kur/i, LG. huttcrkerne. Source a teut. base kerna- 'cream' in G. (pro v.) kern, ICEL. kjarna 'cream'. cider .me. sider cider
borrowed from GAEL.
sb.
=
'children'.
is
cidrc
for').
klimpfen 'draw, press'.
DU.
kirfia,
LG. keriicn karneii 'make
and the 'vessel
me.
is
from a teut.
cyrnan
base kirnjan
it. chia-
chime o^. cyrne\ klamp, LG. klampe] akin to mhg.
vb.
corresp.
:
sb. after :mdu. klampe DU.
clamp
Charles).
cleifne
claimer cleimer
vb.
clatter
sicerd).
.me.
clatere
OE.
from the (inferred verbal noun clatrung 'a clatterto DU. klateren akin ing') ""clatorian
spax.
FR. ci^are,
it.
;
sb. .me. cinder sinder OE.
sindcr 'dross of iron'
^ ox. .wWr
'rattle'.
claw sb. :me. claive (by-form cl() OE. dawn (b}'-form eltja eh'd) onG. sintar 'cinders, goke', OSAX. klawa, DU. klaau7v, ohg. G. sinter 'dross of iron, scale'. klazva chloa mhg. khhve kid: a cipher sb. me. ciphre (= du. ''^klhva f. is probable, Ci« loanword fr. goth. <-''Jf^f' -s/^/t;') kid seems to point ox. though OFR. ^{/"r^ FR. ciffre, spax. ^/y'/'rt', to *kld7iia. Prc-TEUT. \'^glu. ir. 'slag or
dross from a forge', DU.
=
j7/?/'^'/jr
:
f
cif{e)ra.
cite ::=
borrowed from
LAT.
tvV^r^'
fr.
(deriv.
clay ME.
citer
LG. klei
of lat.
-^
clai
akin
OE.
clcei
=
du.
to OE. cldni 'clay'
E. eloam 'earthenware , (dial.) citizen me. citesein formed after OHG. klei^nen, scaxd. kleitna klina Outside of teut., MK. denizein (cp. denizen) the 'besmear'. earlier me. citeyai is an adaj)!. of OR. yXoi y'u in yXoinq 'sticky oil'. OKR. citeieti (fr. citoyen). city ME. cite: loanword from fr. citL clean me. clc?ie [dene) oe. clcine Source lap. cizntatem. o.sax. kleni, du. kleen klein,
citus
'quick'?).
;
:
—
!
\
clack klakken FR.
vb.
'clack,
claquer
clacke
:\IF..
crack';
'clap
in
=
akin
I
=
'
du. OHG. kleini to
applause'.
\
I
'i)retty' g. klein 'small'
(GO\:n.* klai-ni- is wanting). nasal belongs to the suffix.
The For
clear
44 the root oil'.
—
—
cloister
akin to on. klifa cp. gr. yXoiOi^ 'fat klippe, perh. for me. c limb}
syll.
=
Hence cleanse
dense OY.. clcknsian 'make clean': climb vb. :me. clitnbe oe. climban a causative vb. with formative -s. DU. klimmen, ohg. klijuhan clear me. cler: borrowed from G. klifnmen. The nasal was orig. FR. clair (span, claro, a formative of the pres. tense OFR. cler ir. chiaro from lat. clams). as seen by on. klifa, me. clvi'c cleave vb. 'adhere' me. clcve 'climb'. The teut. v'^M^ (cp. OSAX. klibon, DU. cliff) may be found in cleave^ OE. cleofian
=
=
^
^
ohg. klcbcii o. kleben not goth. '^klibon adhere'; recorded, teut. \^ klib. cleave- vb. 'split' me. cUve oe. OSAX. cUoban *cluban, cuofau DU. klovcn, OHG. kl'wban chliuban kleven,
=
kleiib klieben: teut. \' kltib oogn. w. GR. yXv(fhiv 'hollow out',
G.
:
perh. also w. lat. gltiberc 'peel'. OHG. cleft ME. clift OE. "^clyft G. kliift\ from the teut. \f klub\
=
cp. cleave'^.
clergy me. dermic: from OFR. clergie
=
(lat. type
borrowed fr.
—
clergi
clerk
clericatus). oe. clerc cleric
:me. clerk late
DU. klerk, fr.
clerc)
;
and cling. clinch
=
cean
vl).
ME. clenche oe. *^/f«-
OHG. mhg. klenken 'knot
together'. cling vb. :me. clinge oe. clingan; akin to sw. kldnga 'climb', dan. climb'. klynge sig 'adhere to ,
\fkling =^ \'^klifnbl Cp. climb. vb. 'embrace' (Shakesp.) clip ^
iSiE.
clippe
OE. clyppan.
ohg. klaftra
Akin
clip- vb. 'cut, shear' me. clippe:
borrowed from on. sw. 'clip,
'a
klippa
cut'.
{= cloak by-form cloke me. cloke source lat. borrowed from OFR.
clcricus.
to
klafter 'fathom'.
g.
clgkc: cloqitc
cloak'.
clock me. clokke: prob. borrowclevernot yet found in Shakesp., a recent word, perh. developed ed from o^vv^.clocke (Y^.cloche)\ from :\IE. deliver 'agile nimble, ident. w. OY^.clugge {cluccel), du. delivre 'prompt, klok, OHG. glocka G. glocke, on. lively' (from ofr. The rom.-teut. r^^<^<^ w. lg. kluftig klukka. Or cogn. alert'). CELT, of is du. origin; cp. CVMR. kluftigl \vise, clever', clew sb. iiE. clewc oe. cleowen clock, OTR. doc (OCELT. klltkko) DU. kluzaen: teut. OE. ducge. clizi'cn 'clew' clod :me. clodde; a var. of ^/^/. base kliujina-: dimin. of a shorter ohg. kliiiwa (g. base kliujoclog ME. clogge 'a lump, block'. ,
\
= =
kiuiucl) 'clew'. cliff me. clif
(plur. cleofii) klif
'a
cliflf,
(clcve)
oe.
clif
cloister me. doistre: borrowed fr. doitre
from OFR. doistre
=
rr. ^= on. osax. du. (span, daustra chiostro). ^ied. - lat. daustnim, rock'; cp. G. DAN. Source ,
close
whence
ohg.
also
klostar
—
G.
45
clutch
=
DU. klavcr\ cp. cldfre {clcefre) LG. klcver (and khivet-). shorter
A
kloster.
close ME. close borrowed from and more primit. form is ohg. the OFR. part, r/os lat. clatisus kleo (gen. klewes') G, klee: base klaiw-. The formation of OSAX. clore LAT. (oKR. claudere). OE. cld/rc looks like closet ME. closet from fr. closet *kld>ara :
=
=
—
(dimin. of OFR. clos 'a close'). clot ME. clotte (also clodde, see MHO. klotz clod) OE. *clott (gen. kloizes) G. klotz. clotbur, clote me. dote oe. date: TELT. base klaiton-, cogn. w. the
=
equiv. oE. OE.
G. klette.
elide,
shortened for me.
cloth
=
clown
borrowed
from
ele-
ICEL.
clumsy, boorish fellow ; sw. dial, klunn 'a log* klu/is 'a clownish fellow', dan. klu/it klunni
'a
cloth
(oE. cildcldp 'swaddling
clcip
=
compound, the second ment of which is unknown. a
'a
—
log'?
club ME. dubbe
:
borrowed from
ON. klubba, by-form of ON. klumba
—
DU. kleed, g. kleid\ 'a club'. The meaning 'assoclothes) TEUr. base klaipa. clothe ciation of persons' is a mod. vb. ME. clothe (clfde) oe. clddian application of a clump of people.
—
{cld'dati).
cloud with
wxi.cloude'.
=
chid
oi<;.
cluck vb. ^rE. clucke clokke OE. scarcely ident. doccian (^ducciaii) du. klokken, ME. cloud 'a MH(i. klucken {gluckeii) G.glucken.
=
mass of rock, a hill'; source and The TEUT. group is onomatohistory quite unknown. gr. poetic like lat. glocire c\outMK/''doi/t OE.cMt (whence cluck as a hen'. yXiotiiv ox. klicti') ident. with w. clwt, ,
,
IR.
nAEi>.
dud,
MANX
clumsy
clooidl
adj.
earlier clumse ME.
dumsed 'benumbed'
clove ME. clove cloztie: borrowed of ME. from OFR. do fr, clou 'a nail';
:
^
cp. SPAN, claz'o 'a nail' also 'a clove' fr. LAT. clavus 'a nail'.
clove
'"^
VlY..
compounds — dufivyrt
'buttercup' (cp. OHG. chloblouh G. knoblauch, klo/olouh klovolouh or. knoflook 'garlic' with -n by
=
dissimilation).
appears s))lit
in
The
ohg.
orig. meaning klobo G. klohen
s\v'.
cp.
part,
(dial.) klumviseii
benuml^ed', akin to du. kleuvisch 'numb with cold'.
cluster ME. duster (clyster)
=
clover
{cld'cr')
OE.
o\-..
lg. klustcr:
cluster
akin
to
(Hannover) klunder 'cluster of berries or fruit' and (DitLG.
marsch) klus 'cluster, DAN. klyiige 'cluster'. clutch ME. with cloche
stick'.
clover ME.
origin;
orig,
'benumb': of scand.
clove oe.cIu/c' clove
(csj). of garlic), in dufpung crowfoot'
'a
(r/?/wi'c
ME. form
is
clucchc;
'a claw'.
cUchenl
graj)es
,
connected
The older
coach
46
cole
coach borrowed from fr. coche: sw. kndde 'cushion', DU. kodde a mod. common europ. word 'bag'. DU. koffj, g. kaff'ee: from HUNG, koszi Svagon from coffee the Hung, town Koszi'; cp. span. borrowed from Turk. qahweJi r=
=
IT.
coche,
cocchlo,
G.
ARAB. qaJnveh
kutsche.
coal :\IE. cole and col OE. DU. kool OHG. kolo m.
=
,
ON.
kol n. G.kohlc,
/Cv/
plur.
;
burning coar; cp. skk. 'l)urn bright, flame'. coal-
orig. 'a jz'al
n.
col
—
—
mouse,
also
colemouse
me.
DU.
kool-
col-7)wse OE. cobnasc
(=
'coffee'.
coffer ME. cofre: borrowed from FR. coffre (whence du. g. koffei-). Source LAT. cophinus, gr. -/.orpivo^ 'a basket'. From the same source also coffin me. coffin', borrowed from OFR. cofin {= span, cofin, IT.
cofand).
=
sw. cugge'i cog ME. cogge prop, 'coalkohlnieise) of CELT, origin, cp. GAEL. tit' on account of its black head; prob. from col 'coal' ^- vidse :\IE. vwse IR. cog, AV. cocas 'a cog'? G. ineisc, on. mcisijigr, whence coif ME. coif: borrowed from FR. misange 'tit-lark'. FR. coiffe from med.-lat.' t-^yfrtcof{e)a\ akin to mhg. kiiffc ohg. G.
viees,
;
=
coast
OFR.
=
borrowed from chuppa from ohg. chuph (whence also du. kuste
MV..cost{e):
coste
=
G. kiiste) FR. cote (ir. costa, costa 'coast').
MED.-LAT.
coat ME.
cote:
=
OFR.
cote
cota,
IT. cotta
a
TEUT.
MHG.
FR. 'a
kotta-
borrowed from coat'). in ohg.
'a coarse Cp. cot and
kotze
mantle'.
(=
cotte
span.
Source chozzo
woolen
G. kopf.
Cp. cup. coil
coillir
vb.
=
borrowed from OFR. FR.
cueillir
(lai". colligcrc 'gather
coin ME.
coin:
'collect'
together).
borrowed from
FR. coin 'wedge' (ofr. coin 'wedge, stamj) upon a coin, a coin').
Source LAT. cuncus 'wedge'. cold 2iiE. cold OE. cdld (ccald) ^f^" (perh. GOTH, kalds, ON. kaldr, OSAX. ON. kokkr, kald, OHG. (\.kalt, DU. koud: an old ^61/6'.
=
cock ME. cock OE. cfi; cogn. w. chickeii) DAN. yCv/C'; ident. w. FR. ^t*!/; partic. formation iw lat. -tus, perh. of imitative origin. History SKR. -ta-s (goth. d from Aryan unknown (earliest reference lat. t, cp. old, loud, dead etc.). coccus in Lex Salica). A TEUT. verbal \^kal cp. in OE. cockle ME. cokel cokkel oe. cocel calan, on. /^i?/i« 'freeze a corresp. cocccl tares' borrowed from IR. Aryan \'^ gel is seen in lat. gelit cogal 'corn-cockle' (= GAEL. 'the cold' and gelidus 'cold'. Cp. chill and cool. cogall 'tares, cockle) ?
=
;
cod
'husk, shell'
OE. codd'ba.g
ME. cod coddc
= ON. kodde
'pillow',
cole 'cabbage' me. col
^
col
fr.
oner.
FR. chou; the me. by-form
collier
= OE. cdwl from lat.
caicl
collier me. colidr: ^vith
-icr
as in
47
=
cauletn
G.
kohl.
lawyer.
ident. with colopes SWKIJ. kalops, G. klops\ source lg. :mf..
collop
cornet
cool ME. OE. Cpl LG. kol, DU. OHG. kuoli G. liflhl: TEUT. deriv. of coal base kblu- from the teut. \f kal
Cp. OHG. kol
{caiclis).
—
:
kocl,
kol under cold.
coot
=
'a
DU.
Deriv. keel.
bird' me. coic oe. ^cpt(a)
/v6'/
'coot'.
vb. 'vie with, match' orig. color ME. colour from ofr. colour 'bargain or chaffer with': a loan-
kloppcii
=
(g, klopfeii)
'beat'?
EK. couleur (lat. color -C7ii). :mk. oe. <:(^// 'a young ass';
colt
skk. gar^laMa'^ass? ME. coml> OE. cdml> G. kamm, DU. 'comb, crest' UAN. sw. /'«/// TEUT. base kambafrom an Aryan gonihho- in gk. SKR. j'o'/if/oc 'p^d' (/'«.« 7'^' pw), peril, akin to
comb
sh.
=
cope
word OE.
fr.
\>v..koopen 'buy',
ccapian
'cheapen'
ccap 'bargain'.
cogn. w. from oe.
Cp. cheap.
copper me. coper oe. copor: borrowed from vulgar lat. cupruin
copper' (orig. cupriu7n aes 'Cyprian brass'). From the same source ohg. kupfar G. kupfer, DU. koper and fr. cuivre. Jambha 'jaw, teeth'. come vb. me. r^w^ oe. cumaii copperas me. coperose from ofr. DU. kotnen, OSAX. kuman, ohg. coperosc rr. copparosa, lat. komdii G. kofmiie/i, ox. koma; cp. cupri rosa lit. 'copper-rose'. GOTH, qhnan: a common teut. copse earlier coppice contr. of :
—
=
str.
=
vb.
kuman
(fcman
fr.
an Aryan OFR.
\fgC7n in SKR. ^'^^?/«, or. ^amo, LAT. f^tvwV? (for *gvemio). comely mk. cu7AU coinly o^.cjmllc 'line, handsome'; cogn. w'. ohg. ^/?;///^'- 'delicate, weak' and G.kaui/i 'hardly'.
copciz
derived
from OFR.
coper (fr. couper) 'cut'.
=
cork G. DAN. sw. kork, DU. kurk: borrowed from spax. corcho 'cork' lat. cortice77i
=
(cortex)
'bark'.
corn^
'grain'
:\ie.
of;,
corn
sb. ME. co/ii earlier coning
= =
DU. koren, G, ON. dan. sw. kor/i, 'rabbit': adapt, from ofr. connin, GOTH, kaiirn: teut. kor/iawhence also du. konijn, g. kanin- pre-TEUT. base gnio- cogn. w. chcn. Source lat. cuniculus (ofr. lat. grdnu7n, russ. zcr/io.
cony
conil)
in
a by-form cuninus.
corn-'
a hard excrescence
on
cook sb. ME. OE. r
from the sb. bv in- angle' (lat. cor/iu 'horn'). of LAT. coqucre {= G. cornet :me. cor7iet corneite'ii horn' kochcn, DU. koken'), whence also borrowed fr. FR. cornet cor/ictlc, FK. cuirc 'cook'.. dimin. of FR. cor7ie 'a horn'. derived
fluence
:
cornice
48
—
cornice a loanword from ofr. cornice
cornice 'a cornice,
it.
fr.
border, ledge' (lat. type comix of med. - lat. 'a border' contr. coronix a square frame ). corps :\IE. corps: a loanword from FR. corps cors from lat. :me.
corpse
OFR.
borrowed
corps: cors
=
corps
laT.
corselet:
—
grass. ME.
coughe =cough DU. kugchen, mhg.
(oe. cohhcttan) kitchen.
adapt, fr. fr. concile 'a council, an assembly, session' from lat. concilium 'an assembly
council
—
counsel loanword tr.
together'.
conseil counseil:
jME.
consiliuvi 'deli-
FR. conseil (lat.
OFR.
count
sb.
corslet recorded, fr. corse-
fr.
ofr.
'a
coste:
{=
coster
LAI", constare), kosten.
whence
is
not
fr.
me.
loanword fr. count, an earl'.
con/te
'a
Source lat. :n[E.
^counte
inferred
(:me.
but
countesse K. countess)
with FR.
cors
-ct.
cost vb. fr.
of
dimin.
cors
:me.
cp. corpse. a loanword
body'; ,
of
dimin.
corset
suffix
see quitch-
sb.;
beration').
corpus.
let
couch-grass
called
corpus.
from
country
comiteni
(comes)
'a
« borrowed companion, a count'. count vb. ME. countc: borrowed fr. coutcr,
also DU. G.
fr.
FR.
(source lat. compute, reckon). conter
co77i-
putare countenance :me. countenaunce custdme (and costufne loanword fr. ofr. contenance 'becustome): adapt, fr. ofr. FR. coiitume =^ IT. costutne (med.- havior, carriage' (lat. contincntia lat. consuctu- 'abstinence ). LAT. costuma
costume
me.
:
=
dineni).
cot ME. OE. G.
cot
=
LG. DU. ON.
comp.
dove-cote, sheep(in G. kote. j\iE. cote OE. cot
=
word passed
The TEUT. SLAV. (oSLOV.
/v/zV/ 'cella').
into
borrowed
and
fr.
ofr.
kota-
co-
under
cote.
:^ie.
fr.
:
'imitate'.
counterpane earlier
'counterfeit
ofr. contrefait, part,
fr.
of contrefaire
word
cottage ME. cotage tage: deriv. of TEUT.
'contrary' fr. fr. contre contra 'against'.
LAI',
Akin bed'
to cot.
cot
=
counterfeit
TEUT. base Jmta-.
kot 'hut':
cote cot'-)
counter
Cp. custom.
'a
coverlet for a loan-
counterpoint:
OFR.
'the
contrepoinct
quilting stitch'; prop, connected with OVK. contr epoincter 'quilt'; contrepoinct
'm
a corruption oi contre-
a loanword poinct coiitepoint 'a counterj)ane' source (source lat. culcita puncta 'a rr. cotone fr. FR. coton stitched quilt'). AK.VH. qoton 'cotton. couch vb. ME. couche: adapt, country me. cuntrc contre:
cotton ME. cotoun
=
fr.
=
FR. IT.
:
couchcr colcare)
:
colcher
loanword
collocare.
contr ada).
(earlier fr.
lat.
fr.
FR. contrie
Source
{=
MED.
-
it.
lat.
—
county
(ontrata derived
from
lat. contra
fr.
gege/id from gegeri). county :me. countc: borrowed
(Cp. fr.
/^or^
OKK. lonti 'county' (deriv. of
=
count
couple ME. FR.
couple',
{=
couple
sb.).
LAT.
49
'
an Aryan stem gowgaus (ace. gam) (stem jt?o/), LAT. bos.
SKR.
in
c;.
FR. conitc
crab
CO'W vb.
copuhi)
fr.
'a
gr.
earlier
*cou7cie
loanunrecorded) word fr. SCAND. kuga 'cow, tyrannize over' DAN. kue 'cow', sw. are
*ciigen
adapt,
(me.
(go-) ,
:
=
bond, band'.
kufva 'check, curb'. fr. .me. coward :me. couanl coward: cordge: adapt, courage FR. courage (lat. type coraticuni). borrowed fr. ofr. couard coart court ME. curt: borrowed fr. coard IT. codardo (formed OFR. curt cort (source lat. cortis with suffix -ard and ofr. coe fr. Hence queue 'a court-yard, palace'). LAT. cauda 'tail'). courteous transformed fr. me. cow^er vb. me. coure: borrowed rurtcis — OFR. cortcis fr. courtois. fr. ON. kilra (sw. kura , DAN. cousin ME. cosin cousin: adaj)t. kure^ 'lie quiet, rest'.
= =
—
-
fr.
(iiED.-LAT. cosinus consobrinus 'a cousin).
FR. cousin
cowP
a monk's hood, a cap, ME. coucl earlier cuivcl cove ME. ah'e O'E. co/a 'a chamber, OE. cugle a cowl' (= mhg. kuget) goth. loanword fr. LAT. cucullus 'hood ON. koji 'Imt'. <;avc' ''kuban- is wanting. cowl- "a vessel carried on a covenant yiv..convenant covenant: pole': borrowed fr. ofr. ctwel loanword fr. FR. convcnant coveFR. cuveau, prop, 'a little tub' (source LAT. cupa 'a vat, najit\ne?>. part, oi couT'cnir 'agree for LAi".
hood'
=
:
.
=
.
cover vb.
aie. covere:
borrowed
OFR. covrir cueuvrir Yv^.couvrir. Source LAT. cooperire 'cover. fr.
covet vb. fr.
cuveite:
:me.
cuveiter covoitcr
oi'R.
convoitcr
(Lat.
type
butt').
cowslip
OE. ciislyppt cilsloppe.
coxcomb
adapt, comb 'cock's
=
fr.
*cupitiitare
corrupted crest'.
fr.
cock's
Cp. cock
and comb. coxswain, cockswain 'steersman
of a boat' from cock 'a boat' OFR. covde and S7vain 'the person in comFR. cou7'i'e 'a covey of par- mand of the boat". tridges', pro]), part, of fr. couver coy: adapted fr. ofr. (coit). hatch' ^^source LAi'. cubare lie Source lat. quietus 'quiet, still'. desire').
covey borrowed
=
fr.
m
cozen
down).
cow (JE.
l)U.
G.
sb. ME.
cii
(i)lur.
cu (plur. cy)
=
kie kye)
ON.
kyr,
MLG. ko, OHG. MHG. kuo kuh TEUT. base ko- 'cow' koe,
:
English Etymology.
vb. 'Hatter, beguile': FR. cousiner 'call cousin, adapt, sponge' fr. FR. (Tt^WiV//. Cp. cousin. crab ^ ME. crabbc oe. crabba fr.
= ON.
krabbi, sw. krabba, 4
dan.
cracK
50
cream
mlg. krabbe cornuc, ohg. chramih chranih(h) g. akin to kranich; cp. the cogn. gr. ysoavoc, G. krebs fr. crabe CYMK.garan; oslov. zeravi, lith. OHG. krcba"!^ fr. TEUT. Ident. w. crab- 'a gcrwe. LAT. ^r/^i' (gen. gru-is) kind of apple' me. crabbe; a agrees with ohg. chreia 'crane'. Scand. loanword; ciu'i.w. krabbcrank sb. me. cranke. teut. DU.
krabbe,
G.
(whence
krab,
krabbe)
= —
:
dple.
— crabbed 'peevish, cramp-
ed';
perh.
crack
ciab^.
fr.
base
krajik'XyNVS,^ allied to
cramp.
crany; formed by -y to FK.cran 'a notch'.
cranny me.
crake krake oe. adding e. du. kraken^ ohg. kracrape borrowed fr. fr. crepe chon chrahhbn G. krachen teut. lat. crispiis). (oFR. crespc sf krak fr. pre-TEUT. g!'g\ cp. crash vb. a var. of craze and SKR. grg 'rustle, crackle'. crack: a Scand. loanword; cp. cracknel formerly crakenel cor- sw. krasa, dan. krase 'crackle'. rupted fr. FR. craqiielin 'a crack- Cp. crack. vb. me.
=
era dan
=
:
nel'.
cratch yc&.cracche
cradle
me.
cradel
cradol:
oe.
a Celt, loanword, cp. IR. craidhal, GAEL, creat/iairst. cradle, a grate'; cp. crate.
craft ME. craft oe. crcsft
DU.
on.
kracht, — crafty me. crafti oe. = OHG. chreftig G. kraftig.
craft,
kraptr. cro'ftr^
crag
:siE.crag:
borrowed
fr.
fr. its
cp. ME. crake 'cry out'
under
'a
bird' so
crack.
cram mian
vb.
=
i\ie.
which
is
cramme
oe. cratn-
on. krcvija, .s^v. kratna, DU. krannne 'squeeze'.
'crib'
crate borrowed 'a
crecche: bor-
ofr. creche (fr. creche) of Teut. origin; cp.
oSAX. kribbia
under crib. fr.
lat. crates
hurdle'.
cravat
rowed
(^
fr.
'a
crave
named
crake
fr.
w\ vates
GAEL, creag.
craig,
cry;
= OSAX.
g. kraft,
rowed
=
g. kravatte) borFR. cravate (from Cra-
Creation'). vb. :me. crave oe.
crafan
ON. krefja 'crave, demand', sw. krdfva "demand', dan. krave 'crave, exact'. Perh. the E. word is
borrowed from Scand.
craven
me.
overcome'
cravant
shortened
'beaten, ofr.
fr.
of lat. type crgmpeht (inferred DU. LG. kra?/ip, G. *crepantare 'crack, break). wrinkles') craw (by-form crag 'neck, kranipf: a common ^vest-teut. term for spasm, cramp'. oe. *craga', crop') :\ie. crawe
cramp
inie.
cratnpe
^
crane
inie.
oe. '^crp?np full
fr.
crane
oe. rr^;/
=
mhg.
krano, du. kraan, kratie; with formative guttural oe. OLG.
crai^anti
of cravantcr
'oppressed', (source a
GOTH. *kraga
cream
:me.
is
partic.
wanting.
crcme from fr. crane
(ofr. crcsNie, i,at. cremor).
crown
creed
51
TEUT. base creed sb. me. crede oe. crcda 'croaking ) loanword fr. lat. credo I believe' krakon; akin to crackl :
:
(»crcdo in deum patrem« etc.) cp. the origin of dirge. creek me. creke crike (oe. '^creoca ;
Scand. loanword
peril, a
'''cricii)',
from OM. krike 'crack, nook'. creep vb. me. crepe oe. creopan vb.
str.
krjiipa.
ohg.
kricchen
\f krhp
kriohhaii
teut.
:
kricq. Cp. cripple. cresse earlier kerse
ccrse cccrse;
krcsse
kruipeu, LG. Akin to G.
ME.
cress oe.
DL'.
cp.
;
krupen, ON.
OHG.
FK.cresso/i,
with G. du. kers and
rr. crescionc.
Phono-
history and origin
logy,
obscure *
type crest
;
crock ME. crocke oe. crocca; borrcnvcd fr. OIR. crocca/i-, perh. cogn. with G. knig OH(;. krnog, L(;.
common
quite
base a lat.
=
ODU.
krochlc
field'
high and diy
land' DU. kroft 'hillock'.
crook
=
ME.
crok
OE.
'"crik
DAN. krog 'hook'. Akin to krako 'hook' (as E. hook
croec,
OHG. is
sb.
ON. krokr krdkr 'hook, ODU.
to G.
hakcii).
crop MK. cropp
OE.
crosier me. croser
cross
:me. cross
cropp. croiser.
(whence scand. borrowed
.sw.-DAN. kors^
kross,
crexo(ne}fi) ?
OE. crd/i crog.
krfike,
croft ME. OE. crofi 'small
ident.
krcssa,
krekoii
:
from on<.. cross (cymr. crocs'). :me. crcste from ofr. creste Source lat. crux whence also ER. cre/e (lat. cristii). fr. croix (:\ie. crcis from ofr. crois) crib ME. cribhe OE. cribb crybb OIR. crock and ohg. osax. knhi OSAX. kribbia, DU. /^r//?, G. G. kreuz point to the inll. lat. OHG. teut. base krippe krippa: crilceni. kribjo {lirubjo) akin to ohg. kr'eba. ;
=
crow
Cp. cratch.
crimson cramoiain
.me.
=
crimosin from cfr.
=
\h. :me. crckve oe. crdivau
DU. kraaic/!, G. kriihcn oh(L kraen teut. base a str. vb. :
fr. cramoisi.
Init orig. not restricted cringe vb. me. crcngc oe. fz-ff/^- kr^jaii, to tlie cock's crowing as shown /a«: teut. base krangjan, deriv. mi% crgwc of. from oe. cringan 'sink, fall in by the sb. crow crdwc G. krdhc ohg. krdia. battle', cogn. \v. g. krank 'sick'. crow^d vl). Ml':, croudc ok. cripple ME. cripcl oe. crypel DU. /{•/Y///<'/ 'cripple'; prop, 'a man crudaii str. vb. crowd, press' who creeps'; teut. base krupila-, ODU. criidcn 'push, thrust' (i)U. deriv. fr. \'~ krup in creep. kruie/i), MLG. kruden krodcu \'b. ohg. 'molest': teut. \~krnd. crisp ME. OE. crisp an early loanword fr. lat. crow^n MK. criine (whence ox. krisp kri'ina, cp. odu. criinc du. kruiii) crisp us 'curled'. croak vl). me. croke oe. *crdcian earlier by-form coroune corune from OE. crdcetung borrowed during the reign of (inferred
=
=
=
=
:
:
A*
curb
cruel
52 William the Conqueror
=
coroiie
Source
ofr.
fr.
FR. conrotine 'crown'.
corona
"lat.
'crown',
whence also oe. corenb(ag crown' and OHG. korona G, krone. cruel ME. cruel
=
FR.
criicl (crm'c'i^ fr.
LAT.
crtidelis
'severe' in
a vulgar form crudalis.
= me. cromhe short for croiime oe. cnlma (cp. thumb OE. fiimd) = DU. kruim ODU. crumb
L(
cnhne,
;.
The m
G.
krume (oSAX.
is
'''kriimd).
derivative;
the
cp.
rEUT. Y^ ^^'''' ii"^ G. krauen ohg. kroutvon vb. 'scratch'.
cruse E.
crouse oe.
:\IR.
oe.
/6'<''W
riUti)
^;7if.it'
= ODU.
(cp.
kruis,
cuff sb. ME. ident.
perh. 'coif
under
cull
vb.
cuffe coffe 'sleeve';
w. late
]ME.
,
'cross'. cj-ucea
;
languages, prob. of LAT. origin lat. coluinba 'dove' in a vulgar form *colubra ? cumber vb. me. cumbre vb. 'annoy' fr. ofr. combrer, whence also G. kuinmer mhg. kmnber the base med.-lat. combrus 'rubbish, bank of earth, rains' rests ^n a GALL. -LA r. co7nbero- 'that which is carried together'. :
;
=
comin
fr.
comin
late
komijii)
fr.
cumin.
Source also
whence
cross'. .me.
crie:
adapted
fr.
'summit,
a
oe. cymen, ohg. ki'mwiel.
cunninge =: know. :
deiiv.
= ]MHG.
of crux criicis cup ME. oe. CUppe cup Therefore crutch krukja kopf, ODU. kop 'beaker, meant originally 'stick loanword fr. lat. cuppa
cry vb.
oe.
ofr.
whence
deriv.
having a FR.
coille)
ME. culver {colver) oe. not found
culfre culufrc 'dove" in the other teut.
,
crucea
{cole
colligere).
culver
=
:me.
cuUe
=
LAT.
LAT. cit?/iinum, crucche oe. ^rj^^V DU. kruk, OHG. cruccha G. kriicke teut. Imviin in 'crutch': TEUT. base krukjd-\ kumi/i kuviil G. ident. w. it. croccia 'crutch', fr. cunning :\ie. crosse which rest on a LAT. of oe. cunnan
crutch
citffie
vb. 'gather, select' fr. ofr. cotllir FR. cueillir 'collect' (source
MHG. /Cvv/jTi? G. krause\ akin to ODU. DU. /Cv-t;)?.?, :\IE. crps. cummin -Me. crust ME. crnste fr. ofr. crusie FR. crotite =r LAT. crusta 'crust cumin (=^ DU. of bread'.
OE.
coif.
cup': (cf/pa),
also OE. me. cop (copp) head', G. kopf 'head'.
=
crier 'cry'.
ODU. cur 2\iE. curre corre cukewold: trans- korre 'watch-dog', swed. (dial.) formation of FR. COUCOU CViC\.o6 kurra 'a dog'; cp. lg. g. (dial.) whence also e. cuckoo me. kurrcn vb. 'growl'. Therefore cur
cuckold
:\rE.
'
,
cuckou.
prop, OE.
cycgcl; dimin. of a lost primitive OE. *cycs^: base
cudgel
kugja-
?
'a
growler'?
curate see cure.
curb fr.
vb. ME.
curbe
FR. courber 'bend'.
'to
bend'
curd
—
53
dagger
curtain si). iiE. curtin cortin fr, metathesis fr. me. lat. (also it. a celt, loanword, OFR. cortine deriv. fr. IR. gruih 'curds'? or span.) cori'nia 'curtain'. curve adj. fr. lat. curvus cogn. with crowd'i cp.LAT. coagu'crooked'. iiwi fr. cogerel cushion me. cusshiu {ctcsshen cure ME. care fr. fr. cure
curd
vb.
crudde
vb.
LAT. cura.
=
\v,
=
:
—
:\IED.-LAT.
—
=
curate me. curatus
cnrcfi
(in
pronunciation; cp. curious ciirioiis fr. lat. curiosusT).
cusslwii)
cussin
FR. fr. OFR. ME. 'cushion'; cusci?io
quissin
coissin
=
cj).
span,
and
{(/uiss/ie/i)
fr.
coussi/i
coxi/i
,
it.
ident. w. du. kusscn
curfew :^IE. curfeu {ctirfeu') fr. oi^M. cussi/i, G. kiissen Jdsseii ohg. OFR. covrefeu (cp. poor fr. ofr. kussm 'cushion'. Source a med.prop, the sign for put- LAT. coxviuvi prop, deriv. of lat. povrc^ fr. cuissc coxa hi}), haunch' ling out iires. :
=
curious see cure.
'thigh,
whence
E.
(Shakcsp.) curl vb. deriv. fr.ME. crul {If) cuissc 'piece of armor for the du. krul\ west- thighs'. adj. 'curly' custom ME. custome earlier form rEUT. krtill- for kruzl- krusl- is cogn. with ODU. kruis g. kraus (c. I lOo) custiivie fr. ofr. ciisiuvie it. prov. costuma: JIHG. kriis 'curly' (aso :me. crous {YXK.coutume) source a lat. type "^'cousuctumcn 'curly'). curlew me. curletv (cor/ew) instead of lat. consuetiido. fr. courlieu cut vb. MK. cutte (by-form with fr. ofr. corlieu 'a bird's name' ('scolopax ar- umlaut kiite^ a me. vb. of celt. CYMR. cwtan vb. cp. quata'), composed of ofr. corre origin; cwta adj. 'short'. 'shorten' 'to leap' and heu 'lightly'. IT. cutlas fr. FR. coutelas curry vb. me. currie cur rate vb. fr. ofr. coiireier; lat. type coltellaccio prop, 'a large knife' con-rcilare} ro:m. deriv. of lat. culter 'knife'. ofr. coutel curse vb. ME. curse oe. cilrsian Cp. FR. couteau Hence 'to curse' cogn. with oiR. ctirsa- 'knife' fr. la r. cultellus. me. cuteli'r e. chaim 'I curse'. Source and FR. coutelicr cutler 'maker of knives'. history unknown.
=
=
,
=
:
—
=
:
=
=
;
D dace from jie. darce darse'.\c2\\Q6. from from OFR. dars, nom. also spelled dart, dart
'a
dart',
also
'a
fish'
(so
its
swiftness).
dagger me. dagger
=--
See
ox. dag-
54
dainty
—
gardr, uu. daggcrt: of Celt, origin, IR. borrowed from w. dagr GAEL, daga daigear\ BRET, dag
=
=
:
dandelion
southern continuation of the oe. {= ohg. *talon}').
infinit. in -ian
dam
=
me. dain{me) oe. ^'davi{mm)
damm, DU. dam, ON. dannnr synon. oe. fordainty me. deinte: borrowed (goth. faurdammjan from OFR. dein!e 'dignity, im- defnnian 'dam up). portance, value' (the ME. bydamage me. damage borrowed
all
G.
=
:
an anglo-norman from OFR. damage damage fr. Source lax. dommage'\vAxvii {\T. dannajo), lat. debited 'pleasure'). dignitatem {liainty and dignity are type damnaticum harm' (lat. dafunum 'loss, injury' under dam ft). doublets). a for dame UK.ddme: borrowed from 'room deierie me. dairy form dainUth
milk-woman'
is
ME.i'/
;
(hence day-woman 'dairy-woman' Shakesp.) is borrowed from ON. deigja 'milk-woman' (sM'.dtya), which is supposed to be a deriv. of TEUT. daiga- (under dougJi) and to mean i)rop. 'the breadmaker, kneader of dough'. Cp.
dough and dais
lady. dcis:
:\1E.
FR. dame, whence also G. DU. dame. Source lat. domina 'lady'
{=1
it.
donnci)\
cp.
\h.y&.dajn{p)ne\ borrowed from OFR. damner da7)lpner FR. datniur (= span, danar, it. dannare) ^= lat. damnare 'condemn, fine' (lat. dattinum 'injury, loss).
borrowed from
damsel.
damn
me.
damp
*damp
=
DU. LG.
OFR. dels later dais 'a high table dam-p 'vapor', G. dampf 'vapor. fr. dais 'a canopy' steam'. in a hall' discus 'a table' med.-lat. damsel JMe. damesele da?/iisele: (base lat. discus 'plate, platter' see borrowed from OFR. damisele
=
=
under disH). daisy me.
dameisele
daies-ie
oe.
daies-eie
source
=
is
fr.
d(7?ioiselle.
The
MED. -lat. domicella
'a
lat. type dom(i)nidccges-cage: prop, 'the eye of the young lady', cella, dimin. of domina 'a lady'. day'; c}). day and eye.
dale ME. dale oe.
dcel plur.
dalu
derived from (me. the OE. plur. dalu or from the sing, infl. decks, deele). The teut. base data- cp. also in the synon. goth. dais, ON. dalr, OSAX. dal, OHG. e. e in
MHG.
tal
dale
(mod.
is
that).
ME. dalye points dally GorH. "^dalon oe. ^dalian
(^
The ending j
is
daunce
daunse:
also DU. dansen, G. tanzen, DAN. dandse, sw.dansa. The ofk. danser traced to an ohg. danson is
'draw,
trail'.
to
dent de lion
G.
IT.
a
me
vb.
dandelion
vb.
dahlen').
dance
borrowed from fr. danser, whence
:
borrowed from
fr.
(= span, diente de leon,
dente di leone): prop, 'lion's tooth', so called from the jagged
danger
leaves
of the plant
lozuen-
(g.
cian E.
za/i/i).
55
day is
improbable,
to
a hereditary
'^daxiaii)
sh
pointing
danger me. daunger: borrowed word. date^ an epoch, given point of time' ME. date from the synon. dom'mium 'sovereignty'. FR. date (med.-lat. datum, whence
]'R. danger 'danger'. Source a LAT. type "^dominiarimn 'power'
from
from
i.AT.
dank
'damj)' ME.c/a///^: borrowfrom the Scand. ? cp. sw. 'a tlial. dank marshy piece of ICKL. dokk for *da/!ku ground' i^d
=
'pit,
jiool'.
dapper me. dapa-
'pretty, neat';
cp. ox. dapr 'sad, dreary', DU. 'brave' ohg. tapfar G.
dappiv
,
iapfer 'valiant,
dapple
'a
brave'.
spot,
dot'
a
dap-
G.
datiMi).
date-
=
FR.
daub
plaster"
MHG.
{liapi 'a
source also
vb. ME. daube'.
date
lat.-gr. G.
dattel,
borrowed
(lat. albus 'white').
daughter me. daughter OE.dohtor
ox. depill
dot'
datte:
from OFR. dauber 'whiten' from '^dalher =^ lat. dealbare 'whiten,
= DU.
spot,
of the palm' ME.
dactylus, whence i)U. dadel.
pled horse' :me. in dappel-gray: Scand. loanword from perh. 'a
fruit
borrowed from OFR.
date:
doehter, OSAX. dohtar, ohg. tohter G. toe /iter, ox. dottir,
GOTH, dauhtar: ident. with the dare me. dar oe. dear I dare' synon. lith. dukti, oslov. diisti: GOTH, dars, ohg. tar. The At\ anbasc d/iukter; anArvan base
pool).
=
lEUr. \f~ dars darz is akin to gr. dhugater a})pears in gr. dvyube bold' dpaai'g Tr/(i, skr. duhitdr, avest. duydar 'bold and skk. d/irs 'dare': 'daughter', skr.
—
VoaOtTv
dark me. derk oe. dcorc\ perh. 'milk' and is interpreted as 'the akin to oiR. dcrg 'red' common milk maid'. base dhcrgo- (cp. also oiR. dorche daunt vb. .me. dau/ite: borrow:
ed from OFR. dontcr fr. dotnpter \i:.do?uitare'snhd\.ie, tame': the darling me. der/ing shortened from OE. dear ling 'a favorite': source is l.xv.doviitare (frequent, deriv. of dear oe. deore. of dotnare). dart ME. dart from oer. dart day ME. day dai oe. dwj^ FR. dard (= SPAN. IT. dardd) GOTH, dags, ohg. MHG. tacfg) G. of te'lT. origin: oe. darod, ox. tag, DU. OSAX. dag, ox. dagr; darradr also shorter darr. by-forms oe. dogor, ox. ddgr (fr. dash vb. ^n:. dasshe; corre- dogaz dogiz) all connected with sponding to DAN. daske {= SW. the SKR. \''da/i (for Aryan dhegh: strike'. Scand. dhogJi) 'burn'. This root a])pears 'slaj) a'as/ia) in Lirn. degti 'burn' origin of the E. word (OE. *(/as- also
'dark'?).
=
=
=
;
:
,
—
'
dear 2
dawn
56
dagas daga 'harvest', pruss. dagas 'summer', skr. nidagha- "heat, summer' (also skr. aha}- 'day'?).
is
sure
prob. akin to gr. Cp. diunb.
;
'blind'.
deal
The base
vb.
'divide,
Tv(f)}>6g
distribute,
dhogho-s common to negotiate in' me. dele oe. dcela7i our day and to lith. dagas signiOSAX. d^lian, du. decleii, lg. fied 'the time of the burnint>: of delen, G. ieilen, goth. dailjaii de-
=
:
the
sun,
tlie
hot
of the nominatives of daili- (cp. deal) like OSLOV. deli/i 'divide'.
part
j
day or
dawn dawe
year'. vb. late me.
OE.
dagian
!
daune earlier
=
on.
deaPsb. 'part, portion, indelinite degree or extent, bar-
daga,
quantity,
tageii tagen become day'; E. cp. dawning me. dawbige: deriv. of teut. daga- under day.
OHG.
G.
gain etc' ME. df'l OE. ddl OSAX. del, DU. deel, lg.
=
(ddl) decl,
OHG. MHG. G. leil, goth. duils daze vb. ME. dase 'stupefy' m. da/la f. teut. dai-li{la-) seems from ON. *dasa, refl. dasask {sk to point to an ARYAN \'~ dhai, represents the refl. 'oneself') proved by osLOV. delii part. 'daze oneself dan. dase, sw. 'a sb. board deal'^ pfenk' •dasa 'lie idle'. From daze is borrowed from DU. deeT'd board, deriv. the dimin. dazzle vb. mlg. d^le threshing floor' '
=
,
'overjiower with light'. deacon me. dcken from *dcaa>// for diacon
diako/i,
FR.
on.
diacre,
{=
djdkn,
span.
=
board LG. oe.
a room'. DU. deken, G. OHG. dili G. ofr. diacne \
it.
The
:
diacond)
:
source lat. coi,-)
[
dele
diacoiius (gr. KSiav.oa servant, a deacon'.
=
diele
'a
board, floor, corresponding 'boarded floor'
to on. fUJa, o£. LiTH. //// 'plank in pel 'board'. the boat', osLOV. lilo 'bottom, SKR. tala-m 'surface' are cc)g-
corresponds
dead adj. ime. dcd oe. dead nate. GOTH, dau/s, OHG. INIHG. lo/ G. dean me. den (contr. of *deiai) to{d)t, ON. daudr, OSAX. dod, DU. borrowed from ofr. deie/i dood. The common base dait-da is FR. doyen source lat. decdnus prop, partic. (d/iaii-td-) belonging 'the chief of ten soldiers or to the TEUT. verbal \'^ dau dismonks' (== it. deeano ohg. cussed under die. Cp. death. deaf ME. //;•/ OE. deaf =zz osAX. techdn g. dechant). dear^ yiY.. dere o^. ^/tvr^' beloved, dof, DU. doof, OHG. MHG. toup{b)
=
:
,
'hearing or feeling nothing, dull, foolish' G. taub,
goth.
daufs[b)
=
precious, of great ,'alue' OSAX. diu7-i, DU. dier, ohg. tluri
The meanings 'dear, beloved, esteemed, costly' of OHG. MHG. toup{b) bordering G. ieuc)-. on those of ohg. mhg. tu7np g. dear- (in Shakesp.) 'fierce, dttmvi, connection of both groups ferocious' me. der oe. deor 'wild' 'deaf, oK.daii/r.
:
—
dearth
from dear^. Ideut. with cever deceveir fr. deceiwir =^ lai.
tlift'erent E.
I
G.
deer,
dearth
cp. deer. derthe 'scarcity,
decipere 'entrap'. Cp. deceit. deck vb. borrowed fr. DU.
tier\
iiE.
dcarncss' (= OSAX. diurida, OHG. ox. dyrd, OLc;. diurthd) deriv. oi dear^ -p -///formative of abstract nouns. death me. deth ok. deaf'
tiiirida,
'cover';
daup7lS,
ibd iIHG. tot{d)
OSAX. G.
tod,
declension naison
(fr.
decrease vb.
1)U.
abstr.
decreistre
=
1
I
1
,
1
IT.
debatir,
debt
{^
span. tuni
dibattere).
I
earUer det me.
decli-
beside
=
fr.
dccroitre
LAr. decres(laf. discrescerc) cere 'decrease'. decree sb. me. decre borrowed
///(Aryan base dhau-tu-s). debate vb. :me. debate: borrowed from OIK. dehatre "fight, from OFR. contend debate fr. dibattre (SPAX. IT.
debate'
ofr.
:me. decr^se bordecrcsscr decrestre
decroistrc
j
SKR.
,
from
dh'linaiso/i)
fr. diclinaiion, E- declination from
of a \^dau (cp. n lat.
'contend
under
peccean
OHG. LAT. decUnationeni.
doth,
o^.daudr: a verbal
OE.
cp.
thatch.
:
=
GOTH.
57
deep
decre decret fr. de'cret decreto')
= lat.
decre-
decree'.
'a
deed yi^.deddedeov..ded deed
^=.
OSAX. dad, DU. daad, ohg. mhg. from OFR. debte dctte fr. dette tat G. t{h)at, ox. dad, goth. in r. r.Ai". debita f. sing., ga-deds 'deed', teut. base de-di(i dettd) orig neut. ])hir. of i.Ar. debitiiin. from dhe-ti- from the TEur.-v^rt?!? debtor imf. dettur from ofr. do from ARYAX ^///t' dhd; cp. do. sb.
dette:
=
I
:
1
:
deteiir
iieio)-
=
fr.
detteur
(if,
ace.
lai". dcbitorcin debitore) of debitor 'debtor'.
vb.
from
deeaer,
it.
decay (si'AX.
ofr.
deeaer
deeadere)
type *decadere (instead decidere) fall away, perish'. i-AT.
decease
sb. :mk.
from ofr. deees fr. deeessiis
=
of
borrowed
dices
=
lat.
deem
deman
vb. :me. denie oe.
j
{=
OSAX. dbmian in adu. doettien, mlg. ddjne?t, ohg. tuome?!
MHG.
,
tfiemen,
ox. dtvma,
(iOTH.
ga-dbmjan 'judge, deem'): deriv. of TEUT. doma- see doom.
deep OSAX.
adj. ME. dep diop,
nu.
oe.
^//V/,
^/^"'^
OHG.
^
tiof
MHG. G. //r/", OX. djlipr, GOTH, ditips. The common teut.
till/
prop, 'departure'. adj. deiipa- belongs to a teut. deceit me. deceit: borrowed dub Y^ ///// whose by-form from ofr. deceit eat. deeeptiis appears in oe. dyfan E. dive deceit' [decipere 'deceive' under and in k. //«^. Cp. cymr. dw/n,
=
decci'oc~).
OIR. doinun fii-do7nain, lith. dubiis
deceive vb. earlier deceave me. 'deep, hollow', oSLOV. ^/////z 'holdeceive borrowed from ofr. dc- low' from an arvax \^ dubh dhhp. :
:
derrick
deer
58
deer animal'
OSAX.
me. der oe. dco7- 'wild on. dp- 'wild animar,
=
dior
OHG.
,
:mhg.
tior
g.
delve vb. me str.
=
vb.
d'elban,
DU.
OHG.
OE. d'elfan
delve
OSAX. M-
delveii,
The
hi-t'elban 'bury'.
TEVT. \^dell> (^Aryan dhelM dhelpT) teut. is unknown elsewhere. language of hunters). deuza- is prob. an adj. used as demijohn from the synon. fr. Arab, damagan sb. signifying 'wild animar; cp. dame-jeanue town Damghaii in OE. deor 'bold, wild' (cj). dcar^. (orig. the from northern Persia, once famous defeat vb. me. defcte OFR. dcfcter 'annul (ofr. defait for its glass-works). den short for ME. dc'/ie OE. denii desfeit part, of de/aire fr. dc^faire; med.-lat. defacerc 'annul, dene 'valley'; akin to mdu. dan See feat. 'woods, wilderness' and o. tann undo'). 'animal' ('stag,
tier
in
roe'
the
=
:
defile vb. 'make unclean, sully' 'woods'? a fusion of i\iE. file oe. dfi'lau denizen
me. deneseyn denesein: source anglo-fr. ofr. densein :me. foulc (oE. fiUiaii) wk. vb. deiiiseiu: deriv. of ofr. dciiif. (= 'make foul' with parallel form FR. dans) 'within' and suffix -ein cp. eitizen. file (oE. fyleiii) has taken the (= LAT. -aims); 'defile'
and me,
LAT.-FR. prefix
defoule
'defile':
The
de-.
from FR.
FR.
word means
trader
'a
of the citydifier (= :med.-lat. it. disfdare franchise as opposed to foreign diffidare 'renounce faith, repudeny vb. me. denie: from fr. di/iier Cp. faith. diate). (span, denegar, it. deneddaie e: lat. denegar e 'deny'). vb. me. delay gare delay from FR. dilayer (= med.-lat. depaint vb. ue. depeinte: from
defy
vb.
iiE.
defie:
witliin the privilege
.
=
IT.
dilatare). sb.
delight
delite delit:
(orig.
from ofr.
delite')
jNIE.
With
delit.
the vb. delight ME. delite from OFR. deliter (it, delettarc dilettare) =^ LAT. delectare 'please'. dell :me. dellc oe. dell a dirain.
FR. dipeiiidre. Cp. paint. depict vb. ME. only in part.
=
depiet
LAT.
depictus
,
whence
also OFR. depieter 'depict'. deploy vb. from fr. deployer
(oFR. despleyer despleier, whence Source lat. disdisplay).
E.
derivative of teut. data- (under plicare. depth ME. dipthe an abstract dale), pointing to a goth. *dalja f. and corresponding to OHG. sb. from the :\IE. adj. d(p; du. on. dypt, goth. diupif>a tellia MHG. telle 'ravine' G. (dial.) diepte, :
delle.
point
deluge sb. me. deluge FR. dduge {= -SPAN. IT. LAT.
dilitviufii
'a
flood').
:
to
from deep. derrick diluvio, DU.
an 'a
OE.
*dypp
;
cp.
kind of crane' from
Dierryk,
short
Dirk,
also
•».
descry
Diederik corresp. to G. Dietrich, OE. f)^odric 'chief of the people'. Orig. derrick signified 'gallows' named from a Dutch hangman.
fr. dicrire)
dcscrivrc
'de-
scribe'.
desire vb. disirer
.mi:.
(it.
desire
desirare
from fr.
=
lat.
desiderare 'long for'). desk from fr. disque (it. desco med.-lat. discits 'a 'a table'
=
table'
sec under disJi). vb. me. despcire from desperer fr. disesp^rer
despair OFR. lat.
devil OSAX.
dinfial,
tiuval
tioval
G.
{=
it.
'lose
=
dggg (goth. '^dnggtoa- is wanting). Perh. cogn. with the 9
flow'.
die sb. (plur.
(fr.
depecher')
'discharge, expedite'. despise vb. me. despise despiser
despicer
(lat. despicer e 'look
from
'despise'
down upon,
despise). despite sb. by aphercsis spite ME. despit from ofr. despit despeit
the sing,
is
plur. dice. ME. dis usually des 'dice' which is borrowed from ofr. dez plur. of det
'that
despccher
dice);
developed from the
despatch, dispatch vb. from
desperarc)
=
ohg.
dinvei,
OSAX. dau, OHG. MHG. tou (gen, touwes) G. tan, du. dauu>, ox.
dado
OFR.
of. di'ofol
du.
mhg. tiuvel (tievei) GOTH, diahai'dus points
tcufel;
hope'.
OFR.
devei
:me.
from OFR. descrier
'discern' crive
59
dike
me. descrie discrye to LAT. (gr.) diabolus. {desdew ME. dew OE. demv
vb.
descry
—
'die'
fr.
'a
die')
di
(=
span.
it.
from lat. datuvi
which is given and which is cast'. See date.
'that
die vb. :me. de-^e die dye: generally considered as a scand. loanword from ox. deyja oSAX.
(=
ohg. imhg. totnoen
doian y
'die').
An OE.
dyyvi deyxn (from daujati) is not recorded before looo after hence scaxd. origin is Chr. FR. dipit (it. dispetto LAT. For the rEUr.\^^/c7« cp. prob. despectus 'contempt' see despise). death. In other Aryan deady />/ abbrev. for Despite prep, daviti 'strangle' OSLOX. languages, despite of. and lith. dovyti 'torment' are despoil vb. ME. despoile from compared as related (ixdo-eur. OFR. dcspoillcr d^pouil/er, IT.
=
,
(fr.
span, despojar 'desource LAT. despoUare
despogliare, spoil')
:
'plunder, rob'.
See spoil.
destiny destenye destinee: rowed from FR. desiint'e (it. destinatd).
deuce
a two
early mod. FR. deux.
at
diet
dhimi).
MIC.
dtete diite:
from fr.
(spAX. ir. dieta^hXT. dicetci). bordig vb. MK. digge earlier dikie lat. OE. dician 'dig': derivative of OE. cc dike and ditch. dicte
cards or dice'
also dcwce
\f dhciv
dt'us
=
dike
-MF. dik(e)
channel, tich
g.
dike, teich
of. die
'a
wall'
=^
'fishpond,
ditch,
mhg.
pond.
6o E.
dill
and ditch
dike
are
doub-
lets,
dissever
dirge me.
dirige oe. (i i'^ cent.) 'watches' (cp. » dirige for ford-farenum<' vigilia pro de-
dirige
dill 'the
two-seeded
tare'
me.
=
ohg. functis). »dirige, Dominus meus, ///// MHG. ////(' G. dill. Of obscure in conspectu tuo vitam meam« Psalm 5^^ was used in the office origin. dim ME. OE. dim (w;;/) =OFRis. for the dead in medieval service. dirt ME. drit excrement' fr. oe. dim, oy.. dimmr: perh. by-form of the synon. OSAX. ihitn (f/u/i). A j^edritan str. \b. =r on. drita, TEUT. \^pern (whence G. diifti- DU. drijten 'to void excrement TEUT. v^^//7/. meni) corresponds to skr. tauias dish ME. dish disch oe. disc a tcncbrae LAT. 'gloom', (for temesid) For the initial gram, dish, plate' =i osAX. disk 'table', 'darkness'. ^/see doughty. DU. disch, OHG. tisc g. tisch 'table'. change from th A PRE -TEUT. sf dhe?n may be LAT. discus, the source of 'ieut. diskuz, has the meaning 'dish found in OIR. deme 'darkness'. dille
OE. dile =^ DU.
dille,
:
—
dime dime
me. dime
(=: LAT.
'tithe
from fr.
deci7na 'tenth').
dimple me. dimpel
=-^ g. tiimpcl
OHG.
tiwijilo m. 'whirlpool': deriv. with nasalization from the teut.
only
post-class, (prop. '
(fr. dais 'a canopy, dais' under dais and desli).
vb. me. dismaie desmaie
dismay
{liemaie esmaie
\f dup 'be depressed' in deep and dip\ cj). lith. dumbu 'be- courage')
come
see
:
'dishearten, lose ofr. desmayer
from
from dis(ir. sinagare magarc points to GOTH. magan;
csmaycr
hollow'.
din sb. ME. dine oe. dyne {= on. see may). Cp. OE. dynnan dynr^ 'a din'. dispense vb. me. dispense: from oSAX. dtmnian, DU. dcunen OFR. dcspcnser fr. dispenser (=^ it. ON. dynja and the skr. v'~ dhvan lat. dispensare 'weigh spensare
=
,
=
dhii/i
'rush'.
out, distribute'). display vb. me.
dine vb. :me. dine: from fr. displeic: from dvuT (= IT. disinarc) 'dine'. See AFR. dcspleier fr. diployer dinner. 'deploy' (= iT.jr/z>^'vzr^, MED.-LAT. dinner :me. diner: from fr. dhier] displicare 'unfold', wlience also
=
ident.
witli
the
dine:
=
infinitive
e. deploy'). fr. diployer dispute vb. ME. dispute: from lat. it. disputare). dint ME. (///// OE. dynt 'a blow' FR. disputer =r ON. dyntr dyttr 'a dint, stroke'. dissever vb. :\ie. dissevere desc-
is
used as
sb.
See
dijie.
(=
dip vb. ME. dippe OE. dyppan; vere from ofr. dcssevrcr (rr. disionffan (from ceverare fr. a lat. type dissepararc :
cp. G. iaufen ohg. *toufja/i)
'baptize'
and deep.
'sever').
distaff
—
do
distaff ME. distaf orig. dis-staf; ''i/Is-sf^r/ 'staff bedizened with
6i
dole
ME. OE. don =^ DU. doeii, OHG. mhg. tuon
vl).
OSAX.
OE.
diian
,
a teut. disS- in G. t/iuu. For the teut. \^do:dc MLG. disc f. 'distafif, the bunch cp. also deed and the suffix of flax on the distafif'. Cp. lat. -do 711. The pre-teut. \'^
points to
LA
dhoiso-.
1'.
:
y/^drj
^f
in rityi^ui 'place, put',
SKR. \^dh<7 {dadhavii and dhami) borrowed disiinge: 'place, put, do' {lihatr 'creator'), OSLOV. dcjq (and dczdcf) 'do, distiiigncr (eat. distinguere). distrain xh.wii.distreine' com\>Q\, make', lat. facto. The meaning constrtiin': borrowed from ofr. 'place, put' seems to be the oridestraindre (lat. distringere 'pull ginal one and the teut. meaning-
distinguish
vb.
me.
distingwe from fr.
j
\
secondary.
asunder').
distress me. distresse destresse: from OFR. destrccc 'distress'
=
i-R.
ditresse.
,
it.
disturbare
dcsiurbe'.
=(span. lat.
disturbare 'disturb'). ditch 'a dike' me. dkhe oe. die:
OSAX. dik 'dam', wVience
cquiv. to G. dcich:
\vair
related
to
or. tsT/Ol;
?
sb. origin uncertain;
e.
dock,
disturb vb. me. disturbe from OFii. dcstourber disturbar
dock the
word
DU. dok,
dok(ke), FR.
doe daa.
are
from
borrowed
G.
docka, DAX.
S\V.
dock.
ME.
do
The
OE.
OE. dd;
word
—
cp.
dax.
-
generally considered a loanword from lat. ddvia points to a weak stem dan nom. sing, dd from a teut.
—
dai/i which is evidently connected with ofr. daiti m. fr.
base
,
ditty me. di/('; borrowed from daine f. Perh. a lat. base *danus OFR. 1///1' 'a story, poem' (lat. (assimilated for *da7nus) may be The phonology of assumed. dictatiuii) .
=
dive vb. MK.
dive oe. dyfaii ON. dyfa, DU. beduiven, lg. beduven tf.ut. \^ dfib (a by-form of the :
the Engl, word may have been affected by I'oe oe. rd.
doff vb. ME. doffe, orig. imper. do/ contr. of do of 'put off; cp. don contr. of do on 'put on'.
\~ diip) under deep. dizzy adj. me. d/sy oe. dysi^ foolish OHG. fusig, stui)id' MDU. a ay sigh: \^ dtis {lihtis). Another form of the \f dtis appears in oe. dwds {= mdu. dwacs DU. dwaas^ 'foolish' and in G. tor OHG. tbro (teut. base
dog ME. dogge OE. dogga, whence DU. dog, sw. dogg, G. dogge, fr. dogue. OE. dogga (recorded about 1050) is a west-teut. duggan-.
dauza-^.
(oe. dicP).
TF.i'T.
,
=
dole 'portion, share, ME.
d()l{e)
lot,
fortune'
OE. ddl: equiv. w.
dea
62
dollar
—
dove
dot OE. dott 'speck' r= du. fris. dollar sb. a modern loanword from the continent: DU. daaldcr; dot; cp. LG. dott d'otte 'the yellow the source is G. thaler which is of the &%^ and OS ax. dddro, du. short for Joachimsthaler 'gulden dooier, oe. dydring, OHG. totoro from Joach'nnsthai' (Bohemia) tutar-ei G. dotter: prim, term for where the coin was first struck 'the yellow of the QZZ\ the orig. meaning of dydring is prob. -dom OE. -dom 'spot, point in the o-ZZ ODU. dote vb. ME. dote dgtie OSAX. -dom, DU. -dom, OHG. mhg. -tuom G. -iutir. an abstract noun doten 'mope'; perh. akin to mhg. in
1519.
-dom
=
ME.
suffix, orig.
a sb. meaning
diction' preserved in its deriv. deeni).
domain
appar. a deriv. key of donkey
a teut.
—
t/hen
(l.vt. domiiiiuni),
'be
quiet'
adj. me. duble borrowed double (it. doppio ^= LAT. duplus); from the fr. source
from
:
FR.
also G. doppelt, DU. dubbel. doubt ME. doute: borrovve4 from
in me. oe.,
of du/i.
=
\f dut.
double
also du. donui/i.
don see do/f. donkey not found
'quiet'
tus(e)
doom (and from
(poet, by-form demaiii)
from FR. domainc
whence
'juris-
•
Suffix
=
FR. doute (it. dotta
LAT. dubi-
tuni) . sb. ME.
dough OE. ddh(g) OHG. mhg. teic(g) GOTH, daigs donkey is 'the little gray one' G. teig, ON. de/g deriv. from a teut. dig (Shakesp. uses dim 'a gray horse'). 'dough doom sb. judgment, sentence, 'knead' in goth. dcigan 'mould, decree, law' me. oe. dom form'; an Aryan sf dhlgh cj). in OSAX. dcmi, OHG. tuom, ON. domr, SKR. dill 'stroke, smear', lat. GOTH, dojns judgment'; derived Jingere 'shape, form' i^figura from the teut. \f do in do\ for form) and gr. xhiyo^ ro7/og
monkey.
The
is
dirnin.
orig.
as
in
meaning of
=dough DU. LG.
deeg,
,
:
=
the w-suffix cp. SKR. dhaman 'sacred custom' and GR. d^if.uq. osAX. door ME. dore oe. dor
=
dor, G. tor, GOTH, daiir 'gate'; ident. with OE. dura osAX. dura; on.
=
dyrr plur. corresponds to oSAX. duri plur., OHG. turi plur. 'door' Q.tiir. The TEUT. bases (^/7ir- and dur- (cons, stem) cp. also in GOTH, daiirons 'door. To the Aryan base dhur belong also lat. fores, GR. &v(ja, Lirn. durys and SKR. dur (for d/mr) 'door, gate'.
'wall'.
Cp. lady.
doughty OE. dohtii
;
adj. me. dou{g)hty dohti the by-form oe. dyhtii
corresponds to mhg. g. tdchtig from ohg. mhg. ////// an
deriv.
abstract noun of the verb reoe. presented by OHG. tugan dugan. The oe. by-form /j'/z/Zj (cp. dim OSAX. thimvi) points to
=
=
a primitive teut. \'^png. dove short for me. douve oe. diife; diibo,
corresponding to goth. OSAX. dfiba, OHG. tuba g. taube.
down
The
—
based
TEvr.(/u/>o/i- 'dove' is
on a pre-TEUT. dub
in OIR.
adj. dhfi.bho- 'black' 'black'.
dream
63
strainer' d^wd sieve'
dm ug in
(nfris.
and
ditmarsh
in
vb. 'strain,
from teut.
ti
ati)
dorchdroven
down sb. 'soft plumage': a 'drain', HESS, drancn 'drain'. drake ^ in drakcfy oe. draca Scand. loanword of the me. period from on. 'dragon'; cp. synon. ohg. trahho (iME. douti), borrowed oe. draca borrowed dilnii SW. duu, DAN. duuri, G. drachc
=
=
whence
also G. daiine, DU. dons.
fr.
LAT. draco.
Cp. dragon.
down
drake- 'male of the duck' me. prep, and adv., orig. lg. (dial.) adown {c\).backiox abacJi): short- drake oe. '^draca ened for ME. adoiuic adoitn OE. drake mlg. ant-drake, which points ofdune'. OE. diin is hill' and of- to identity with icel. andriki,
=
the
'off
di'mc
A TEUT.
dtina-
hill,
downwards'. GERM,
'hill'
(in
mod.
LG.
enterich
trahho
(orig.
ohg.
antr'ehJio
^
'"anut
an-
trahho).
oe. dun The TEUT. drakon- occurs only the Kentish do70/is; in this compound and in the subcp. DU. diiin. Peril, the word is stituted simple form (the Teut. a Celt, loanword, cp. IK. diin 'a word for 'duck' was oe. icned, fortified hill', GAEL, dun, w. din OHG. anut G. ente).
dcil is 'dale'
and 'down),
survives
in
and the
Celt,
place-names such
draw
vb. me. drawe oe. dragan ON. draga; perh. ident. with
as Tarodiimmi, for which cp. also
=
town.
GOTH, dragan 'bear,
doze
vb. prob.
ON. diisa 'doze'.
dozen
me. dozcine dusain
douzaine
(oi'R.
dosaine),
= fr.
word
is
(oFR. doze draff ME.
=
T.AT.
The
from douze
deriv.
G. tragen 'carry, bear'. The teut. \f drag 'bear' (aryan dhrag/i) has
whence been compared
also G. dutzend, du. dozijn. Fr.
OSAX.
carry',
borrowed from dragan, du. dragcn, ohg. tragan
duodecivi).
draf oe.
drcef\ cp. in the plur. trcbir G.
witli
OSLOV.
drii-'
zati 'hold'.
dream
'vision'
equiv. OE.
dream
(the
synonym
is
drem\ an not recorded
me. is
])ut
sicufi),
is
be inferred from oSAX. drom, trdbcr 'grains, husks' and du. du. droom, ON. dranmr ohg. ON. s w draf. Cogn w. i.X'i.fraces mhg. troum G. trauin 'dream'. xvc< x^sf dhrak; cp. also dregs. The meaning 'dream vision* OHG. ~trab
to
,
.
.
:
,
me.
dragon drago{ii)n\ attaching to from Fk. dragon 'dragon, stand- be deduced
dragon
=
these
forms
from
'deception,
may
IT. dragone, lat. draco{n-) vision' so that teut. drauma(for 'dragon. See drake. *draugma- or *dhroughwnid-l) drain vb. me. drcine oe. drcag- would belong to the teut. a teut. \'^drau^ appears Sj'^drug, seen in oSAX. bidriogau nian; in NORTH -FRis. druughe 'sieve, ^= OHG. triogan G. triigen 'deceive'.
ard'
64
dreary
dreary 'sad'
adj. me. dreri 6k. drcorii
corresponding'
:
inure
g.
G. traucr?i
OHC.
tranrig\
mhg. triiren
dregs of the
MHG.
G. triefeii,
ON. drjilpa 'droj),
drip'.
drive me. drive oe. drifau
^
str.
vb.
droivsc drowze
a Scand. loanword
GOTH, drciban 'drive', OHG. tribaii MHG. trihcn g. treihen. For the teut.
v..
sliiggisb'. 'lees'
chop
drlban 'drive, banish, perform', DU. drijven drive, do, swim' on. drifa 'hasten', fly,
'mourn' belongs i^erh.
to OE. drihiaj! 'be
to
—
o.SAX.
,
ME. period (me. dregges) the plur. form fr.
borrowed with
the equiv. on. dregg.
base dragjo- may dhraki- which is
The
teut.
be a pre-TEUT. also
])()ssible
/
=
sfdrlb (ARYAN dhribh'> cp.
dlirfp}^
also drift.
droll adj. peril, borrowed fr. ¥K. dro/e 'otld, queer, funny'. Cp. G. drollig from lg. druliig, du.
of LAT. /races 'dregs' (lat. not found in the older (^//; as \\\\(S.bx distaff^; cp. drollig\ languages, also PRU.ss. dragifls 'dregs' (perh. drone si). me.^/;7/;;oe. dran (plur. Teut. loanword?). The synon. ovlg. ^trcno dress vb. me. dirssc borrowed drchi). MHG. trene G. drohne, osAX. dran from FR. dresser (oFR. dreseer plur. draiii (dan. drone is a conlat. type dirediare). drecier tinental loanword) are evidently drift sb. 'driving, impulse' me. not phoneticall}' related, but drift 'act of driving, drove, imidentical; oe. dran points to pulse': dcriv. from drive with t- GO'iH. '''drainiis, while ohg. ireno suftix; cp. DU. drift 'drove, flock, An points to GOTH, ''drina. course, current, ardor', G. irift Aryan \f dhrcn cp. in gr. Xh\pasture", on. drift dript 'snow'a species of wasp' i)g}]Vi] drift'. See drive^ drove.
ARYAN
;
also (IvOqiJvi] 'woodbee'
— — Laco-
drink vb. me. drinke oe. drincan nian dp(OVn^ 'drone'. =^ OSAX. drinkan, DU. LG. drinkgfi, drop vb. me. droppe oe. droppian OHG. trinchan mhg. g. tritiken, also dropian and droppetian {= on. drekka a DU. goth. drigkan a G. :
droppen, frequent, tropfeii): teut. str. vb. From deriv. of the orig-. str. vb. OE. teut. comes the Roman group osAX. driodreopan me. drepe IT. triiicare, fr. triiiqucr 'hol)nob'. pan, DU. drnipen, ohg. triufan The TEUT. \f draik (Aryan dhre/ig^ MHG. G. triefe/i, on. drjiipa 'drop'. does not appear outside of See drip and drop. Teut. drop sb. 'a globule' me. drgpc drip vb. ME. drippc OK.dryppan: oe. dropa ^= OSAX. dropo, DU. associated with OE. *dreopan drop, ON. drope, ohg. troffo; the ,
common
=
.ME.
=
osAX. 'drop, fall' DU. druipen, ohg. triufan
drepe
driopan.,
ohg. by-form tropfo (g. tropfeii). points to a teut. base druppon-.
—
dropsy
65
dung
is probable and ohg. would point to a bydropsy me. dropsy dropcsie short form Aryan dhrfig. for idropsie hydropsie: borrowed duck sb. ME. doiike oe. diice: from FR. hydropisie (lat. hydro- akin to oe. *duc(7Ji under duck vb.; hence //«<:/; prop. 'the diving pisis) drought ME. drought older one, diver'; cp. DA'S, dukaud 'seadrougth driight OE. dri'/god 'dr}'- duck, G. tmichente.
of
derivatives
All
See
\^ ilnip.
teut.
tlie
y/^dhriik
truckan
drop'^.
.
ness':
deriv.
'become driigi in
duck vb. ME. doukc an oe. *dikan may be inferred fr. du. duikcn, OHG. tuhhan mhg. tuchen
drilgian
and teut.
;
adj.
dry.
drouse OE.
from OE.
dry'
me.
(droivze) vb.
drus{i)an
'become
= mdu.
=
;
See dreary.
drove
sb.
tauchen.
due
or
droosen 'doze'; cp. 'LG.driinse(lyn 'slumber' driinsen 'low' (of cattle) akin to OE. drcosan goth. driusan 'fall'. sluggish'
G.
'^'drotisc
slow
^
j
I
1
me. dUe from fr. du OFR. deu m. deue f. (= IT. cp. med.-lat. 'uiebudebutd) tu?fi debuta for debitu?/i. adj.
m. due
f.
;
duke
ME.
dilke
from fr.
'herd
road
,
dtic;
the deriv. duchess for dicchesse short for duchesse w'ith
sheep or cattle in droves' me. drove earlier drpf oe. ^//v//"drove' deriv. from W\^\~ drib in drive.
•
—
duchy (cp. me. ducherie instead of ''duchie) from FR. duehi. duchesse.
:
mk.
= fr.
dumb adj. me. domb duvih oe. duf/ib druuc/w GOTH, dumbs, on. dumbr a have essentially the same meaning drtmkle^ oe. drunaiian 'sink' passive formation of the teut. while the corresponding G. duvun verb drink. (ohg. ^\iiG. tujfip') signifies 'stupid, Perh. deaf without dry ME. dric drye oe. dryj^e foolish'. from TEUT. drf/gi-, as shown by nasal (= oe. deaf, goth. dau/s) oe. driigod mod. e. drought. belongs to the same Aryan A TEUT. by -form draugi- (or \'^dhuhh, which may be found drown
for
vb.
mk.
ME.
drou/ie; short (also dissimil.
;
:
=
is
draugii-) .\iE.
seen
and
dreic
LG. dnPge
(by the
oe. drdj^e
in
du.
in
side
droog, of lg.
dryge, north-fris. driiilgJi). All with the same meaning, which
also
appears
in the
related G. Cp. on.
trockcn (oh (J. truckaii).
draugr nouns
'a e.
a teut.
dry log'; ohg. jiroper
g. DriVii-kliiiga drithi 'dry'.
English Etymology.
An
also in
gr. rv(/Xng 'blind'.
dun
adj. 'dark, swarthy' me. don donne oe. dun (nn) an earlv :
loanword
Celtic
donn,
not
gall,
found
(oiR.
donuos) in
other
;
gael.
therefore teut. lan-
guages.
dung ME. dung dong; cp. org. OHG. prove tunga 'dung' G. dung. Aryan MHG. tunc 'subterranean weaving
66
dungeon
room'.
If
underground a dialect of Germany.
'cave,
room'
is
TUifOc
from an Aryan dhnghivos
may be
the orig. meaning, GR.
sb.
jou?i\
me.
= mlg.
dwergh
dwtrugh
corresponds MHG. diutsch tiutsch tiusch OHG. diutisk (osAX. thiudisce liudi 'Germania'). dwarf ME.
dougeoti don-
loanword from ofr.
Dutch
to G. dcutsch
diidesch,
allied.
dungeon
ear
do7i-
=
DU. dwcrg, OE. d7veorh(g) donjon FR. donjon OHG. MHG. tw'erc(g) getw'crc G. 'a domnionevi com(iMED.-LAT. sw. dan. manding tower' fr. a lat. type zwerg, ox. dwei-gr m., TEUT. base dw'crgadommionem; cp. lat. dondnmm dvcrg. belongs prob. to the TEUT. \^ drug under
geo7i
dongon
domain^.
dusk
ME.
dosk
OE.
dose
rare occurrence, but also seen in the deriv. vb. duscian^. Akin to
the
sw.
hence
'deceive',
(of
dwell dwelian
dial,
dwarf
prop,
'deception, vision'. vb. :
ME.
dwcllc late OE.
scand. loanword
from
duskug 'misty'. ohg. TEUT. base dnska- admits of ON. dvelja 'delay, stay' twellan 'linger'. relation to lat. fnscus 'blacldsli, (and tivalai) dark' (base dlmsko-1^. oe. vb. ME. die deic
=
A
dye
Dutch
orig.
meant
German down to
for including Dutch 1600, Dutch was considered \
dcy:
dcagian derived from oe. dc'ah(g) a TEUT. dauga is not found :
;
elsewhere.
E each
(leh OE. base auzon- in goth. ausb, osax. An OHG. ioginh OHG. ora G. ohr uu. oor. MHG. iegelich G. jegUch\ cp. ohg. Aryan base aus- cp. in lat. ^mbo- auris, GR. oiit,-, Russ. SLOV. ueho vmnno-giUh 'every man' 'ear' gilih 'every woman' etc. perh. cogn. with hear.
die
ME.
(eh
earlier
=
orig. d-gilic
,
—
•
—
;
eager me. (gre adapted from OFR. eigre 'keen, sharp'. Source lat. acre (accr). :
eagle me.
c'gle:
Hence earwig
me. (r-wiggc ok.
car-7C'igga.
ear- sb. (of corn) me.
;';-
oe. car
loanword from contr. from *eahor (Northumbr.
lat. aqu'da. ehh€i-')^'x:KiiT. base ahaz-\ ident. eanling'lamb'(Shakesp.) points w. OHG. ahir G. iihre, GOTH, ahs, Perh. akin to invns. to an OE. cjin 'lamb'; c^. yeaji. ON. ax. teut. ear vb. .me. ere oe. eriaji ^^^ ear^ sb. me. ere oe. rV?r<' FR.
(ligle;
source
=
earl
eight
.67
=
GOTH, arjan, ohg. crian 'plough'; eat vb. me. cte oe. etaii du. cogn. with LAT. arare, or. uodftv, eten, OSAX. etau, ON. eta, GOTH. arabn 'l plough': Aryan itan, OHG. e-i^yin G. essen. OIR. Cp. \f ar ill LAT. arvutn 'field' and the Aryan \f ed in lat. edo, GR. in earth. edni.iai, skr. ad, lith. edmi 'eat'
=
on.
(see also tootJi). eaves me. eves oe. efes 'eaves'; witli tVie TEUT. tribe-name Heruli. the E. dial, form oaves (Essex) OHG. early me. (rli OK.cerlke; cp. ere. points to an oe. "'ofes earn vb. me. erne oe. earnian obasa 'porch, hall', GOTH, ubizwa OHG. arnon. Perh. traceable 'jiorch', ON. ups 'eaves'. to the Aryan \/~
erl
.me.
OSAX.
jarl,
oe.
corl
Perh.
crl.
ident.
=
=
=
=
earth
me.
OSAX. ertha
GOTH,
,
erthe
oe.
ohg.
erda
airpa, on. jord\ OHG. i'rv 'earth'
with
eorde G.
cognate
=
jgrvi 'ground', lat. arznwi GR.
to
earwig FR.
on.
'field',
the ground. -1 cp. ear
fo«Cf
ease
^
crde,
.me.
earlier
csc
else
from
ME.
with DU.
base
aust-
Aryan name aurora, gk.
(ast\
ident.
OHG. ostarfin
:
\'~ ak.
tlieir
to
^kr. usas: Ar}'an
ester G.
egg
oe.
Ostern.
Beda
on.
ohg.
eld-
elu- ?
sb. ME. egg
egg
goddess
correspond DU.
cp.
LITH.
to
osax.
base =r am- {ajjiz- ajjaz) perh. related Accord- to LAT. oi'um, GR. u)6v a^'^ 67,
G.
ei:
teut.
.
,
Eostre,
—
{astro
which
is
elsewhere (juite unrecorded. The WEST-teut. word (base austrd/i-) is prob. of the same origin as east;
=
eel ME. OE. el OE. eel ohg. al, G. DU. DAN. aal, on. ail: teut.
Venerabilis in egg '^''heathen times the Anglo-Saxons from on. called the feast in April after to edge. ing
eggia,
cp. SKR. ao'i 'corner', GR. av.onc lith. aszru-s 'sharp'
;
Cp. Easter.
Easter me.
osAX.
from on. egg. the teut. OK.di (i)lur. diru) .me. «' (plur. is traced to the eire) 'egg' were supplanted by the of the aurora lat. SCAND. loanword egg. OE. rij and OE.
G, osten
tjcJ^'j
base ausos.
egge,
'pointed',
base
(st
oost,
du.
ON. egg, OHG. eeka G. ecke. Cogn. with LAT. acies 'point', GR. av.iz;
Aryan
aise 'ease'.
east
tz=-
eege)
auszra 'aurora'.
instigate' t'ggja
''g.^v;
me. on';
egge akin
eight ME. eig/tte oe. *e/ite mostly goth. ahtan, osax. ohg. rt-///^' G. du. acht: Aryan base ealita
olitbu SK.R.
=
okto in GR. oxTf->, OIR. <^W//.
lat. octo,
astaii,
5*
68
eisel
eisel ME. ODU. aisijt)
a
LAT.
cccd
—
emmet
(^= the word occurs Source as OE. u^lfrid
aisil late oe. aisil
ofr.
fr.
aisil.
acdulum;
type
cp.
An Aryan
oe.
alhhu-
is
found
in
acidmn SKR. rbhu 'the name of a certain kind of deity'.
lat.
fr.
'vinegar'
names
in
= proper ohg. Alp-rdt.
'sharp.'
oe. either me. either ell ME. elk earlier elne oe. eln ceyter shortened for ceyiwcrder orig. Tzrz- OHG. cli7ia G. DU. elle, ON. a -\- iihwceder\ cp. ohg. io-giwe- alin, GOTH, aleina 'ell, cubit'. A dar 'each of two' and in'hcthei-. pre-TEUT. olend- is found in lat.
eke
fr. a ulna, GR. (oXivrj, OIR. uile 'cubit\ OHG. Cp. elbow. ouh G. auch. elm ME. OE. elm\ akin to on. Prop, imperative of the str. vb. goth. aukan 'add' dlmr and lat. ulmus (g. ?/;/«f is a lat. loanword, du. f?/;// is ofr. (=1 LAT. augere).
ME. ek OE. ec earlier (ac
=
TEUT. auk
elbow
ME.
GOTH
elbpwc
auk.,
oe.
elhoga
earlier eln-hoga r=^ ohg. dinbogo g. elbogen, du. elleboogy on. ginhogi: a GOTH, compound *aleina'the
buga
bow of
the
cubit'
is
wanting. Cf). ell and bow. eld'oldage, antiquity'(Shakesp.) me. i'lde OE. eldo yldo 'antiquity' abstract of old OE. did.
— :
=
elder
me.
adj.
elder oe.
compar. of old. elder sb. (a tree) me.
eldra:
.
else ME. OE. wise'
:
'an
aljis
other'
enlevene
'other-
(=^
lat.
alius,
armen. ail) cp. OE. ele-lende 'a foreign land OHG. eli-lenti 'being abroad' and GR. «AA.oc, OIR.
aile,
;
,
ohg. elles 'elsewhere', lat. 'otherwise'.
alias
me. imbri-daives oe.
ember-days
eldre eller
cession'?
embers me.
adv.
elles
genet, of the pron. gk)th.
ymbren-dagas prop, 'days of pro-
OE. ellarn.
eleven
olme)
oe.
infl.
cndleofane csnlifane; oe. endlufon corresponds to on. ellifn, OSAX. cp. goth. ai/ilif, einlif G. du. elf 'eleven'.
cfueres :=:
'ashes'
cemyrian plur. eimuria , ON. eimyrja
OHG.
'embers'.
ejnmeres
me.
OE.
plur.
Prob. a
compound
ohg.
of
a TEUT. type aim-uzjon cp. on. The cimr 'steam, vapor' and icsli a TELJT. numeral ain-lif- is a com- conflagration' usel ftsel mhg. one and lif 'ashes, embers' fr. an Aryan \" us pound of ain pre-TEUT. -lika in lith. i^dio- in LAT. urere vb. 'burn' (cp. on. clleban
;
=
was
,
=
lika 'eleven'
orig.
\
(cp.
tioelve^.
The
meaning of the numeral peril,
'ten
+ one'.
older
ysja.
'fire').
emmet TEUT.
'ant'
base
i\ie.
(with by-form amei-a g. anirise: ouphe Shakesp.) me. elf oe. eelf: with ohg. imi--f TEUT. base alba- also in on. dlfr\ dustrious'. elf
the
efnet oe. cenicie:
atnaitjon-
=
prob. G.
ohg.
cogn.
etnsig
'in-
emperor
me.
emperor
afr.
fr.
= LAT. emperour imperator-C7n (but kaiser Cdsere 'emperor' = cp. empire me. empire = lat. empire CJiipcrur OE. fr.
G.
LAT.
Caesar')\ fr. fr.
impcrium and
form
earlier
pcresse OFR. cDipcrice
empty OE.
= lat.
me.
crrcr
lat.
endi: teut.
enchaunte
vb. me.
=
fr.
lat. incantare.
= goth.
andeis,
DU. einde, on.
e?ide,
base andja-, pre-TEUT. SK.R.
cp.
oiR.
dnta 'end, limit'
errand for
vb.
erre
fr.
fr.
hence
crrare;
me. e7'nde e?-ende
=
(krcnde
OE.
OE. dr, osax.
me.
vb.
escape
short
OSAX. drundi,
=
du.
in
genoeg,
'messenger'.
escdpe
vb.
fr.
'cloak'.
evening
UY..eveni7ige O'^.dfnung: of eve me. eve(n) OE. d/en cp. ohg. dlmnd G. abend,
deriv.
du. avond; ox. OSAX. dband aptann (swed. afton, dan. afteii) ,
and
OE.
to
tlie
belongteut. base
'evening'
.a^/^//
:
ga-noga-
<7'
OXFR. escapcr fr. dchapper. lat. type ex-cappare deriv. from cappa
efen\
tV.
engage cogn. w. gage. enough me, inough {iiimve) OE. teut. earlier y-npg') -^enoh {l^enpg base
lith.
'weasel'.
errant fr. errant.
drr,
'empty'.
enii G.
and
czanniT) err vb.
=
to
(corresp.
means
OHG. drunti 'message'; uncertain
me. oe. ende
antyo-;
har7no
whether cogn. w. corn, aims, ox.
enchanter
OHG.
fr.
OHG.
69
imperatriccin.
enchant
end
efiiperice
ewe
me. empti emii short for
cemtij^
FR.
me. e^n-
empress
—
same group
:
ebnd-}
eftn-l OHG. ginuog G. ever me.
osax.
gi'iog,
;
—
enter vb. me. entre vb.
= lat. vitrare vb. me. entire = LAT. integrtim
trer
entire
adj.
^«//Va'
envy
sb. me. etivie
fr.
fr.
fr.
'enter.
ere
'before' f^/v
me.
dri teut.
ident. w. goth. er G.
dr{e)
^
oe.
before'; ohg. osax.
me. ermine
form everilk late
evert earlier
OE. dfrcHc.
me. ever
iwMre
oe.
(e/re-ie/ncjcer.
evil adj. me. evel prop, ive/ ok. yfel: TEUT. base uhila- in goth. rir OSAX. iitil , ohg. ubil G. ubils,
f//r.
ermine
every me.
everywhere
«/;/)
-,
aye-.
fr.
fr.
{integer^. fr. ^«zw
LAT. invidia.
(fr.
=
—
du.
libel,
uppi uber
euvel;
G. iippig
=
ewe
cogn.
and perhaps
w.
ohg.
w. teut.
over. ME.
(we oe. ^'^zf/^ (not of <^(9K'«, which would be me. *<7f'<') Teut. origin; cp. ohg. harmhi TEUT. base atvi- 'sheep' in du. mhg. /lerj/ihi 'fur'. The primitive ooi, ON. (h-r 'sheep' and cp. goth. sb.
ertnine fr. hermine,
fr.
whicii
ofr.
is
:
ewer
70
fair
awcpi 'flock of sheep' and awistr OHG.
osax. oiiga G. auge oga, sheepfold'; cp. OHG. ou (plur. DU. oog, ON. auga (under winouwi) fr. a TEUT. base awwi-. doiv). As shown by the teut. vb. A base cnui- occurs in other ''^aujan pret. "^awida (== o^. ywan ,
'a
Aryan languages ovis,
GR.
oiq
skr. dvi, lat. lith. avis
:
cowde) for '^agivjan '^agwida 'to show', TEUT. augon- is transformed
(*o//g),
'sheep', OSLOV. ovica, oiR. ewer me. (wer fr. afr.
'^'eiviere
= ear^
from an earlier agwon-: ARYAN base okon- fr. a primitive stem ok 'eye' cp. lat. oc-ulus,
VK.aiguiere: source lat. aquarium 'vessel for water', whence also OHG. ahhari, du. lg. aker 'pitcher,
OSLOV.
bucket'.
'the
expound
me.
vb.
expoune
fr.
;
oko,
LITH.
akis,
eyot
GR.
oV(Jf
skr. aksi. (for ^^okje) sb. ME. eiet OE. ijpt com-
eyes'
;
ovK.espondre: source lat. exponere, monly i'^od: deriv. of OE. /j i^ whence also OHG. spiinon 'inter- 'island', which answers to on. ey, OHG. ouwa 'island' (teut. aujopret, expound'. eye me. eie earlier e~^e OE. cage: fr. agzvjo- deriv. of GOTH, ct/mki TEUT. base augo/i- in goth. a^igd.
fable
.ME. /dfi/e
fr.
LAT. fabula. face ME. fa(e fas LAT. fades.
fr.
= face =
fr. /ad/e fr.
=
LAT.
ident.
aqua
\v.
'water').
ohg.
gifeho
'joy'
more
=
:
fade (Shakesp. vade) /iwV vb. fr. the fr.
vb,
me.
or
accurately w. oe. J^efea *gi(contracted fr. ^gifeaha fahd) TEUT. \'feh (Aryan peli) in
oe.
lefeon
(pret.
lefeali)
=
adj. fade OHG. gife/ian 'to enjoy'. faint adj. me. feinf fr. Ofk. feint (whence also o.fade, ouu. vadde^. Source a lat. type ''fatidns in- partic. o{ feindre; c\). feign. stead oi fatitits 'foolish'. fair adj. me. fair oe. fce~^er fail vb. me. faile vb. fr. fr. =: G0TH.yvz^;'i-'fit',0HG. oshyi.fagar, lat. fallere), ON. /la'.^T. According to goth. faillir (source there whence also DU. I'eih'fi mhg. gafahrjan 'to prepare vc/e/i G. fehleii. exists a teut. sffeh also in G. fain adj. me. fain oe. fee-yen fegen ohg. 71'egen vb. 'cleanse' OSAX. fagan, on. feginn cp. ON. /(^r^''^^ and OHG. fuogan 'glad' adj. 'glad'; cp. goth. faginon 'to G. fiigen, OE. lefeian.
=
,
,
;
=
enjoy'
and faheps
'joy',
which
is
fair
sb.
'market,
festival'
me.
fairy
fe.irc
—
=
fr. foire\ afr. feire LAT. fcria 'a holiday', also OHG. fira G. fcicr
fr.
source
whence
'ceremony' {/eieriag 'holiday'). fairy -MF.. fairie fr. ofr. faerie "enchantment'; cp. fayfaith sb. ME. faith fcith (with the Ijy-form fai fei) fr. afk. feid fr. feid (with the by-form /tv
=
71
fast
LAT.
wanne
G. versus) earlier loanword ;
fr.
l.^t.
is
an
vannus.
=
fancy short for me. fantasie OFR. fantasie (lat. phantasiei). oe. me. fer frre far adv.
GOTH. fairra
feor feorran] cp. adv., OHG. ferro ver,
on.
//'(?rr/ 'far'
G. :
fern,
du.
cogn. w. GR.
nsQui- 'beyond', skr. para 'distant', ARM en. lieri 'far'. lax. Source fidem. fides foi). fardel me. fardel fr. ofr. fardel falcon sb. me. faukoun fr. fr. fr. fardeau 'burden, load. Source late la']'. falcofaticon. fare vb. me. fire oe. far an i!C7n, whence also OHG. falko G.
—
=
falke, im. faike, DU. valk 'falcon'. vb. ME. falle oe. fallan fall
falla
\ffall
=
OHG.
o^.fara,
OSAX.
=
Aryan sfpal
in lith.
cp. (pres. p'lihi) 'to fall'; also GR. aifdXXouui 'to fall'?
piilti
fallow
y^^r^?/;,
farati mhg. varn G. OHG. OSax. fallan, fahren, uu. varen: teut. \'~far ARYAN \fpor in GR. TTOOcvoiiai str. vb. 'fall': teut.
=
{fcallaii)
ON.
= GOTH,
vb.
str.
I
travel,
I
go'.
farm
me. ferme 'repast, banquet, rent, farm' OE. feorni 'banquet,
^\^. falwe oe. fealo food, subsistence'; cp. OE.feortnian =^ teut. base fahca- vb. 'sustain, feed, support' borgvn.furhces
adj.
DU. 7'aal, ohg. falo
in ON. fplr,
fallow'.
G.
fa/il 'pale, LAT. pallidas \>'d\e' gr. nnhoQ 'dark', 'gray',
w.
—
rowed
fr.
LAT. firmare 'to
make
Cogn. strong' (firmare akpn. cibo atque pullus potione). skr.
farrow
me.
farli
=
'young
pig'
OHG. farah palita 'gray';. the teut. adj. has OE. fearh 'pig' the same suffix as OSLOv. plavii, (g. ferkel, du. varke/i) teut. base pre-teut. porko- in GR. I.ITH. pak>as 'fallow^'. farhafalse adj. mk. late oe. fals fr. Tioo/.og, L.AT. parens, lith. pdrszas, OFR. fals =^ FR. faux; source OSLOV. prase, OIR. ore 'pio'LA'i". falsiis 'false'. farthing y\E. ferthing short for :
=
fame .me. fame fr. fama 'report'.
fr. fihiic
i.AT.
famine famine:
me.
deriv.
hunger'. fan ME. OK.
fa?nin(e) fr.
L.vr.
fr.
-=--
ferthing
oe.
feordung
(/eording
feordling') 'the fourth part, farthfr, ing': deriv. t)f OE. feor da 'fourth',
fames cp. four and OHG. for dung. fashion .me. fagioun (^fassouii)
=
LAT. faetio{nem). fan {nn): borrowed fr. FR. fafon fast adj. ME. fast oe. feest during angi,o-sax. times fr. l.\t. T'annus the vulgar pro- OS.faslr, du. vast, OHG. festi ad], (in nunciation /!///;/«.<; c\>. G. vers (fasto adv.) g. fest 'fast': teut.
=
=
72
feeble
fast
in
'fast".
=
armen. hast
postu —Aryan fastvb. u^.fasteOK.fcestan
fastu-,
GOTH, fastaii , G. fasten, du. vasten, ox. fasta: prop, derived
fr.
fr.
fay fr.
cp. mhg. feie source a lat. /^/^
fie\
OFR. /(v>:
^ fatiwi.
fear me. ///v oe. /lir 'a sudden fear' osax. far, ohg. fara 'treason, danger' G. gefahr fat adj. ME. /(?/ (tt) short for-OE. 'danger'; goth. '^fera is the source TEUT. base oi fcztl prop. fcEtcd ferja 'a spy' Aryan \fper also faitida- in ohg. feiyt G. /d7>/, in lat. periculum 'danger', gr. OSAX. /cV/V/ LG. G. fett 'fat', du. vet: nsTon 'trial prop, partic. of a teut. vb. feast ME. frste fr. ofr. feste =^ '"^faitjaii. The base is a teut. adj. FR. source lat.
from the adj. with the orig. meaning 'make firm, observe'.
=
peril,
=
:
.
'fat'
faita-
Aryan GR.
in
\j''pd
7t/o)1/
—
fete:
mhg.
vei
ON. />//?-
3'
cogn. w.
TTiapdg
'fat'
\/~J>t
^
:
in
SKR.
fr.
festa.
ME. fct
feat
FR. fait
by-form feit fait
^= LAT. factum.
feather
short for me. fc'ther /Z2'a« pivara 'fat' (skr. \^ pya). OE. r=r du. veder osax. feder fatal ME. /(?/(// fr. FR. fatal; ohg. fedara G. feder, fethara, OFR. fate. cp. fate me. /(//r ON. 75'^^r 'feather': teut. base Source lat. fatuin fatalis. fepro-, Aryan petra-; cogn. w. father me. fider oe. feeder GR. TiTfoov feather, wing', skr. GOTH, fadar (commonly atta^, patra 'feather' OHG. fater G. vater, osax. fadar, pdtatram 'wing' ArA'an sfpet in skr. \rpat 'to DU. vader, on. fadir: teut. base also in lat. pemia (prop. fly', faderAryan base pater- in 'feather'. '"petsncf) lat. pater, gr. naTijp, skr. ///(^zr feature WE..fc'tiire fr. ofr. friture and oiR. r//////-, armen. //t///-: all ==- LAT. factura. equivalent. fathom iME. fdthem oe. /^^^w fee sb. me. /f' o^.feoh (gen./kw ,
=
—
=
—
:
=
'embrace, extended arms, fathom,
dat. feo^
cubit': ident.
in cattle'
\v.
on.
fadmr, du.
'a fathom' ^=: OHG. fadiim fiden 'a fathom, a thread': TEUi'. base fapma- fr. an Aryan \fpet in GOTH. /^7/« 'hedge' MHG. vade fence' and in gr. nhxdvvvia 'I extend'.
vadciii G.
=
fault
:me.
faute
fr.
favor ME. favour =r
fawn fr.
FR.
LAT.
sb. me.
faon
'a
faun
G.
'cattle,
property
ident. w. goth. fai/ni,
property', ohg. teut. fiihu
'cattle,
vieh 'cattle':
neut.
pi^ku neut. in skr. pd(u 'cattle ; skr. pa(ii cp.
masc,
LAT. pceus 'cattle' (hence
Aryan
peciijiia
faute.
feed
fedan
•\^xo-<^.fa-ouii
'money')
.
me. fede oe. fedan teut. base fodjan under
vb. :
food.
source a feeble adj. deriv. o{ fvtus. feible foible
fawn':
type/(r/(7///,!j-,
/if
faveur.
fr.
fr.
ON.
fhu
prop, ;
=
me. fcble
fr.
fr. faible.
ofr.
fetlock
feel
73
fde oe. felan fiilan fend vb. ME. fcndc\ also abbrea teut. base foljan in \iation of defend.
feel vb. ME.
wk. vb.
fr.
du. voden, ofris. G. filhleii vb.
os.^x. gifoljan,
MHG.
fcla,
vilekn
Perh. cogn. \v. i,at. pahiia, OE. yy//;/ 'hand': \^J>aL
'feel'.
03.\x.
feign'
base fell.
OE.
in
fella-
OHG. fel(ll)
Cogn.
\v.
LAT.
/t'/(//)
goth.
fellow
sb.
culitni IT.
fenel oe. final: hki. fcniculumfenu(whence also fr. fenouil,
finocchid)
du.
;
on.
UU.
G. /('/Z,
skin'
/r///jr
teut.
:
y?//,
OE.
fcarn fcarn
venkel
ohg.
,
{7^/.
'fern'
is
'wing-,
ME. fclawe late OE. h. on. fdage]
borrowed
feather,
nxsQOv 'feather ferret
(t^
it.
G.
fain, du.
teut. base farnaw. skr. parna ident.
\^pel
:
=
The
varen.
also in film.
fc'oliiga:
fr.
fr. feindre
fr.
source
:
ME.
sb.
fell
me.
fcnahhal fcnihhal G. fenchcl arc lat. fingere. earlier loanwords. fern shortened for me. fern
feign vb. me. feine 'to
fennel
borrowed
cp. —leaf; titfqic
GR.
'fern*.
•
borrowed fr. fr. fnret which is a deriFR. of LAT. fur 'thief.
fiircttd),
cp. ON. fe-lag 'companionship, vative 'a association', lit. laying to- furet is also the source of du. of gether 'pro- fret, G. frett usually frettchen. property' (on. perty' ^=- E. fee'). ferry sb. me. ferie: it is un-
f
felly (felloe) me. /d'/Zc (felwe) OE. yl'/j^ (felgan) r=^ OHG. /t'4'-r? G. felge, 'rib'
is
DU. radvelge.
skr.
fiihrc,
borrowed
felon ME. felouii traitor'
fr.
fr.
med.-lat.
felloinem) fel^nem). felt
ME. ov..felt\
word
cp. the synon.
it
is
a genuine
(oE. "fcrie) or a
par(u loanword
compared.
KR. /;V
certain whether e.
(on.
du.
ferja);
7'eer.
Scand. G.
cp.
Source
the
verbal \ffar in fare. ferry vb. me. ferie OE. ferian 'carry' ^= on. ferja carry', goth.
farjan 'travel; cp. fare. fetch vb. ViV..fccche with the byform fete (pret. fette) oe. feccan
G. yf/s MHG. DU. ?////', vilz, DAN. fit: TEUT. /^'//'ti'S */?///s fetjan earlier y^/w// {ywaX.fctode)', Felt -from a pre-TEUT. '^peldos. E. -tch ME. cell is developed fr. is prob. related to oiLov. pliisti
OHG. S\V.
OE.
The
tj (^fetjan
earlier fctian, avest-
synon. Rom. words TEUT. There exists a fetojati). FR. feutre (meo. - i,a r. IT. fellro, teut. \ffet'm. oe. sidfct 'journey', Jfltnwi) 'felt' are ofTEUT. origin. ON. fet 'step, pace'; e. foot fen ME. OE. fcii{?m) teut. base same Aryan the belongs to fanja- 'morass' in the synon. GOTH. /(////, DU. veen, on. fen, fetlock orig.'thc tuft of hair beOHG. fenni. hind a horse's 'felt'.
:
fence
sb. short for
defence.
—
pastern-joint'.
.ME.
fitlock fetlack:
a genuine
E.
74
fette
fight
word
iclent.
w. mhg. fizjach fiy-
loc/i,
deriv.
of
exists an Aryan \fpik in skr. pifuna 'treacherous'. fiddle ME. fthel oe. Jidele fesscl 'pastern of a horse' which seems to be cogn. w. teut. synon. ohg. fidula mhg. I'idele G. E. foot; the fot cp. LAT. pes fiedel, ON. fidla, du. vedcl:
mhg. fiy^el
G.
=
=
whole
pedeni 'foot'.
group
is
based
on a
westteut. ffula =^ fr. 7'io/e, it. fetter sb. me. feter oe. fetor SPAN. 7>Jo/a. Source a vulgar USAX. fctur, ON. fjotwr, du. LAT. vitnla (in a late pronunmho. v'ey^er] vetet-, OHO. fe"ifira
=
w.
cogn. 'a
LAT. pedica,
or. 7rtJ/y
ciation fdida'{).
field ME. OE. fcld; e stands for and perh. w. G. fassen teut. /before /
fetter'
'catch'
:
feld g. feld, DU. veld. The teui'. fever me. fe/i>er fefre oe. fifor stem ''felpti- is related to oe. {= OHG. ficbai- G.feber') borrow- folde, osax. folda 'earth'. A pre:
ed
fr.
LAT. febris febrevi,
also FK. fevre
(=
it.
whence
febbre).
teut. SKR.
few
adj.
prthu
plthu'broad'
is
found
and
in
frthivi
adj. ME. fewe OE. fcaive 'earth' cp. or. u'/mtvc, oir. lethaii Perh. /"/
phir.
=
;
;
=
fierce me. fers: borrowed fr. fegi 'doomed to die'; du. veeg 'about to die' (ohg. feigi 'daring, OFR. fers fers, regular forms fr. fer (lat. ferns petulant' G. feige 'cowardly') fer ficr teut. base faigi-. 'wild').
=
:
fickle
ME. fikel oe. feol
OE.
oe.
from
fdceii cp. -^efc 'fraud'; fraud, deception', OikX. fekan OHG. feihhan 'deception' teut. :
=
fifth oe. fifda fig
fgue
ME.
=
cp. fii'e.
fg borrowed LAT.
ficiis,
fr.
fr.
whence
also
OE. fie-treo 'fig-tree'.
prop, faih in goth. fight vb. ME. fighte OE. feohtan oHG. DU. vechten bifaiJwn vb. 'defraud' and faih str. vb. sb. 'deception, fraud'. There fehtan G. fechten: teut. \ffehtl \~fik faik,
^
,
filei
'a
file^
string,
borrowed from
FR.
order';
list,
fr. file
'a
75
fire
and
pinson
dialect, pink
e.
line, \pineli.
find ViY.. finde oy.. fin dan str. vb. rank, row'; source h\i\ Jl/nm 'a ox. goth. finpan thread'. synon. osax. findan fiihan, DU. file- 'a steel rasp' me. file oe. finna, vinden, ohg. findan G. fin den: /}'/ usually feol (contracted from OHG. fihala mhg. ink TEUT. \'~fenp finp or by Verner's "^fi/iil)', cp. 1
DU.
G. feile,
uncer-
is
'file'
fill
vb. ME.
fille OE. O.SAX. fiillian,
=
fyllan wk. DU. 7'ullen,
OHG. fulleii G. filllen, on. fylla: GO'iii. TKUT. fulljaii 'fill' is deriv. fr.
in
the
is
pre-TEUT. vb.
IR.
synon.
/^//z'
*'/^7/w
'I
find'.
tain.
vb.
,
Connection law fend find
-oijl.
ON. /
with
=
the TEUT.
fulla-
adj.
=
E.
fine adj. me. fine borrowed fr. (whence also mhg. 7'm
FR. fi^n G. fein,
fine finis
filly filly',
foil
loanword fr. on. which is a dirain.
=
film
/)'^'
'a
of ON.
lat.
final
pay-
=
goth. finger me. oe. p'nger MV.vinger, ohg.
fylmen fingar filmen from a teut. perh. h'dscfi'lmma- which points penqe^
dirain.
to a
more
cogn. w.
primitive teut. felma-, E.
G.
finger allied
borrowed
filtrer 'strain
teut. base///^;v/-,
:
to
five
(Aryan
.
finish vb. me. fimsshe fr. ofr. base of some forms of fr.
finiss-
fell.
vb.
filter
lit.
fine',
ment'.
OE. filmen
^\v..fil})ic
from
'a
'a
oFRis.
-.=:
Source lat.
fipfi).
'complete'. ME. fine sb.
figgrs, 0)s. fi^igr,
foal.
Y..
DU.
vb.
p'nire
fr.
through a
finish'. (lat. finire) 'end, ME. firre\ perh. a Scand. loanword on. fyra rare by-form There is a teut. oi fnra 'fir'.
FR. \fim7fir
felt'
fr.
'felt';
cp.
:
s\Kii.-h\'v.filt7'iim
feltrum
felt.
name
filth fyltl:
fill
=
ME.
abstract E.
foul',
== GOTH, fin sb. ?7/;,
filt/ie
sw.
short
for
OE.
furh,
formation of OE. pre-TEUT. perk qerq in cp. OHG. fiilida
'fill li
pa. 'a
la'l.
cp. quer-
cus 'oak'. fire
wv.. o¥.. fi?i
/>//r7
oe.
of the tree furh-\ ohg. forlia g. fdhre\
(nn); fin';
EAT.
cp.
uu.
cogn. w.
penna pinna 'feather'. finch ME. fineli oe. fine fr. a TEUT. base fi'nki-; cp. DU. 7'ink, OHG. 7'inkfl G. y^wX.'. Observe the similarity of sound of the Rom. it. pineione, words for 'finch :
ME.
/////-
mhg.
The
ov..fyr: contr. of ohg. OSAX. fiiir
//;•
WESiTEUT.
=
ohg. fiur feuer , du. ruur. of osax. ohg. fiiir (cp.
commonly 7>iur
ir
osax.
G.
ON. fiirr fyrr)^
pre-TEUT. ///-
is
is
suffix;
the
///
root
ftir-r, GR. ni;-(), Umbrian ARM EN. ku-r point to a
:
fr.
on. //--'',
common
76
fleam
first
base
SKR. sTpii-
pii-i",
whence pavaka ME.
first
=
'^fyrcst
OE.
first
TEUT.
fyi'it fr. in ohg.
farista-
du.
(cp. G. filrst, 'prince'), on. fyrstr
fiu'ist
original
fonno
word
=
'flame',
'fire'.
for
OE.
'first';
witii
fageUum
the
FR. fliau
7na-
loanword from lat.
WESTTEUT.
f'(?-''iV
OSAX.
is
iirst'
forma
ME. flail fleil oe. '^fej/l (once recorded as Jlil^l) =^ OHG. fegil G. fegel, du. vlcgel: a flail
'whip,
flail',
whence
also
(also OIR. sraigclt).
flask OE. flasce
=
on.
fa ska,
DU. fesch, OHG. flasca g. flaschc corresponding to the synon. it. ;
(goth. fru-ma) from indoEUR. //' cp. GR. TlpOUOC, SKR. fiasco, OFR. flasche fr. fiacon (med.purva-s, o~:U}v.pruz!u^ LU'U. pirwas LAT. fiasco fr. LAT. vasculmnT). 'first'. Cp. former. flat me. y/(;/: borrowed fr. ox. fish ME. fs/i OE. ^".y^: (and /?.iv) sw. y?rr/, dan. y?f?<^/; cp. GOTH, y^i'/^.f, ON. fs/ir, OHG. y/^i/r OHG. y^^z^ 'flat'; cp. oe. fict, osax. TEUT. fska-z OSAX. _/?J"/5 G. ywr/i. 'floor' and ohg. fia-^yi 'palm from pre-TEUT. pisko-s agrees y7
;
=
=
.
;
oiR.
iasc
points
to
pre-historic
'^pciskos.
fist iME. fist
for fist OE.
siiort
flatter vb.
ed
me. fiatere
OFR. fiatcr
fr.
^=
borrow-
:
fr.
fiatter.
=
ohg. du. f'/d'i'; prob. If DU. 7^«W/ 'fist'. /}2i'/' G. faiist, cogn. w. the vb. ohg. fi'ehtati g. connected with synon. lat. pug- fiechtcn and goth. fiai/itafi 'braid' nus and GR. TJVyilirj, WESTTEUT. the in teut. '^fiahsa- would l)e = fusti- stands for fuhsti pre- derivative; cp. the Aryan \fplek /)It/
fr.
TEUT.
*fiisti(z)
r=
flax
OHG.
xME. yA;.v
oe. pleax
G. fiachs,
yfrt'/^J•
;
JT
'I'EUT. piik-sti piig'Sti- ?
five
'braid'
inflection OE. fif irom 'VEVT. OSAX. /{/", uu. wy/, CQ-iH.
=
OHG.
in 'LXT.plectere, GR. n'khy.w
five OE. fife; without 'weave'.
i\iE.
fmf
fmf
fnf
MHG.
Z'//;//'
G.
flay vb. ME. fie oe. fiean contr. on. a TEUT. str. \h.fiahan
^
fr.
fH^if
ON. ///;/« (dan. sw. fem) preTEUT. p^7npe pinqe (fortlie shifting
fid.
:
flea ME. fie OE. ficah r= ohg. fioh G. y76'//, DU. vloo, ON. yZ?: q base fiauh- for plauhTEUT. four., wolf)\ cp. SKR. pafica, meant orig. 'a fugitive', so that GR. TllvXh {ni:.(.lVf: Tltf.niT.OC) , LAT.
of INDO-EUR.
to
/
see fir
^
under flee
the root
quinquc (for '^piiique^, OIR. /wV, CYMR. //;///>. flag sb. 'an ensign' DU. t'/^i'', DAN. _//c?^'',
lii'H.
penki,
pliuhan
=
s\v.
^•-
goth.
G. fioh. J^t^Sg<^)
fleam plagg: a in the fiauDiic.
modern word, not found OTEUT. periods.
=
the source oiE.flea.,
is
whence
'a
kind of lancet'
Source
fr.
fr.
lat. fiebotomum.
also oe. fiytmc, du. vlijm,
fleck
OHG.
fietiima
mhg.
vliete{n)
—
G.
77
flood
flicker
=
corian
ficte.
fleck a Scand. loanword: on. du. vlek, G. flekkr, sw. flack
=
me. flikcre
vb.
DU. flikkcren
of a
a frequent,
glitter';
oe. fli-
'sparkle,
base
flik flak in ^i^.flakere, G.flackertil 'the act of flying' me. flight ME.y7^<:/&^/spotted'. from 0%. fleogan ^m. flegge
/^-r/i'spot'.
Cp.
=
fledged adj. MDU. 7'lugghe, LG. flilgge, G. E. fly. flight- prop, 'the act of fleeing west-teut. base fliiggc from a DU. vhigt, ME. flight 0¥..flyht (= MHG. vli'icke fluggj- (oiiG. flucchi The ohg. OSAX. fliiht, G. fliicht) from from WEST-TEUT. flukkj-). E. flight OE.flyht, du. source is the teut. sj^flug in E. /
=
flee vb.
iME. yft'
=
of 'fli'o/ian MUG. vlichcn
oe. y7<;w/
G.
fliehen\
Cp. flee.
contr. flight.
OSAX. ohg. fliohan
goth.
flint
'a
hard stone'
rock'
flint 'a
;
cp.
me.
dan.
flint,
oe. G.
sw. 'musket, flint-lock', flintc fliiihan str. vb. 'flee points to DAN. flint 'flint': perh. reflinta, an ARY.VN \{'iIuk-\ c^.flea and lated to GR. Tih'vd^oc 'a brick. flight. =r OE. flit vb. ME. *flyttan
flitte
ending ^^ for .r) ON. dan. flyttc) flytja (sw. flytta, \\^. flcs ov.. flcos (and with vowelcp. the root under fleet vb. mutation /fiV) from t^\}t:. fletisaz flitch n^. flic the oe. flic'ce =r on. cp. DU. ?'/?Vj-, MHG. vHcs (jiiusis) teut. base fleece
(the
:
;
G.
(j'lmi)
fleet'
akin
number of
'a
OE. flcot
perh. cogn. w.
flikkja-,
flikki:
{•'//V.f^.
to
fleck?
or
ships' me. fleet-
—
float vb. me. yf^V^" oe. flotian .ME. y7f//^ 'a boat, a fleet' oe. bay' a fleet': 'a bay of the sea'. Both belong 'a boat,, ship, flota to the vb. fleet AtE. flf-tc 'float, deriv. of the tevt. \^fliit under
flete
'a
ov..
ship'.
;
me. flet oe. flcoi cp.
creek,
swim'
'a
fleoian 'float, sw-im' V)\}.
oti.fljoin, o?,.\^.fliotafi, OHG. flio"4i7i G. fliesseii.
=^
vlieien,
teut.
fleet vb. flock
1
oe. flocc
'herd,
= on.
flock'
me. flok
flokkr, dan. flok,
fr. ARYAN pleud-plud. sw. flock. and flock - 'a lock of wool' fr. OFR. float. ///V cp. L.\i. floccus, whence also flesh ME. y/^'.w// o^.flchc shows floe umlaut and palatalization of the OHG. floccho G. flocke, DU. vlok. flood ME. OE. //(•'V/ base '^fldski(z) ''\rlaiski{z) =- ohg. OSAX.flod, /?m^ G. flcisch, DU. vleescli on. DU. f'A?^'^/, OHG. fluot G. //«/, ON. GOTH, flodus: a common 7?^^^ means only 'pork', more y?*^'^', and bacon'; perh. Teut. word. GOTh. flodus from esp. 'ham ARYAN plotti-s is based on the cogn. w. flitch.
spfleutflut
=
=
;
TEUT. \^J^oin
—
floor
78
from pre-TEUr. pla-
borrowed
flute
whence
flow.
floor
foe
-ME.
OE. Jlih-
rrrr
DU. VlOCV,
vloitc
fr.
fr.
also DU. fuit\
g.
flote
'flute'
flitc,
cp. mhg. and ofr.
f
vluor (g. flur^ flautc, IT. auto. Chaucer uses 'field, surface, hall', on. Jlor 'the the vb. fojite 'play on the flute'. flutter vb. M^. fotere OK. foiorian floor of a cow-house': teut. from pre - teut. plorus ix.sffut under float. floru-s Cp. G. iMLG.
vlor,
plarus
MHG.
related
closely
lay for
"^'pldr 'floor,
to
oiR.
paved floor'. borrowed fr.
florin ME. Jlorin: FR. Jlor in (it. fiorino so named because it bore a lily, from it.
fattcrn ? fly vb. ME. fie OE. fcogan str. vb. G.
earlier
feyn = onG.fio^^an
fiegcn, DU. vliegen, on. fjiiga.
GOTH, "^fliugan is inferred from the factitive faugjan 'carry away fiore 'a flower'). flounce changed fr. M^.froimcc in flight' and siiows that the loanword fr. er. fnmccr common Teut. vb. was flcugan; 'a plait' wrinkle" 'plait (prob. from a cp. LAT. pliima (for *pluhma}^ sb. LAT. type "^frontiarc 'wrinkle the 'feather'. fly m^ fie OHG. earlier fej^e OE. Jleoge torehead'). flounder sb. borrowed fr.scAND. fioga G. fliege, DU. vlieg (on. with on. ablaut fluga 'fly') sw. jlundra, dan. Jlynder evidently fy :
—
,
=
:
,
means
flydra.
flour ident.
flower from
w.
'the flyer' from fly vb. foal ViK. fjlc OK. fola -^ synon.
OHG. folo G. fohlen, GOTH, a common Teut. fula: fourisshe adapt, fr. ofr. Jlcnriss- stem of term for 'tlie voung of a horse feurir 'flourish' (lat. florescere or an ass' from pre-TEUT. fjlo/iON. foli,
ER. fleur 'flower'.
flourish
me.
vb.
:
;
allied to gr. rroiXog 'colt, young inceptive o'i florcrc 'bloom'). flow vb. ME. flihuc OE. fpwan animal lat. pullus a young anistr. vb. =- ON. fod, DU. vlocicn: mal' esp. 'a chicken'. teut. vO^^?- \\\ flood =z pre-TEUT. foam sb. ME. fame OE. fdm ,
=
plo- in GR. TrXiOToq
'I
'swimming,
flower AFR.
TrAoy'-fo
ME. flour:
four for
=
swim,
sail',
earlier
sailing'.
borrowed
FR.
fmr
fr.
(lat.
Ident. w. flour. fluke 'a flounder' UK. foke oe. on. floki; cogn. w. ohg. fpc
fos).
=
fah Cp.
G.flach, DU.
the
placenta
vlak adj. 'plain'.
ARYAN -v^/Za^' 'cake'
placnusT) 'plain.
in
and planus
OHG. feim
:
base faima- for
'^faina-
=
skr.
pena 'foam'. fodder me. fodder
an
phena,
O.SLOV.
==:
oe. foddor
ohg. fuotar G. on. fodr: cp. oe. foda
DU. vocder ,
futter
,
under food. foe ME. fg
OE.
jpfd
=
contr.
fr.
west-teut. abstract OE. the gafaiho{n)-\ cp. (for fcchd (oHG. gifchida G. fehde):
lat.
an earlier gifdha
I
fog
OE.
and fckhd
sb.
lefd
based on the OHG.
adj. OE. fdh
gifch)
from
faiha-
OE.
a
—
are
sb.
= =lefdhTEUT.
pre-TEUT. paiko-
adj.
fog in
ON.
:
a Dan. loanword, dan. fog
snecfog
snow-storm'
'a
'spray,
y"t^/C'
cp.
;
snow-drift', fjuk str. vb.
'snow-storm' from fjuka 'drift'.
79
forbid
gdfi would be the second member. fond ME. fond prop, fonn-ed
OE.
partic oi fon/ie 'be foolish'; cp. ME. sb. fon{nn) 'a fool': borrowed
sw. fane 'a fool'; icel. fdni buoyant person'. food ME. fode OK. fpda: teut.
fr.
'a
\'~fod
fad
^
f
:
TEUT. \f flip =^ pre-TEUT. /// cp. in osLov. //(?/(/ //^i'// 'braid', gr.
'eat'.
fatung.a
XKYAy pdlin
TTfcnTrsd^ai
Cp.
also feed,
fodder.
'food')
fold vb. ME. fglde OE. fdldaii Govn. faIf att, {/(aldati) str. vb. alien OX. filda, OHG. faltan G.
OHG.
(cp.
fr.
fosier. fool ME.
(=
fr.
adopt,
fo'l:
fr. foil fol)
ofr. fol
fool'.
'a
=
foot ME. OE. fd (plur. fel) OSAX. /Ol, DU. ^'Oel, OHG. fuo- G. fold', SKR. pu/a 'fold' (for "Apulia). fuss, ON. folr, sw. fol, DAN. fod, -fold ME. -y^A/ OE. -/(?/^/ GOTH, folus: TEUT. hasG fol- from =^ OSAX. -/<'//od- changing with ARYAN G. -/i?//, OX. -faldr, GOTH, -falps: pod- ped- in the declension; cp. suffix for a common Teut.
dinXadiog
for
two-
"dinXdrio^
—
GR.
the formation of raultiplicatives corresj)onding to gr. jrAnmog in dt7jXdo(og fold').
folk ME. /(?//£ OE. /fA: folk, DU. ?'^//', OHG. folc ox. folk. is
pcrh.
whence osi.ov.
The 'a
G.
crowd of 'a
'an armv'.
nom.
sing, ttovl;
nroc) ; eat. pcd-em (nom. sing. /i'i"); GR. 7ie*SiXov 'sole' TTBLOi^
= OSAX.
SKR.
—
(for
pad
'^'/rf
J/oc) 'i^edestrian',
'foot'
and
/(f*^/-;/
'step,
print'. e'c;//(',
meaning-
primit.
lith. pulkas
l^lfikii
two-
dinaXxo^
(also
in TTodu,
TTOcT-
(aeol.
people',
fop vb. borrowed 'prate,
cheat'
DU. foppeti 'a wag', orig. a word
fr.
{fopper
'cheating') crowd', foppcrlj of G. slang.
:
=
goth. for me. OE. for prep. follow vb. ME. fohvcfolowc OE. a G. ohg. lira for 'before, for', ON. fa folgian (b}-form fylyiii)
=
fylgja,
folgcn
emd
:
DU. volgcn, OHG. folgcn G. the common west-teut.
Norse
vb.
for
'follow';
verbal possibly a compound stem, the first member of which is
full;
cp.
followed, OE. OHG. fola-gdn
full-code 'he OLG. fulgangan,
OE.
'follow'.
Go
fr.
vor 'before', du. voor; cogn. w. EAT.
pro
'before',
GR. von
'be-
fore'.
forbear str.
vb.;
forbid
\\v,.
cp.
forbore oiL.forberan
bear
vb.
forbede oe. forbcodan confounded with MV^forbidde OE. y\v..
forbiddan; cp. bid.
8o
force
—
foul
=
DU. fork ViY.. forke oy.. forca force sb. me. force fors: borFR. force (lat. type vork, OHG furcha furka G.fitrkc, fr. fortia 'strength' derived ix.fortis ON. forka: borrowed fr. lat. furca 'a fork', whence also fr. 'strong'). ford ME. OE. ford (me. also foil re lie, span, /lorca, it. forca. forlorn 'quite lost' .me. forlorn DU. voert, osax. "^ford fortJi) in Heriford (prop, 'ford of an oe. for lor en part. oio%. forleosan G. army'), ohg. vurt G. furt {Frank-, 'lose utterly'; cp. lose and Er-, Sc//7('c/n-) cp. OE. Oxenaford DU. vcrloren, dan. for lor en.
rowed
=
;
(lit.
'ford of the
TEUT.
'"fordii-
'i"EXii:.\'~far in
oxen)
= Oxford. from
the
\\q.vlCQ
ford
forpu-
farr\
prop, 'passable, practicable pass-
former formed by adding com})ar. OE.
suffix -er to
=
forma
the
me. fortnc
osax. for7no
'first'
;
cp. first.
forsake age'; cp. A VEST, pcretu 'bridge', LAT. portus 'haven', on. fjordr forsacan also celt. -lat. -ritntn (for sake. 'bay'
me. forsake
oe.
vb. 'oppose';
cp.
vl>.
str.
;
in
"prtoni)
Augiistoritum,
rhyd 'ford'. foreign mk. forchie:
CVMR.
forth forth,
^\Y.. forth OY.. ford :=^osax. OHG. '^ford G. fort, goth.
adapted compar.
faiirpis
adv.
earlier.
foraneus oteut. forp from older /);^t' //'A? derived fr. foras adv. 'out of is allied to before a.\\d further. door'. {ortnightME. our tenightfour tenforfeit sb. MK.forf'ie: borrowed night horn me. fourtene 'fourteen' 'a fine' part, of and fr. OFR. forfait night (old plur.) 'nights'; {x.ov\<.fordiii\ LAT.
\.y}^^
f
forfaire forsfair e
'trespass' (med.LAT. forisfactuvi j^art. of forisfacere 'trespass', lit. 'do beyond'). forge ME. forge borrowed fr.
cp. oe. feowertync niht and also seven night. It sennight
E.
was usual
=
to
reckon by
—
nights in
pre-hist. periods. forty me. du. veertig, forge from lal. fabrica 'a fourty OE. feowertii cp. G.vierzig, GOTH. fid7c>ortigJus workshop'. four and oe. ti^ forget vl). ME. forgetc oe. for- OE. feower
=
FR.
= ten.
=
;
str.
\b. T^o?>Ky.. fargetan, DU.
vergeten,
mlg. 7'orgeten, ohg. fir-
foster vb. ME. fostre short for
The comp.
OE. fpstrian irom. fostor 'nourish-
gitan
g'e"jiin
G.
vergesscn.
remnant of a str. ment'; akmio food', teut. Y^/iv/. vh. is the DU. foul ME. foul oe. fill verbal -y'^^iY, whence e. get 'obon. ///'//, tain, reach'; cp. GOTH, bigitan Vuil, OHG. //// G. fiul, 'find', ON. geta 'obtain'. Cp. get GOTH, ////y; la- is suffix, and the and the arvan \f ghcd ghend in- teut. \'^fti is inferred fr. on. gr. y^avdaiOJ fiienn rotten' and from the facLAT. prae-hendere to titive vb. ON. fcyja 'cause seize'.
=
:
,
found
An Aryan
rot'.
verbal
in skr. ///j
appears
—
—
piitcr 'de-
'perform'): derived fr. oe. frani strong, good', ident. w. from. franchise me. fraunchise: bor-
'cause
rowed from
rot,
cp. LAT. ////tv 'stink' cayed', GR. TTv-^M
8i
freeze
\'^ pti
stink';
to
VK. franc/iise 'privi-
LAT. pus 'pUSs'.
leged liberty' from VK.franchiss-, found vb. 'lay the foundation stem of some forms of franchir of' ME. foiinde adapted fr. fr. 'free' from fr. franc 'free'.
rot',
GR.
77VO)'
'
:
fonder from hkT. fiwdare 'found'.
found rowed fr.
bor-
vb. 'cast metals'
FR. fondre from lat. fundere 'cast metals'.
fount ism.founi LAT. font-em.
fr.
OVB..
font
=
fraught
of me. fraughte
part,
vb.= DU.
bevrachten, g. befrachten; cp. G.fracht oylg. freht 'earnings,
Properly
gain'.
a
compound
;
cp. OE. ceht, OHG. eht 'property' under oxvn.
freak 'a whim, caprice' me. frek four ME. fourfowcr OE. feozver 'quick, vigorous' OE. fric 'bold, ^= osAX.fwar, du. g. jner (^feowerT) rash' =T ON. fr'ekr, ohg. fre/i OHG. for, on. f/orir. The OE. by'greedy' G. frech 'pert', goth. form fyder- (in com}), as fyder'avaricious' teut. faihu-friks fetc 'four-footed ) and GOTH, fd- base :
frcka-.
wbr
i^fdur-') j)oint to a pre-TEUT. bz.se peiwor petur for qetzvor qetur;
freckle from on. freknur plur. cp. .sw. friikne plur. fris. (Am run) friakan 'freckles'. Perh. cogn. w. GR. 'freckles';
ident. w. skr. catiir, lat. quattiior, frdkfiar, GR. rsaauQsc {Triffvoec) oslov. ,
cetyri 'four'.
fowl
veoy.voc
ME. foul earlier yww/ OE. OSAX. fugal, DU. vogel, fugol OWG.fogal MHG. G. VOgel, ON. ftigl,
=
spotted'. frc ok. freo fri: teut. base frijagoth. freis, osax.
free
:me.
ohg. f-i
=
G. frei.
The
pre-teut.
GOTH, fug Is: teut. h&se fugla-. priyo- is the base of cvmr. rhydd fox ME. OE. fox OHG. fuhs 'free' and of skr. priyd-s dear,
=
G. fuchs,
DU. vos, OX. fox the s of the TEUT. base fuh-s- is suffix as is shown by gotu. fat/ho,
ON. foa
;
=
beloved';
cp.
the
.skr.
verbal
\^prt 'rejoice, render favorable' with GOTH, frijon 'love' under
OHG. foha mhg. friend and Friday. freeze vb. me. frese oe. freosan str. fox'?). Cp. vixen. vb.; cp. synon. on. frjosa, frail (.\1E. fr^ie) borrowed fr. DU. vriczen, ouG.friosan G. frieren\ OFR. /raile (fr. frc/c) 'brittle' cp. goth. frius 'frost, cold teut. LAT. fragilis. \ffreus fruz from a pre-teut. 'fox'
vohe 'she-fox' (and o^.focge 'she-
^
:
frame vb. me. rente oe. frem- preusprus, which seems to exist in nian 'promote, do" on.fretiijij, LAT. priirio for *prt/sio 'itch', if OHG. frenunati , oSAX. frcnwiian 'itch, frostburn' is the interEnglish Etymology. 6
f
(=
82
freight
mediate meaning,
and
in
skr.
\(~prus 'spurt out'; prusva 'drop, frozen drop, frost'. Cp. frost.
—
frock
friend
-ME.
frend
oe.
freond
=
OSAX. fritmd 'friend, relative', du. vriend, ohg. friunt mhg. vriunt (d)
G. freund, goth. frijonds 'friend' freight ident. w. fraught. fresh adj. me. fresh fresch oe. teut. frijondlike (formed OHG. frisc G. frisch, du. fiend) is pres. partic. of an old fersc versch 'fresh'; cogn. w. oslov. teut. vb. frijon 'love' goth. :
=
=
prcsinil 'fresh' from Aryan prais- frijon, ov.. fr^oian'\ove.\ frieze (of a kino-\ cp. LiTH. preskas 'sweet,
O^.free. column) fr. fr.
unsoured' with finn. rieska 'fresh, frise (=^ IT. fregio' frieze), whence unsoured'. The Rom. family of also G. DU. fries. FR.
comes from
fright :\iE. fright oe. fyrhtu fyrhto; cp. the synon. GOTH. fret^ vb. 'eat up, devour' short faurhtei 'fright' and osAX. ohg. for ME. frete oe. fr'etan str. vb. for{a)hta mhg. 7'orht(e) G. furcht IT.
fresco,
frais
WEST-TEUT. freska-.
'
^=- DU. LG, vreten, ohg. fr'exian G.fressen 'eat up, consume'. The
corresp. GOTH. fra'itan (jtrel. fret) 'consume' shows that west-teut. eat\
=
is
a
fra
is
fretan
GOTH.
{cY>.
compound of ctan a common prefix in fr might send fret).
fret^ vb. 'ornament, iviE.
fretie
oe.
variegate
fmtwan
'adorn':
—
frighten xh.ME./righie goth. faiirjitjan fyrhtan OSAX. forhton ohg. furihten forahtan G. furchte?i. fringe me. fringe', loanword from OFR. ^fringe fr. frange (source lat. fimbria 'fringe'), 'fright'.
OE.
=
,
,
=
whence
G. franse,
du. franje.
formed from the adj. frisque =r SCAND. fris'kr
frisk vb.
from o^.fmtwe plur. 'ornament'^ OFR. frataha 'ornament': source 'frisk}', brisk'. frith firth ^k. firth: a Scand. perh. a Teut. compound fra Ar GOTH, tcwa 'arrangement'. loanword; cp. on. fjgrdr (plur. friar ME. /r!?^^: adapted fr. fr. firdir) 'bay'; v>kh. fiord, sw.fjdrd 'a firth': teut. base/ijr/?^-, aryan frere 'a brother'. OS.A.X.
me. frUiay oe. frliedcei pertu- cp. LAT. portus'ha.vevi. For DU. vrijdag, OHG. friatag mhg. the Aryan \fper cp. ford. vritac G. freitag ON. Frjddagr: fritter late me. fritoure: bor-
=Friday
,
goddess rowed fr. FR. friture 'dish of Frija Frijjo in imitation of lat. fried fish', also 'a fragment' from dies Veneris {Fria and Venus OFR. frit 'fried (source lat. ON. OHG. FriggMke frig ere); c^. fry. correspond). Fria is prop, 'the goddess of fro me. fro earlier //vz adapted really 'day of the Teut.
:
love';
one'
cp. SKR. /rzy^? 'wife, loved (OSAX. fri, oe. freo 'wife).
Cp. free.
G^.frd 'from', xdewl.w.from. frock ME. frok: borrowed fr. OFR. froc =1 med.-lat. frocus 'a fr.
monk's
83
fuize
fro a;
source osax. hroc ARYAN base pdl-no in skr.
frock';
'coat'.
frog M'£../rogge oe. frogga; the OE. parallel form frocca (mod.
LAT. plcnus
cp.
'full';
'full'.
(orig. ^'plonos) suffix -no-
with
ptiri,ia
oir.
,
Idn
Prop, partic.
fr.
aryan
an
frock) points to the synon. \fpie plo 'to fill' in skr. \f pur ON. fraukr. Prob. oe. forsc, pr, LAT. if/iplere, GR. nit.cnXrjiu. OHG. frosk G. frosch, OK. froskr fuller sb. ME. filler oe. fullcre show the same root, if derived 'a cloth-bleacher': adaption of fr. TEUT. */ruhsqa-. 'LkT.fullo 'a fuller, bleacher'. dial,
borrowed
frolic
funnel
DU. vrolijk
fr.
me. funel
late
fr.
fr.
cp. mho. vrolokefi 'rejoice', fondefe; source "lkv .infundibulum. fur UE.furreforre fr. ofk. fuerre prob. after mho. vro-sanc 'merry an older for re a sheath, a case source song'' supplanting
'merry
;
;
TEUT. -GOTH.
froldchen.
from
ME.
OE.
from frafn
G.
:=.
—
'from'
adv.
which
froward
frown KR.
fruit
fruit
sw..
= ARYAN
sT PrP
ii^
GR.
vorst:
=
o^.froda.
naceni)
'an oven'.
furnish fr. fr. fournir (stem fro. Source a teut. wk. vb. fourniss-). froune shortened frumjan 'perform'; c\>. petform
refrogner.
furrow
ME. frilt i^friiit) LAT. fructus.
vb.
'polish',
fr.
=
=fryLAT.
fr.
on ohg. furb(J)an
rests
\f furb
adj. M?..frmvarde.dt.r\i&r
vb.
furbisshe
furlong see furrow. furnace me. furneis forneis fr. freeze. FR. founiaise lat. fornax {for-
DU.
=
ME./>7///;
frdward: derived fr.
cp.
fodder.
= on.
frost ME. frost OE. forst
froth sb.
:me.
E.
goth. fratn MHO. vilrben 'purify, clean' (teut.
prep, 'from' adv. 'further, forward'.
DAN. sw. G. frost, derived fr. \f friis
vb.
sheath';
OFR. fourbir {fourlnss-^
—
'fro',
ident. w.
furbish
OSAX. OHG. fram mug. 7)ram prep, adv. 'forth', ON. 'forth, from' fram adv. 'forward frd prep,
—
futter
'a
/"(?^/r
ME. frie
fr.
fr.
fr.
me.
furwe forwe
teut. base furh-
firrh:
OHG. furha
G.
ofr. frire DU. 7wor, ON.
furchc
also
oe. in
'furrow',
for 'drain'. A preTEUT. prk pork is evident in lat. fry sb. u^.frl fr. o^. frjo {free) porca 'a ridge between two 'spawn, fry ident. w. gotvi. fraiw furrows', CYMR. rhych 'furrow', seed':' pre-TEUT. pro-eiivo-. armen. herk. furlong me. oe. fuel sb. late me. fouaile fr. ofr. furious; lit. 'furrow-long'. yr4"<7'i? 'roast'; c\). fritter.
;
—
LAT.
fuel'.
further me. further o^. furdor] w. for and OHG. furdir. ON. fullr, DU. vol, G. Voll OHG. furze ME. frse oe. fyrs earlier Teut. base furisa- ? fol(ll): TEUT. base fulla- fr. an \fyres *fouaillc\
full ME.
0¥..
iy-p^ focalia
fuKll)^ GOTH, fulls, cogn. \
\
:
6*
.
84
gab
—
'
gall
ME. gabbe 'talk idly, jest, adopted from ofr. ganger later borrowed fr. on. gabba, jauger 'measure the contents'. whence also Y^.gaber, ir.gabbare. Source uncertain. gabber gain sb. uk. gain: borrowed fr. Cp. gabble gibber. DAN. gavn 'gain'. 'gabble', var. of gabble both of ON. sw. gagn
gab
lie':
—
=
which are frequent, verbs oi gab. gain vb. late me. gaine: borgabble rowed fr. FK. O^.jabber BXid gibber. gagner ofr. gaagnier var. of gabber. 'cultivate, gain': source gaaigner gabel 'a tax, impost, esp. the a TEUT. vb. (oHG. *weidan/an tax on salt': borrowed fr. fr. weidenon
—
—
'pasture').
{=
it. SPAN, gabela, gain- pref. me. gein oe.^ geyt gabella, med.-lat. gabella gab(u)gedn (^ G. gegen, on. gagn-). gin teut. sb. a Source gabnlaIwii). me. geinseie 'contragainsay in OE. gafol 'tribute'.
gabclle
—
borrowed gable', which
gable ME. gable OFR. gable
'a
:
dict'. fr.
is
of LAT. origin; cp. lat. gabalus, on. gafl 'a gable' (but
whence
Cp. against
gait ident. w.
oe.
ongeanes.
gate\
gaiter borrowed fr. fr. gu^tre (ofr. guestre, perh. loanword fr.
GOTH, gibla, G. giebel 'a gable' MHG. wester 'a child's chrisomakin to GV..y.e(pa'krj 'head': Aryan cloth'; cp. GOTH, wasti, lat. vestis
base ghebhald-
gad gaddr
ME. gad', 'a
'clothing).
gheb/ilo-^.
borrowed
goad, pike'
fr.
on.
teut. base
;
gale sb.a Scand. loanword; akin DAN. gal, sw. galen 'furious,
to
gazda- ident. w. lat. hasta from mad', NORW. galen "furious, wild, an Aryan h?i'&Q, ghazdha-\ \)\\X. gad mad' (of wind and storm). in gadfly stands for goad. gall' ME. galle oe. gealla gag ME. gagge 'suffocate'; prob. OSAX. OHG galla G. galle, du. gal, sound of the of on. imitation GOTH. *gallin- (hardly gall. is choking. *galzin-) from pre-teut. glial-
=
borrowed
cogn. w. GR. /0I.1] /6)^og, lat. fellis 'gair (whence it. fiele^ fel gaggio Source a span, hiel, FR. fiet). Many think (lat. type ivadimn). TEUT. sb. cp. GOTH. wadi\ cp. wed it allied with yelloiv so that
gage' ME. gage:
FR.
gage = SPAN, gage,
fr.
it.
and wage. gage'''
also
gallvi3iS
gauge
me. gauge:
color.
named from
its
yellowish
gall^
gall
2
sore on the skin
'a
OE. gealla
gallc
=
horse)
MHG.
G.
'a
g-all'
DU. gal
'a
'play'; prob. ident. w. goth. gaa -man 'communion of men'. The
windgall',
horses'; perh. borrowed fr. LAT-ROM. galla a gallnut, an oak-
in
apple'
=^
IT.
SPAN, agalla
galla,
85
garden
me.
(on
foot -disease
'a
galle
—
pref.
is
ga-
used collectively
;
for niafi cp. 7nan.
gander akin
to
me. gander oe. gandra; OE. gos from a teut.
base gan-s
in
goose and
cp.
But a confusion of gannet.
'windgalls'.
word of similar
gang ME. gang 'a going, course, way, passage' oe. gang 'a going, possible, phonology osax. du. g. gang sw". dialects too there exists a way, privy' 'a a 'a on walk, way, passage', going, swelling grdssgaller ON. gangr 'a going, a crew'. horse's hoof.
galla with a teut.
since
is
in
=
borrowed fr. gannet me. *ganet OE. ganot from lat. galla 'a gall- 'swan'; akin to du. ge?tt 'gander', nut, an oak-apple ? OHG. ganaz,~o 'gander'; cp. a galley me. galeie: adapted fr. primit. teut. base gan- also in gair^ 'a gall-nut':
FR. gale
= med.-
FR. galie gaUe (ri'. galea LAT. galea 'a galley').
TEUr.-LAT.
ganta
see
'goose';
gander and goose.
gallon ME. galouii'. a fr. loanword: FR. gallon =^ IT. gallone.
galloon borrowed fr. fk. galo/i. gallop ME. galope: borrowed fr. FR. galopcr; cp. also wallop. gallows (the plur. used as
gantlet prop, gantlope 'a military punishment' corrupted fr. sw\ gatlopp 'running down a lane' (sw. gata 'a lane' and lopp 'a
running'
fr.
lopa
'run
=^
E.
leap).
oe. galga sing.) ME. galwes plur. gaol see jail. ohg. osax. gealga 'cross, gibbet' gap ME. gap borrowed fr. o\. galgo, DU. galg, G. galgen, ON. gap 'opening, breach, chasm a common galgi, GOTH, galga vb. .ME. gape adapted fr. TEUT. word, TEUT. galga/i- from gape du. gapen, SCAXD. gapa 'yawn' Kxy-AW ghalghan-; cp. lith. zalga G. gaffen 'gape, yawn'.
=
:
.
—
:
=
'pole'.
gamble an
appar. a frequent,
unrecorded me.
me.
of
*gatn(e)ley
gar see garlie and gore. garb borrowed fr. ofr. garbe 'good fashion' from ohg. garaun
OE. gaOE. gearwe 'preparation, Deriv. 'dress' menian play at games Cp. gear. of gaf/ie. For the change of ti dress'. to / cp. MHG. gamel gamen 'pleasgarden mk. gar din fr. ofr. (Piure. game 'amusement' me. card.) gardin fr. jardin, which ohg. garto ON. is of Teut. origin game OE. gamen gomcn OHG. gavian (mho. gamen garnet) (gen. and dat. gariiti) g. garten,
commonly
gamene
=
.
—
=
=
:
86
gargle
OSAX. gardo, goth. garda m. fold'; akin to yard.
gargle borrowed
Ofr. gar-
fr. fr.
'gargle'
goiiilk}-
'a
gargouille
'windpipe'.
gaunt
wai'jan defend'.
=
goth.
warjan 'hold,
garrison see garnish. garter me. garter e: borrowed fr. OFR. gar tier jar tier fr. jarrc-
garland me. gerhnmd: borrow- tiere: deriv. of fr. jarret 'the ed fr. OFR. garlande FK.guiriande, small of the leg behind the knee'. whence du. g. dan. guirlande. ME.
garlic
garlek
gdr-lcac; for lie leek. The first
compound
oe.
garlick
=
oe. Ic'ac cp.
element of the
gash ed
fr.
gasp
ME. garse garge
borrow-
:
OFR. garser 'scarify'. vb. ME. gaspe oe. ^gdspian:
=
oe.
gar 'a spear' TEUT. base gaispon on. geispa The E. word is not (cp.^^r^). Hence garlic prop. 'gasp'. borrowed fr. Scand. *spear-leek'. is
short
garment
me.
for
borrowed
nement:
gar-
gate^ (cp. gait) 'a way, road' ^ar- ME. borrowed fr. ON. gata gate garnir (ace. ggtti) 'way, path, road'
fr.
fr.
:
7ienicnt
of
deriv.
,
fr.
Cp. garnish.
'garnish'.
=
sw. gata 'a street lane', ident. w. gade 'a street' ,
garner me. gemer'. adapted
fr.
;
OFR.
fr.
gernier
=
granaro
lat.
(it.
grana-
type
ga-T^yx
gatwo
g.
gasse
'a
street'.
'a
street'
,
.
riiini)
gernet: borrowed SPA^. granate,
garnet me. fr.
FR. grcfiat
IT.
granato) 'having
ius
grenier
dan. ohg. goth.
(=
gate'-
ME.
grains
man}^
ydte
gate, oe.
opening'
^eat
(plur.
^= osax. du. gat 'a hole, opening, gap', on. gat 'an or opening
source lat. grana- gatu
:
'door,
gate leatii)
.
seeds'.
garnish borrowed
me.
vb.
garnisshe:
the stem of garnir (= IT. guarnirc^ 'avert, warn, garnish', which is of Teut. origin: teut. fr.
fr. garniss-.
of certain forms
base warnjan. garnison nison
;
:
—
garrison me.
borrowed
fr.
fr.
gar-
garret
IT.
:
.me.
diiini.
Cp. garnish.
garite:
borrowed
fr.
OFR. garite fr. guerite 'a watchtower': derived fr. ofr. garir
(=
oe. gaderian G. dial, DU. gaderen, (= gatteni) deriv. of oe. geador (cp. together). Prob. akin to oe. gcedeling 'cousin, G. gatte 'husband' from the same root as good. gaud a show, ornament' me.
deriv. of fr. garnir 'pro- gaude:
vide, fortify'.
zcnirir
gather me. gadere
save,
gnarire).
fr.
giUrir Source a teut.
keep'
showy'
borrowed
—
fr.
gaudy
fr.
lat.
'merry,
gaud and
^aii-
bright,
the suffix -y.
gauge see under gage'^. gaunt prob. from Scand. cp. aoKW. gand 'a thin pointed stick; a tall and thin man'. ;
gauntlet
borrowed
gauntlet
(=
gant
IT.
fr.
of gant
dimin.
gautdet,
'a
guantd)
=
87
gibber
ofr. gestiira
mode
'a
Source a teut. (med.-lat.) wantus geta; oe. of a
the long sleeve
tunic,
a
glove'; cp. DU. 7<.'V7///, T)X^.van/e, OK. zwtir 'a mitten'.
gauze borrowed 'cushion-canvas,
fr.
fr.
tiffany'
gaze = span.
gasa 'gauze'.
gawk fool'
(cp.
gowk)
OE. "^(ac 'cuckoo'. gay ME. gay borrowed IT.
gajo)^
forget
C\).
/avdcii'eiv.
gewgaw
gonegone
prop,
me.
fr.
corrupted
=
'gay,
fr.
=
oe. gckstan E.
fr.
fr.
merry'.
agurke, orig.
'frighten'
(pron.
G.
=
and
lie
aghast.
-ly; cp.
gherkin
:
(=
me. yite ite\ cp. GOTH, gitan from a teut. \f get , pre -TEUT. glicd ghend-^ cogn. w. LA'i-. praehendere, gr.
cuckoo, gugu(): adapted of fr. joujoufrom ghastly me. gastly oe. gdstlic
'a
O'H.gaukr (whence sc. gowli) onG. g(mh{hh)UYiG. gouch G.gauch,
gai
ON.
fr.
would be
y,tan
giuegoue
gouke: loanword
ME.'
of action' from
gerere 'carry, behave'. glove'. get ME. gete borrowed fr.
du. agurkje
gurke
'^•agnrike
:
fr.
,
dan.
borrowed POL.
as
ogurlk,
Source OHG. gahi 'quick, sudden" BOHEAL okiirka fr. late gr. ayyovG. gdhe a cucumber, gherkin'. jiih. (jior gaze vb. ME. gdse, prob. of ghost ME. gpst OE. gdst (gcest) Scand. origin: sw. dial, gasa synon. ohg. g. dan. geist,
—
=
OSAX.
stare'.
'gaze,
gest
:
a
common
Teut.
gear me. gar points to an oe. word with the same meaning *gcere or *gcero, ce being vowel for which alima is used in Goth. mutation of <7 teut. ai. Perh. The orig. meaning of the word
=
akin to OE.^ar'spear [c^. garlic,
('excitement?) is not established; yet ON. gezsa 'rage' (of fire gem me. gemtne: adapted fr. and passion) and goth. tisgaisjan FK. gemme For the [=vv.ge»ima). Source 'terrify' seem allied. LAT, gemma 'a swelling bud, a dental formative of teut. gaist
g or c)l
a gem', whence also oe. (pre-TEUT. ghaisdos) cp. the skr. OHG. gimvia 'gem'. yfhid (from *ghizd') be angry', gender me. gender borrowed liedas 'anger' with which agrees fr. OFR. gcndre genre fr. genre E. aghast 'angry, excited'; cp.
jewel,
ymm,
:
'kind
,
genus
,
style'
(=
.span.
also ghastly.
Source
giant ME. giaunt prop, geaiint FR. giant =rr LAT. gigant-em, german germane adj. formerly wlicnce also oi<:.OHG.^/^'-(////'giant'. borrowed fr. fr. ger- gibber and with other var. geriiiain main (source lat. germanus). gahhcr gabble, frequentatives of gesture borrowed fr. med.-lat. gab of which jabber and
ginerv,
IT.
getiere 'kind'). LAT. gencr- in genus 'race,
;
stock'.
fr.
88
giddy
are the assibil. frequent-
Jahblc atives.
ME. gidy oe. gydii perh. 'having a demon, possessed of a demon': deriv.
giddy
:
orig.
oigod;
OE. ylfii 'deranged,
cp.
—
gist
gin^ 'a trap, snare' me. (c. i 200) gin and ginn shortened fr. me. engin
^=^ fr. engiii 'a
contrivance'.
Source lat. ingenium. 'a
gin2
kind of spirit' shortened
earlier
fr.
fr.
genevre
(=
fr.
crazy' prop, 'possessed of elves'. genievre) 'juniper' (lat. juniper us gift ME. gift yift OE. gift plur. 'an evergreen shrub'). =' du. ohg. gift gifta 'nuptials' me. gingir.^ earlier gingiginger G. gift in 'a viitgift dowry' vere from ofr. gengibre fr. gi?iand in ohg. g. du. gift 'poison', gembre (it. zenzero, mhg. gingelit. 'that which is given, GOTH. bere from the synon. late lat. gifts in fra- 'promise' with the gr. gingiber tiyyi^fgi<;). abstract
=
formative
git^e.
The
-/
initial
from gifan in e. me.
g
as in give to Scand.
gift points
=
gingerly a Scand. loanword sw.
dial,
gingla
influence.
gently, totter': frequent,
gig ME. gigge 'a whirling thing'; prob. Scand.: on. gciga 'rove
ga7tga
at
random'
gild
vb.
OE. gyldan:
;
me.
mutation (teut. gulpjaii) gill'
DAN.
iME.
gill'-
fr.
gold.
borrowed
gille:
gjcellc, s\v. giil;
\)\\\x.
glide
derived with vowelfr.
icel. gjglnar
gills'.
'one-fourth pint' me. fr. ofr. gellc 'a
^/'//t'
borrowed
of wine-measure' (lat. \.y\^Q, a wine-vessel). gillyflower corrupted fr.
gillo
girofie
fr.
clou
:
gimlet borrowed
fr.
gordcii, gilrten,
=
for
me.
OSAX,
,
(teut. gurdjan), ident. w. the str. vb. GOTH, bi-gairdan 'begird'. me.
=girdle synon. DU.
gordel,
of gird.
girdcl
on.
—
giirtely
gyrdill:
deriv.
girl ME. girl gerl;
gist
=
fr.
e.
gyrdel
G.
akin to lg.
g&re 'boy, girl' which is of late ofr. gim- occurrence (first record 1652).
w ivi b Ic.
(ofr. gniniplc light robe'
oe.
ohg. gurtil
of Teut. origin, The / of the E. dimin. of the form represented *gyrel , teut. base by E. 7vinible 'a gimlet' cp. dimin. fr.
oe.
du. gurdian ohg. gurten gurtan G. on. gyrda: all weak verbs
helct FR. gibelet]
gimp adapted
girde
girth me. gcrth: fr. on. gjord 'a girdle' gella adapted {gerd 'girth round the waist', ofr. GOTH, gairda 'girdle'). sort
de girofc; lat. 'a clove-tree'.
type caryophyllum
*
short
gyrdan
cp. jig. short for
'go of on.
'go'.
gird
fr.
gnimpc ohg. wimpal 'a wittiple).
;
gcingla
FK.
gi'sir 'lie'.
borrowed
git
from
lie'.
fr.
OFR.
word gtirila-)
OFR. gist
gesir Source lat.
=
(oe. is
= fr,
jacere
give
give ME. give fr. on. gefa ; ident. w. MiL.yeve oe. li/aft %efan osax. gctxiir, DU. geven, ohg. g'eban g.
=
89
glisten
me.
gleam
glcm
oe.
glmn
brightness, 'splendor, gleam akin to osax. gli-mo 'splendor
;
goth. giban: a common and to G. glinijner; cp. ohg. Teut. verb cp. also Oir. gabim glimo gleitfio 'glow-worm'. An LITH. gabinti 'I take', 'bring, ARYAn \fghli cp. in IR. gU (fr. procure', gobinti fetch'? Cp. gift. base^/«Vf-) 'shining, clear' under
geben,
;
gizzard me. giscr: adapted fr. glee. source lat. gizeria glean vb. me. gl^ne borrowed gi^sier;
FR.
fr.
'gizzard'.
glad
ME.
glad
OE.
glad
bright, cheerful, glad'
;
'shining, ident. w.
OHG.^/c?'/G.^'-Ai'/'/'smooth, shining',
0¥K. glener (fr. glaner^ 'glean'. glide glede oe. glida kite' on. gledi: deriv. of
glede ME. 'a
=
the teut.
\f glfd
name of
the
in glide (the bird means prop,
DU. glad 'smooth', on. gladr glad, 'the glider). TEUT. *glada- for aryan bright'. glee mirth, joy' me. gle oe. gleo with OSLOV. ghladho-. agrees glawith the by-form gliia on. gly dilkii 'smooth', lat. glaber (for teut. base gllwa-, perh. akin to 'smooth'. The
=
.
:
meaning word is secondary IR. gld (base gleizi'o-') 'clear, when compared with the orig. shining. Cp. gleaf/i. gleed (E. dial.) me. glede oe. meaning smooth'.
ghlad/iro-')
of the
E.
=
glair ME. gleire: adapted glaire 'the white of it.
chiara d'un ovo,
G.
eicrklar
glance cp.
ofr.
an egg'
whence
=
also
(med.-lat. clara ovi).
vb. a
swED.
fr.
Scand. loanword;
glans
,
dan.
'brightness, splendor'.
glands
DV.gloed, gled (*gl(id (r. glodi-) OHG. gllWl G. glut, ON. glod, GOTH. *gld-di- TEUT. \'~g/o under glow. :
glen of Celt, origin; cp. gael. IR.
glean?i
gfyfi)
'valley
(cymr.
Corn.
.
vb.
me. glide
=glide synon. osAX.^/iVaw,
oe. glidan v>\s.glij{d)en,
glare \\y.yi^. glare; o^.'^gldrian OHG. glitati g. gleiten, SAV. glida, unauthorized. DAN. glide glide, slide'. Cp. ^•SiSS y\'^.glas o^. glees: a com- glede. mon Teut. word, (not verified in glimmer vb. me. glimere --= G. DU. MHG. G. OSW. glimmern, dan. glimre; akin to GOTH.)s\v. DAN. glas (ohg. glas glass', sw. gUmma and osax. glimo also 'ar*.ber); but on. ^7^;- with 'splendor under gleam. change from to r, thus proving glimpse vb. ME. glitnse vb.; the word to be primit. Teut. akin to gli?ntner. (^^glaza-*glasa-). Perh. the OTeut. glisten vb. me. glistne OE. glisname of the 'amber' (lat. glcsiwi) nian 'gleam' akin to oe. gUsiati -- OFRis. glisa 'shin c" teut. \'~ glit IS cognate. is
=
jr
;
:
go in
gloat
—
goal
glitter me. glitere (oe. *glito- gluto7i\ source lat. glutio-gluttonem vb. 'shine' O^.glitra, G. 'glutton'.
=
riaii)
A
gnarl akin to oe. gnyrran.
corresp. strong vb. glitzern. ohg. is ON. gUta, OSAX. glitan
=
gli^Zfin shine' (cp. G. gleissen
vb.
gnash
and the
teeth';
iiE.
gnastc
oe. ""gndstian
'gnash akin
is
to on. gnista 'gnash the teeth'. GOTH, glitmunjan shine'). gnat me. gnat(it) oe. gmett: gloat vb. akin to G. glotzen, an oe. glotian is un- TEUT. base gnatta-. ICEL. glotta ;
vb. me.
recorded; cogn. w.
=gnaw OSAX.
gnawe oe. gnagan ohg. (g)nagan gnagan, "^gliiiiaii) gloom ov^.glpm iglmiung) 'gloom, G. nagen, on. gnaga\ cp. a bytwilight'; the m is formative (as form with initial k: du. knageii, look
M'E..gloute(p^. sullen'.
HG. knagan 'gnaw; the G. form nagen arose from gtiagen. y/~glo cp. glow. OSAX. gdn, go ME. go OE. gdn glory me. glgrie glgrie from ofr. i^KT. gloria glorie cp. fr. gloire. DU. gaan, ohg. gdn gen G. gehen. gloss vb. akin to mhg. glosen The TEUT. Y" ghai- (= oE. gd-, OHG. ge-') supplanted the aryan glow in
bloom,
for the teut.
doo7fi)\
OS.
=
^
;
.
short for glove \fi 'go' in LAT. ire, gr. isi'ai, SKR. \^i. Since teut. gai- has no ON. glo/i 'glove'. ME. vb. OE. glpwe glpwan old primit. noun-derivatives in glow str. vb. cp. du. gloeijen, ohg. Teut. and takes the place of IME. glozie
glove
OE.
^/(^Z"
=
;
gluoen G. gliihen, on. ^/^<-? 'glow, the ARYAN \r/ (the aorist goth. OE. e'ode still remains) glitter, shine': teut. Y"^/(5 ^/^ iddja under gloom and e. dial, gleed. and as it is inflected after the
=
glue me. gill
gIntern. glum
adj.
glojiibe
vb.
borrowed
w/-conjugation, the supposition arises that teut. *gaim "gais are contracted fr. the ''^'gaip from me. glomme verbal particle ga and the as inherited ini iz ip == skr. bni 'be gloomy
^//V(?
'birdlime';
fr.
source lat.
OFR.
gliis
;
gloomy shows, connected with gloom and sw. gldmig 'languid
csi Hi;
goad
cp. GR. Bi(.u. ME. god OE. gad;
ident.
with LANGOBARD. gaida 'spear': pre-TEUT. glut sb. ME. glut sb. borrowed TEUT. base gaidoakin to oe. gar, ohg. 'a *g/iai-td fr. OFR. glut glout (it. ghiotto^ aryan glutton'. glut vb. ME. glote ger 'spear' under gore, v,\<. fr. ofr. vb. borrowed 'shepherd's ghai'xw glide glotir sfghi /(aoc, gloutir (cp. FR. engloutir 'swallow rod'
of look'.
=
—
;
I
source lat. ^'7/////>r 'swallow'. goal borrowed fr. VR.gau/e ofr. Source teut. walu =^ glutton ME. gliitoun glotoun: waule. borrowed fr. fr. glouton ofr. ON. voir, GOTH, walus 'a staff'.
up')
—
;
goat
QI
gossamer
goat u^. gdte oE.^tf7=DU. on. meaning of the adj. was prob. suitable' from a root meangeit, OHG. get- G. geiss, sw. get, 'fit, DAN. ged, GOTH, gaits 'a goat': ing 'fit, suit seen in gather, cogn. w.
LAT.
hcedus
for
gobble a frequent, with -le
FR.
fr.
MK.
god
suff'.
gober 'devour'. OE.
god
=
OSAX. DU.
OHG. got G. ^f//, ON. gud GOTH, giida- gupa- god' is based on aryan ghu-to-, -to- being a part, formative as in old, cold, SKR. loud: IXDO-TEUT. \i^ gllU /«? 'ini])lore the gods' (skr. liutd-
^
god.
=
Therefore
part.).
god
—
Aryan together.
fr.
ghaido-s.
is
'the
orig.
(Shakesp.
goodbye
short
»God be by you« »God buy you«).
goose ME. OE. gos (plur. ges^ du. gans, Teut. base gansOHG. G. gans, ON. gas; akin to :
=
gander
a.nd
gannet.
An aryan
ghan-s- is represented also by SKR. hansd-s m. hahsl goose', N.PERS. ydz, LITH. zqsls, OSLOV.
—
gqsi
,
gr.
''hansel')
,
y^y
lat.
,
OIR.
gc^is
anser
(for
swan'
(fr.
being implored'; in the veda ghansi) ^ gore ME. gore 'a gore of cloth, puruhiiia 'much implored' is an a of the garment' oe. gdra 'a projecting god ordinary epithet Indra. god in godfather godson point of land' cp. du. geer 'a me. god -\- com- gusset, gore', ohg. gero G. gehre goddaughter pound used in reference to 'a wedge, gusset, gore', on. geiri, the spiritual relation between NORW. geire, odan. gerc 'a gore .
=
;
:
them
;
of cloth or land': deriv. of teut.
cp. gossip.
goggle-eyed me. gogd-eied; the gaiza- 'spear =OE. gar 'a spear', first element of the compound OHG. ger 'a spear. C]). goad. 2 can scarcely be a native E. word 'mud, blood' me. gore gore ohg. on. gor and is traced to IR. Gael, gog- OE. gar 'mud'
=
shuileach 'goggle-eyed'. OSAX. OHG. gold AIE. OE. ^f//^/
=
DU. goud,
G. gold,
ON. goll
'mud', sw. gorr 'mud'. gorge ME. gorge borrowed FR.
'throat':
source
fr.
l.at.
gllll gorge ARYAN gurges. RUSS. OSLOV. zlato ghltOgosling dimin. of goose. zoloto from *zolto. The orig. gospel ME. gospel OE. god-spell meaning oi\.h.ii\'^ghel, from which the word of God", as shown by gold is derived (cp. lith. gel-tas ON. gud-spjall, OHG. got-spel{ll).
(for *golpa), GOTH, gulf:
=
=
'yellow'
and
yellow'),
is
skr. hdrita
'yellow
;
and hari Cp.
'goldCp. yelloitK good ME. OE. gp'd= GOTH, gods,
rai.iya
OSAX. G.
god, DU. goed, ON. gddr. gut,
spell.
me. gossamer reprean OE. type '^gos-sumor summer of the geese' cp. the OHG. guot G. names altwcil>ersom?ner, mdd-
cp. skr. hi-
The
orig.
gossamer
senting
;
clicnsotnmer.
92
gossip
gossip ME. OE. in
earlier gossib
gossip
prop, see the
'relationship
god-sibb
God' on god. ;
GOTH,
sippa,
end of the
oe. sibb ^=^
article
means
sibja
ohg.
'relation-
ship'.
gouge from FR. gouge. gourd ME. gourde: borrowed
—
grave
grange
grange (l.at. type granea granary deriv. oi granum corn). grant me. graunte vb. adapt,
ofr. granter 'caution, secure' (source a lat. type '^credentare
fr.
—
vb. fr.
me. graunge: adapt, of
FR.
*credcntia sb.). me. grcipe loanword
grape
:
gourde (orig." ofr. gouhourde cougourde; source lat. cucurbita
ofr.
grapes'.
The
'a
sidered
to
FR.
gourd'.
borrowed
sb. ME. goutc
gout
fr.
source lat.
FR. goutte 'dropsy':
gone
'a
origin
ident. w.
gawk.
ME. goune
gowi
gown', which -
(gall.
lat.
fr.
is
grappe
grape
fr.
word
fr.
of
con-
is
be of Teut. origin
(teut. *kr appal). grasp me. grapse
for
perh.
*grapse oe. ^grdpsian: possibly an intensive deriv. of oe. grd-
gutta.
gowk gown
'cluster
'fur-
gunna
=-grope. grass me. gras oe grcesgc^rs GOTH. ON. OSAX. UU. OHG. G. graS
ofr. pian
of Celt.
=
'herb,
coat').
The
growth'.
final s
is
sw. grabba, mlg. formative, the \f is gra meaning grabben' grasp'. An arya'N y/^g/irb/i 'sprtmt, grow'; cp. grow and vb.
grab
cp.
found
in SKS.. y/^grb/i green. grasshopper .me. grashoppcr grapsa 'bunch, tuft' and OHG. garba G. garbe or xg. grashoppe OK. gcers-hoppa (= DU. grashupper lg. grashiipper') 'sheaf'. grace me. grace fr. fr. grace 'an insect which hops about in LAT. gratia 'favor'. the grass'. Cp. hop. grade borrowed fr. fr. grade: grate sb. me. grate: source source LXT.gradus a step, station'. LAT. crates a hurdle'. grate graft (Shakesp. graff) vb. me. vb. WE., grate vb. from OFR. grater graffe 'graft' deriv. of OFR. graffe 'scratch' (fr. gratier'), which is 'a style for writing' (fr. grejfe prob. ofTeut. origin (p^G.krazzdn 'to
grasp'
is
'grasp, seize'
—
:
=
—
:
'graft'?). 'a
Source
"Lky:.
graphium
style for writing'.
grail 'tine,
'tine
small'
.sand'
=
fr.
grave
lat. gracilis.
ben, fr. 'a
corn'.
grammar fnaire
from
kratzeti)
ofr. graile 'dig'
grain me. grain grein from grain: source lat. granum grain,
G.
TEUT. orig. 'dig'
me. granunire fr.
gram-
grammaire.
.
vb. me. grdve oe. grafan
= GOTH. OHG. graban DU. graven
y/^grab related
and
grave 'stately'.
=
grobii adj.
dig
to
,
G.
gra-
ON. grafa
ARYAN
:
ghrab/i,
OSLOV.
grebq
grave'.
from
fr.-
grave
gravel
—
93
grizzly
gravel me. gravil borrowed fr. ME. greihound formed after ON. gravele, dimin. o{ ovk. gfave greyhimdr 'greyhound'; cp. on. 'rough sand' r'R. greve 'strand'. grey 'dog'? gravy earlier orthography ^-^r^f^?- griddle me. gredel 'griddle': a CELT, loanword; cp. IR. greideal vy, akin to greavesl gray grey me. gray grey oe. 'griddle' (fr. a lat. ^crdtelld). akin to DU. grama, ohg. grief ME. gref (= odu. grief) grd'i grdo (infl. grower') G. gran, on. adapted fr. ofr. gref 'heavy' grdr, which represent a Taut, FR. grief 'injury' (source lat. base gnhva- grewa- (oe. grcej^ grevis for gravis). grieve vb. OFV..
:
—
;
—
pointing to a hSi?,&grdga-grega- ?). graze vb. 'feed cattle' me. grdse OE. grasian
=
of TEUT. grasa-
G.
grasen
=
grease me. grcse
deriv.
:
:
greve
adapted
\\).
'burden, injure'
OFR. grever. grill vb. adapted
fr.
fr.
fr. griller
on a
broil
grass.
gr^'fe
\vs..
grim
gridiron'. ME. OE. grim {nun): teut.
^
OSax. ohg. grim base grinwiaG. grimm, ox. grimvir: cogn. w. great me. gr{t oe. great; cp. OE. OHG. gram 'angry' G. gram. OSAX. grot, DU. groot, ohg. ^r^5 grin vb. me. grinne grenne OE. G. ^rt'w 'great': teut. grauta-. grennian 'show the teeth, snarl, greaves cogn. w. G. griebe ohg. grin'; cogn. w. grind. griiibo 'greaves'? grind vb. me. grinde oe. grindan aryan greedy me. gredy oe. gredi^ str. vb. teut. \fgr'end -= OSKyi.grddag, onG.grd- ghrendh in lat. frendere 'gnash'. p-eefil tag, ON. grddugr, goth. gredags gripe 'XXK. gripe o^.gripan str. vb. derived from a teut. 'hungry' (d%ky..gripan, DU. grijpen, ohg. GOTH, gredus, grfan G. greifcn goth. greipan grcdu- hunger ON. grddr hunger'. Perh. akin to gripe, seize'. Outside of Teut.
ixomovv^. gresse (fr. graisse) 'fatSource lat. crassus 'fat. ness'.
=
:
:
the SKR. \fgrdh A'R.YA.^
=
=
,
be greedy': cp. the related \~ghrih in lith. greihiu greibti 'seize' and lett.
'to
\P ghredh ghrdh.
—
Teut. base griha will' gribet 'to will'. ^/'^«/, ohg. gruoni grisly ME. grisly short for oe. G. griln 'green', on. grxnn, sw. gryslic {angryslic) 'terrible, horderiv. of the teut. rible'. DAN. gron
green me.
oe. grene
groni- = osAX.
:
:
\fgrd adj.
in
grow and
orlg.
grass.
The
means 'growing.
greet vb. me. grete oe. greta?/ OSAX. grotian, DU. groeten, ON.
=
grist grist
ME. grist
lit.
'a
short
grinding':
for
deriv.
oe.
of
grind.
grit 'gravel' me. gret oe. great ohg. grioi^ G. gries, ON. grjot. grata, OUG. gruoi.'Zfiin G. griissen: TEUT. type grotjan 'greet grizzly fr. me. grisel 'a graygrey see gray. greyhound haired man': deriv. fr. fr. gris
—
.
=
94
—
groan
'gray'. Source a in G. greis.
groan 'moan'
:
teut. gris-
to ME. agriif agrauve 'groveling' and ON. a grtlfu groveling'
—
vb. me. grgne oe. grdnian grilfa vb. 'bow down'. The e. word deriv. of a seems to be a Scand. loanword. intensive
vb. ^'grt-nan
str.
'gray'
gudgeon
== OHG. grma/i
G. greincn 'weep', DU. grijnen.
groat sb.ME.^r^Vc^: a continental TEUT. word: MLG.
OV)Xl.
grote, DU.
groot, G. grosche?!.
grocer borrowed
fr.
OVR..
grassier
(lat. type grossarius 'a wholesale dealer', cp. fr. engros'^\vo\e sale'). groin corrupted fr. ofr. gri7ie FR. grain 'the fork of a tree of a river, a groin'.
=grow DU.
vb. ME.
oe.
grgwe
grpwan
gruaan mhg.
groeijen, OHG.
on. groa, sw. dan. gro: TEUT. \fgra, whence green and perh. also grass.
griiejen,
growl ViY..growle from THJ.grallen =;
gro lien.
g.
vb. ME. grubbe 'dig': teut. sl^grab under grave; cp. ohg. or grubilbn (g. grilbeln 'brood, pour
grub
over).
groom yx^-gribn hoy borrowed
grudge vb. ME. grugge earlier gramme gourme, whence grucche (short for '^grauc/^en ?) borrowed fr. OVK. groiicher groucer OFR. gramet 'servant'. du. murmur'. groove ME. grove 'a pit' gruel ME. griiel: borrowed fr. groeve graef ohg. gruoba G. grube, :
fr.
OFR.
:
=
=
ON. grof, GOTH, graba; from oe.
OFR. gruel
grafan
type grutellum dimin. of med.LAT. grutum 'meal').
grope
= grave. vb.
\\-^.
fr.
gi'uau
(lat.
,
grope oe. gr apian;
intensive formation of
gripe
=
oe. gj-ipan.
=gruff sw.
borrowed
fr.
du.
grof
G.
grob.
grof, dan. grov
me. ground oe. grt'md grumble loanword fr. fr. gromakin to mdu. gronnnelen, osax. g. grund, meler of mdu. DU. grand, ohg. grimt, on. grund frequent. grummen 'meadow' —grunnr (fr. ^'grunpus) grommen 'murmur'. 'bottom of the sea', GOTH.grzmdus grunt vb. me. griinte gronte
ground
orig.
in 'a
grUnd
=
;
grund/twaddjus 'foundation',
lit.
{=
IT.
grove
gricnnettan
w.
ident.
;
G.
grunzen, dan. grynte, sw. grynta.
ground-wall'.
group borrowed
OE.
fr.
grappa). ME.grpz'e oe.
fr.
groupe
A more OE.
grd/ 'grove
;
is
primit.
grunian
stem appears
'grunt'.
imitation of sound;
c]).
TEUT. base graiba- graifa-. The grunuire. me. by-form gr^'ve greve 'grove, guarantee see ivarra?it. wood' corresponds to OE. grafe guard vb. borrowed fr. ^= TEUT. base graibjon- ? guardcr, see ward.
grovel vb. with the a.dw. grave ling ME. graveling(es) gi-ufiing{es)
;
akin
gudgeon
in
The \fgrun
borrovv'ed
fr.
lat.
fr.
YK.gouJon
(me. *gugeon *gaugeou7i}').
95
Gypsy
guess vb. AiE. gesse: prob. not gullet sb. 'throat' mk. gullet golet a native word, but borrowed fr. borrowed fr. fr. goule 'throat' LAT. gula. the continent (du. lg. gisse/i) or 1 fr. the Scand. (dan. gisse, sw. short for :\IE. OE.
=
gissd).
A
point to bless OE.
would
native me. gesse
an OE.
*getsian
=
bletsiaii)
tel't.
gum
gpma
gome
'palate';
(cp. guonio
base
"Egotism ?
cp. on. gonir, OHG.
'palate';
lith.
equival.
with the
cogn.
aryan
go?nurys:
\fglid {ghdu'i^. gum 2 ME. gomme gmnme:
guest ME. gest borrowed fr. borSCAND. gestr 'guest'; there was a rowed fr. fr. it. gomma gomme native OE. yst pest, which was source lat. gtimtni (or. y.oufti^ supplanted by the Scand. loanME. gunnc goniie the me. gun word. SCAND. gesir oe. list word was first applied to a cataOHG. OSAX. G. DU. gast represent pult or machine for throwing a TEUT. base gasti-z ;= lat. hostis stones; perh. shortened for ofr. 'enemy ,,oSLOv. ^6) jV/" 'guest' aryan 7)iangomie, which is the base of base ghostis. OFR. ME. mangonel 'machine for guide vb. me. gide borrowed throwing stones'. fr. FR. guider (ofr. also guier
=
=
:
;
:
=
gush vb. 's\'E..gusche prop.gouse/ie;
ME. gie vb.). guild me. gilde
DU. gild, G. gilde. guile sb. me. gile
OE.
OFR. guile
gyld;
borrowed
'treachery',
which
akin to on. gusa vb. 'gush', odu. cp. guisen gush': TEUT. \fgut in GOTH. OE. ^eotan, ohg. gio"^an fr. giutan, is
'pour out'.
G. giessen
ME. o^.gut (plur. ME. guttes
of Teut. origin; cp. wile. gut OE. giittas) Teut. base guttu-. guilt sb. ME. gilt OE. gylt 'a crime': teut. base gulti; a \'^ gult gutter AiE. gutdre gotire fr. FR. is unknown elsewhere. goiittierc (ofr. goutier, lat. type deriv. of lat. gutta ME. fr. ofr. guttarium glse guise guise 'way, wise', which is of Teut. drop'). origin; cp. wise. Gypsy short for me. Egipgi(n :
:
gulf adapted fr. fr. golfc, Egyptian cp. span. port, gitano whence also G. golf. The Rom. Gypsy' from Aegyptianiis mod.group Span. it. golfo 'a gulf, bay' greek lvcfr6ca.us Aiyvmoc. The is based on gr. /.nhpnc y.oknog Gypsies were popularly supposed to be Egyptians. 'bosom, laj), a deep hollow'. ;
;
96
—
habergeon
hale
H habergeon me, habergeon hawborrowed fr. ofr. hauber-
bcrjoun:
gon
hauberjon,
of
ofr.
see hauberk.
haiiberc;
habit
dimin.
.ME. abit:
adapted
fr.
fr.
habit garment, habit, a custom': source lat. habitus 'condition, habit,
hack
dress'.
vb. me. hakkc oe. haceian
ijicecceaii)
^= nvJiakken,
G.
hacken,
sw. hakka, dan. hakke; possibly from the Y~ hatvw haw seen in
=
hcawan e. he^t:'. hack-; see hackney. hackle hatchel sb. me.
oe.
haggard (earlier
^
adj.
spelling
'hag-like'. hail sb.
ME.
heeiel {hagof)
,
prop,
hail
(haul) oe. du. g. sw. dan.
bases hagla- and hagala-. Perh. cogn. w. gr. Y.dvXrjS, 'a round
A
single pebble is pebble'. e. hailstone oe. called stone'
=
:
on. haglsteifin. hail adj. (ident. w. hale adj.) me. ^^// 'healthy, sound': Scand. ha'^elstdn,
loanword (on.
cogn. w. du. hekel, G. dan. hegle hechel; sw. hdckla
meager'
hagel, OUG. hagal, on.hagl: Teut.
hekel the native
hechcl;
=
'lean,
haggcd)
—
heill)
superseding
oe. hdl ^=^ e.
whole.
vb. 'greet, salute' me. heile, formed fr. the me. adj. heil,
hail
—
which was borrowed fr. ON. heill. hail (an exclamation of greeting) hackney ed fr. FR. haquenie 'an ambling .ME. heil from ON. heill 'hale, horse' {= ODU. hackeneye, span. whole' (esp. used in greeting (goth.
^hakila').
me. hakency. borrow-
hacanea a hacloiey). as far heill 'farewell'). haft me. haft oe. ha^ft; cogn. hair (earlier spelling hear heare w. DU. heft, on. hepti, ohg. hefti in the i6. cent.) me. Mr oe. hir on. Jidr, osax. ohg. mhg. G. heft: TEUT.y^ (cp. heavy) hcer ARYAN V~irt^ in LAT. capio 'take'. hdr, bu. DAN, G. haar, sw. hdr: hag me. hagge short for oe. Teut. base hera- Qieza-T). Orig. mdu. haghetissc, ohg. allied are on. haddr, oe. heord hapesse the first part of the (goth. '^hazda-) 'hair'. Outside of haga-zussa: compound is perh. ident. w. Teut. cp. OSLOV. kosmtl kosa (Lith. e'esati vb. 'comb'. haw, the second part still un- kasa) 'hair'
A^
^
=
=
—
hale adj. (ident. w. hail adj.) fr. on. heill fr. fr. sound'; cp. whole. haggard adj. adapted hale haul vb. 'drag me. hale hagard 'wild lit. 'of the woods'; formed fr. ohg. haga with the oe. (j^eholian and) '^ichalian Fr. suffix -ard from G. -hart; cp. osx'^.haldn, ofris. halia,'a\5. haleny ohg. Iiolbn (Jialbii) G. holen. The hag. exy)lained.
'
,
=
half
—
TEUT. \f hal hoi answers to lat. calare, GR. •aoKhv 'summon'. half ME. half oe. healf^= goth. halbs ON. hdlfr, ohg. g, halb, osAX, DU. sw. half, DAN, halv: Teut. base halba- , perh. cogn. w. SKR. klpay 'arrange, divide'. ,
hamper
97
'brittle'.
cp. du. heilbot 'halibut',
sw. helgflundra, dan. hellefynder the fish is so called because it ;
excellent eating- for holydays; cp. SCANT), heilagr fiskr , lg. heilige
is
halt vb. me. halte oe.
(=
=
halt adj. 'lame'. halter me. halter oe. hcelftre =: MDU. halftcr DU. halster ohg. ,
halftra g. halfter; closely allied to OE. /zy// m. e. helve
halibut holibut ime. halilmi; from ME. holy 'holy' and butte 'a 'handle*, plaice';
—
ohg. *halzen ]mhg. halzen 'limp') from oe. healt healtian
=
From the root are derived with ^/-formation aiE. halvie 'handle', ohg. halmo mjioh- 'rope fastened to the yoke to guide the oxen'. halyard halliard 'a rope for ohg.
half.
same
and heilbutt. hoisting sails' shortened from hall ME. halle oe. hcall on. hale-yard, because the ropes hall ho II, osAX. halla, du. hal. teut. haul the yards into their places. \fhdl hel in oe. hcla/i 'hide' Cp. hale vb. and yard. butt
=
=
DU.
ohg.
helen,
ARYAN
h'elan
g.
hehlen;
ham
ME. hamme OE.
hamm
lit.
'conceal, cover' 'bend of the leg'; Teut. base in LAT. celare occulerc, gr. V~j<«/1 hatfima- from an Aryan kamndin y.uXvTTTO) hide' y.uXvliri 'hut', kndmd- in gr. Avr^uyj ? OIR. cndim oiR. celim 'I hide'; skr. (dla (base kndnii-^ bone'. cp.
'V'"-^^/
—
hame
'house'.
me. home DU. Jiaam, g. OE. hdl^ian: from oe. hdli-^ ^= hamen Teut. base hamancogn. E. holy. hallowmass 'feast' w. GR. y.Tjfioc, LAT. cdtnus 'muzzle'. shortened from All Hallows hamlet me. ha7)ielet; formed Mass 'mass of all saints'; with dimin. suftix -et from ofr. hallo7vs' is the gen. of hallojcs, hamel {= Fr. source hameaii) a Teut. word ofris. hd7n =r e. plur. of ME. hal{o)we 'a saint'
hallow
vb. ME. hdlwe short for
'horse-collar'
*ha?na)
(oE.
—
=
:
:
=
OE. hdlga 'holy'.
'a saint'
from oe.
hdli-^
home
(with dimin. suffix -ef). me. hamer oe. hanior ON. hamarr , oSAX. hamur,
hammer
Cp. holy.
=
halo
borrowed fr. lat.-gr. around the sun or OHG. Jiamar G. moon'. hamarr denotes
halos 'circle
=
hamf/ter;
also
on. 'rock,
halt adj. me. halt oe. healt cliff", pointing to relationship halts, ON. haltr, oSAX. halt, with OSLOV. kajfiy 'stone'. hals: Teut. base vb. me. luilta-, hamper hampere klodo in LAT. hampre vb. pre-TEUT. koldo claudus GR. halt", hamper sb. borrowed fr. ofr. xAatV«^oV
GOTH, OHG.
—
English Etymology.
hand
98
hard
'a vessel to keep hanker vb. akin to du. hunkeren cups in' from ofr. ha nap (Lat. (dial, hankei-eti) long after'; prob. type hanapiis) 'goblet'. The Fr. akin to hang and hunger. hanap is of Teut. origin; cp. hap sb. ME. hap borrowed fr. OE. hiiap OHG. hnapf G. napf, scand. happ 'chance, good luck';
hanapier, orig,
—
,
DU. ?iap. Hence OE. lehcep 'fit'. cp. hand me. oe. hand hand happen vb. me. happene exGOTH, handus ON. hpnd ohg. tended for ME. happen (cp. SW^ed. hant g. osax. du. hand: prob. happii). Cf). perhaps. derived fr. teut. goth. hinpan harass vb. loanword fr. fr. JNILG.
=
,
'catch'
—
(cp.
handle
=
,
—
hound and hunt). vb.
me. handle
oe.
harasser
'vex'.
harbor
sh. 'ME. herl>erwe, earlier
du. handclen on. (i2. cent.) herJierge inn, lodging, hgndla, ohg. hantalon g. handeln guest house": Scand. loanword, frequent, vb. derived fr. ha?td. cp. ON. herherge 'inn, lodging' handle sb. me. handcl oe. OHG. Jicri-berga 'guest house' handle from handle vb. hand- (prop, 'sheltering place fQr the cuff 'a cuffiox the ,^(rW adopted army) G. herberge, du. herberg. fr. ME. handcops 'a handcuff' from The first part of the compound ohg. osax. her/, oe. handcops 'a handcuff' from is OE. here handlian
,
:
—
=
—
=
hand 'hand' and cops 'a fetter'. GOTH, harjis 'army The second handicraft with unorig. in- part is derived fr. a lost str. serted i (after ha n diworJi) from vb. TEUT. bergan 'shelter'. —
OE.
.
—
—
OE. handcra-ft. handiwork me. harbinger me. herbcrgeour 'one deriv. handiwerc oe. hand-i^cxveorc from who provides lodgings OE. hond and ^en'corc ident. w. of OFR. herbej-ger vb. 'lodge, wcorc. The z is due to the prefix quarter' which is a deriv. of OFR. herberge (= FR. auberge). OE. le. handsome me. handsom prop, This is ident. w. OHG. heribcrga 'easy to handle'. handy me. (see harbor'). hard adj. me. hard oe. heard; hendy OE. hendij^ in listhendij^ ? Akin \v. GOTH, handugs clever', perh. the ME. phonology points DU. handig 'handy, expert'; perh. to its being borrowed from ON. not derived fr. hand, but akin hardr. Cp. osax. du. hard, ohg. :
—
G. hart 'hard, solid, heavy, painful", on. hardr, sw. hang vb. me. hange oe. hangian hard, dan. haard, goth, hardus OHG. hangen G. hangcn: deriv. 'hard, severe': Teut. base harduof a str. vb. teut. *hanhan =^ =^ ARYAN karti'i- in GR. Y.oarvq GOTH. OHG. hahan OE. hp'n {y.d(jTa). hardy adj. me. hardy borrowed fr. FR. hardi which \z (for */whi7?i); cp. hunger.
to GR. y.evvi(0 'prick, spur';
OHG. hantag
cp.
herti hart
'sharp',
=
=
—
hards
of Teut. origin hei'ti
cp.
;
99
hasp
ohg. harti word occurs
under hard.
hards
—
first in
as LAT. harpa;
sb. 'the refuse or coarse
the 5'^ cent,
fr. harpe
is
of
Teut. origin.
me. herdes OE. harpoon adopted fr. fr. harpon, part of flax' of flax; whence also du. hatpoen (g. harhear dan plur. 'hards akin to OE. heord, on. haddr piine). Source LAT. harpago(nem). 'hair
?
hare me. OHG. haso
hdi-e
oe.
hara
=
G.
hase;
for
the
harrow sb. me. harwc (pointing to OE. *hearwe or *hearge^ perh. akin to the synon. G. harke, DU. hark, on. ha-Ji, dan. harv, ;
rhotacism in E. cp. ox. here: Teut. base hasan- haza/i-; an SW. harf 'harrow'. ARYAN kaso- is represented in harry vb. me. herie herien oe. the synon. skr. (a(a, opruss. her^ian herigan 'overcome with sasins 'hare'. The Aryan name an army' (= goth. *harjon, on. of the animal points perh. to herja 'go on a plundering exthe OE. adj. haso hasu gra}'. pedition', ohg. herion g. verhark vb. me. hcrke (oe. "^hircian heeren): derived fr. teut. harjabase army' under harbor. from a Teut. *hyrdaft) OFRIS. herkia, mlg. harsh adj. late me. harsk: a *hauzi(/on horken G. horchen mhg. hSrchen Scand. loanword; cp. dan. osw. late OHG. horechen from *hdrah- harsk 'rancid. hon: derived fr. the teut. \f hauz hart sb. me. hert oe. heort in GOTH, hausjan E. hear. (heorot) =^ du. hert, ohg. /;/r?^harken vb. me. her/we short for hirz G. hirs now hirsch, on. dan. hiori: OE. hircnian hyrcnian; an E. hjgrtr, sw. hjort derivative of the verb hear; cp. Teut. base *h'eriit- from ARYAN ta/k and iel/, lurk and lower. kerud-, cogn. with lat. cervus harlot ME. harlot a disorderly 'hart' and GR. xf (^ao'^' (Ht. 'horned' loan- from y.tga^- 'a horn ), kymr. earw person' (of either sex) word fr. OFR. harlot vagabond". hart, pruss. sirrt'is, osloy. stirna roe harm me. harm, oe. hearm OSAX. hart?i ohg. hara?n 'insult, harvest :me. hervest oe. hcerfest mortification'; cogn. w. OSLOV. ^= du. herfst, ohg. her hist G. sramii (fr. *sormii) 'shame, dis- herhst: related to lat. carpere
=
—
=
,
:
=
grace'.^
harncis; borrowed oiR. harncis armor', whence
harness me. fr.
also g. harnisch.
harp ME. harpe oe. hearpe; cp. synon. on. harpa, du. harp, ohg. ha7pfa harfa G. harfc. The Teut.
.
'pluck',
GR. y.aono:^
y.oio-
'fruit',
pruning-knife', skr. krpaua 'sword', lit. klrp-ii shear'. hash sb. from fr. hacher vb. TTiov 'a
'hack'
(of
hack vb.). hasp ME.
Teut. haspe
origin oe.
,
cp.
haps (for
lOO
hawk
haste
=
*hcesp)
DAN.
SW.
MHG. noun from the vb.
G.
ON. hespa 'hasp'. haste vb. me. haste: loanword fr. OFR. haster (fr. hater), whence also DU. haasteti, G. hasten 'make haste'. The fr. vb. is prob. a Teut. loanword. hat sb. ME. hat (plur. hattes) ON. OE. hcEt (plur. hcettas) haspe,
hate',
cp.
ki/idred.
hauberk me. hauberk borrowed
huuberc; source OHG. prop, 'neck-defence'. haughty adj. me. hautein 'arrogant' from OFR. hautain; source OFR. haut LAT. alius 'high'. haul see hale vb. haunch sb. me. haunche: loanApttr 'hood, cowl', sw. hatt, dan. hat 'hat' Teut. base hattu- cogn. word from FR. hanche (oFR. hanke hood sb. and perh. also of Teut. origin w. ohg. cp. with LAT. cassis anka (fcjr ^^cat-tis) ?) 'helmet'. haunt vb. me. haunte borrowed hatch vb. me. hacche; cp. fr. FR. hanter 'haunt, frequent'. MHG. hccken 'produce young have JSIE. have oe. habban from eggs by incubation' G. OSAX. hebbian, du. hebben, * ohg. aushecken sw. hdcka haben G. haben, on. hafa, goth. 'hatch', 'breed', dan. hcekkebiiur 'breeding haban: Teut. base habai-^ ident. w. LAT. habere! Aryan base cage'. hatch sb. 'halfdoor' me. hacche khabhey ? OE. hcBcc'^ cogn. w. DU. hek'^ haven me. haven late oe. hcefene, hatchel see hackle sb. prob. a Scand. loanword; cp. hatchet sb. me. hacchet: loan- on. hgfn 'haven' perh. allied to word from FR. hachette, dimin. OE. hcef, on. haf 'ocean'. of FR. hache 'axe': source a haversack borrowed fr. fr. TEUT. hakka cp. hack vb. havresac 'a knapsack' from G. hate vb. ME. fidte older hdtieii habcrsack hafcrsack 'a sack for OE. hatiaii GOTH, hatan, DU. oats'. haw jME. hazve oe. haga 'an haten, OSAX. haton, ohg. haxipn G. hassen. hate sb. me. hate inclosure' ON. hagi\ cp. OHG. influenced by the vb. hate hag 'an inclosure' G. hag 'a hedge', earlier isiE. hcte OE. hetc DU. haag 'a hedge, garden'. A OSAX. hcti, DU. haat, ohg. ha-^ corresponding Aryan \f kagh is G. hass, ON. hatr, sw. hat, dan. evident' in cymr. cae, corn, ke fr.
OFR.
halsb'erc
=
=
:
;
.
=
;
= —
=
= ;
The teut. had, GOTH, hatis. \f hat 'hate' is perh. ident. w. the Teut. 'war'
=
\^ hap in OE. headoOHG. hadu and G. hader OSAX.
*habiic in the
me.
}uitride{n):
proper name
DU. havik OHG. abstr. habuh G. habicht with secondary Habiic-horst
'quarrel'.
hatred
—
Hence hawthorn 'hedge'. OE. hagu-porn. Cp. hedge. hawk ME. hauk oe. heafoc; cp. ,
,
hawser
ON, haukr
/,
(for
,
Aok, with formative -ka-
heave
OE. hebban e.
seize' as in lat.
hawser fr.
a
adj.).
seen in
is
—
— :
from the
capere.
:=
haila-
adj.
E.
hale (cp. also hail adj. health me. helthe oe.
cure' 'healing, htklp an abstract heilida
orig. 'take,
boat'
vb. haulser
=
ohg.
formation
adj. hdl 'whole,
heap ME. hep troop, crowd'
ME. hey oe. he^ hli
=
:
OE.
heap = OSAX.
'raise,
(Lat. type altiare
hale'
Teut.
'heap,
hop, DU.
hoop, OHG. hoiif 'crowd, G. haufe 'crowd , troop
'elevate, raise').
hay
Teut.
tow-rope' borrowed (see whole).
OFR.
the
tow
'a
whole
as in ahaks
The \f haf
lOI
heart
of the
SW. hptnikr) "^habuks
GOTH,
DAN. Mg-;
'dove'.
—
troop' pile'
,
hawi {GOT^.'^haups). OSLOV. kiipii and (gen. haiijis) 'hay, grass', OHG. LiTH. kaupas 'heap' are prob. hewi houwi G. heu, on. hey, sw. allied. DAN. ho, DU. hooi; orig. verbal hear vb. me. here oe. her an oSAX. of the hau seen Teut. verbal \^ (wESX-SAX. hyran) adj. in //6'7i'. Hence hay 'grass to be horiafi, du. hooreti, OHG. horan hewn' (orig. hatija- sc. grasa-^. G. horen, on. hcyra, sw. hora, DAN. h'&re: all with rhotacism hazel ME. hdsel on. h^esel DU. hazel, OHG. hasala G. //^i'.?/, versus goxh. haiisjati 'hear' (cp. ON. y^rt'.y/: from pre-XEUX. koslo-, harkKXidhearke/i). The xeux. ARYAN kous may hence in Lat. with rhotacism \Phatcz with gr. a-y.nvco be connected coriilus for '^cosulics 'hazel' cp. base
hauja-
goth.
=
=
=
;
also
oiR. coll 'hazel'
he ME. OE. head short
=
for
for *cosll
d-y.ov6(o
(with
prefix a-
SKR. sam) and with xeux. OS AX. hL ear. for me. hed fuller 'ear'
he
=
=
rt:/^^'^
form hcved OE. hgafod=^ on. haufup hearken var. oi hark en', cp. hark. GOXH. OSAX. haubip {hp/iif), hearse sb. me. lursc herfe orig. hobid, DU. hoofd, ohg. houbit G. then a harrow' haiipt: Teut. base hatibida- hau- 'a triangular ,
,
buda-
is
closely allied to oe.
carriage
hilfe,
for
a
dead
body':
OHG. hiiba G. ^a/^/^6' 'cap, hood'. adopted fr. ofr. herce 'a harrow' Source FR. herse 'a harrow'. This n-xoo\. (ARYAN kiip-l') may be connected with lax. caput, LAX. hirpex hirpicem a harrow'. if this is traceable to an hypoheart me. herie oe. heortc', thetical *caii.put *copui. head equivalent to osAX. hcrta, on. var. suffix of -hood. hjarta, goxh. hairto (ohg. hcrza heal vb. me. hc'l^ oe. luela?i; g. herz by the second soundcp. the synon. oSAX. hclian, du. shifting): Teut. base herton- or heelen, ohg. heilan G. heilen, ON. hertanAryan base kerd krd /aodin hcila, GOXH. hailjaii 'heal': deriv. in LAX. cor cordis, gr.
=
—
—
j
'
=
I02
health
and
for '^arjgd, sridicc 'heart'.
IR.
y.iig
cride,
—
heel
heaven me.
=
heven
oe.
heofon
OSAX. heban (lg. hcroeti) with a by-form himil, ohg. hiffiil, DU. hearth me. herth oe. heorp DU. heet'd^ OSAX. herth, G. herd: hetnel, G. sw. dan. himniel'. the a TEUT. \fher 'burn' (cp, lat. /-suffix stands by dissimilation cre-7nare 'burn?) may be as- for the older ^-suffix after goth. sumed as the base of E. hearth himins, ON. himhm, whilst in the Saxon forms the orig. 7}i is disand GOTH, hauri' coaV OSLOV.
=
plur. ham-ja
ON. hyrr
'fire',
heat
sb. ME. hcte oe. hxeto,
from
abstract sb. hat
{=
E. /;
heat
the
adj.
the OE.
*haitei
'clearness
f.
heat'). vb. me. hcte oe. hceta/i:
to
The common
b.
Teut. word is prob. a deriv. of a more primit. teut. haiman-
formed by vowel hmnlicht
mutation (goth.
—
similated
'fire'.
brightness' (oeris. as the sky'):
,
'bright
TEUT. \f hai
in
G.
heiter,
OE.
ha-dor 'serene'. Cp. hoar. a factitive vb. from the adj. oe. me. hevy oe. hefi^ -= heavy hat e. hot (goth. '^haitjan OHG. hcbig, ON. hgfugr 'heavy': from *haits) cp. G. heizen. deriv. of the TEUT. \P^ haf in heath me. hcth oe. hckp heave.
=
;
=
ohg. hen/a GOTH. hai/>/
heide
G. 'a
'heath', ON. heidr.
waste',
Hence heathen me.
hcthcn oe.
on. to DU. ]\ihg. hcideii G. //dvVr. In goth. we find only a feminine haipnb 'a heathen woman', whereby the existence of tlie common Teut. masculine haipina is secured for the fourth cenIt seems to be a transtury. lation of the synon. lat. pagairus occurring in the latter half of the fourth century of the Chris-
hcedcn
corresponding
heidinn,
tian era.
heave
vb.
me.
hcve
hedge me. also
hei^e
hegge oe. hecg (oe.
me. heye
haye')
:
Teut.
cp. ohg. hecka G. DU. hegge heg. Cp. haiu.
base hagja-\ he eke,
heed
vb. me. hede oe. hedan OSAX. hodian, ohg. huoten G. The teut. hiiteny DU. hoeden. \f hod from ARYAN kddh {JwdhT) or kdt is regarded as orig. cogn.
=
w. LAT. cassis (for *eat-tis) 'helmet'; cp. hood sb. heel sb. me. hele oe. hela hcela
=
east(whence DU. hiel)y dimin. of oe. hoh 'heel'; a Teut. earlier base hanha- cp. in on. hdll 'heel',
=
shortened from
FRIS.
"^'hdhila
hela
DAN. ha-p SW. hiil, and in E. hough. heel vb. 'incline' shortened hcvati G. OHG. heffan heben, from ME. heI4e OE. hddan hyldan OHG. he/dan w. vb. 'incline': GOTH, hafjan 'lift, raise' ARYAN. base halpjan derived fr. Teut. See in lat. seize'. capio \P" kap the Teut. adj. halpa- 'inclined heavy. hcbbe OE. hebban
hefja,
str.
vb.
OSAX. hebbian, DU. :
on.
heffen,
=
heifer
in
niderheald
OE.
—
103
hen
fr. the verbal \f hel in OE. OHG. helan, goth. hilan 'hide, conceal' (aryan sT kel in lat.
down- derived
'bent
wards'.
heifer me. haifer (heck/re) OE. skr. occukre (arman heahfore heahfre (^hcegfreT) 'a celare young cow': apparently a com- protection'). pound, but of obscure elements, help vb. ME. helpc oe. helpmi GOTH, hilpan, on. hjalpa, svv. the first element seems to be teut. haha- haga- hjelpa, DAN. hjcelpe, osAX. helpan, heah- hce-yohg. h'elfan G. cp. G. dial, hagen hegeVhnW, ox'; DU. LG. helpen, ,
,
=
=
teut. \f^ help from preTEUT. sfkelb- (lith. szelpti vb. height U¥..heg/ite earlier heghthe paszalpa 'help' pointing to an goth. hau- ARYAN yfkelp). OE. hchpo hyhpo helve sb. me. helve oe. help hipa 'lieight', on. hdd: abstr. formation from the teut. adj. hylf: Teut. base halhi-; cp. mlg.
the second element
fearr
'bull, ox'
is
perh. OE.
helfen.
(gr. tiomc. heifer).
=
hauha-
= high
formed with
suff.
length, strength^. heinous from ofr. hdinos ^= FR. haineux 'hateful'. heir me. heir eir from ofr. heir eir LAT. heres 'an heir'. hell ME. helle oe. hell\ cp. GOTH, halja, OSAX. hell hellia, one. hc'lla G.holle: common Teut.
ipa
(cf.
heinous me.
=
—
i!iiDU.
helve,
help ha Ip
hem OE.
'a
ohg. halba helba mho. handle. S>&e halter.
sb. me. /lem (plur. heinmei)
hem
(plur.
hemt/ias):
Teut.
base hamja-.
hemlock
me.
heinlok
huvilok
second part of the compound seems to be explanatory (cp. leek), the OE.
hcmlic
hymlec:
the
Christian name for 'Hades, in- first part points to a Teut. base fernum'; on. hcl shows that the *haumi- ? older orig. word was also used hemp ME. hefnp oe. hanep; cp. in pre-Christian times for heathen ON. hampr, DU. hennep, ohg. hanaf 'infernum'. Cp. also ON. //el g. hanf'. ident. w. the synon.
'goddess of death'. Usually con- lat. cannabis, GR. Y.dvva(it(^. The nected with v^ hel hal 'conceal' Teut. word cannot be borrowed Perh. the GR. or LAT. (cp. half), hence //^// 'the hid- from Teutons adopted the word and ing place, the unseen place'. helm sb. me. helnie oe. hcbna', the thing from the Scythians cp. on. hjalm
a rudder'.
helmet dimin. of me.
oe. helm.
whence the word came
also to
Greece.
com- hen ME. oe. hen (stem henn-): Teut. langs.; cp. the fem. of OE. hana 'cock' GOTH, hilms, ON. hjalvir, SW. DAN. OHG. henna G. hcnne (goth. derived fr. hana m. hjelm, OSAX. DU. G. hehn with *han/o-) ON. h(vna (sw. hbna the same meaning that may be 'cock'). In the form helma- 'helmet'
mon
to
the
=
I04
hence
points
'hen')
goth.
to
hidei
'^•Jionjo. j
The common teut. masc.
hafian-
ohg.
hand)
(goth.
oe.
meant
orig.
hana, 'singer',
lated to LAT. cantre
stem hi- is cogn. w. lith. OSLOV. si 'this one', lat. ci-tra 'on this
heron
primit. re-
ci-s
side'.
from ofr.
heiroun
istE.
hairon ^= fr.
'sing'.
szis,
hiro7i.
hence me. hcnnes with secon- herring me. hering oe. hdring ohg. haring mhg. hcerinc G. dary -s (as in thence, otice) for an earlier henne, which by syn- hering, du. haring. westteut. cope stands for late oe. heo7iane hdring is the source of fr. OSAX. ohg. harejig. mostly OE. heonan hinan (g. von hhmen). An origihest 'a command' me. histe nal stem ///- 'this' is evident Mst with inorganic t from OE. also in here and hither. hczs 'a command' teut. haisiherald me. herald {JieraiuV) orig. hait-ti TEUT. \'^hait in borrowed fr. fr. hh-aut (lat. OE. hdtan 'command'. See behest type heraldus), which is of Teut. and hight. hew vb. ME. have oe. heqwan origin [heri-wald}). herb me. herbe adopted fr. fr. OSAX. hauwaii, ohg. houwa?i herbe: source lat. herba 'grass'. g. hauen, du. houwen on. hgggva herd' 'a flock' short for me. points to GOTH, '^haggwan in herde OE. heord goth. hairda, place of TEUT. hawwan. The ON. hjgrd, sw. dan. hjord ohg. verbal \^ hawzn haw (cp. >^a;') herta G. herde, teut. herdo- from is allied to the Aryan \^ho7ei in ARYAN kerdha is cogn. w. SKR. OSLOV. >^(??'rtr kovati 'forge', lith. .
=
^
=
:
=
;
=
—
also fdrdha-s 'troop'; OSLOV. creda 'herd, flock', lith. kerdzns 'shepherd'. See herd-.
(cirdhas
—
kctuju
'I
strike'
heyday
—
/^///VV
orig.
i^^")'
high day. herd^ 'shepherd' now usually hiccough hiccup, looks
"hammer. rt'rt'_>'
=
e.
also hick-et
a dimin. of hick or ME. herde oe. hyrde {Jiiorde), hik 'a catch in the voice', imiGOTH, hairdcis, on. hirdir, OHG. tative of sound? hirti G. hirtc: with formative jahide sb. ME. hide oe. hyd (byfrom TEUT. herdo- 'herd, flock'. vowel mutation fr. a Teut. base huhere ]\ie. here oe. her goth. di-); synon. in all Teut. languages ON.' OSAX. her ohg. hiar g. hier: except Goth,; cp. ohg. hiit a. adv. of place (formed like goth. hatit, ON. hud, dan. sw. hud,
compounded
[shep-, cow-, swine-,)
like
'
^
aljar 'elsewhere', f>ar 'there' cp.
there) hi-
day' (cp.
in
DU. huid.
ARYAN
from the pronom. stem to LAT. ciitis goth. hi-?/ima daga 'to- 'skin, hide'.
und
hi-na dag
'till
hence and hither).
to-day
The
in
LAT.
'skin';
answers
cp. GR. y.vxog
The \f ku appears
scii-timi
(T/i'-ros' 'skin,
ktiti-s
'shield',
GR.
hide' with a prefix
s.
hide2
hide-
sb.
'a
105
hipi
measure of land' 'a hiir, culmefi 'a top', lith. /;/^/V/ 'enough kalva hiir, GR. y.oXaiVoC'
OE. hid cox\ir. of OE.
land
a
for
household';
hide
vb.
ME. hide
ME.
hilt
prop.
OE.
OHG. heha
*hiwida- 'family' allied to hifid'^.
hind
oe. hydan:
ON.
^
= ON.
sword-hilt'.
'a
ME.
DAN.
/////
kattias
hinde
sw.
hja/^,
=
hind DU. hifide,
oe.
Teut. base Mdjan, perh. cogn. w. CYMR.«/!r/^/ 'hidden, concealed' OHG. hinia G. hindin. goth. *hindi and GR. Y.iv&w 'hide': Aryan (gen. ^hindjos) is perh. connected with GR. y.fu-dg 'youngdeer'. .^kndhl hind*^ 'a peasant' me. hine OE. of suffix for hideous me.
=
hiffd,
by change hina 'a domestic'. Cp. hide^. adopted fr. ofr. hidous FR. /u'dfux: source a lat. type There is a Teut. base hhoa- in hidoiis
hispidosus, extension
of lat.
GOTH, 'husband', heiwa-frauja OE. hiwrdden 'family, household' OHG. hirat 'marriage' G. heirat.
hispi-
dtis
'rough, shaggy, bristly'. hie vb. 'hasten' me. /dc earlier hind in behind and hind-feet hiie higen oe. higiaii. Teut. base akin to the oe. adv. hi7idan 'at a of hl-gai- perh. reduplication hiftder 'backwards' the back of an ARYAN \^ki in lat. ci-io GOTH, hindar prep, 'behind', Or cogn. 'quickly', g^.yahv go'? hinG. hinter prep, 'behind'. w. SKR. (ighra 'quick'? der vb. ME. hindre oe. hinderian high adj. me. heigh earlier hch ON. hindra OHG. kintiren hinOE. hcah GOTH, hduhs, on. taron G. hindern. hindmost hdr, DU. hoog, osax. ohg. hoh, corrupted fr. hindtnest (confused G. hoch: TEUT. hauha- from an with 7nosi) goth. hindufnists ARYAN kouko-. OTEUT. possessed 'hindmost'. a sb. formed from the adj. hinge me. hmge; oe. *hencge meaning 'hill (base kouko-s) (for TEUT. *hangjdn-') is not recp. ON. hang)- 'hill' (whence e. corded: deriv. of the TEUT. hoiv in proper names) and with hanh hang (see hang^\ cp. \f ablaut G. hiigel; cp. LirH. kaiiMLG. mdu. henge 'rack for hangkara 'hill'.
=
—
^
=
\
—
=
—
=
;
ing up things'. me. highte heghte oe. hint sb. shortened fr. ]ME. heht QiihtT) 'was called pret. hinted part, of hinte (Jienie) to OE. hdtan goth. haiian, OE. hentan 'seize, hunt after' G. heisLii. fr o m \^ henp seen in hunt! hill me. Ml (plur. hillcs) oe. hipi sb. 'ME. hipe oe. hype; cp.
hight
vl).
=
=
:
GOTH,
hyllas): Teut. base or hulja- cogn. w. goth. hallus 'rock' and ON. hallr 'hill';
DU. heup, G. hiiffe)
OHG.
hiif
an ARYAN \fkol cp.
TEUT.
hiipi-
from Aryan
hyll
(plur.
huUi-
in lat. collis
hiips
(nom. plur. hilpeis), ]vmG. huf (plur.
hilfte
(plur.
hu/fi): kiiOi-.
io6
—
hip^
sb. 'the fruit of the
hip-
rose' ME. hepe OE. heope
dog= OSAX.
hog
koi
is
'light,
cogn. with
skr.
ke-tti-s
torch'.
lustre,
hoard me. oe. hard =^ osAX. hiiifo mhg. hiefe. hord ME. OE. goth. huzd, on. *hyppan hip hippe iJioriJi) hoddr m., OHG. G. hort. AfflG. hupfen hilpfeti G. hupfen\ hodd n. E. hop teut. hozda- from ARYAN kuzdhoallied to OE. hoppian vb.; o^. hoppcttan, G. hopfai, on. for kudhto- part, 'that which is hidden'; cp. gr. y.svdio under hoppa. hire vb. me. /z//-(? oe. hyrian hide vb. DU. hurcn, OFRIS. /^/r^r, vb. Hoarhound me. hgrhoutie oe. sw. Avvv?, DAN. /yr^ mlg. huren, sio hare hiine 'the hoar hound' cheuern 'hire, rent': West-Teut. OE. hilne is a plant-name. base hiirjon. hoarse me. horse prop, hgs, oe. hiss vb. ME. hisse: prob. an has pointing to goth. '^haisaOHG.
hiopa,
vb.
=
—
^
,
=
;
=
word
onomatopoetic
as
ODU.
hisschen 'to hiss'.
hit vb.
]\IE.
hitte:
adopted
fr.
ON. hitta, DAN. /z///^'; perh. cog. w. GOTH, hinpan 'catch'. hitch vb. me. hicche 'move'
;
OE. *hyccanl
OHG.
heis
heisi
MHG.
heis
heise;
the r of MHG. G. heiser seems to be the same r as in E. iioarse
=
jMdu. heersch (mod. DU. heescli) perh. originating from the OE. dat. has re (tnid hdsre stefne) transposed to hdrse ^= ME. horse}
;
hither me. oe. hider: derived hobble vb. ]\IE. ho/de for * hopple; from a Teut. pronoun hi- 'this' frequent, of hop vb. in here and hence; cp. goth. hobby sb. 'a toy like a horse,
ambling nag, a favorite pursuit'; ME. hobin 'a nag': borrowed fr. side'. For the suffix cp. thither. OFR. hobin 'a little horse'? hive ME. hive oe. hyf: Teut. hock corruption of Hochhcim: base hubi- in mlg. hiive 'hive', the name of a German town on DU. huif; cogn. w. LAT. cupa the river Main, famous for wine. 'bowl? hoe sb. from FR. houe 'a hoe' hoar adj. i\ie. hor oe. hdr source OHG. houwa G. haue GOTH, "^haira-, on. hdrr 'hoary', 'hoe'. OSAX. OHG. her g. hehr 'distinguihog ME. hog (plur. hogges') OE. a Welsh shed', also 'venerable'. The orig. hocg (plur. hoggas): meaning of the adj. was prob. loanword, cp. w. h7iich 'a sow' 'venerable', on. and E. have the (bret. corn, hoch 'pig'). hogsmeaning 'gray with age'. A teut. head cp. the equiv. mlg. hukes\'~hai 'glitter, shine' is supported hbvet huxhovet du. okshoofd (earlier b}' heaven and ON. //if/V/ 'clearness also hokshoofd') g. oxho/t, sw. of the sky' teut. hai from ARYAN oxhu/vud, DAN. oxehoved: origin ON. hedra cogn. with LAT.
hidre,
'on this side'; 'on this
ci-tra
^
:
=
—
;
hoist
and history of
this
—
compound
are unauthorized.
hooil
107
from
veil';
teut.
and
huljan
suff. -stra fr. -s-tra
hoist vb. earlier hoise akin to DU. equivalent lg. hissen dan. heise, sw. kissa, hijscheti, the
,
(oK. heolstor). ME. holy oe. /w/Zj earlier
holy
= OSAX.
hdlej^
G,
DU.
heilig
,
hcla}^,
ohg. heilag dan.
ON. heilagr
,
sw. //(?/4'' (goth. hailag Goth, runic inscription). hdldan vb. ME. OE. hold hplde Common teut. hailaga- from OHG. haltan (Jwlt/ui/i) {Iicaldari) common TEUT. haila- cp. whole OSAX. goth. haldan, G. ha/ten and ^ (//
fr.
hissen,
hisse?-,
it.
hellig in a
issare.
,
=
,
:
hollow, cp. DU. hoi's, hole, cave'. ho7no 'man'). hole sb. ME. hole hoi oe. hoi osAX. home ME. hgm oe. ham 'a cave' on. holr, ohg. mhg. hem, ON. helmr, ohg. G. du. helm //(^/ G. hohl, DU. /?
—
=
=
'home
GOTH, halms 'a village'. Teut. base haimo- (Jiaimi-) from a pre-TEUT. kaimd- {kaimi^ PRUSS. caymis *a LITH. kimas hehkti. hollow me. holwe oe. GR. village', y.Mi.tr) 'village holh (gen. hohoes') cogn. with hone ME. hone oe. hdn: Teut. ohg. mhg. on. holr: hoi, equival. base hainb- r= on. hein, sw. hen TEUT. \^*hul connected with 'hone'. Cp. OE. hdnan 'to stone'. the TEUT. \fhel in oe. ohg. helan honey ]ME. himi oe. hunr^ hunc~^: 'hide, conceal' {c^.hell, helmet). on. base Teut. hunang holiday prop, holy day. hunang, DU. honinc, OHG. honang Origin unholly -ME. holin OE. holeyi\ akin G. honig 'honey. to the equivalent DU. G. hulst certain; peril, cogn. w. or. jcor/c OHG.
MHG.
;
adjectives are used as substantives: teut. \f hel 'conceal' in oe. helan, G. OE.
=
—
—
.
;
=
mhg.
huls,
houx;
OHG.
hulls,
pre-TEUT.
corn, celin celyn IR. cuileann 'hollv'.
whence
fr.
\fkel- in \\. bret, helen,
'dust'?
-hood a
used
suflf.
to
form
nouns; orig. an independent sb. dying out in me. goth. hollyhock for me. hglihoc prop, OE. had 'state, quality' hock': OE. hocc means haidus, OHG. ivraG. heit 'manner 'holy ,
,
abstract
=
:
'mallow'.
(g. -heit only suffix). Cp. its var, holster borrowed fr. DU. holster -head. 'a case for a pistol' (g. pistolenhood sb. 'covering' me. oe. ident. w. on. hulstr 'a hod DU. hoed ohg. huoi G. holftcf)
=
;
case, a sheath', goth. hulistr
'a
/////.
,
Closely allied to hat and
io8
hoof
to the TEUT. \/^ had hod in heed. hoof ]ME. OE. hof OSAX. hof,
=
host'
guttural (base "^huqbri) as shown by the OE. abstract noun hyht
DU. hoe/, ON. hq/r, ohg. hiwf G. hope' (base huh-ti-s) teut. hiif: Teut. base ho/'^- from Aryan sfhiiq hup. hope sb. ME. hope whence osLov. kopyto for OE. to-hopa oSAX. to-hopo ^'kSpo-, 'hoof'. Others derive teut. hofa- sb. 'hope'. from Aryan kopho and compare horn ME. OE. horn =^ on. it with SKR. faphd avest. safa OHG. G. DU. horn, goth. haiirn: 'hoof. common Teut. (in a runic hook ME. OE. hoc arou. hoek inscription) horna 'horn' cogn. 'hook'. The kindred forms have w. LAT. cornu and IR. cymr. a diff. vowel and answer to OE. corn, with other suffix gr. y.s(j-c(g haca, ON. haki, ohg. lia{c)ko G. horn; cp. also E. hart prop, hake. OHG. hag(g)o points to 'horned' and skr. cru-ga 'horn'. GOTH. '*'heg(g)a 'hook'. G. haken hornet oe. hyrnet ohg. being 'a kind of plough', goth. horna'^ hiirnti-^ G. hornisse. The ho ha 'plough' may also be com- synon. Slav, and Lat. \vords to goth. pared, so that the stem may be for 'hornet point hoh keg hah. *'ha7irznuts with an aryan. \'" krs hoop sb. ME. OE. hop ^^ DU. (ind. (ft) LAT. crdbro 'hornet* hoep, OFRis. hop, north-fris. hiip for *crdsro, oSLOV. srilseni, lith. teut. base szirszone 'hornet'. The Aryan 'hoop', MLG. hop; stem is ki-s for 'hornet', cp. hop a-. hoop vb. ME. houpe adopted fr. OSLOV. sriisa, lith. szirszu. Du. FR. houper 'hoop unto'; of Teut. preserves a trace of this inner
—
:
=
,
=
=
:
=
GOTH. s in horzel 'hornet' (goth. '^hailrorigin, cp. OE. htvopan horzelen vb. 'hum'. hwppan vb. 'boast, glory'. su/s) hoot vb. ME. houte borrowed horse me. oe. hors osAX. fr. osw. hut a 'hoot'. hors hers, du. ros, ohg. ros (gen.
— —
vb. ME. hoppe oe. hoppian
=hopDU.
DAN. hoppe, w. hip vb. G.
Its
origin hope vb.
=
a
hopfen
med.-lat.
horse'
:
Teut.
base hrossa-.
=
=r du. hose ME. hose oe. hosu ohg. hopfo, DAN. G. hose, DU. hoos, OHG.
hoppe late
ON. hosa (goth. *hiiso). The (for *huppa). obscure. Teut. Avords found their way ME. hope oe. hopian into Celt. (corn, hos 'ocrea,
hupa is
MDU. hopen, mhg.
The
rosses) G. ross (whence it. rozza, rosse a jade'), on. hross, also hors, sw. dan. dial, hors
hoppa FR.
MHG. hopfen. Cogn.
ME.
sb.
hop hop,
G.
sw.
ON.
happen,
=
g.
hopfen.
cuisses')
and
into
Rom.
(ofr.
labial in oe. hopian
"^hupcvi)
is
a
(goth. hose). substitute for a host
'
sl>.
'army' me. host pst:
host'
loanword
hovel me. hovel 'small hut': dimin. with suffix -el from oe. hof z= ON. hof 'a temple, a
OFR. hoste 'army' fr. hosteni), (source LAT. hostis host^ sb. 'entertainer iviE. hgste: loanword fr. ofr. hostc (= lat. Hence hostess me. hospiteni). hostesse and hgstesse from ofr. hostler ime. hostUi- 'innkeeper' from OFR. Jiosielier 'innkeeper'. host'^ sb. (in the mass) me. source lat. liostia, hgste gste
—
hall'
of ME. hove vb. 'tarry, wait'; cp. OFRis. hovia 'receive in one's house derived fr. teut. hofa:
'hall,
hot
how
=
OSAX. the
'hot';
ME.
het, ohg. hei-^ TEUT. \^ hit cp.
sb. ]ME.
;
hough
in
who\
how
on.
in
'heat'
cp. GR. TlbZq. in local
howl OE.
(Jig)
names
cp.
high.
;
vb.
iiE.
houlc;
cp.
du.
G. heulen.
huilen,
huckster
hgh 'the heel'; hence the dimin. Teut. base hanha- in on. heel.
me.
huckstire
(oe.
'^huccestre); orig. 'a female retailer akin to mhg. hucke hocke
hitll 'heel'.
hound
:
hoe for hwo, ofris. hu: formed G. heiss from the Teut. stem hwa- in
GOTH, heito 'fever' and OSAX. hittia, G. hitze /////, cp. heat sb.
hough
how
OE. hu (for form hwo in Teut. *hwg) OSAX. hwo 'how', OHG. WHO du.
adj. ME. hot OE. hat'. Teut. haitaon. heitr, DU.
hc.et,
yard'.
"^hwii
hostie.
base
—
cp. G. hof 'a yard'. vb. intensive derivative
;
hover
:
FR.
109
hull
;
hand
derived from MHG. GOTH, hunds, on. hundr, hocken vb. 'squat', on. hokkinn DAN. SWED. hund, DU. houd, 'bowed, bent. Cp. du. heiilien heuker OSAX. G. hund OHG. hunt: Teut. vb. 'huckster, retail' base hunda- prop, 'the hunter', huckster, retailer'. derived fr. the teut.-GOTH. vb. hue sb. ME. hewe hew oe. w. ident. hinpan 'seize, capture' (oe. hup heow 'appearance': GOTH. Iiiwi (g. hiujis) 'form, 'booty'); see hunt. hour 2kiE. houre oure borrowed appearance', sw. hy 'skin, com-
hund
ME.
=
hound
OE.
'a
retailer';
—
^
fr.
OFR.
heui-),
uhr
{h)ure
whence
(h)ore
{^=
also DU. uur,
fr. j
g. I
(dial.
auer).
Source lat.
hora.
huge
house base 'house hits
G.
plexion'. hue 2 sb. 'outcry' l\rE. hit derived fr. KR. huer 'hoot, hiss'.
ME. hous oe. hus: Teut.
hiisa-
in
of
God',
haus,
goth. gud-kus osAX. ohg.
DU. huis,
ON.
hiis.
adj.
loanword hull 'hull,
OHG.
fr.
husk'
]\rE.
hiige
{Jiouge)'.
OFR. ahugc 'huge'. ME. hule OE. hulu
husk'; cp. synon. G. hulse hulsa for ''Piulisa (goth.
housings earlier houss (of a *hulisi or "^huluzi) formed from horse), borrowed fr. fr. housse'i the sj^hel hul (g. hiille) under :
no
humble
hutch
—
hull
hurt (plur. hurtt) G. hi'irde; cp. and holster. body of a ship' ident. w. on. hurd 'door', GOTH, hatirds
hold
sb.
hollow
hell,
door'.
humble rowed
adj. me. humble
humble
FR.
fr.
humilis)
{=
The meaning
=
base hurdi-
.
humblebee
sb.
'door'
bor- developed from the lat. meaning 'wickerwork'.
me. hombel-be; LAT.
crates,
—
GR.
Teut.
aryan
krti
'a
y.vgzf]
is
common in
fishing-
an equivalent OE. *hu7nbol is to basket' yi.d(}raXng 'a (woven) be assumed for ohg. hnmbal basket'; cp. skr. k/'t 'spin' G. hummel, DU. hotmncl 'humble- cri 'bind, connect'. bee'.
humor humor
=
hiitnour
jnie.
hurl vb. from ofr. hurtle vb.
fr. hmtieur.
hundred
—
hurricane
me.
hurle
akin
sb.
earlier
the
to
hundred synon. du. orkaan, dan. sw. ident. w. OSAX. hunIT. me.
oe.
{hundrep), darod, G. hundert,
g.
orkan, fr. ouragan, uracano, SPAN, huracan 'a hurricane' ;,after
on. humlrad\ appar. a comp., the the discovery of Americaadopted second part of which belongs fr. Caribbean hurakan 'a hurrito GOTH, rapjan vb. 'count'; the the
word
is
part GOTH. OE. hund is cogn. w. LAT. cenium, GR. hy.fxrov, SKR. (atdm.
cane'.
first
hurry
vb. me.
hurie
horie vb.
'hasten'.
hurt vb. ME. hurte hirte vb. am. hunger honger OE. borrowed fr. OFR. hurter 'offend' hu/igor cp. synon. osAX. ohg. g. ON. (fr. heurtei-). hungar hunger, hungr] husband sb. am. husbonde oe. GOTH, hfihrus (for *hunhrus) 'hunger' with the derived hiig- (about \o^o) hilsbonda'. a Scand. common teut. loanword, cp. ON. hilsbondi, sw. grjan 'hunger' hunhru- hungru- hunger' from DAN. husbonde from his 'house' ARYAN, kdnkru- ? cp. lith. kanka and ON. bondi biindi 'husband. 'torture' with on. hd vb. 'torture' husk ME. huske oe. *huseca 'a small house' (?); cp. G. gehduse. TEUT. *hanhbn). (from hunt vb. ME. hunte oe. huntian: hussy short for housewife. a secondary verb from a primit. hut aiE. hutte from fr. hutie.
hunger ;
:
vb.
shown
in
From the same hound and hand.
'take prisoner'.
root
E.
goth. frahinpan Source OHG.
hutch prop.
hurdle me. hirdel oe. hyrdel, whicche^ dimin. of an oe. *hyrd z=. ohg. 'trough,
hutta
sb. 'a
hucche :
=
box'
G.
hiitte.
me. hucche
atE. (whence loanword fr. fr. huche
bin'.
I
III
inquest
ME.
I
/
earlier ich
OE.
ic
ic
=
imp
OHG. ih G. ich, GOTH, ik: common teut. ik ek from ARYAN. egotn\ cp. lat. ego, GR. fyc(', SKR. ahdm, aslov. azii, LiTH.<7s. The oblique cases were
DU.
OSAX.
ik,
ic,
sb.
with
scion'
OE.
ME. OE. iffipe 'graft, the vb. ME. impe
OHG. cp. dan. ympe, Source a lat. type 'graft';
iftipian
G.
itnpfon
itnpfe/i
sw. ympa.
,
iniputare, whence also fr. e?iter, DU. enten vb. 'graft'.
formed in all Aryan languages alike from a stem 7ne-\ cp. me impair vb. me. empeire borFR. rowed fr. OFR. empcirer and mine. OHG. ZS G. empirer (lat. type impeiorare ice ME. OE. is
=
=
DU. //> (goth. *eisa-^ 'make worse'). Teut. word, not impeach vb. prop, 'hinder' found elsewhere. icicle for me. apcche vb. 'hinder' borME. isikel: prop, a compound, rowed fr. FR. empecher (lat. ON.
eis,
:
iss,
common
a
OE.
—
is-pcel
dimin.
(isesycel)
small
'a
MLG.
(cp.
;
piece
ycel is of ice'
'icicle'
isjokel
on.
,
idol ME. idgle borrowed fr. FR. idole (lat. gr. ndioXov tdolufii, 'an image,
useless'
vain,
'empty, useless',
in
oe.
in
^=
GR.
in,
Sv{i),
LITH.
/,
C.
sb. me. inche oe. ynce: 'empty, early loanword from lat. imcia 'vain', DU. 'an inch', also an 'ounce'. fr. lingot ingot me. ingot
ital
citel
ijdcl 'empty'.
me.
OSAX. G. DU. GOTH, in, ON. /, sw. DAN. /. Orig. related to
LAT. LETT. 'empty, oSAX. idal inch
=
iroinpedica
cp. ply.
prep.
idel
ohg.
boastful' G.
vain,
imply
likeness').
adj. me. oe.
'fetter'
sb. 'fetter').
in
igkiilt).
idle
type impedicare
=
ME. // OE. y/ =r OSAX. ef ingot'i Source and history doubtDU. of if 'whether, but', ful. of, OHG. o/>a with the older by-form ink :me. enke from ofr. enque ibu 'if, whether' G. ol) 'if, as if, (fr. encre, DU. inkt, lg. inkei) even if, whether', ox. if ef ^\{ source lat. encaustum 'the purple if
:
,
GOxn. Prop.
i
had) 'whether, perhaps'. dat. instr. of ON. if ef
m. and iba
f.
ill
if ef n. doubt', 'doubt, condition'.
ohg.
Scand.
loan-
ME.
///
il/e'.
word from on. E.
synon.
is
////-;
the
red
ink'.
inkling sb. from the vb. me. i?ikle
inn native
evil (oe. yfef).
"hint :me.
lodging
mn
-
.
oe. in inn sb. 'house,
house'
=
on.
injii
.
inquest me.
enqucste
from ofr.
112
ire
jail
{= FR. enqiicti). Akin t/e (source LAT. insula) 'an inquire vb. me. aiquere from Cp. island. OFR. enquet-rer {^= FR. enquirir issue ME. issiie from ofr.
eiiqueste
isle'.
to
issue
=
source lat. inquirere, 'end, event' (derived fr. issir ire ME. ire 'anger' from ofr. LAT. ex ire). ME. it earlier me. oe. hit it ire (lat. ird). neuter to E. he (oE. AIE. he). vb. ME. irke with irk 'tire' the irksome vb. ME. icche for peche OE. extended fr. me. itch adj. Teut. base jukja?i irk 'distasteful'. lyccan iron ME. OE. iren oldest oe. form DU. jeuken, osAX. Jukkian, ohg. isern goth. eisarn, OSAX. ohg. juckan g. jucken. teut. \j^ juk. 'inquire')
;
=
:
=
isarn G. eisen, DU. ijzer, on. isarn (jam): Teut. base isarna- perh.
ivory me. ivory
—
borrowed
(ivoire)
OFR. ivorie FR. ivoire, whence borrowed fr. a Celt, isartio- {= also DU. ivoor. Source lat. eboreus ebur 'ivqry'. OIR. iarn 'iron'); gall. Isarno- 'made of ivory' dorn7n a placename. ME. ii!y oe. short for fr.
ivy
island
me.
ilotid
oe.
i'^lond
^if-hi~^
— = OHG. ifi'^
t/-hei
eba-hewi
part MHG. ep-hou (g. epheii) with the of the compound represents by-form ohg. ebah: perh. akin the oe. /j <^j 'isle' (cp. ON. eyland, to GOTH, ibuks 'backwards' ? It OFRis. DU. «A?//^/'island'), blended is uncertain, whether the 2"** eleThe word starts ment of OHG. eba-hewi OE. iji^ w. OFR. isle. (ij^land)
island';
the
first
=
from a TEUX.a?^'^- (in Scandin-avia is ident. w. hay. iwis 'certainly' ME. iwis OE. Bat-avid), which is a derivative of TEUT. -GOTH, ahwa 'stream, ^= OHG. gi7vis G. geiviss, lewiss OE. ia DU. flowing water' OHG. aha gewis: Teut. base ga-wissaLAT. aqua 'water'. prop. part, of the Teut. vb.
=
=
isle ME.
borrowed
i/e
fr.
fr.
•witan 'know'
(cp. wot).
with the by-form gaol jail jabber variant of e. gabber. jacket from fr. Jaquet; cp. ME. gail jaiole gaihgl borrowed fr.
ME.
jakke
=
ofr.
jaque
(g.
jacke).
jade
and
UY..Jdde 'old horse'.
history
unknown.
Source
OFR.
gaiole gaole
prison, bird-cage'. caveola from cavea G.
kdfig).
(fr. geble) 'a
Source lat.
(=
E.
cage,
jamb
from
jamb also
'a
fr. jambe
(source
jamb'
gai)ibd). jar sb. 'an
'a
113
journal
In OE. we find leg', LAT. Judaeus. lat. Judeas plur. 'the Jews' from the Latin.
earthen
from
jewel :me. jouel juel from ofr. (whence G. juwel, DU. FR. joyau. Source jaundice \YS..jaundis jaunis from juweet) FR. Jaunisse prop, 'yellowness'; a LAT. type gaudiale from gaupot'
FR. Jarre.
source
jouel
fr.
jauiic
'yellow'
=-
LAT. galbuius 'greenish yellow'. javelin sb. from fr. javelin:
of Celt, origin flach
(whence
jaw
cymr. ga-
cp.
,
OE. gafeloc') 'spear'. {choul) earlier
chaul
aiE.
chavel OE. (plur.) cedfias\ akin to OSAX. kciflos plur. 'jaw' and with
other formatives on. kjaptr, G. teut. \f kef kef fr. kiefer 'jaw' an ARYAN gcph, perh. cogn. w. AVEST. zafrn 'mouth, jaw'. jay ME. jai from fr. geai (ofr. :
=
ditmi.
jig sb. ME. gigge 'a fiddle' from aiHG. gige G. geige)
(=
OFR. gige
'a fiddle'.
jingle
job piece'
iNiE.
sb.
gingle.
ME.
cp.
'small
gobet
and ofr. gob
mouth-
'a
ful'.
jockey ident. w. Jackey: dimin. of Jack.
jog
yb.
iME.
vb.
jogge
'go
hastily'.
join vb. ME. joine borrowed fr. (= lat. jimgere). Hence e. me. joint sb. from
jai gai).
jealous ME. jelous gelous from FR. joindre
—
OFR. gelous (fr. jaloux, whence FR. joitit. DU. Jalocs). joist sb. ME. glste 'joist' from jelly sb. late me. gelid from OFR. giste (= FR. gite ? derivative FR. gelee. jeopardy sb. me. jilperdi orig. of FR. gdsir 'lie').
hazardous feat
jiiparti 'hazard,
borrowed
fr.
FR. jeu parti
'risk,
jolly
ME.
loanword
jolt
from
hazard' (orig. 'a game, in which jolif)the chances are equally divijostle justle vb. ded'). jest prop, geste
mation from 'a
'a
romance'.
jolif;
(oFR.
joli
intensive
AiE. jouste
tale'
JIE.
for-
'tilt'
ofr. jouster (me. jouste story' from nament' fr. OFR. jouste
merry
(also g(stc)
OFR. geste
earlier
fr.
=
tjostt^.
=
'tour-
MHG.
—
journal from fr. journal. mineral) short for :me. journe journde 'a fr. contracted gey^t: journey git loanword from ofr. gaiet (Jaet day's travel, a day's work' from FR. journc'e 'a day, a day's work' source lat. gagates. jet') jew j\iE. jew earlier gi7v bor- (it. giornata, lat. type diurrowed fr. ofr. Gill Jiii: source natii). jet sb.
(a
]ME.
:
English Etymology.
8
114
kettle
joy
—
June ME. jiine earlier jiinie joy ME. jo/e from YK.Joie (source from OFR. gimie} (fr. Juiii) LAT. gmidia ^= gaiidmni). judge sb. sh(^rt ME. ji'ige from LAT. Junius. FR. jii.ge (source lat. judex just ME. just (short for jiistl') 'a judge from FR. juste (= lat. Justus). judge'.
—
—
judice7ii)
=
— = —
from FR. jnger ^= justice isiE. justice orig. justice 'SK. justice: source ijArcJustitia. LAT. ju die are. justify vb. ME. justifie from juice ME. jilse ji'ice from fr. FR. lat. justijier. 'juice'. jus) jus (source July ^lE.jiili from LAT. Julius. vb. ME. jiige
K ident. w. on. kjglr rowed fr. ON. kenna vb. 'know' GOTH, kanujan G. kennen, base kelu-) "keel of the (Teut. synon. dan. kjbl, sw. causative of teut. kuntian 'know'. ship' Source and Cp. can vb. G. DU. kiel. kol,
keel
sb.
=
=
unknown.
history
keel
vb.
'cool'
fr.
the
kennel ME.
kele
OE.
base koljan derived E. teut. kolu-
celan: Teut.
=
adj.
cool.
keen adj. me. kene 'sharp, bold, brave' OE. cene orig. aini 'bold, brave,
= OHG.
wise'
:
Teut.
kuoni G.
;
base kmi-
ki'iht,
DU. koen
house
'a
for dogs' onfr. kenil onfr. ken (fr.
ME. kencl: adopted {chenil);
source
fr.
'dog' with
sutf. -il (lat. type *canile from canis 'dog'). chieii)
kerchief
sb.
earlier
curchief ME. coverchef'.
OFR. courechef lit. covering'. OFR. covrir
fr.
spelling
borrowed 'a
head-
(=
FR.
the original daring couvrir) 'cover' and chef 'head'. meaning is evident in on. k&nr kernel me. kirnel OE. cyrnel 'wise', which points to the teut. base kurnila-) dimin. of ken and in (Teut. can, \f kan 'know' cor?i (with the Teut. dimin. suif. know.
'bold
;
,
:
keep ME. 'keep'
kepe OE. cepan cd^pan
no
kop exists other Teut. languages.
jafi;
keg kaggi
ken
-ila).
kettle jNIE. ketcl borrowed fr. GOTH, katils, ohg. the ON. ketill G. kessel, DU. kctel; correkf—fl on. sponding to OE. cetel me. chetel, which was superseded by ON.
from a Teut. base kop-
:
sb. 'a
\f~
in
Scand. loanword
:
keg'. vb. 'know' me. kenne bor-
=
ketill.
The
Teut.
word
was
"5
kitchen
key
—
borrowed fr. lat. cathms 'kindred and mankind. whence also ohg. ke':^y,n. kind adj. 'natural, loving' me.
early
'kettle',
me.
sb.
=keyOFRis.
kcV
/^(I/g^ ?
kid sb. ME. ON. h'd; chiizt
keie oe. ccb-^ ccej^e kinde OE. lecynde 'natural, ina key': Teut. base born': derived fr. kind sb. kind sb. 'nature, sort' me.
—
borrowed
kie;^
ohg.
cogn. w.
fr.
kizzin
kinde oe. j^e-cynd 'nature'. kindle vb. me. ki?zdle: derived
young goat' a with word cogn. w. scand. vb.
G. kitze 'a
native E.
;
would begin with ch. kidney sb. me. kid-nere
kid
intensive -/ from on. kynda 'kindle'
?
(on.
kyndill
'a
torch'?)
kindred me. kinrede (oE. '^cy?ithe rddai): composed of kin second part of the compound OE. cynn 'kin' and OE. rceden (= is me. na'e {= ox. /lyra, du. GOTH. garaideins) a suffix meaning *c}'deneore
nier,
ohg.
ney').
(oe.
=
*cyd/ieora}^;
ttioro
The
G.
first
nicre
part
is
'kid-
ob-
condition
'state,
king ME.
(cp. hatred).
late oe. king OE. cy?ig
a late shortening for the common corresp. oe. cyning: Teut. base kuninga-^ OE. '^cyllan is wanting: Teut. OSAX. OHG. kuning G. konig, du. base kuljan akin to oe. cwellan koning; cp. ON. konungr (but ME.
kill vb.
ME.
kille
;
a
=
'king').
OSAX.
There kirtle sb. me. kirtel oe. cyrtel qudlian. was a primit. str. vb. OE. cw'elan from a teut. base ^kurtil ox. 'die', OSAX. OHG. quclan 'smart' prop, 'a short underkyrtill) kvelja,
(=
:
;
cp. G. qual.
=
kiln sb. ME. kilne OE. cyln older cyletie cylitie 'furnace': early
loanword
whence
fr.
lat. cidhia 'kitchen',
also oiR.
garment' from LAT. curtus 'short' (cp. G. kurz and see short and shirt).
kiss
sb.
ME.
kiss
with
the
vowel accommodated to the vb. ON. kylna 'kiln' is an oe. loan- kiss for OE. coss OS AX. kus word. du. kus, ORG. kus G. kuss, cos, kin sb. :\IE. kin oe. cynn orig. ON. koss, DAN. kys, SW. kyss, GOTH. 'a tribe': Teut. base *kussus. kiss vb. ME. kisse kttnjaox. kyh, OSAX. kunni, ohg. OE. cyssan r= osAX. kussian, chiuini MHG. kilnnc race', goth. DU. OHG. kussen G.. kilssen, on. kuni\ deriv. fr. the teut. \r ken SW. kyssa, DAN. kysse. kitchen sb. me. kicchen oe. 'produce' in ohg. g. kind 'child', oe. cennan vb. 'produce', answe- cycene from a west-teut. base =: DU. keuken ring to an ARYAN \f gen in lat. kukina ohg. genus, gens-gentis, GR. ytvog an yor^ kuchina chuhhina G. kiiche yiyi'O/itui, SKK. \'^jan. Cp. kind, early West-Teut. loanword from ciiilc
'kitchen
.
=
—
—
=
—
,
:
8*
ii6
knuckle
cite
LAT. coqtiina
late
(class, culina
see under kiln) or rather from a common Rom. and vulg. lat. codna 'kitchen' (cp. fr. cuisine, IT. cucina, span, cocind). Cp. cook. kite sb. ME. kite OE. cyta 'a
there
is
an equivalent du.
knijf,
LG. knif, G. dial, kneif. knight sb. me. knight oe. cniht: Teut. base knehtadu. g.
=
knecht ohg.
kn'eht,
ofris. kniuht;
cogn. w. knave'} knit vb. ME. knitte oe. cnytta7i kite' deriv. of oe. cfiotta (by vowelTeut. base kiltjan-. kitten me. kitoun answers to mutation) (= ON. kniitr) the synon. fr. chatton 'a young E. knot; OE. cnyttan is ident. cat' (peril, the E. word points w. LG. knfitten ? to ONFR. ^'keion ?) knob sb. ME. knobbe', allied to knave ime. knave oe. cnafa MHG. kniibel 'knuckle', du. knobbcl OHG. knabo G. knabe 'boy'; iden- 'knot, lump, callosity', o. knopf tical with OE. cnapa me. kndpe 'button, bud', ON. knappr. OSAX. knapo, ofris. knock vb. me. knocke oe. 'boy germ. *cnoccian; ident. w. oe. cnucian, knapa, ON. ktiapi 'boy', knappe points to a teut. ktiab- ON. knoka: a sound imitation, ban-. Perh. cogn. w. knight} closely allied to knack. or. w. GALL, gnabat 'son'? knoll sb. ME. knol oe. cnoll == knead vb. me. kncdc oe. cn'edan DU. knol 'a turnip', G. knolle7i. MLG. DfJ. kfteden, ohg. knetan knot sb. ME. knotte OE. cnotta teut. y" ,^;?
:
=
=
=
=
= =
—
—
=
=
—
•
=
=
—
,
=
:
labor
w.
cogn.
'"cfiucel;
g.
—
DAN.
labor fr.
sb.
ime.
labour
=
FR. labour
of a simple word, seen DU. knok knuckle, a bone'.
in G. knocheii 'a bone',
knokkeh
knogle
117
dimin.
knochel,
OFRTS. knokle, DU. knokkel, mlg. knokel,
lake
'a
adopted hlapan
LAT.
'load, lade':
Map from an ARYAN
labor {em)
teut. \f hlad s/^klat; perh.
cogn. w. \(^ klad in OSLO v. kladq The vb. oe. hladan lace sb. me. Ids borrowed fr. I lay'. also 'draw OFR. las {lags) source ME. lade signifies FR. lace LAT. laqueus noose, snare' (= water', hence E. ladle me. Iddel
'labor*.
IT.
—
:
—
:
See latchet.
laccio^.
—
\^
OE. hlcedel.
=
lack sb. iEE. lak oe. */^tf ODU. lac DU. lak 'blemish, stain, lack'. lack vb. me. lacke from the sb., but earlier ME. hike (oE. '^'lacia>i) =. odu. laken 'be wanting', ofris. lakia. Teut.
I
fr.
fr.
lacker
lack,
sb.
varnish'
laque
cp.
lacca.
IT.
'a
youth,
IR.
fr.
champion';
cp.
lass.
ladder me. Idddre short for OE. base hlaidrjoDU. ladder leer, ohg. leitara g. goth. '^'hlai-dri leiter; (gen.
=
hlctdder: Teut.
lean
vb.,
y.XT-iiiuE
TEUT. \^ hlai
ARYAN V" kit 'ladder'. The
suffix -dr-
in
a gr. -rotu.
=
hli in
in
gr.
Teut.
ladder answers
to
,
vb. 'knead' (see dough). OE. hlcefdiie (teut.
Therefore
meant kneader of bread'. lair
:me.
orig.
leir
oe.
=
le^er
'the
'lair,
OSAX. Icgar 'couch, sick-bed', du. leger 'a couch, bed, lair', ohg. Icgar g. lager (for leger) 'a couch, bed, of lying, storehouse', place Teut. GOTH, ligrs 'a couch' base legra- from \f leg in lie
couch,
'•'hlai-drids):
part of both
'^hlaiba-digjb-')
lad ME. ladde borrowed lath
first
e. loaf words is oe. hldf the second part in oe. hlcefwith goth. diie is connected \
G.
lady, lord oe.
w.
cogn.
lafdi
'a
hlcefdiie
The
hldford.
adopted deigan ?
earlier
lady
OE.
mistress';
lek in leak.
lacquer
ME.
lady Idfdi-^
bed'
:
and
lay. sb.
laity
lake
ME.
from the Idke
'lake'
adj.
oe.
lay. lacu
lade sb. ME. lade oe. hladan 'lake' and 'stream': early loanOSAX. hladan, du. g. laden word fr. LAT. lacus 'a lake, ohg. (h)ladan, on. hlada, goth. pool'. OE. lagu 'sea, ocean' is
=
ii8
lamb
the genuine E. correspondence of the LAT. word and of IR.
—
lap
G.
Source
lanze.
{=
lat.
lancea
launch. loch 'lake'; cp. loch. land (Ipnd) land lamb sb. ME. OE. lamb hnnb OSAX. DU. G. ON. SW. DAN. =^ OSAX. lamb, DU. law, OHG. land from a Teut. base landa-; laf/ib G. hmmi, GOTH. on. la rub: cymr. cogn. w. IR. land la/in Teut. base lamba- {lambaz- in llan, CORN. Ian (from ""landhd) the plur. OE. lomhru aie. loffibren, 'open space, surface', bret. Ian lambiz- in the plur. OHG. lembir 'heath', oslov. ledina 'heath, IT.
=
lancia); cp. sb. ME. OE.
,
untilled land' (russ. IJada IJame. lame OE. lama dma). land vb. me. lande OSAX. lamo, DU. lam, ohg. DU. G. landen, dan. lande, sw. MHG. lam (gen. lames) G. lahm, landa from la7id sb. landThe scape borrowed fr. DU. landON. lami, sw. DAN. latfie. G.
Icimt/iei-).
lame
=
=
—
adj.
—
commoner maimed'
meaning
is
"bruised,
prob. the orig. one,
though the meaning very old (goth. used
'lame' halts
is
cp. vb.
Cp. OSLOV. hmiiti halt). 'break, bruise', ON. lama 'bruise'
?
schap
'a
lane
landscape'.
sb. me.
ofr;s.
lona
oe. lane (lone)
lana,
du.
laan
= a
a narrow passage': Teut. base lanon-. lane,
language me. langdge adopted
lammasME. lammasse shortened from late oe. hldmnuvsse,
fr.
OE.
lit.
hldf-mcesse:
from
lildf
also DU,
lampa.
fr.
'loaf-mass'
speech'.
and
See loaf.
short
lamp
of deriv. FR. langage: FR. langue ^- lat. lingua 'tongue,
bread'
'loaf,
mousse 'mass'.
adopted
commonly
la7>/p,
Source
me.
for
fr.
lampe,
huimpe 'languish
torch,
'be
G. lampe, sw. lank adj. me. lank oe. hlanc; lat.-gr. lampas perh. cogn. w. G. schlank, which IT. lampa). points to a teut. slankaaryan
also OE. lempedu lampreta' and perh. the synon. pride (oE. "^pride short for '^laj/ipridel).
lance me.
la?iguere
DAN.
lamprey rowed fr.
FR, lance,
(lat.
whence weak).
lamp' (= sb, me. laumprcie borOFR. lampreie (= fr. laniproie), whence also DU. Ia7filat. Source prei. lampetra 'lamprey' in a vulgar form la}np7'eda (= IT. lamprcili), wl)ence 'a
languish vb. me. languisshe from FR. languiss- stem of langinr
lau/jfe
whence
borrowed also du.
fr.
la/js,
:
klang- s(k)lang ? lantern me. lantertie launterne
borrowed
from
fr.
lanterne:
laterna
lanterna,
source
LAT.
whence
also G. laterne.
lap sb. ME. lappe OE.
'lap,
border'
a
loosely hanging portion'; cogn. w. DU. lap, OFRIS. OHG. lappa G. lappen 'rag, tatter' and lith. /
'hang down,
fall').
See limp
adj.
lapwing
lapwing
vb.
accommodated
for ME. lapwinke, OE. hlcapwince lit.
wing fr.
which turns about cp.
OE.
for
leap
to
—
orig.
bird
leistr
last'.
The
meaning is evident in ON. 'foot below the ankle, a
in running';
short
'run'
\/^ lis
hlcapan
shoemaker's
'the
Icest
shortened 'the
119
lath
sock'. la is
Cp. in
'go'
the aryan lat. delirare
go mad.
and wink. earher lerboard and
last vb. ME. Idste short for OE.
leerhoard (cp, starboarcf)\ perh. from ME. Icr 'cheek'? In Scand.
kestan 'perform, stand by, carry out' OSAX. lestian, OHG. G.
larboard
the planks in a ship's side have different names as aur-, skaiit-,
*leric
=
sb. ]me. "^lerch oe. '^lerc lerche
jNIHG.
Source lax. larix
G.
Idrche.
(laricem).
lard late me. lard from the synon. FR. lard =; lat. larda (Jiiridiis
large liberal,
a
fr.
GOTH, TEQT.
under last
sol-bord.
larch
=
leisten,
adj,
me.
'fat).
laistjan: laista-
derived
'foot-mark'
sb.
latch vb. ME. lacche OE. Iceccan ~^e-la:ccan 'seize, catch hold of. Hence latch sb. i\ie. lacche
—
'a
catch, fastening'.
latchet sb. me. lacchet from ONFR. '^lachet ^:^ FR. lacet a dimin. of FR. lacs 'a snare, noose'; see
large, wide, generous' from fr. large lace.
large
^= LAT. largus.
late
lark ME. larke contracted fr. OE. Idwerce earliest form IdivriccB: Teut. base laiwrakon- =; oho. lerahha (from *lhvrahhd) G. lerche, DU. lecuwerick jnilg. lewerke. Foi^mation and origin quite ob-
to
scure.
lassiis
,
OE.
adj.
la:t
late
(lg.
me.
'slow,
adv.
lat
late'
{Idte
= OSAX.adv.)
'late'),
lat,
DU. ON.
laat,
OHG. la-i^ (^^) G. lass, latr, GOTH, lats 'slow, slothful': an OTEUT. adj. -stem /rt/a-, belonging
ARYAN \(~ lad in lat. (from *lad-tus, an old part.) string 'weary'. Cp. let vb. and last the
lash sb. ME. lasshe 'the of a whip' OE. Icesce DU. lasc/i, adj. MLG. lasche 'a stripe'. lath MK. lappe OE. Icetta {laippa^ lass ME. lassc. perh. for "^ladse ^= OHG. latta G. latte, DU. lat. and cogn. w. lad ME. laddel Though OE. tt corresponds here ME. last(e) earlier to OHG. tt (regularly OE. // last adj.
=
=
shortened for OE. latost OHG. tt), the word is still ge'latest': superl. of OE. lat late. nuine Teut., since it is allied w. last sb. the shoemaker's woo- G. laden "board, plank, lash, den mould of the foot' ident. shutter', whence fr. latte (= w, OE. last sb. 'foot-track, foot- span, lata, it. latta); akin to w. print'; the E. meaning agrees \v. Hath 'a rod. staff', ir. slat, bret. G. l(iste?i, DU. leest, sw. last, dan. laz 'rod, lath' (Celt, base slattd-). latst{e)
=
I20
lather
—
lay
lather me. lather short for OE. on. laiufr (mod. icel. dor base lodr^ 'froth, foam': Teut. aryan the from derived lau-^ra\^laui in LAT. lavare; as for the Teut. suffix cp. GR. Xovrgov 'bath' and gall, lautrum 'bal-
Source LAT. lavandus 'to be washed' (it. lavanda 'a wasliing').
neum'.
The west-teut.
=
Ilia
me. Latin adopt, fr. FR. latin (= SPAN. IT. latino, DU. latijn, G. lateiii)^ source LAT.
Latin
adj.
whence
Lathius,
also oe. Ididcn
laurel me. laurir (with the byforms lorlr lor If) from fr. laurier: source lat. laurus 'a laurel tree'. lave vb. me. lave oe. j^elafian ohg. labon o. laben 'refresh'.
=
a loanword FR. lavcr)
labon is perh. LAT. lavare (=
.
lavender me. lavendre (with an inserted E. r) borrowed from FR. lavande
'Latin'.
fr.
=
IT.
lavanda laven-
latten sb. 'a kind of brass or tola, whence DU. G. lavendel. bronze' me. latoun borrowed fr. Source LAT. lavare wash' (laFR. vender was laid in freshly washed the synon. ofr. laton
=
laiton,
SPAN,
laton.
FR.
lattis
formed
*
linen).
lattice sb. ME. latis
adopted
fr.
'lathwork, lattice-work' from FR. latte 'a lath';
see lath.
law
ME.
Ia7tie
oe. lagu
'law',
which about goo was borrowed ON. fr. an early sCAND.*/«^« log nom. plur. law' (sw. lag, dan.
=
—
ME. lag he laughe lov 'law). Cogn. w. lat. lex earlier /(7/?//i? oe. hlehhan hlyhhan legem fr. ARYAN \f legh 'lie'; cp. OSAX. hlchhian, DU. G. lachen ohg. G. gesetz, satzung for the meaning. lahhen {h)lahhan, ON. hluya (for The genuine E. word for 'law'
laugh
vb.
=
goth. hlahjan
'laugh'.
= ARYAN — laughterprob. onoraatopoetic. ME. laughter oe. hleahtor = ohg. "^'hlahja),
TEUT. \f hlah
klak,
sb.
was OE.
lawn
(B
1
^= OHG.
sb. 'a
G.
plot'
me.
borrowed from fr. grassy plain', which is
lannde lande: lande
'a
on. hldir of Celt, origin from the TEUT. \fhlah with the under land).
hlahtar
e-ioa.
grass
geldchtcr,
(cp.
IR.
lann
lawn- sb. 'fine linen' orig. pra- tra-. launch vb. me. laimche com- 'lawn linen' so called from fr. monly launce: adopted fr. onfr. Laon a citv N. W. of Rheims; fr. lancer cp. Arras and Cambric. (Picard.) lancher suflix
:
=
'hurl, cast, dart, thrust'; E. lance. of FR. lance
=
laundress extended with
deriv.
suffix
ME.
lein
earlier
legge OE. lecgan wk. vb.
(3 sing.
lay OE.
vb.
Icj^p
=
ME.
leie
lei'tli)
:
Teut. base
oSAX. goth. lagjan laundir hwcndi're from lagjan ofr. lavandiere 'washer woman' leggian, ohg. leckan G. legen, DU. lavandiere FR. laundry maid'. leggen, on. leggja: causative for-ess fr. ]ME.
,
—
lay
mation of the \'^ leg hence lav cause to
121
learn
'lie'
in lie;
legue
= FR.
lie
down'.
GALL.
letiga
source a lat.-
lieu:
leuca
Gallic mile',
'a
from whence
lay sb. 'a song' aiE. lai OFR. FR. lai, lay adj. me. lai from ofr. fr
also late oe. leowe leuga'. GALL, leuga corresponds to bret.
|
Source lat.
laity'.
OE. Ickwed
also
lazar lazare'i
Idicus,
Avhence
(g. laie
'a
fr.
ofr.
Source the biblical prop,
Lazarus; 'the lazar-house'
in G. lazaret
=
IT. lazzareiio,
lei:h(fn
'leaky'.
i
fr.
leka
ON.
—
I
leak
'drip,
ohg.
—
teut.
V^M
adj.
see
lak
under lac k vb.
is
lazaret.
'a
DU. lekken, ship', Icck G. lecken vb.
a
as
Idzar
me.
sb.
=
Va.y-'J^'ikjaii) '
See lewd.
man').
n.
belonging
'secular,
leige
leak vb. me.
the
to
IR.
"league", Icke oe. lecan (the factitive leccan 'wet' from a base
leo, '
lai
lean adj. aiE. le'ne os.. fro™ a- Teut. base hlai-ni
1
hlcene^
'lean'
\
=r LAT.
-ni
suffix
as
in
/^^^«i-. (with lazy from FR. /a^ lead vb. me. Icde {lede) oe. Icedan: ^'^ ^^"^ lean vb. me. Ic'ne oe. hlcBnan Teut. base laidjan OSAX. cause to lean': Teut. base hlainIcdian, DU. leidcn, G. leiten, on. OHG. leinan factitive of jan A'zV/tf 'lead': prop, factitive of the osax. hlinon, oe. hlionian 'lean' str. vb. TEUT. Itpan oe. lidan OHG. hlinen 'lean'; cp. G. lehnen, osax. litha/i, goth. 'go, travel', DU. leunen. The teut.V"^'' (cp. leipan: .teut. y^^'^ under lodeladder^ corresponds to an I
=
;
,
=
=
=
star.
lead lead
short
sb.
'-=-
uu.
/ci?^/
for me.
M/
ARYAN
oe.
^/^rt;«,
:
sfkli; cp. LAT. inclindre GR. '/.Xivco 'I lean' y.\i-
—
'incline',
'lead a weight',
Tl'c 'hiir, LAT. cll-VUS 'hill', GOTH. G. A^/ 'a lead-weight': Teut. base hlai-w (oe. hldiv) 'mound'. *lauda- cogn. w. synon. OIR. leap vb. ME. Icpe oe. hlcapan ludide (base laudio-^. du. loopen, str. vb. 'leap, run' osax. leaf me. l(f oe. l{af osax. hlopan, OHG. louffan G. DU. loo/ 'foliage', ohg. loul> /(J/", laufen, ON. hlaupa, GOTH, hlaupan G laub leaves, foliage, on. lauf -^ ^^^^,. teut.V^M/.//, pcrh. leaf GOTH, lau/s (plur. laulm) ^^. ^^_ ^^^^g. ^^^,^^_ ^^_ ^^.^^^^ ^^^ leaf: Teut. base /.«//;..- orig. ^^^^ stumble', the smgle leaf (used as a colj^^^^ ^.^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^.^.^^^ lective sb. the foliage). o^, Icorman-. from a base Ar/;.^//
=
=
,
sb. 'an alliance'
league from FR. LAT.
ligiie 'a
//i^./rt-
adopted ^eut.
league': source
^
'bind'. |
league late
ME.
,
sb. 'about three miles' lege
borrowed
fr.
ofr.
:
liznon
= ohg.
lirnen
Irncn
cp. osax. linon Ihnon. Akin to
g. lernen 'learn';
from a base
primit. str. vb. GOTH, lais know' and the deriv. oe. ohg.
the 'I
122
lense'
GOTH, lis-ts 'art, cunning'. See lore for the TEUT.y~A?/s liz. lease vb. 'let tenements' borrowed from FR. laisser. lease^ vb. 'gather, pick, glean' OSAX. ME. l(se OE. lesan 'gather' Us-t,
^
=
DU.
I'esan,-
OHG. read',
GOTH,
lezcn
I'esan
G.
ON.
Icsa
lisa/i
LITH.
read',
'gather, lesen
'gather,
'gather,
'gather';
pick',
cogn. w.
least
tened
Ichest
fr.
a hl6« 'to stand to leeward')' prop, 'shelter, protection' (oe. hleo, OSAX. hleo 'shelter'). Cogn. w. ON. ////' 'warmth' hlyr 'warm; and G. lau ohg. hlao', cp. luke-
—
warm. leech 1
'physician'
ME. leche OE.
= GOTH, sician':
lece
Ickce
(Shakesp.) 'physician'
OHG. Idhhi 'phyTeut. base lekja- lakja-. lekeis,
Perh. allied to OiR. liaig
ies/i
'pick up'. ME. i['st OE.
leisure
shor-
Icht
(by-fcjrm Iccrest): to
Teut. base laisista- superl. the compar. teut. laisiza-
= ^
'physician'. leech'- 'hirudo' me.
(gen.
liga^
'^Uche (not
recorded) OE. Idee hirudo': prop, 'physician' and ident. w. leech''.
Cp. ODU. lake 'leech'? leek ME. lek oe. l^ac =s= du. leather me. lether oe. I'eder ON. ledr, DU. leder, OHG. ledar look, OHG. loiih G. laiich, ON. Teut. base laukr leek': Teut. base laukaG. leder 'leather':
less.
=
letro-
in ir.
, pre-TEUT. lougo-. leer me. ler oe. kleor 'cheek OSAX. Mar, on. klfr 'cheek': 'leather'. leave vb. ^me. Ic've oe. Id/an Teut. base hleuza-. If the orig. intr. 'remain': Teut. meaning was 'ear', listen miglit tr. 'leave base laibjan; cp. osAX. far- be allied. lees 'dregs of wine' from fr. lie lebian 'remain', OHG. mhg. leiben base a late Gallo-Latin causat. 'lees 'leave', on. leifa 'leave'
lepra-
pre-TEUT.
cymr.
lethar,
lledr,
bret.
lezr
=
—
:
:
of a me.
str.
vb. liban in OE. belifan
lia
for
'^liga
'sediment'
(aryan
oSAX. biliban, DU. \f~ legh in //V). biliban G. bleibe/i, left ME. left lift allied to the ohg. blijven on. Ufa (orig. str.), goth. bi- synon. ODU. Ineht lift, lg. lucht^ belive
,
,
leiban
'remain'.
For the
root NFRis.
was
leeft;
the
orig.
meaning
weak' in oe. leave sb. me. Ic've (leve) 'per- lyft 'inanis': Teut. base lufti-1 mission' OE. leaf 'permission'; liimfti-l perh. allied to ohg. liriks 'left'? cp. OE. dlyfan dlefan 'permit', lenka 'the left hand' G. OHG. irlouben G. erlauben. legend me. legende from ofr. leaven me. Icvahi from fr. Ugende. leisure me. lisiire (commonly Source lat. 'ferment'. levain fr. ofr. leisir ^= fr. loisir. lev amen. Icisifr) lee ME. le from ON. hli (»sigla Source lat. licere. see
li2'e.
perh.
'faint,
I
lemman
lemman 'sweetheart' me. lenwian shortened
an earUer Icfman:
fr.
prop. y>Hef ma/t«.
lemon
from
123
liei
let
^
vb. ME.
lete
OE.
li-tan
lci>tan
GOTH, letan, on. lata, OSAX. Idtan, OHG. Idz-^an g. lassen, str.
vb.
^=.
DU. laten: texjt.^/^ let Idt 'permit'. let- vb. 'hinder' ME. lette OE. lend vb. ME. h'fte oe. Icenan lettan fr. a base latjan 'to make vb. lend' from oe. Icbh 'a loan'; slow' (teut. lata- 'slow' see under late) GOTH, latjan tarry' cp. loan. length :\IE. lengthe oe. lengp ON. letja, OSAX. lettian, ohg. from a Teut. base langipbIezza7i (g. verletzeii), DU. lette n. on. le?igd\ abstract formation of letter :me. lettre fr. fr. lettre teut. langacp. long. (lat. litter a). lent ME. lente lentcn oe. Icnpen lettuce late me. letiife; allied OHG. lenzin with the to fr. laitue lat. Idctiica 'spring' fr.
limon;
cp.
lime''\
=
=
;
=
=
Icngiy^n Icngizo Icnzo G. lenz 'spring', DU. leiite. ohg. lenzin
b)'-form
(whence OHG. lattiili). levy fr. FR. levie (fr.
Itver
=
(=
oe. lenpen) points to a teut. LAT. Ie7uire). lewd me. Idwed oe. Icewed 'unlanga-tina- 'the long day'; for the second element cp. goth. learned' fr. I.AT. laic us cp. lay'-^. sin-teins
'daily,
SLOV. dmi,
skr.
dina 'day'. lentil ME. lentil fr. fr. source the synon. LAT, {lens
—
lick vb. ME. likke OE. liccian
=
OHG. leckbn G. likkbn, Iccken, GOTH. *likkon. teut. likkbn belongs to the Aryan \f Ugh OSAX.
Icntis
lentille;
lenticula
'lick'
lentil').
leper me. lepre 'leprosy'
fr.
in
—
GOTH,
laigbn,
gr.
Xh/o
hyysrvm 'taste secretly', SKR. sfrih lih lick', OSLO v. lizq lepre 'leprosy' (la.t. lepra). less :me. Icsse lasse oe. Idssa {lizati) and lith. Icziit 'lick', lat. smaller' fr. a Teut. base laisizan- lingo and perhaps LAT. lingua OFRis. lessa\ the adv. e. less LITH. I'eziivis 'tongue', oir. ligim ME. les OE. lcl;s answers to OSAX. 'lick'. les (teut. lid sb. {eye-lid') me. lid oe. hlid laisiz). For the superl. DU. lid lid, cover', cp. least. A primitive adj. laisa- 'cover, lid' is LITH. Icsas little, small'. OHG. /// (older hlii) G. lid (in -less suffix ME. -l{s OE. -leas: augenlid 'eyelid'), on. lid 'cover, prop. adj. meaning loose. gate'. Cp.the teut. \f hlid in lesson jNIE. lessoun fr. fr. Icfon: the str. vb. OE. osAX. hlidan source LAT. leetio(neni). cover'. lest "that not' ME. leste shorlie' vb. 'speak falsely' me. lie tened for the list the OE. py Ids earlier lie Id^e oe. leogan pe 'for the reason less that'; OSAX. OHG. liogan, DU. liegen, G. for OE. Ices ME. les cp. less. liigen, ox. Ijuga, GOTH, liugan fr.
'lick'
=
=
=
=
=
124
lie
2
—
like
str. vb. 'tell a falsehood. The Ught(e)ne (where the n is TEUT. \fleiig answers to an Aryan formative) 'become light" and \f leiigh - high in OSLOV. luzq lightning verbal sb. 'an illiiza sb. lie'. luminating flash' {Jugati) vb. 'lie' (with the suffix
—
vb. 'rest, OE. licgaji
lie^ I/n
DU. ON.
in
OHG. licken GOTH, ligan
iiggen, liggja,
'lie'.
is
=repose' OSAX.
The
derived GR.
str. fr.
—
lie
G. liegen, str.
teut.
vb.
ligjan
-i)ig).
=light DU. ON.
adj. me. light OE.
littr
base
OHG. GOTH,
liht
ligt, ,
linhta- for
/////
G.
Teut.
leihts:
le7ikto-^^
leoht
leicht,
Perhaps
the Aryan \P legh cogn. w. GR. IXayyc. 'small', LITH. bed' See lung. Ieng7mis leng7aas light h'/OL;
—
XsxT(jov
ct/Lo/oc 'wife'
woman'
vb.
:me.
liggian,
—
Af'/ro
'bear'
Xo/sto
.
Hence
'bedridden
— Xo/oc
—
lungs'.
also lights 'animal's vb. 'alight, light
'ambush, lair', lat. lectns 'bed', descend' me. lihte OE. lihtan. lit. OSLOV. legq {lezat'i) 'lie'. Cp. lay 'make light, relieve a horse of and lair. his burden' fr. OE. liht light. lief adj. me. lef OE. Icof (cp. lighten vb. ident. w. ^light oSAX. liof, du. lief, vb. (w. formative -eft). light leniviaii) OHG. /zVi!^ [liub) G. //>^ 'dear, lief, in tlie phrase "to make light of ON. Ijilfr, GOTH, liufs dear Teut. somebody" represents me. lite OE. base Icnba- adj. 'lief from the lyt 'little, small, which is cogn. TEUT. \f lub in love. w. little. fr. ME. like vb. me. like OE. lician wk. lege liege (by-form lige^ vb. 'please' OFR. liege lige fr. lige. goth. leikan (pret. OSAX. /!/, leikaida') 'please', du. lijkefi 'suit', life ME. OE. lif ON. hf, OHG. //7^ 'life' (g. leib, ON. lika 'please': deriv. of like w. oiR. ligach DU. /z// 'body) allied to the adj. or cogn. TEUT. \j^ lib in li7ie; a lost str. 'beautiful' lig 'color, splendor'? vb. liban cp. under leave vb. like adj. me. lik earlier ilik OE. Outside of TEUT., gr. hua^ea) ^elic GOTH, galeiks, ON. glikr, 'remain' points to an ARYAN \f lip. OSAX. gilik, DU. geli/k, OHG. G. gleich. lift vb. ME. lifte fr. SCAND. lypta\ gilih {hh) The Teut. cogn. w. loft. adj. ga-lika- is a comp. of the light sb. ME. light OE. li'oht particle GOTH. ^'V7- and a sb. likaDU. G. //V/^/ 'body', the comp. meaning having OSAX. OHG. lioht The dental of the word the same body'; cp. goth. Icik, 'light. is formative as seen in GOTH. OSAX. ON. lik 'body', OE. lic-hotna
= —
—
=
:
^
=
—
;
=
=
,
—
G. leiche leichnam cp. the Aryan 'body 7ohich and lat. liiceo 'shine', 'corpse Cp. -ly Hence liken vb. me. GR. Xtvy-OQ 'white', skr. rnc 'shine'. such. Hence lighten vb. me. likne 'compare'.
liith-ap
'light;
\l^ Ink: leitk in
—
,
.
—
,
lily
—
125
lion
=
du. lijn, line ME. OE. line DU. OHG. Una aniG. in.G. line G. leine, Teut. base lelie: source lat. plur. rdia 'lily', ON. Una 'cord, rope' whence also OSAX. ///// 'lily'. Ihi-jofi- prop, 'the thing made of lilie
oe.
r= OHG.
lilia
aiE.
lily
Ulia?i)
lilie
cj.
(plur.
liUe,
:
limb
Ihn
JME.
=
oe.
lim
(plur.
flax
cp. linen.
;
lineage me. linage adopted fr. base li-ma- cogn. \v. Goth. li-f>us, lignage source lat. linea a line . OE. //-/ linen adj. and sb. (orig. only OHG. li-d, OSAX. U-th lith. lemu adj.) ME. OE. Une/i adj. osAX. also 'limb'; cp. OHG. linin G. leinen litinen, du. 'stature, growth': ARYAN \^ It. lime^ sb. 'viscous substance, linen 'made of flax' deriv. of OSAX. ohg. ////, bird-lime' ME. OE. lltn 'cement, OE. lin flax' lein sb. lehii GOTH, DU. G. OHG. 'linnen'; Ujm, cogn. w. glue' GR. livov OSLOV. Im, ON. lim 'glue': teut. Ihna- LAT. linum is allied to teut. lahna- (see Itmi 'flax'. LAT. llmus 'slime' corlinger vb. extended fr. me. loani). responds to lime in form, to lenge vb. 'tarry' w. the frequent leomii)
ox. //wr 'limb'
:
Taut,
:
=
,
:
=
=
,
,
loam
in
meaning.
\(" lai
It
is
attested by ON. leir (Teut. base lai-z-a-^ 'clay, loam' and lat. li-no
-er; OE. Icngan prolong' long. link sb. 'ring in a chain' fr. an
suffix fr.
unrecorded jme. ''dcnk '^Unlr. 'rub over, daub'. lime sb. the linden-tree', cor- scand. loanword fr. an orig. rupted fr. earlier line-tree for hlenk- cp. ON. hlekkr (ior'" hie ttkt-), sw. lank, dan. Icenke 'link'. There of citron' was a genuine oe. hlencc 'link' borrowed fr. er. lif/tc 'a lime'; fr. a base hlankjon-; but the ident. w. letnon. guttural of link shows that the linch-pin earlier lins-pin jME. word may not be the developlifts osAX. lunisa, ment of oe. hie nee. oe. lynes DU. lims lens, o. liinse\ allied to linnet sb. ilE. linet adopted
lind-t7-ee;
lime'^
see linden.
sb.
'a
kind
=
OHG. liming and ohg. 'linch-pin'. liini-,
if
fr.
ifflG.
perhaps ident. w. skr. dni pin';'
cp. oe.
lindentree
=
lun
fr.
The primit. base //// an ARYAN ////-, is on d-lynnan me. Unde
'linch-
'loosen'.
oe.
'a linnet' fr. FR. so called from feeding the seed of flax or hemp;
FR.
linot(te)
'flax'
cp.
G.
'hemp'.
Und and
'linnet'
hdnjUng Cp. OE.
fr.
hanf
linece 'carduelis'
linetwige 'linnet'.
OHG. Unta G. DU. linseed short for me. lin-sed Unde, ON. sw. DAN. Und: Teut. prop, 'flax-seed cp. linen. base Undo pre-TEUr. lentd-, if lion ME. lloiin earlier leun bor-
'lime-tree'
;
:
allied to GR. IXdri] LITH. lentd 'board'.
'fir-tree'
or
rowed lion;
in the
12'''
cent.
source lat. leonem
fr.
fr.
(leo^.
126
loath
hp
=
OSAX. lip ME. lippe OE. lippa ^7ippM, DU. Zip, MLG. /zppe (whence G. /ippe) cogn. w. the synon.
=
;
G. leben,
DU.
w.
cogn.
leven,
OE.
osAX.
biliban G. bleiben:
ohg. /e^ir and under leave vb. and
OSAX. iepur OHG. /e/s 'lip'.
LAT. labium
libbian]
=
ohg. teut. \^ lib see
belifan
life.
=
liver me. livre oe. lifer du. with the Teut. group points to Z??w, OHG. libara I'ebara G. leber, an ARYAN \[~ leh lab. ON. Ufr. Connection of teut. 'lip'
me, libro- w. the synon. GR. rj-nao, the adj. LAT. jecur SKR. yakrt and the OHG. two assumed stems *//^ and "^Ijek OE. 7vlisp wlips 'lisping' I'efs (for *tvlc/s) 'stammering'; is doubtful. akin to DU. lispen, G. lispeln 'lisp': livery :me. liveri fr. fr. livrie. lizard me. lesarde fr. fr. Uzard pre-TEUT. 7iv/^j-, T'EU"S:.\fwlifs list sb. ME. list short for OE. 'lizard' (= LAT. lacertd). list lo interj. ME. lo OE. ld\ a preDU. li/st, G. leiste 'list, historic OE. *ldw for T'S.MH.Jaiw border' OHG. liste 'border'. Ident. w. list^ 'catalogue' fr. is warranted by ohg. Icw-es 'lo'! FR. liste, which is of Teut. origin Perhaps TEUT. lai-wa- is connected with lai-pa- in loath. (ohg. Ihta 'border, strip'). list vb. ME. liste OE. lystan 'desire' loadstar see lode- star. loaf ME. Igf OE. hldf: Teut. derived fr. lust. hlaibain GOTH, hlaifs listen vb. ME. listetie earlier base form liste OE. hlystan 'hear'; allied bread', on. hleifr, OHG. leib G. OHG. {h)losen laib; akin to lith. kl'cpas 'bread*. to OE. hlos-nian 'hear", ON. hlera (goth. ^hluza/i) See lady, la?nmas and lord. ohg. An aryan yf^klus 'hear' loam ME. Ipm OE. Idm 'listen'. G. Ichm DU. Icem Teut. is evident in skr. (rus-fi 'obe- leim dience', OSLOV. slysati vb. 'hear', base lai-nia- fr. the aryan \f It LITH. klausyti 'hear', ON. hlus-t under lifuc. 'ear cymr. dust 'ear'. Cp. leer. loan ME. Ion fr. on. Idn 'a loan'. litter me. lith-e fr. ofr. Iitic7-e There was a genuine OE. Idn (fr. litiere) 'a horse-litter' (lat. fr. a TEUT. laihniz; cp. ohg. lehan 'a thing granted' and on. type lectaria fr. lectus 'bed'). short for aiE. OE. litel Idn fr. a teut. lai/i'ia-(z?): teut. little vb.
lisp
lispe
(Scotch
(lipse)
formed
wlisp)
fr.
^
,
—
'
=
—
,
= :
,
;
^
GOTH,
leitils 'small', on. litill Relation to the synon. DU. luttel, OSAX. ///////, OHG. luzzil, OE. lyttcl 'little' is obscure. 'little'.
live li7ie
vb.
vb.
libbe
^
iNiE.
Ii7'e
oe. libbaii
GOTH,
liban,
earlier {lifiati)
ohg.
form wk. I'cben
\flihw (goth. OHG. lihan G. pret.
\^ liq
/(?/;
leilnvan leihen,
'lend, give )
'lend',
oe.
/^'(?;/
^^ aryan
in LAT. linquere 'leave', GR. sw. ;-zV leave".
Isin^tv,
loath 'hateful'
adj.
^
me. loth oe. lap ON. leidr 'loathed',
lobster
—
127
lore
kid 'odious', OSAX. leth\ ofr. log/ie now longe (lat. type w. OHG. lidati G. leiden *lumbea fr. LAT. lumbus loin'). 'sutFer'. loiter vb. me. loitre. Perhaps there was an
OHG.
cogn.
ARYAN \f li
lai cp.
loll vb.
lo.
lobster me.
lopstre oe. loppestre earlier lopnst 'lobster': adoption fr. LAT. locusta 'lobster, locust'.
loch OE. loh lake' word; cp. GAEL. IR. (ident.
a
:
loch
w. lat. lacics
OE. lagu
,
lolle.
oe. long
adj. aiE.
=long OSAX.
lang, DU.
OHG.
(Jang) G. la?tg,
Gaelic on. langr, GOTH, laggs; cogn. w. 'lake' synon. lat. longus (whence it.
under lake).
'sea'
me.
lone short for alone.
—
cp. linger. lungo, FR. long) long vb. ME. longe OE. langian ;
OE. Itican 'lock, enclose' ^= GOTH, galf/kafi 'shut up', OHG.
^= osAX. after, long' langoian, G. verlangen 'wish for'. look vb. ME. Igke earlier Igkie
luhhan, du. Iniken.
OE. Igcian
lock
1
sb.
the vb. me.
fr.
Igke
loiike
me. lok (plur.
lock- (of hair)
=
OE. locc (plur. loccas) DU. lok, ON. lokkr, OHG. lok lockes)
locke
G.
'long
=
OSAX. lokon (oHG.
The early history of the teut. sJ^ lok (log) is obscure; cp. skr. Inks 'notice, luogen
G.
lugen).
Teut. base lokka- cogn. w. perceive' and cymr. llygat corn.
:
GR. Xvyltro
'I
bend
lagat 'eye'.
.
lode-star me. Igde-sterre contains OE. "^eldd way, course' (cf. ON. leidm'stjar?ia
which
is
=
G. leitsterti),
=
cogn. w. lead vb.
TEUT. laidjan 'guide, lead'. ME. Igdes7nan stone.
and
'pilot'
E.
Cp. lode-
lodge vb. ME. logge vb. adopted FR. loger; e. lodge me. logge
fr.
'lodge, tent' fr. fr. loge orig. 'a small house'? Source a lat. lanhia
type
fr.
arbor' (g. laube
ohg.
louba
covered
'an
loom
ME.
sb.
Ignie
oe. "^e-lgma
'a
tool, implement'; ohg. perh. akin to oe. lelgme
{imdlpvid)
=
giluomo gilavio 'frequently', oHG. gastluomi 'hospital'. loose adj. me. Igs (lotis) borrowed fr. ON. loHSS ^= GOTH. laiiSy oe. l^'as (cp. less), du. los, OSAX. OHG. los G. los. The common teut. adj. lausa- is a deriv. of the \f Ins 'be loose'
under
lose.
lord ME. lord short for Igverd allied to leaf). OE. hldford prop, hlaf-weard ih. ME. loft loft 'an upper loaf-ward' 'keeper of bread' room' borrowed fr. ON. /t^^ 'upper (cp. OE. /i/^//" under loaf)', the story, balcony', which has also masc. corresponding to the the meaning 'air, sky' goth. fem. formation lady OE. g. luft, Both compounds are OE. lyfi 'air'. hl(hf-di^e. liiftus 'a
hall';
—
=
=
,
Hence
lift
loin late
vb. :me. loine
:
adopted
fr.
peculiar to English. lore ME. lore OE. Idr
infl.
Idre
128
lose
lump
=
OHG. OSAX. Icra, G. Ichre, du. w. ME. luvestiche oe. lufestice. Teut. base laizo-, wiience Source of the whole group lat. GOTH, laisjan, OE. Icfran, OHG. ligusiicuni 'lovage'. lera?!. g. lehren, du. leeren 'teach'. love ]ME. love oe. lufii OHG. luba 'love': See also learn for the teut. goth. lubo liibonTeut. base allied to the Uz laiz. \f An lose ME. Ipse mostly forUse oe. TEUT. adj. leuba- ^= lief. forleosan str. vb. =. goth. fra- ARYAN \f lubh 'desire' is evident liusan, osAX. OHG. farllosan G. in LAT. lubido, skr. lobha 'desire' verlieren str. vb. lose'. An aryan and SKR. \f lubh 'to desire'. Y^ Ifis (cp. loose) may be an low adj. ME. low earlier lag extended form of v'" lu in gr. late OE. lag: borrowed fr. on. lat. liure. Aiuij 'I release', Idgr 'low' (SM^. lag, dan. lav) du. laag, which are derived loss sb. ME. OE. los 'destruction'. DU. from the teut. \'^ leg lag 'lie'. lot ME. lol OE. //lol goth. Hence low prop, lying flat'. lol; ident. w. oe. lilfi Teut. low vb. ME. Igwe oe. hlowan hlauts, OHG. loz, G. loos base hlauti- teut. \/^ hlut hlaut 'low' cp. DU. loeien, ohg. luoien str. vb. 'get by low': TEUT. \f hid in ON. hljota pre-TEUT. kid in LAT. cld-mare 'cry. lot', OE. hlcotan, OHG. {h)lio"^an, leer
:
=
,
—
= =
=
:
:
;
,
loud
=
adj.
OSAX. G.
(/?)/?//
iME.
/////^/,
A?///:
/tiW OE. hli'id DU. luid, OHG. the Teut. base
hlti-da-
was
(cp. cold, old, coutli) orig. a part, with suftix -to
(lat.
-tus,
GR. -roc, SKR.
-tas)
;
lower liiren
vb.
jvie.
loure
G. lauerii 'lurk
;
luck found since the ident.
du. luk
w.
fortune',
jmhg.
cp. lurk. is*''
geliik
mhg. gelilcke Akin to
OFRis. luk.
=
cent.;
'good
G. gliick, G.
lockeii,
pre-TEUT. klu-to-s (sKR. (rutds, DU. lockeii 'entice, allure'. lucre me. lucre fr. fr. lucre GR. xAf roL,', LAT. inclittus 'famous') fr. an ARYAN -yT klu in SKR. /r// LAT. lucrimi. hear, GR. xAucti y.Xto^. lug vb. me. lugge 'drag, lug'; lough 'lake' fr. iR. gall. A't'/?.; cogn. w. sw. lugga. luke\varm fr. me. leuke {Hike) see loch. louse ME. Ions (plur. /w) OE. earlier hleuk; perh. contr. fr. *hleowoc oe. his (plur. lys) du. luis, OHG. an unrecorded
=
—
=
A^i' 'lukewarm'; cogn. w. me. lewe (plur. lyss) Teut. base lils-, derived perh. oe. hleowe 'lukewarm' =^ ON. fr. the teut. \f lus 'destroy' hlyr 'warm' (oHG. hldo G. lau under loose and lose] cp. GR. 'lukewarm ). DU. lullen, lull me. lulle 'louse' qiii^eio q)&fi^(o 'I desw. lulla. DAN. lulle, stroy'. lovage fr. FR. livcche mixed lump sb. ME. lutnpe lonipe;
lus
G.
/a//j',
ON.
—
:
=
lung
ident. w. DU. lovip 'a lump',
—
129
magpie
SKR. Y^ las for lals lat. las-civiis. lumpen lung ME. lunge longe OE. lungen lute sb. ME. lute': borrowed fr. ON. lunga, DU. long, ohg. OFR. bit lent FR. luth; ident. lunga G. lunge 'lung': Teut. base w. DU. luit, g. laute, it. liuto ARYAN leuto, SPAN. laud. Source arab. lungon-j-, allied to an gr. iXa/vc, al lid 'lute'. adj. bnghu- 'light' SKR. laghii 'light'. Cp. lights -ly adj. -suffix ins. -ly -li earlier with lungs. See •lich(e) OE. -lie as oSAX. -lik, synon. lighi for the ARYAN \'~ lengh. DU. lijk, OHG. -Itch g. -lich, ON. lure sb. jnee. liire fr. fr. leurre -likr, GOTH, -leiks. Orig. the source a teut. lopra- same as lika- 'body' discussed 'bait'; G.
XiXalof.iai,
'desire',
'rags'.
=
=
\
=
I
J
\
=
1
=
^fflo.
louren
iiE.
under
luoder 'bait' (o. luder^.
lurk vb. ME. lurke: derived
(=
lowe/-) as
fr.
like
prop,
'manly'
(goth. waira- leiks having the body
hark of a
man'). lye sb. ME. l^ie OE. Ic'ah (infl. lust sb. ME. OE. lust 'desire' le'age^; cp. synon. DU. loog, ohg. := OSAX. DU. G. ON. lust, GOTH. loiiga G. lauge ON. Igug 'warm lustus 'desire': a common Teut. bath': prob. connected with the 'bathe' formation, prob. allied to the ARYAN \f lou lu (cp. ARYAN \'~ las 'desire' in gr. lather^. fr.
hear, talk
fr.
/
,
;
M mace
'a big club' borrowed OFR. tnace fr. masse: source a LAT. type *tnatea 'a beetle'. mackerel me. makeril adopted fr. OFR. maquerel i^v^. inaquereaii) DU. makreel, whence G. makrele source med.-lat. macarellus f/iaquer^llus 'a mackerel'. fr.
=
:
lemddan the
'drive mad', deriv.
OE.
adj.
ie?/idd
'mad'
from
=
OSAX. gimed 'foolish', ohg. gimeit GOTH, ga-maids "frail, 'foolish', feeble'.
madder
sb.
:me.
=
jnckdre (tnadrel)
'^maddre
on.
oe.
madra,
OHG. mdtara; cogn. du. lg. du. mede 'madder'? machine^ fr. FR. machine: source maggot late jME. maggot i?iaggat\ LAT. machina gr, f.tr,^avi'i 'a prob. fr. CYMR. maceiad macai
machine
(=
g. mascliinc,
device'.
mad prop,
'a
adj. me.
mad
lemceded:
English EtyiMology.
oe.
part,
lemced
of
OE.
maggot'?
magpie short
for
sb.
'a
Magot
=
mag
bird';
fr.
Margot 9
I30
malt
in a id
was adopted mod. languages.
'Marguerite', also 'magpie' pie FR. pie fr. LAT. pica 'a
=
it
;
magpie'; see pie. maid me. inaide oe. f/iceiden OHG. tnagatTn: Teut. base magadhia- is diminutive of a TEUT. -GOTH. 'a jfiagapgirl, OE. ma^icp, osax. virgin' magath, DU. OT(??V/, oho. mag ad G. magd mddchcn. Allied to the Teut.-Goth, base viagu- 'boy'
make
^
=
—
=
ON.
'boy,
7ngg7'
son',
OE.
fr.
fr.
magu.
maili inaillc
net')
adapted
mail
Teut. base
macitla
a 'a
I
male
me.
sb.
borrowed
=
male 'a
maim
fr.
fr.
'a bag, the synon.
7?ialle
(ohg.
leather bag'). vb. me. 7/iaif/ie
maine borrowed
fr.
7/iakdn
fit
or
7nachen\
G. 'join,
belong
oE.
suitable, fitting',
OHG.
suitable',
y:7ncEC
'fit,
'con-
gi77iah
venient, comfortable' G. ge7/iach OE. ie7nceccea 'husband, wife' (e.
;
7nake
companion,
spouse',
77iatch 'spouse'). malady sb. me. 7Haladie
and
OFR.
fr.
77iale
(source
bor-
fr.
fr.
bad'
'ill,
aptus 'disposed').
male
adj.
FR.
7iiale
fr.
7/taladie
E.
7ndle
ime.
adopted
(source lat. dimin.
77iastiilus.
prop.
ofr. tnchaigner
'torment'.
main
7naken,
also
together'. Cp. with goth. *makd7i the on. comparat. 77iakara 'more
rowed
net'.
DU.
,
'make,
together'
77ialade '-
wallet'
malha
lat.
mesh of
mesh of a
hole,
spot,
'a
(also
source
:
OFR.
sb.
'mail'
jnako/i
7/iahlion
fasten
=
other
vb. me. tfidke oe. tnadaji
osax.
OHG.
the
by
malice fr.
FR.
litia
sb.
'\i^. 7/ialice
'ill
borrowed
(source lat.
7)ialice
will').
—
malign
7tia-
adj.
me. ynain oe. mo'j^en adopted fr. fr. 7nalin (f. tiialigne) OHG. magaii megin, 'malignant' (source 7fialig7iii7n i. e. 'strength' OSAX. on. megin 'strength' teut. 7/iale genus 'ill-born). mall sb. me. 7/ialle 7nelle mail \'~mag in might and fnay. main adj. borrowed fr. ofr. borrowed fr. fr. 77iail 'a mall': maine mag?te 'chief (lat. magnus source lat. 7>ialleus 'a hammer'. sb.
=
:
—
'great').
maintain adopted fr.
vb.
maintene fr. maintcuir (lat.
type 7/ianutenere hand').
maize
sb.
me.
=
'hold
by
the
Hence mallet
borrowed
mallow
=
DU.
LAT. fr.
?nais,
g.
7nauve,
sb. iiE. 7/iaillet
a mallet'. ME. 7/ialwe oe. 7/iealwe
fr.
fr.
fiiaillet
borrowed whence also
7/ialmve:
tnalva,
span,
fr.
fr.
it. 7nalva, G. 77\alve.
adopted fr. span. maiz. Cp. mauve. Columbus is said to have im- malt sb. ME.
mais;
7nalt
oe.
DU. ported the Haytian name mahis =- osax. on. 7nalt and the cereal to Spain whence G. 7/ialz. The Teut. base ,
mealt 77lOUt,
77ialta-
man
many
13^
fr. a TEUT. \/"mc/f in OE. m'eltan geoire 'manger, stable' (fr. maii=i lat. itiandiicare^. is ger 'eat 'dissolve, melt' with which allied the on. adj. maltr 'rotten' mangle vb. me. wa«f^/(? frequent, =: OHG. malz 'melting- away, and weakened for *mankele fr.
perh. the ME. manke OE. lemancian, \vhich 'that was prob. formed from an adj. OE. *7nanc^=^'D\j.tnank\ loanword which is soft'. Cp. melt. man sb. me. oe. fnan mon{7iri) fr. lat. manais adj. 'maimed'. OSAX. OHG. DU. MLG. man mangle sb. borrowed fr. du. G. fnaiiii, ON. inadr, GOTH, manna mangel (= sw. G. fnangel); dimin. 'mankind, man'. In OE., man vign of a simple word represented it. {ii mi) denotes 'man' and by G. fnange 'a mangle' so that *malt
soft'
adjectival neut. sb.
is
meaning
=
=
=
=
'woman' (cp. OE. wifmon e. mangano 'a machine for smoothing womati). GOTH.-TEUT. man?!- is linen, a war-engine' fr. lat. 7nanbased on older matiw- tnanu- (as ga7tum ^= GR, fidyyavov 'a warchin is based on an aryan machine'. kcnw- genii-^. indo-eur. mdnii manikin ma7iaki7i borrowed fr. 'mankind' appears in skr. as Mami, but it signified also the 'father of mankind'; cp. also SKR. ?naniis and mannsa 'homo' and OSLOV. mqzi 'man'. mane sb. me. mane OE. mami == OHG. n:ana G. fnahne, DU. maan, ON. mgn, s\v. dan. 7?ian. The Tent, base ma/io- 'mane' shows a later development of meaning; the older meaning was 'neck'; cp.
fr. 77ian/iequi7i
=
DU. DU.
cp.
G. 7nd7i7ichen,
all
diminutives of
mankind earlier
See
77tan
manner
and me.
7na7i/i.etje'.
7na7i.
me.
sb.
oe.
77ia7i-kin
f/ian/iekcn',
also
ki7i, tna7i4i-e
=
77iankinde 7710/i-ey/in.
kind.
borrowed
OFR. 7nanere fr. 77ianie7-c. me. 7na7ilel (a form 7nauntelis, unrecorded) ^= du. s^v. DAN. ma/iiel; on. mptitill and OE. ON. men, OE. fnene, OHG. menni 7nentel rest on a lost Lat. 77ia/itu'necklace', cogn. with lat. monile hwi 7nantilu7/i (fr. LAT. 77ia/itu77i FR. 7/iante, it. 7tianto 'a cloak'), 'necklace*, ocelt. t.iavid-/.)]q oiR. mttince 'necklace In lieu whence also G.77ia/itel oiiG.7na>iial of ARYAN wrtwa 'neck' occurs skr. cogn. w. FR. 7nanteau, ir. 7/iantello fr.
mantle
=
=
.
•.
inanya 'nape', closely allied to OIR. viuin mnindl 'nape'.
mange
sb.
shortened
adj. ME.
fr.
(lat. type
many
'eaten
cp.
fr.
'mange'.
—
maungi'r
borrowed
;
manger fr.
=
7na/ii'^
Teut. base 7nanagabor- OSAX. OHG. 7/ianag G. 7/ta7ich, du. the
7/ionex^:
*maunge whicVi is rowed from the fr. part, mangi lit.
^77iantellu77i). ^ie. 7na7ii 7/umy oe.
7/ienig,
on.
77ia7-gr.
77ienicc IR. 7ninic
mangaison sb. me.
7nenecci- ?)
fr. tnan-
77ieht j
Cogn. w. oiR.
'frequently' (base
and CYMR.
(celt, base
7nai/it,
77ui7iti-').
bket.
132
map
=map
sb.
kin,
borrowed
fr.
marsh
fr. mappe j?iarca
LAT. fnappa prop,
IT.
—
'a
jfiarch
cymr.
'horse'.
margin me. mdrgin{e) fr. lat. mdpel oe. *mcppel marginem (nom. sing. lat. fnargo
table-cloth'.
maple
sb. me.
*fnapul in mapoltrco 7)iapulder 'a maple-tree': perh. ident. w. ohg. (g. massholder),
ma'yy.iltra
points to TEUT. matlii-, the E. word points to
map III-.
mar
vb.
:\ie.
f/icrre
= FR.
7narge). sb. 'line,
mark!
oe. dtnerran
—
dot, cut' me.
=
oe. mearciaii 7)iarkdn\
mark.
marrane
'to
=
which marke oe. mearc DU. on. mark, whilst mhg. marc G. (gen. markes') a base marke (goth. marka 'boundary'). Hence mark vb. me. marke
hinder, obstruct' =^ GOTH, marzjan 'offend', OHG. marren, DU. marren 'tarry': TEUT. -ARYAN \f mavz viars. marble me. marble mdrbre fr. FR. f/iarbre; source LAT. martnor. march sb. me. fndrche 'march, boundary' fr. FR. viarche 'boundThe Fr. word is of Teut. ary'. origin; cp. GOTH, marka, oe. mearc, OSAX. OHG. marka 'boundary' which are primitively related to LAT. margo 'border, edge', AVEST. tncrezu 'border', IR. mruig 'shire' (Celt, base mrogi-'). Cp.
dmyrran wk. vb.
cp.
on. ?narka, osAX. DU. G. ?/ierken ^=
GOTH. *markjan.
mark sb. 'a unit of weight, a coin' me. mark late OE. tnarc: borrowed fr. ON. mgrk, whence also DU. G. mark (med.-lat. '-
marcci).
market
sb. me.
market late OE.
cent.) fmwkit mar cat: borrowed fr. OFR. "^market fr. marcM (ii'*'
(it.
mercatd)
'market',
=
whence
lat.
mercdtus
also ohg. j/iarkdt
merchdt g. du. jnarkt. See mart. maroon adj. 'chestnut-colored'
borrowed
fr.
'a
FR. marron ^= it.
chestnut'.
fr. fr. jnarcher. marrow me. maro7i> mary oe. osAX. ?/iarg, (the month) me. (since mearh mearg 12"' cent.) March fr. fr. OHG. mar(a)g G. mark, DU. merg,
march March the
gael. marc,
ir.
,
nap- CORN,
vb.
=
mars} Source lat. Martius mensis ON. mergr: Teut. base mazgaARYAN *mazgho- in oslov. (whence ohg. me/zo G. miirz, lg. ZEND mazga, skr. ?/iaJJati mozgil, merte)
=
.
mare me. tnirc oe. mire myre: 'marrow'. The root is skr. ?najj lat. mergere. Teut. base marhjon- (= ohg. 'immerge' merihha G. mdhre, DU. f/ierie, on. marry vb. me. marie vb. adoptmerr^, deriv. fr. teut. mar/ia- ed fr. FR. tnarier: source lat. 'horse' in oe. mearh, ohg. marah, maritare 'marry'. Hence mar-
=
marr horse' (see marshal). riage ilE. There is a pre-TEUT. marka- in marsh ON.
the
Celt,
languages; cp. gall. earliest
— 7naridge ^ fr. tnariage. :\le.
form
7/iersh
merisc
oe.
=
tnersc
mdu.
marshal
lg. g. inarsch, dan. Teut. base mariskamariscus ]MED. - LAT. 'swamp', whence ofr. maresc fr. marais. Source teut. jnari- 'ocean (= LAT. marc) in oe. viei'e, OHG. nieri G. 7fice7-, ON. marr, goth. marei. marshal me. 7narie)schal adopted fr. OFR. marcschal ^= fr. marichal^ span, niariscal, it. matnaersche ,
=
niarsk:
r/j^rt/i9 'a
a
—
mastiff
133
mash
vb. 77iasche vb. 'mix' (oe.
=
(^7}idscia7iT)
G.
77ieische7i:
cogn.
w. OSLOV. i7iezga
trees'
(osLOV. 2^
prob.
'sap
= teut.
of
j--^?).
Cp. mix.
mask
borrowed whence also
sb.
77iasque,
fr.
fr.
G.
du.
dan. maske sw. 7/iask. mason me. 77idsoun adopted fr. FR. 7nafoii source a type OHG. 77iezzo marshal, farrier. Source 7natio 'a maison'
=
;
teut. fnarha-ska/kaz 'horse- G. ste'm77ictz a stone- mason'. thane' OHG. 7)iarah-scalc (ohg. mass^ sb. a lump of matter' Tuarah 'a horse' E. mare and late ME. 77iasse borrowed fr. fr.
=
OHG.
=
scalch
OE.
ON. skdlkr
schalk,
GOTH,
=
scealc
OSAX.
,
jme.
skalk,
7/iarire
:me.
adopted
fr.
fr. 7/iartre (=^ it. 7/iariora, span. The Fr. word, which
martci).
IT.
7/tassu
whence
skalks 'servant'.
mart sb. short for ?narket. marten short for martern orig. inartre
(=
i7iasse
LAT.
'a
also
source
:
77iassd)
lump, a mass', ohg. 7nassa G.
77tasse.
mass^
sb.
identical
OHG.
7/iis,
'the
OE.
7/iasse
eucharist
77Ui'sse;
w.
oSAX.
77iessa
me.
evidently du. 77iissa, g.
7nissa
7nesse:
supplanted a genuine oe. 7nearp, a Christian word from med.is of Teut. origin fr. 7/iesse ON. 77iprdr, LAT. 77iissa 'mass' OHG. 7/iardar G. 7tiarder du. (whence ME. 7nessc). mast aiE. 77iast OE. 77uest 7nartcr\ osAX. '^77iarthar inferred fr. the du. lg. g. sw. dan. 77iast, ON. adj. 77iarth7-m.
=
:
,
martin
=
In fr. FR. mastr. accordance with proper name Grimm's law, the Teut. base Martin, which was applied to 7>iasta- is based on pre-TEUT. various birds and animals; cp. mazdoLAT. 77ialus (for *7nddiis)
borrowed
sb.
orig. the
7/iartiii,
=
robin red-breast.
martyr tyr
sb.
= OS AX.
GOTH; tyrei-):
z^ie.
fr.
Jiiartir
77iartir,
ohg.
oe.
OHG.
(with
77iartyr
77iarte/aar,
'a 77iar-
7/iartyr,
suffix
LAT.
master OE.
lat.-gr. 7/iariyr
FR.
7/iirabilia
;me.
'a
:me.
tiierveile
77ierveiller;
7naister
borrowed
fr.
late
ofr.
DU. maistre^^. 7naitre (= IT. 7naestrd) whence source LAT. 7/tagister w'it- also OSAX. 77iestar, du. 7neestcr,
:
,
OHG. vb.
sb.
7/iiEX^ester
7>iartirari G. 77idr-
ness".
marvel rowed fr.
mast'.
7/uistar
G.
77ieister.
See
bor- 77iister.
source
'wonderful things'.
mastiff ME. ;«^i-/i/^OTrt!.$-/i/'adopted OFR. 7iicstif prop, an adj. fr.
fr.
mat
134 the sb. OFR. 'a
f)iastiii
(fr. matiii)
mastiff'.
mat
OHG.
7nat,
IT.
?natta
matta
matte
]M£.
DU.
meatta
oe. ynatta
borrowed whence
'a rug',
match
1
sb.
me.
—
G.
=
matte,
?nacc/ie
oe.
=
sb.
match'
a
candle,
borrowed
wick
'the
fr.
fr.
me. tneche
of a lamp' source lat. 'the nozzle of a lamp'. :
mate
sb.
of a macche 'matcli
niyxa
me.
'a
mattress iiE. materas (= du. 7natras) borrowed fr. ofr. 7nate}-as
=
FR.
77iat7-atiu7ii\
LAT. prop,
fr.
fr. nattc.
y:mcccca 'a companion' ident. w. OE. lemaca sb. E. make.
match-
mayor
is
'a
^
77iatclas MED. -lat. source ARAB. 77iatra/i
place where something
thrown'.
maudlin ]ME.
=
OFR. Magdelei/ie,
fr.
corrupted
adj.
Maiuielei7i
Magdelai7ie
lat.-gr.
=
Mag-
Magdaleiia was considered a type of sorrowing Ma7-ia
daleiia.
penitence.
maul vb. me. malle 'strike witli a mail' formed fr. the iiE. sb.
companion' 7nalle 'a mall' borrowed fr. ir. OSAX. *gimato, OHG. gimai^y) mhg. gemai,2,e, oe. 77iail 'a mail', whence also meill. would be Maundy Thursday :me. 77iau7ide ''^j^etndta (wanting) derived from OE. mete meat; ihu7'sdai fr. ofr. 77ia.7idi (= ohg. hence mate prop, 'mess-mate'. mhg. f7iaiiddt^ 'the ceremony of mate adj. me. mate mat 'con- Clirist's washing his disciples' founded, dejected borrowed fr. feet': source lat. 7na7iddtu7n acOFR. fr. 7mit (= SPAN. 7nate, cording to John XIII 34. IT. Source the Arab.?)iatto). mauve 'mallow color' borrowed
= DU.
mate
f/iaat,
"
=
Pers.
expression in the chessplay schdh tridt 'the king is dead'. mattins miatins, 'morning
prayers' ilE. matin{e)s\ fr. FR. fiiatins plur.
borrowed
fr.
FR. 7/iauve
77ialva\
'a
mallow'
= lat.
ident. w. 77iallow.
maw
ME.
'stomach'
=
7nawe
oe.
maga
ohg. 77iago 'stoDU. 7/iaag, on. 77iage>i,
of matin mach' g. 'morning': source lat. matntinus 77iagi 'stomach'. 'belonging to the morning'; cp. may vb. me. 77iai oe. mcB^ LAT. hora matutuia in ohg. tnettina OSAX. OHG. G. DU. 77iag, ON. 77td, g. mette 'matutinal service'. GOTH. mag. TEUT. \f 7nag {jtuig) matter sb. me. tnatere
=
adopted
fr.
FR.
ffiatiere;
source
lat.
materia 'materials'.
mattock
:\ie.
viattok oe. mattoc
prob. fr. CYMR. viatog 'a hoe'; but OSLOV. f/iotyka and lith. matikas 'mattock' point to a Teut.
word.
fr.
ARYAN magh
to OSLOV. 77iogq
May
mayor FR.
closely allied 'be able*.
ME. 7nay 7nai
(lat. Mains fr.
is
77iosti
sb.
7/iai7-e:
'greater'.
fr.
FR.
Mai
7/ie/isis).
me. 7/iaii-e adopted source lat. 7/iajor
me
135
mean
me pers. pron. dat. and ace. an ARYAN \^ 77idk 'thin, long'. ME. OE. me fr. a Teut. and ARYAN LITH. 77uizas 'small' and OHG. stem mc- in GOTH, mis fni-k, 7/iaga7- might point to a common GR. V^ 77iagh. Perh. the Teut. group G. mi-r mi-c/i, LAT. mihi 7hc skr. ma/iyam comes fr. vulg. lat.-it. 77iagro. Lioi i^ioi fis tas; ;
7ne
imwi
dat.,
tna-
base
ace;
7/id
meal' 77ielo
.
mead'
=
sb.
MLG.
DU. G.
mitii
j*ie.
oe. 7neodo
w;v/
OHG.
W^
ox.
w^/,
=
(gen.
OSAX.
OHG.
77icel,
oe.
7ii(le
=
77ielo
ON. 7njgl: 77ielawcs) G. mehl, base '^'771'elwa- 'flour meal'
(gen.
base Teut.
mjgdr:
r^iE.
7/ielwes')
DU. DAN.
7/i'elo,
miito
sb. 'flour'
ARYAN *}/!edIlU\ cp. lit. 'that which is ground' from TEUT. OT^
—
mid.
'meadow' (now
sb.
in
poetry) me. 7nede OE. 77i(kd (gen. DU. mat MLG. 7/iade
=
7/icedxvc)
7ndtha
OLG.
viatte,
and
reap'
form (iOTH.
E.
^ie.
mow,
But
suffix.
—
77uhdwe.
ea
;//
meagre rowed IT.
fr.
?/«/«
1
'lean,
thin,
meagre',
{= DU.MLG. G. ON.
The
mag/-
Teut.
macer, GR.
is
77iagCI-
lat.
/<«/
wanting with w. goth.
ident.
niM
OE.
ga7/iai/is
oe.
ie77iSje
ga-77iai7ii-
OSAX.
,
G.
gii/ieiiii
'time'.
77icjie
ge7/iein,
lat.
w.
cogn.
co77i-77ioi/ti-s;
with GOTH.
rt'/«.y
=
gt7/imi,
DU.
lat.
=cp.ARYAN
oiiio-s.
mean
OHG.
vb. :me. 77iatc oe.
7/iacer.
mmjq
7liaga7',
77U/nti
is
closely
Connected with v^ Teut.).
with
LAT.
tall
,«mk-
,
ooV long' have prob. come
fr.
//ue/ia/i
=r OSAX. 7nmia7i, DU. 7/iec7ie7i, ORG. 7/iei7ie7i 7/ieiiian G. 7/iei7teti, o^.7/iei7ia, GOTH.* mai/i/a/i; osLOV.
oe. 77iaier
common forms
77i(l
I
(=
source
*///
adj. me.
for
77ii/nis
1
me.
G. 77iahl,
77iaal,
Teut. base
a
.
adj. :me, tricgi-e borspan. er. 7/iaigre
77iar7'o):
meaning; time',
fr.
;
Cp. mead.
dow.
OHG.
7n(kd ge77iee7t;
oe.
an d
cp.
'grind';
repast'
DU.
'
7/iedwe
Me ad
'a
77idl,
7/iel
mean
the
do w are related as shade and sha-
yre n . O
7iidl,
sb.
this
GOFH. represent OHG.
and twa the
meadow
ON.
shorter
a
mow.
= OSAX.
con-
'I
might
^/7ie
the root
77icto
meal-
\
7iicth,
7>ied,
7fiaJ>
meli7ii
77lilL
based
*77iedtva:
showing
in
77ie
ofris.
7ndda,
GOTH. on a TEUT. V" nected w. LAT. G.
OIR.
(t/idlti),
mead^
'>''"'''
allied.
'think' in
77iiiun 1
mean
adj. me.
contracted
fr.
77ic7ie
adj. 'middle'
'^77iejat
^^
OFR.
measles
136
mercy
adj. midhvds 'spending lavishly'). mcyen FR. inoyen 'intermediate meek adj. me. mek (late oe. source LAT. mcdidnus. measles sb. me. mesel sb. *mdoc^ borrowed fr. the equiv. sw. ffijiik, DAN. loan- on. mjiikr adj. leprous': 'leper' word fr. OFR.w^iY/:=:LAT. misellus. m-yg 'soft', cp. DU. tnuik 'soft', measure sb. me. fnf'sure bor- GOTH, milks (inferred fr. miikarowed fr. FR. fuesiire (^ span. ?nddei 'meekness'). meet vb. me. mete OE. inetaii from LAT. IT. viisurd) fnesnra vb. :^ OSAX. jnoiian, DU. fnoeteii, niensura. :
=
—
,
fr, a ON. mdta, GOTH, gaf/iotjan 'meet' OSAX. meti, TEUT. \fmbt. meet adj. me. mite oe. jjemate DU. met (in -wurst), OHG. //ia%, OFRis. ftiete, mlg. mate, OHG. ON. W(7//-, GOTH, mats 'food'. medal borrowed fr. FR. mif- gima-j\ cp. mete. daille {= span, medalla it. meit vb. me. melte oe. m'eltan;
meat
mete
:me.
oe. mete
:
=
Teut. base mati-
=
,
An source a lat. type for the \f ?nelt see 7nalt. vretallca fr. LAT. metal/iif/i. Aryan \f meld is evident \vs skr. mieddle mr. med/e {?!icie) 'mix' mrdil 'soft, tender', gr. /.tsXdaiv
medagliii);
borrowed
= FR.
miscnlare 'mix'.
fr.
w
'mix'
—
OFR.
fr.
=
7nedlee
of ofr. medler
medlar
sb.
mesle
jnedle
fr. melie) part, 'mix'.
me.
menace
sb. me.
lat. tniscere borrowed fr. FR. sb. me. medle mmac'ni) 'threat'.
fr.
medley
adopted (fem.
ofr. medler mesler 'cook'.
source a LAT. type
:
medic-ire
fr.
mend
vb.
menace viand ce menace (lat. short
jnende
amende borrowed (lat. emenda re).
menial (prop,
fr.
for
fr. amender
See amend. adj.,
but
also
'medlar-tree': used as sb.) me. meineal formed the suffix -at fr. me. meini mespiln?n 'a med- with
OFR. meslier mesle
source
lat.
This is household'. fr. ofr. 7nesne meisnee answering to a LAT. type */««-«-
maini
lar*.
meed once
me.
sb.
miedc, miete 'hire'
;
med
(oe.
'
'a
borrowed
OSAX. meda, OHG. meta miata G. sionata. merchant me. marchaunt marGOTH, mizdo 'reward'
meord)
DU.
=
oe.
which was lost in cluiiuid borrowed fr. OFR. marFR. marchand: source Teut. with lengthening- of / to chant mercari LAT. gr. in 'buy' (cp. market). fr. an aryan mizdho(?) oslov. mercy me. mer(i borrowed fitai^og 'wages, pay, hire', from FR. merci (source med.mizda avest. ffnzda (the
z
,
of
=
'wages',
OIND. mtd/td (for mizdluz) 'contest, LAT. merces 'mercy, pity' extended See LAT. merx 'traffic'). fr. match, booty (perh. orig. 'a merchant. skr. fr. the market, inference prize' by
meis:e
merge niergcrc
vb.
adopted 'plunge under
merit me. merit
mermaid mere
fr.
lat.
fr.
tnirite.
me. mer-maide; oe. me. mere agree
'ocean'
OHG. OSAX. mi'ri, goth. marci 'ocean'; cp. marsh. with
adj. me. mirie oe.
merry
^31
an extension of lat. missus.
Hence
water'.
fr.
mid
messenger
insertion of
//
as in
— the
(with
passenger)
ME. messagh' formed fr. ?nessage with the suffix -er denoting 'the agent'.
metal me.
myr^e FR.
borrowed
7netal
fr.
7nital.
from a Teut. base murgi- 'short' mete vb. 'measure' me. iiicte OHG. murgfari 'of short life', OE. metan sw. vb. 'measure' Swiss ?nurg 'mannikin'; cp. goth. GOTH. 7uitafi, G. juesscu ohg. mc-.^'-^an, The adj. DU. meien. maurgjan 'shorten'.
=
in
=
'short' TEUT. ?nurgumrghii- corresponds to GR.
yvc
'short'
mesh
=
IE. (i{)a-
(for '"upa/vc). mk. mesche oe. mcesce
sb.
mettle
mew
vb.
but
metal
w.
ident.
meaning now
'spirit, ardor'.
like
onomatopoetic
DU. maauwen, g. mauen] imitative of a cat's cry.
ox. mgskve, ohg. masca G. maschc the Teut. base '^mesgen ME. md7u OE. ?/uhv cp. belongs to the IE. mezg in lith. DU. meeuw on. tnd-r, c mowe: 'knot' from the vb. mdzgas mezgu
mew
\
;
y
weave
(megsti) 'knot,
hence
nets';
TEUT. base
f/iaiw-.
mesh may be traced to a teut. mickle me. mikel michel mukel GOTH. miichcl, OE. micel my eel \^ jnesq (aryan mezg 'braid).
^
=
OS AX. my mete vb. me. mcfe oe. m'etan OSAX. m'etan du. fiieten ohg. mikil, OHG. f/iihhil] cp. tnuch. mid- adj. me. mid oe. mid t/iidd mez^7,an G. tnesse/i, ON. mcta, goth. mitan with which is allied GOTH. OSAX. 7niddi, ohg. ;«//// G. 7/iit-, mitbn 'think over', ohg. mei^-on ON. 77iidr, GOTH. 7rndjis. In mod. moderate". The teut. \fmet is E. and in mod. G., the adjectives G. 77iit- are onlv used in based on the Aryan y/^med in E. 77iid,
f/iikils
,
ON. mikill
kill ,
,
=
GR. utdofKit 'counselor'
measure',
— modiiis
I
—
LAT. 'a
devise'
—
=
ubdcii'
corn'manner'
/.lidiuvo^ 'a
modus
corn-measure', goth.
mitafis 'measure'. sb. me. messe
mess
compounds
as E.
77iidsu77i77ier,
77iidwinter
7nitte7'naeht ,
7/iittwoeh
\
G. 7/iittag,
(orig.
dat.
The teut. stem /nidjaanswers to ARYAN 77iidhyo\ cp. sing.).
borrowed GR.
OFR. 7nes fr. mets (source LAT. missus fr. tuittere^ send' and fr.
77iidday, 77iidle/it,
nc'fJOC
7/itfdhyas,
(for
LAT.
^usdjO.^)
77iedius.
—
,
SKR.
middle
=
adj. and sb. me. oe. 77iiddel DU. 77iiddel, OHG. 7/iittil G. 7nittel; message me. message borrowed with formative -/ from the adj. fr. FR. message: lat. type missatica 7/1 id.
in
MED. -LAT.
'i)ut,
place').
—
niidffe
138
me. mi^ge oe. 7nycg fr. mugjo- ^= OSAX. vmggia, DU. 7nug, ohg. tnucka G.
midge
a Teut. base
milcke.
From
on. viy it may be that the West-Teut.
inferred guttural
is
secondary.
midst formed with excrescent
/
from iviE. in middes equivalent to amid. mien borrowed fr. fr. mine fr. IT. mina =^ on. me?nz 'fashion,
milt
(passuum) lit. 'thousand paces', (whence also fr. 77ulle, it. >?iiglia').
The more
frequent
was adopted
in
i/iilia
plur.
Rom. and G.
as
a fem. sing, (omitting passutwi). milfoil ME. 7nilfoil fr. fr. 7nilleLAT. 7nillefoliu7n. fcuille
=
milk ME.
=
OE. fneoloc
7)iilk
7/tilc
DU. 7nclk, OHG. 7/iiluh G. 77iilch, ON. mjolkr, goth. 7uilnlis. It is remarkable that a carriage ofman': sourceMED.-LAT. common Aryan or at least a minare 'conduct, lead'. West -Aryan term for 'milk' is might ME. 7night o\i. miht mcaht wanting, although the V~ 7/ielg ^^ := OSAX. OHG. ma/d, du. mtrgf, teut. 7?iclk 'to milk' occurs in all G. macht, ON. ?/iditr, goth. inahts. the West-Aryan languages. From The common teut. *ma/di is an a common Indo-Eur. vb. OE. old verbal abstract from GOTH. 77i'elcan, du. 7/telke/i, ohg. 7nelchatt magan (like OSLOV, 7)wsti from G. t/telken, goth. *7fiilkan. Cp. LAT. See *mokti from fnogq 'clean'). oSLOV. gr. af.isXyeiv 7nulge7-e may. 7filesti (pres. 7nliizq), lith. 7nilsti "^ milch adj. me. milche oe. my Ice: (pres. 77i6lzii) oir. 7tibligifn (t/ilichi deriv. oi milk\ cp. the equiv. milk vb.
OSAX.
ftnluk,
:
,
on. milk)' adj's. m'elch g. 7nelk, oe.
mild
mjolkr
,
ohg.
7/iclc.
=
me. oe. milde DU. G. tnild OHG. OSAX. tnildi milii GOTH, niildcis. ON. mildr mcldach w. oiR. 'agreeable' Cogn. or blaith 'soft, smooth' (base mlati-) ? or oSLOV. mladu 'young, adj.
and
7nelg
ME.
7/iilke
77ielka,
mildew
=
tttyln
fiiildiis
'pious'
?
me. mildew oe. miledeMW
'milk').
oE.
77iolen
{=
ofris.
fr.
OE.
7/ieolc.
7/ijdlka) 7nille
meiilen
7>iiihle;
earlier
,
midino, fr.
= DU.
77mli{n)
fr.
late
ttiolma 'mill'
class. LAT. 7)iohi),
OE.
77nl/ie
7)iyliid)
OHG.
borrowed
common ROM. IT.
—
7/teolcia/i
(whence on.
,
tender', lith.
ON.
mill ME.
,
,
,
whence
G.
LAT. (for also
7nouliii.
7/iillet', source lat. DU. meeldaum, ohg. mili-tou the first part is prob. 7nilium 'millet'. du. milt, milt MK. OE. 7nilte fr. OE. mele GOTH, viilip 'honey from cp. ON. mihka 'a honeyed drink'; ORG. 7)iilzi G. 7iiilz, ON. 77iilti: the second part see under dew. the teut. \f7iiclt seen in 771 alt. DU. E. and nu. iinlt soft roe of fishes' mile aiE. mile oe. mil of 77iilk (sw. mila 7/ulla OHG. mijl, (for *77iilja') is a corruption G. 7/ieile: borrowed fr. LAT. 7mlia 7njdlke 'milt' fr. iiijiilk 'milk', dan.
G, 7uehltau\
millet
=
;
=
fr.
FR.
=
niince
fiskcmclk "soft roe of fishes',
lit.
vb. me. imnce oe.
viin-
'make small' deriv.
sian \vk. vb.
=
fr.
du. 'smaller; ?nin(nii) cp. FR. mincer 'mince' from mince 'small' of Teut. origin. OE.
mind
'
139 frequent, vb. from me. osax.
mingle a
mi/igc nienge oe. jtiengan
'fish-milk).
mince
mire
vii/i
sb. me. minde oe. j^e-fnynd
^
maigian, du. fnengen, OHG. mengan G. niengen, goth. '^maggjan. Cp.
afnong.
minnow *niyfnve
me. minowe oe.
'a fish'
(and
w>7/d^'capito )
mimiwa 'capedo';
cp.
^ ohg.
westphal.
hess. mcehn} Etymology Teut. base mane, mind': unknown. GOTH, ga-munds ga-mundiminster me. minster oe. mynster 'memory' from goth. ga-munan fr. du. a base mnnistirja^= OSAX. (/(ir)munan "despise', munster ohg. miinistri prop, ON. muna, OE. lenmnan, cp. GOTH. then convent-church' 7nuns purpose desire mind', 'monastery'
'memory,
=
=
,
,
,
ON.
mimr 'mind,
G.
desire,
?niinster
love',
sterium,
after lat.-gr. fnona-
:
whence
also fr. ?nouiier
myne 'memory, love'. Allied convent'. to ON. niin/ii 'remembrance, mind', 'monastery, minstrel me. miiiistral menestral ohg. minnia and OSAX. minna borrowed fr. fr. fndnesirel: source OHG. minni G. niinne 'love', orig. lat. ?ninisierialis an artisan, jester, All belong to 'remembrance'. buffoon'. the common Aryan and teut. OE.
,
\f7nen man 'think'; cp. gr. ukvoc 'courage, mind', /iiiuv7Jay.(o 'I remember', lat. memini reviiniscor 7nens tnoneo,
SKR.
'think,
\j'~fnan
believe'.
raiint
= g.
me. mint
sb.
teut.
7/iHnze:
borrowed
oe.
?nynet
//nuu-^zfl t/umita- t/uuiito7)iitni-^
lat. f/w/ieia 'place
fr.
of coinage, money', whence also FR.
mine
1
DU. tnunt, OHG.
7/n)7inaie
under
7iioney.
possessive pron. me. ok. mint- sb. 'a plant' me. oe. 7ni7ite min OSAX. OHG. min, DU. tnijn, ^= DU. 77m77t, OHG. tni/iza G. mime G. fncin (also ohg. nan G. meinc/-), adapted fr. lat. 7>ie7itha 77ie7ita ON. niinn GOTH, nicins'. derived whence also fr. (gr. f^iivda) fr. the stem mc- of the pers. 7ne7tthc, IT. SPAN. me7ita. pron. cp. me and for the suffix mire^ 'deep mud* me. mire oe. cp. SKR. niakuia 'mine and i hi tie. myrc from west-teut. 77iiu/-jdn du. tnijn, G. ON. 7nv/r 'slime' mine sb. u^.mine the r of these DAN. mine: borrowed from fr. words is orig. z s; cp. OE. 77/eos /nine (= span. it. mind): of Celt, 'moss' by the side of oe. 7/i(7s
=
:
y
,
=
=
= ;
origin; cp. IR. gaei.. wtV// 'metal', BRET. 7nen 'stone , metal cvmr. ,
rmvyn 'metal' mci/ia
?
:
celt,
base tnena
'moss,
swamp
;
g. 77100s
e.
also signi-
Hence 'marsh'; cp. 7noss. fnire prop, 'mossy soil'.
fies
mire'- cp. pis77iire.
mirth
140
mirth me.
—
mirthe earlier nmrJide
OE. f/iyrgd deriv.
oe.
fr.
myryi
=
with formative -th (as in
merry
length, strengtJi).
=
mis
^ du. prefix me. oe. misOHG. f/iissa- viissi- G. miss-, ON. mis-; GOTH, viissa- for '^tnipta-
Mis-,
an old part, in a \l^7nip seen in oe. is
'lost')
from midan me.
(=
meideii).
Akin
to
gnitn 'misdeed'
oir. vii in mi-
whence goth. maitan
?neita
^
'cut'.
mite- sb. 'a very small portion' ME. mite borrowed fr. odu. ?nijt a small coin'. mitten me. mitaine borrowed fr.
FR. mitaine 'a mitten'.
mix
OFR.
mes-
(t'R.
=
mizzen misai/ie
?
mis 2 prefix older mes- borrowed fr.
small',
on.
vb. ME. mixe oe. miscian ohg. miskan from '^miskjatt mit/ie 'shun, avoid' MHG. MLG. G. misihen: all prob. OS AX. mtdan, ohg. midan G. borrowed fr. lat. tniscere 'mix'.
(prop. to-
mole
—
?n^-')
source
:
=
sb.
borrowed
IT.
7)iezzana\
LAT. medius.
fr.
fr.
source
Ident. w. G. bezaan-
scgel.
mischief moan vb.ME. tnme (oe. *fftdniatt) mes-chef borrowed fr. ofr. with the by-form me. 7nd/ie oe. mes-chief 'a bad result, damage' mchia/i 'moan'. fr. mis- and chief moat sb. ME. fnote borrowed (cp. me. bonmiscreant fr. OFR. f/iote 'dike'. chef 'happiness'). borrowed fr. ofr. mescreant mock fr. FR. se 7Hoquer. LAT. minus
'less'.
ME.
—
(source lat.
miss
= DU.
credcnt-eni). OE.
vb. ME. misse
G. missen, on. missa,
mode missan
goth.
fr.
fr. 7node.
moiety borrowed (lat. type
fr.
fr.
7noitid
77iedietdteni).
moist adj. me. fnoiste 'moist, Evidently connected with WEST-TEUT. mtpan 'avoid' in fresh': borrowed fr. ofr. ftwiste OE. 7nidan, ohg. midan G. meiden {r= FR. 77ioite). Source lat. 'avoid. 7)iusteus 'belonging to new must Cp. 7/iis. miss contr. of mistress. or wine', also 'new, fresh' (rfiustns mist ME. OE. mist du. fnisi, 'new wine'). LG. mist 'darkness mole^ sb. 'a mark on the body' mist', iog ON. mistr 'darkness, mist. ME. 7nple OE. mdl OHG. 7neil mister me. maister 7naster. also 7neUa, goth. mail 'a spot'. mistle ME. fnistcl oe. mistel mole- sb. 'breakwater' borohg. mistil G. mistel on. mistel rowed fr. FR. mole 'a bank' 'mistletoe'. it. 7nole source mistletoe oe. (= 7>ioh>) misteltdn (= on. mistilsteimi) fr. LAT. moles 'a great heap, a vast w/jr/// bird-lime' and tdtt 'branch. pile'. mite ^ sb. 'a small insect me. mole^ sb. 'an insectivorous oe. mite LG. mite, OHG. miz,n animal' ME. 7nolIe DU. 7/101} 'a midge, fly: teut. ^^w/V 'cut Prob. short for ME. 7/ioldezverJ> missjan.
=
,
=
—
=
=
,
=
,
:
=
—
inonday
more
141
== OHG.
moltiv'erf G. mauhmirf. G. w///, GOTH. ;^z<7^/^, ON. fnodr. ME. inolde OE. viglde 'earth' The orig. meaning of the teut. ON. mold, OHG. fiiolta, goth. stem tnoda- was perhaps 'strong w?
From
=
=
,
=
;
=
ma?igari) ^/rt//
•
—
formed from oe.
'trade'
with
Source LAT. mango
'a
—
/«a«-
suffix
-ere.
monk
IME.
fHHnih(h)
monk
oe.
mtumc
^=^
OHG.
source lat.
G. monch'.
,
OIR. ////'month'.
inhabitant of Barbery' borrowed fr. fr. More; source LAT. Maurus, whence also SPAN. IT. Moro, ohg. Mor
defrauding
DU. montrik,
nienesis\\\ovAX\
Moor^
trader.
OSAX. miinik,
;
]
G. j
'an
sb.
Mohr.
moor^
monachus (gr. uor(fxo^^, whence land' also FR. fnoine and OIR. manach.
sb. 'a tract
OE.
]ME.
=
mor
'a
of unfilled
moor, morass,
OSAX. jnor, du. tnocr, donkey: bog' OHG. muor, LG. G. moor; related source it. monna mona 'ape', =: whence also g. (16. cent.) mun-\ to OE. mere, OHG. meri 'sea' LAT. 7nare 'sea'. Sec marsh. 'simia
monkey formed
aff
month
=
like
prasiana'.
me. moneth
oe.
monap
DU. maand, ohg. mdnod G. ?nonai. on. mdnudr, GOTH, menops. The common Teut. stem 7nendp'month' (pre-TEUT. is fuenot-^ ident.
w.
peut.
mcnan-
= =
morass rowed
me.
sb.
fr.
FR.
marese),
whence
moeras
LG.
,
imireis
fnarais
bor-
(=
IT.
also du. jnoras
moras (whence
G.
source med.-lat. maramorasi) giutn 'swamp, marsh'. :
more adj. aie. more oe. mar a ;= OSAX. OHG. tnero G. viehr, du. ME. OE. mod OSAX. mod, DU. moed, OHG. muot meer, on. meiri; goth. maiza moon.
mood
sb.
142
morning
the OTeut.
iza is
(whose
com-
parat. suffix) became oe. nidra The (r from z by rhotacism) stem ma- belongs to the teut. adj.
morning ]\ie. morning e weninge deriv. of OE. niorgen OSAX. OHG. morgan, du. g. morgen, ON. morgjinn and myrgenn, goth. mmirgins'. a common teut. word for the first half of the day from day break. Cp. evening.
=
—
and
see fnorn
/
morsel me. morsH adapted IT.
7norsel morsel/o')
morsum
'a
plant' G. moos 'plant, tnosi mire'. 'moss,
swamp, ON.
bog',
cognate.
most in
and adv.
adj.
size'
me.
j?iost
'greatest oe. tndst com-
monly OE. miht r= oSAX. du. meest, ohg. g.
GOTH, to
maists.
the
fneisf,
mrst,
on. mestr,
Superl. belonging
compar.
more.
GOTH.
maists has the old superl. suffix
fnorrow. OFR.
mother^
Ident. w. OE. tneos, ohg. mios from a Teut. base meusa-, whence mire. Outside of teut., lat. muscus and OSLOV. 7nuchu are mor-
nic-ra- 'illustrious'.
morrow;
—
'a
:
(== fr. dimin.
fr.
morfean, of lat.
bit'.
mortar'
vessel
'a
which
in
like
GOTH,
OHG.
bat-ists,
bey^ist,
OE. betst (for bet-est). The adj. stem GOTH, mirs, ohg. hd-ri, OE. mcere etc. seems to be the
base of
more and most.
mote
ME. mote OE. mot (plur. the me. form are motii) 'atom' based on the OE. nom. plur. mortier): borrowed fr. fr. mortier {= SPAN, morte.ro, it. fnortajo) Cp. DU. motl 'mortar source lat. mortarium moth ME. moththe OE. moppe 'a vessel in which substances DU. 7not\^t), MHG. g. tnotte, on. motti, are pounded'. sw. niott a moth' with the by-
substances are beaten to powder' ]\IE. 7Horii!r OE. viortire (= du.
;
=
:
mortar- 'a mixture of lime forms MHG. f/iatte, OE. mohpe me. and of sand so called from the moughpe. vessel in which it was made mother^ me. mpder OE. mo dor
mortar^
=
OSAX. modar DU. moeder, adopted (= OHG. muoter g. mutter, on. modir. SPAN, morter 0, it. 7nortajo), The common teut. word for whence also du. mortel, mho. 'mother' (goth. saidi^z/^iv). teut. morter ?nortet G. mortel): source 7?i6dr- 'mother' from ARYAN 7ndtrme.
fr.
morter
fr.
lat, mortarium.
mortgage mortgage
lit.
moss
mortier
,
mortier
in SKR. mat]', gr. ,
itarrjg, tnati , OlR.
{.irirrjo
borrowed fr. fr. LAT. 7/idter oSLOV. 'a dead 7ndthir 'mother'. pledge'.
me. oe. mos 'a swamp, mother- 'dregs, lees' from a plant' Teut. base mosa- ^=- '^hnudder ODU. 7/iodder 'mud, DU. 7nos 'moss, plant', ohg. mos dregs', DU. 7/ioer 'dregs, lees', :
=
motley
LG.
G.
'mud,
—
muff
143
nioder,
dan. sw. mudde?- 'mouse'
mould'.
Cogn. w. ?nud. fHusdy
with 'take
the
V~
away,
mus
mus'
also
rob';
motley adj. me. 7fwtl(; bor- GR. i-ivq, LAT. mfis, OSLOV. mysi. rowed fr. OFR. viattcli 'clotted, mouth ME. fuouth oe. ?mid
=
OSAX.
curdled'.
mould'
sb.
earth'
soft
'fine
ffiiid,
DU. viond, OHG. 7nU7ld
G. mUTld, ON. 77lim7ir
7/lud7-,
GOTH.
The teut. ground, land, 77iu7ips 'mouth'. ohg. molta, 77iunpa-z 'mouth' is based on earth, country' ON. mold 'mould', GOTH, mulda pre-TEUT. 77Wito-s and connected 'dust': \f ?nal (cp. meat) with with LAT. 7/ie7itu7/i 'chin'. ME.
OE.
mglde
d
formative
=
as
in
cold.
old^
move
sb. ME.
with the ofr. 77iovoir lat. 77iouvoi7-
me.
vb.
7tioeve
mglde adopted by-form fr. 'a mevoir f/ioule) source lat. modulus 77iove7'e. mould': dimin. of modus 'measure. sb. ME.
mQuld^
fr.
molle
OFR.
(fr.
mow
moult
ME.
vb.
?nouie
borrowed fr. LAT. 'change', whence also DU. miitian:
OE.
l>i-
inn tare
7/mga 7/iiiwa
7/iGve
fr.
=
77iowe
= on.
77iouwe oe.
7/iugi
'heap';
OHG. 77iii-w'erf 'mole' orig. muiten, 'maker of mole-heaps'. OHG. 7nii"J>n G. mausern 'change mo^A^ vb. ME. 7)igwe oe. 77idiva7i the feathers or skin, moult'. DU. 77iaaije7i, ohg. str. vb. mount vb. adapted fr. fr. 77iden MHG. A 77idhen. 7/iceje7i g. j/io/itcr 'mount'. common west-teut. \(^7ne 'mow' mount sb. me. tnoiuit: loanword appears in oe. 7nci'p (e. math in from fr. 7)iont. Ident. with OE. after-, latter-), OHG. 77idd G. 7/iahd munt iVcjm lat. montetn (fnons). "mowing, swath', and in GR. u is not the oe. The ME. ou I d-^unidi cc-uiiTOQ 'harvest' but substitution for the fr. mow' and in lat. 77ietere cp.
=
=
I'l,
nasal vowel. mountaine fr. fr.
montagne
—
—
mountain
me.
ofr. ?nontaine (lat.
type
=
man-
ia nca).
mourn
much earlier
Teut.
ME. 7/iuchel
base
cogn. w. GR.
'reap . for
77iuche
i7ioche
oe.
77iycel
mukilaf.itydXrj
fr.
a
{7/ukila-)\
and
fisyac,
viownc oe. SKR. 77idha7i 'great'. Cp. 7/iickle. OSAX. mornian, miirnan str. vb. muck ME. 7/iuck borrowed fr. OHG. inornen, ON. morna, GOTH. ON. 77iyllt a SCAND. *77iukffiailr?ian ARYAN \^ jne?- in GR. vb.
me.
=
:
fitfjinra sorrow'
mouse
ME.
and lat.
mous
OE. mils (plur. mys)
7?iemor.
(plur.
= DU.
m/s) muis,
77iykr 'dung'.
mud
ME. 7/iud
= = OLG.
7/iudde
'mud'.
muff vb. DU. 77iof LG. G. sw. maus, on. miis. The occurs in almost all 7/iuff\ DAN. 77mffe a new teut. ARYAN languages. Cp. skr. miis word derived fr. fr. 77iouflc OHG. base
7/ius
G.
mi/s-
mulheriv
144 'mitten',
med.-lat. muffula (9*^
cent.).
Cogn.
w.
'cover up warmly'
vb.
muffle
fr.
oe. miirberie oe.
mor-berie ^^ du.
OHG.
effect
moerbes
inurberi
dissimilation
LAT. ?nbrufn
'a
second part
7noer-
is
mdr
;
is
is
on.
ME.
murder
^
milk borrowed
\f7nr mar
me.
sb.
goth.
morthei-
base
7}urkwi-.
ohg.
77inr7}iurd7i
fr.
= on.
suffix
tnord,
morth, DU. moord, ohg. g.
oe.
a
little
'a
mouse'
o.
77iur77ielii)
:
77iuscle\
'a
muscle, dimin. of 77ius
mouse',
(gr. /.ivg) 'a mouse, a muscle'. From the same source also DU. G. 77iuskel 'a muscle'. must sb. ME. oe. f/iust 'new wine' (= DU. G. 7/iosi, on. 77ncsi)
from adopted
?nati?fr;
and
'die'
mord
77iyrkr
a Teut.
represent
source lat. musculus
mut).
oe.
and
The source lat. 7riU7'murare. an explanatory muscle adopted fr. fr.
FR. mule; source LAT. mulus 'a mule', whence also it. mulo, o. ?naulesel (ohg. w/?/, oir. oe.
cp.
'dark'
OE. myrce,
77iyrce.
tnirki
mulberry".
addition.
mule
me. tnirke ?nirk borON. 7/iyrkr and ident.
G. murmur vb. me. 7fiu7'mure part adopted fr. fr. mu7t7iurer (^ the SPAN. 77t2ir?7turar, it. 77ior77torare,
first
for r
compound of
mordor
fr.
morberi
the / of the
fiiaidbeei-e;
of the
murky rowed OSAX.
mulberry me. ,
muzzle
ofr. moufe w. OE. 7nirce
'mitten'.
besie
—
lat.
fr.
?/iusiuf7i
'new
whence also ofr. 77iousl, OSAX. FR. 77m(t, IT. 77wsto. See 7/iusty, mord 77ioist etc. -pra;
wine',
murder'. teut. must vb. ME. OE. 77ipste pret. 'murder' is based on of OE. 77ipta7l OSAX. 77ldta7l, g. pre-TEUT. mrto-7n 'death': \fmor DU. 77ioeten, ohg.
'premeditated
=
morfa-
77iuo':^i^a7i
widely diffused through all the 7/i!isse7i, GOTH. t7tdta7i. mustard me. 7/iustard f7iostard Aryan languages signified 'die'. Cp. the SKR. \fvir 'die' (?nrtd-7ti {=^ DU. 7nosterd 7710s taard, G. 'death' — mrtas 'dead' mdrta-s 77iostcrt {7/iostricJi) borrowed fr. fr. 77wutard. mrtyus 'death'; LAT. OFR. 7/ioustard 'mortal') mori 'die' 7norluus' dedid' mors Source OFR. ?//6'«j/ LAT. 77lUStUS ?noru- 'new wine'. 'death'; os,i.OY.f/ireti 'die'
—
—
—
su-i)iriiti
:
=
—
'death'
—
fnrutvic
(lat.
mute
]ME.
=
77nlet
fr.
fr.
7nuet.
mortuus) 'dead lith. inlrti 'die' Source LAT. 77iutus 'dumb'. mirth 'death' gr. (j^orog (for mutton ME. 7notou7i mutotm adopt-*«porc't,") 'mortal' du^^ioTog'im- ed fr. OFR. 77lOt07l (fr. 7/lOUt07l).
—
;
;
marb
—
mortal';
OIR.
murder
vb. me. tnurthre mirthre
OE. myrdrian
=
GOTH. 7naurfrjan
'dead'.
muzzle OFR. 7uusel
ohg. murdiren, perh. 'murder,
kill'.
=
E.
:me.
77ioscl
= FR.
orig.
borrowed
fr.
77iuscau 'muzzle';
identical
w.
7/iorcel
7/iorsel.
H
iimshrooni
mushroom
145
nap
SW, DAX. tnonstcr.
late yiE. musherflun
— Hence the vb.
\
the enuiv. ofr. ynoiisseroii. muster sb. a show; review,
muster
fr.
j
:me.
vb. 'exhibit, review' etc. inust(e)re <. ofr. mojistrer
=
SPAN, mostrar, from lat. jnonstrare\ (fr. niontre=: it. niostra): source cp. DU. nionsteren, MLO. munstcren, LAT. vionstrare, whence also DU. G. muster 71, sw. monstra, DAN. monster, mlg. initnster, g. tmisicr. monstre. array; pattern' etc. short for ME. moustrc from OFR. monstrc
(fr.
nioiitrer
IT. tnostrare)
N nag negge nail
OHG.
ME. nagge 'horse'; cp. odu. 'a small horse'. -ME.
nail oe.
nagal DU.
//(Tf/'tinger-nail'
7i(Pi^el
G.
= osax.
nagel
— nag
li'\i
,
ox.
00 Aq.w,
iron nail'; GOTH. *nagis inferred from the vb. nagljan 'nail', teut.
without
consonantal
formed OSLOV.
suffix
are
nu gas Allied also lat. nudus
naked'.
nagii, lith.
for *tioz>dus *nogvnius.
-
-
aryan
\'^nog}
name sb. me. name oe. ndfna noma =^ oSAX. ohg. namo, DU.
arose from Aryan noghlo- naam, g. name, ox. na/n (for or nokhld-\ cp. skr. nakhd 'nail *jtamn~), GOTH. natnd\ synon. with of a finger or toe, claw of a SKR. ndma, gr. o-voua, lat. bird GR. ovvyj (nom. ovvt) 'nail nomen and perh. also ident. with of a finger or toe, claw, hoof, OSLOV. im( fr. *in-fnen ^'?n-men, luigla-
,
The unguis 'claw, talon', PRUSS. emmans, oiR. ainm. (cymr. ewi?i) from ARYAN base was no-men-, which OSLOV. nogiiti 'nail, perh. was orig. *gn<1-men- fr. the Jng/mihia claw (fr. OSLOV. noga 'foot'); ARYA^sP gno in know. Then LITH. ndgas 'finger-nail' nagci name prop, meant 'name by 'horse's hoof. ARYAN \f nokh which a thing is known'. npg/i. napi sb. from the vb. me. hook', LAT. oiR.
ingen ,
—
naked
naked oe. ndcod ohg. nackut nahhut G. nacht, on. noklwidr goth. Teut. base nai/a/>s: naqo-danaqa-da- from a pre-TEur. nogotonogeto-; cp. oir. ^^^r^/'naked' from a base nokto- and skr. nagnd naked' with suflix na for ta\ adj. = DU. naakt,
mi;,
,
English Etymology.
nappe oe. hnceppian hnappian 'doze'; cp. ohg. hnaffezen mhg. nafzen vb. 'slumber'. Perh. cogn. w. OY.Jmipian, o^.hnipna vb. 'droop'.
nap-
sb.
earlier nop me. noppi
nap', OE. hnoppa ('villus') 'nap of cloth* uu. nop, MLG. DAN.
=
noppe,
osw. nop 'nap of cloth or 10
146
nape
wool'; cogu. w. NORAVEG. nuppa, GOTH, dishniupan to break'.
—
neck
'knob'; pcrli. with inner labial for guttural and
nave 2 sb. 'the hub of a wheel' me. ndz'e oe. ndfii du. naaf OHG. na/>a G. nah, aaf nave ON. no/, GOTH, '^naba: an old
cogn. w. neck.
ARYAN word
nape me.
napkin
iidpe
:\ie.
napckin adopted
fr.
=
,
SKR. ndbhi
(liase
nobhcf);
and nabhya
f.
cp.
n. 'the
nave (of a wheel); cogn. w. Source a vulg. lat. navel. See auger, navel sb. me. ndvel(e) oe. ndi.at. mappa 'a cloth'. *nappa DU. navel, ohg. nabulo See map, fela nard me. nard borrowed fr. G. tiabel, ON. najli; goth. '^nabala a common AKYANword with a base FK. nard {=l span. it. nardo) FR. nappe 'table-cloth' with diuiin. suffix -/'///.
=
=
:
=
whence
nobhalo-: onbhalo-;
cp. the synon. GR. oiKfakog, LAT. umbiFicus (tor narrow adj. me. narowe narwe "unbil'irus *nobilkns), skr. ndbli'ila, OE. nearu OSAX. nam, du. oiR. i?nbliu 'navel'. These words are very old /-derivatives of Jiaa)-) from a teut. adj. namuiARYAi
LAT. nardits,
also G.
narde.
=
—
ed
fr.
(= narwal) adoptDAN. sw. narhval ^^ on. ship'
(fr.
LAT. navis
ship').
nd-hvalr 'sea-unicorn'. The senay me. nai'. loanword fr. on. cond element see under w/iaie; DAN. nei 'no, not', which answers to genuine no (cp. aye). the first part is obscure.
nasty
adj.
corruption
of
an
sb.
neap-tide
.me.
ncp-sc'soun
a teut. adj. is not found elsewhere. fr. sw. dial, naskitg 'nasty, dirty'. nepanaught me. naught oe. ndht near adj. 'nigh' now used as earlier ndn'iht osAX. niowiht a positive, but prop, a compaOHG. niozviht G. nicld, du. niet, rative adverb ME. ncr {ner') oe. earlier
nasky\
perh.
borrowed
OE. nip-Jlod
'ebb';
=
GOTH.
///
wai/its
'no thing';
cp.
70 hit.
nave'
nc'ar{nyr) contr, oi^ncahor {*ne'ahir)
body of the church' borrowed fr. ofr. nave FR. ?ief (= SPAN. IT. /lave^ 'a 'the body of the church': ship' MED. -LAT. ndvis 'the nave of a church' lat. rnh'/s 'ship'. sb.
—
=
'the
=
oSAX. OHG. ndhor adv., Cp. nigh.
du. naar adv.
neat
adj.
borrowed
lat.
(source
nitidns
fr.
fr. net
'shining,
clear').
neck
:\IE.
du. nek\
nekkc
c}).
oe. hnecca :=
OHG. nac hnac
(ek)
need
ON. hnakk'r. Tent, base
o. 7iacke>i,
for
'"hnakkaii-
ON.
hiiakki
and
—
nest
147
and ohg.
origin like ON. gneggja h^veion
\'h.
"neisrh'.
oiR. neighbor me. neighebour oe. os AX. (stem nlkhclnlr prop, ^/i-//?- j^A;/r cnocco-') may be cognate, perhaps ndbi'ir (for ndh-gii>fn-), T)\3.nalmur, also nape. ohg. ndh-gibiir G. nachhar; a ct)mmon West-Teut. compound of ned need sb. me. (^nai) oe. //<'V/ and bower, pointing to fr. a Teut. base naudi «/^''// {tie'ad) OSAX. ?;<7^/, DU. 7W0d OHG. GOTH, ''nehiva-gabur. neither see eitlier\ :me. iiouther //^V G. on. iiaudr, GOTH. -'/^/, OE. ndwder earlier form //(?naups: pre-TEUT. naiit't- has been
'^hnekkancnocc
for
OBRET.
,
oe.
huccca.
=
'hiir
(;«(?^/;
?r)''rt^
=
,
connected
pruss.
with
nauti-
pre-TEUT. sTnaii. needle me. ncdle oe. ncdl jid.dl — osAX. fiadla, (oldest form tuedl) DU. 7ia
:
with the suffix
-//(5-,
aryan
-/A?- fr.
/ncurdcr.
nephew me. neviw borrowed from FR. ueveu; supplanting the genuine me. fic've oe. ?ic/a 'grandson, nephew' = on. neji 'relative', DU. //!?<'/ 'grandson, nephew, cousin', OHG. /I'evo G. nepfe 'sister's (or brother's) son': Teut. base n'efanfrom a pre-Teut. base ni-pot- ap-
seen in ohg. ncyaii g. iidhen in SKR. ndpdt (stem 'sew'. TEUT. Y^//^ is usually con- pearing 'descendant, son, grandndptr') nected with the ARYAN v^-y//^ in son', GR. dvsiL'iOQ 'a first cousin, LAT. //r/r, GR. i/f-'w I spin' vrn-ia kinsman' VBnodeg 'offspring', 'thread' yjjroov 'spindle'; OIR. LAT. 7iepos (the source of fr. j-«/z// and jr/zc^M^? \'^/i^
—
—
—
—
'thread'
'spinning' sndthat needle'.
whence e. nepheio) 'a grandson, also a nephew', oiR. neeze vb. cp. :me. nesinge 'snee- Ilia 'a sister's son'. zing' and ON. hnjosa, ohg. hnionest :me. oe. nest ohg. g. san G. nieseti, nu. niezen vb. DU. nest: TEUT. nes/a- = pre-Teut. 'sneeze': ty.v\'.\~ hneus, cogn. w. form nizdo- confirmed by skr. neveii ,
=
the TtUT.
in
\'~funis
oe. fneosan
ME. fiu'se and v>\:. fniezcn 'to sneeze' and \'~sneus in sneeze.
neif neaf me. n&oe rowed from ON. Imcfi inifve, DAN. ncene).
neigh 'neigh'
MLG.
vb.
=
me. DU.
'fist'
'fist
Jieiinge sb. 'neighing',
7icigen
vb.
'neigh':
'lair
of
animals' nist
also 'seat',
nuius 'nest'
bor- for *nizdos. The aryan ni-zdo- is (sw. prop, a compound of the Aryan
oe. hiuej^an ncicii vb. and //
tiida-s
armen. 'dwelling', OIR. nei 'nest', l.\t.
seat oneself, and sit, yj'^sed the verbal particle ni preserved in SKR. (see nether') nizdo-
MUG. from
of imitative ment';
;
n'l-sedd-
means
cj). .SKR.
ni-sad
lit.
'settle-
'sit
10*
down,
148
—
net
night
—
nestle vh, me. nest{c)le newt with secondary // from {= du. iiestelen, g. ME. eute evete oe. efcte; not found lit. in the other Teut. languages. nistebi): a frequent, form, Teut. base aditon-} 'frequent a nest'. net ME. OE. net (it) fr. a Teut. next adj. me. 7iext oe. niehst OSAX. 71 ft {/iftti), DU. nrhst =^ OSAX. OHG. /lahist G. tiaijaON. net, OHG. nezzi g. netz, goth. /idehst: superl. of OE. 7iiah e. settle'.
OE. nistrian
=
=
allied
nati;
to on.
'a
//c;7
and lat. nassa nether adj. me.
net'
lari^e
nice ME.
'net'.
net/iere
oe.
?ieodera\ cogn. w. osAX. nitkiri, DU. neder, ohg. ?^/>//>-/ g. nieder and OE. w//i?;osax. nithar, DU. «(?i'/(?r, OHG. ;z/^/r?r g. nicder,
=
ON.
///
GOTH.
'^/ii/>ar:
See also nea7\
7iigh.
deriv.
til(e
'foolish'
'slothful, idle,
7ii(;e
LAT.
/leseius
niechia
IT.
ofr.
source
'ignorant'.
niche borrowed
=
fr.
dull';
'a
kr.
fr.
niche
recess in the
wall'.
nickname
for
sliort
earlier
from the Aryan verbal particle 7iekend/ne me. eke-7idtne prop, ad/// 'downward' mentioned under ditional name'; cp. on. an^nafn, nest and the comparat. suftix DAN. dgnav7i 'nickname'. For oe. LAT.
-ter,
GK.
-T(:(JO^,
.SKR.
nettle :me. nettle OE. DU. MLG. netet, OHG.
-/^/V?.
//,f/,f/e'
=
ica/iycean 'to add' cp. eke. initial
//
of 7iickna7ne
is
The
secon-
dary as in 7iewt. niece me. 7ie(e fr. fr. niece: from a more (original form seen source med.-lat. neptia 'a niece' in OHG. lat. neptis a' grand-daughter, >ia--^a 'nettle', goth. *nata with
nessel',
thrain.
ne—^ila
suffix
G.
-//^//!-
=
and
possibly connected net and with the redupli-
*natild;
with
cated
7ienaid (base nenat-) cp. lith. notere 'nettle'. adv. me. 7iever oe. 7tcef7-e
OIK.
nettle';
never
niece'.
niggard sb. me. nigard with the by-form me. nigoun 'niggard'; the formation of the Me. words
points to Fr. influence. nigh adj. adv. and prep. me. new adj. me. /laoe oe. 7ieowe 7ieig/i OE. neh earlier nrah osax. ohg. 7iiuwi, DU. osax. 7/d/l, OHG. 77d/l G. 7M//e, ON. {/tkve) niemu, G. /ten, on. ny)-, goth. niujis. 77.d-7-, GOTH. 7te/mis 'nigh, near': The common teut. /liiija- from Teut. base /le/iwapre-TEUT.
from
7ie
'not'
and
cef/'e
= ever.
=
=
=
pre-TEUT. niuyo- answers to skk. ndvyas 7iaviyas (and 7idvas), lith. nanjas 7iavas (oslov. //t'?'/?, lat. novns, GR. I'foc); prob.
connected
with the ARYAN particle //// 'now', so that that which is new' means
now,
recent'.
Cp.
7in-,v.
7teko-
Cp.
7iecje-.
near,
7iext
and neighbour. ME.
oe. night (jiaiighi) osax. ohg. naht, DU. G. /lacht, ON. ndtt nott, goth. 7iahts TEUT. naht- from pre-
night
7iiht
i^/ieaht)
=
:
TEUT.
7iokt-\
cp. LAT.
nox (stem
—
nose
;z«'
cp.
nightingale
fiocii-),
7mkta
—
GK.
viiS.
OSLOV.
naktis,
(I'j'xr-),
skr.
nakti,
lith.
—
naktan
(/
from
f^i'j')
LAT.
nig/it, sennight.
and
'not'
7ie
ever'.
'aye,
noble ME.
See fori-
nosti.
149
/wbic
fr. noble
fr.
=
7iobiUs.
nod vb. ME. nodde; cogn. w. nightingale me. nightcngdle oe. OHG. hnutten 'vibrate' mhg. iiotten OSAX. ohg. nihte-gale nahti-gala,
=
DU.
G.
nachtegaal,
and
'stake'
'a
luuhtigall
ham-
on. hiijoda vb.
mer' TEUT. \'~ h/iud. nightingale': from oe. niht (gen. noddle 'head' me. /lodle. and 'lEU'i'. galan night nihte) noise sb. me. noise borrowed str. vb. 'sing'. Cp. stauycl. 'quarrel' source lat. me. oe. fr. FR. :
=
nightmare ON. mara
/'/(ji/.'ir
nighlcvidre;
OHG.
'a
(du. nach'-77ierric 'niglitmare').
=
niht
sceodu
:=:
to
adj. me.
from
catch'
OE.
seize'; brittle.
fr.
'ready
niman
OE.
vb.
suffix
tlie
cp.
7iine
oe. nigonc without
inflexion nigon
neogon =r oSAX.
nigiin, T)\:.negen\ «/«//
forms with
cp.
on.
G. neun,
nook noon
'nine'
the
:
are based on teut.
g
d7i
=
^;/?//)
cp.
;
from ne
07ie.
ME. nok 'corner'. ME. OE.
DU.
Source
71071
^= OSAX. ohg.
G. none,
7ioen,
lat.
on. non.
nd77a (sc. hora')
lit.
(hour) witli an exof meaning 'midday,
ninth'
'the
goth. ohg. tension
///V/
(ofr.
me. non oe. 7idn
and
'not'
nd7ta,
nine me.
adj. of me. noy nny hurt' earlier me. a7mi
ennni
FR.
none
«/;//<'/ lit.
for
'take,
noisome
an 7! oy.
shade.
E.
nimble
and
night
E.
'nausea'.
7iaiisea
from 'annoyance,
oe. niht-sceadu
nightshade OE.
;
j
night-mare';
twelve o'clock'.
nor
ME.
short for nothe/'
7ior
GOTH. 'neither', oe. 7idwde/- contr. of and OHG. ninn are based on^nm'n. ndhwccde7- 'neither' from oe. nd The numeral is common to all no and oe. hwcede/whethe7-. Aryan languages in the form north ME. 7io7-th(e) oe. //
'''n'egun
= =
=
7ieui?n
7icwn
/im'evi,
GR.
7tiss.
c^^'^
may
i'n'f'w,
ME. wV^
nit //f^"/,
cp. skr. n(wan, lat. OHi. ;7<7/.
;
nete
.MLG. '
3R.
of
;
t;ommon
ohg.
(plur.
,
,
if
du.
/«';
G.
nvidfc)
bee-bugs and
allied to
=
hnitu
7iit,
or/c
lice,
be
OE.
fleas"
y.{n)vid
is
both languages. Cp.
DU. 7/oord, ohg. g. DAN. fl0/-d;
SW.
nose
7i(he
.ME.
7iasa g. 7iase, «
(=
ox.
7l07-te,
TEUT. type no7-pro7ii ^= ouG. no7-d/iioni, ON. 7ior7'd'7i7i 'nortliern'.
from
adv. me. no oe.
SPAN.
7!07-d
'the
no
IT.
are of Teut. origin. northern me. 7io7-the/-ne oe. no7-deine prehistoric *fio/'prii7ii fr. a FR.
also SL.w. g7iida antl ai.uan. ih/n *ke7iida.
on. nord/-,
7i07-d,
noso-
nose'
;
nose'
oe.
7idsit
(jidsii)
ohg. os.nps: teut. '^nasb-
cp.
=
du.
neus,
ARYAN
nas-;
cp.
—
not
I50 SKR. /lasa tiosis,
osLov.
/tas,
LAT, fuhiis fidres.
lith.
/losit,
—
nostril
ME. nosethirl OE. iws-pyrel lit. 'a nose-orifice'
{jiccs-
from
pyrf)
OE. nosii
nasu ^^ nose and OE. pyrcl
perforation, orifice'. not ME. not short for
'a
nut
formed
ir.
=
numb
the lat.
adj. me. nonie nonien prop, oe. niman
=
part,
of ME. nime
'take,
overpower, deprive of sen-
nought sation'; cp. ON. nuiniun 'bereft' nauht ndwiht ^= osax. ohg. (of life, of speech).
OE.
niowiht, du. niet, G. nicht. From OE. //(• 'not' and oe. dwiht
Y\<.nomhre: number adopted = source numerus number'. — numerous adopted nokke = nimicreux the usual
aught.
notch
also
nock
note ME. note',
sign,
note
me.
adopted
—
FR. notice 'notice'
fr.
fr.
= lat.
notitia
noun FR.
LAT.
borrowed fr. nom 'a name
ufr. non
sb.
nonien.
'a
name
source
:
fr.
hreux)
'numerous
nun
fr.
=r du.
non, OHG. nu/ina G. nonne. In the 8''' cent, adopted fr. lat. nonna (orig.
meaning 'mother') it.
nurse =^
nonna
sb.
FR.
nourrice.
nutnc-em'a. nurse'.
me. nortiire
;
cp. fr.
nun'.
'a
contr.
loanword
nuri(e:
.
nourish vb. me. nurisshc vb. adopted fr. ofr. noriss- the stem
.
ME. nonne oe. nunnc
nonne,
'knowledge, acquaintance'.
=^
'a
no7n(for lat. numerosus adj.
FR.
source lat. nota 'a mark, notice borrowed
note'.
fr.
lat.
adj.
ODU. nock 'a notch in the head of an arrow', osw. uocka 'a notch': source OFR. hoche 'notch ?
fr.
noun
verbal
a
pres. part, of fr. tiuire noccre hurt, injure'.
of me. norife ofr. Jiurrice
fr.
Source lat. nurture sb.
—
adopted
fr.
ofr. no-
of certain forms of ofr. norrir riture {= vw.nourriturc): source See fr. nourrir 'nourish': source LAT. nntritura 'nourislunent nourish. LAT. nutiire 'feed'. Cp. nurse. now ME. now oe. //// osax. nut ME. note nute oe. hnutu DU. noot^ OHG. nuz, G. nuss, on. nil, DU. ;///, OHG. nu G. nu(?t), on. GOTH. nfr. a common aryan hnot\\w\^ Tlie Teut. base ///////////, adv.; cp. skr. mi nun-afn 'now', points to v^ knud (seen in oiR. LAT. nunc' (with the c cnu 'nut'?). GR. vi} vvi nutmeg me. noteo{ hi c), OSL.y. nyne \\o-w, lith. nu. mug c /nttniegge from me. nut
=
.
=
=
.
—
,
=
-
Cp.
ne7C'.
nude adj. fr. nfidus 'naked'.
fr.
nude
=
and ME. miige borrowed fr. lat. ofr. mnge 'musk' :=; lat. niuscus /////
'musk
nuisance sb. me. uoisaun(c borrowed fr. FR. nuisance 'a hurt :
?
niuguet
'a
Cp. ofr. nutmeg'
muguette fr.
=
ital.
noce
vioscada.
I
on
oaf
151
o oaf ident. with elf\ perh. OE. odd number' {standask i odda celf or rather borrowed tr. on. 'be at odds, quarrel'). of ME. OE. of GOTH. ON. DU. dlfr 'elf. oak ME. ok OE. dc fr. a Teut. af, OHG. aba G. ab: aryan apo in du. elk, GR. ano, SKR. dpa 'away'. base aikox. ak, off
=
=
—
•
j
OHG.
G.
ei/i
with the
all
eic/ic:
I
same meaiung
perh. cogn.
'oak';
—
I
w. OR. ulyavei] 'spear' Aiyig. oakum me. pkiijnb oe. d-cimiha tow';
For
d-kambi
OHG.
cp.
whicli
'that
prop,
1
'tow':
combed
is
orig, ident. w. of. offend vb. ME. offende
fr.
fr.
offendre =:= lat. offender e. offer vb. ME. offre oe. offrian wk. vb. 'offer': loanword fr. lat. offerre
du.
cp.
'offer';
offer
sb.
comb cp. co/nb. offering' and osax. offro/i vb. oar ME. pri' oe. dr (infl. cirt') offer'. office .ME. offite fr. er. offce fr. a Teut. base aird- ^= on. dr eat. offciuni 'dut}'. sw. If teut. aa/r, (UAN. dra). often earlier oft me. ofte oe. oft (7/ro- is an aryan eryd-, \^er in ON. opt, GOTH. «/?(?•, OHG. ofi<> GR. 'oarsman' out'.
OE.
=
s(jer>]^ 'oar' might
oast ME.
—
ps^ OE.
=
=
spar/nog
be cognate, cp.
G.
ro7i:'.
dsf 'kiln,
dry-
which
du. ees/: teut. aistninghouse' w. LkT.aestus cogn. 'glowing heat'; .w<.\K'ti
\^
\~ Hi] oil
aidh 'burn' in GK.aiiioq
=
heat'.
oath ME.
^/
'freciuently is
=
ME.
KR.
adv. of-ta-,
adj.
perh. part, of an aryan SKR. oile
He
be wont'.
'to
(yo/ie)
ofr.
fr.
oi/e
'oil'
/ii/i/e
ointment
=
The
.
Teut.
a
to
points
.me.
(lat. oletwi). oincmcnt fr. oer.
=
goth. oignemeni: deriv. of fr. oindre ohc. g. ai/s, ON. d{/r, Dv. ecd lat. ungere vb. 'anoint eid 'oath': teut. aipa- fr. a preold me. old OE. did (fald) Teut. TEUT. oito- in oiR. oeth 'oath'; perh. base alda- =^ osax. aid, ohg. g. pih
OE.
df>
,
.
I
:
\'^ ai in
oho. hva
oats ME.
(Hes
'law'.
\A\\x.
of
all,
ote
oe.
dta.
oblige
obtain
odd
vb.
ME.
oblige
=
fr.
lat. obligare.
obliger,
fr.
.ME.
kr.
odde
obtoiir.
'distinguislied, special': loanword fr. on. oddi 'a triangle', which also means 'an
ON.
rt'/i'//-,
du. oud 'old'; cogn.
and usalpan A primitive teut. 'grow old'. and ARYAN v^d'/'grow' cp. in GOTH w. GOTH,
ala7i
on 'on',
ON. a
=
ME. G.
al-pcis 'old'
LAT. alcre 'nourish OE.
on
=^-
an ohg. ana,
(fo r *a//) avu, SKR. ana.
GOTH, DU.
.
ana «
GR.
once
152
once ME. monly OE.
an
eines.
(com- orto); GOTH, aurtja 'gardener' and genitive of OHG. orzon 'cultivate' point also to one; cp. G. einst OHG. i^kT.hortus. Tlier/? of the E. word one me. on oe. an fr. is owing to a fusion oi t -\-
ones late oe. dues
cknes)
= —
orig.
;
a Teut. base aina-z ON.
= GOTH,
DU. een, G. inferred
eimi,
may be
oino-s
otter
(oe.
lat. iinus
cymr.
ort
is
added
OE.
yard yard and garde fi) yard).
-\-
aryan 'garden' (cp.
«>?. fr.
j^
ains,
explanation of lat.
in
TEUT. ort). ordain vb. me. ordainc of'/'o'c; cogn. w. SKR. e-ka 'one'. onion me. onioiui fr. fr. oignon ordener lat. ordinar e. whence also flam, anjoen DU. ME. ordre fr. fr. ordre (for oinoi),
iR.
^^/z,
?^?/,
hortus
gr.
(=
0'D\j,onJunn: source lat. whence also o^. ynne
fr.
ajnin
fi/iw(netn)
'onion'
,
fr.
\vest-teut. *unnjon-
dn/k 'unique'.
ooze me. 7vp'se)
ordure
(vShakesp.) 'excrementME. ordure fr. fr. ordure.
=
on/k
oe.
ais
oe.
7e'p'se
7i:'p's
(infl.
a Teut.
fr.
zw 'wetness'; cp. MLG. ivbse 'juice'. or conj. ME. or shortened fr. base
dr 'brass' =^ goth.
{ciiza-sviipa
origin me. origine
'copper-
fr.
fr. origine.
orison 'prayer' me. oreisoun fr. FR. oraison 'prayer': source lat.
which supplants under the influence divder dJnvccder =^ me.
an earlier
OE.
'brass'
smith), on. eir, ohg. er 'lirass'; cogn. w. lat. aes 'ore, bronze',' SKR. ay as 'iron.
From^one.
'juice'; perh. 7va7isa- in on.
(nom. or do).
ordineni
ore ME. or
TEUT. iinjon-. only ME. on// earlier
ofr.
fr.
— ordre = lat.
=
oratio-nejn.
od^-,
orts ME. ortes plur. of a sing. of OE. ^ort OE. '^oret for '"or-cet; cp. LG. anther outlier 'either' ('one of two') ort 'what is left by the cattle or adv. 'ere'ME. or late oe. (i^are) in eating' and goth. tizeta 'crib OE. odde
'or'
:
dr\
See
commonly
prefix or 'out ostrich ME.
oe. chr me. er 'ere'.
ere.
= G.
offen,
OSAX.
=
opan,
ohg.
offan.
du.
open,
=
Strauss)
and
v^''^ i^^ ^"^• ostriche ofr. fr.
fr. auirnehe; source LAT. avis struthio 'ostrich', whence OHG. struT^ (g. 7'Oge/ OE. stryta
me. oreiigc fr. ofr. orcnge FR. oraiige. open ME. open oe. open. fr. a
orange
Teut. base opana-
ostruche
and
,
other ME.
also other
it.
struzzo.
oe. pder
fr.
a
ON.opinn. The adj. has the form Teut. base anpera-^=GO'vii.afif>ar, of a participle and points to a ohg. G. du. under, on. annarr lost verbal root {eupl wepl^. cogn. w. lith. antras, sk.k. antara orchard me. orchard oe. orcerd and anya 'other'. du. older ort-j^eard (= goth. atirtiotter me. otcr oe. otor \
=
\
gards 'garden ) horttis
:
(for the
adoption of lat.
mute
//
cp.
it.
g.
otter
ohg.
teut. \^otra-
ottar,
on. otr
:
base
= aryan udro- cogn.
ouch w. zvater; otter prop, 'the water Cp. gr. vdga 'a water-
animal'.
153
pack
An ARYAN
type
GR.
oven'.
inrdc,
iiqno- is
found
in
snake and closely allied to the over ME. prer oe. ofer =- goth. Teut. group OSLOV. vydra, lith. ufar, OHG. u^ar, on. ofr, DU. tidra 'otter'. ohg. ui>iri. 07'er; cp. G. il/>er ouch ME. (?//r//i'coii!monlv noiichc Outside of the Teut. languages, 'necklace, collar' fr. ofr. nouche GR. vTTfp and SKR. updri 'above' are cognate. prop, nosche (= OHG. nusca).
=
ought ounce
owe
might.
ME. oun{e source lat. uncia,
fr.
fr.
once.\
whence
also
our
ME. oiire oe.
= GOTH,
for
lire
'^tlsre
=
owe
ME.
:
SKR.
i?ic h.
vb.
oe.
agan
GOTH, aigan, OHG. possess' aryan \^ aik in eigan 'possess'
—
'possess'. ought me. pughte OE. dhte is the pret. tense of OE. dgati and me. mven oe. If
unsara: from the Teut. own ohg. eigan G. pron. uns\ cp. us. dgen is part. ousel ME. p'se/ OE. psle (or *of//s/e eigen, osax. egan. The vb. own TEUT. avisla r= OHG. avisala o. me. pune OE. dgnian 'possess' is iwisel 'ousel'. a deriv. of the adj. own. out ME. oute OE. jite earlier lit owl ME. ouk OE. lile fr. a Teut. GOTH. ///, ox. lit, OHG. f/T^ G. base uunvaldn-\ cp ohg. uwila G.
^
=
atis,
DU.
ME.
fr.
litlaga
Cp. SKR.
uit.
outlaw
lid 'up, out'.
outla^ve
on.
(=
source
a
oven G.
=
ME. m'cn oe. ofen ofen, uu. oven, on. ofn
preserved
pace FR. /(7jr
pack
in oe.
to
a
The word
is
sound-imitation.
=
ME.
aiihsa,
:
and GOTH, aiihns 'oven'; an original meaning of the Teut. word is
*ugg7(.ialdn-.
ox OE. OXa GOTH. ohg. ohso g. ochse, on. ^av type ?m, DU. f?^' ox Teut. base ohsan-, ARYAN iikson- in SKR. uksan 'ox', ohg. CYMR. ych.
vk. ou-
i.at.
sw. ugia points
on.
(7//r;
GOTH.
ox
fr.
ultra-ticuvi). oz
lat.
cp.
litlagi;
and see iajc. outrage me. outrage
£xlex
trage
OE.
late
ofnet 'vessel'.
=oyster FR.
me. oistre hiiitre
LAT. ostrea, g.
austcr,
fr.
whence ]ju.
ofr. oistre
'oyster':
source
also oe. pstrc,
oester.
ME. /rf/^ /^w borrowed i.x.\paquet\ bret. /^/^': source and LAT. passiis 'a step'. history of the group unknown.
=
sb.
ON. pakki,
ME. packe g. pack,
=
it.
du. pa/i,
pacco,
fr.
—
package formed by adding
the fr. suffix -age
= lat.
-aticum
154 to
pact
the
formed
pall
—
pack. packet pair ME. peir fr. fr. paire (= the fr. dnnxw. paquet. SPAN. pa7-, IT. paro pajo) source adopted fr. fr. pacte =^ L\T. par 'alike', whence mhg. par sb.
fr.
:
j
pact
j
See peer. LAT.pac/uw, whence also it. paf/o, 0. paar 'pair'. DU. G. pacht 'rent-contract'. palace me. paleis palais fr. fr. paddock ME./<:z^M>/('; the ending palais, whence also mhg. palas -ock is a dimin. suffix as in bulsource (rare paleis) G. palast: lock, hillock. Primit. ME. /«c/^/^ MED.-LAT. palatium. 'frOg'=SCAND./
i
I
page sb. ME. paj:;e fr. 'sw. page (whence G. page). Source gr. a
Tiaidiov
little
'pale'.
pale
ME. pdl{e)
sb.
'stake'
FR. pale 'stake or pole'.
boy'.
fr.
Source for the
page sb. (of a book) fr. ofr. LAT. palus 'a stake'. page. Source L.A.T. /
—
pageant orig. "the Source 'LXt par aver edus 'an extra movable scaffold on which the old post-horse' which is also the mysteries were acted' me. pagent source of OUG. p/er/rul G. p/erd earlier form pdgiue 'pageant'. and IT. palafreno, svAl^.palafren. Source med.-lat. pagina "scaffold The Lat. word is a compound of L.\T. pagina 'a page also 'a GR. Tiagd and gallo-lat. veredus plank of wood'. For the excres- 'horse' {rheda is Gallo-Lat. for cent / xxv pageant cp. parchjnent. 'travelling carriage' and ve is a pail me. pail OE. pcej^el 'bucket' Celt, prefi-x) hence nuga-veredus ^='DX.. pegel pcil, hG. pegel, whence was orig. the horse in reserve . 'page'.
.
—
=
,
;
G./
pain
ME.
peine
is
borrowed.
=
palisade Shakesp. palisado peine: FR. palissade, span, palizada, it. whence also palizzata. All equiv. and deriv.
fr.
fr.
source lat. poena, fr. lat. pdlus 'a stake'. pine. Cp. painim MK.painim heathendom' pale and pole. fr. OFR. pacnhne lat. pagapall ME. pal OE. pcell: source nismus 'heathendom'. The adoption lat. pallium. paint vb. me. painte peinte vb. cannot have occurred before borrowed fr. fr. peint, part, of the literary period of Anglopeindre hh.T.pingere 'paint'. See Saxon, as we should expect an OE. form *pelle *pylle 'wrapper'. depaint. OE. //// =: E.
=
=
palm
—
155
parchment'
ofr. LAT. piUUi cannot be the source, teler') 'gasp, pant'; cp. e. pantas (in falconry) as it never was the ecclesiastical pantais terminus technicus, but rather 'a disease of hawks'.
=
pantaloons fr. fr. pantalon. word prop, meant FR. palm inner part of the ME. piuime palme'. liorrowed fr. trowsers worn by the Venetians Source who were called Fantalone after OFR. palme pauvie.
pallium.
hand The
=
the patron Saint of Venice, St. palm of the liand' Pantaleone. under fohn fccl^. (cogn. 2 pantry me. pan{e)trie fr. fr. OE. 'a tree' me. palm palm sb. paneterie lat. (derived fr. lat. panis a bible word, palma palm: LAT./(?////r? 'the OY..
\v.
'a
'bread').
palm-tree'.
palsy ME.
oldest form
source
fr. paralysk:
fr.
parlesie
pal{e)sie
LAT. paralysis 'palsy', which was used in OE. as paralysis.
=
paper
me. paper
=
FK.
fr.
(cp.
papier also taper),
earlier
lat.
paper papyrus
whence
also
In late oe. (ii"' papier. cent.), a rare paper (cp. OHG.
G.
V)\J.
OHG. patfiu-) 'papyrus is found. pfanna pfanne, on. sw. pa/i/ia, paradise me. paradis (parais) DXJ. pan: rEvr.panvia is regarded fr. OFR. paradis (parais pareis) as a transformation oi'LMi. patina it. FR. paradis paradise. (or rather *pat/hi) 'a basin'. Source LAT. paradisus, whence me. pane pane 'patch, piece, also OHG. OSAX. paradis G. parapane fr. fr. pa/i a pane, piece, dies, DU. paradijs on. sw. dan. or pannel source lat. pannus The corresp. oe. term paradis.
pan ME.
OE. panne
G.
—
,
,
:
"a
—
panel was neorxnawgng. piece of paramour me. parajnour 'lover, cloth (= DU. paneel) fr. OFR. Source the fr. concubine'. panel VK.patineati. Source a lat. phrase /(?;- amour by love' (cp. me. type panellus fr. pannus. par fay 'by par de by God' breadpannier me. panier my faith' and perhaps^. basket" fr. FR. panier (= lat. parcel me. parcel prop. par(iH cloth,
rag,
patch'.
pannel me. pand
'a
—
panarium 'bread-basket', whence also
uu. paander,
os.\x.
paneri,
OHG.' ^fanari).
pansy borrowed derived (cp.
G.
from
fr.
fr.
fk. penst'e:
penser
7'ergissfncinnicht
name of
'tliink'
as
the
fr.
FR. parcelle
ticella
derived
parch pierce
vb. fr.
(lat.
type
fr.
'^par-
particular prop, the same
yw^.
.
as
perchc perec.
parchment
me. parc/iejnin
fr.
FR. parchemin
(du. perkameni
fr.
l.at. source OFR. parcamiti) a flower). cent, (charta) parchment'. \^^^ pante paunte pergamena pant OKR. pantoycr (cp. fr. pan- Tlie city of Pergamon in Asia fr. vl).
:
156
pardon
—
pastry
Minor was famous
for the inpart sb. ME. part fr. fr. part source vention of parchment. The ex- (= SPAN. it. parte) crescent / in ^Y.. parchment is the lat. pars-partem. part vb. same as in tyrant; cp. pageant. ME. parte vb. fr. fr. partir
—
:
=
pardoim from LAT. partiri partire 'divide, -part FR. pardon: source lat. perpartake vb. me. part take; donare 'remit a debt', whence cp. G. tell fiehviefi. party sb.
pardon
sb.
,me.
.
—
FR. pardonner. pare vb. me. pare
fr. parer
fr.
^= LAT. parare. parish me. parisshe
—
fr. partie, wlience MHG. partie G. partei, DU.
^]K. partl(e) fr.
\
also
=
lat. type IT. partita earlier partita. FR. partridge me. pertriche fr. ofr. parosche fr. ofr. paroche i^.\T. whence also DU. patrijs source para'eia pertris, paroisse: (gr. ter- (ouu. pertrise) source hkT.perdix77 agor/.ifi), an ecclesiastical \partij; \
=
:
minus technicus.
peraice?n.
parvis me. parvis fr. YK.parz'is park short for OE. porch of a church'; ident. w. The church-porch pearroc\ ident. w. uu. mlg. /<^r/i paradise. paritory see peliitory.
park
ME.
'a park', ohg. pfcrrih G. pferch 'an inclosure, sheepfold': source a Celt, base parraka- (parrika-)
is
called
paradise
in
several
(asp. the
languages of Rome, was portico
Peter's church, called parco. paradisiis). SPAN, parra 'fruitwall, espalier pass vb. ME. passe (pd(e) vb. for vine' and provenx. parran fr. FR. passer (it. med.-lat. 'small garden'. passare 'step, walk fr. lat. passus passage me. passage parlour me. parlour fr. fr. 'step'. in FR. pare,
Cogn. w.
it.
St.
i
—
parloir 'conversation room' (fr.
fr.
parler 'speak).
earlier
=
fr.
Perrot
—
passenger
passager me. passagir; cp. niesseng er for the secon-
parrot for earlier (15'' cent.) perrot
FR. passage.
Pierrot dary n.
used paste sb. ME. paste fr. ofr. (in FR. pate source late for a sparrow). paste parsley me. persll earlier form lat. pasta 'paste'. — lat. pastern earlier pastron reprepetroselipersil fr. FR. persil little
as a
Peter
fr.
also
=
name
;
num
sents an unrecorded ME.*past(ii)roun fr. the synon. ofr. pastiiron lat. =^ FR. paturon. nipe fr. ofr. pastenaque pastime for pass-time, an imiJyasiinaea 'parsnip'. parson me. persoun ident. w. tation of the synon. fr. passe-te?nps. 'parsley' (cf. G. oe. peter silie). parsnip late me. parsnipe pas-
=
person, med.-lat. persona also meant 'curate, parson'.
pastry \
sb.
me.
pdst^
OFK.pastc' (earlier p(fstet//,
pie'
fr.
whence
—
patch
=
DU. ODU. pasteide derived fr. l.A.'V. pasta
=pastei) paste. :
157
peat
vb. ME.
pay
vb.
paie
FR.
fr.
=
payer ([)rop. 'satisfy, content' patch ME. pacc/ie; perh. ident. LAI', pacare 'pacify'), whence also DU. paaien 'pay \v. LG. plakke 'a piece'. .
oe. peep
ME. path
path
^= du.
pea
(plur.
fr.
peas)
ME. pcs(e),
t)f which was considered pad, OHG. p/at/i pfad G. pfad the a way': Teut. base papa-, not to be the me. plural ending. fr. cogn. w. GK. narog 'a way, pes points to oxfr. pels SKK. pat/i 'a way", avest. /^/ 'a Source lat. Lt;.
JT
=
pais.
But cp.
way'.
oe.
pappa7i
'tread',
'LG.pcddeji vb. 'tread', ^incpfetten.
whence
fr.
FR. patron 'pattern'.
pause adopted
=
fr. pause
LAT. pausa. me.
vb.
pave fr.
fr.
pave
FR. paver 'pave'
borrowed
sb.
rowed
t^OUe
(=r PROV.
Celt,
is
orig.
=
peach
late
me. peehe
fr.
fr.
word, persoc
G. pfirsich, 'a
HM.perzik, oe.
peach' are
borrowed.
sb.
borrowed
FR.
fr.
pan
'a pawn, gaj^c, pledge'; perh. ident. w. ofris. du. pand,
OHG. pfatit
G.
pea with the by-form pmva 'peasource lat. pavb-neviy cock :
or Tent.
pawn^
OFR. pais
pa ce7/i).
;
G.
pfote: whether the base pauta
poot,
{=
mlg. pais) fr. FR. paix (lat. pax-
peacock me. pe-cock and peaident. w. du. paw') ME. pc-hcTine point to oe. hen it is uncertain
'a
panta
bor-
ME. pane pone
OFR.
fr.
earlier pais
MLG. peis,
pee he for pesche ^= it. pesca, lat. (lat. pavire persieuni 'a peach'. Fr. the lat.
beat').
paw
also oe. pisu.
peace me. pes
pattern me. patroun borrowed DU.
pea',
pisut/i
whence pfau,
T>\J.
pauw,
oy<.
pfawo
0.
pdfugl\ cp.
FR.
paon peacock". pear me. pere oe.
= ODU. pere,
pfand.
ohg.
also
p'eru 'a pear'
DU. lg. peer
loan-
chess) me. paun fr. OFR. poon word fr. the equival. 'LKI. pirimi poun fr. fr. pio/i source (whence also G. birne) paon peon 'a pear'. Cp. perry. poire 'a footman iT.pedone prop, (lat. pearl .me. pi'r/e fr. fr. per/e =^ Cp. ox. ped-madr pedo-neni). OHG. perala G. perk, IT. perla pawn at chess. paxwax late me. pax-vcax source lat. pirula (for pilula 'a tendon of the neck'; cp. ohg. little ball'?). 7valtowahso, ofris. laaldeTvaxe'n&rpeasant fr. fr. paysan; cp. vus' and 7tiax for the second ele- pheasant fr. fr. faisan and see
pawn-
sb. (at
borrowed
=
:
=
:
:
ment of the compound. The part of
E.
7C'ax
obscure.
is
pax-tcax (dial.
e.
first
fax-
parehment. peat for beat (see purse for the cliange of b to /).
'58
pebble
and
me. pibbel-stgn
sb.
pebble
pubic -sign OE. papol-stan popol-stiin 'a
a var. of pick.
vb.
pellitory sb. late me. paritorie fr.
to
pebble-stone'
peck peck
penny
sb. ME.
'a
measure'; pekke perh. akin to fr. picotin 'a mea-
plant of the walls'? pelt sb. ME. pelt 'a sheep-skin" =r du. pelterij, mlg. (e. peltry G.
sb.
pedant
ir.
du.
g.
borrowed
pedant)
pidant,
{-=
dan. fr.
fr.
IT.
the ultimate
pedantc,
source of which
is
gr. naidiveiv
educate'.
petigrif.
late
me.
pelliccia.
Cp.
=
a
fr. pelisse, pi Ich.
OE.
piltan
Source
pyltan.
petegrcw LAT. pultare 'beat, strike'?
adopted
perh.
peWiz,.
pellieia
\.y\>e.
Source
pelt vb. ME. pelte also pilte pulte, the latter forms corresponding to
pedigree
OHG.
pelz
Rom.
ident. w.
¥K. pelletrie);
fr.
peltrte
sure'.
sw.
FR. paritoire, which goes back a LAT. type "^parietaria 'the
fr.
fr.
pcnne.
peel vb. adopted fr. fr. pcler. feather'. Source lat. peUis 'skin'.
pen
fr. borrowed Source lat. pe^ua
sb.
pen
pied de grite 'a crane's foot'?
fr. 'a
vb. ME. peuiie oe. onpennan
peep' vb. 'chirp ME. *pepe pipe 'impound, enclose': prob. conborrowed fr. FR. piper. Source nected with poiind'^ and lg. GR. LAT. pipai-e vmniQ^iv bolt* 'bar, fippcuiieii topeunen sound - imitation; for chirp': 'open'. variant in form see pipe.
=
peep^
vb. 'look pryingly';
Oi'K.piper 'peep' 'the
—
peep of
—
la pipe
me. penaunce older pen'eance
penance
cp.
du jour
penance
fr.
=
ofr. lat.
poenitcntia 'penitence'.
day'.
pencil orig. 'a hair-brush* me. per borrowed penfcl fr. ofr. pincel FR. pinceau fr. OFR. per peer fr. pair. Source a brush'. Source lat. penicillus LAT. par 'equal'; see pair. 'a brush', whence also
peer
sb. uv.. pere
painter's
peer'
vb.
'appear'
=
me.
pere
short for ME. apperc appear. =^ lg. peer'- vb. 'pry' me. pire
G. piiisel.
me. penoun pennon 'a flag, streamer' (for the secondary / of piren look closely'. peevish adj. MR. pevisch peviche pennant see pageant, parchpevdge. The ending (cp. par- tnent). Source x.KX. penna 'wing, tridge and parisli) points to feather
pennon pennant
borrowed
fr.
ofr.
.
fr.
origin. peg sb. ME.
penny OE. pegge;
DAN. pig, sw. pigg pigge 'peg'.
akin to
'spike',
lg.
me.
(contr. pens,
peni
plur.
whence
e.
penies
pence)
OE. petii\ pennii^
=
osax.
penning pending du. pending penning ,
people
—
OHG. phantinc pfenting pfamig, on. penningr. pfenning The word may be derived fr. pan, so that the form of the the pennies may have suggested word or it may have been assobase "^pand ciated with the For the suffix under pawn'^.
penuifig,
people
rowed
MK.
farthing.
the plur. (cp.
paramoin-). me. peril
peril
Source
pi^ril.
'danger'.
me. perisshe borthe stem of some the fr. verb pcrir
vb. fr.
of
forms
fr.
fr.
lat. periciduni
perish
rowed 'perish'.
bor-
peple pdple
and per cas\ haps is of hap under happy
paratmtre
G.
-ing cp. s/iilling,
159
pester
ovK.piieple fr. peuple, wlience also Q,. p'obel. Source lat. DU. populus 'people' (cp. also fr.
deriwig formerly periwigge perborrowed fr. vv.. perruqiie {wi
7vicke
being
substituted
cp. also
for
G. perriicke,
fr.
i'l)
;
du. pruik.
peiipel.
periwinkle; cp. the synon. ME. pervenke oe. pervince. Source OHG. pfcffar DL-. peper, pipor lat. pervinca 'a twining plant'. G. pfeffer, on. piparr: borrowed perry adopted fr. fr. poir^ fr. LAT. piper LAT. (whence also it. fr. a me.
pepper
^
FR.
pepe,
piper
peper
'perry',
OSLOV.
Cp.
poivre).
oe.
pipru 'pepper'. vb.
perceive
formed
vulgar
type *piratus 'perry, drink
made
of pears' (^hr^.pirum under/ me.
('
(?";).
fr.
person me. pirsoun borrowed Source fr. FR. Source lat. personne.
perceive
OFR. percevcrvK. apercevoir. LAT. percipere 'apprehend'.
perch'
'a
rod'
persona; ident. w. parson. pert adj. ME. pert 'pert, plain, Source clever, bold'; cp. ouu. gepertich
me. pirche
the synon.
fr.
fr. pcrche. pertica 'a pole, bar?
The group FLAM, pertig 'alert'. fr. to back borapert. goes perch'rowed fr. FR. perche. Source lat. pertain vb. me. parUnc borgr. nBQv.ri a perch', row-ed fr. ofr. partenir. Source perca L.AT.
'a
fish'
.me. pc'rc/ic
=
—
perchance cp. perhaps. perdy (Shakesp.) by God' FR. par dieu 'by ME. par lie
L.\T.
pertinere 'belong'. ident. w. periwig.
peruke
=
pervious adj. borrowed fr. LA r. pcrvius 'passable'. perform vb. me. perfourtne earpest borrowed fr. fr. peste. lier parfourne borrowed fr. OFR. Source lat. pestis plague'.
God'.
!
!
parfournir 'perform
.
pester \b. short for imp ester ofr. fr. borrowed cjnpestrer have [5'*'cent.) and perchance fr. einpetrer. the FR. preposition par (per) in 'pester, entangle' of me. pera7
perhaps
(late
me. perhappous
i6o
—
pet
favored child' short
for earlier
adopted
fr.
OFR.
ME.
open gallery whence also du. Source
poie.
rails',
ofris.
put,
lax. podium
'a
plaintive
to
a
fr.
source.
pewter
pickle,
of pick 'pickout,
{^picknick KhowX. 1770). pie ME. pie fr. ?K. pie 'a broiled remnant of a shoulder of mutton'.
pie (in magpie) me. pie
points
ptiet
pekel,
ir.
and GERM,
=
so called from pie the earlier cry;
pewet peewit by-form
frequentative
viM.
picnic a modern word arising about 1 700 and soon received space', into FR. (^piquenique about 1740)
balcony'.
its
=
pdkel; prob.
fr.
(piiwe)
pile
elevated with
'an
piiie
an
G.
pekel
cleanse'.
FR. petit 'small'. sb.
sb. mk. pikel
pickle 'sxhO.
peat (me. */<7). petty adj. me. petit
pew
pile
late me. peuter
adopted
fr.
ofr.
LAT. pica.
piebald composed of pie magpie' and bald 'streaked'. piece ME. pe(e borrowed fr.
'a
fr.
piece.
a kind OFR. peutre (pcautre) pier ME. pere borrowed'fr. ofr. of metal'. It stands for "^peltre piere, VK.pierre = lat. /^/rrt; 'stone'. SPAN, peltre, it. peltro 'pewter'; pierce vb. me. perfe borrowed cp. DU. piaiiter. ME. byfr. FR. percer pierce'. pheasant me. fesaunt earlier form perche. ^= it. fr. fr. faisatt fcsaun piety adopted fr. fr. piiti Source lat. phasianus, fagiauo. lat. pietdtem; ident. w. 'piety' GR. (faGiavoq 'bird of Phasis in pity. Colchis', whence also ohg. fasdn pig ME. pigge. fr.
=
=
G. fasati.
late
pigeon
phial vial borrowed phiole (fr. Jiole). phiala, GR. (pidXr^
fr.
Source 'a
broad,
me. pigou/i fr. fr. lat. pipio{netii)
ofr. pigeo)i. Source lat. a, chirper'. See flat,
shallow cup'. borrowed philtre
pike piek,
.AiE.
pike
G. piek;
peep and pipe. oe. pic
=
du.
cp. pick.
from fr. pilch ME. pilche oe. pilce pylce IT. Source med.-lat. lat. philtrufn, fur. whence also fr. GR. ipiXTQOv 'a love potion'. pelliccia felt', phlegm adopted fr. m<. p/itegf/ie. pelisse and ohg. /
philtre.
^
Source
Source LAT.
GR.
phlegma a flame, pels
inflammation, phlegm'. pick vb. ME. pikke oe. pician
=
(primitive source
'fur
pellis).
la'J".
Cp. pelt.
pile' sb. 'an arrow' me. oe. /// DU. pijl, OHG. //// G. pfeil, picket borrowed fr. fr. piquet ON. pila) borrowed fr. lat. pilum picquet 'a little pick axe', dirain. 'a javelin', whence ov^. pile, span. LG.
uu. pikken,
G. picket!.
(=
:
of OE. pic
'a
pike'
under pike.
IT.
pilo 'a javelin,
pestle'.
The
pile
—
i6i
pipe
corresponding Goth, word was piloot, G. pilote. Origin unknown. arhwazna\ cp. on. gr, oe. earh The word occurs in Germ, and
=
areas.
LAT.
pile- sb. 'a
borrowed
castle pier,
=
IT.
'a
Engl,
heap' ^\¥..pile 'tower,
pyramid
SPAN, pila
fr.
ofr. pile a mole'
fr. pile 'a 'a
pillar,
trough',
///a 'trough'. Source hkT.plla See pillar. pier of stone'. sb. 'a
pile'^ in plur.)
fr.
pile^ sb.
tumor' (now used lat. pila 'a ball'.
'hair'
peil FR. poll
borrowed
=r=
Source lat. pilus
SPAN. 'a
fr.
borrowed
fr.
cent.;
15'*^
first
appears
Perh.
piloto.
in
the
in
the It.
word became European through the commerce with Genoa and Venice.
pimpernel
sb.
fr. pi?nprenelle
fr.
pirnpinelle. pin sb. ME. OE.
=
du. lg. pinn Source lat. penna 'a pin,
ofr. pvn. nail'.
IT.
pelo.
hair'.
pinch fr.
pilfer
it
form
It.
the
since
Germ,
ofr. pelfrer
pine
borrowed
sb. me. pine oe. '^pin{trio)
pilfer'.
pilgrim me. pilgrim borrowed Source med.-lat. fr. ymG. pilgrim.
vb. me. pinche
FR. pinccr.
borrowed fr. lat./?//«j" whence v^.pin (pv. pijn),
'piue-tree': 'a
pine,
SPAN. IT. pino 'a pine-tree'. peregrhius (late lat. pelegrhius), vb. :\rE. p/ne oe. pinian whence FR. pHerin, it. pellegrino, pine ON. pina, du. pijnai, 'torment' span, peregrino, du. pelgrim. OHG. pfuibn pinon (g. peinigeii) G. dan. borpille prob. pill OHG. pma G. deriv. fr. oe. pin rowed fr. the dimin. fr. pilule.
=
=
:
=
LAT. pilula 'a pill'. pillar ME. pilcr borrowed FR. pilicr (= SPAN, pilar,
Source 'L\'v\pcvna (pronounced pen a). pinfold; see pound'.
pein.
Source
fr.
IT.
pint sb. late me. pinfe fr. FR. Source med.-lat. pilare piliere). pifile (whence du. /////, lg. pinle pilar ins (LAT.p/la) 'pillar, whence
source lat. pine/a. also OHG. /i/ilari G. p/eiler; DU. 'can): me. pippe =^ DU. lg. ///, sb. pip pilaar is fr. pilier, but du. pijler
borrowed fr. G. pips OHG. ppijfiz, LAT. pilare. a vulgar lat. pippita (=r lat. me. borrowed sb. pilory pillory 'phlegm', whence also fr. fr. pilori 'a pillory'. pituitei) FR. pipie, SPAN, pepita, it. pipita. OE. sb. me. :
is
pillCA^
pilwe
=
pyle OHG.
=
DV.pijp, pipe sb. ME. o^. pipe also pfuhvo G. pfiilil: -LG. pipe, OUG. pfi/a G. p/eife, ON. borrowed fr. lat. pulvinus 'cu- pipa borrowed fr. med.-lat. pipa, shion'. whence also the synon. fr. pipe, Cp. cushion.
*pyhvc
du.
peidinv
,
pfuliwi(n)
:
pilot sb. =^ SPAN.
borrowed
fr. "EK.
IT.
pilota
piloto English Etymology.
,
SP A^i. pipa, \T. piva. DU. ptpare 'chirp'.
pilote
Source lat. 11
l62
pit
—
plant
=
flat-fish', whence also du. pladijs, pit sb. ME. /// OE. pyt (tt) DU. put, LG. ///// OHG. piizzi pfuzzi G. platteise. G. pfiitze: TEUT. putjus: borrowed me. plain borrowed
plain adj. LAT. puteus 'a well, pit", whence fr. fr. plain (whence also DU. also XT. pozzo, SP.M
=
pit'.
ME. pick OE. pic =r= OSAX. ODU. pik DU. pek, OHG. pi/l
pitch
sb.
heh (hh) G.pech, on. Ink: borrowed fr. LAT. pix (pic-) 'pitch', whence
also FR. poix,
SPAN, pez,
it.
pcce
,
sb. me. pleine adopted FR. plaine == span, plana, it. Source lat. pldnntn 'a piano.
plain
fr.
plain'.
plaint sb. me. pleintc plainte FR.
(=
plainte
'pitch'.
pitcher
sb.
^sxy..
piccher
borrowed
Source med.-lat.
OFR. picker. a by-form of late lat. bicdrium under beaker. fr.
picdriiivi,
lat.
fr.
planctus
'lamentation'). plait vb. ME. plaiie 'fold' derived fr.
OFR. pleit
(ploit)
Source hxi. plicare
adopted
plan
sb.
'fold'.
'fold,, braid'.
fr.
fr.
plan,
pith sb. ME. pithc OE. pida cog- whence DU. G. Source plan. nate w. DU. /// ODU. pitic 'pith' i^KT. planus 'flat, plane', whence and MLG. pedik 'pith'. A WestSee plain, SPAN, plan, vv. piano. Teut. hsise pipan- is to be assumplane. ed, perh. a teut. pipwon- inplane adj. borrowed fr. fr. stead of qipwoii-: \^git^ plane (= span, piano, it. piano). pittance sb. WE..piiaun(c (^MhG. Source lat. pldnus 'flat, level'.
borrowed fr. FR. pitance plane sb. 'a carpenter's tool' 'meat, food, daily subsistance'. late ME. plane borrowed fr. FR. pity sb. ME. pi/c fr. fr. pitiL plane. Source med.-lat. plana Source LAT. pieidiem. 'a carpenter's tool. du. me. pldne{-tre) place ME. place fr. fr. place
pita/icic)
=
plane-tree
(:=
SPAN,
IT.
plaza,
Source lat. platea
^=.
gr.
piazza). plaan-boom
fr. vb..
nXavHa lat. platanus 'plane-tree'. plank ME. planke borrowed
pla/z and du. plaats are also of Fr. origin.
'a
street'.
G.
Source
plane.
fr.
{=
span. onfr. planke fr. planche Source it. plague ME. (14'^ cent.) plage plancha pianca). whence du. adopted fr. lat. pldga 'an injury' MED.-LAT. planca whence du. plaag OHG. pldga plank, G. planke. G. plage and it. piaga, fr. plate. du. plant ME. plante oe. plant ,
,
,
plaice ME. plaife borrowed
=
fr.
Source FR. plaise OFR. pla'ise. MED.-LAT. platisa prop, platessa 'a
plant,
OHG. pflanza
(on. planta^ whence also
:
G.
pjlanze
LAT. planta, fr. plante, span. fr.
plash
—
163
pluck
planta, Yi. piauta. In me. we find plaide also plaunte sb. vb. as adap- argue', 'sue'. tion of FR. plante planter.
—
—
plantain me. plantain {^plauntalnf)
Source
fr.
fr.
whence
plead, plaider also DU. pleiten
please vb. me. plese borrowed
OFR. plesir plaisir (fr. plaire Source lat. placere 'please'). (^plantagineni) pleasure (late me. 'please'. plantain'. fr. the fr. fr. borrowed iME. plasche plcsilre iS'*" cent.) plash DU. plas 'water- infinit. plaisir, but influenced by ODU. plasch abstract nouns such as nature puddle'.
borrowed
ix.'SH^.
plantain.
LAT. plantago
fr.
'a
plaster me. piastre plaister fr. whence OFR. piastre (^plaistre
—
leisure.
pledge sb. me. plegge fr. ofr. Source plcge (FK.pleige) 'a surety', which IT. is related to OSAX. plegan ohg.
,
fr. platre. v>\!.pleister^ cp.
GR.-LAT.
ltf.ivXaGt()nv
=
etnpiastro,
fr. C7}iplatre
'plaster'. pfl'egan
^=
med.-lat. plastrum 'gypsum, wlience OHG. LAT.
emplastrutn
pjfastar G. pfastcr. plat plot ME. OE. plot
(tt).
See
plot.
plate ME. plate OFR. plate plaite
borrowed 'plate
-
fr.
answer
'be
responsible
for,
for'
(cp. plight). plenty me. pleftte fr. ofr. plenty, source LAT. plenitatem.
plier see ply. plight sb. me. plight oe. pliht formed by means of the abstract
armor, formative
-/
from a vb. seen
in
whence oe. pldoft 'risk' (ohg. pplegan G. ingot, silver' 'EB.. plat Source a pfiegen whence G. pflicht 'friendly DU. plat, G. platte. MED.-LAT. plata 'plate of metal' care, interest'). FR. plot^ short for co7nplot (gr. TjXavvc). ,
=
fr. peloton
platoon
fr.
'a ball,
complot
plot
platoon'.
2
'a
conspiracy'.
sb. ME.
oe. plot
{tt).
plough ME. plough plow oe. platter me. plater fr. ofr. platel fr. plateau also ploh ----- DU. ploeg, OHG. pfluoh a plate'
=
'waiter'.
play
pjfuog vb.
ME. plaie pleie
OE.
play^ and play sb. ME. The other plaie pleie OE. pl'ega.
pli'gian
G. pflug,
ON. plogr.
This
group plohu- plogu- was borrowed by the Slav, (serb.-
Teut.
RUSS. plugu, LiTH. pliugas').
TEUT. languages have no such plover ME. ploz'er borrowed fr. Source OFR. plovier fr. pluvier. root as pleg play'. plea sb. ME. /// plai 'debate' a LAT. type ^pluviarius 'rainy'. fr. OFR. pie plai with the bypluck vb. ME. plukke plokke forms plait plaid. Source med.- (^pUccIic) Oi\. pluccian (oe. *plyccan') DU. plukke?!, OHG. *pjlucchen lat. placittwi 'a decree, sentence'plead vb. me. plede *pflockon G. pfii'uken, on. plokka. -
—
=
11*
164
plug
—
poll
*piluccdre =^ poach vb. 'dress eggs' fr. fr. ^ Vulgar pocher. poach vb. 'intrude pibtccare, fr. ipliicher. LAT. *pililccarc (whence me. pilken into preserves' borrowed fr. fr.
Source a lat. type
1
—
\T.
one pocher from poche
hairs
pluck") prop, 'pluck
by one'
an extension of lat.
is
'a
pouch'.
pace -=- mdu. pilare. pocke, DU. pock, G. LG. pocke 'small pocket me. poket fr. ofr. plug sb. ident, w. du. plug, pox'. LG. plugge i^plucU) late mhg. pfloc poquette, dimin. oi owi. pocke poche See poke. G. pflock 'plug'.
pock
pokke
-siF..
of.,
—
.
ME.
plum
=
i^plymi)
oe.
ploume
plmne
DU. pruim, LG. priime
poignant
adj. uf.. poi?iant
FR. poignant.
fr.
j^aunt
—
pom-
(Source
point me. point plmnc, OHG. pfruma beside p/if/mo LAT. pungere'). teut. G. fr. FR. poi7tt (source lat. puncto r changed /) (lat.
pfaume: early loanword
lat.
fr.
prihium, whence also fr. prune, IT. prima. Cp. prune.
plumb
FR.
fr.
=
plotnb
lat.
plumbum.
plume
FR.
fr.
plume ^= lat.
plummet
^\y..
plommet borrowed
FR. ploinbet 'a plummet' lead'.
plump
borrowed
adj.
plunder plunder en
fr.
vb.
=
G.
mdu.
fr.
plunder n
weigh'.
'to
weigh'.
poison
'MF.
puisoun
=-
LAT.
ix.Y's..
poison
potio(nem)
'a
drink'.
'rob,
vb. MF. poke i^pouke pucke) DU. poken, mlg.
poke
'thrust, throw'
=
puken. vb. short for
plunge borrowed fr. dive', whence sb.
^V¥..
p lounge:
fr.
plonger 'duck, also du. plcmzen.
=
DU.
pluis
,
G.
borrowed fr. f^. peluche Yi. peluzzo. Source a lat. type
pliisch;
an *pilucia, pilus 'hair.
ply vb. me. FR. plier
Source
'to
peise
F^. peser Source lat. pensare
pock.
adopted
pillage'.
fr.
OFR. poiser peiser
poke sb. me. poke 'a bag' =^ ODU. poke, ON. poki. FR. poche is Cp. LG. perh. an Engl, loanword.
plump, DU. plomp.
=
fr.
dimin.
of FR. plo7ub
plush
'point'.
poise vb. me. poise earlier
'poison'
pliima.
fr.
tuni)
extension
of lat.
sb. 'a stake' MZ.pdle of. pal pale, pole': source lat. pains
pole 'a 'a
'
whence
stake',
mhg. pfal.
'fold,
adopted
bend,
lat. plicare 'fold'.
bow'.
pfahl ohg.
pole^ sb. 'a pivot' the synon. pol =^ lat. polus (GR. VOKOi^
FR.
a hinge'.
polish
vb.
polir {poliss^ pile 'bend'
G.
See pale.
me. polisshe 'polish'.
fr.
^
fr.
lg. poll ME. pol {II) 'head' ODU. polle 'head'; perh. ident. w.
bowll
pommel
—
i6'
port
pomel borrowed 'LA.i.popuPis 'poplar', whence also 'the DU. pop el and G. pappel. dimin. of a sword prop, poppy sb. ME. popy oe. popi~^ pommel LAT. pomum 'apple', pap(Ei (about 800). The suffix / pomp ME. pompe fr. lat. po?npa, (not producing umlaut) points to an older form -ang as in body, whence also fr. pompe. There are no Teut. holly. pond ME. pond pomh. ponder vb. borrowed fr. lat. equivalents. Usually considered to be borrowed fr. lat. papaver. pondcrare 'weigh'.
pommel
fr.
iME.
OFR. poffiel FR. ponuiican :
FR.
fr.
pontiff
pontif pontife,
LAT. pontifcx.
pontoon 'a
pontone
FR. ponton, it. fr. great broad bridge'.
=
sb.
porcelain
= fr. porcelaine,
DU. porselein, G. porzellan (since the 1 6th. cent.); the base is it. porcellana,
Venus-
'the
orig.
DU. shell', 'concha Veneris'; this havpol potP, i.G. pcV, OHG. P/ko/ G. p/u/i/; ing much resemblance to porce|)erh. akin to OE. ///// py// 'pool' lain, the name of the shell was — ON. transferred to that of the cerapollr 'pool, pond'. mic ware. poop borrowed fr. fr. poupe LAT. puppis 'the hinder ])art of porch sb. ME. porche borrowed ir. ^eK. porche: source l\t. portia ship'. sb.
pool
ME.
OE.
=
poor adj. .me. povrc fr. ofr. povre pamire (source lat. pauper^ 'poor'. pope ME. pope OE. papa =: LAT. The continental dialects papa. differ from the lat.-oe. forms; cp. o.SAX. pdlws, DU. pans, mhg.
=
I>a/>es
from which
ciis,
OHG. pforzih words.
porcudine 15'''
—
OE. portic
are
in
G.
go (now
back
the
and
porpefitine porpoint
which
in
occuring
16"* cent's
and loan-
earlier
the
forms
p07-kepin
OFR. pore =- it. porco porc-ipic^ to
pap St. espin popinjay late -sw.. popinjay earlier spino (porco spinoso) 'tliornbush papegai (=^ DU. papegaai, mlg. hog. pork 'flesh of swine' papegoie, G. papaga'i) fr. fr. pape- ME. pork 'pork, swine' fr. the gai OFR. papegay and papcgau synon. fr. pore {== hXY. porciis). Prob. derived fr. it. papagallo. port^ sb. 'harbor' me. Oe. port
—
=
Low
OR.
nanayug
i)ag/id '(PKKS.
name
=
bapga).
psittacus
arab.
The
agrees with
/>a-
or.
i''tTrny.oc.
poplar popiilier, fr.
the
lat. equival. port, it. porta') 'harbor', whence also ODU. port fr.
—
(^
fr.
'city'.
sb.
^\¥..
popl^r(e)
OMXi. popelier'.
-- DU.
borrowed
OFR. poplier t7= fr. peiiplier. fr. peuple 'poplar'
Source
'harbor
Lat. partus
=
a gate fr. fr. porte porta a gate', whence also OE. port or port-j^eat 'a gate',
=port'^ lat.
sb.
DU. poort,
G.
pfortc.
i66
port
port
3
'behavior'
sb.
me. port
power '
pound
ME.
oe. piind 'a
pound
=
FR. /f;/ 'behavior': deriv. of pound' (weight and money) OSAX. pimd, DU. pond, ohg. pfunt LAT. portare 'carry'. Port-wine orig. »\vine G pfund, ON. SW. DAN. pund porf* fr.
^
GOTH, ptmd:
of Oporto in Portugal«. vb.
portray
FR. portrairc.
me. pourtraie
—
portrait
fr.
= fr.
fr.
a pillar' me. O'e.. post early loanvv^ord
sb.
LG. post:
i.kT. postern
whence and FR. post^
(nom.
in
lat.
fr.
not
the
pondo fr.
lat.
'enclosure'
me.
(shortened in pon-, OE. pi'ind 'pound').
pun-
(indecl.)
also G. pfosten ohg. pfost poieau. 'mail service'
sb.
'pound',
in
the
cent. post'^ sb. poster,
poimd
'•^
sb.
'en-
closure' with the verb oe.
pyndan ME. pindc 'impound, dam up the == DU. water' on. pynda 'shut in'
=
The FR. poste, n. posta. word is a native of Italy and was borrowed from there by the modern languages
pound
sing, postis'), fglde
G. post,
G.
borrowed
cent.
pondns 'weight'.
portrait.
=post^ DU.
second
16**^
=
'a military post' DU. post fr. ir. posto
MF. pinfglde 'pound' (e. points to oe. pyndan mb. pindc^. Vr oh. pen oe. pennan is cognate, if the base *panjan goes back to an earlier form *pandjan: teut.
pinfold
\fpand pund.
pound vb. 'beat' we. poune oe. 'guard, post'. 'pound'; perh. cognate w. piinian pot me. oe. pot (tt), =^ DU. LG. DU. puiti 'ruin, rubbish'. ON. pottr (swed. potta, pot(ttj, pout vb. ME. polite 'sulk' (oe. DAN. potte); akin to YK. pot pout sb. (a kind *putian}). CVMR. pot, IR. pota. of fish) OE. piita or piite (in the second in the potato imported half of the \b^^ cent, together compound dleputan 'eelpouts'); DU. ///// a kind of fish. The with SPAN, patata from America cp vb. is derived from the word name was batata (in Hayti the the fish has (TE[JT.\'^pf/t): pout about 1530). its name from its pouting lips. pouch me. pouche 'bag' fr. ofr. pow^der sb. me. poudre 'hairpouche i^poche) 'pocket'; akin to FR. poudre, whence fr. powder poke. also DU. poeder, G. puder. Source sb. 'cliicken'
^
poult
{r=z^
late UK.pulte
t>oulletier. is
for
—
derived
pounce
fr.
pullet^
lat. pulverem (^pulvis), whence poulterer ex- G.pulver, Ti.polve 'dust, powdei-'. ME. piiltcr fr. FR. power me. pouc'r earlier poer fr. pouvoir; OFR. poer ^\f.. pultrie fr. poultry
fr.
(^pou/e 'hen').
tended
—
FK.poi//et 'chicken'
—
=
ME. piUter.
vb. see
punch.
ident. fr.
w.
it.
poterc
and
LAT. potest potui etc.
deriv.
proud
praise
sb. me. />?-a/s />re/s
praise
ident.
prcis,
pram
sb.
=
'a
p r ic e flat -
'prick,
Cp. imhg.
spur'.
[p/recken, o^.prikka: •VKVT.yi'~prik. prickle relation :siE. prikel
—
bottomed
oe. price/.
prahm, du. praam;
pride 'ME. pride OE. pryda: laut-relation to proiid.
on. prdmr, sw. pram. pram are of Slav, origin;
cp. OSLOV. pra7?tu the ARYAN \j"per
seen
ofr. \piici
fr.
.
j
\.o.
lighter' LG. pram,
DAN.
\\\1\\
167
fare prance vb. in
priest sb. iiE. prest oe. preost; ident. w. oho. prist priestar mhg. G. priester, osax. prestar, fr. pretre
belonging to 'cross,
um-
ferry'
vb.
for OFR. prestre: descendants of LAT. But presbyter priest'. ident. w. E. the sound points to Fr. origin. there are discrepancies in the phonetical development of the du. prate vb. late me. prate Rom. and Teut. forms. I.e. praten 'prate', dan. prate prime fr. fr. priiiie ^- lat. 'tattle'.
me.
praunfe vb. prank vb. me. prankc\
=
pray
me.
vb.
=
preie
fr.
me. prcche
vb.
fr.
primrose
fr.
fr.
^=
lat. prima rosa 'first rose'. prince me. prinfe fr. FR. prince (source lat. prinrose
prime
fr. prier pray' (source preicr LAT. prccari 'pray).
preach
—
ofr. primus.
fr.
— principefn =r
ceps
precher. Source church-LAT./;-rt'(?dicare preach', whence also OE.
—
vt. principe^, also o. prinz du. prins.
whence
print vb. me. printe short for predician, on. predika, du. preprenie imprente iV. fr. empreinte diken, osax. predikon, oho. presb. 'a stamp, print'; cp. fr. MHO. G. digon prcdigcfi preach'. lat. i^npr 1711 ere. enipreindre vb. ME. fr. ofr. press presse y\Y.. prison prisoun fr. yv^. prison; lat. pressare. prcsser source LAT. it. prehensio{nem) me. pretty adj. ^prM for prati prigione. and 'clever, 'pretty' cunning'; privy JiE. prive fr. fr. privi deceitful'.
=
=
=
The
OE./;y^/'/3 'tricky,
OE.
?,h.
prait p\ur. prattas means
'trickery. prey sb.
preie praie
LAT. privii tils').
(=rr
prize ^.ik.
ofr.
cf.
(hence DU.
sb.
preie prate
= fr. proie
fr.
'price'.
Source
fr.
prise
fr.
fr./;7.v.
YV^.priser;
— prize
'taking or capture e. g. of a ship' fr. fr. prise 'seizure (du.
proo'i) 'prey". Source lat. praeda. price sb. sw.. pris fr. ofr. pris prijs,
= FR. prix.
vl). MV..
e. prise
lat. pretium
G. prise).
proud
See prize.
(by-form
proud late oe. priid me. proiit late qe. prut
-ME.
prick sb. me. pricke {prike) OE. pretc); cp. ON. prtldr 'proud', dan. prud 'stately'. Cp. tlie umpricca {prica) 'prick, spike'. prick vb. me- pricke {prike ot. laut-relation/r^y^. Source ofr.
—
\
:
i68
prove
proud
Valiant"
(under prowess)
^= FR. preux.
prove probare,
MHG.
and
vb. ME. prove late OE. (c.
whence
fr.
lat.
also VK. proiiver,
pri'ieven G. priifen,
ON. profa
also me. preve prave 'prove'.
— The
sb.
proof
is
derived
the vb. (cp. ME. pre7>e prdve FR.
fr.
=
me. '^proue
fr.
pullet ME. polite 'a
young
hen',
oe. pullian
sb.
pulp
fr. prone
fr.
Y'S..
fr. pulpe
fr.
poulette
cp. poult.
=
pumpion lier
(divnin. pumpkijt) ear-
pompouu
Source IT.
L.\T.
fr. po7npon
fr.
one
fr.
=
under proud.
(=
kind of gourde'. pepo {= fr. pipon, 'a
pep popone). (iT.pruaproda, h.\T. pronr) 'prow\ prowess me. prouesse fr. ofr. punish vb. me. punisshe proucssc 'prowess', abstr. sb. of puiiir (^puniss-) 'fiunish'. ofr. prou proud late oe. prtid purblind me. purblind s.
lat.
piclpa 'pulp'.
DU. pompoeii)
fireu7'e^.
prow
ME. pulle
vb.
pull 'draw'.
ooo) prpjian: loanword
I
push
'blind as
?ipurl
O'E..
piir
fr.
orig.
means
proxy sb. earlier prockesy for the bird 'onocrotalus'; cp. 'Saved. procuracy; cp. proctor late me. purblind. LAT. procurator {em). proketour purchase vb. me. purchdce fr. prune sb. me. prime fr. fr. FR. pourchasser. lat. prunum\ cp. plum. prune purge vb. ME. purge fr. fr. pry vb. ME. prie oe. *prhvan purger. '"preowiaii, the root of which is purple ME. pjirpre fr. fr. evident in OE. bepriwan vb. 'wink LAT. purpura. pourpre witii the eye' preo7voihwil vb. ME. pwppse fr. purpose 'twinkling of the eye ofr. pourposer fr. proposer lat. psalm sb. ime. psalm
=
=
=
—
=
.
=
'propose'.
psalmus; already oe. salm. purse u^.purs late oe. (c.1050) puck sb. short for ME. pouke purs: loanword fr. ofr. borse OE. plica 'demon, hobgoblin' FR. bourse; cp. la.t. bursa. ON. puki imp' cp. OE. ptkel pursue vb/ me. pursue fr. ofr. 'demon', north-fries, puk 'mis=; FR. poursuivre (source porsnir chievous sprite with large eyes'. LAT. prosequi) 'prosecute'. pudding ME. pudding prob. vb. me. purvey porvcie fr. ofr. borrowed fr. FR. boudin 'blackfr. pourvoir (lat. pudding' (cp. ME. cuuing fr. ofr. porvoir
—
=
-
;
=
coniii
under cony). vb.
ME. puffe
OE. '^puffian puff aside of 0£. pyffan 'blow': teut.
base pufpon puffJan.
providere)
push push'
'provide'.
vb. ME. posse pusse {posshe) FR. pousser LAT. fr.
pulsare)
(=
'strike,
thrust'.
put
—
i6g
quench
put vb. ME. piite piitte vb. fr. OFR. boiiter "thrust' (cp. OE. throw, push, thrust' OE. (c. looo) purs 'purse' fr. ofr. borsc under potian 'thrust'; perh. borrowed purse).
kvenna {= oho. qu'eua kona, GOTH, qino); cp. late OE. c^venecp. IT. quaglia. Source a vulgar fugeVz. hen-bird' fr. the equiv. on. There was a genuine LAT. quaccola, whence also du. h'enfugl. kwakkel ^=^ ODU. quackele 'quail'. OE. corresponding cwine 'bad woquaint adj. me. queint, earlier man'. The group rests on a teut. me.
sb.
quail
guaille
=r
fr.
quaile
caile
a
fr.
ofr.
\
quail';
=
j
form
coint (quoint)
'famous, well-
\
q'enon- 'wife'
GR.
skr.
known, clever, neat, elegant': yvvi] loanword fr. OFR. comt 'neat, OSLOV. RUSS. tine'
=
LAT.
cognitus 'known'. vb. me. quake OE. ctvdcian
"quake";
=
cp.
oe.
civeccean
ODU. quecken "shake 'move' one's head': teut. \^qak.
qualm
qualm 'death, pestilence, torture' OE. cwealm death, pestilence': derived fr. the teut. isie.
\^ qel in oe. cw'elan me. quele vb. 'die'; cp. quell. quarrel me. qucrele fr. fr. quertlle
aryan gend\ cp. OIR. ben, gnd ,
zena
SERB,
I
quake vb.
,
=
LAT. querela
'a
gena word.
See
wife'.
the
,
PRUSS.
following
queen sb. me. quen oe. cwen queen, distinguished lady'; base GOTH, qbis, ON. qoni for qdni kvdn kvcen, OSAX. qudn 'wife': TEUT. qeniaryan. geni- {= SK.R. jdni 'wife') is of the same root as TEUT. q'enon- (see quean)
= =
--=
ARYAN gena.
quell vb. ME. quelle OE. cwellan com- 'kill': derived fr. the str. vb. OE. cw'elan me. qu(le 'die' (cp. qualtn).
plaint'.
quasshe They belong to the teut. y^ qel quash in G. qual ohg. osax. qudla OFR. quasser FR. casser 'break' source LAT. quassare 'to shake'. 'torment, torture': aryan V~ S^^ osLOV. zali quaver vb. derived fr. me. in HTH. geld 'grief vb. me.
=
vb.
fr.
=
;
—
qudve (oE. *ai>dj7a>i) vb. 'tremble'; cogn. w. me. quappe vb. 'tremble*.
quay ME. kfic
earlier spelling fr.
FR. quai.
keie
late
'suffering'.
quench cwcnccan derived
vb.
me.
wk.
vb.
fr.
oe.
=
quenche
oe.
'extinguish': d-cwincan 'be
ofris. kwinka queue oe. cwene exstinguished' woman': perhaps a scand. loan- 'vanish'. It is doubtful whether word cp. ON. kona G. plur. OE. cwinan 'to be exstin^uislied' is
quean
me.
I/O
—
-
question
connected with
quench
e.
kohief)
Source a
fr.
questiowi
fr.
question.
quick
adj. alive'
'living,
MHG.
OHG.
=
late
.
quitch-grass (also quick-grass me. *qjiicche; Oe. couch-grass^ cwice 'quitch-grass' answers to
quccksilber erquicken vb.
(g.
and
'quicksilver'
cwdtern)
me. qtiick oe. avicu osax. du. quik,
qu'ec
= FR. cahier
'copy book'. Latin quatcrnum 'collection of four leaves' {= it. quadertio 'a quire of paper', OE.
(du.
kwijneii 'wither').
question me.
quoth
G. keck (for DU. kweek, LG. queke, G. qu'ecke kvikr kykr: 'quitch-grass'. The name derives queck) 'pert', on. TEVT. -\/~q2q fr. ARYAN Y",f^^ in lat. fr. teut. quiku- 'alive' (under
refresh)
'quicken,
j
!
There quicU) because the weed seems gfw in not clearable.
vwo
(znxi-vicium-7'ivere^. exists an aryan doublet
GOTH,
qius (stem qkva-) adj. =^ SKR. Jiva, lith. gywas,
'alive'
lat.
vivus
GR.
alive'
'living,
See
'life).
i^/og
,
I
adv.
quite
me.
FR.
fr.
quite
quit.
(cp.
quiver
quitch-
vb. derived
fr.
the adj.
ME. quiver, late oe. cwifor 'lively, grass. OFR. quivrer westphal. brisk, eagerly'; cp. quill sb. ME. quille vb. 'awaken, encourage'. quie/e 'quill': teut. base qi/i-, perh. ident. \v. mhg. ki/ G. kic/ 'quill'. quiver sb. me. quiver fr. FR.
=
quilt cui/te
ME.
sb.
=
lat.
qui/te culcita
fr.
ofr.
cuivre; ident. w. fr. coivre cuivrc: late Latin base cucuruni, whence
'cushion,
also
pillow'.
me.
quince
=
coiue quine
fr.
FR. coing 'a quince' (the ce of modern Y,. quince belongs prop, to the plural). Source lat.
coin
=
cydonia kutina G.
ir.
cotogna
quitte ,
OE.
,
ohg.
godcpppel;
oe.
cocor,
quoth i
=
qucthe oe. cw'edan
speak'
ARYAN
,
ohg.
'he
g.
said)
vb. 'say, ON. kveda,
qu'edan
\'~get (hy-iorux
quire (of paper) sb. me. quair gad 'speak'?). book' fr. ofr. quaier (du. and bequest.
quaier
str.
= GOTH, qifan,
os\y..qu'edaft
quitte.
he
{i]uoth
to MHG. quiten
G.
kohhur
me. quoth earlier sing. pret. me. oe. cwced pret. of quath 3'^
DU. hiiee ODU. quede corresponds =--
ohg.
kocher 'quiver', du. koker.
ofr.
ged
'say':
in SK.R.
Cp. bequeath
—
rabbit
171
rat
R rabbit
w.
cogn.
odu.
raisin me.
robhe
G.
rosine.
OY^.tml or bor-
'a
bunch of
aiE.
rc.$-
rowed from ON.
rds
'a
fr.
ofr. raisin
also DU. rozijn, Source lat. racetnus
'a
race^
reisiti
grape, whence
robbeken 'rabbit'; perh. identical w. DU. rob, G. robbe 'phoca'?
grapes'.
=
DU. rake me. rake OE. rdca raak\ ident. w. OHG. rchho G.
running':
TEUT. base resa-. race 2 'family' fr. fr. race rechen, oti.reAa: teut. base rakoiiSPAN. PORT, raza; source arab. r'ekon-, derived fr. the str. vb.
=
I
j
ras 'origin'. 3
race
'root'
fr.
GOTH, rikan 'gather lat. ofr. rah ram sb. me. oe. ram (fnn/) OE. the same source OHG. MHG. DU. ram ram (f//m) DU. radijs (fr. TEUT. base ramma-; perh. cogn. w. ON. ramr 'strong.
=
— From =
radix.
also
radish
radis)
.
me.
rafter
.
I
=
:
oe.
rccficr\ rafter ramsons me. ramscii oe. hramformed by suffix -tra- from the san plur. teut. base hramusansame root as on. rdf 'roof and also in G. (dial.) ramsen, swed. :
rafter'. Cp. the aryan further rafHsidk 'bear-garlick'; \^reph in gr. iiiiipio ogocfog. allied to gr. x(jciivoi' 'onion', rag ME. ragg-e (late OE. *ragg IR. cref/i CYMR. era/ 'garlick, inferred from the adj. raggii
OHG. ravo
—
—
'shaggy'): borrowed 'shagginess'.
fr.
ON. rpgg
=
LITH. kermusze 'wild garlick'.
range
vb.
fr.
fr. ranger.
ransack vb. aiE. ransake fr. on. rage me. rage fr. fr. rage rannsaka prop, 'search the house': LAT. rabies. ON. rann 'house' (= goth. razn, rail ^ ME. rail reil fr. ofr. reille source LAT. regula, whence also OE. rccsn reen cern 'house); for ON. saka see seek. OHG. ODU. G. ;
riegel
'bar,
rigil,
rijchel
ransom
rail'.
rail 2 ME. rail OE. hrce^l 'a gar-
ment';
ident. w. OHG. hregil
'a
soeii)
fr.
me. raunfoim (du. raritfr. ranfon (== lat.
redemptio-neni)
.
garment": TEUT. base hrag{i)la-. rap vb. ME. rape 'rush, hasten' rain me. raiji rein OE. r'eyi= OHG. == ON. h'f^pa vb. 'hasten'; cp. OLG. regan G. DU. regen, on. regn, DU. rapen, mhg. raffen 'seize': GOTH, rig/is: TEUT. base r'egna-. TEUT. base hrapon. Cp. Lith. roke 'drizzling rain'. rape sb. :me. rape (^ du. raap~) raise vb. me. reise borrowed fr. fr. lat. rapa 'turnip'. ON. reisa 'raise': causal of on. rat iME. rat oe. rcet {tt) risa GOTH, reisan; cp. rise. G. ratte OHG. ratta, DU. rat rot;
=
=
rate
i;;
—
reave
'
ident. w. goth. redan, ohg. ratan of the group unknown. G. raten vb. 'advise', ON. rdda rate fr. fr. rate -=^ lat. ratiwi. 'counsel, consult', read meant rather me. rather oe. hrador orig. 'to read a riddle' (cp. ident. w. FR. rat, it. ratto. History
prop, 'quicker, sooner': comparative form of OE. hrade 'quickly'; oe. hrcTit, ON. cp. the adj. hradr 'swift', OHG. hrad, du. rad 'quick' fr. a teut. base hrapa-.
Akin to OIR. rattle
vb.
crothim
'I
rateien vb. 'rattle',
dream'
— —
rdda rilnar read skr. has a correspon-
runes'),
ding sfrddh 'perform'; cp. also OSLOV. raditi. and ready adj. me. rrdi (oe. ^rcedii
sliake'.
me. ratele
vb.; OE. hratele sb. 'rattle wort' Ti.G.
riddle), then 'to interprete the runes' (on. rdda gdtii 'read a riddle' rdda draum 'read a
cp.
mhg. ray^eln extended
=
fr.)
oe.
rcede
'ready'
teut. \'"^;77/ ohg. reiti 'ready'; cp. goth. on. greidr 'ready'. As xvxx^sl^ krad in GR. y.gctSalvco garaids (^\^ krot in GR. nQova/JKiiv vb. G. fertig prop, meant 'ready for a journey' (g. fahrt), perh. a 'rattle'?). raven sb. me. rdz'en oe. hrcB/ji teut. base raida- 'journey' mav ON. hrafn; cp. ohg. hraban be the source of the group; cp. du. raaf: teut. base IR. r^id 'passable' and see ride G, rate, hrabna- hrahn-\ perh. fr, an and road. ARYAN \f kro kor in lat. corvus, realm sb. me. riabne {rialme) GR. Y.oQaS. raven'. fr. OFR. realme (fr. royaume'). ravish vb. me. ravisshe vb. fr. ream late me. rpne fr. ofr. raimc fr. rufne] cp. span, resma, FR. raviss- in ravir 'to ravish'. OHG. ITAL. risfna (g. rics) ream of raw me. raw oe. hreaw hrao hro G. roh, du. rauw, ON. paper". Source ARAB, riznia 'a hrdr: teut. base hrdwa-; perh. bundle'. cogn. w. SKR. kriira 'sore* and reap vb. me. ripe oe. riopan LAT. cruor "blood". vb. fr. a teut. v^r;/ 'cut' in ripe; cp. OE. rifter 'sickle' and see ripe. ray see roach. reach ^ vb. me. r(che oe. rcecean rear vb. me. rire OE. rckran fr. a TEUT. ohg. reran vb. 'raise' fr, type raikjan in ohg. vb. reihhan G. reichen vb. 'reach', DU. a TEUT. base raizjan; cp. rise reiken. and raise for \fris. reach 2, retch vb. me. rcche rear adj. me. rr';-,? oe. .^rir. oe. hrcBcean; teut. \f hrak in reason me. resoim earlier reisoun oe. hrdca lat. ratio-nem. on. //rc?i/ 'spittle' fr. FR. raison and OHG. rahhison' to trv to vomit'. reave {J>ereave) vb. me. rfz/^ OHG. raubon read vb. me. rede oe. rddan OE. rc'afian vb. vb. on. rdda 'read'; prop. G. rauhen, GOTH, {bijraiibdn 'deG. rasseln vb. 'rattle':
=
=
=
:
^
-
^
=
=
=
=
receive
173
-ric
o^.roufa (see also I'obe): in ON. hrcell derived fr. a primitive str. vb. NORTH-FRIES. OE. hereofan, ON. rjtifa to break'.
Cp. SKR. \r/«/. receive vb. me. receive
=^ FR.
rcce^'er
fr.
ofr.
recevoir.
recke {recche) short recean earlier nicean:
reck vb. me. for
OE.
TEUT. base rokjaii in on. rcekja, OSAX. rokian, ohg. ruohhan 'have a care
for'.
reckon
me. rekne
vb.
vb.
r'ecenian
^=^
ohg.
OE.
"^e-
rehhanon
rechnen 'reckon', DU. rekeizen; cp. the TEUT. \'"ri/^ in OHG. rahha
G.
'subject, thing'. -red suffix in
feondrckdeii ship'
hatred',
freondrceden
cp. OE. 'friend-
under hiiu{)\ GOTH, ga-raideins.
{Jiiwrddcn
orig. -raidht in
rehearse
weaver's
'a
spoil',
vb.
iiE.
OFR. reherfer. rein sb. me. ;r2W
=
rtne
FR.
rod',
n??V?/.
(cp.
reMr^e fr.
fr.
ofr. reine
ital.
redina;
source LAT. retinere 'restrain'). relieve vb. me. releve fr. fr. relever lat. relevare.
=
vb. from
rely recall, E.
lie 'to
lat. re
remind, rest
remnant
(as
in
and
reneii')
.
sb. me.
remenaunt
fr.
OFR. remenant 'remnant'.
rend vb. me. rende oe. rendan vb. "tear, lacerate' := OFRIS. renda vb. tear, break'. rennet' 'run,
sb.
make
fr.
to
the vb. run';
]ME.
cp.
renne
under
red adj. short for ME. red OE. run. rennet ^ sb. fr. fr. reinette. read teut. rauda- in goth. renounce vb. me. renounce fr. ratids, ohg. rot G. rc^/, du. rood, reno'wn me. ON. raudr 'red cp. OE. reodan FR. reuoncer. ON. ;y(v/^ vb. redden' and renoun fr. fr. renom. ruddock (rust). There is a rest sb. me. reste oe. rest', teut. corresponding ARYAN -y^ riidh base rasti-, cp. ohg. rasta 'rest, reudh in GR. tfjv^ijoq, sviSi.rudhird, a measure of distance, goth. OSLOV. riidru, LAT. ruber 'red', rasta 'a mile, on. r/: TEUT. baSC ransack). lireuda-. retch vb. see reach^. ribb ME. ribbe oe. r/*^^ =: teut. reek sb. me. rek sb. fr. the vb. oe. reocan 'reek, smoke' =^ on. rjtika, ribja- in on. r//", OHG. rippi: OHG. riohhan G. riechen; cp. OE. ARYAN \'~rebh in OSLO v. RUSS. r/r' r/r', on. reykr, ohg. r
=
=
—
;
=
=
reel me. "^hrdhil
fr.
oe. hreol; prop. riche OE. bisceoprice; cp. OE. r/VV a TEUT. base *hranhil 'reign' goth. r^//5/, OHG. r/M/ ;y'/^
=
nme
rice
174 G. reich:
fr.
teut.
rik-
= goth.
rice sb. ITAL.
fr. riz
fr.
=
ridge me. hrycges')
reiks 'king'.
(du.
GR. (ipvCa 'rice'. rich adj. me. ric/ie
fr.
rijsi)
source
reis:
G.
riso,
fr. rk/ie;
ident. w. OE. r/rV 'powerful', oho. r?/iM G. reich, du. rijk, ON. r/zlr,
oe.
r?;^/^
/^rj'*:^
= teut. hrugja-
(genit.
in
osAX.
hruggi, DU. r«^, OHG. hrucki G. ON. hryggr: prerwr/J^^z 'back', TEUT. krtikjo-, cogn. w. m. crocenn sb. 'back'. rife adj. me. oe. rif 'abundant,
= on.
frequent'
ri/r 'munificent,
abundant', ODU. rijf 'copious', Originally a derivarwe 'abundant'. LG. tive of GOTH, reiks 'king' under right adj. me. right oe. riht me. richesse
GOTH.
—
;?>.
fr.
;y//'x.
riches sb. derived fr. FR. ^= TEUT. riki 'powerful'.
FR. richesse:
riche
rick hrcac
'a
hraiikr
for me. rek OE.
short
si),
=
heap'
'a
{Jiroki)
DU. rook, ON. heap': teut.
base hrauka-, akin to on. hriiga 'a
heap'
and
crunch
IR.
=
earlier *reht
DU.
G.
recht,
OHG. OSAX. reht rMr, goth.
on.
ralhts 'right, straight': fr.
an ARYAN
r'ekto-
TEUT. rehta-
(= lat.
rectus
prop, participle a verbal v^rt';;?- in laT. r
'right, straight'), fr.
'to
cp.
rule';
SKR.
rjii
'right,
'heap'. straight'.
vb. ME. ridde prop, redde righteous transformed fr. me. OHG. hretta?i G. hreddan ohg. rehtrightwis OE. rihtwis retten: teut. base Jiradjan from WIS 'knowing the right'; see an ARYAN \fkrath in skr. (rathay. wise.
rid
=
OE.
=
'loosen'.
rim
riddle sb. me. du. rckdelse
;vV//<^^
sb. me. rime oe. ritna riotria
oe. rtv/^A
'border, margin'; probably cogn. osax. w. OE. ra)id, ON. rami, OHG. ratit radisli G. r«/i-^/ 'riddle'; cp. ohg. G. DU. rand 'border, margin': teut. TEUT. ran-do- for ram-do'riddle': ratussa r(?//j'
=
raadsel,
=
ARYAN \r/^r/
G. rc/V^r 'sieve':
LAT.
and G.
crtbruvi in
r^'/;^
goth.
rime
sb. ME. ri7n 'verse, song'
GR. aqLvh) borrowed
hrai-iis,
OHG.
'clean'
(prop,
ride me. ride oe.
= OHG.
in
'sieve',
rltau G.
sifted'?).
rlda?i
r^'Z/^r;/,
?v//^/
DU.
str.
vb.
rijden,
rime,
about
whence
1200 fr. ofr. MHG. rhn G.
also
reim, du. rijm (properly Verse').
Source lat. rhythmus. rime'-^
sb. me. rime oe. hri7n
=
hrim 'hoarfrost'; ON. r/^«: TEUT, V~?'/^/= pre-TEUT. du. rijm, OHG. hrifo G. whether m/« doubtful, reidh in gallo-lat. 'carriage' du. rijp 'hoarveredus\\ox^^ {viVLdiQX reif, OSAX. hripo, ON.
—
and
palfrey)
IR.
riadaim
'I
go';
see ready.
frost'
are cognate.
roe
rind
rind
me.
sb.
(r'endd-)
from deriv. OE. rind riviera sea-shore a teut. base LAT. ripa 'bank'. roach late me. rgche points to ohg. riiita G.
rhide
'bark of a tree' rindo-
:
fr.
^
a FR. source (cp. SWED. rokka, DAN. rocke 'roach'); the syiion. ray goes back to fr. raie
rindc 'rind'; perh. coyn. w. OHG. rant G. rand and OE. rand 'border,
margin' under rim. ring sb. me. ring OE. /iring ON. hringr, ohg. hrifig ring G. DU. ring: TEUT. base hringa(hrenga-) fr. a pre-TEUT. v^'/J/y;;^'-/; in OSLOV. krqgu 'circle' and kraglu round'. ring vb. ME. ringe OE. hringan ^r~ ON. hringja 'ring the bells'.
=
=
vb.
rip
=
175
ME. rippe
'to
=
\
base
raido-
(on.
reid
'riding')
the verbal v^r/i/ in ride. roar vb. me. rare oe. rdria7i
fr.
vb. ^= OHG. reren 'low, bellow':
mhg. rhen
vb.
teut. base r air an'}
or raizanl
OE.
{r/ppe)
hg. rup/eti ryppan TEUT. base ruppjan;
LAT. raia 'roach'. road ME. rode 'journey, road teut. OE. rdd 'journey, road'
roast
tear':
=
vb.
me.
rgste
fr.
OFR.
fr. roiir 'roast'. Source w. rostir OHG. rouffen G. a teut. vb. raustjan ^^ ohg.
cogn.
GOTH, raiipjan, raii/cn, OE. rypan ripan and perh. allied to SK.K.\frup 'break'. ripe'
ripe adj. me. oe. ripe 'mature, WEST-TEUT. ripi- in OSAX. rlpi, DU. rijp, OHG. rifji G. reif 'mature, ripe'; derived fr. the TEUT. verbal \/"r^ 'cut' in e. reap
=
rosten G. rosien 'roast'; cp. ohg. mhg. rost G. rost 'gridiron, grate'. rob vb. me. robbe fr. fr. robcr. robe sb. me. robe fr. FR. robe. Source a teut. sb. raiibaOE. r(af 'spoil, clothing', ohg. mhg. roupib) booty, spoil'. Cogn.
and
OE. rifter sb. 'sickle'. There-
w. reave,
meant
fore ripe orig. fit
robin := fr. Eobin the name
'cuttable,
Robert.
for reaping'.
rise vb. ME. rise OE. risan
str.
OHG. rtsan
str.
vb.
=
=
ON.
risa,
rock
'to
and raise. risk sb.
GERM,
fr.
fr. risque
= ital.
risico.
ME. rock late OE. race
borrowed about 1000 ital. onfr. roc (fr. rochc)
(stdnrocc):
move up, rise': teut. verbal v'^r/j', whence also rear vb.
sb.
fr.
=
Source CELT, rokka-1
rocca.
rock'^
vb.
ME. rocke
late
oe.
roccian 'shake, swing, rock'; cogn.
'
w.
\
OHG. ruckan
g.
rikkcn,
ON.
rykkja 'to pull roughly and hastily': 'tear' ohg. riban G. reiben, DU. X'S.M'l.sf rukk. rod ident. w. rood. rijven 'grate, rub': teut. verbal roe sb. 'a female deer' me. ro \^wrib in ODU. mlg. wriven 'rub'.
rive vb. me.
=
rive
fr.
ON.
r//vz
'
|
river me. river 'river,
stream';
'
fr.
fr.
idcnt.
\v.
rivih-e
ital.
=
rd earliest form rdha OHG. reho: teut. base raiJia7i-\ OE.
roe
176
—
row
^
DU. ON. rota 'grub up*; cp. MHG. teut. base rUcyiel G. russet. raiha-. rope sb. ME. rpp OE. rap roe''^ sb. 'the spawn of fishes' TEUT. base raipa- in on. reip, short for late ME. rgune\ properly DU. reep, ohg. g. r^//"'hoop, ring, on. hrogn^ ohg. rope'; perh. cogn. w. gr. Qai^oc. OE. "^hrogen
ohg. rch
ident. w. ree,
rd
on.
fr.
G. reh,
a
=
=
rogan G.
with the by-form TEUT. base hrogna-
OHG. rogo: (Jirogan-')
rogue
'bent'.
rogeii
rose form
.
sb.
fr.
fr. rogue.
rosa,
sb.
]\EE.
rose oe. rose (by-
borrowed whence also fr. rgse^
fr.
g.
LAT. rose
OFR. rolcr OHG. rosa. FR. voider', source LAT. rotiirosemary sb. me. rosmarine fr. OFR. rosffiarin (fr. romarifi) lare. rood ME. rode oe. rod (obi. LAT. ros marinus (prop, 'marin roll vb, ME. rolk
^
fr.
=
'cross', original I'ode) 'a rod or pole'. Ident.
cp. G. rosviarin.
meaning dew'); w. OSAX.
rotten
me.
adj.
roten
=
ON.
roda, roede, ohg. ruota G. rotinn: partic. of a vefbal\^r?^/ rute ^XiA w. E. rod. teut. base reut in oe. rotian, osAX. rotd>!,
DU.
MHG.
rodo-, pre-TEUT. rddhd- or rata-. roof ME. rpf OE. ///7i/": TEUT.
vb. 'putrify'.
ro-yz^en
ime. rough {i-ou>) OHG. ruh G. rauh base hrbfa- in ON. /z/^?^ 'shed', OE. riih OFRIES. hrbf 'roof, DU. roef 'rough (du. ruig 'rough ): TEUT. Perh. allied to roost. base ruha'cabin'. pre teut. riiko-, 'wrinkle'? raukas w. LITH. IR. cro 'roof points to a pre- cogn. TEUT. form krdpo-. round vb. 'whisper' me. roune ni/iian oSAX. rihiian, OE. rook sb. ME. rgk OE. hrgc ON. hrokr, ohg. hruoh: TEUT. OHG. rimm G. rauiien 'whisper': derivative of teut. rirno- 'secret, base hroka-, pre-TEUT. krago-. room sb. me. rou7n oe. ri'mi mystery' under rune. ohg. ;7/;'>'z g. raimi DU. rii'mi, round adj. me. round fr. fr. ON. ;7^w GOTH, /i/wj 'room' rond (oFR. roond^^hKi. rotundus), TEUT. rti-t/ia- fr. an ARYAN v""^'^ whence also G. rund, du. rond
rough
adj.
=
,
=
= =
,
:
,
in
EAT. rus
roost DU.
=
(ritris)
sb. roest
me.
'open country'. 'round'. rpst
oe.
'hen-roost',
row
hrgst
osAX.
'roof; prop, hrofsta- and cogn. w. roof} root sb. ME. rote late oe. rot borrowed fr. the equival. ON. rot: TEUT. base wrotd-, cogn. w. E. root vb. OE. wrgtan 'grub up'
fr.
hrost
a
sb. me.
TEUT.
raigwo'row'
;
rgwe oe. raw 'row' base raiwo- orig.
cogn. w. imhg. rihe G. reihe str. vb. OHG. rVian
and the
'rank, string': pre-TEUT. \rr/^>^ reikh in SKR. rekha 'line'.
row
i
=
on.
vb.
ME. rmve oe. rmvan DU. roeijen, mhg.
roa,
lowlock row"
'to
ri'iejen
common
:
177
rye
base OHG.
a stroni^ verbal \^;'^5 in rudder OHG. OE. rgdor ME. rather ruodar G. ruder, DU. roer 'rudder': TEi'T. base ro-pra-. lat. re-mus
rinnan
G.
rinnen
str.
vb.
run'.
=
rune old ON.
the teut. word for the characters in writing OE. 7'un with the ori^c. meanin":
and OR. i-^e-r/nog belong 'mystery, secret' (goth. ohg. same aky as \^rS re. riind) ident. w. oir. riin 'secret'. rowlock rollock sb. prop, Cp. round vb. for the root.
'riulder'
to the
:
;
for rowing'; cp. G. /ocA rung ME. runge oe. hrung (obi. OE. ar/oe me. orlock 'hole of hrunge) goth. hrugga 'staff", hg. LG. runge, DU. rang 'spar, bolt': oars
hole
and
.
ruddock
ruddok
teut. base hrungo-. rust ME. rust roust oe. riist fr. a TEUT. base riista-\ ident. w. HG. LG. rest fr. a teut. base rusta- derived with st- formative color'; cp. the adj. red. rude adj. me. riide fr. fr. rude from the aryan \frudh (in E. sb.
>[e.
oe.
'red-breast'; cogn. w. ruddy me. rodi rudy (oe. *rudii) and OE. rudii 'red reddish'
ruddiic
:
=
red and ruddy), whence also LAT. rudis 'rude'. rue vb. me. race oe. hreozaan LAT robi^o 'rust' and OSLOV. OSAX. hre?mian, OHG. ruzda (for *rudja) 'rust'. str. vb. riuwan G. reuen, on. hryggva vb. rush sb. ME. russhe oe. rysee;
=
base a strong ident. w. lg. du. rusch 'rush, reed'. Cp. ruth. rush vb. :\iE. rousche rue sb. (a plant) me. rite fr. g. rauschen mhg. riischen, du. ruischen FR. rue ^= LAT. ruta 'rue'. rule me. reule earlier riule fr. onu. ruuschen oswed. ruska source lat. rush TEUT. base hruskbnl There OFR. reule rtule whence also oe, regol, occurs also OE. hryscan. regulij, OHG. regain G. regel, fr. regie. ruth sb. ME. reuthc. extended
'distress,
verbal
grieve':
\^/'/'c7^7t'.
=
,
:
:
rump MHG.
(;.
fr. a more primitive sb, OE. DU. hremv; 'trunk, rumpf, roinp cp. OE. hreowan str. vb.
late me. ru7upe\ ident. w.
under rue. rye sb. me. rie oe. ry~^e\ TEUT. rimple OE. hrynipek and ident. base rugi- in on. rugr 'rye'; ohg. w. ODU. roinpel 'ripple': derived rocko G. roggen and oSAX. rcggo fr. the TEUT. verbal v^ hretnp in 'rye' point to a teut. parallel OE. gehriwipen wrinkled' and ohg. base ruggan-. Outside of teut., OSLOV. riizi 'rye' (base rugi-) rimpfan str. vb. 'wrinkle'. rue'
body'-
rumple
parallel
form
to
me.
run vb. me. riiine (part, ironne^ OE. (rare) rinnati (mostly yrnaii)
=
ON.
ri/iua,
GOTH, rinnan
English Etymology.
'run';
I
and lith. rugiai 'rye' show the same base as oe. ry-^e and ON. rugr r= teut. base rugi-. 12
I
sand
sable
78
sb. me.
sable OFR.
fr.
'sable'.
saber
sabre
sabre
fr.
fr.
russ.
SERB.
sabel,
borrowed sake sb. me. sake OE. sacii w. mhg. TEUT. base sako- in OHG. sahha
a slav. word,
source
RUSS. soholi G.
ident.
sable;
G. zobel:
=
sable
G. sache,
perh.
=
du.
sakkus,
affair'
sakan 'content, rebuke'. sale ME. sale oe. salii;
sablja,
HUNGAR. szablya. Source and history unknown. sack sb. 'bag' me. sakk OE. sacc ^= GOTH,
DU. zaak 'matter,
;
based on the teut. verbal hence
sell.
sallow
salwe
ME.
sb.
earlier
=
ohg. *salge OE. sealh (*sealg-) salaha: teut. base salhb-; cp.
zak,
MHG. sac teut. ON. selja 'willow' (base salhjon-). base sakkii- borrowed fr. lat. Prob. cognate w. lat. salix (base 'willow' and GR. fA/x?;. sacciis, whence also ITAL. sacco, salic-) sallow adj. me. sahce o*:. sealo Source HEBR.-Phenic. FR. sac. G.
OHG.
sack
:
sale)
sak.
sad ME.
sail Acid, quiet, serious";
the ident. oe. sponds with
.t^^/
OSAX. sad, ON. \j^ sd 'satiate'
and GR.
sailr,
There
'satiated'.
G.
an
is
ARYAN
'satiate
;
.
base
salta-
salt,
OHG.
ON. sglr yellow'sallow': teut.
cp.
salve
=
saddle me. sadcl oe. sadol ON. spdiill, OHG. satul G. saitel,
(infl. i7?//v,
goth. ON. oSAX. salt'. Cogn. GR. d\c, osLOV. soli. in
G.
w. lat. sal, OIR. salami
satur-satis
'satiated
salo
salt sb. ME. salt oe. sealt: teut.
salt,
GOi'H. saps
in lat.
OIR. sathach ci-f^ifvai
sat
OHG.
base salwa-.
'satiated' corre-
OHG.
= DU. zaluw,
ish',
sb.
salz
salt'. :\IE.
=
salve
oe.
scalf
ohg. salba G. DU. zalf; cp. GOTH. W/w/
sealfe^
^
OE. sealfian E. salve vb. base sadula-, vb. w. the aryan \f s'elp a nonfrom borrowed Cognate perh. TEUT. language which might have solp in SKR. sarpis 'butter'
DU.
zadel:
TEUT.
—
'
formed a
ARYAN
sb.
sadulo-
\'~ scd in
sit
—
GR. ilnoq, 'oil'. same sb. me. same OE. j^w == GOTH, sama, on. .y^rwr, ohg. sa7?i 'the same': pre-TEUT. soma- in
from the srpra set.
'fat',
safe ME. sdf earlier sauf: loanLAT. salviis; word fr. FR. sauf GR. o,«oc, SKR. satfia 'the same cp. save. sail sb. i\iE. sail seil oe. seiel sample sb. me. saumple earlier OFR. essemple fr. fr. du. G. zeil, OHG. segal asaiunple se^'-el, lat. exemplum. ON. segl: TEUT. base s'egla-. exatnple osax. sand sb. me. oe. ya«c/ saint sb. me. seint saint fr. fr. G. i-^/;
=
.
=
=
=
^
.>•(?•///'
sap
—
179
scoff
scale^ sb. 'shell' me. scale: teut. base sanda- for samda-y cp. pre-TEUT. sat?iadho-s loanword fr. ofr. escale FR. ccale.
ON. sandr in feR.
sap
:
a/iiad^og
ME.
sb.
'sand'. S/7j>
OE.
scf/>
Source OHG.
=
under shell.
scala
scale- (of a balance)
me. late
I
OHG. yo/j oe. skdle: loanword fr. ON. skdl TEUT. base sapa- 'scale of a balance"; ident. w. G. i'
MLG. ODU.
MHG.
sap, :
=
=
.
=
:
excarpsns selected 'silk'). Saturday ue. satcrday earlier scarlet me. scarldt fr. OFR. ident. w. DU. es car late (fr. dear late') Saterndai oe. Saterndce^ zaterdag, ofris. satcrnesdag ,west- G. scharlach, du. scharlakcn (mhg. PHAL. Saterdach: adaptation of scharldt, ODU. schaerlaet). Sources/d
.
=
;
LAT. Saturni dies. Cp. the names PERS. sakirldt. scathe vb. me. scdthe fr. ox. tlie other days of the week. sauce sb. me. sau(e fr. fr. skada; ident. w. oe. sceppan Hence GOTH, skapjan vb. 'harm. The sauce: source lat. salsa. TEUT. \'" skap corresponds to an sausage fr. fr. satidsse. me. sauvage fr. fr. ARYAN \^skdth in GR. doy.i]itiji^ savage
of
=
=adj.lat.
sauvage fr.
sauver
fr.
'harmless'.
sih'aticiis.
save vb. me. Sikw
=
earlier sau7'e
LAT.
salvarc
Cp- safe. me. savour fr. lat. sapor-cm 'taste'. savour saw sb. ME. sa7i.'c oe. sage OHG. saga, LG. sage, du. zaag, ON. sag; cp. the ablaut-variation OHG. sega 'saw': derived fr. an ARYAN V^ ^^'^ ^'''^' ("^ LAT. sb.
=
=
'
whence also and E. scythe.
secare'cut'),
'sword'
saw 2
jME.
oe. secg
ME. sent sb. 'scent') 'smell'
= =
LAT.
loan-
scaler e:
12'''
century
ODU. scateren 'scatter' ofr. scent vb. properly
'secure'.
savor
scatter vb. of the
word
fr.
?
fr.
sent
(latt;
ofr. sentir
sentirc.
school ME. scale OE. sciil (infi. OHG. scuola G. schule, scale) DU. school: loanword fr. lat. a medieval pronunscdla (in ciation SCO la), icole
and
whence
also FR.
ital. scuola.
oe. sagu scissors ME. sisoures fisoures OHG. saga: fr. OFR. iisoires "scissors' (fr. derived fr. the TEUT. verb sagain ciseaux) ^= oe. secgau me. sein sain E. scoff ME. sea/; cogn. w. the en G. ohg. and en; sag sag equiv. ohg. scop/ sb. and ofriks. say
"saying'
sb.
=
ME.
G.
sa7e'e
sage
.
cp. ON. seggja 'say': perh. cognate w. LrrH. saki'ti vb. 'say'.
schof;
mock'.
cp.
ON. skopa
vb.
'scoff,
Source and history un12
*
i8o
scold
—
see
known; the E. word probably scythe me. sithe oe. sipe siipe not genuine Anglosaxon. =11 'sickle' ON. sigdr 'sickle': scold vb. ME. scglde; cognate Teut. base sigipja-, derived fr. w. OHG. Stcltan G. schelten vb. a teut. \rseg in ohg. s'egaiisa c. 'scold'. Probably tVie E. word sense 'scythe'; cp. sa7Ci. is not genuine English, but borsea me. se oe. sce ident. w. ;
rowed
abroad.
fr.
score ME.
got.
score
late
oe.
ON. sdr, ohg. olg. scor seo G. see du. zee: base sakvi-.
'twenty': loanword fr. on. sko7'notch': source the teut. \f sker in
shear.
sai7iis,
seaP
me.
sb.
sc'l fr.
0¥k.
Source lat.
sceau.
seel
yk.
sigilliim.
(the animal) sb. me. sele
seal'-
scorn ME. scorn earliest form OE. seolh (pi. seolas) ^= ohg. (about 1200) scam: borrowed selah MLG. sel, on. selr: Teut. fr. OFR. escarn 'scorn'. Source base sclha-. OHG. seem 'mockery'. seam sb. 'suture' me. scm oe. scour vb. ME. SCO lire. seam on. saumr, ohg. mhg. ,
=
sb. 'whip' me. scourge
also
G. sau7n du. zoom'*. Teut. base sau-ma-, derived from the
FR. escoiirgk icourgie) 'a scourge'. scrape vb. me. scrape fr. on.
same root as the vb. sew. seampstress me. sefnster oe. sc'a-
cp. mlg. du. schrapen schrappen. scream vb. me. screjne vb. fr. on. skrckma \o scare, terrify'.
mestre
scourge fr.
OFR.
(whence
escurge
scrdpa] G.
screw
sb.
dern FR. scribe
OFR. escroue,
fr.
mo-
Icroii.
—
'a
woman who
sear 'withered'
=
DU. zoor
search vb.
fr.
lax.
scrWa.
serchc
cereher
Source LAT.
s(ar
sor.
cerche
(=
fr.
circare.
season
sb. me. sesoun (seisoun) OFR. seson fr. saisou: source LAT. satio-netn '(time of) sowing'. seat sb. ME. s^te borrowed fr. ON. sdti 'a seat derivative- of the TEUT. \f set in sit and set. sedge sb. me. segge oe. secg: Teut. base sagja- also in ODU. fr.
me.
scrip sb.
scrippe
on.
fr.
skreppa.
scurf ME.
late oe. scurf boron. Sklirf (:= SAVED. DAN. skurzi) cp. ohg.
rowed
fr.
skorf,
;
:
scorf G. scJwrf, DU. schiirft 'scurf'. TEUT. \f skerf skorf in oe. sceor- mlg. segge.
sahar
faii 'to scrape'.
scuttle dish,
ohg.
me.
vb.
sews seams'.
jme, ser oe.
'dry',
OFR.
fr.
cherehei').
me. scribe
sb.
sou7n
sciiT^yla
ME.
sb.
bowl'; G.
ON. skutell
OE.
identical
schussel, 'dish'.
scutula sentella.
sciitcl
w.
'a
ohg.
\i^sah sag in ohg. Perh. cognate
'sedge'.
with a reduplicated GALLO.-lat. si-sc-a 'sedge'
=
ir.
seisg.
du. sc hotel, see vb. ME. se oe. seon conSource lat. tracted for *selia/i ohg. olg. sehan g. sehen du. zien: west-
=
see
TEUT. TEUT. in j-^r^:
schaii
=
GOTH,
=
sailvon.
i8i
sew
DU.
zelfkant,
G.
self-end
(dial.)
ARYAN \^ s'eq and LG. egge\ therefore selvedge LAT. sequiy gr. ensn,')(K(, SKR. compound of self ci.ndedge, per'follow'. Tlie original mean- haps in imitation of early du. \^ s'chw
ing of the TEUT. verb probably selfegge. send vb. ME. sende (prt. se/ile) was 'to follow with the eyes'. see sb. 'seat of a bishop' me. OE. senda?i (prt. sende) wk. vb. ON. senda, GOTH, sandjan lat. sn/e-m s(! fr. OFR. se 'seat' DU. zenden, OSAX. sendian, OHG. seat'.
=
=
,
seed -ME. sed (sc'd) oe. st*d seed sentan OHG. sat G. iaat, du. zaad GOTH. in
{goth.
sips
kind')
Tent,
\'''
SC
:
(secean)
TEUT.
oe.
seke
^-mz;/
= GOT. sokjgn, on. sdkja, suchen, du. zooken. = ARYAN V^ \^ G.
.^(5/5
OIR.
•$'4^''
seek'
\
sdigim
(lat.
seethe vb.
OHG.
me.
'boil'
vb.
str.
=^
G. sicdeii,
siodaii
5-6''M^
ON.
du.
oe.
sjoda, zicden.
In GOTH., we find only the derivative saups sb. 'sacrifice' (prop,
=
ARYAN seldom adv.
me. seldom prop. adv. on.
=
sja/dan, ohg. scltaii G. seltcn, uu. zeldcn adv. Cogn. w. goth. y/A/a-
'wonderful'.
Av'/^jt
seifon nild;
sermon
me.
serve
5-//
(aryan
sontejo vb.).
'seven
night
cp. fojcrtnight. servioun fr. fr.
borrowed
vb. me. serve
the 12'^
cent.
ME. servaunt
service
vb.
Derivative servant fr.
fr.
GOTH, satjan,
S(?//^/?,
G.
TEUT.
vb. to sitjan
fi.K
:
on.
settian,
vb.
ME.
derived
cp. goth.
setle fr.
sitls,
wk.
ivV/^//
OSAX.
settle
seat';
fr. serviec
setzen:
causal 'to
and
fr. servant
:me. servise
=
in
(=
fr. servir
fr.
(lat. servitium). set vb. ME. J7/^' oe.
sezzan
seldan
OE.
iV/ 'way'
—
fr.
OE.
i'/^i'/,
sermon.
teut. \f seiip DU.
'a burnt-offering'), \'~ sent.
seldc(ii)
OE.
'LKT. servire).
sdgire ?)
scodan
=
oir. 'man- 'journey' for base se?ito- sb.
sc-d/-;
JT
OHG. suohhan
OHG.
J-/>z/,
sennight prop,
cp.
seek
in
via/ujscps
base
Derived
senden.
G.
=
=
scdja,
ohg. satjan
—
i'/7.
oe.
setlian
oe.
5t'//
ohg.
'a
s'e-^yjl
G. sessel.
seven num. me. seven oe. seofone self pron. ME. OE. self ^=^ OHG. goth. ohg. sibnn G. .f^Z/'j-/, du. s^^, ON. sjalfr, prop. .iYd?/(?/^ GOTH. iv/Z^rt: Teut. base selba-. G. siehen DU. zeven. Oldest Teut. sell vb. ME. jr//<' (pret. jv/A/c) form sip fun in Lex Salica. I dent,
=
.yiV/^
OE.
=
sellaii
GOTH,
off"ering
MHG.
,
(pret. sdlde) 'to give' to bring an saljan
on.
jr^i;'
to
hand over,
i'^/e'^^/^'^
LAT.
cp.thesynon.
septe?n,
sever vb. me.
gr. fTjra,
=
severe
lat. separare. sew^ vb. ME. i-(7W OE.
sevrcr
selleii.
selvage,
w.
skr.
sap tan. fr.
OFR.
seo7C'ian
l82
shackle
shaw
Base
cp. goth. smjan, on. TEUT. languages. OHG. siuwmi 'to sew': teut.- (skal-da-).
skaian] syja,
ARYAN \f siw
in LAI",
skr.
suere,
shambles
sew'; cp. scam. shackle sb. me. sc hackle
oe.
LAT.
w.
on.
OHG. OSAX.
scedcol 'a ^/^^/^////
shake.
in
sb. ME. schadde oe. sceadda.
Perhaps an is
'herring' if it
Cp. yet
'herring'
shade, 7c>e
orig. teut. skadaiiin Scadin-avia,
found
originally
isle'.
ident..
'pole of a carriage', teut.
\^ skak
shad
bond';
hair'
cogn. w. ON.
oe. sceacga
iX'^'^'^^''
'beard.
shake
vb. me. schdke OE. scedcan
vb.
ON. skaka; cp. OSAX.
str.
=
ska kail 'to
go away'.
shall vb. ME. schal OE.
.s-t'm/
.f/C'a/
g.
Cogn.
(j>v//'i'j,
w.
(prt. schoide)
(prt. sceolde)
(skiUda),
.ft-//
OHG. DU.
HTH.
=
goth.
OHG. scama sik
G.
skawati 'to
oe. sccdmian.
vb. me. schanke oe. sc'ean-
side of OE. sceanca.
=
i-^^i:/
£<;/,
goth. (scolda)
ON.
skelc-ti
.jtX'^z/.
'to
vb. ME. schdpe
shape ident.
w.
oe.
scieppan
gtr.
=
vb.;
goth.
(ga)skapjan 'to create', ohg. seepfan 'to create' (c. schajferi) teut. :
\rskap.
share
sb. '\)artOE.scedru;
cogn.
w. shear.
share G.
'staff'.
shag 'rough 'hair';
skaffia,
cp.
shank
sceptre' schdre
(jy.fjTTTpor 'staff,
azrlTzToi'
OSAX.
shame'
sca7/ial G. schemel.
vb. me. schdme oe. scedmic
schinken 'ham' OHG. scinko 'shank', which is peril, a doublet by the
base skadwa- in DU. schaduw, OHG. .y/^^/('' gen. skatwes, G. schatk/i, GOTH, skadus; cogn. w. oiR. .f^^YA 'shadow': pre-TEUT. \^ skat. shaft sb. ME. schaft oe. .ravr// := OS AX. shaft, OHG. .ST^?/"/ G. schaft, ON. .y^v?//: teut. skaftaprop. a 'shaven pole; cp. shave
—
=
schaffi;
borrowed fr. whence also
schade shad-
aie.
OE. sceadii obi. sceadwe: Teut.
and GR.
shame
,
ca; cp. G. schenkel 'shank' fr. a lost OHG. '^sccnkiL Cogn. w. G.
'herring's
.
shadow
scameilum
Gael, sgadan
meant IR.
me. schdmel 'bench'
OE. sceamol 'stool':
Siv 'to
skal-ioa-
in
'j)lough-share' me. scearu =^ ohg. scara
sb.
oe.
pflugschaar: teut.
\f sker
'cut*
shear. me. scharp oe. scearp
adj. =sharp ON. skarpr,
DU. scherp, osAX.
OHG. scarf G. scharf adj. teut. verbal \'~ sk'erp in 'sharp',
sharp,
OE. sceorpan str. vb. 'to scrape', shave vb. me. scluwe oe. scedfan
=
GOTH, skaban, ON. vb. str'. skafa, OHG. scabaii G. schaben, DU.
be schaven\o shave': teut. \^.y^a^
cogn. w. LAT. scabere 'to shave' and see prob. w. or. ay.dnzco 'to dig'. sloop. shallop shallow ME. schalwc 'not deep' Cp. shaft. shaw^ ME. schawe oe. scedga with the byform :me. schoid; not found in oe. nor in the other 'thicket, small wood'; ident. w. liable'.
shawm
—
183
shield
and cogn. G. schon, GOTH, skanns: teut. and MHG. base skau-ni-, verbal adj. to be looked at' fr. \'~skau in show. schache 'piece of wood'. shawm me. sc/ia/?/iv borrowed sheep sb. me. schep oe. seep whence (scedp) :r^ OSAX. sMp, du. schaap, It. fr. (dial.) chaleinic ON. skagi 'promontory' w. ON. s/iogr 'wood'
,
schabnei; standard fr. chalumeau fr. a lat. type cala-
also
G.
tnella.
OHG.
scdf
G.
schaf:
(skdpa-). sheet sb. me.
Teut. base
skepa-
schete
oe.
scete
ME. sche] functionally cor- (scyte), umlaut-deriv. of oe. scctit goth. skauts respondinj^ to oe. hco (fem. of 'fold of a garment' ohg. sco":, g. he), but phonetically to oe. seo 'hem of a garment',
she
=
=
of the article
(fem.
sheaf
sb.
se the). me. schcf oe. sccaf:
TEUT. base skauba- in ON. skauf, OHO. scoub, DU. schoof. Cogn. w. OHG. scobar G. schober rick' (of All derivatives of the corn). Teut. \'~ sktib in shove with the
meaning
orig.
'things
shoved
together'.
shear
vb.
=
vb.
str.
me. sch{re oe. sc'eran OHG. sc'eran DU. G.
arvan \f^skir scheren, on. skera in LiTH. sliir-ii 'separate', cogn. :
'bosom, lap oe. siyte represents a teut. type skaiitjbn-. TEUT. \'~ skeut in shoot. shelf ME. schclve oe. scylf mlg. odu. schelf, OHG. scelb; cp. ON. Hlid-skjalf. shell sb. ME. schellc oe. .yrV// obi. scelle'. teut. type skaljb- in DU. .>r/?^/, ON. skel 'shell' and in
schoss
;
=
GOTH, skalja
'a
shepherd
cogn. w.
tile';
OHG. scala G. schale
'shell'.
sb. me. schepherd o^.
scdp-hyrde prop, compound of OE. OR. xsi'usiv shear. scip 'sheep' and oe. hyrdc E. herd vb. me. schcthe oe. scedp 'one who tends a herd'; cp. obi. scedpe: fr. a teut. skaipjb- GOTH, hairdeis, ohg. ///;// G. hirte in OSAX. shedia, oho. sceida G. and see herd. i)U. scheedc: sheriff sb. me. schercfe earlier scheide, orig. meaning
\^ ker sheath
w.
which
that w.
in
Cogn. Separates'. vb. ME. sehcde oe. sced-
shed
da/i
=
shire; oe. J^erefa E. reeve derived fr. teut. rbba rofa separate": OHG. ruoba ruofa 'number'?
GOTH, skaidan with
byform
osax.
shcdan
sceidan G. scheideii
'to
=
the
ohg.
skaip skaid, which is compared to gr. dxi'tstv, skr.
TEUT. chid,
\'^
LA'i'.
(ARYAN sheen
scindere 'to cleave, cut'
\^skhid}'). sb.
(prop,
See shide. adj.)
.me.
schcne oe. scene (scyne) adj. 'fair' OSAX. OHG. skonl DU. schoon
=
schir-reve oe. scir-ierefa; I^' part of the OE. compound see under
shide
sb. ME. schide oe. scid
ON. skid, OHG.
board
;
shield'
sclt G.
ident.
(ARYAN
w.
sclicit (:)n<.
base
is
= =
'thin
sciath
skeito-).
Cogn. w. sheath. shield sb. me. scheld oe. sceU (byform .jy/A/) teut. base skeldii :
1
84
—
shift
=
GOTH, skildus OHG. scilt, DU. G. ill
ON. skjgldr, Perh.
shop
sci/ui/ila,
by form oi scandula 'shing-
le); but the phonetic anomaly cogn. w. LITH. skeliii I split'. is not yet explained. shift vb. ME. scJiifte oe. sciftan ship sb. ME. schip oe. scip 'to divide' := ON. skipia, du. GOTH. ON. OSAX. skip, OHG. SCi/ schild.
=
schiften 'to
shilling scilliiig
me.
G.
schilling
oe.
schilling:
orig. sk'ellingo-, perh. akin jYt*//i7 G. schelle bell'.
The common coin
the
common
GOTH, skilliggs, ON. shire sb. OHG. oSAX. scilling G. (obi. scirc^ teut. base s killing a- vincia'.
OHG.
to
schipf:
Teut.
properly
name of meant
'the
tinkling money' (for the suffix -ing in names of coins see penny
base
Teut.
skip a-.
=-
skilling,
more
divide'. sb.
shirt
adj.
oe.
oe.
schire
sci/-
ohg. skira 'pro-
ME. schirtc
sli.
an oe.
to
me.
=
*scyrte',
sceort
pointing fr. the
deriv.
=
sho/-i,
as
shown by G. schurz 'shirt' aside of MHG. schurz 'short', on. skyrta
^
OE. ^scyrle represents a teut. type skii/'ljo//-, but oe. scco/'t a shimmer vb. me. schimcrc oe. base skoria-. See short. deriv. of OE. scima sciviorian: shoal 'crowd' me. schgle oe. ^= skcima OSAX. skola 'troop'. GOTH, sceolu 'light' light' shock vb. me. schockc fr. fr. cp. G. schimnicrn aside of ohg. schno 'light'. Cp. shine for the choqncr 'give a shock. TEUT. yfski. shock sb. me. schockc 'heap oe. *sccocc is lost, shin {shinbonc) sb. me. schine of corn'. OE. scina {scincban) but inferred from mhg. schoc {schincbgn) schockc shock'. Cogn. OHG. scina (mhg. schincbein') 'heap' G. schicne (schienbei/i), DU. scheen also w. MLG. hocke 'shock of corn'. shoe sb. ME. schp oe. sccgh (scheenheen). OE. scic shin' shows more primitive (pi. sccg-s for *scphas) Teut. evidently the root-form ski: separate oe. ohg. base skoha- in GOTH, skohs, ON. sci-na. sko-r, OHG. sc/ioh G. schiih, du. shine vb.:\iE. schi/icoR. scin
and farthing^.
;
=
=
—
:
=
GOTH, skeinan, ON. skina, OHG. OSAX. skhian G. scheinen, du. TEUT. schijncn: all equivalent. ski-//,!-// rests on a \'^ shi as siiown by OE. sci-via OHG. sci-mo GOTH, skci-ma light'. vb.
TEUT. \f skch ske{g)w in goth. skewjan on. skckva 'to go .
shoot vb.
cp.
ME.
schgtc
vb.
OE. sceotian 'to dart', derived fr. the primitive ME. Scheie OE. sceo-
tan ^= ON. skjota, osA>\ skeotan me. schi/tgel; ap- OHG. scio-^-fi/i G. schiesscn, DU. parently identical w. G. schindel schietc/i: teut. \'~ skeiit skiit.
shingle
sb.
:
OHG.
sci)/tiila
(loanword
fr.
lat.
shop
sb.
]\te.
sclwppc OE. scedppa
shore
*booth, hut'; cognate scypen 'shed for cattle',
w. G.
OE.
schopf
—
185
shut
= sciir
GOTH,
shred
schiippen 'shelter'. shore sb. me. schore:
the
fr.
lEUT.
skiira
sb. short
OHG.
'storm',
on.
G. schmier,
.f/^//'r.
for me. sclircde
OE. scrcad (obi. screade) 'shred, piece' cp. OE. screadung 'shred
\^ sker 'shear, cut'. teut. short adj. me. schdrt OE. sceort: and scrcadian 'to pare' ba.'se skorta-; cp. ohg. scurz fr. \^ skraud in ohg. scrbtan 'to cut, a base skurtu-: loanword fr. lai". pare'; perh. cogn. w. shroud. ;
:
as lat. ciirtus
*ex-airtiis,
served in
G.
OHG. knrz
is
pre-
'short', DU.
shrew ME.
shrewd
sb.,
schrcwe
sb.
adj.
fr.
'bad
person' schrcwed adj. 'wicked, bad'; kort, ON. kortr {^.e.e kirtle for shirt for G. the corresp. OE. scr^awa means OE. cyrtd and 'shrew-mouse'. Origin and history schiirze) shot sb. ME. schot OE. lescedt 'a of the group unknown. shriek vb. me. schrtke (oe. missile': deriv. from the TEUT. skeut skut in shoot. cogn. w. shrike sb. \f scriciari) shoulder sb. me. schulder ok. OE. scrlc 'a bird's name'. Cp.
—
.
;
scull/or;
cp.
schnlter
(ohg.
shout shove
DU.
schottder
,
G.
ident. w.
vb. ME. schoiite.
vb.
MK.
on. skrikja
shrine
scultirrci).
sclwnvc
OE.
DU.
'to
titter'.
sb. me. schrin oe. scr/n;
ohg. scrmi G. schrein, loanword fr. la'I".
schrijn:
== ON. skiifa, du. schui7>en\ scrmmm, whence also ital. scrigw. goth. skiuban, ohg. no, FR. icrin. scioban G. schicben: teut. \'~ skfib shrink vb. me. schriiike oe. ^= ARYAN \~ skubh\ SK.R. \'^ lisubh {for)scrincan str. vb. odu. scilfan
ident.
=
be schrinken\ cogn. w. svved. skrynka scho7'el 'a wrinkle': teut. \f skrcnk. cognate. shroud sb. me. schroud oe. OE. scc6fl\ cp. DU. schoffel and on. skrild 'orscnUi 'garment' OHG. scufala G. schaufel. show vb. ME. schcwe late oe. nament, dress'. See shred. shudder vb. me. schudere (oe. "^escca^uian to show'; the correto
be
seems shovel ?,b. me.
agitated'
—
to
=
means
=
schuddcrn LG. '''scudorian) DU. G. iden- (whence schaiideni) witli tical the equi\al. OHG. schzidden 'to tremble'; cp. ohg. skoirtvon G. schaticn du. schoiiwen: scutisbn to shudder'. TEUT. \'^ skau skit (sec shee;i) in shun vb. me. schi'uic oe. sctmian GOTH, skiiggiva 'looking glass'. wk. vb. 'to avoid, abhor"; perh. Cogn. w. the .ARYAN \^ hi kow deriv. fr. a TEUT. \'' skcn 'to flee in LAT. cavcrc 'to take care', awav' in on. skyiuia to hasten', GR. xofn- 'to beget'. OH(;. scuntan "to urge on'. shower sb. me. schour oe. ivv/r shut vb. ME. schutte oe. scyttaii
sponding to
look,
OE.
scfawian
behold and
is
,
i86
sin
shy
=
DU. schutte7i 'to shut in, to oe. seoii OHG. sihan G. seihen 'to the guttural of block up': Teut. base skutjaii filter, strain' have Nv. shuttle sb. me. schitel which changed to a may cogn. Teut. base labial {sif for sih^. OE. scytcls bar, liolt ,
:
skut
\'^ skeut
skutis/a-,
adj. me. (*suvg-) 'timid'
shy
schey
sigh vb. me. sighe points to an oe. '"sikhian cogn. w. the
shoot.
in
sccoh
OE.
=r mhg.
;
equivalent me. sike oe. sicaiu root sik sVih looks like DU. si/m7C': Teut. base The (g. sc/icit), whence OHG. sound-imitation. skcuhaskeo/iaxciuhan 'to frighten' (g. scheueii). sight sb. ME. sight earlier me. sick adj. short for ME. sek OE. sighthe OE. lesihp: deriv. of the schiech
,
=
on. sjiikr, GOTH, sinks OHG. sio/i G. siec/i, DU. ziek: TEUT. seuka- adj. 'ill, sick' by the side of the str. vb. GOTH, siukan 'to be ill", wlience the verbal noun goth. saiihts, OHG. suht 'illness'. sicker (Scotch j adj. me. siker OE. .57^^;?' == OHG. sihhur G. sicher, O'SAX. s/k///', DU. zekcr: loanword base sikfira-) fr. LAT. (Teut.
seoc
siok,
scciirus,
borrowed during the
sickle
ME.
sb.
borrowed
fr.
sikfl ok.
lat.
slriila,
side sb. me. seite,
jon-, adj.
=
side oe.
side
(obi.
ohg. sifa g. Teut. base sid-
fr.
cogn. w. ON.
source
scricum
LAT.
on<. siric
and
an
silki:
(whence
osL€\'.
selkti-
sb. ME. sille oe. syli obL Teut. base sidjb- borrowed fr. LAT. solea 'sole of the foot', whence also goth. sulja 'sole ON. syll is an OE. of a shoe sill
'
syl/c: :
I
.
loanword.
sicol:
also OYLG.sih/iiia G. sichclxi'^.sikkel.
fr. signe.
.y/(^/6-
i'silk').
first
whence
fr.
earlier ^siluc;
also
of the Christian era.
centuries
sidan)
teut. \P seh- in see. sign sb. ME. sigiie silk ME. silk OE.
,
OSAX.
silly
adj.
Cp. me.
sole. sely
oe.
selii
::= ohg. (sdiil) 'happy, fortunate' DV. zalig 'blessed': \sai'ig c. selig, !
on. sida,
secondary sets
'good'
extension
=
on.
to
scell
GOTH. 'happy'
sdl sb. 'happiness'). OE. DU. zijde: (cp. perh. connected w. oe. sid TEUT. \'~sel. silver me. silver oe. siolfor =on. sidr "long, wide' !
=
GOTH, silubr, OSAX. silnbar, OHG. ON. siege sb. me. se^e fr. fr. siege. silabar G. silber, DU. zilver sieve sb. me. sive oe. sifc (oldest silfr\ ident. w. OSLOV. sirebro sidabras. lith. form sibi^ OHG. sib G. sieb, RUSS. serebro, DU. zcef 'a sieve': Teut. base Source and Viistory uncertain. sin sb. me. sinne oe. syn?i obi. sibi-, connected w. tlie I'b. sift. sift :me. sifte ok. siftan =-- du. synnc: base sunjo- for an earlier LG. (g.) sichtcii to sift'. sundjo- in OHG. siintea G. siindey zifie/i, There exists a teut. \f silc in OSAX. stmdia, DU. zonde; cp. yet 'hanging down'
?
,
=
skew
since
187
ON. synd fr. a base snnidjd- (the sip vb. ME. sippe\ deriv. fr. OE. are dentals Cogn. sypc 'absorbing', which is verbal suffixal). noun to oe si'epan; see sup. w. LAX. sons (sont-is) 'guilty'. since with the more original sir, sire .me. sire fr. fk. sire, byform (Shakesp.) sithence me. whence also on. sira. sirrah, |
—
sithen
sithens
OE.
prop, slppaif, the additional s of the me. form is of adverbial origin (cp. once,
cant, sirrha serr/ia,
in 16'^
spelt
points to orig. ha«.
The orig. oe. form was twice). sip-pan (cp. the identical goth. resting (^\\ pana-seips 'later') the -oe, adverb sip 'later', wliich
sister sb.
word
ON.
fr.
»sir,
.me. sister
is regarded Scand. loan-
as a distinctively
,
ah« or
»sir,
The
systir.
oe.
equivalent sweostor stvustor me. is a comparative to goth. scipus SJister is not responsible for the on. sidan corresponds to 'late', modern phonology. The Teut. OE.
=
ohg. sid G. seit\^^^^ sippan;^ cp. OE. sip later'.
sinew
sb. :me. sinewe oe. {sionti
pi.) sioneowe,
Teut. base
which results sinned-
fr.
The / of the comTeut. word is excrescent. Aryan base swesr- (nom. s7c>esor) lat. soror (for in SKR. svasr
or senavS-',
,
=
ME. singe oe.
sit
vb.
singan
syngva)
:
\'^seng7a
j
\(~
:
,
make
to
^
str.
siitian,
..^
w u (whence a causal under set), aryax 1
jY'/^.y<7/
satjan
gr.
LAT. sedeo,
sed in
ME.
six schs
str.
seks
in
a
fr.
sLo/liui
teut.
ohg. osax.
saihs,
du.
sechs,
ARYAN
six
OE.
^= GOTH,
sehs G.
sing'.
OE. sincan
=
sittan
OSAX.
zitten,
OHG. sinkan G. sinken DU. ^P* S^^* sketch sb. zinken; oldest form goth. w^
'sister'.
oe.
sitte
(tdoQ 'seat'), skr. \f sad 'to sit', OSLOV. scsti, LrrH. sesti. Cp. settle and soot.
j
=
singe' i)rop. 'to sink vb. sinke
,
verbal \
I
oracle' "speech 6i.i(fl] The corARYAN \^ senghw. resp. causal is represented by singe -ME. senge oe. sencgean fr. a Teul. ground-form sang{w)jan OHG. sengan G. sengcn 'to
OR.
DU.
;
,
,
s\nonymous. teu vb. sangw is related to
all
=
:me.
sittjan
;
,,
vb.
sesii
OHG. sizzan G. sitzen: WESXTEur. fr. TEUT. sitjan (^ ON. GOTH, sitan strong cp. sit/a)
OHG.
OS AX. singan oldest Teut. G. singen du. zingen ON. form GOTH. sigg7c>an (= ^'^ ^ vb.
LiTH.
'^'svesot-),
'sinew'. vl).
goth
cp.
G. schioester,
mon
on. sin, OHG. s'enatva G. sehne, uu. zenuw. cogn. w. skr. snava 'sinew' or w. gk. ]vt<;
sing
OHG. swcster
DU. zuster.
a
cp.
str.
-^ ^^^,^,^^^. ,^,,istr-;
swistar,
zes,
lat. sex,
on. sex: gr. Vt',
•''''^*'-
=
DU.
schets
,
G.
[
(= 'to
ON. sink".
sdkk't'a)
:
TEU'i'. \'~sen/i7C'
skizze
borrowed
skew
vb.
late
fr.
ital.
me.
schizzo.
skaae
'to
1
88
slip *to
skill
sleight
away'; cp. odu. schouwen vb. schlageft)
shun
skill sb. ME. skit 'reason' bor-
rowed
ON. skil 'discernment'
fr.
vb. 'to separate'). sb. me. skin late OE. skinii
{skilja
skin
borrowed
ox.
fr.
skinn,
fr.
ON.
= AKY A^ ,
sld: s/cfk;
slaughter and sledge.
cp.
slay sb. (a weaver's reed) oe. 'percussorium' cogn. with sle]^e the teut. \f slah slay vb.;
=
which ON.
a Teut. base skitipa-, whence derived ohg. sciiitan G. BRET. schinden wk. vb. 'to skin'.
arises
slaan
du.
,
TEUT. \'^slah sloh
?
sld
bolt'.
'bar,
me. slcde
sled short for
rowed
ON.
fr.
'a
sledi
bor-
;
sledge';
corresponding to OHG.
slito
G.
The du. slede 'sledge'. teut. on the rests \'~slid skjuto-. group skirmish sb. me. scar mis slic fr. in slide. FR. escarmouche; cp. ital. scarasledge-hammer me. slegge oe. sb. 'sledgemuccia, G. scharmiitzel. The group slee'g (obi. sleege) on an arvan
scant 'scale' rests
on ohg. scirman
rests
(g. schir-
schlitten,
hammer' deriv.
base
Teut.
:
fr.
\^ slah
in
slagjo-
slay]
skirt sb. ME. skir/ fr. ON. skyrfa farther relations see 'a shirt';
cp. ON. sleggja, DU. slegge slei 'mallet'. sleek adj. me. silk borrowed
under kirtlc and
fr.
.
ineii)
skull
ME. skic
sb.
sky
"cloud OE. (but OSAX.
ON.
s/iirf.
ME. senile
sb.
sky
(scolle).
borrowed
fr.
found
in
not
;
skioii).
OLG.
=
slak,
base
OHG.
slaka-.
.iA?//
—
slack': Teut.
Hence
slake
vb. ME. slake oe. sldcian 'slacken',
sleep vb. ME.
i
=
G.
Source ital. schiavo
sklave.
'slave'
=
slay vb. OE. slain
=
E^yXa^r^voi 'the Slaves'.
ME. (part,
sic
(part,
slccicfi)
slain')
str.
GOTH. OHG. OSAX. slahan
vb. (g.
vb.
G.
schlaff
(slepe)
=
(--=
ohg.
in
OE.
GOTH.
'to
found sloi,
Teut. base
;
odu.
in
lat.
slet\ oe. *slet {*slyt)
umlaut-relation to (g.
scklosse
slauti-,
DU. sloot, fries, sleeve sb. me. (slyfe):
peril,
sldf
\'~ slap
slide'.
sleet sb. me.
mhg.
ohg.
teut.
r= ARYAN \f slal>
'
GR.
Slavonians,
slepe str.
lax, loose, remiss',
not
in
its
w.
Cogn.
Der. oldest form '^'slahtr, the TEUT. sP slah in slay. fr. du. slaaf: loanslave sb. word fr. FR. esclave, whence also
or
silk
slepan (pret. saizlep), osAX. sldpan, DU. slapen, ohg. sldffan G. schlafen.
/a/'/
slaughter
teut. \^
slijk): slihhan G. schleichen.
sb. m-^. slaughter: bc^ri"^ cent. fr. o^. sldtr
rowed
smooth'
slik-r 'sleek,
slepan (slckpan)
oe. slrec adj. me. slak on. slothful' slakr, 'languid,
slack
ON.
DU.
'hail):
whence also
slat.
slroe
oe.
slefe
Teut. base slanbjb{n-) in
sloove 'veil'.
sleight sb. ME. sleighte earlier me. sle/ipe: borrowed fr. ON. slcegd abstract for'slyness', which is
slice
mation
—
slow-worm
the adj. sly =^ me.
to
ON. sld'gr. slice sb. ME.
'a
;
ME.
vb.
oe.
(cp.
LiTH.
in
slidan
oe.
slitefi
'to slide';
G.
slidiis
'slipper'
slidor 'slippery').
slitan str. vb.
DU. slijten, ohg. sli"^an schlcissen'. teut. \f~ slit 'to tear.
sloe sb. ME, *sl(f/ie
sleha
sip
OE.
sld
(infl.
prob. contracted fr. oe. ^^ ohg. (infl. *sldhati) g.
aryan swed.
TEUT. \f slid under sled\ \'~ slidh
the
OSAX.
slita,
slit',
slif-//),
slide
= MHG.
vb.
esc/ice
source
splinter' TEUT. \^slit in slit.
slide
ofr.
slice fr.
shiver,
str.
cp. ON. 'to
sleh
189
schlche;
du.
cp.
DAN. slaaen
shin,
slee,
and Doubt-
'sloe'
OE.jrA?//-/(^r?«'black-thorn'. ful whether uth. slyvas
'plum'
slight adj. ME. slight; oe. *.?///;/ and OSLOV. RUSS. sliva 'plum' not found, but may be inferred fr. are cognate. the corresp. GOTH. j-A/Z/zA" 'smooth', sloop si), fr. du. sloep; source whence also E. OHG. y/d'///" "smooth, flat' {G.schlecht FR. chaloupe 'bad'
—
ON.
slittr
base
"simple') uu. slecht,
ir^//V///
,
sleh-ia-
prop, slih-ta- fr. the in sleek (on. slih-
verbal
\f silk
'sleek,
smooth').
slime
Teut.
smooth':
'flat,
sb. :me. oe. sli7n
= oho.
du. slijm, Teut. type sli-ma- fr. on. slim an ARYAN v'^jr//, whence also sTwi
:mhg.
G.
schleiffi
,
:
LAT.
'mud
It-miis
ME.
vb.
sling fling'
=
sliiigc
str.
vb.
not recorded)
^slingaii
(oe.
.
ON. slyngva
'to
vb. 'to
str.
shallop
=
,
g.
schaluppe.
slot sb. 'bar, bolt' late me. slot =r DU. LG. Slot^ OHG. sloz, G. schloss',
\f slut sliiten,
derived
teut.
tlie
fr.
in du. shut en, LG.
'shut'
OHG. slio-~an
schliessen
g.
(cp. G. schlilssel ohg. slu"^il
OSAX.
shitil
rests
on
'key'),
aryan \^
an
=
teut. \fslut sklhd,
cogn. w. LAT. clanderc 'shut'. sloth sb. ME. slpiithe with abstr. suffix fr. the adj. slow; cp. the umlaut-relation OE. sUkwp aie.
cp. mhg. slinge sb. sleuthc. DU. slingereti vb. 'to toss' slough sb. 'mire' me. slough oe.
cast, fling'; sling',
and
OHG. slingan 'to swing'. TEUT. \r sleng7Ci (slenhwl).
sloli
mire
slow
=
.
adj.
-ME.
oe.
slgtif
slaw
OSAX. OHG. sleo blunt', du. slip vb. ME. slippe oe. '^slyppan belongs to the str. vb. OE. slitpan sleeiiw 'sour', on. slj'dr 'blunt': 'to
glide'
sneak'; cp. vb. 'to slip'
=^ DU. goth.
schliipfcn 'to
\f slCip
,
lubriciis
slit slite
'to str.
and oho. slnpfan slip':
perh.
G.
slitaii
related
slittc
str.
Teut. base slai^aa-, perh. cogn. w. LAT. laevus 'left', gr. Xaiog.
slow-worm
Teut. verbal worvi to
lat.
slg
dcriv.
fr.
vb. 'to
ME. slit';
sb.
-wiirm
blindworm';
prop. oe.
ident.
.me. slp-
sld -icy rm
w.
swed.
NORWEG. slo {ormslo) 'blindworm'. Not compounded with slow OE. sldw, but resting
sld (oi'jnsld),
slipper)''.
vb. ME. OE.
sluipen
sliupan
I
go
smelt
sluice
on a TEUT.
slaiha-
cp. LlTH. slckas, 'rainworm'.
blindworm'; history of the group unknown. PRUSS. slayx It is doubtful whether late OE. snacc ON. snekkja (kind of ship) \
:=r sb. DU. sluis, G. is cognate. small adj. me. i'w
sluice
I
schlcuse:
|
=
—
OE.
slil-nia
'slumber'; eg.
sluimerc7i
sliiwien
,
DU.
cp.
slmneren
schlwnmerii) vb. 'slumber'. OE. shl-ma sb. 'slumber' rests on
(g.
an
ARYAN
in goth.
^'^slii
cease, be sly adj. ME.
to
slawan
silent'. sli
prop.
(sly)
sliH
(Orrm sick under sleight) borrowed fr. on. sldgr adj. 'sly, cunning'; ident. w. the non-um:
SAVED. DAN. g.
slug.
z'erschlage/i
rests
on
the
slay}
smack OE,
1
sb. sb.
sfficEC
slfi
sb.
smallage a die; ME.
(g. schlau),
As seen by
the adj. 'sly', teut. \^ slah in
;
fr. aclie 'pars-
Source lat. aphwi
ley'.
cp.
small
prop,
dc/ie is
ley'.
slej^
lauted TiV.sliiw lg.
'sheep' and oir. ?u/l 'beast also osLov. malli.
'pars-
,
smalt schmalte,
sb. fr.
du. sinalt =^
fr.
G.
smalt: source ital.
which is of Teut. origin MHG. smelzen G. schmclzeri).
Sfmilto,
(cp.
smart
vb. me.
S7/terte oe.
smeor-
^
ohg. a Teut. strong vb. smerzaii 'to smart'; cp. du. smart tati
:
sb.
=
sb.
'pain':
ohg. smcrzo g. schmerz teut. \'~ smcrt preme. smak teut. smierd cogn. w. lat. mordere 'taste' DU. smaak\ oho. 'to bite', gr. GLieodaXsoC'
=
igi)sma/r, cp. the vb. OE. smtEccan "to taste' ODU. smaken ofries.
=
smear
me.
vb.
the sb. OE.
svic're
sffieoro
vb.
fr.
^= on. smjgr
cp. OHG. smackbi smecken 'butter', OHG. osx^. sffi'ero: aryan schmecken 'to taste', west- \^sm'er also in goth. sf/iair-pr 'fatness' and in lith. sf/iarsas TEUT. sj'^smak smakk. smack''^ (Shakesp.) sb. 'a loud 'fat' and oir. st/iir 'marrow'. kiss' cp. G. sc/imatzeti fr. mhg. smell sb. ME. smel cogn. w.
S7nakia
;
G.
sinatze7i
smacken
prop, 'to
smack^ fr.
stnacketzen
smack the sb.
(a
LG.
,
lips
.
tishing-boat)
ODU. MLG. sviacke (du. stiiacU), also the equivalent G.
whence
schuiacke, fr. seviaque, ital. semacca,
SPAN.
zj(7/iaca.
Source and
smoulder 'to
vb.
me.
burn with a
s//ioldere
stifling
vb.
smoke'
;
cp. the sb. ME. smolder 'a stifling smoke' and the vb. du. sj/ieule/i 'to
smoulder'
smelt .ME.
(see
vb. 7/1
=
not e It)',
lg. sma'len.
found in borrowed
oe. fr.
smelt
SWED. LG.
=
sf/iai'ta
smelten
DAN. ohg.
,
schmelzen 'melt
=
FR.
sfuelte,
snielzan
o.
cp. ital. sinalto
;
The teut.
enamel'.
(,'7//(w7
DU.
\^ snielt is probably connected w. \fvielt under tiielt. smelt si), (a kind of lish) me. OE. stnt'lt\ ident. \v. dan. du. smelt:
NORW.
cp.
stnelta
(name
of various kinds of small
lish).
smile
vb, me. smile (oe. ""smyw. the non-umlauted cogn. la/il); MHO. sm'ulen smieren 'to smile'
and the
frequentative to
vb.
igi
OSLOV. smykati smi/kii "to
smoke
lith.
se 'to creep',
glide'. sb. me.
smoke oe. smoca
smoke'; cogn. \v. OE. smic 'smoke' (base smaiiki-) and the vb. OE. smeocan 'to smoke'; sti'. DU. smoken (base ^smi/ko/i) cp. and smook sb. (base *smaiiki-) TEUT. v^ smtik, perh. cogn. w. LITH. smaukti 'to choke'. sb.
:
smooth adj. me. s?iioihe late OE. smcid with the umlauted byform OE. smede
smirk presents an
e.
;
mlg. smode
OSAX.
'''sfiiothi
re-
fr.
a
Teut. base smanpi-.
OE. sfucarcian 'smile'.
smirch
sneeze
besmear' deri-
smother
sb. me. smorther iypra-
smear. OE. lieing an abstract suffix) smorian 'to choke, suffocate' smiirk see under sfuile. smite \1). ME. smite oe. S7nitan DU. lg. smoren G. sclwioren 'to
vative of
str.
vb.
smijten, G.
;
=
lg.
GOTH, smiteii,
schmeissen
\f smit
smith
smeitan,
ohg.
sinr^z,on
cast':
'to
du.
teut.
beat, smear'. ME. smith oe. smip
'strike,
stew'.
—
smoulder
Sfnoldere vb. rest
which
is
ident.
vb.
on me.
^
me.
smolder,
w. me. stuorther.
snail sb. me. snail OE. Teut. base snagla-; cp.
snczy.'.
mhg. ohg. snegel, on. s?iigill 'snail' cogn. sffiid G. schmieil; cp. GOTH. aiza- w. ohg. siiecko G. schnecke (eg. smipa 'coppersmith'; cogn. w. snigge), me. snegge. OHG. Sfnida gismidi 'HMG. geschmeidc, snake sb. me. snake oe. sndca\ DU. gcsjnijde. The dental is for- cp. the equiv. on. sndkr snokr, mative. There is an ary.a.n LG. snake. Teut. \^snak in ohg. snahhan 'to creep'. \j'~ svii in GK. (y/.ii-Xt] Ofuvvi]. Smithy sb. seems to be the snare sb. me. snare borrowed SCAND. s?nidja (= oe. smippe, fr. on. snara 'a snare halter ORG. sviitthd). ident. w. ohg. snar(a)ha OE. smock sb. ME. smgk oe. smocc snearh 'noose, snare' fr. a Teut. on. smokkr; base snarhdn-\ cp. the str. vb. 'smock, frock, shirt' cp. ohg. s7nocko 'shirt': deriv. ohg. sn'er{a)han .mho. snerhen 'to fr. the TEUT. \^ smug in OE. bind tightly'. Probably cogn. on. smjiiga 'to creep w. ohg. snuor G. schnur a lace, smtigan,
=
ON.
vb.
sf/iidr,
DU.
sfnid,
;
—
,
;
=
through a G.
hole',
schmiegen.
mhg. smiegen cord' (goth. snorjo). sneeze vb. me. snese \'^ svitik in
aryan
(oe. sneo-
ig:
snipe
—
sole^
ident. w. neese me. nese any way related with the Teut. ON. hnjosa and w. OE. fneosaii. word-group, is uncertain. snipe sb. me. snipe; ident. w. sob vb. ME. sobbe :
scifi)',
=
(oe. '^sobbian')
ON. myri-siiipa 'a moor-snipe' and cogn. w. the equiv. ohg. smpfa G. schnepfe DU. smp snip (ital.
frequentative of a teut. \f stib in ohg. si/ft^B. sigh, a sob' siift(dn. (g. seiifzeti) to sigh'.
—
sgncppa is of Teut. origin). sock sb. ME. Jtf^>^ oe. w^^: loansnite see under s/ioi. word fr. LAT. soccus (= FR. socquey snore vb. me. smirc vb. with ITAL. socco) whence also ohg. the frequentative snort me. sno?-ie', mhg. soc, on. sokkr. cogn. w. G. schnarchen, DU. snorkcn sod sb. me. sgde: probably snurken 'to snore, snorf. ,
snot vb. ME. snot 'mucus of the nose
oe.
=
borrowed
MLG. sode,
fr.
~^esnot
to
which
ofries.
sdtha du. snot\ turf: Teut. base saupdn-\ snoute 'sod, perhaps related to seethe.
corresponds
snout sb. cogn. ODU. smite DU. snuit and w. w.
=
me.
stiite vb. me.
ON. snyta G.
=
soft adj. adv. .me. softc Ihort for oe. sgfte adv. by the side of the umlauted adj. oe. sefte; ident. w.
oe. snytan. ^=
schndutzen.
schnaiitze,
snow
snite
wipe the nose". Cp.
'to
sb. ME.
snow OE. sndw OSAX.
GOTH. snai7C'S, ON. snt^r snjor, DU. sneeuw, ohg. snco G. schnee: Teut. base snai^va-, derived fr. the
=
(g.
LAT.
AVEST.
OFR.
OE. sniivaii 'to snow'
ningere ,
lith.
— sdfto adv. ^ — samfto adv.
'
sb.
soel
'ground' me.
^
FR.
sueil:
soile
fr.
source
LAT. solea.
soil- vb. 'to defile' me.
snigti,
snow'; cp. gr. vi(f-a 'snow' and lat. nix niv-eni, sniz
adj.
sanft sacht, du. zacht).
soil
ARYAN \f snigh in ohg. snman
G. sc/meie/i,
sdfii
OHG. senfti adj.
FR.
'to
soile fr.
souiller.
solace sb. me. solds fr. ofr. LAT. solatium. cymr. nyf 'snow'. solaz LITH. smgas and OSLOV. sncgii soldier sb. aiE. soudiour properly 'snow' correspond completely to souldicr fr. ofr. soldier (jK.soldat). Source ofr. soulde 'pay for soulTEUT. snaiiva- fr. snaigwa-. SO adv. ME. so prop, szvg oe. diers', whence du. g. sold. Source SWd GOTH. SWa, on. S7'd (OHG. LAT. SOliduS (= ITAL. Soldo FK. so DU. zoo), cp. the derivative soil) 'piece of money'. suc/i and mhg. sus (g. sonst), sole^ (of a shoe) sb. me. sole DU. .C//J-. OE. sole ^= OHG. sola G. sohle, du. zool: Teut. base sola, borrowed soap sb. me. sppe oe. .jv^i? ohg. seijpa o. j'^yi?: Teut. base fr. a LAT. type *sola, represented IR.
sncchta
—
=
=
,
^
saipon-.
^
Whether lat. sapo(nem) by
FR. saTon,
i
ital. sapone are in
FR.
sole,
suela 'sole
ital. suolo,
of a shoe'.
span.
The
vul-
f
sound^
sole^
gar- L AT.
supplanted which
has
sola
LAT. so/ea,
whence goth.
borrowed. sole" (a flat fish) me.
siilja
'sole' is
ident.
sole'y
w.
193
sole
in GR. qj&Qovt-
-onJ-
fr.
fr.
GOTH
lat.
cp.
sole^',
participle of the .\rvan
is
\'~es 'to be' (skr. ds/I, gr. effri, LAT. t'st, G. /jV) with the suffix
SKR. satyd
solea 'sole-fish'.
(cp. tootJi).
corresponds to
siinjis 'true'
'true'.
some
sore adj. me. sgr OE. siw fr. a pron. .me. su7?i sojn OE. sum =1 GOTH, sums, ON. SUf/ir, OHG. TEUT. adj. sai-ra- in ON. iW/T, ARYAN base s^mo- in gr. OHC. ser, DU. s^ifr 'sore, wounded'; suf/i auod^sr, SKR. sama. cp. GOTH, sair sb. 'pain', ohg. son sb. ME. sone sune OE. sunu j^V vei'sehren vb. 'to :
=
liurt).
(g.
GOTH. SU/IUS, ON. SUnr, OSAX. Cogn. w. LAT. sae-vus 'wild and sunu, OHG. sun G. i^'//// du. s^c*//: OIR. sai-th 'pain'. Cp. sorry. Teut. base sunu-. An aryan base sorrel (plantname) fr. ofr. is evident in skr. sunu-, sfiiiuOSLOV.
LITH.
.9V«/:,
Cogn. w. GK.
son'.
siiui/s
an
vioc,
'son'
ARYAN base
suyu-
and
w.
OIR.
suth 'foetus'.
There occurs
also
skr. \r su bring forth'.
a
fr.
sorel (fr, surelle), which rived fr. FR. sur 'sour siir
beget, bear,
sb. me. sorwe oe. sorg base sorgo- in
sorge: Teut.
GOTH, saurga, ohg. sorga G. sorge, DU. ZOrg, ON. sorg ARYAN \^ StTg/l Teut. in LITH. sergiti 'to heed'
—
:
vb. ]MK. OE.
song base
S(ing(7ei)a-
sofig'.
also
saggzvs, ON. spngr,
du.
GOTH.
in
S(7«^^,
g.
Cp. i///^^ soon adv. me. siine oe. .yciV/iz; as shown by goth. suns-aiw 'soon', OE. son-a is a compound of OE. son (= OHG. OSAX. sa?i) and d (=^ GOTH, aiw OHG. /V); cp. OHG. sdr sar-io and goth. suns 'soon'. ODU. soot sb. ME. OE. sot ON. sot; derived fr. the soct sang.
=
,
teut. \fsci
'sit,
set';
suide
OIR.
sooth
sh'gti 'to
suffer'.
sorry adj. me. sgry oe. sdrr^ earlier sdre"^: Teut. base sair-ag-, sore. deriv. fr. teut. saira-
=
sot sb. me. sot late oe. (c. iooo) soi't; borrowed fr. fr. sot, whence also DU. zot w.
IR.
and
isihg. sot;
cogn.
suthan "a dunce'.
soul
sb.
ME. soule
prop, sgule teut. saiwcogn. w. alo- in goth. saiwala, ohg. sHa
(base *sddia), OSLOV. sa.iihi 'soot'.
sodis,
deohg.
(see under sour^.
sorrow infl.
'to
is
=
lith.
OE. saic'ol infl. sdzole
(for *sewhi) G.
=
seele,
osax.
.yr?//*;/,
'movable'. sound ^ adj. 'healthy me. sound OSAX. prop, isound OE. lesiind ui'. ziel.
adj. true' me. soth oe. spj>
Cp. GR.
:
at oAoi,^
=
on. Teut. base sanj>sannr ohg. sand, osax. soth; gisund, OHG. gisunt G. gesund, cogn. w. GOTH. sunj/s (for *sundja-) DU. gezond; probably cognate w. TEUT. san/- answers to skr. sat, LAT. .f(?////5' 'healthy'. fr.
a
,
.
English Etymology.
13
—
sound
194
sound
(of the sea)- sh. me. the sund\ original of the oe. word is 'a
speak
'a blade of or metal". meaning span vb. ME. spanne oe. spannan swimming' which affirms connec- str vb. =^- ohg. spannan G. DU. tion w. S7(.'im'. Teut. base sunda- spannen to extend". (ON. stiiuf) for "^swiinida-. span-new adj. me. span-newc sound * sb. 'a noise' me. soim fr. ON. spdn-nyr] on. spdnn (cp.
sound
son:
FR.
fr.
cogn. w. OR. (Jndd/]
wood
OE.
sound ^ sour
source
vb.
lat.
sonus.
fr. souder.
fr.
spoofi)
=
means
'a
chip, shaving'.
sb. ME. sparre (cp. the vb.
spar
=
ME. sour oe. sihOE. yspearrian 'to shut, bar) du. zuur, OHG. stir G. OHG. sparro (whence G. sparreti), saucr: ARYAN base sure- in LITH. DU. jT/ar, ON. sparri: Teut. base suras, OSLOV. syru 'raw, rough'. sparron-. ad).
j
stirr^
j
j
I
source source
sours l\t.
DU. zuid:
fr.
fr.
spar
sii/'
=
spar^
Teut. base esparcr
OHG. su/idau 'from the
suu/>-
in
south'
(=
sb. OE. spcer-stdn;
cp. G.
OE.
vb.
=
me. sparre FR. sparer.
adj. me. spar
spcer
(infl.
^. ofr.
infl.
in
*spdra)
spare the
compound spa'r-hefide (original south-wind'. meaning having spare, thrift}" sotlwrn oe. siideme hands') and in the vb. spartan to OHG. sundroni 'to spare'. Teut. base spara- in
*(7i'6Tog)
southern
spare
OE. Sudan, ON.sunnan). allied to GR. rorog
Probably
2
sparkalk.
surgfre').
sb. ME. soui/i oe.
j7/^//-,
(for
fr.
(deri\'.
south ON.
me.
sb.
i\ie.
i
corresponds
ON. sparr, ohg. spar (g. sparME. sgwe ok. sdica/i sani) cp. on. spara, ohg. sparon GOTH, saian, on. sd, G. sparen 'to spare'. Outside str. vb. DU. zaaijen, OSAX. sdjan, ohg. sden of TEUT., osLOV. .f/(?r« 'thriftv' G. .fc'^fv/ ARYAN verbal v'" ^'^ and OR. 6naQv6c, rare, lacking' in LAT. sero (ground-form '^'siso) are cognate. -shn-saium, osLOV. se-ii lith. spark sb. me. sparke oe. spear ca\ Teut. base sparkon- in DU. spark, scti 'sow' and in lat. sc-)nen. OHG. sd-vio G. j't/wd'. Cp. seed. LG. sparke; cogn. w. lat. sparON. sudrd'nn.
--r^
sow
'
vb.
=
;
=
i
!
=
,
SOW^ suge sii
sugu.
'sow" (under
suig
'a
space
suwe gere ? Cogn. w. teut. sparrow
sb. ME. so7ve earlier
OE.
swi ne^ and
w. IR.
pig. sb.
sb. me. spar^ve oe. GOTH. sparwa Teut. spearwa base sparwancp. ohg. sparo
=
:
;
]\ie.
5;2^(^?V^
fr.
ofr.
(g.
Sperling^.
vb. me. jr/r'X'^ oe. specan r= ohg. spehhan with vb. oe. str. me. spade spddu spade ohg. infl. spddan; ident. w. on. spadi, the byforms oe. sprecan DU. G. DU. spade, OSAX. spado, G. spaten spreken. sprechen, sprehhan espaLC\
source lat.
speak
spatiujn.
sb.
=
;
—
spear
195
spit*
OSAX. sprekan; west-teut. strong ing in verbal \^ sprek: spek, perhaps espeler connected w. on. spraka 'to spelt
and lith. spragHi See speech.
crackle' crackle'.
sb. me. spp-e
spear
on.
w.
ident.
G. DU. speer
'to
oe. spere;
and coyn. w. lat.
spams 'a dart speck vb. ME.
sb.
OE.
spelt
LAT.
=
spell'.
du.
spelt,
loanword
spelza'.
{=
spelta
OFR.
\v.
'to
it.
fr.
spclta,
FR. ipeautre). spend vb. me. spende oe. *spendan (in the sb. spending and in the :
specke oe. specca
word
whence
sprek in speak. speed sb. me.
L)U.
;
speech
oe.
sped
pro-
LAT. dispenderewb.%\itind\ ohg. also G. spenden
fr.
mark' cp. DU. spikkel. sb. me. spechc oe. (rare) spec (spcec) with the common byform oe. sprcec: Westteut. base spdki- sprdki-; derived fr. \^ spek spot,
ipeler
comY>on\\d?,d-, foi-spendan) loan-
.
'a
Cognate fr.
sp'elta
late
OHG. sper
spjpr,
OHG.
OE. =--
sprntan.
spew
vb.
spewc oe. spiwan
:me.
^= OHG.
OSAX. sphvan o. speien, GOTH, speiwan str. vb. (on. spyja,
spuwen) strong verbal \~ spitv :
as in LAT. spuere, lith. spiauti 'to
fr a Teut. base spew'; cp. the cognate \^ pju OSAX. spod 'success', in GR. nrv&ii', osLOV. p/uti? ohg. spuot spice sb. me. spife fr. ofr. s/oed 'speed'
perly oe. speed in
spo-di-
DU.
esp/iY
OHG. spuon to succeed', ceed which arc cognate w. OSLOV.
fr.
:
=
spcjati 'to succeed', 'to increase': aryax
sb.
spell spell-^
'story,
=
gospel)
me.
oe.
saying'
GOTH,
spel
(infl.
(see
also 'tale,
spill ,
:
Teut.
base
spclla-,
assimilated
for sqedlo-, pre-XEUT. sq-etlo- ^rz^ oiR. sc^/, CYMR. chwedl 'a story'.
Derived from the ARYAN say,
suffix
tell
-etlo-
spell vb. care (Orrm care');
(fr.)
spider
LAT. Species.
me. spither in Kent,
sb.
derived
for spinder OE. ^spinnire;
spin.
spike sb. ME. spik 'an ear of skr. sphay corn' fr. lat. spica. spill vb. ME. spille late oe. spillan \^sphe spho.
m}th', ON. spjall 'a saying ohg. spel 'a narrative' (du. spellen vb.)
'to
=
,
(wVicnce G. spnten to make haste') verbal abstract to the str. vb. OE. spowaii 'to suc-
'success'
\l~ seq
fr.
ON. spilla; ident. w. oe. spildan,
ohg. spildan
Teut. base
'to spill':
spiipjan.
spin vb. ME. spinne oe. spinnan vb. rr- GOTH. OHG. spinnan,
str.
G.
DU.
spinnen,
The
equivalent.
spinnan
spindle
rests .mk.
on.
spinna: all vb. teut.
str.
on a oe.
\'^
spinel
aryan spinila. (cp. say) as in gr. c-xtrXov. spirit see sprite. ^ sb. me. spite me. spe/le 'syllabispit
in
=spcnohg.
;
spelldrenn 'syllabinot found in this mean-
'roasting spit' ;= ohg. spit
(ital.
spito,
FR.
oe.
spitu
spiz,,
ipois
13*
du.
repre-
196
spit^
derived fr. sent a teut. spitus) the TEUT. adj. spiiu- in OHG. ;
G.
spitzi
spur
not found pi.
OE.
(where
splof
spot); cp. ODU. DU. spot a blot'.
spotte
spitz.
in
splottas
'a
spouse sb. ME. spouse fr. Ofr. spit- vb. ME. spitte O'E. yspyttan; source LAT. ident. w. on. spytta with the by- espouse (fr. ipoiise) \
form
spyta, LG.
spy ten,
see spout. spite sb. ME. see despite.
G.
speutzen)
sponsa.
spout for
spit
dcspit\
vb.
.ME.
spoute;
cogn. w.
spit.
sb. ME. sprot (pi. spfottes)
sprat
lat. (gr.) splen. OE. spi'ot (pi. sprottas); cp. WLG. Scandin. vb. loanword; sprot G. sprotte, DU. sprot. split sprawl vb. me. spraule oe. cp. DAN. sp/itte; cogn. w. du. G. MHG. spkissen sprcawPian fr. a teut. sprauwalon. spri2,en splijten spread vb. me. sprede oe. (le)(whence G. splitter^. spoil vb. ME. spoi/e fr. fr. spo- sprcedan 'to extend' :=- ohg. g. lier (lat. spoliare^. spreiten, DU. spreiden; deriv. fr. spoke sb. ME. spoke oe. spdca the str. vb. OHG. sfiriian 'to beOSAX. speka DU. spee/c, ohg. come extend', d'. spring str. vb. me. springe of.. speihha Q. speiche. All equivalent;
spleen
sb.
fr.
=
=
Teut. base spaikon-.
spriiigan
;= osAX. ohg.
spi'ingan,
is a TEUT. teut. source lat. \{^ spr'eng loanword): esponge (fr. iponge) to gr. spongier, whence also osax. spunsia sprang, perhaps related DU spoils. Gn^g^soifo.i 'to make haste. sprite sb. ME. sprite fr. fr. spool sb. (not found in me.
sponge
sb. me.
sponge
fr.
ofr.
ON. springa (ital. springarc
;
.
OE.) loanword fr. du. spoeP, ident. W. OHG. SpUOlo G. Spule (iTAL.
esprit:,
LAT.
ident. w. spirit.
Source
spiritus.
Teut. is of TEUT. origin) sprout vb. ME. sproutc (oe. base spdldn-\ doubtful whetlier ''''spruta/i) ^= DU. spruiten, LG. spiiiten, OFRIES. spriita 'to sprout'; cogn. w. spin. spoon sb. ME. OE. spon fr. a cp. G. spriesse?i: teut. \fsprut TEUT. spdmi- {spam-) in ohg. spreut. spur sb. ME. spure oe. spura span 'a chip, splint', DU. dan. spaan 'a chip', on. spdnn sponn (spora); ident. w. ohg. sporo (g. :
spiiola
chip' (cp. span-new). Cogn. sporn)^ DU. spoor, on. spori (iTAL. w. MHG. spd-t 'a chip' sprotte FR. iperon are of teut. \/^spe. sport sb. for disport as spend origin) Teut. base spuron- sporon-. for dispend; me. disporte vb. fr. \(^ sp3r in OHG. osax. oe. spurOFR. se desporter 'to amuse one- nan 'to kick against' under spurn and in G. spur du. spoor OE. spor self.
'a
:
:
spot
sb.
ME.
spot
pi.
spottes;
a foot-track
.
spurge
spurge sb. loanword
fr.
—
stammer
short for me. spourge stain sb. ofr. espurge (source desteindre =
vb.
nan str. vb. OHG. OS AX.
stair
ofr.
fr.
j'/(?z>
properly
^= ODU. OLG. west'stair':
spurtie oe. spilr-
'to
kick against' steger du. steiger 'to kick TEUT. ground-form staigir, deriv\f spdr in lat. ed fr. the Teut. verbal \'^ stig in
.$///>;-
=
steeper
spurnan
sper-7iere 'to despise', lith. spirti 'to kick against', gr. aTiaiosiV,
OE.
DU. GR.
OHG. stigan
stigafz,
G. sttigen,
cogn. w. march' SKR. nrnytir stigh 'ascend' (cp. lat. ve-stigiuvi
SKR. sphur. Cp. spur. spy vb. ME. spie fr. ofr. espier,
which
me.
sb.
OE.
steine
lat. dis-tingere.
jSIe.
Aryan
against':
ME.
:
LAT. expurgare).
spurn
197
'to
stijgen
climb';
'to
,
of Teut. origin ohg. 'a fool-track'). ODU. sp/eu stake sb. me. stake OE. stdca spLihen ODU. stake DU. jr/(7«/^, swed. (aryan \f spek in lat. conspicio, jiYa/^^"; speculum, skr. \^spaf). cp. ofries. stak 'stiff, G. square sb. me. square fr. ofr. stachel 'a prick, goad'. stalk 1 sb. ME. stalke, a dimin. c'sguarrc 'a square'. es- form with suffixed X' of ME. stale; squire sb. me. squire quire. cp. OE. stela, ON. stil-kr 'a stalk', squirrel sb. me. squirdliox scilril OHG. G. jY//, also GR. HTsXeuv 'a fr. OFR. cscurel {-= fr. handle'. icureuiP) source a LtAT. type scurellus stalk'- vb. ME. stalke', k is a for LAT. sciurus 'a frequentative suffix {scuriolus) cp. OE. stylis
:
G.
spc/ion
=
,
=
;
;
squirrel
Stable
lan
.
1
me. stable
sb.
{=
fr.
ofr.
'to
leap'
(oe. *stealcia>i).
stall sb. AiE. stal
oe.
.f/^^?//
fr.
source a Teut. base stalla- in on. stallr, LAT. stabulutn 'abode, stable. OHG. ^V(^/ G. stall, DU. .yA?/ 'stall, Stable'' adj. me. stable fr. ofr. stable' (iTAL. stallo'Y>\-AC^ stalla est able —-- LAT. stabilis 'stable'. 'stable are of Teut. origin). staff sb. ME. staf (pi. staves) ARYAN base stadhlo- in lat. OE. stcef (pi. std/as) on. stafr, stabulum 'stable'. DU. staf, OHG. G. stab; cp. OHG. stallion sb. me. stalloun fr. stabcn 'to be stiff' and the adj. OFR. estalon (fr. italoii) =^ ital. eastfries. staf 'stiff', also lith. stallcme: of Teut. origin (teut.
estable
fr.
itable)\
—
=
—
Stellas' %tz.fi.
stdbas stobras; skr.
\fstabh 'be stiff. stag sb. ME. stagge
stammer late
stagga 'a stag'. sb.
stage estage
^~
staticuni)
.
fr.
oe.
fr.
j
ME.
stage
t'tage
fr.
(lat.
under stall). vb. me. stamere deriv.
stalla- 'stable'
cp.
oii.
statnor adj. 'stammering'; stamereii- stamelcn ohg.
DU.
ofr. \stamalon;
,
\'~
stam
—
ON. stavir stama vb. 'to in
type 'stammering' stammer', ohg. statnen 'stammer'; I
198
siutn
G.
Stamp pian)
=
SKR. star, GR.
vb. ME. sta7?ipe (e, '^slaniDU. stampen, OHG.stafnpfofi
for oe. steorhord; cp. on. stjorbordi 'starboard' and OE. steor under
sta?npfen
are
(ital. stampare
teut.
of
fr.
origin) TEUT. \f stamp cogn. w. gr. arsu[j&iv to stamp'. itampC7-
state
GOTH. stamms stamCogn. w. OSAX. OHG. stwnm 'dumb'.
also
Cp.
G.
—
stamp
:
daTi]Q, lat. ste/la All equivalent. sb. me. sterbgrd short
(for *steru/a?).
Starboard
steer-'.
starch
sb. me. '^stere/ie oe. stereo
umlaut-derivative with palatalisation of star/i. stare vb. me. stare oe. starian stanch, staunch vb. me. stauncht: ON. stara, ohg. staren to stare'; vb. fr. OFR. estancher. Stand vb. me. stamie oe. standan derived fr. an adj. stara- in skr. GOTH. OSAX. i-M/rrz'fast, hard', GR. a rfpfo'c hard': (prt. oe. me. Stpd) standan, on. standa, ohg. stantan ARYAN \f sta 'to stand' in ohg.
(=
G. stcirke)
:
=
=
'to
stand': a strong vb.,
common
Stan sten G. stehen, DU. staan, lat.
the Teut. languages teut. stare, GR. 'loravui, SKR. sthd. stark adj. me. star/i oe. stearc Sj^stap stad; tlie nasal of the verb is orig. characteristic of =-^ OSAX. MHG. G. star/i; cp. ON.
to
;
the present tense). (with umlaut) stcr/ir and goth. Standard sb. me. standard (-^ gastaiir/inan "to become dry': DU. standaard') fr. ofr. cstandart ARYAN \~strg in LITH. str^gti 'to ^= FR. itandard (ital. sttndardo become stiff. fr. lat. extender e starling sb. jme. stir/ing short spread out'). stang sb. me. stange loanword for oe. stdr/ing: dimin. formation fr. ON. stpng gen. stangar ident. of oe. stdr "a starling' =r ohg. ;
w. ohg. stanga G. stange, du. stang stara G. staar 'a starling' cogn. and the umlauted oe. steng 'pole, w. OE. steam ^^-^ lat. stiirnus. start vb. me. sterte (oe. *steortan stake"; source the vb. Oe. stingan 'to stab, pierce' str. see sting. cp. odu. DU. storten, vb.) ;
;
;
stanyell sb. (Shakesp.) oe. stdnli'I/a properly 'rock-yeller' cp. :
staple sb. ME. stdpe/ oe. stdpo/
prop
ste'rt
sturzen g. stiirzen: teut.
= DU. lg.
stape/, ofries.
stapu/ 'block'. star sb. me. sterre
sterve oe. steorfan
=
du. 'die(ofhunger') sterban OHG. osax. stertmn, sterven, str.
G.
oe. steorra
y^
start.
Starve vb. me.
ye//. 'a
ohg.
ON.
vb.
sterben.
str.
vb. 'to die';
j-A?/// 'stiffness',
cp.
east-fries.
-- OHG. OSAX. sterro, odu. mlg. bestarfen 'be stiff'. The original Teut. base st'erron-', ident. meaning of the teut. \'~ sterb was w. GOTH, stairno on. stjania probalily 'be stiff. OHG. sterno State sb. AIE. estdt fr. ofr. estat (hence me. sterne^ lat. status. Hat ohg. w. fr. stern Cogn. st'erti). (g.
sterre:
,
,
=
stay
Stay FR.
*
vl).
ME. siaie
fr.
ofr. estayer
staga-,
oe. stcey. Teut. base fr. (itay; cp. DU.
sb.
whence sb.
stale oe. stede
^\v..
fr.
sb. me. ster oe. steor
'
=
on. stjorr, ohg. osax. stioi' g. du. slier 'a bull' ident. w. on. pjorr (dan. /yr) arvan stiur,
;
:
base
LG. stag.
Stead
steer
GO rH.
ctaycr.
stay-
199
step
(osLOV. turn 'steer'). racgoc corresponds to A?//' (aryan base tai-wo-,
(s)teuro
But GR.
a Teut. base stadi- ^^ GOTH, stafs oiR. stead, place', OHG. stai (o. stadt not cogn. w. steer). steer 2 vb. :me. stere oe. steor an 'town), ON. stddr 'a place': abaryan w. the umlauted byform styran formalion of the stract \f OHG. stiuran G. steuern, du. sia 'to stand' (see stare); cp.
'a
=
LAT.
statio,
Steak
SKR.
sb.
sihiii'a.
ME.
steike
staccan vb. to roast'): fr. ON. steik 'a steak'
standing'.
stureii\
on. siyri
cp.
'a
rudder';
non-umlauted root-form see borrowed under starboard, teut. \i^ steiir — stcikja also in GOTH, stiurjan'to confirm'. (late oe.
for a
-
stem sb. me. stem oe. stemn stefn a stem of a tree': ahlaut-relation GOTH, stilau ON. stela, to ON. stafii, osax. stamn vb. OSAX. OHG. stelan o. stehlen du. OHG. statn Q.stanim du. stani: teut. stavina-. stelen: teut. yf stel, perhaps ident. ground -forms st'cmna-
'to
roast'.
Steal vb. ME.
^
w.
stele
oe. stelan str.
=
,
OR.
arspw&ai
—
or^Qidy.siv
'bereave'.
Steam
cogn. w. 'to
sb. me. sIi'm oe. steam
fr.
iR. ta?noi/ 'stem'.
\'~ sta
stand' under stare.
Stench
sb.
me. stench oe. stcnc
a Teut. base stau-jna- {\i\:i. stooni, fr. a tuet. base stank{7o)i-; see eastfries. stoffi): \^ stau, not stink. found elsewhere. Step vb. OE. stceppan steppan str. steed sb. me. stede oe. steda 'a vb.; cp. DU. stappen, ohg. stapfon stallion umlaut-derivative of OE. 'to step' and oe. stepe steppe 'a sidd E. stud. step, pace'; probably related to OSLOv. stopa foot-track'? The steel sb. ME. i-/d?/t' OE. stele (style) umlaut- formation by the side of root seems to be nasalized in the equival. OHU. stali'al G. stahl, stamp. DU. staal, ON. J-/V//: Teut. base Step in stepfather stepf/iother -nunler short stalila- and (for OE. style') stahlja-; etc. ME. step-fader, ident. w. OPKUSS. stakla- 'steel'. for OK. steop-feeder, -nuklor ; ident. -ohg. steep adj. ME. step oe. steap adj.; w, ON. stjiipfadir, -tiiodir
=
:
:
w. OE. steap =:t: on. staup beaker' under stoup. Umlautderiv. steeple me. stepel oe. stepel stypel (fr. a Teut. base staiipila-\ cp. ON. stopull 'a steeple'). ident.
—
stiof-fater,
-tnnoter
G.
stiefrater,
Teut. base steupa-, whence OHG. bistufcn OE. dstypan
stiefmutter:
vb.
'bereave,
rents)'.
deprive
(of pa-
200
stern
Stern adj. me. sterne Oe. styrne; Teut. base stirni- prop, st'ernu-, cogn. w. LAT. strennus. stern- sb. inie. stcme fr. on. stjor/i 'a steering'; see starboard and steer vb. Stew vb. ME. stilwe vb. fr. the sb. OFR. estave G. stube; see '
=
stool
osAX.
stinkan
du.
G.
stinken
:
-
pre teut. stengw {tengtv in GR. Tayyog 'rancid'). stir vb. ME. stire OE. styrian vb.; ident. \v. the ablauted OHG. storen
TEUT. \'~
ste////
G. storen, du. storen, ofries. stir a:
WEST-TEUT. bases stnrjanstaurjan; \f stur also in siormf
stirrup sb. me. stirop properly me. stiward (since sti-rgp OE. stii-rdp; ident. w. OHG. the 1 2"' cent.) cogn. \v. oe. sti{^- stega-reif G. stegreif{p\]. steegrcep), 7vita 'house -holder'. The first ON. stig-reip. Second element of the compound is teut. raipaelement is ident. w. sty. stick sb. ME. sticke oe. sticca =^ roap; for the i^' element (Teut. OHG. stccko G. steckcn Teut. base stiga- \r stig^ see stair. stitch sb. ME. sticche OE. stice stikkon-, derived fr. the verbal \'~ Teut. base stiki- 'a stik in OHG. stchhnn o. stechen. early stici: stiff adj. short for me. oe. stif pricking' by the side of oe. stieian stoz'e.
steward
sb.
;
=
:
:= on.
stifr, DU. stijf, G. 'to prick'; cf. OYLQ.st'ehhan G. stechen cogn. w. LITH. stipti \o be- (oHG. still G. stick sb. 'pricking'), come stiff and LAT. stipes 'a pole'. OSAX. stekan du. steken. ARYAN aviCco cf. stile sb. ME. stile contracted \f stig in GR. oxiyfia from OE. jr/^Winfl. str^ele OHG. SKR. \^tij 'be sharp'. stith sb. ME. stitli borrowed fr. stigila 'a stile'; derived fr. the ON. stedi 'an anvil'. TEUT. s^ stfg under stair. still adj. ME. OE. stille ohg. stock sb. ME. stock OE. StocC 'stiff'
stcif;
,
=
—
;
=
=
DU. stok, OFKIES. 'trunk, log, pillory' the i'&M:.\'~ st'cll OHG. G. stock, ON. stokkr: Teut. 'to stand tirmly' in the factitive base stokka- for stukka-; TEUT. \'^ vb. OHG. G. stellcn 'to place' and stuk in DU. lg. stoken, me. stoke 'to stab in OHG. stollo 'post'. cogn. w. skr. //{/''push'. stone sb. ME. stpn OE. stdn stilt sb. ME. stilte\ ident. w. ohg. OSAX.
Stilli
stille:
G.
deriv.
still,
DU.
Stil,
fr.
=
;
stelza G. stelze,
valent.
du.
stelt;
all
equi-
GOTH, .y/^m,
ON. steinn, OHG. G. OSAX. st^n du. jt/^^/z Cogn. stains,
—
:
stentnu ME. stinge oe. stingan \v. OSLOV. stena 'a wall' GOTH. {us)stiggan, on. Vocky', GR. Cxyov oria 'pebblestiriga\ cp. OHG. stungon stung en stone'. Cp. stanyel. GOTH. stool sb. ME. OE. Stpl 'to sting' TEUT. \^ st'e/ig under DU. oSAX. ON. stbl, stoel, <;tdll, stbls, sta/ig. stink vb. ME. stinke OE. stiiiean OHG. stuol G. stiikl: Teut. base str. vb. =- GOTH, stigqan, OHG. stb-la- deriv. fr. the ARYAN \fsthd
sting vb. str. vb.
—
:
=
stoop 'to
stolu
'table',
20I
straw-l)eny
under stead. Cp. also
stand'
OSLOV.
—
straight
gr. oTtjXrj
adj.
(d)streht; part,
me.
oe.
str eight
of OE. streccean
=
str etch.
'column'.
stoop vb. ident. w. me. stoupe strain vb. me. streine fr. ofr. OE. stupiaii 'to curve downwards' estraindre =^ lat. stringere and ^= ODU. stuipen 'to bow', on. stilpa straitUY.. streit fr. ofr. estreit (fr. SWED. stupa 'to fair. LAT. str ictus. etroii) vb.
ME.
(oE. forstoppian'lo stop up, close') ident. w. DU. stopper!, OHG. stopfon G.
stop
stoppe
,
stop/en
and
w.
ital. stoppare
'to
= 'shore' = strand
me.
sb.
ON.
strand
oe.
strgnd
(gen.
strandar') 'margin, edge', DU. lg. G. strand 'shore' (fr. itrain of
stop up with tow'. Source low Teut. origin). LAT. stiippare (lat. stuppa 'oakum'). strange adj. me. straunge fr. ofr. estrange (fr. itrange) source stork vb. ME. stork OE. store
=
:
DU. stork, OHG. stork o. storch, ON. storkr ; cogn. w. GR. rdoyoc 'a
LAT. extraneus.
large bird'.
0¥i<..
storm
sb. ME. OE. storm
stonnr, DU. storvi (oHG. G.
= on. stiirfri)
;
strangle vb. me. strangle vb. estrangler
strap
sb.
loanword
fr.
fr.
= LKT.stranguiare.
me. oe. strop ipp): LAT. struppus 'thong,
\^stur in jZ/V or fillet', whence also du. lg. strop cogn. w. LAT. stcrnere 'to strew'. and FR. dtrope. straw sb. me. straw oe. streaw story sb. me. 5'/r/?'7> fr. ofr. estoire LAT. historia. (with the byforms me. strc oe. on. stoup stoop ME. i'/<''/^: borrowed strca^: Teut. \i?i%&strawafr. ON. stoup 'beaker, cup' stoop stra, DU. stroo, OHG. stro G. stroh;
derived
fr.
=
=
=
'a '
gallon': the sb. (teut. statipa-
beaker') rests on the adj. staupasteep. stout adj. ME. stout h. OFR. estout;
=
w. DU. OHG., G. stout, 'proud': source lat. stultus
ident. stolz
cp.
the vb. strew OE. strewan,
streyrn
=
goth.
straujan,
OHG.
strouwen G. streuen, du. strooien 'to strew'. TEUT. \^strau derived fr. the ARYAN \f ster in gr. ornn^vI'viii
aTQ(6vvvi.ii
—
and
I,
AT.
stcrno
stratum), osLOV. strcti spread out'; cp. esp. lat.
'foolish'.
(stravi
Stove sb. OE. stofa 'a bath' =r 'to OHG. stuba 'a bathing-room' (g. stramen 'straw'. stube 'a room'), du. stoof; ident. straw^-berry sb. me. straw-berie w. FR. ituve and osLOV. istuha OE. streaw -berie; not cogn. w. 'a room'. Source and history straw. Probably connected w. uncertain.
Stow
Cp. stew.
h\T.
fragum
'straw-berry
=
:
ARYAN
vb. ME. stgwe OE. stowian base sraghwoTeut. base 'to restrain'; derived fr. OE. stow strawa-; the 2"^^ elementin straw'a place* =^ lith. stoi'a 'place'. berry might be explanatory.
202
stray
vb.
Stray csiraier (^=z
me.
straie
derived
;
study
estrif,
= OSAX.
street^.
Streak
str.
me. strike oe. strica
sb.
'a line';
GOTH,
cp.
stroke
striks 'a
.sb.
me.
sircf/i
DU.
\'^strfg
—
wipe'
strijken,
=
ofries.
OHG. strlhhan
teut. \rstrtk, KYCiKii LAT. str/gi/is, O.SLOV.
G. strciehen;
oe. stream
rests
strid,
vb. 'to rub,
strika,
with the pen' and strike.
stream
which
on a Teut. sb. OHG. strtt G, sireit. strike vb. me. strike oe. strican
OFR.
fr.
lat. strata
fr.
in
stristi 'to shear'. Cp. DU. sfriga stroke. Teut. base' strooni, ON. straiimr string sb. me. oe. streng fr. a straiL-iiia-, derived fr. the ARYAN TEUT. base strangi- in ON. strengr, \f srii- to flow =r: SKR. \^srii to DU. streng, ohg. G. Strang; cogn. GR. oiR. flow'; cp. sruth\ Qietr, w. the adj. strong. sriiaim 'stream' (lat. river' strive vb. me. strive fr. OFR. /f/zwtv; instead o'i'^frfmien: ARYAN estriver vb. (oFR. estri/ under srou-?nen-^. strife). Street i\ie. strete oe. stret street stroke sb. ME. str ok and stroke
r= OHG.
stroiim
(g.
strof/i),
:
;
\
—
^
strdte
infi.
on. streeti
(whence
is
vb. OE. strdeian fr. \f"strik under borrowed) =^- OSAX. strata, du. strike. OHG. strdzza G. strasse straat, strong adj. me. oe. strong fr. WEST-TEUT. strdia_ fr. lat. strata TEUT. base strangii- in OHG. Strang (sc. rv'd'i prop, 'a paved way', G. DU. sich j
:
j
whence
ital. strada
= fr.
1
etree
strengi
streng
srexth)
Strength
street'.
'a
sb.
me. streugthe
(g.
1
anstrengen (OIK.
vb.)
;
cogn.
stringere 'to draw tight, Stub sb. ME. stuhbe
oe.
strengdu (GOTH. *straggipa) derived
umlauted
byform
w.
LAT.
compress
OE.
with styhh
.
the 'a
strong. stub'; cp. LG. stubbe, du. stobbe, Stress sb. force' short for ME. ON. stubbi and GR. orvvog 'a stub,
fr.
distressc fr.
oFR. dcstrcsse.
stump'.
Stretch vb. me. streecheo'E.
ARYAN
\'~stuj>,
nasalized
in
stree-
stump. stubble
streht under strnig h i) sb. ME. stob/e stuble fr. ohg. strecchen G. strecken, OFR. estoub/e ident. w. ohg. DU. strekken: teut. type strakkjav; stupfala DU. G. stoppel: source cp. OHG. straeken 'be straight and vulgar LAT. stap{i)la instead of
cean p art (
.
;
ident. w.
;
:
adj. du. lg. strak 'straight' (g. straeks 'immediately').
the
strew see under stride vb.
-;—
vl).
mlg.
me.
straic.
stride oe. stridan
struien
'to
stride'
:
\'~ sti'td.
strife
sb.
me.
strif
fr.
OFR.
LAT. stipula 'stubble'. stud sb. short for ME. OE. stod 'a stud' (cp. the umlaut-deriva-
=
ON. stod, OHG. OSLOV. RUSS. staito, LITH. stodas a herd of horses. study vb. ME. stadie prop, stiidie tion
StUOt.
steed)
Cp.
summon
stuff
fr. OFR. estiidier (fr. LAT. studere. stuff sb. fr. OFK, estoffe
vb. --:-
(whence
itojf'e
also G.
itiidier^
=
stoff,
fr.
203
OFR.
sotil (fr.
FR.
du.
succeed
=
succedej-
succour
stof).
stump
ME.
sb.
stomp;
siuiiip
ohg. G. stump/; connected \v. stub:
ident. w. DU. stomp,
probably AKYA'!^ \^
stum/) : stu(u/)p,
ON. stu/r
stufi 'a
=
subtil)
LAT.
subtilis.
also in
fr.
vb. me. sucfedc fr. fr. lat. succedere. vb. ME. sucoure socourc
= LAT. succurrcre.
OFK. soccorre
such
ME.
pron.
such
earlier
S7vuch swich OE. swylc swilc: Teut. base swuUk in OSAX. sulik, ohg.
stump'.
as shown by suUh (g. solcH) stun vb. ME. stiine stone OE. GOTH. S7valeiks the l'^' element stuman 'to resound' cp. the of the compound rests o\\ so ^^ umlauted on. stynja 'to groan', ;
,
;
OE. s%vd.
DU. steiicn: KVCiK'ii\^ stm suck vb. short for me. souke sten in gr. oxivtiv. OSLOV. stetijq, OE. siican str. vb. with the byform SKR. Stan 'to groan, resound'. OE. OHG. siigan G. saugen; cogn. Sturgeon me. stourl'eoun fr. fr. W. LAT. SUgCre ARYAN \'^sug stik. source a teut. base tsturgcon: sudden adj. me. sodein j)rop. in ohg. sturio G. stoncn,
:
(g. stohr, sty 1 in 'a stui-
sturjon-
DU. stem-) =^ OE.
Doubtful whether cogn. geon'. w. stir. Stutter vb.
fr.
ME.
stotc stutc
vb.
;
sodain
FR. soudain
fr.
*siibitaniis for subitaneus
vb. ME. suffre
suffer
(lat. type
'sudden'). sojfre
fr.
souffrir (lat. sujf'erre). sugar sb. ME. siigre silcre
FR.
fr. All G. stottci n 'to stammer'. derivations of v^ staut in GOTH. FR. Sucre, whence also ODU. suker stautan, on. stauta 'to beat, strike' DU. suiker\ cp. G. zucker fr. ITAL.
cp.
=rz
OHG. stoyyin
G. stossen.
ARYAN
\^(s)tud in LAT. tundere 'to beat', .SK.R.
\'~
tud
'to
zucchero.
sum FR.
strike'.
sb. ME.
summe somme
fr.
somme.
summer sb. me. sumer somer sty^ sb. ('sty for swine') me. OE. sti]^ inll. stt^e 'a pig-sty'; OE. sumor fr. a Teut. base sumaruident. w. ohg. stia 'a pig-sty', in OSAX. OHG. sumar g. S07nmer, ON. stl (svin-sti), swed. (svin)stia DU. somer, ON. sumar. Cogn. w. 'a sty'. AVEST. ham, OIR. sam, cymr. hatn stie
Sty- sb. OE. stige,
NORW.
subdue sudi'ic
('sty
stolen d ;
tr.
in
tlie
stig.
vb. me. subdiie
OFR.
souduir
ARMEN. amarn: all equivalent. Cp. also SKR. samd 'year'. summit sb. fr. fr. sommct (rests properly on LAT. summus).
eye')
equivalent
w.
—
cp. lg.
LAT.
subdticere.
subtle adj. ME.
sotel
suiel sutil
haf,
summon vb. me. somonc fr. OFR. somoncr (lat. subinoticre 'to remind
privately').
sweit
sun
?04
sb. ME. sunn e Sonne. O'^. sunne sward sb. me. swarde oe. sweard sunnan GOTH, siinno, OHG. infl. swearde the skin of bacon ODU. zwaerde, mhg. swarte G. OSAX. sunfia o. sofine, DU. sd?/?: schwarte 'skin of bacon' TEUT. base sunnon-. on.
sun
=
infl.
=
,
sb. me. soper super
supper
fr.
Cp. dinner. sure adj. me. jv/r properly
svgrdr
'skin'.
The modern
'green turf Northern influence;
FR. souper.
meaning
E.
due
is
j-^/Vr to cp. on. lat. jardar-svgrdr 'earth-sward', grassecurus, whence also sicke?'). svgrdr 'grass-sward (and mlg. surgeon sb. me. surgen (surgein) gnvnswarde, dan. grens^urr^.' fr. OFR. eirui-gien (lat. type chisw^arm sb. me. swarm oe. on. sziarmr Hence surgery me. swear 7)1 ohg. rurgianus). S'ivarm g. schwarjji (du. zwerni) surgcrie: LAT. chirurgia. swaddle vb. me. swathiie OE. all equivalent. Cp. the skr. stvcedelitin vb. derived fr. oe. \'^ svar 'to sound ? , swcedel 'bandage'; ident. w. the swart adj. me. S7c>ari oe. sweart GOTH, sivarts, ON. svartr, DU. umlauted ohg. swedil 'bandage';
fr.
OFR. sur
s'cur fr.
j'z/r
{=
—
=
,
:
:
=
see
s 7a
(I
the.
sb. me. jrrfvw/prop. sivein.: borrowed in the 1 1 ^"^ cent. fr. on.
svcinn; ident. w. oe. swdfi 'man,
OHG. swein
warrior',
swallow
sb.
swalowe
OE.
stvalawa
G.
OHG. swarz G. schwarz\ Cogn. w. LAT. sordcs (properly '^svordes) 'dirt': aryan \[~ sword. zwart,
swain
'servant'.
(the
bird)
swealwe
^=
swath
sb. ME.
me. ohg.
sivath oe. szvcep
track'
'footprint,
form OE. MLG. swat
(with
the by-
swadu
—
cp. 'track'); swade, G. schwaden,
DU. zwaad 'a row of mown grass': Teut. base swapa. for swathe vb. me. swathe oe. swd-
schwaihe; ident. w. osAX. swala, ON. svala 'a swallow':
Teut.
base
swahaon-;
if
^swal'gwon-, cogn. w. OR. uX'Kvinvl sw^allow vb. me. swel{o)we earlier SK'clgen OE. swelgan str. vb.
^
dian
;
cp
.
swa ddle.
swats (Scotch) 'beer' oe. swata; derived fr. \^ swot under sweet.
OSAX. OHG. swelgan (swclhan) swear vb. me. sw(re oe. szvcrian DU. zwelgen (on. (prt. iME. oe. S7Vpr^ str. vb. Teut. verbal \^ swelh OHG. OSAX. S7verian G. sckworen, svelgja^ ARYAN DU. zweren, on. szierja str. vb. SlC'cIg, \'^ SWclk. swamp sb. cogn. w. ohg. g. cp. GOTH, swaran. The original sump/, DAN. SWED. sunip 'a swamp'. meaning of the teut. \f sivar swan sb. me. oe. su>a?i fr. a was probably 'to declare as TEUT. swana- =- on. svanr\ cp. shown by the derivative answer. G.
schwelgen
=
,
:
;
,
ohg. swana
Cogn. w. '''svonare),
G.
schwan DU. zwaan.
LAT. sonare
(properly skr. \'~svan 'to sound'.
sweat
vb. sliort
for ME. swcte
OE. swcetan; derived
ME. swpte
fr.
OE.
swat
sb. influenced (e. S7c>eat
sweep
hy the vh.
=
S7C'eai)
DU. zwcet,
205
swoop
swim
vb. ME. S7tnmme 0£. s^vim-
=
vb. osAX. OHG. TEUT. \'^ swait (swii in G- schwiizen sw'miman str. vb. G. scluviuivien; OHG. swizzari) ARYAN \f swoid ident. w. on. synija (for orig. 'to swim': teut. swid in SKR. \i~ si'id to sweat', "^szunmjaii)
ON.
OHG.
—
sveiti,
szaeiz.
G. schaeiss:
7nan
str.
=
GR. \8oMq
sweat'
sweat', LAT.
j7/
—
liiUiv
to
(orig. *s7vidos) 'sweat', LETT. S7aidrs "sweat". sweep vb. ME. swcpe oe. swdpan
\f sivcm {sum under suiid"). swine sb. me. oe. S7vi7i OSAX. OHG.
S7vin G.
=
schwein du.
ON. svin, GOTH, sivein: Teut. base sivina-, properly suTEUT. \f swaip under swoop. -hia-, derived fr. aryan sti 'a sweet adj. me. oe. sivetc adj. pig' in OE. OSAX. OHG. si7 'a sow' with the non-umlauted adverb LAT. su-s, GR. i-g ov-g. The OE. swpte (me. sotc adj. adv.) suffix -hfa- in teut. S7oma- is ident. w. on. sdetr (orig. *svdti-), diminutive as shown under 3''
t.
p. sg. pres.
Z7vijn,
sivcppd'lo sweep':
=
;
,
onG. s(w)iioi,y chicken, maiden. See also sow. G. siiss: Teut. base sicoti-, orig. swing vb. :me. S7viiige oe. S7uinswotu- (op. GOTH, stits sweet), OSAX. OHG. S7vingan str. vb. ARYAN base suuidii in skr. svddi'i, osAx.s7£'dti, wu.sof/,
=
gan
G. sc/mnngen.
— swinge
:\rE.
LAT. s/uh'Is (orig. swengc OE. S7venigean 'to beat, swats. Cp. *suadii-is^. shake' causal of S7uing: teut. swell vb. ME. swelle oe. sw'cllan \^s7£ieng swaiig {swangza in goth. str. vb. OS AX. OHG. sw'cllan a/s7LU7gg7iiJan ?) G. schwellen, DU. zwellen, on. svella swink vb. me. stvinkc oe. S7vinvb. str. TEUT. verbal \f swell can str. vb. Ident. w. S7aingl in goth. GR. tiSvq
ijd'vc,
=
:
iifswalleins sb.).
(also
sw^erve sweorfan
vb. str.
me.
siccn't-
vb. to scrni),
oe. file';
swoon
vb. :me. s7voune
earlier
swognien; derived fr. the p. participle OE. ies7opge}i in a swoon'
OSAX. swerfan, du. ds7vdgcn 'choked'; allied to swairbau on. TEUT. \'" .J7C't7 ^ ARYAN GOTH. gas7i>dgjan S7vbgatjan 'to SV'crfa OE. S7vggan "to sough, sigh \l^ swerbh in RUss. sverheti^ OSLOV. sigh', w.
ident.
zwerven,
—
GOTH,
,
:
,
:
ARYAN
svruheti 'to itch'.
swift adj.
ME.
OE.
swift (oe.
szvi/t'ty, p. participle of OE.
'to
move
quickly'
formed by
=
ON.
swtfan svlfa,
\^S7C'dgh
S7Vagll
in LITH.
svagvti 'to sound'.
sw^oop vb. me.
S7ugpc OE.
S7mpan
(identical w. S7i>eep^.
suffix to (see old, sw^ord sb. UE. S7c'e'rd OE. sweord OSAX. OFRIES. S7verd, Cogn. w. DU. {S7vurd) loud). DU. Z7caard, on. sverd, OHO. szvert Z7c'cz'ert, OHG. S7v'eben G. sclnvcben. swill vb. ME. s7vUe oe. szvillait 0. schzoert: aryan base S7verdho{^^ p. sg. pres. t. sivilcd). (in LAT. sorlms 'service-tree'?).
cold,
—
-:
2O0
taljle
table sb. me.
r^ LAT.
tabula
'chess-board' 'board')
table
—
-
cp. also
;
fr.
fr. table
(whence OE.
tcefel
tair/
tame (infl.
zabal tam, OHG. G. DU. tafel. base
adj.
ta?/ia-
tdme oe.
me.
=-
tdnui) OHG. za?n
on.
tamr,
tatn
DU.
zahm: Teut. derived goth. (hence tame' =^ ON. te??ija, G.
tackle sb. me. takcl; ident. w. ta7>ijan 'to MLG. takel 'equipment (g. swed. OHG. zet/itneti). ARYAN \^(iotn in LAT. domare 'to tame', gr. doLfidv, takel, DAN. takkfl). tadpole short for toad-poll. .SKR. damdy 'to tame'. tan vb. ME. tantie OE. tannian tail sb. ME. tail OE. tmi^el =^ OHG. zagal 'a tail", ON. tagl vb.; cogn. w. FR. tan 'oak-bark' ^ 'a tail', GOTH, tagl 'hair'. cent. (lax. tannare in the 8 tailor sb. me. taillour fr. OFR. ^-^ FR. tanner; cp. DU. /^^«'bark'). tailleor ^r- fk. taillcur. Hence e. tawny ^=. fr. tanuL take vb. ME. take late OE. tang sb. (sea-weed) fr. dan. =^ on. pafig {pgngull). (ii'^ cent.) tdcan borrowed fr. tang ON. taka str. vb. taking the place tap sb. ME. tappe oe. tceppa of OE. /rhiia/i (under nimble^] cp. 'a tap' =r OHG. ;:a/yY' G. zapfen, cast -- ON. kasta supplanting OE. DU. A?'/', ON. tappi (fr. /<'7/i^ /a/i^;? 7veorpan (under warp). Ident. w. are Teut. loanwords). GOTH. /d'/C'c?// str. vb. 'to touch': teut. taper sb. me. taper oe. tapor: \'' tek tak\ pre-TEUT. sf ^^^g dagl properly */a/«;', loanword fr. LAT. tale sb. ME. tale OE. talu =-- papyrus, which appears in Rom. DU. taal language' OHG. zdla dialects as 'taper'. G. zahl; cp. ON. tal 'a tale'. Cp. tar sb. ME. terre; cp. oe. teoru the TEUT. verb talja/i in OE. (tyrwe) 'tar' and DU. (g.) teer, tellan ME. telle E. tell =-- OHG. on. tjara ident. w. LETT, darwa -
,
;
zcllan
GOT'H. talzjan). Hence talk vb. ME. talke vb.
(^c\).
tar'.
The group
=
rests
on Aryan
deru tartree; tar orig. '^talcian /J is wood'. '^taleciaii) (OE. suffixed as in liark. tare sb. me. tare; Teut. base also in ODU. tarwive tall adj. ME. tal] probably OE. tar{w)dn set/el 'swift, prompt' with the by- DU. MLG. tarzvc. Cogn. w. skr. form geatol{lic) 'swift'. Ideiit. w. durva (a kind of grass) and OHG. gizal: Teut. base ga-tala-. LriH. dirva 'field'. tarn sb. me. terne fr. on. tjgrn tallow ME. talugh earlier *talh :r^ MLG. talch (g. tali:;, DU. talti), (g. t/ar/iar) 'a tarn, pool". ON. tolgr. Cogn. w. goth. tul- tarry vb. me. terie oe. terian du. lg. tergen gus 'fast'? teryin 'to vex"
derived
;
=
.
teen
tart
tart sb. ME. tarte
n^ G.
FR.
zoum
Ofr. tarte
fr.
(whence du.
tourte
g.
'.
tear vb. me.
ofr. tasque ^= FR. tache; source LAT. ME.
sb.
fr.
idsk(e)
.
vb.
^
Root the same
zauni).
team
as in
taart,
tortc).
task
207
teran
t(re oe.
str.
GOTH, gatalran to break'.
i
ARYAN \'~ del- in SKR. ^/ar 'to burst, iaxare, whence also tax. break asunder, gr. Oepffi' 'to tatter sb. a Scand. k-auword flay', LITH. dirti 'to flay'. fr.
'
ON. tgtrar pi. tatters'; already ,
tatcrcd 'ragged'. ME. tattle vb. fr.
tear sb.
.me.
taw,
vb.
tatcre
vb.
zdhre)
OE.
onorthumbr.
pare
haps are
FR.
taxer =^
lat.
taxare; ident. w. task. tea sb. T=r FR. td, G. thee: source
CHINESE
td;
European 17'''
the
in the
pull
\^tais word became — DU. 2'*'^
Jialf
of the
cent.
All
cognate). (.me.
equivalent.
t(se)
oe.
,
to
in
,
OHG. zeisan
teezen.
— Cogn.
sb. me. tcche (prt. taughte)
w. teasel
(plantname) me. tesel OE. OHG. zeisila 'thistle'.
teat sb. OE. t:eceaii (prt. tcehte') cogn. w. take /I OE. tdcen; cp. ohg. zeigon ident. w.
.ME.
tete
fr.
fr.
;
G. zeigeti.
team'
ARV.AN \'^dik. sb. 'family me. tcm oe.
family,
offspring'
^5/^^
'progeny' (with lauted vb. teem .me.
tetna/i
tyman
base taii{h)matiuhan ,
tease'
'to
tcesel
—--
teach
/'<'d:w
tcksan
to tease pieces with the non-umlauted (wool) byform .me. tgse (oe. *tdsan or teut. strong verbal *tdsia//).
'to
see tan. fr.
SK.U.
tease vb.
tool.
tawny
M'ELSH daigr (pera(ru and lat. laerima
in gr. Oa'xov,
curry leather, ohg. zomoen 'make, prepare', GOTH. taujan 'do': teut. \^ tau\ see to
tax vb.
(g.
tcehher
1
and corresponds with du.
toinven
cp.
;
tewe\ and according to Verner's law means prop, preGOTH. A/i.T. ARYAN base dakrii
teawian
tdiLnaii
me.
-jeut.
OHG. zahar
tahr- in on. tar, '
teiv
oe. tear:
/;;-
.ME.
oilG.
to
titt
^^
teitc,
MHG.
G.
zitze.
ted vb. fr. ON. iedja; ident. w. r— mlg. OHG. G.(dial.)s<'//^''; 'to spread". As the um- shown by the p. participle goth. iane
teem)
:
oe.
Teut. GOTH.
\ftrih in ziohan G. ziehen.
fr.
oe.
un-gatass 'undisposed', there existed also a str. vb. '^tadjan. aryan
\^ dat
in gr.
davioaai
'1
divide,
distribute'.
ARYAN \^ diik
in LAT.
oxen'; derived 'rein,
fr.
bridle' (in
teut. tau{h)tna- 'suffering, insult' r~. o.sax. tio/io tan?nr ohg. 'injury'; cp. ofries. tiuna 'to hurt.'
0-\.
208
tell
tell vb. ME. tellaii
OE. (prt. tglde) tale.
talde) sb. me.
tempest OFR.
telle
under
(prt.
tenipeste
Source vulgar
fr.
tempest
=
fk.
lat.
tenipcsta
tetnpcte.
for
te?npestas.
sb. me. temple oE. tefnpel
temple fr.
LAT.
me.
fr.
temples
=
temples (fr. tempe^ plur.
ofr. lat.
the temples'.
tempora
ME.
vb.
tempt
tevipte
OFR. timpter (fr. tenter)
vb.
^
fr.
lat.
temptare,
ten num. me.
terror sb. fr. lat. terror (em).
/tv/
on an
rests
fr.
terreur
=
test sb. meant properly in alchemy 'a vessel for testing gold' and rests on me. test{e) lat. testa, whence also fr. tele ofk.
=
'Viead'
teste
E.
lejiiplum.
temples
thnt
with
borrowed
the
testy.
tether
sb.
short for me. teder
;
doubtful, whether genuine English or of Scand. origin. Cp.
=r OHG. ziotar Teut. base teudra-. ON. tjodr
tetter
sb.
base
Teut.
me.
oe.
tctru-
"a
tether
teter
=?
fr.
:
a
aryan
unrecorded OE. 'Peon, instead of dcdru-. Cp. OHG. zitaroh 'tetter' which an umlauted tyn is found. and SKR. dadru 'a kind of lepTeut. base tiihun tehan in GOTH. osax.
taihiin,
OHG. .SKR.
zi'han
G.
—
Ident.
sc////.
OR.
^/c7p7,
DU.
tehan,
rosy', LITH. dedervine "tetter'. //>-'/,
w.
LAT. deeevi,
\Ssy.a,
than
—
conj. me. thanne oe.
panne
OHG. mhg. danne] derived
fr.
-teen the article the. thane sb. me. thein (the modern (in thirteen etc.) me. -A'«
(^/cvV//.
The
suffix
—
—
= =
—
;
;
'decade'.
tender tendre\
tense
l-Tey.-or).
me. tendre
adj.
source lat. sb.
=
fr.
fr.
fr.
ofr. tens
lat. tempus. temps) tent sb. ME. tente
thank eian
tener.
(=
fr.
dankon 'to
vb. me. thanke oe.
poncian G.
thank'.
wk.
vb.
=
pcmOHG.
du. danken, on. pakka Root as in think.
=
{= DU. tent) that pron. me. that oe. pmt OFR. tente vulgar lat. tenia; osax. that, OHG. daz G. das (dass): ARYAN form to-d (fr. the stem cp. lat. tentoriu7n. skr. tad, GR. term sb. me. terjne fr. fr. terme\ to under the)
fr.
=
=
source lat. terminus.
TO (for *ro-c)); cp. hkT.istiid illud
—
thatch
d
20Q
thine
borrowed fr. ON. pykkr (pjgkkr) the corresponding OE. /zV would thatch sb. properly and dia- have changed into me. *thicehe lectical thak ME. thak OE. pcec E. *thitch. Perhaps me. thieke OHG. (/(7/l G. (hc/l, ON. /r//J: is blended w. oe. piece =^ OHG. Teut. base paka-. Cp. the \vk. dieki G. dick DU. dik. Teut. base vb. TEUT. pakjan in OE. peccean piqu- :=: ARYAN base tigu- in OHG. deckan G. decken, DU. OIR. Hug 'thick'. dekken. aryan y" /^^ in lat. thief sb. ME. thef (pi. theves) goth. teg ere, cogn. w. \j'~ steg in GR. OE. peof (pi. peofas) orsy^n, SKR. sthag, lith. iYi?^/'? piubs, ON. pjofr, ohg. diob G.
show
aliiui
the
as
neutral
;
ending.
= =
—
cover'
to 'a
;
cp. GR. reyog on'yog
roof, OIR.
z"^^'-
thaw
'a
dieb,
liouse'.
by
DU. dicf: Teut. base peuba-, Verner's law changed fr.
vb. ME. thdwe oe. pawian original ^peufa-, as shown by douwefi OHG. G. du. OHG. diuva 'theft'. tauen, cp. ON. peyja: \'~ pati paw dooien, thigh sb. ME. theigh earlier ohg. dioh, du. properly *pagw, ARYAN \'~ taq in theh OE. pi'oh GR. r7]y.tiv to melt? Teut. base peuha-, dij, on. pjo the article me. //J^' late oe. /d? ARYAN base teukocogn. w. ;
=
:
,
of animals, influenced by the inflected lith. taiikas 'fat stem pa- in that), aryan base marrow', osLov. tukil 'fat'. toin SKR. /(^z-;// =r GR. rr,-r, thimble sb. me. thimbel short SKR. ta-d GK. TO etc. Cp. than, for thimel oe. pymel 'thumb-stall': of oe. pinna diminutive that, their, there, they. theft sb. ME. thefte short for th u fn b. thin adj. me. thinne oe. pynne /
.yf'
=
j
I
=
1
,
—
—
,
I
ARYAN pcenne ident. w. thafi. xavarx; (all equivalent). thence adv. me. themies extended Y~ ^^'' ill •''KR. tan 'to stretch', for thenne thanne OE. pa?ione o^.pennan, OHG. dennan G. dehnen, prop, panon =: OHG. dannan GOTH, paiijan 'to stretch out'. there adv. thine thy j>ron. me. ////// oe. (g. von dannen'). OE.
= — OE. per peer = \ptn =; GOTH, — they pron. OHG. din da). [
ME.
ther
there
OHG. dar
(g.
G. r/««,
peins,
du.
borrowed in the pina- formed by suffix on. peir. SKR. tavakina 'thine') thick adj. me. thieke probably pit r= thou.
ME. thei ii'"'
they;
cent.
fr.
English Etv.mology.
on.
pint;,
TEUT. -ma- (cp. fr. teut.
^///>/
;
M
2IO
thing
—
thousand
Cp. thing sb. JiE. thing OE. ping the stem pa- in that. ^^ ON. ping, OHG. G. DU. liing'. GOTH, papro 'thence', ON. padra Teut. base pinga- p'enga-; pro- 'there'.
thole sb. ME. thol OE. pol {ll)\ bably ident. w. GOTB.. pi'i/is 'time' LAT. teinpns (for *tenquus}'). Teut. base pcdia- in on. pollr, aryan think vb. me. thenke {thenchen) DU. dol, G. rudderdolle. OE. pencc-an (3'^ sg. prs. t. pencp) base tslno- {= skr. tiiija 'quiver' GOTH, pagkjan, ON. pckkpi, for *tuina) fr. \f~i^l r= skr. \'~tul
= =
OSAX. thenkian, OHG. drikan G. 'to lift up', Lvr. tollere. denkcn. thong sb. ME. thong orig. thwong Cp. goth. pugkjan == OSAX. thunkian, ohg. dnnkan G. OE. pwong 'thong'; cp. ON. pvengi. seeiB\ TEUT. \'~ pUHing. dilnke/i, OE. py/icea/i 'to
thorn
AiiYA's \^ /c>ng(tjng ) in lat. (Prae-
sb.
nestine) tongere 'to think". third see three.
=
sb. me. thorn OE. porn ON. porn, OHG. G. ^^r;;,
DU. doom cp. GOTH, baiirnus w. OSLOV. trinil 'thorn' Ident cp. SKR. trna 'grass'. the sb. is me. thurst OE. piirst thorough ME. thorow oe. porh; OHG. G. orig. preposition ---= OE. purh, TEUT. purs-tugoth. duruh G. durch durst, DU. itorst; cp. on. porsti, OHG. GOTH, paurstei sb. 'thirst', teut. pairh. thou pron. ME. ///(^;/^ OE. pu verbal \fpers in GOTH. gapairsan ,
thirst vb. me. thirste oe. pyrstan and thirst sb. from the vb. ;
=
=
,
goth.
(oE. 'to
ARYAN be
\'' ters trs in
—
thursty'
//'.f/i
OHG.
///,
////
ARYAN ground-form
G.
diirr). //-i^
=
— paiirsus dry' dry' = ohg. r/w// pyrre
be
to
SKR.
til,
GR.
bKR.
TV,
(g. ///
in
(/«)
:
lat.
tic-ani.
Cp.
thi?te.
't^ree-
lat. torreo. though conj. ME. though earlier Scand. loanword of the thoh: see three. thirteen, thirty this pron. me. //z/i' earlier ///^'j' ill"' cent. (on. po orig. *poh).
GR.
dy',
OE.
/('J'
fern.
;
dieser,
xtgaittvfo,
masc. ident.
du.
—
neutr.
//.>"
w.
OHG.
^i?0(?.
The
— /tw
^/^'iY
Corresponding to OE. pcah GOTH, pduh cp. OHG. doh
\
G.
;
= G.
DU. doch.
article
thought sb. ME. thought OE. (teut. /«- under //;(//) is as lepoht: Teut. base ga-panhtu-, extended by goth. sai '\o shown by on. (runic) sd-si this derived fr. \fpank in pink. thousand num. me. thousand here' (sil-si fern.). ohg. oe. pusend thistle sb. ME. thistel oe. pistel thousend
//?^
j
,
I
=
\
--
DU. distel, ON. pistill OHG. distii G. distel. ///V/d'/, thither adv. me. thider ,
pider (orig. pceder^
;
derived
lg.
diisunt
G.
talis end,
du.
duizend,
I
oe. fr.
\
ON. piisund pushund, goth. sundi; in the Lex Salica,
pii-
we
find thus-chunde't\\ov\?,-dVLd\ Teut.
I
thrall
base
f>iis-hicrid-
hund
rrr
21
throng
I
compound of third me. thridde oe. pridda ail ARYAN corresponds to goth. prid/a,
,
h Ull dv C d \\'\\\\
much'
skr. tm'i ON. pridi, du. derde, ohg. dritto LITH. G. dritte\ cp. SKR. trtiya, l.a.t. tiikstaiitis =^ OSLOV. tysqsta 'thou- tertius, osLov. tretiji. thirsaiul' correspond to the Teut. teen ME. threttene short for oe.
tus 'great,
tavas
'much',
(cp.
'might').
—
word. thrall sb. me. thral
thirty me. preotene (pryttyne). thritty OE. /rzV/zj pritij, ^= OHG.
(pi. ihralles)
prall {pral) prop, prdll drhuc G. dreissig (see under /^;/ 'a thrall' (Teut. base about the OE. -//j =^ o. -s^'' in thrice me. cogn. \v. ohg. drigil zicanzig vierzig etc.). pra/iila-) 'a slave' and w. GOTH, pragjan thries extended for an older form \o run' ^= GR. Tot/fiiv 'to run'. prie OE. pri'^a (prizva) ^-- OSAX. thrash, thresh vb. me. thresshe thrijo {thriwo), ofries. thria ; see late OE.
fr.
ON. prcell
—
;
OE. perscan
vb.
str.
^
goth.
t7i:'ice.
threshold sb. inie. threshwo/d oe. priskan, ohg. dreskan G. dreschen ON. teut. preskja. perscwald mostly perscold; ident. (du. dorscheri)^ \r presk (iTAL. trescare is of w. OHG. driscufili, on. preskjgldr. Teut. origin) 'to
;
cp. LiTH. traszkiti Probably not cognate w. thrash.
thrice see three.
clap'?
rattle,
thrave sb. me. ihrdve threve: a thrift sb. ME. thrift h. on. prift. Scand. loanword cp. ON. prefi, The str. vb. thrive me. thrive DAN. trave 'a number of sheaves is borrowed fr. on. prifa-sk 'to thread sb. me. thrcd oe. prckd thrive'. ON. prddr, ohg. di di o. draht, throat sb. me. thrgte oe. protu DU. draad. The dental is suffix. OHG. dro-i^yi MHG. dro"i^e\\\xo\.
.
=
=
Derivative of \f prd (pre) in oe.
(g. erdrosseln 'to throttle')
ident.
p rowan =^ throw.
w. OLG. strata, du. strof.
Aryan
threat
sb.
short
for me. pret
threaten'
'to
=
ohg.
dronwen (g. droheti), three num. me. thre (f.
n.
— /;-/ra.);
//rjT,
LITH.
OIR. trys.
—
ital.
(Lango-
throe
sb.
'pain' me.
thrthce
fr.
the wk. vb. oe. pnnvian =: OHG. druoen 'to suffer' (Teut. \f proiv). oe. preo throne sb. for me. tronc fr.
ident. w.
tri,
{s)tnidd-.
dreweii
goth. OFK.
preis, prlr, du. (^//vV, ohg.
LAT.
form
bard.) origin.
'
ON.
//-/,
-
strozza 'gullet' is of teut.
ground
cogn. w. oe. priitian wk. vb. 'to threaten'; prcatian cogn. w. OE. prcaian wk. vb. OE. prrat;
trone.
throng sb. fr.
the
str.
me. throng oe. j^eprgng vb. oe. pringan
=
OHG. dringan G. du. dringen; ident. OSLOV. RUSS. w. GOTH, preihan, ON. pryngva
The
ordinal
'
to throng': teut.
\fpring pi-aih, 14'
212
throstle
ARYAN V^
trenk
trcnkti 'to
shake'.
throstle
sb.
aie.
LITH.
in
trcnq
oe.
thrpstil
pi-gstU; cogn. w. lg. drdssl (oSAX. *thrdstala fr. *franistal(i) and w.
tight
—
sound', see under stiui). thursday me. thorsday thursday late OE. puresdcei oe. punresdcej^ 'to
= ohg. donares-tag DU.
donder dag
G.
donnerstag,
on. porsdagr. ON. frpstr (goth. *prastiis') Early translation of LAT. lozns 'throstle'; cp. also lith. strdzdas dies. TEUT. piinara- was the god 'throstle'. of thunder, corresponding to through adv. ident. w. tJwrough: ON. porr 'Thor'.
= ohg. duruh
thus adv. me. thus oe. ptis =-goth. pairh. OSAX. OFRIES. thus, DU. dus ME. thrptve oe. corresponding to OHG. sus. Forms
ME. thurnh oe. piirh
DU.
G. ditrch,
throw
=
vb.
str.
OHG.
draaieti)
dorcJi,
vb.
prdwan :
to
;
twist,
turn
drehcn
(du.
'to
draen
G.
teui'.
\(^
tick (of a bed) sb. not found
in
in ME.
\/~tre(tere)
in
fr.
'a
XQ'q-fia
of the article the.
pre (also
= aryan hole' — — xsQevQOv pierce'
thread) GR.
,
DU.
nor tijk
probably bcyrowed = ohg. ziehha
oe.,
G. zieche;
xiQUv source lat. 'auger'.
thrush sb. (a bird's name) me. thrush short for oe. prysce (teut. base pnhkjori) cogn. w. ohg. ;
drbsca (base prateskon-). thud sb. (Scotch) short
theca,
whence
ticket sb. fr. FR. etiquette. tickle vb. ME. tikele.
tide
ME. tide 'season'
sb.
tid (gen. iide^ 'time, hour'
for
oe. ppden 'whirlwind'. thumb sb. me. thomhe
also
FR. tale 'a tick'.
tid,
G.
oe.
= on.
OSAX. tid, DU. tijd, ohg. zit : Teut. base ti-di-, cogn.
zeit
—
=
ihumbe w. oe. tl-via time. Hence older pihne oe. pt'mia := ohg. tidings ME. tiding es older form dtimo G. daumen, du. dtii?», swed. tithende fr. on. tidindi 'tidings' (^
tumme (ON. pumall of a glove') It
rests
'the
thumb
teut. base/z2-;;OT«-.
:
on an aryan
adj. tu-mo-
strong in avest. iu?fia (SKR. tutimia) 'strong'; cp. LAT.
'thick,
timiere 'to
thunder
swell',
sb.
form thoner OHG. donar
tu.
'to
ziohaii
g. Ziehen,
dormer, du. donder for *ponr the god
t§ah\ tight
adj. .ME.
punor
—
sound', OE. punianto resound, creak' (byform \^ sten in skr. stan
ti^an
connect'; derived fr. OE. teag 'bond, chain, rope' =^ Teut. base taugo: \^ taug tauh teuh 'to pull, draw', cogn. w. tie,
=
oe.
(cp. ON. porr of thunder), aryan sffyrt ton in LAT. tonare toiiitru, skr. tan 'to
wk. vb. to
me. thimder older LAT. diicere
thiuie)-
G.
aryan \r
DU. tijding, G. zeitung). tie vb. ME. tie OE. tij^an
fr.
lead'; cp. oe. teon
ti^ht
ohg. (prt.
borrowed
on. p^ttr (tlierefore also me.
— mhg. dihte (g. dieht) Teut. base pihti- pinhti-. Cogn. w. thicks -
thiiht)
:
tike
sb, ME.
tike
tike
on.
fr.
tik
213
today
= base iundrjon- in ohg. zuntira
'a
zunder; cp. du. tinder, on. Teut. verbal \r land tund in goth. tandjan, ohg. zitntan G. OE. ti\ele oe. ontendan 'to kindle'. tegula, whence also ohg. ziagal zi'mden, G ziegel, DU. tegel tichel (cp. fr. tine (of a fork) sb. me. oe. //W on. tindr 'a tuile, ITAL. tegold). 'prong, spike' G.
bitch'.
tile sb.
]VIE.
tundr.
contraction fr. ti-dc source lat.
tile
\
=
vb. ME.
till
tilia?i 'to till
w. OHG. 'to tils
G.
tilbn
'to
zielen
tiloiaii
du.
,
OE.
/'^/i?^
zint:
Teut. base tinda-
tire vb. me. tire oe. tyran with oe.
me.
prepos.
mhg.
Probably connected w. aim tooth (Teut. base tanj>-).
adj. 'fitting').
till
spike', tcnda-.
goth. ga- the non-umlauted byform me.
cultivate' (cp.
till,
tilien
land, to work'; cogn.
5/A7/;
OS AX.
at',
older
tile
oe.
///
(in
tit
tere
teorian.
see titmouse.
Northumbr. dialect) — on. /// tithe sb. ME. tithe; prop, ordinal 'till, to. Cogn. w. GOTH, gatils OE. tiieda {teogoda teopa) 'tenth'; see ten. and OHG. zilon under //// vb. titlark see titmouse. tilt sb. late me. telt 'a covering' sb. ME. title fr. ofr. title title for an earlier form teld (under the influence of tent^ =^ oe. =-- FR. litre: source i.at. titulus. -
leteld 'a covering, tent'
OHG. telt
zi'lt
ghctelt \en\!
base
;
ident. w.
odu. tjald: Teut.
gizclt G. zelt 'tent', ,
Q-a.
is ii£.
telda- ga-telda-.
timber
titmouse sb. (a bird's name) connected w. mouse; the second element of the compound
not
jnpse OE.
mdse =^ du.
mees.,
OHG. meisa G. meise 'a titmouse' terial for building'; cp. goth. (fr. mi'sange is of Teut. origin). timijan 'to build', ohg. zimbar The first element of titmouse 'material for building, edifice fas of Hilar k) is ox. //'/ 'a small sb. me. oe.
timber 'ma-
os.\x. zimmer 'room' DU. tiinmcr, ON.
G
,
'edifice',
Cognate w.
—
douo^
gr. d^isiv 'to lat. edifice',
ti?/ibar tif/ibr.
build'
bird'.
to prep. ME. OE. OSAX. to adv. (
adv.
to
prep. — /'/prep.), ohg.
—
—
domus zuo adv. ( zi prep.); cp. DU. zu. toe, G toad sb. ME. lode oe. tdd-iie
'house', OSLOV. domil 'house', skr. daf/id-.
time ON.
//;///
time': Teut.
the \^// in tide. tin sb. ME. OE. tin
fr.
=
titna (see tadpole^; there base ti-mon- further connections.
sb. ME. time OE.
=
on. d.\n.
are
no
toast vb. ME. taste fr. OFR. toste r^ LAT. tosta (fr. the vb. torrere).
Df. ////, OHG. zifi G. zinn: common today ME. to day oe. to dceie For tonight Teut. base ti//a-. OSAX. te dage. ME. to night tinder sb. me. tinder oe. tyndre: tomorrow
=
—
—
= —
to
toe
214
morwe
oe.
to
morgne
naht 'tonight'. toe sb. ME. to oldest tail) (pi.
—
osax.
Gp.
te
OHG.
oe. td
tgti)
=
form tdhce Teut. base se/ie:
(j.
SC///-1
cp. DU.
taihon;
(pi.
ON.
teen.,
/(?.
tower
probably derived fr. the teut. \f tau\o make' (see under tati<).
toom fr.
loanword
adj. me. oe. torn
ON. tomr 'empty';
OHG. zuojnig 'empty'.
tonii to/nig,
tooth
cp. osax.
ME. tgth
sb.
(pi. teth)
oe.
together adv. me. togedere oe. top (pi. tep) fr. a Teut. base tanntogivdrc; cogn. w. gather. in OSAX. uu. ia/id, OHG. Zand {zan
token
sb. ME.
tdkcn or. tdcen:
Teut. base A?//J/;<7- in ohg. zeihhan G. zcichen, osax. tekan, du. tecken ; cp. GOTH, taikns (base taikiii-). Pre -Teut. base doigno- doigni-
ON. tpnn ablaut-variaARYAN base tion GOTH, tnnpiis. dont- djnt- in skr. dat danta, GR. (\dnvT- (oOoi't,), LAT. dent- (liens) , G. zahn),
;
—
LITH.
dailtis.
ARYAN \'^ed\o
eat'
cogn. w. GR. deTyiia by the side see under eat; the form of the of ()£/V.)'v/n. ARYAN x" dfk (dig) in Aryan word (cp. sooth) is^resent LAX.
i://V6'
(
— digitus — prodigiiim).
teach oe.
E.
the
same
toll
zol
G.
OSAX.
zoll.,
tollia
till ill)
= OHG.
OSAX. DU.
=
OE,
tuft
/d^/z/t'
OE. tolnirc OHG. zolandri
tomb
'toll'.
=
tomorrow
sb. ME. OE. top (pp) =- ON. DU. top (oHG. G. zopf a
=
lat.
toumhe
fr.
LAT, iuiiiba.
of hair')
toptop fr.
.
toiiibe
,
sb. (a child's toy) me. OE.
phonetically differing the equiv. lg. dop, ohg. topfo (pp);
top/.
torch
sb.
touch
see today.
:me.
whence
torche,
tongs sb. ME OE, tgnge (taiige) -^ OHG, zanga G. zange, DU. A^//^,
Teut. base toppa-
:
tuppa-.
G. {teloiiarius)
sb. ME.
FR. tomhe
toppr
cp.
tol;
Source lat. telbniuni in a vulgar form tolo Ileum for teloneuin. Cp. tolo liar ins
participle.
top^
root.
ME. oe.
sb.
{II)
belongs to
tcecean
toucher,
torche
fr.
fr.
also du. toorts.
vb. me. louche wlience also du.
fr.
fr.
toetsen.
tough adj. ME. tough oe. toh fr. ON. /fi//,^: Teut. base tatigb-n- fr. TEUT. '^tanhii-, whence also du. the ARYAN \^ dak in skk. (/(^/' taai, OHG. zdhi G. zdhe. Perhaps GR. ddy.vHv 'to bite". cogn. w. OE. letpng adj. 'in conletenge 'close to'. tongue ME. toiige tuiigc oe. tunge tact with' =^ GOTH. tllggO, OHG. ZUIlga G. towel sb. ME. touail fr. ofr.
—
—
zunge
,
DU.
Teut.
/(W^'.
base
tungbnpre -teut. d?nghd- in LAT. lingua). OLAT, dingua fr.
{=
tonight see today. too ident. \v. /
/<://
=
G.
in
GOTH, pwahaii
old Teut.
str.
ON.
/ti/;
=r FR.
Source an dwahilla ohg. cp. zwehle towel', teut. \f pwah
toaille
touaille.
word
;
:=-
OE. pre fan
vb. 'to wash'.
tower
sb,
ME,
tour
late
OE.
town (11"^ cent.)
ttlr
Source LAX.
tu/ris.
town
fr.
fr.
—
truncheon
^15
treat vb.
tour.
fr. traiter ^=
fr.
tractarc.
sb. aiE. toun oe. tiin; the
l.a.t.
= goth.
tree sb. me. tre oe. treo OSAX. trio, on. tri:
seen
Teut. base irewa-, derived fr. an aryan enclose. Cp. on. /////, du. turn, dru doru in skr. dru daru 'wood', OHG. ziin G. zaun 'fence, hedge'. GR. iigvi; 'oak' 86qv spear', drevo 'wood' Cogn. w. oiR. ihiii 'fortress' (in OSLOV. driiva CELT, place-names as in Aicgusto- cogn w. tar and trough. fence'
original meaning OE. tynan \vk. vb.
in
is
to
triu,
fence,
—
—
dii/iuni)
tripe sb. me. tripe FR. tripe.
.
trace sb. me. trd(c
fr. trace
fr.
;
= du.
trip
fr.
(source lat. tractiare),
trouble vb. short for ME. trouble: trade sb. original meaning 'path' loanword fr. fr. troubler.
fr.
the vb. tread. vb. me. traile fr.
trcej/ian
late
oe.
trog
ME. trogh oe. troh G. DU. trog:
sb.
trough
trail
=r ON.
OHG.
ofr. trailkr, whence Teut. base
ti'oga-
tiuga-,
pro-
bably derived fr. aryan drutraitor sb. me. trailour fr. ofr. 'wood' under tree. =^ lat. tratraitor (fr. trout sb. ME. troute (for troughtef) traitre) also DU. LG. treilen.
OE.
ditor{etii).
tramp, trample
=
EG.
GOTH,
vb. me. traffipe
travipen travipeln to tread.
;
truant
cp.
triiauiid
trinipan
ME.
sb.
trap
late
trappe
loanword fr. source OHG. trappa.
fr.
trcpppe
triiht:
—early FR.
LAT. tructa
OE.
_r
me.
sb.
trilant
truatid
FR.
fr.
loanword
fr.
truite.
'a
prop. vaga-
bond'.
truce sb. me. trewes plural form of ME. trewc 'truce' --= oe. treoica fr. 'contidence, faith'. Derivative of the adj. true me. trace ok.
trappe;
[
travel vb. me. travaille
fr.
,
travaillcr.
I
^etreowe letrywe ~- org. t, iuivi (fr. gitriuwi G. (ge}trcu. osAX. trimo.; t richer ON. tryggr vb.). cp. GOTH. tri^s tread vb. :\ie. tr^de oe. tredan 'true. Cogn. w. OPRUSS. dru7ois str. vb. ^=z OSAX. tredan, DU. treden, 'belief druwit 'to believe. sb.
treachery
tricchcric
fr.
fr.
me.
trccherie
\
tricherie
•
—
—
OHG.
tr'etan
g.
ON.
irudati,
tretcn
troda
;
cp. goth. 'to
!
ARYAN \f
See truth and
dru.
trust.
tread'. i
TFUT. \~ tr'cd
trod. j
treason
sb. mk. traisoun
fr.
ofr.
trump fr.
FR.
me.
sb.
trof/ipe,
truvipe trouipe
whence
also ODU.
j
traison
LAT.
ti
---
trahison:
source trompe.
truncheon
aditio{tic7n).
treasure triisor
fr.
^=^
sb.
me. tresor
fr.
fr.
troiichoun
LAT. thesaurus. I
FR.
fr.
tronfon.
me. trounchoun ofr. tronchon
sb.
=
2l6
trust
trust sb. ME. trust 'contidence'
fr.
ohg.
(:=
on. troust trost
G.
twine
turn vb. short for me. iourne OE. tilrnian
late
'consolation'): trausta- fr. an ARYAN
Teut. base turtle sb. me. base drouz- OHG. turtulattiba
da-
drnit
trost
;
cogn.
w.
ir.
(base
drazdi-) 'firm, trustworthy'. truth ME. treuthe OE. treowp 'faith,
fidelity':
abstract forma-
tion to triie.
fr.
fr.
fr.
tourner.
oe. turtle G.
(=^
turteltaube)
LAT. turtur.
tusk
sb.
for oe.
tiisc
me.
base tunska-, tunji-
tusk
short
tuseh
probably Teut. derived fr. teut.
{tusc);
(taiip-)
=
tooth.
twelve num. me. oe. twelf (infl. try vb. ME. trie fr. fr. trier. DU. tobbe, me. twelve oe. tiaelfe) t= goth. tub sb. ME. tubbe LG. tubbe 'a tub'; cogn. w. OHG. tivalif, OHG. zweli/G. zwolf, OSAX. The word zubar G. zuher. Source lat. tubus twclif, DU. twaalf. 'a pipe, tube' ? rests on the num. two; the 2^^ OHG. zockbn element (cp. lith. dvylikd tJwelve') tuck vb, ME. tukke zuckdi: intensive formation of \^ occurs again in GOTH, ainlif =^ tuh in GOTH, till ha ?t ohg. ziohan OHG. einljf (see eleven^. twenty me. twenty oe. twenti'^ (see under tie^. sb. me. oe Tiivesday probably contracted for *tweTuesday OHG. zweinzug (o. zwanzig, Tiwesdcej^ -= on. Tysdagr, G. (Ale- lentij^ twice adv. me. mann.j Zistag: translation of lat. DU. twintig). Martis dies. The Teut. god Tiw twies prop, tivie OE. twiyi {twiiua
=
= =
—
=
-
corresponds to Mars. oe. Tiw on. Tyr rests on ARYAN deiwos lat. deus; 'god' (in SKR. deva cp. ON. ti7ujr 'the gods'). ,
tumble fr.
vb. me.
tumble
tumble
OE. ti/uibiau to dance, tumble';
cp. nu. tuimelen fr. ODU. tu?tte7i. tun sb. ME. tuntie to/me oe. tuune
tu.7c>a)
.
twig
—
sb.
ME. twig pi. twigges ;
cogn. w. OE. Z7VI
t7vi (pi.
twiyi), ohg.
and also w. ohg. znng
zweig, DU. tzvijg. nected w. the
(aryan stem twins pi.
G.
Probably connumeral two
dwi-). ME. t7vinnes
oe.
ohg. tuniia '^ettvinnas; ident. w. ON. tvinnr G. tontie and fr. tonne. Source 'two and two'; cp. ohg. ziainiand history of the group not li?ig G. zwilling, DU. iweeling 'a cleared up yet. twin' and lith. di'ynti 'twins'. All turbot sb. .ME. turbut fr. fr. derived fr. the ARYAN stem^Vw'-; --=
DU.
/cvz;
ident. w.
turbot.
turf sb. ME. ///;•/ torf ok. ///;;/ =: ON. torf, OHG. zurba, DU. //^/y Teut. base turb- torb- fr. 'peat an ARYAN base drbh- d?rbh-; cp. .SKR. darbha 'bunch of grass'. :
see
tivo.
twine
vb. ME. twine vb.
fr.
the
twin 'linen, a twisted DU. twijn, which is thread' du. ident. w. mhg. g. zwirn sb.
OE.
=
,
tweern:
Teut.
base
twtzna-
fr.
—
twinckle
^rtwis (see under the num. two.
ticist),
twinckle
vb.
me.
twist vb. ME. sb.
'thread';
'rope'
teut.
twiste vb.
=
fr.
ODU.
\'^ twis as
g. zwickeii (cp.
OHG. zwecchbii)
'.
Teut. ground-form *twikkjon} oe. twitter vb. me. tzvitere ohg. zwizziron G. zuitschern ; perh. a oe. reduplicated west -teut. *twi-
=
ttvincle
twincUan. twist
=
cogn.
\v.
217
up
twist twiron"?
in G.
(teut. \l^twisf). XsNO num. orig. twain masc. tivo f. n. ME. twein two oe. :
=
—
— —
zwirn 'thread'; see twine. iwd {tu n. for *twii orig. twit vb. short for me. at-wite iwe^en zwd OE. (Zt-witati str. vb. 'to reproach'; *twp) cp. ohg. zwme two (two) cp. OE. ed-wit sb. 'reproach' and zwei, OSAX. twene GOTH, idweitjan vb. 'to reproach', ttvos twa. twe, GOTH, twai OHG. firwiT^ian G. verweisen, DU. ARYAN stem duo- dwo- in lat. verwijten 'to reproach' and oe. duo, GR. 8vo (but J(f/'i)fxa for 7vite, OSAX. tviti, ohg. li-'iiT^i 'pu- *J'/((jJ6xm), skr. dua dva.
—
— —
;
—
—
—
nishment', GOTH. ftuuc'i'itan str. vb. tyrant sb. me. tiraunt (with twitch vb. ME. twicche (without excrescent / as in pageant) fr. palatalisation twicke) OE. twiccian OFK. tiran —-- laj'. tyrannus.
u udder
sb. me.
udder short for late
ORG. iitar (g. enter), ODU. OFRIES. OSAX. udcr ; ARYAN base {idlir- in skr. udluir, lat. OE. lider
=3r
cp. gr. valent.
iiber;
All equi-
ov:)«o.
OE. z/«-
(7«^/-,
ohg.
uncle oncle
sb.
=
OE. on-
////-
G.
:\IE.
uncle oncle
goth.
ent-. fr.
(r^ LAT. avunculus).
also aunt,
nevew,
fr.
Cp.
niece.
prep. me. oe. under ;= on. undir, ugly adj. ME. ui^/v fr. ON. uggligr GOTH. OSAX. undar 'dreadful'; cp. ON. ugga 'to fear'. DU. onder, OHG. untar G. unter.
under
,
umpire prop. ?iuvipire (as auger for orig. naugcr) me. ncnunpere fr.
Two
OFR. nonper.
SKR.
prepositions are LAT. inter, and lat. infra skr.
different
blended
in this form:
<7«A7/-
un-' prefix (of adjectives) me. adhds. OE. un- := G. ohg. GOTH. 7///- ; up prep. adv. me. ident. w. lat. in-, GR. ««'- a-, ident. w. ohg. iif G. SKR.
r7//- cz-
:
ARYAN ground-form
cogn. w. SKR. na GOTH. OHG. ni, OE. lie
?n-,
un 2
,
prefix (of verbs)
lat. ne, 'not'.
me. tm-
///;
iup.
///
oe. lipp
a///",
;
osAX.
cp. the ablaut-relation goth. Cogn. w. OE. ufan 'from
above'
= OHG. obana osAX. otnina
from
above'.
See above and
2l8
urchin
i^ery
use sb. ME. Use fr. fr. us =. Jipon me. upon OE. a. //JiV/J". ON. LAT. upp upp-on; cp. urchin sb, me. irchoun fr. ofr. usquebaugh sb. fr. ir. wV^'y" irc(on (fr. hi'rissoii) ; source a beatha 'water of life'; ident. w. and over.
vulgar criciiis
E.
LAT.
ericio{nevi). ^=^
word was
igii G.
igfl,
lat.
ivhisky.
utmost
(the genuine
'liedge-hog OE.
=r
ij^el
cogn. w. or.
OHG.
OE.
ident.
iME.
litian
'to
derived put out' OE.
aiE. uttrc outre
oute vb.
'to
out'.
put
Source out.
7C'i\
vain adj. me. =^ LAT. t'auus. vale sb. iiE.
7
z'li/
and valley me. z'^z/^v't' Source LAT. vallis. valiant fr.
utter vb. fr.
(v'
.
yteniest;
w. outmost.
!}(7voc).
us pron. me. lis (oiis) OE. lis for TEUT. ////i'- in G. OHG. GOTH. Itns, «r DU, oris. OSAX. US Cp. and
short for ME. ouienies/e
umlaut)
(w.
me.
adj.
fr.
fr.
fr.
OHG. faij G. pass, DU. vat: Teut. base /(^/Ar-. Cogn. w. lA'Wi. pudas 'a pot' and ohg. fay^oti g. fassen
fr. 7'ain
fr.
^ui/e
fr. vallre.
'to
valiaunt
vb.
fr.
fr.
\
vaillaut.
-
r:
valley see vale.
j
van ident. w. fan. vane sb. (a wether-cock) me. (Kent.) vdne fdna 3^ OHG.
contain'.
vaunt
—
(else)
fano
fane
vb. short for me. avaunte OFR. avanter (fr. vanter^
late
LAT. vanitare.
veal sb. ME. e'f'/ source (fr. veaii) ;
I
'a
oe.
little
=
LAT.
^jf^.-
^'^'^'^
lat. vitellus
calf.
veil sb. AiE.
{gund-fano)
fr-
?-'t'//^
fr.
onfr.
veile
vHiuii.
G. fahue, DU. eva^m, goth. fana: vein sb. ME. e'^'/«^ fr. fr. veine LAT. vena. Teut. base fanau-, cogn. w. LAT. panniis 'clotli'. venison sb. me. vencisoun fr. LAT. venatio{neni). vanish vb. me. vanisshc fr. OFR. veneison ofr. vanir (z'aniss-); source lat. venom sb. :\ie. venim fr. ofr. evanesccre. vniivi -~z- LAT. venenum. vb. ]\ie. verse sb. me. vers fr. fr. vers; vanquish venquisshe fr. ofr. veiuquir (veinqutss-) OE. ME. fers is loanword fr. lat. FR. vaiucre; source lat. vin- versus with tlie medieval proI'ere. nunciation of lat. v as f. vat sb. me. (Kent.) vat very adj. me. verrei verrai fr. (else) fat OE. feet :=: OSAX. on. fat, OFR. 7^(7W (fr. vrai) ; source -
-
=
=
—
!
wade
vessel
LAX.
a
veracus
type
vinewed
adj.
instead of
/' is
ofr.
influence)
fr.
lat.
become mouldy'
lat.
for
219
\
vessel ncissel
sb.
me.
(fr.
vessel
—
vase e Hum {vasctilus vetch sb.ME. vecche
= lat.
(fr. vesee^
fr.
^=
vaisseaii)
due
OE.
v
to Kentish
fynegian
'to
{fyni^ xixowXdif^.
vintage sb. transformed fr. me. which rests on fr. vei:-
vas).
fr.
initial
(the
j
7'erac-fm.
ofk. veche
vinihige,
whence dange
=
lat. vindevija (whence OHG. wintimf/ia Vintage'). fr. vexer viol sb. fr. FR. viole -- ital.
vicia,
also OHG. u'ieka G. wieke DU. 7vik.
vex
vb. ME. vexe fr. lat. vexare. vial {phi a I) sb. me. rv^V^-
=
(ofr. viole^. vice sb. ME. ?^4"^
span. fr.
fr.
fr. vice
fr.
victory
=
sb. me. victoiic
OFR.
sb.
(me.
sb.
fr.
fr.
vigor
visage. fr. FR.
r^V-
victualia.
fr.
ME. vigour
sb.
(fr.
vigeiir^
fr. vigile fr.
=
Ofr. lat.
vigor-cvi.
vile adj. ME.
?'//
fr.
fr. f//
vertil fr. FR. vertu.
me.
— vision
visage fr. fr. sb. me. visioun
vision.
sb. (ennstead of/due to Kentish influence) oe. */yxe/i : Teut. base fuhsin^o- {g. fiichsin^y derived fr. teut. fuhs- fohs-
vigilia.
vigour
sb.
vixen
viie.
sb. ME. vigile
=vigil lat.
fr.
vitaille^
Source lat.
view
visage
the spelling
in
vitaille
iuaille.
virtue sb. me.
ofr.
fr.
fk. victoire.
victuals
source a late lat.
I'irgine.
LAT. vitium.
vie to lie
;
whence
also fiddle. virgin sb. me. virginc fr. ofr.
Jiolc
=
7'iola
vitula,
under fox
{-injobeing fem. suffix as in G. gotlin, grdfiii etc.).
voice
=
sb. ME. zwis
(fr. voix^
=
fr.
ofr. vois
LAT. vox.
LAT. vUis. voutch vb. JiE. vouche fr. ofr. villain sb. me. vikin fr. ofr. voucher (=^ lat. vocare). vileiii =: LAT. villanus. vine sb. me. ew^ fr. fk. vigiie vow sb. ME. vou fr. OFK. vou LAT. votutn. =: LAT. vinea. (fr. voeii) Cp. wine. vinegar sb. me. vin{gre fr. fr. voyage sb. fr. fr. voyage', cp. LAT. vinum acre. For ME. viage vedge fr. ofr. veiage. viiiaigrc the 2"^^ element cp. eager. Source lat. viaticum.
=
=
w wade
vb.
:me.
wdde oe. wddan uu. waden, ohg. watan str. vb. == ON. vada, (g. waten wk. vb.) TEUT. \fwady 1
'
(prt.
ZiuUt)
str.
vb.
:
2 20
wafer
ARYAN V^ 'to
sb,
=
ivaufre w. DU,
w^ind
vddere vb.). Cp. also OE. iveccean, ohg. weckan, osAx. wekkian, du. wekken, me. wdfre fr. ofr. GOTH, wakjan. 'to awake'. ARYAN FR. gaufre; ident. \^e<.w> in LAT. vegere 'to excite,
7vddh
go'.
wafer
—
lat.
in
G. waffel (oSAX. arouse' (?^/^«7 'awake') and skr. See watcJi Tlie group prop, meant vdjay 'to incite'. as in fr. and is comb' 'honey (and waif). walk vb. ME. walke: intensive derived fr. a Teut. word (OHG. lua/el,
*wdjfa).
?aalw G. wabe\ \'^wcb in weave). vb. ME. wagge (oE. *7vaggiati) derived fr. \fw'eg (in oe.
wag
'to
wagian
move
wag')
,
;
see
wage
sb.
me.
gage
(fr.
I
wall
for lat. vadiimi
(influenced by a teut. wadi 'a pledge' under
waggon
^b.
ofr.
du.
fr.
-
7£'m//
7w;/,
7C'«/
yc'c?/
fr.
'a
walks)
=-
(pi. wallos)
ohg.
in
borrowed
(pi.
weallas)
(pi.
OSAX.
goth. vallum
wed). wagen\
ME.
sb.
source a vul- found
:
wadium
gar LAT.
fr.
7e.idge
walkfi.
wallchi G.
OE.
7iiay.
7iV(?_^^
formation (cp. lurk, stalk) of OE. weaUian 'to wander' =^ OHG.
(but
du. ;
tJ.
Source
LG.).
not 7t:v?//
lat.
rampart'.
wall-eyed
fr.
adj.
oe. wealden-
ON. vald-eygdr 'wall-eyed'? wallow vb. ME. walwe OE. 7veal---
i'i^e
wain. wail vb. ME. waile weile; derived wian 'to wallow'; cp. goth. -ivalfr. ME. wei 'woe' (loanword fr. wison 'to wallow' and walwjan 'to roll". ON. vti\ see woe"). Cogn. w. lat. volvere ident. w.
wain
me.
sb.
ivaiii
oe. wceyi:
Teut. base wagnu- in OHG. wagan ARYAN G. DU. wagefi (on. vagn) ;
as
\rwegh
lat.
in
vehicidum,
(gR. f^iXhSlv) \f~wel7v tvohv.
walnut
sb.
'to
roll'.
ARYAN
me. walnote walnute
oe. 7oealh-hnutu
=^ ON.
valhnot,
walnuss (not found The former element in OHG,). way. waist sb. ME. wdst\ doubtful (teut. loalha-) see under Welsh whether allied to waxl (jvalnut prop, meant 'French
GR.
o/o^',
wait
vb.
oiR. fhi
ME.
waitc
source
waiter',
a
vb. wactare, der.
=
root
fr.
vulgar
fr.
GOTH, wahtno
For the
wain'.
'a
see
OHG.
See DU. walnoot
ofr. lat. 7(.>ahia
watching'.
wake and
7vatch.
wake
vb. me.
wake oe. wdcian
-- OSAX. wakpjan, du* waken, on. vaka, OHG. 7vahhe.n G. wac/ien wk. vb. (only GOTH, wakan str.
G.
cp. LAT. FR. gauge). nut';
walrus ros,
sb.
mix
Gallica
=
^= du. ivalms iml-
G. 7valross, dan. hvalros;
ON. hrosshvalr kivo'iy. 7v h a le.
wan
lit.
'a
(whence
cp. oe. hors-
horse-whale'.
See
oe. ivann adj. me. 7van{nn)
{70 on/!).
w^and
sb.
me.
7vaiid
fr.
on.
vgnd
(gen.
'a rod'.
-tcantal
or w.
wander
Cogn.
wind
vb.
wandrian; cp. waiidclii
=
vandai-)
wandus
—
goth.
OE.
w. LITH.
liar'
compound
wend
1
OSAX.
of OE. 7vdr
agreement and (OE. leogan under
-loga lie ').
'a
warm
=
'to
ivaiitalofi) v>'.
:
(=
'traitor'
7VCErloga
'faitli,
wandre oe. MHG. o. wandern
Cogn.
22
was
7vdrlogo)
vb.?
me.
(oHG.
wander'.
wander
adj. me. warm oe. 7vearnt OSAX. OHG. G. DU. 7varin, on.
varmr
vb.
(cp. goth.
7var?njan
'to
me. 7vdne oe. wdnian OHG. wanoii, ON. fvz«
make warm') Teut. base warmafor ARYAN base g/m'ertno- in GR.
wana-
'warm'.
wane
\"b.
=
:
dfoudc
on.
'lacking' in OE.
wan, goth. wans
=
((f&o/iicg)
LAT. formus
warn vb. me. 7varne oh. 7vearoHG. 7varndn DU. wan/wop 'de- nian 7var{e)nian 'to warn'. 7oarnen of G. 'want 7c
vanr,
'lacking'
w^//
,
=
(cp.
—
—
deficient'. toiin
prop,
togen
:
wanton
wantihoiii
OE.
is
togen
me. wanfor
7i.iairpan
,
OS AX.
7verpcn, ohg. vb. 'to of str.
^wan-
participle
DU. 7i
7i<'erfan
throw'.
ARYAN
SKR. vrj\o remove', \/~7£'(?r^7<;' OSLOV. erwV/ {vriigq) 'to throw'. warrant sb. me. 7varaunt fr. DU. werrc fr. ofr. werre werre 7C'arani (fr. gar ant). ofr. ra OHG. we. source (fr. guerre) wart sb. me. 7verte: umlauted 'vexation' (ohg. osax. werran ON. of oe. 7vcarte str. vb. 'to bring into confusion by form in
teon (see tea?n) 'to educate'. war sb. me. (since 12''' cent.)
=
;
=
or disorder'). varta, odu. warte, ohg. 7varza ward sb. me. 7vard OE. weard G. 7varze. Perhaps cogn. w. OE.
—
osAX. wcarr 'callosity, wart' and lat. 'watchman, guardian' wart G. OHG. ward, (on. vgrdr verruca 'wart'. * for wardus) ARYAN \^7t'or see wary adj. extension of me. ^
—
:
warden sb. war OE. w^^;- 'cautious, aware' OFR. wardein := GOTH, wars, OSAX. war 'cauident. w. guardian;] tious' (oHG. giwar G. ge7c>ahr) (gardein) wardrobe me. ARYAN \^ K'^^r also in GR. nour see guard. under laary.
ME.
warddn
fr.
:
—
wardergbe garderobc)
ware
ofr. 7oarderohe (fr.
fr. .
sb.
me.
'merchandise' 7C'are,
7oarc
=^
DU.
oe.
7e'dru
7C'aar
G.
on. vara.
w^arlock
'to 1
sb.
for :mk. 7varl67ve
:
observe'.
was
(I,
he)
—
7jefere
(we) me.
was-wEre OE. 7vas-weron (wceroh): forms of the preterite of OE. wcsan — DU. 7vczen, OHG. 7C'esan, GOTH. 7C'isan (g. 7c>esen sb. 'a
wash
222
ARYAN
being'). 7'as
vb. ME. wasshe OE. wascan
ON.
vaska,
ARYAN sfwask
waschcn.
faiscwt, w. gwasgii
wasp
wascan
OHG. 'I
in
G. IR,
press',
ME. waspe oe.
sb.
7£'<2'/j
a Teut. base 7vafsa- in ohg. ivafsa; cogn. w. lat. ?'^-/
'breeze', OSLOV. ?^
z^«;)^«
wean
SKR.
'grow up, get strong', 'wax'. Cp. ox. wax sb. me. wax oe. 7c/^fl':r G. wachs, ON. vax, OHG. DU. 7C'^7i-.f. Cogn. W. LITH. WOSZkas, OSLOV. RUSS. voskh. way sb. me. way wey wei oe. OSAX. OHG. tveg G. DU. iv'ei GOTH, wigs 'way': zt''^^, ON. vegr, Teut. base w'ega- (allied to lat. via 'way'), derived fr. the teut.
GR.
stay in a place'.
'to
wash =-=
skr.
in
\'^7cj£s
—
ARYAN \rwcbh
«/C'j-
dc-^fii'
^
zi;'(?/?j.-
=
in oe.
wega/i 'to carry' w'egan to move', goth. waste adj. me. -wast fr. ofr. gatvigan; ident. w. LAT. vehere \o make 'to K'tz.>7 vah (cp. FR. gater carry', GR. Ix^iv ^ stR. Source lat. vastus, 'to also waste'). carry': ARYAN sfwegh influenced by teut. 7t'dsti 'waste' wain.
sfweg = OHG.
weaver
orig.
in
ohg. wuosti
weste,
(oe.
an ARYAN
wasiii- in
wilst
G.
we
pron. ME. oe.
OIR. fas,
we
goth.
^rzz
oSAX. ye?; ohg. g. 7oir 7veis, LAT. vastus "waste'). ident. w. skr. vay-a?n 'we' ARYAN watch vb. me. wacche oe. *w(?c- ground-form wei fr. a stem we- in fr.
,
:
can
the pres. partic. wa:ccende)
(in
ON. vcirr
z= OE. 7vdcian under zvake.
'our'.
weik
me.
adj.
on.
fr.
me. water oe. wceter veikr veykr; ident. w. OE. 7W^ DU. 7£V(?/^, OSAX. Wek, OSAX. watar, DU. water, ohg. ME. 7Vdk G. 7vasser: west-teut. OHG. 7i^^//z G. weich. TEUT. \f Wlk
water ^nr
weak
sb.
=
7vazr^ar
base
7i
7<'vz/(7,
and ("Jfrfo,
ident.
goth.
w.
on. ?'^7///. Cogn. w. outside of teut., w.
SKR.
'water'.
//^/d;/;,
OSLOV.
in
ARYAN
hurdle, tile'. \A/ave sb. derived vb. 7vave ME. wave
f'/a'j.-
weal OSAX.
the wk.
sb.
(oHG.
7vdfian
Cogn way',
ARYAN \r7w^
me.
oe.
7e)(le
'prosperity 7C'eta
—
OHG.
e'/^/'^?,
,
7C'o/a G.
w. lat. 7<:'r^.
74;'^/a
riches'
welo 'happiness
'
OE.
way' =^
give
ON.
'change'.
{7veo!a) fr.
'to
7mkan, G^.\7Vihhan G. 7veichen. RUSS. GR. uy.HV 'to give
^^"wod-.ud. wattle sb. me. 7vatel OE. watol
?'.:>,/.?
OE. 7cncan
OSAX.
?<.vt7
,
riches'
7Vohl wel-
w. tc^// and ?*:'///. 'wave, fluctuate'; cp. ox. 7w/a:fare). Cogn. 7velthe extension ME. wealth fro'. 'to vibrate to and DU. 7c>eelde. wax sb. ME. 7vaxe oe. 7veaxan oi weal wean sb. me. 7vaie OE. wenian 7vahsan str. vb. r^ OHG. OSAX. wean a child prop, 'to ac'to G.7vachsen,v>\j.7msse7i\ c\^.GOTVi..
—
j
=
'
7vahsjan.
aryan
\f7veks uks in
custom'; ident. w, osAX. wennian,
weapon
—
223
zveevii) also in GR.
on. venja 'to ac-
(g. geiuohneti),
week
—
v(^ ij-vcfoc
—
a
w^eb web' vr/aivfn' 'weave'. 7uaiia- in on. vanr 'accustomed' ME. OE. 7i'eb {bb) fr. TEUT. 7ciabja(cp. OUG. giwo?i OE. jif^cw/? 'usual'). in OHG. 7veppi, du. 7veb, on. vefr
Derived
custom'.
the
fr.
adj.
sb. me. wc'pen oeu wcepcn
=weapon ON. vapn, wapeu
OHG.
,
o.
wajfaii
wed 7s.iedde
7<;'d^(?
(goth. wcpna plur.).
wear wk.
vb.
tiujsjan
ON.
vb. me. 'to
yt'iVY
clothe'
ment'),
in
y~rt/-i\v
pledge'
ON.
,
vedja.
r=
Derived fr. the sb. OE. wedd =^ goth. goth. 7iHrdi, OHG. 7vetti 'a pledge'
— vadis see Further pledge'. under gage and 7vage. — wedand cogn. w. lat. vas
in LAT.
'a
relations
goth. was-ti 'gar-
ARYAN
'to
7vadjdn
clothe', OHG. werian, 'to cloth": teut. \fwaz
was (also
vb. prop, 'to engage' me. OE. 7veddian =^ goth. gn-
oe. iierian
'to
f'^r;'«
web'.
"a
OSAX. wapan, DU.
lock me.
f^
tis
'garment', GK.s^-d^tjJ^ clothing', 'I clothe', SKR. ?''c?i^ 'to i'rvif.11
lac
gift,
^wedge OHG.
clothe'.
7vedl(>k
OE. 7vedldc (oE.
offering). sb. me. 7ve'gge oe. 7uccg
du. 7<.''4'', me. 7e>ery oe. we'ri^ ON. 7>eggr : Teut. base 7iiagja-; OSAX. 7i'drig 'tired', {'ic'th-ii) cogn. w. LiTH. 7C'agis, lett. 7C'adsis OHG. wuorag 'intoxicated': TEUT. 'a wedge. \'^wdrl or ivoz} see 7cied. w^easand sb. me. tvcsend oe. wedlock Wednesday ME. 7ved?tes-day vtvo.'H.'cescnd umlauted byform of OE. of oe. PVddnes-dcei wdsend 'throat, gullet' ^-=- ofries. lauted byform LG. 7i>ddnesdach, du. 7voensdag\ wasende 'windpipe', OHG. wcisimt prop, 'day of Woden': translation 'veins of LAT. Mercurii dies. Tlie Teut. w^easel sb. me. wisel oe. wesuk r^ OHG. wimla G. wiesel, DU. wezel god IVodeft (oHG. IVuotan, on. is identified w. Mercurius. 'weasel'. Perhaps cogn. w. lat. Oditui) weed 1 sb. (plantname) me. 7ved visio 'bad smell', whence OFR. OE. 7veod -^ OSAX. 7viod 'weed'. voison foumart'.
weary
7Vecki (G. 7i
adj.
=
=
.
i
weather -- OSAX.
sb. :me.
^vc'de?-
oe. w'edcr
du. weder, OHG. w'eiar G. wetter, ox. vedr: Teut.
i
sb.
garment me.
OE. 7VCd 7V:Bd
(infl. -e)
OSAX. wad,
OHG.
7vede
= ON. vdd,
7iidt
'clothing,
aryan base wedhro- garment': Teut. base 7ve-diOSLOV. vedi-ii clear' (weather) an ARYAN y~ 7i'e to weave'
base in
weed -
I
iv'cdar,
w'edra-,
fr.
in
-— vedro 'clear weather. SKR. 7'd to weave'. w^eave sb. me. ivroe oe. 7t>'efan week sb. me. 7i.>eke 7vike oe. 7vtcu — OSAX. 7f'//Ja, on. vika, OHG. str. vb. =; ON. viifa, du. weven, I
OHG. w'eban G.
webh
ii/'h
(see
niebeii.
70 asp,
aryan 70 afer
\'"
7&ehha
and GOTH.
7cio/i/ia 7i'/Xv5
G. 7aoche 'week'; cp.
'order,
succession'.
ween
224
were
lith. \^ wv/C' in OE. wican vlaga 'humidity' vilgyti way' see under weak. 'to miMsten'. arvan \fw3lg. du. ween vb. me. wcne oe. tcc/ian w^ell adv. ME. OE. wel 'to hope, expect' Zi'cl, OSAX. lUti, ON. V'el; cp. OHG. lod-nan) (prop, GOTH, wenjan, on. vchia, OHG. w'ela wola G. wohl (goth. waila). G. wdhnen: derived fr. Origin doubtful, but connection
Derived 'to
fr.
,
give
^
=
wdn(n)a/i OE.
wen
wan
G.
(wcin) sb.
=
hope'
ON.
wahfi,
van,
wens: Teut. base weni-.
ohg. w. weal and will certain. well sb. ME. welle oe. 7c>elle goth. wella (wylle wylla): Teut. base umlaut-relation of oe. walljon-
vb. prop, a str. vb. me. wepe (prt. 7cep) oe. wepan wd'pan
weep
mhg.
=
GOTH. 7vdpjan wk. OSAX. wopian, OHG. wuoffan
(prt. weop~)
vb.,
wiiefen
(orig. *vapa)
'lament', 'to
cry',
on.
lipa
teut. V*
7vdp.
:
=
weallan str. vb. 'boil, flow' OSAX. OHG. wallan str. vb. 'boil,
ARYAN \fwcl wal
flow'.
wylm
'boiling,
in
=
flowing'
oe. .'^kr.
drfni 'flood', OHG. wella \i. welle
=
'wave'
OSLOV.
lith.
vliina,
vilnis 'wave'.
weevil sb. me. wevel wivel oe. osAx. wit)iL ohg. 7^''/'!'//, wifel ON. ji^7/; derived fr. the TEUT. yfweb in weave; cp. lith. fc^?-
=
—
Welsh
adj.
me.
umlauted
wylisc
walhiska-; derived 'foreigner',
prop,
welsh
oe.
a
teut.
fr.
oe.
Wealh
'a
Celt'
fr.
(cp. From the same The corresponding walnut). weft ME OE. weft — sb. Walah adj. OHG. walhisc means an inhabitant of a Roweight sb. ME. wci]Jit fr. ON. mance country, teut. WalhavdM orig. *vcBht\ cp. OE. wiht rests on the Celtic tribe name
balas 'weevil'.
root also on. vcptr.
'weight
weird oE. wyrd
fr.
OE.
=
wegan (see way). cp. me. wirde ON. //rrf', osAX.
Volcae.
wen
me. iven oe. ivenn 'tuDU. ive7i, LG. wene: Teut. Derived fr. teut. base wanja- (perhaps cogn. w. ivurd 'fate'. tverpan =^ OE. weordan, OSAX. W 71 n d?) wench sb. me. wenche older w'erdan, OHG. w'erdan G. werden, ON. vcrda, goth. wairpan to be- wenchel prop, 'infant'; ablaut-recome'. ARYAN yfwert in LAT. ?w- lation of oe. wincel 'child AvT to turn', SKR. f'// 'to turn'. wend vb. (only in the prt. tvcnt) welkin sb. me. welkne welken ; fr. me. wende prt. wente oe. zaendan umlauted byform of me, ivolkne prt. wende] orig. meaning 'to GOTH, wandjan, OSAX. oE. woken, 'cloud' ;= osAX. ohg. turn' tvolkan, OS AX. wiilka, OHG. tvolka wendian, ohg. zventafi G. zvenden. G. zoolke 'cloud'. Perhaps cogn. Causal of wind. — were see was. w\ osi.ov. vlugiikii 'humid' sb. 'fate' 'fate'
=
mor'
sb.
=r-
.
.
=
west
—
225
whey
=
DU. /^i?^.?/ ON. h{7v)uosto g. husten, Sb. ME. OE. 7VCSt TEUT. of onesi west G. DU. \/" //7i'<5.f 'coughing'. 7iestr, (fr. ARYAN \/~ kas in SKR. kas, IK. Teut.- origin). wet adj. short for ME. wcf OE. casad, LITH. /Cw6'// 'to cough whelk sb. cp. ME. 7i'ilk oe. wiolc ON. V(Ur, OFRIES. 7^/^/: 7('^i WcH DU. Teut. base 7C'f/a- fr. tiie same 7veolc (older Tviliic) 'whelk'
west
=
.
=
=
7vulk 7velk wdlok. Ident. w. ofr. root as 7vater. wether sb. me. wether oe. weder 7iiielke. GOTH. 7viprus, ON. vedr, osax. whelp sb. me. 7vhelp oe. h7velp du. ON. hv'elpr loHhar wethar, DU. rt^'^^/rr rc.rr, 'whelp, cub'
=
=
OHG. widar
G.
LAT.
'calf
vitidits
Cogn. w.
7oidder.
and skr.
?'a^vz
V^alf.
when fr.
whale OE.
7velp,
sb. me.
//7£/tf-/(pl.
7i.ihal
h^udlas)
(pi.
whales)
= on. hvalr,
,
OHG. hwelf conj. me.
stem htva-
whence 7vhantfie
7velf.
when
o^JnucE/i/ie
in 7oho.
adv. me. 7vhenne-s prop. hwanone older oe.
=
OHG. hwandn. w^here pron. -adv. me. 7vhir(e) oe. h7vc2r (me. whore late oe. hivdr) OSAX. OHG. h7£>dr MHG. 7C'dr G. w^hat pron. me. ivhat OE. hioczt OHG. //7t'd'- G. 7iiaS, DU. 7^'rtr/, 7f'(7, DU. 7vaar: teut. base //7t'vV OSAX. hwat; cp. the Teut. stem (cp. GOTH, /var); derived fr. stem h7i.ia- under 7vho. //7i'w- under 7vho.
OHG. 7tW
(G.
= ON.
Walfisch,
DU.
?£/(?/-
hva/fskr). Cogn. w. 'monster'. Cp. ivalrus. GR.7i£7>,ri>(>
?vV<;/;
=
wheat
=
sb. me. whete
oe. hrvckte
GOTH, hwaiteis, ON. hveiti, DU. 7(:'^/V^, OHG. 7tieizsi G. weizen. Cogn. TEUT. hivlta- (in me. w. ivhite
h7c
=
whet
vb. ME. 7vhette oe. h7vettajt
'to
sharpen' 7vetten, ohg.
=
ON. hvetja
,
DU.
hwezzan G. 7vetzcn 'to shaipen': Teut. ground-form we find white 'wheat' by the side hwatjan. Cogn. w. on. hvatr, OSAX. h7oat, OHG. hwa-^ 'sharp' of 7vh(te). wheel sb. me. whel oe. hweol teut. \^h7oat. hwco7vol htveogol) w^hether pron. me. 7vhether oe. (\v. the byforra goth. ON. hjo/ (for *hvjdl) hvil, DU. h7VCBder 'whicli of two' 7wV/ (OFRIES. fial): TEUT. base hapar ; corresponding by abhweula- (for hw'cgivla-) and laut to OHG. hwi'dar 'which of hiv'ehwla-, ARYAN base qeqlo- in two'. GR. nvxsQO^ (skr. katara)
=
:
=
—
=
SRK. cakra
wheel',
GR.
y.vy.'Ko';
By the side of the duplicated word qe-ql-o-
'wheel'.
re-
'which of two" allied to
is
more
goth. oe.
closely
The word
comparative to cp, is orig. h7va- (h7oe-) in 7ciho. OSLOV. kolo 'wheel'. w^heeze vb. me. 7vhese oe. hwesa?i whey sb. me. 7('hey OE. DU. LG. 7c>ei (byform (for *h7C'(isan) 'to wheeze'; cogn. ohg. hiiy hole du. /////). w. OE. h^vpsta, ON. hosii
=
,
EiNGLisH Etymology.
15
stem h7vd-'\
mlg.
226
which
which
wide
pron. me. which oe. hwylc
=
form *hwilic) OSAX. GOTH, hileiks, hwilik; G. helih 7V€lch: Tout, OHG. cp. base hwilika- ihtvclika-) and for OHG. hwdih a base hwalikaDerived fr. stem ]m'a- liw'c- under (prehistoric
.
while
hwile ^= goth. beila, OHG. OSAX. hwi/a, G. ivcile, du. wij7. ON. hvila 'bed' (cp. OHG. hwilen 'to rest') points to connection w. LAT. quietus 'quiet' and OSLOV.
ARYAN sf qi. pociti 'to rest'. whine vb. me. whine oe. hivinan make
vb. 'to
ON
hvitia 'to
OE.
cp. OHG. hwisprian 'to murmur' hwispalon G. wispeln. Sonnd-imitation? or cogn. w. i^'histle? whistle vb. me. whistle oe. )rwistHaii\ perh. akin to whisper. ;
whit
ident. w. 7i'ight.
w^hite
siniday
adj. lit.
in
7c>
7iier
ba-s\
cp.
stem h^ca-
:
hat and
and
ho7ci
ichithe/-, 7vliether. ARYAN base qo- in tat. quo-d, SKR. ka-s who', LTfH. ka-s 'who'. 7cihich,
me.
adj.
the
hoi
oe. hal formation
abstract
=
goth. hails, on. hcill OHG. G. licil osax. Ml, DU. heel: Teut. base haila(whence derived hailago- -=-health)
(see hail),
w.
OPRUSS.
cp.
;
osr.ov.
celil
whole' (ground-form
complete, kailo-)
,
Ident.
holy).
kailustikau
'pro-
aryan \f kdr
'adulterer',
love'
oir.
in
cara
'friend'
'to
—
caraifH I love
(Gallo-LAT. carisa 'prostitute') and lat. carus 'dear pron. me. 7vhi oe. h7tn -ON. hvi: instrum. of the stem h7aaIVhit- in 70 hat. .
why
w^ick
GOTH,
OE. 7veoce
=
me. oe. hore
sb.
^
ON. hora, OHG. huora goth. hers 'adulteress'; cp. stitute'
(short in 'white sunday'j me.
hwit
OE.
G.
Mvc-, also in
whore
whiz'.
vb. me. whispere
whisper
goth.
a shrill sound' 'health'.
w^hisky ident. w. usque baugh.
7C'hit
^
Jnc'C-r
oe. hwil (hence
ME. while
sb.
infl.
=
OHG.
who prop, who
pron. me.
hwd
w^hole
wlio.
str.
who OE.
h'cits,
sb.
short
= ohg.
for
ME.
7iiekc
7viohha. \.G.7vekc,
OHG. Irii'l-^ G. weiss: DU. 7viek: Teut. base 7veukdn, ON. hvitr Teut. base hwita-, cogn. w. skr. perhaps reduplicated for 7i.'c(veta 'white' \'~ (vit "to shine'. 7vkoii, as made probal)le by the ,
—
ARYAN \f
hmd
hwit.
See also equiv,
OE.
7vccca
=
G.
(dial.)
7vheat and whittle. wicke; cogn. w, mhg. g. wickell whither pron. me. whider OE. wicked adj. extended for me. hwider; cp. goth. badre whither'; derived fr. the stem hica- hwein
who.
whittle OE. hwitcl
ivhitc.
sb.
short for me.
blanket
;
7viclie.
wicket
sb. ME.
7i.
fr.
ONER.
7viket (fr. guichet), whence whitel ODU. 7viket (du. 7vinket).
derived
fr.
=
also
on. w^ide adj. me. oe. 7vid OSAX. 70^, DU. 7vijd, OHG.
Vidr,
widow wttG.wcit: TEVr. 7CiiJi7-, perhaps participle of a lost verbal v'" ^^• widow sb. ME. widwe oe. widnve GOTH. widllWO, OHG. (wuduwe) 7vitawa G. witwc, OSAX. widowa, DU. wedinve. Ident. w. the equiv. SKR. 7'idha7't7, LAT. VldlM, OSLOV. Tidova, oiR. fcdl): ARYAN base
=
wiii/iaivd.
w^ield vb. ME.
OE. yiweldan teut. fr. a
jc'cldc
win
2.27
= lat.
sauvas^e
sih'a 'wood'.
—
sih'aticus
fr.
lat.
wilderness
(cp.
DU. G. 7vildernis) extension of ME. 7vildcrne 'a desert'. wile sb. ME. (fr. 12'^ cent.) 7vlle fr,
OFR.
7oile
{guile)
guile. will vb. ME.
\
7Z'ille
ident. w.
7vdlde)
(prt.
=
OE. zvillan (prt. 7(jnlde) wiljan, ON. 7'ilja, oSAX.
goth. 7i.
DU. willen: Teut. base 7viljan vb. Derived fr. the str. (prop. 7iieljan) ident. w. oSAX. vb. OE. wdldaii wcaldan ^= GOTH. 7c>ellian, OHG. 7vellan (g. 7vollcn) o.'^AX. waldan, ohg. waltan (g. fr. a TEUT. 7valjan. aryan V" ARYAN \f iv'el ic ol in lat. vel-le, osLO v. voliti, loaltcn) 'to govern'.
[ywyldan)
\vk.
'^^^awa/dja/i.
m
;
All be strong'; LITH. velyti. equivalent. lith. Perhaps cogn. w. Zf^/Zand 7veal\ also GOTH. 7valjan 'to choose' va/dyti 'to govern'. ON. OHG. 7vellan G. 7C'iihlen, ohg. wife sb. ME. OE. 7vi/ skr. OS.AX. 7C'lf, DU. 7C'ij'f, OHG. 7fYi:/
op.
LAT.
7'alere 'to
OSLOV.
also
7'lastiy
=
=
=
—
,
;
ME. iviyu oe. 7viht volja sb. 'will'. w^illow sb. ME. 7C'il7c>e oe. 7oylig 'thing, creature, being' =r ohg. OSAX. 7viht thing, being' (g. du. (infl. ''^7c>il!{e?); ident. w. nu. rc/^-LG. 7c>ilge oSAX. 7vilgia, cp. GOTH, waihts 'thing' ODU. 7vicht)\
wight
and ON.
sb.
Zhkttr
I)ase 7vihti-
OSLOV.
being, thing'. Teut.
for
70'chti
vesti 'thing':
-
ident.
ARYAN base
7i.ickti-.
wild ria;r.
adj. ME. OE.
\v.
7(.iUdc
(pi
fr.
=
,
connected w. 7vold OE. weald ^= OHG. G. 7c
=
7i.nlge.
wimple 7i.>iupel
sb. me. oe. joirnpel OE.
'neck covering'
=
DU. G.
Source and 7C'iffipel OHG. winipal. a history unknown (ofr. guimplc
op. la'elfja-) GOLH. 7ccis, ON. villr OSAX. OHG. 7Cja-
MHG.
FR. i^ui?npc are of TEUT. origin
;
see gimp).
win str.
vb. ME. 7vinnc oe. 7vinnan
vl>.
suffer',
== OHG.
GOTH.
7iiinnan
'to
OSAX. 7C'innan
'to
15*
228
wind
—
Struggle' (g. ^ewinnen, DU. jvinneii), ON. vinna: Teut. verbal \p wenn, cogn. w. SKR. van 'obtain, ac-
wise
a (g. winken) 'to give ME. winke str. vb. 'wink'. winnow vb. me. windwe oe.
str.
sign'
vb.
^
windwian
quire'.
OSAX.
sb. ME. OE. 7ciind:=^
•wind
ident. w.
;
OHG. winton
(for '^wintwon) 'to winnow';
cp.
DU. wind, OHG. wi/it G. wind, ON. GOTH, imnpi-skaiirb 'a winnowing 'to winnow'. vindr, goth. winds: Teut. base fan', LAT. ventilare ARYAN All cogn. w. wind sb. win da- prop, wendow^insome adj. me. tvin-som oe. base wcnto- in lat. ventus, skr.
=
vata
'wind'.
ARYAN V" wc
= ohg.
Derived fr. the wyn/i-su?n OE. wdwan^ wonne-sam)
=
ill
=
wuntii-sani (G.
derived fr. oe. 7C'y/in OHG. wunnia (cp. G. :
OSAX. GOTH, waian, DU. waaicn, ohg. waen G. wehen 'to blow'; cp. lith. wonne) 'joy'. winter sb. me. oe. 'wind', OSLOV. vctrti 'wind' e;^'^.y
— vejati
skr. xTe-^
'to blow',
'to
ivinta-
=
GOTH, wintrus, OSAX. OHG. wintar
Cp. DU. G. wintei' ON. e'^/Zr: Teut. base winir-. Perhaps cogn. w. wind vb. ME. windc oe. windan CELT, vindo- 'white' in oiR. find GOTH. OSAX. windan, 'white' ? str. vb. ON. vinda^ ohg. wintan G. DU. w^ipe vb. ME. ivipc OE. wipian', winden TEUT. \fwend wand. cp. LG. wip sb. 'wisp of straw' — windlass sb. (machine forraising and GOTH, vipja 'garland' teut. 'wreathe', fr. transformed wtp. v^ 7i
blow',
'wind'.
ai]Ti^c
,
window.
=
—
:
=
:
vind-dss
'a
prop,
winding
pole'.
virr,
LG.
FRIES,
wir;
cogn. w.
w^indow sb. me. windmve bor- OHG. wiara 'wire and lat. viiiae rowed fr. ON. vind-auga 'window', 'armlets of metal', which aclit.
'wind-eye'.
eye (on.
See ivind
aiiga).
sb.
and cording
to Plinius' Hist. Nat.
1
5
a Celtic word. wise adj. me. oe.
is
=
zvis =r on. goth. sb. ME. OE. ivin on. vin, OSAX. ohg. 7vm ViSS, GOTH. Weis, OSAX. OHG. WIS DU. 7vijs. G. 7ciein DU. 7£'^V2 : Teut. base (ohg. %visi G. wcisc), wisabase fr. Teut. lat. loanword 7vii-to-), (for 7C'/na-, early vinmn (cp. vine and vintage), derived fr^ the ARYAN \j'~ 7vid in GOTH, wait, fr. GR. 0?t)«, .^KR vUda whence also ITAL. vino
wine
locin,
=
—
vin
and
wing
oSLOV.
oiR. fin,
sb. ME.
sliort
winge loanw(jrd
vino.
for
OE. wdt, OHG. wci-^ G. zf'mi'.
See
7(.
sb. ME. OE. ivise =. osax. wisa G. a:/m
older wcnge: vdngr.
fr.
ON.
wise
OHG*.
;
.'isli
connected w. the ARYAN \fivid wit. \o know' under wise
—
wish OE.
vb. ME. wisshe short
wysceaii
=
Teut.
a
fr.
for
base
2229
wolf
7viderflita 'adversary') vidr, OSAX. 7vith 7C'idei',
G.
GOTH,
7vider,
ON. vid
ohg. 7aidar
ivifra. 7vidrc
me.
vb.
w^ither
=
vb.
fr.
7oeathcr (ME. 7veder). wiiiisclicu, DU. wcnscheii, ON. ciskja W\\\\y sb. ME. 7Vithi oe. 7fv'r//j 'to wish'; cp. SKR. vailch 'to wish': 'willow'; cogn. w. OHG. 7mda G. WHiiskjau
OHG. wunsc{i)an
G.
ARYAN s/^wansk? wisp sb. ME. wisp ;
wit
vb. ME. wite OE. witaii 'to
know'
OSAX. ohg.
vita,
= GOTH.
DU.
wisscn.
7vcten,
The
i^'
and 3^
^
ON.
7veide,
(not found in OE.) perh. ident. w. ON. 7-isk, OHG. 7visc G. wisch 'wisp of straw'? ivitan, on. zviyi,a}i
G.
LITH.
viti
VI
vi-tis
— LITH.
^vitness 7i'itness
aryan
men
\^7vl in
and
me.
sb.
'jriu,
PRUSS.
7vit70a,
OSLOV.
vyti 'to twine,
(ind.
were GOTH.
p. sing,
POL.
7vit7vo 'a willow',
LAT.
and GR.
vidja
zil-vitis,
plait'.
oe.
7vitnessc
'testimony'; as and on. vit/ii 'wit-
-e)
7iiieit7iidds
ME. wot OE. 7^'c// GOTH, wait, ness', derived fr. the teut. y^ '^'^'ii on. fV//, OSAX. wet, OHG. 7£'6V:; G. 'to know'; see ti'it vb. w^izard sb. me. jvisard transwciss, corresponding to skr. vcda 'I know, he knows', gr. o?Ja ott)f. formed (under the influence of See also witness. me. wis wise) fr. *wischard: wit sb. ME. 7f7/ (//j OE. {ie)witt loanword fr. ofr. wischard (guis'intellect, understanding' =r oSAX. chard) 'prudent, cunning".
=
=
'underwoad sb. me. 7i.'(hi oe. 7vdd de- DU. 7iicede, OHG. 7veit g. 7vaid: Teut. base 7vaida-, prc-Teut. witch sb. ME. wicche oe. wiccea 7vaita- cp. lat. vitruni 'woad'. 'wizard' wiccc witch' ident. woe interj. me. 7vg oe. 7od inw. FRn<;s. LG. wicke 'witch' GOTH. 7vai, on. vei, OHC. lg. terj. wicker 'wizard' (lg. wicken vb. 'to OSAX. 7ve G. 7i'ch DU. 7vce. Ident.
OHG. wizzi
giwit,
(g.
standing', ON. vit rived fr. wit vb.
ec/'/s:)
'int(*llect':
—
predict' craft")
wiytan
;
=
;
= OE. wiccian 'use witch— 'practise divination
w. LAT.
7>ae interj.
and probably cogn. w. oe. form ARYAN
wi'^Urc 'diviner'
=
ODU. wijche-
wold {7V('ald
sb. in
woe': grountl-
7vai.
ME.
7i.iold
'Weald
oe.
"(('did
of Kent)
fr.
a Teut. base 7valpu- ; c]). os.vx. divination'. TEUT. \f wikk wi^:;. OHG. G. 7aa/d 'wood', dl'. ^ooiid witch-elm sb. mk. loicehe short wood', ON. 7>gllr plain, Held for OE. 7t''/7^ 'elm' fr. a Teut. pre-TEUT. 7valtu-s, cogn. w. SKK.
lare,
DU.
lAix^.
wichclen 'practise
:
base
vafa (for *vdlta?) 'garden'?
7cukJofi-.
with prep. me. prep, 'against' (in
compounds
7ciith
short
oe.
for
7ciid
7vider
like oe. 7oidcrsaca
See
wild.
wolf
sb. ME. 7aol/ (pi.
OE. 7VUl/ (pi.
XVulfas)
:=:
7c>o/ves)
GOTH.
woman
230
worse
ON. tllfr (for *vul/r) OSAX. word, DU. woord, ohg. g. wort: wulf; cp. OHG. G. nwlf: Teut. Teut. base ivorda-, pre-Teut. base imdfa- wolfa-, aryan base base woi-dho- in lat. 7
,
^
woman
—
GR. sipsir 'to say'
All equivalent.
vlfiku.
pijua 'word'?
w^ork sb. ME. 7C'erA oe. wcorc OSAX. OHG. iverk'G. DU. werk, womb Teut. base werka-, GOTH. OHG. ON. 7>erk (wgmh) 'stomach' 7i.ianiha, on. i'pmb, DU. ri'v?//;' 'belly, ARYAN base w'ergo- in GR. soyov. ARYAN \f w'erg in GR. {UCf-iv 'to stomach' Teut. base 7vambd-. wonder sb. me. wonder oe. do' ooyavov 'instrument', skk. ivundor OSAX. 7vundai\ OHG. vrjana 'labor cp. GOTHMiaiirkJan, OE. wyr^eaii vb. ON. ii/idr: OHG. 7vurkan wuntar G. wiinder See 7vright. Teut. base wundra-. 'to work'. wont adj. for me. waned p. par- world sb. ME. world ivcrld oe. OSAX. wer old, ticiple of ME. wane oe. wunian. 7vorold 7ucorold 'to be used to'; cp. OE. lewu/ia DU. zvereld, ohg. 7&eralt (7vorolt) 'custom, use' and ON. 7'anr, OHG. G. 7uell, ON. v'ergld. First element giwon G. geivohnt 'accustomed of the compound {^ver-ald-) is TEUT. 7vera- man' in goth. 7vair, .See weati. woo vb. ME. Wihih- OE. wogiau OSAX. OHG. OE. wer, ON. vcrr 'to woo'; no further relations (aryan base 7viro- in lat. tnr, SKR. 7Hra, LITH. vyras 'man'). known. 'I'sur. \^wdg. wood sb. ME. Wodc OE. Wudu 2'"^ part of the compound is ON. evV/;' 'tree, wood', TEUT. aldi- in goth. aids 'world', oxV^.widu OHG. wiiu 'wood' (also in OHG. OE. i'ld (eld) 'period, age'. see wife. sb. ME. wonihe oE. ivdvib
=
=
;
:
—
^
=
;
,
=
.
=
Teut. pre-Teut. base widlui-
witu-]iopfa G. wide-hopfy.
base in
widii-,
CEET. vidu- (gall. \'idu-Casses\\
cp.
OIR. fid 'tree'. sb. ME. wollc OE. Willi
wool wulle
=
GOTH, wulla,
(for ''vull'); wollc: Teut.
cp.
OHG
base
ARYAN base WJlnd osLOV. co,ij;ii.
vlii/ui,
on. 7volla
wiillo
iiiil.
////
G.
7C'ollb,
in skr. itr/ia,
LITH. zdlna 'wc^ol';
w. LAI", villus vellus 'fleece'
worm prop.
sb.
7vir7ii
ME. 7Vorm for 7vur})i fr. a Teut.
OE. 7vyi'm
base 7vurnii- in OSAX. OHG. G. 71''// GOTH, tvaurms; ident. w. 7)1, LAT. vermis 'worm'; cp. ON. oruir (for
*7c
and
gr.
()6ito^
(for J-(jnnn^).
w^ormw^ood OE.
7cu'r/u,'d
sb.
transformed fr. OHG.
(7C'ormgd)
7v'ernniota (Tcoi'/Nuofa).
=
Formation
and origin unknown.
worse compar. adj. me. tvorse goth. 7vurse older 7C'irse OE. 7C[vrsii w^ord sb. me. OE. 7vord waurd, ON. ord (for *vord), osAX. OSAX. wirso fr. a Teut. base and SKR. sf vr
(var)
to cover',
=
=
worship
m
=
—
231
wrinkle
=
GOTH. 7vrikan ("to oSAX. lurckau, DU. wursU' 7C't>rsff ]\IE. 7vreken, org. rehhan (for ^avr'chrdchen 'to G. revenge. OE. ivyrsta fr. a TEUr. superl. han) goth. wairsista, ARYAN \f7vreg urg in lat. urgerc in wirsistan'to urge', SKK. ?'/7 'to remove'. OSAX. OHG. icursisto. wreath sb. me. 7C'rethe oe. dlder me. sb. worschip worship w. 7vrithe. wurpschipc OE. weordscipe: derived 7vrcep', cogn. wren sb. me. 7vre?ine oe. 7vrenna\ fr. worth. wort' sb. (a plant) me. wort ident. w. OSAX, wrendio and prowurt older wirt OE. wyrt fr. a bably w. OHG. OSAX. {7v)renno 'a wirsizan-
OHG.
goth. wairsiza
7virsiro.
—
war si
snperl. orig. wirste
str.
vb.
persecute'),
Teut. base 7f '«;-//- in goth. waiirts, stallion' (medieval lat. 7iHnannio'). wrench sb. me. rw^^^/z 'deceit' ON. //;-/, OSAX. wurt, OHG. G, wurz herb': ARYAN \^iv3rd in OE. 7crenc 'deceit, trick' fr. a '])lant,
LAT.
radix
"^vraaic-)
(for
see
under rt^t*/. wort^ sb. (a kind of drink) ME. avert wurt for tvirt oe. wyri for *7£/^7 ON. virtr, mhg. 7i'vrs
=
wort': TEUT.
ground-form
wirtiz
(pre-TEUT. base amcrdcs- wentos). wovXh ad). ME. worth wurth OK. wyrdf. umlauted l^yform of =1 GOTH, walrps, OE. wcorf) ohg. o.sAX. w'crth, ON. 7''erdr,
Teut. base 7vranki- (also in MHO. rank 'trick' G. rdnke plur.).
The modern sprain'
E.
seems
meaning
the metaphorical OE.
and
7vreccea
See also 7vrong.
0.
wretch
'twist,
older than sense in me.
to be
me.
sb.
'outlaw,
7vrecche
exile'
oe.
^= OHG.
osx^.7vrekkio (g. rccke 'warrior'); derived fr. \'~wrek in goth. 7vrikaii
persecute' (see 7circak'). wright sb. me. turighte oe. OS AX. 70urhtio, oiiG. OPRUSS. werts 'worthy'. 7Ciyrhta 7'crtas, wound sb. ME. wounde oe. 7Vurhto (mhg. -imirhle) 'worker'; oSAX. wunda, derived fr. teut. 7vurhtwJan-\ cp. 717,7/^/ infl. wunde OHG. wuTita G. wunde, on. uiid GOTH. 7vaurst7vja 'worker by llic Tout, base wundb-. side of 7vaiirst7i< 'work'. For the (for *rund) ivorlz. w. the Cogn. adj. goth. wunds root see OE. wund, OSAX. wund, ohg. wring vb. me. 7vringe oe. 7vrinteut. \'~%vun, gan str. vb. 'to press out' wunt G. wund. ARYAN \(^wjn in GOTH, wimiaii DU. LG. 7t>ringen, OHG. ringan, (for
7C>crd (g.
acurt):
ident. w. Lrrn.
=
=
:
=
'to
=
suffer,
wrath for
feel pain' (see 70 in)} me. luraththe short
sb.
OK.
zarcpppu
(Teut.
=1 7C'roth. \vreak vb. me. 7C>r(kc oe.
wrinkle
base tvrinkle
7vraipipP]\ uinlaut-al)stract ofoE. 7i'rdp
*7i:'ringan) 'to
adj.
ivr'ecan
=
pressout'(G. ringa/). me. 7tirinkcl oe.
sb.
odu. wrinckel\ cogn. and OHG. runza
w. MHG. runke
—
(for *7vriinka wrist sb. ME.
*7cirunkza). 7C'rist
OE. 7iyrst
232
—
write
= MHG. SWED.
G. rist{Jox*wrisi), ON. rist
?'r/5-/
'instep, wrist'; perhaps w. G. re///c/iMHG. rihc wrist ?
cogn.
write vb. ME. write OE.
=
vb.
str.
rita 'to
OSAX.
write'.
ivritan
ON.
writan,
sense
(^rig.
'to
engrave, scratch, tear, split' in OSAX. writan ohg. rvp^an
=
I
ye
wrong
adj. OE. (i I
late
rowed
fr.
'*7
me. wrong (wrang) cent.) wrang borON. rangr (older
''
'wrong,
j^rop.
unjust'
Probably
perverse'. the same root as 'awry,
wrench
fr.
(teut.
\f~wrank ivrang).
wroth adj. short for me. wroth Cp. OE. wrap (see also ivrath') GOTH, writs a stroke of a pen'. OSAX. wreth, on. vreidr reidr, TEUT. sfwrit. ODU. ivreed 'wroth'; orig. sense writhe vb. me. writhe oe. wi idan in OHG. reid (for *wreid) 'curled'. str. vb. 'to twist' =^ ohg. ridan, \/~7C'rf/> 'to twist in aireath and ON. rida str. vb. 'to wind, twist'. writhe. ^ (for
G.
'^wrtyi^aii)
=
reissen.
Cogn. w. 7vroth.
wry
fr.
me. wrie vb.
twist'.
'to
=
OHG. gar-ica G. gar he, DU. yacht sb. fr. du. jacht prop. jachtschip; du. jacht corresponds ger7a 'millefolium'. to G. jogd 'hunting (oHG. jagon yawl vb. me. loule by the G jagcn. 'to chase). side of goule vb. (change of j sb. me. j^vv/prop. ji'n/oE.
yard'
icard 'fence, enclosure'
=
and
unexplained)
^-^
on. gaula
source ON.
;
bellow'.
'to
(gpiila)
:^ ARYAN yaw^n vb. me. gdne gone oe. lat. hortus (oR./op- gdnian (the phonology of the Allied to gar den. ME. word is dark) — ohg. geinon rot,') 'garden'. sb. derived fr. OE. tciyard(a measure) me. (g. gdhne/i)
gardr:
Teut.base^'Y?/-^/(i'-
base^'-//6'r/6'- in
=
;
ycrde oe.
=
yrd
OHG.
switch';
{^yrd) 'rod, rood' G. gerte
gerta
cp. GOTH, ^azds
'a 'a
rod, gina; cogn. stick,
'to
hiare,
LAT.
'to
hasta
'a
spear'
(common
base ghazdha-).
yarn learn
=
'guts'
and LirH.
OSLOV.
gam
in lat.
lith.
zijati,
zivti
yawn'.
ye pron.
sb. me. lern prop. K'rn. oe.
w.
aryan sfghi
yawn':
goad' ^= ON. gaddr 'goad' and
ON. yawn' ohg. gten giwen
vb. 'to
str.
pnan
j\ie.
prehistoric jiz
oe. y;
j^c
DU.
=^
gij,
fr.
a
OSAX
OHG. ir {for */»j G. ihr gar en) perhaps cogn. w. ON. go. n oldest TEUT. form jiiz in goth on. ohg.
g.
(du.
gi,
;
yarrow
zartia 'entrair? jiis 'ye
sb. me. larivc oe. ^earive
'ye':
.
Ident.
w.
skr. yi/y-am
aryan stem iw
—yii.
year
yea ''^lie)
me.
adv.
oe.
led = OSAX. OHG.3/ ja G.ja
—
(for 'yes';
—
oldest form goth. Ja 'yes'. yes ME. vts OE. ^esc for *lc'irswd prop, 'yea so' (cp. me. nese fiir
tie-swa).
older
yean OE.
e'anian
ean vb. ME.
(le-eanian)
'to
me
yean':
233
yolk
on the equiv.
rests
OHG. a7nero
G.
yelp vb. me.
oe.
lelpe
vb.
str.
{ylpan)
oe. aviorc
=.
ai/i?ner.
yilpan
= on.
boast'
'to
gjalpa, OHG. gelpfan.
yes see yea. yesterday adv. me. yesterday OE. leostrandeei dystrandcBi) prop,
=
teut. anna- (for ohg. gesiaron only geostra{n) lax. agnus, G. du. gisteren (gistergestern, OIR. ?/(7«: ARYAN base aghno-. GOTH, gistra-dagis avond); cp. year vb. me. yr oe. j^>' f^s'''"' with the sense of 'tomorrow'. lor ^IfBr) =: OHG. yVw- G. jahr, Teut. base gest7-a-, cogn. w. on. T>\j. Jaar,o^. cir, GOTH.y?r: Teut. i-gcer and lat. hei-i; gr. X'^^'i basey?/'^-; cogn. \v. tlie ablauted and SKR. hyas 'yesterday' point GK. u)0(K 'year' lopa 'season' to an ARYAN base ghyes 'yesterand w. AVEST. jar^ 'year'. day yearn vb. 'desire' me. yernti fr. yet adv. me. let short for oe. ME. yer/i OE. Jtwv/ 'desirous' ident. w. ofries.
derived
fr.
ag7vna-)
'lamb'
a
=
—
.
(whence also the umlauted oe. GOTH, gairns, li'rnan 'desire') osAX. OHG. gem 'desirous': teut. \^ger in OHG. geron G. begehren
=
— OHG.
g'er
'desirous'
—
giri (o.
ARYAN \'^gher gier) sb. 'desire'. in SKR. /wrj vb. 'desire'. yell ijillan)
vb.
=
ME.
OHG.
lelle
oe.
lellan
g'ellan G. gellen,
DU. gillen, ON. gjalla 'to resound'. Cp. stanycll. yellow adj. me. j^/w^ oe. j^f^/f (inil. leolw-) fr. a Teut. base g'elwa- in oSAX. ohg. ^'t'/t" G. ^<'/<^, DU. gcel: ARYAN base ghUwo- in LAT. hclvus 'light yellow', aryan
\~ghd
also in ON. ^v//r 'yellow',
lit iela
pt);
(i}>t,
eta 'yet'.
yew
me. ew
vb.
= OHG. m'a g. base
kca-, — OHG.
ezde,
oe.
iw
ident. w. OE.
i/ia
eo/i 'yew' yew', fr. //"(whence
borrowed DU.
(if)
of Teut"
is
Cp. also cymr.
origin.
eow
on. yr: Teut.
yield vb. me.
yw
oe.
le'tde
=
'yew'.
leldan
goth. {pldan) str. vb. 'to pay' gildan, ON. gjalda , OHG. geltan str. vb. 'to pay': teut. sf^ geld. yoke sb. me. lok (pi. ipkes) oe. lede
(pi.
leocu)
=
goth. juk, jtik, OHG. base joka-,
ON. ok (for *jok), DU.
joh
G.
y't*^/?:
ARYAN base
Teut. jiigo- in
lat.
Jugii/ii
GR. Lvyov, SKK.yugd^yokQ. aryan yfjug in GR. Cfvyi'vui, lat.
GR. xX(o(jnc: 'green', OSLOV. zelenii from the same root jungere, skr. jv// 'to yoke'. also gold (and glowT). yolk sb. ME. lolke dclke) oe.
'yellow';
yellow-hammer
—
la bird's
name)
leoleca
for
teut.
gel{w)ukan-\
!34
yon
derived low.
yon (see
teut. gelwa-
—
yule
—
sb. ME. louthe older for -ynvede pigede oe. jugod (yoOSAX. jugud fr. a base pron. me. yiti j^on oe. icon god) beyonc{)\ cogn. w. goth. jugH?if>- in OHG. Jugund G. jiigend: fr.
^=^
yel-
youth
=
OHG. jencr
TEUT. jiigunp- probably for jucp. LAT. juvcn-t-a (and (pron. yc/ra) prop, 'of years' gen. GOTH, junda contracted for */'«plur. of OE. jfdr yeai'. wimda) derived fr. AYdA^juwenyow pron. me. i07v ace. dat. in LAT. jiroenis, skr. yuvan etc. of ^e {= ye), OE. eow ace. dat. yule sb. me. ^ol fr. on. jdl\ of ^e (= ye); ident. w. ohg. ident. w. oe. jtW (contracted OSAX. eii OHG. ///: ARYAN base fr. leohol) Christmas'. Cogn. w. /Vi' under ye. GOTH, jiuleis 'november' ON. young adj. me. ^oui,'- ying oe. ylir (oe. Giiili in Beda). Teut. yong (prop, jung) 5= GOTH, juggs, base jeula- (in ON. jot) and jiiilosAX. OHG. G.jung, ws.jong, ON. ja- (in GOTH. jiuUis): oe. yohhol iingr (for *jungr): TEUT. Jiinga-, 'Cliristmas' points to fSA^i. j'ehwcontracted fr. JmcungoLAT. la- (by the side of jeula- for jains,
yore adv. me.
G. jener. j^ore
oe. -^edra ivunp-
=
\
=
=
JHvenciis ,
ARYAN
SKR.
yuva(a
'young
:
jegwla-];
probably
related
l^ase jimij/iko- (ablauted ON. il 'snow-storm' (teut. in CYMR. ieuanc 'young'). jehwld). Hence Yule 'the
to
base time
byform Cogn. w. 'LKT.juvenis, aK.\<. yin'a/i, of snow-storms' and goth. jiuleis osLOV.ju/w, lAT'a. jdunas 'young'. 'the month of snow-storms'.
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J.
TRUBNER
ber beutfdjen
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@prad)e
Hon
^rtebrid) 2\lu0e, orb.
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Verwertung- der ueuestea Forschungaerg'ebnisse auf Gebiete der germ anise hen Etymolog-je; die Vermelirungen in der Aufnahme einer grossen Anzahl solcher Fremdworter, welcheseit demlG. Jahrh. aufgokomraen sind.und seitdeni eineu unzweif-ilhaften Bestandtcil der deu':schen Sprache ausniaclken. In den meisten Fallen Ist es dein Verfasser gelungen, genau festzusteUen, wann und auf welchem Wege das einzelne Fremdwort in unsere Sprache eingedrung-en und damit dera
Nachweisungen zu bieten, welche ausserdemspracheiu hohes culturgeschichtliches Interesae beanspruchen. (Ankiindigung des Verlegcrs.) liclien,
„Das Klugescho Worterbuch nimmt durch seine hervorragenden Eigenschaften anerkanntermassen den ersten PJatz unter alien ahnliehen ein. Eine noun Aufiage bcdiirfte keiner besondcren Empfehluug, vrenn nicht das bewiihrte Hilfsmittel seit seinera ersten Erseheinen und vor allem seit der vierten AuHage in mehrfacher Beziehung ein verandertes Aussehen oihalten hiitte. Dass die Forschungen der letzten zehn Jahre, an deiien Kiuge seiber einen bedeutenden Anteil gehabt hat, i^ewissenhaft verwertet, dass zahllose Verbesserungen und Erganzungen im einzelnen vorgenommen sind, braucht nicht besonders versichert zu werden jede Seiie zcugt von dem unermiidlirhen Streben, zu bessern, Unsicheres zu stiitzen oder durch Neues zu ersetzen. mbglichst viele Einzelheiten in den Zusiimmeiihaug der grossen Sprachbewegungeu einzugliedern« . .* Zeitschrift d. a. d. Sprach^iereins li'QJ Nr. 3.
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—
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—
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„Beim Lesen dieses Buches fiihlt man sich oft von einem Hauche frischen, friihlichen Studentenlebens beriihrt, und selbst das anscheinend so trockene M'orterbuch reizt durch seinen manchnial recht huraoristischen Es war in der That eine dankb|ire, Inhalt zu einem herzlichen I.achen. fieilich auch recht schwierig-e Aufgabe, das fiir die altere Zeit so sparliche und vielfaoh sehr versteckte Material zu sammeln und daraus
in g-rossen Ziigen eine Geschichte der deuischen Studentensprache zu entwerfen, die nur der umfassende nicht erste Dank als sie so um verdient, gTosseren und auf •wirklichem Quellenstudium beruhende Versuch der Art ist, sondern auch mit grossem Geschick sich auf jenem Grenzgebiet zwischen popularer und streng wissenschaftlicher Darstellung bewegt, das einzuGerade auf diesem Gebiet hat haiten nicht jedem Gelehrten gegeben ist. sich Kluge durch sein musterhaftes etymologisches Worterbuch grosse Verdienste erworben; denselben Weg betritt er jetzt mit gleicheni Erfolg auch in der vorliegenden Schrift, die ihre Entstehung zumeist den Ar." beiten zu jenem anderen Werke verdankt. Liter. CentrnlO/ntt li'gj. Nr. iS. .
.
„Prof. Kluge hat mit vielem Fleisse, wie die zahlreich eingestreuten Belegstellen beweisen, sowie gestiitzt auf eine ausgedehnte Lnkturc und auf eigene Beobachtung die Spracbe der Studenten in alter und neuer Zeit nach ihreni Ursprung und ihrer Verbreitung dargestellt und seiner Abhandlung ein reichhaltiges Worterbuch der Studentensprache beigegeben. Ist das Buch als Beitrag zur deutschen Sprachgeschichte und Lexikographie von grossem Werte, so ist es auch fur den Akademiker, der die eigenartige Sprache seines Standes nach ihrer Entstehung- und Geschichte kennen und verstehen lernen will, ein interessantes Buch und besonders zu Dedikationszwecken geeignet, wofiir wir es bestens empfohlen haben Akad. Monatshe/te i6gs z'- 2b. AIni. wojlen."
In Kiirze erscheint:
Kluge, Friedr., und Friedr. Lutz, English Etymology. A select Glossary serving as an Introduction 8".
to
VIII,
the
234
history S.
M.
of the 4.
—
.
English
language.
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u. 15(1 13.
„S)n§ lebenbige Snterelfe ber ©cbilbetcn
utib bie ift'ntljotifen.
9JcL 2.50,
ftir
gebunben
9Jtf. 3.50.
bie beutjd^e ©^jrac^e
unb
mnn
mie mit @emiflt()uunfl tiin()riicl)men faun, auiicn= lebliafter beiin jc. 3)ie Sdftrift .vvhicica, in Uiclcfiev bie Unrf)tifli"tcit, fiir bie a>ilbiini5 uiijcvev neul)orf)beuticI)en Scf)ri|tipfcicf)c mnisflebenbeii 9.1iomeiite genicfnlu'ritniiMicf) befin'ortien luevbeii, bnif bal)ev nuf einen aiigaebcbnt'eu baiifbaven yeicrfrei^ vecfinen." (5d)luab. mcxhix II. ^Ibt. 1. ii*l. b. 9. Sej. 1887.) i[)re @e)d)iei)k' ift, blirtlicl)
„®c^iiii ber ©ecieiiftnnb nil Jid), beii l)ier eiii nitd) Utciteren Streiien biird) jein 'tvefflidje* „(*tl)iiu)liuiiid)eC' aiUivterbiid) bev beiitjdjeii ebrnd}e" befmuitcr (SK'lclivtor uid)t blnf-, mit ber .•^iilierlnjiiciteit beS ^nd)iiianued, fotibcni mirf) mit bem (iU'jd)icf unb ®eid)ninrt eiueS geltinnbteii £d)riftfteUevs bel)aiibelt lint, joUte nmljl baviind) ntuictbnii jeiti, bem iiiitev beu iiid)t gelebvteii Jvveunben ber beutjdjeu v^t)rnd)c 3>iirt)leiii 2'cnn bafi bie (^vnflen, beven t'iebbnber unb .Miiufer .^ii erUievben. i^eantnuntiinq ben o'lbnlt biejer Scbvijt nuj-mndjt, in ben '-i^ereid) be§
bereitg
—
Jinteveijev bev bbber Ok-biibeten fallen, bvnud)t bem nid)t crft beluiejen Su irerben, bev lueifi, line tveu flerabe bie Wejdiidite unjevev ©tJvadje, mc()r ben isieg unjeves i5[)li;*= liiot)! ali inieub etU'iiiS nnbeve-j, ben .siantpf unb tuiuii Uiiebevipiecielt. 3~ieie 9tunnffuug, Hon ber bee jyevfnfievS iyebnnblnna unb ^nvftellung bielfnd) evft ved)teS i.'id)t unb bolle aVavme empfaunt, ift es, looriu biejeniqeu ^ejer einen bejonbeven iReij unb iBovjUfl bee 58ud)e« evbliden luer'ben, lueldje (leluotjut finb, bie Bev)d)iebeniuticien
unb sVunft, fonbevn in il)rcr un-S bod) evft bn? ai*cd)ielUiivfuna ;,ii betvad)ten, bie ein^^iiic 9lrt, tuie fid) UJSevftanbniS fiiv S^ert unb JvnnUtcite cincc- jeben ein.U'tnen berfelben UJorfliiurte
in
unb
'^solitit
iunrnm
>;^afob
flennunt
nnievm
Itieliiiion
bnt,
.suiltinieben,
Uiic fie fid) in I'lttevntur
funbaeben, utd)t iiejonbevt
fitv fid),
(iJrimm unfrc Sd)riftfpvnd)c einen pvoteftautifdien 3)in(ett erft feit l.Wfi i.'utl)eve ebrad)e eiue autoritatibe
mnnim
evliiuiieu fonnte, limvum bev («eflenfnt3 fflhmbnvt evft nndj ber fieflveidjen iyefniubfuiHl
Stellunn
qcfllidien U'ovben
Hon '2d|viftfbvnd)e unb ^"^^ iinteinifc^eu au8=
ift."
„<)iid)t mit bem '•}luipvud)e, eiue bollftiinbifle Wefdiirfitc ber beutfd)en ©brad)e sn bieten, tvitt .M Uuu' nuf. i-'r toill in einev ..iKeibe unberbunbener 91ufintu'" niir ..^nifammenfaffen, lim* ("Vadilente bov unb feit C^nfob (ftvimm iiber ein bmiv fpviid)Uiiffenfriiaftlid)e i'vobleine evmiltelt bnben." Tiefe 9aiffntu' abev fiiiien fid) bon felbev :,n eiueni inucvliib .vifnutmenbiiniieuben ©nu.U'ii, fobnn loir biev in bev 3bnt, eine bi'dift nn;,iebenbe ^arftelluufl bev l?eben-5i-iefd)id)te unfeve'? ^ieubodibeutfd) bon feinen 9lnfnnrteu urn bie
^!i*enbe
be* fiinf.U'bnten unb fcd),^ebnten ^^nbvbunbert<5 bi* ,yir *.yeflriiubunii urn bie Witte bee nd)t,U'hnteu C^abvbnubevtH- bov (Xie («veiiiboteu 1H8h. 'Jiv. l».) 1*
feinev ^J(lleinbevvfd)(ift " uui- biiben
4
Verlag von
KARL
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J.
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:
Vorgeschichte der
altgermanisehen Dialekte von
Friedrich Kluge.
Zweite Auflage. Mit einem Anhang.
Geschichte der gotischen Sprache. Sonderabdruck aus der zweiten Auflage
von
Pauls
Grundriss
der germanisclien Philologie.
Lex.
VIII und
8.
S.
823—517 und
lO
S.
Register.
M. 4.50.
Urteile der Presse: Das
der Fachraanner diirfte unter den verschiedcnen Aufsaizcn dieser iieuen Lieferung [des Gruudrisses] wohl Kluges der Vorgeschichte altgermanischPii Dialekte erwecken, Ma es der erste in Deutschland gemachte Versuch ist, niit Benutzuiig der in den letztea Jahrzehnten gelung-enen Entdeckung-en und angestellten Einzeluntersuehungen ein Bild von der urgermanischen Sprache und ihren grossen Gruppen zu zeichnen Sehr dankenswert ist die Einleitung, in welcher die Ueziehungen der gerniauischen zu den Sprachen der benachbarten Volker dargelegt werden, vor alleni die Liste der Entlehnungen aus deni Lateinischen, ebenso die Verwertuug der germaniscben W'orter riimischer luschriften, der malbeigischeu Glosse, denen man sonst nur selten in o-rammatischen Darstellungen begegnet. .
g-rosste Interesse
.
.
Hemzel, Zeitschr. f.
d.
osteyreich.
Gvnmasien i8go
S.
440.
Mit Meisterschaft hat Kluge die noch schwerere Aufgabe gelost, die d. h. die aus der Sprach„ Vorgeschichte der altgermanisehen Dialekte", vergleicliung erschlos.Rene alte.ste (vorhistorische) Gestalt der germaniscben Sprache auf 100 Seiten so darzustellen, dass neben den als sicher zu betraehtendea Ergebnissen der bisherigen Forschung auch noch schwebende Fragen und kiinftige Aufgaben beriihrt werd^_. L. Tobler, Litteraturblatt f. germ. n. rom. Philologie iSgo S. 13j
Kluge
liefert
dieser Abschnitt
eine
Vorgeschichte
der
altgermanisehen
Dialekte
;
fiir den Benutzer des Buches mit zu den vollDer Verfasser stellt hier zusamraen, was sich aus der neuesten idg. Sprachforschung an einigerniassen gesicherten Resultaten fiir die altesle Geschichte des Germaniscben ergeben hat. Dabei geht er auch solchen Fragen, welche bisher noch kaum angef.isst worden nicht aus und dem uns hier schatzbanrecht sind, Wege Ergebvermag nisse seiner eigenen Forschung Torzulegen. Ref. erwiihnt. ohne auf Einzelheiten einzugehen, die Ausfiihrungen iiber den Einfluss fremder Sprachen auf das Germanische, iiber den Accent, die Chronologic der Lautentwieklung u. s. w. von Bahder, Liter. Centralhlatt j8qo, Sp. 282.
diirfte
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Verlag von
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5
:
Worterbuch der
Elsassischen Mundarten bearbeitet von
E.
MARTIN
IM AlIFTRAGE
und H.
LIENHART
DER LANDESVERWALTUNG VON
ELSASS-LOTHRINGEN. 1.
und
2.
Lex. -8**.
Lieleruiig.
Dieses Worterbuch
ist
Preis pro Lieferung M. 4.—.
die Fruchl jahrelangen Samniel-
und angestrengter wissenschaftlicher Thatigkeit. Es soil nach dem Vorbild des schweizerischen Idiotikons den Sprachschatz der heiitigen elsassischen Mundarten, soweit diese sich zuruck verfolcen lassen, zusammenfassen und nach dem gegenwartigen Stand der Spracheifers
wissenschaft erklaren. Dabei wind die Eigentiimlichkeit des elsassischen Volkes in Sitte und Glauben, wie sie sich in Redensarten, Sprichwortern, Volks- und Kinderreimen kund gibt, so weit als moglich zur Darstellung Das sprachliche Gebiet wurde nach gebracht werden. den Bezirksgrenzen von Ober- und Unterelsass abgesteckt.
Das Worterbuch der elsassischen Mundarten wird ungefahr t) Lieferungen von je lo Bogen zum Preise von je M. 4.— erscheinen und voraussichtlich schon im Jahre 1898 voUstandig vorliegen. in
„.
.
.
Das elsassische Worterbuch
schafdicher Kariliilcn. das Volk spiicht. In
Es
ist
ist keiiie Aufspeiclieruug' sprachwisseneine lebensvolle Darstellung- (lessen wie Siilzen, in Fragen und Antworteu, in kommt der natiirlicbe Gedankenkreis des ,
sclilichten
Anekdoleu und tiesohiolitchen
Volkes zu Unniittclbarer Uellung. Die Kinderspiele und die Freuden der Die Mchrzahl der Spinnsliiljeu irotfii niit ilirom Forjiiela))parat auf. Arlikcl spiegeln das eigentliche Volksleben wieder und gewahreu dadurch eiueii wiibren Geiiuss. Weun uiun Artikel wie Esel oder liest, wird man l)iild verstehen lerneu , dass in der Schlichtheit und Scbmucklosigkfit der Aitikel der Erforseher deutschen Volkstums eine selir wertvoUo Quelle fiir das Elsass tindet . . ."
Fuchs
Strassburger Post i6()7 Nr. 344.
Verlag von
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Deutsche Grammatik Gotisch,
imd Neuliochdeutsch
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Professor der deutschen Sprache u. Litteratur
Erste Abteilung Lautlehre. XX, 425 S. 1897. gr. 8". franz gebunden M. 10. :
—
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.
Zweite Abteilung: Wortbildung.
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M. 6.—. Beide Halften zusammen bunden M. 15. —
in
eineni
Band
,
in
Halbfranz ge*
.
Das Werk wird
vier Abteilungen erscheinen: Lautlehre, Eine fiinfte, die Geschichte der Wortbildung, Flexion, Syntax. deutschen Sprache, wird sich vielleicht anschliessen.
„
.
.
.
Es
ist
in
sehr erfreulich, dass wir nun ein
werden, welches wir
Buch haben
gutem Gewissen demjenigen empfehlen ki)nnen, der sich in das Studium der deutschen Sprachgeschichte einarbeiten will, ohne die Moglichkeit zu haben, eine gute Vorlesung liber deutsche Grammatik zu horen; in Wilmanns wird niit
er hierzu einen zuverlassigen. auf der Hohe der jetzigen Forschung stehenden Fiihrer finden. Aber auch dem Studierenden, der schon deutsche Grammatik gehort hat, wird das Buch gute Dienste leisten zur Wiedeiholung und zur Erganzung dei' etwa in der Vorlesung zu kurz gekommenen Partien. Jedoch auch
der
Fachmann
darf die
Grammatik von W.
nicht
unberiick-
Denn alle in Betracht kommenden Fragen sind sichtigt lassen. hier mit selbstiindigem Urteil und unter voller Beherrschung der Literatur erortert. Und nicht selten werden Schliisse gezogen, die von der gewohnlichen Auffassung abweichen und zuni Mindesten zur eingehenden Erwagung auffordern, so dass niemand ohne vielfache Anregung diese Lautlehre aus der Hand legen wird. Besonders reich an neuen Auffassungen ist uns die Lehre von den Konsonanten erschienen. Aber auch die iibrigen Teile unter denen die bisher weriiger oft in Grammatiken dargestellt,
Lehre
vom Wortaccent
achtung
..."
W,
B.,
hervorzuheben
ware
,
verdienen
Be-
Literarisches Centralblatt iS^j Nr. ^o.
KARL J. TRUBNER
Verlag von
in
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Geschichte der
Deutschen Litteratur znm
bis
Ausganjie des Mittelalteis von
Rudolf Koegel, ord. Prof,
liir
deutsche Sprache und Litteratur
a.
d. Uiiiversitiit Basel.
Bis zur Mitte des elften Jahrhunderts. Erster Band Erster Teil: Die stabreimende Dichtung und die gotische M 10.— 1894. Prosa. 8". XXIII u. 343 S. Kin Genesis. altsachsische Band Die zu I: EiKiinzungsheft :
BeitRig zur Geschichte 8". Verskunst. X, 71
der
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S.
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Zweiter Teil: Die endreimende Dichtung und die Prosa 1897. der althochdeutschen Zeit. 8°. XX, 652 S. M. 16.— Der
II.
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ist in
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ihres Koegel hat eine Arbeit unternommen, die schon wegen Denn es kann die Forgrossen Zieles dankbar begriisst werden muss. wirksamst nur der altdeutschen Litteraturgeschichte schuiig auf demGebiete Bestand von Thatunterstutzen, wenii jeniand den ganzen voi'handenen sachen and Anslchten genau durchpriil't und verzeichnet, dann aber auch Beides an alien schwierigen Punkteu niit eigener Untersuchung einsetzt. hat K. in dem vorliegenden ersten Bande fUr die alteste Zeit deutschen Er beherrscht das bekannte Material vollstaiidig, Geisteslebens gethan. er hat nichts aufgenommen oder fortgelassen. ohne sich dariiber sorgfaltig Kein Stein auf dfem Wege ist von ihm unurageRechen.schaft zu geben. wendet verblieben. K. hat aber auch den StolT vermehrt, eiunial iudem er alle Hilfsquellen (z. B. die Sammlungen der Capitularien, selbstandig Coneilbeschliisse u. s. w.) durchgearbeitet, neue Zeugnisse den alten beidass er aus dem Bereiche gcfugt, die alten berichtigt h;.t, ferner dadurch, der iibrigen germanischen Litteraturen herangezogen hat, was irgend Ausbeute fiir die Aiifhellung der altesten deutschen Poesie versprach. In alien diesen Dingen schreitet er auf den Pfaden Karl Miillenhoffs, dessen ." Grosse kein anderes Buch als eben das seine besser wurdigen lehrt Anton E. Schonlaih hn Ocstefreich I.iteraturblatt I^g4 Nr. /S. .,
.
.
.
.
.
.
eine reiche, „Koegel bietet Meistern wie JQngern der Germanistik willkommeno Oabe mit seinem Werke vor allem aber sei es der AufSchulen an hoheren des Deutschen enipfohlcn, Lehrer merksamkeit der seinen eigenen fiir die es cin unentbehrliches llilfsmittel werden wird durch und Inhalt, durch die wohlausgewahlten bibliographischen Fingerzeige nicht zum wenigsten durch die Art und Weise, wie es den kleinsten Fragin und sie grossen gesehichtmenten ein vielseitiges Interesse abzugewinnon Wie es mit warmer Teilnahme Ifchcn Zusammenhang zu stellen versleht fiir den Gegenstand gearbeifet ist, wird es gewiss auch, wie der Verfasser wUnscht, Freudc an der nationalon Wissenschaft weckon und mittelbar ;
auch zur Belebung des deutschen Liieraturuuterrichts iu wissenschaftlichnationalem Sinne beitragen." Nr. zSs, Beilage zur Allgem. Zdtung i8g4
Verlag von
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©rfter
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(35ergriffen
3nl)alt:
;
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HI-
23iid),
33anb: 23i^
pr
§eraii§gegeben bon
XV
,siif)alt:
658 @.
u.
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23uc^.
1893,
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13.—
ber
geb. 2^.
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®arQU§ 8».
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VI
SSorberettung.)
S?ot
Slid).
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8'.
1877.
iit
5(uflage
ber (Srobening II. 33ud). ®ie IV. i^oii fieme^ bi§ ©red). aiorfptcl ber Skforniation unb ber 9f{eitaiffnnce.
I.
Uebergang§scit93u(^,
m
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(5.
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Tl. 6.50.
„Die Fortsetzung' zeigt alle die glanzenden Eigenschaften des ersten iibch in erhUhtem Masse; griiadliohe QelohrScharfsiim, feines asthetisches Qefiihl iind gescbmackvoUe DarsteUung." Berlin. Julius Zupitza, Deutsche Litteraturzeitung 1889 Nr. 19.
Bandes nach meiner Ansicht
samkeit, weiteu Blick, eindringfenden
Bernhard ten Brink's
Litteraturgeschichte
ist
ohne Zweifel
das grossartigste Werk. das je eineni englischen Philologen geluiigen ist. Mehr noch es ist eine so meisterhafte Le^stung, dass es jedem LitteralurUnd dies Urtlieil liat seine voile historiker zum Muster dieiieii kanii. Ware es deni YerKraft trotz der unvoUendeten Gestalt des Werkes. fasser vergonnt gewesen, es in derselben Weise zu Ende zu biingen, 80 wiirde es leicht die hervorrageiidste unter alien GesammtlltteraturMuseum, /JVi". J^r. 7geschichten geworden sein .... ;
Die Bearbeitung der zwei weiteren Bande hat Herr Professor Dr. Alois Brandl iibernommen.
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Der Verfasser niclit in
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Reihe vmi deiitschen lleldtnsagcn,
Form, sondern monograpliisch
iinter Ilauiit-
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Bekannten einsetzen
bei deni
Das iiber
Foischung referieren, als vielmehr und die Detailforschung soweit ,
im Ralimen einer grosseren Gesamtdarstelliing thun liess, fordern, doch ist durch stete Ri'icksichtnahnie auf den Stand der Forschung und durch cursorische Vorfilhrung des Stofles filr
es sich
die Ubersichtlichkeit und leichte Orientierung
gesorgt,
so dass
Anlage eine gewisse Vollstiindigkeit erstreht und Einzelheiten aufgeht. Nach dem Wunsche und der
es in seiner
nicht
in
Absicht des Verfassers
soil
Fachgenossen
spezieller
bestininit sein
,
es nicht
auf
bloss
dem Gebiete
fi'ir
den engsten Kreis
der
sondern aiich den Bediirfnissen
Sagenforscluing von Benutzern
entgegenkommei), denen an eingehenderer Orientierung viber die hier behandelten Problenie der Stoffgeschichte deutscher Helden-
Der vorliegende Band behandelt die WielandKomplex der DietrichDer zweite Band wird den Ortnit-Wolfdietrichcyclus
sagen gelegen
ist.
sage, die Ermanarichsage und den grossen
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und eine Reihe von deutschen Heldensagen aus der Sphare des Brautwcrhungsniotives behandein und in eineni Schlussabschnitte sich niit
einigen allgenieinen
schaftigen.
wird
uiit
Problemen der Stoffgeschichte be-
Ein ausfiihrliches Register dem zvveiten Bande foij'en.
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k
fjFoiidi'iss
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unter Mitwirkung von
von Amira, W. Arndt, O. Behaghel, A. Brandl, O. Bremer, H. Jellinghaus, K. Th. von Inama-Sternegg, Kr Kalund, Fr. KauffF. Kluge, R. Koegel, R. v. Liliencron, K. Luick, J. A. Lundell, J. Meier, E. Mogk, A. Noreen, J. Schipper, H. Schiick, A. Schultz, Th. Siebs, E. Sievers, B. Symons, F. Vogt, Ph. Wegener, J. te Winkel, J. Wright herausgegeben K.
.
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PAUL
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Zweite verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage in drei Banden. Diese neue Auflage iu ]e M. 4-
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INHALT:
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H.
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BEGRIFF UND AUFGABE DER GERMANISCHEN PHILOLOGIE. GESCHICHTE DER GERMANISCHEN PHILOLOGIE.
METHODENLEHRE. SCHRIFTKUNDE. SFRACHGESCHICHTE.
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METRIK.
VII.
WIRTSCHAFT. RECHT. KRIEGSWESEN.
MYTHOLOGIE. SITTE. Anhang:
II. lid
Die Behandlung der Gegenwart.)
volkstiiiiilichen
Sitte der
KUNST. IlELDENSAGE.
ETHNOGRAPHIE. UND WORTVERZEICHNIS.
[NAMEN-. SACH-
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k mmiukw
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Plan des Werkes in die romanische philologie. GESCHICHTE DER ROMANISCHEN PHILOLOGIE. IHRE AUFGABE UND GLIEDERUNG. :
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DARSTELLUNG DER ROMAN. PHILOLOGIE. ROMANISCHE SPRACHVVISSENSCHAKT. a.
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LEHRE VON DER ROMANISCHEN SPRACHKUNST. LITTERATURGESCHICHTE DER ROMANISCHEN VOLKER. Die latein. Litteratur. — Die franzbs. Lilteratur.
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Geschichte der Musik in
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Literarisches Centralhlatt iSg^.
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„Anfangs i8Q3 begab sich Dr. Wilibald Nagel, der geistvolle und schnrfsinnige Musikgelehrte, der bekanntiich vor einigen Jahren sein Doniizil in Zurich genommen hat, nach England, um fiir seine damals schon begonnene Musikgeschichte dieses Landes an Ort und Stelle weitere Studien zu mnchen und das Werk zum Abschluss zu bringen. Von dieser hochverdienstlichen, wissenschaftlich bedeutsamen Arbeit, welche niit H. Purcells_^Leben, d. h. mit dem Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts und dem epochemachenden, aber bereits durch Chrysander ausfuhriich dargestellten Auftreten H.nndels in England ihren Abschluss finden soli, liegt nun der erste ohne die Anmerkungen 128 Seiten umfassende Teil vor. Derselbe behandelt ini Wesentlichen die Musikgeschichte des Mittelalters d. h. die Zeit von den ersten Anfiingen musikalischer Kunslpflege in
dem
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2}f.
2.-,
humoristischen Vortraffs wird hier eine wiH„In kommene Belehrung: Allen geboten, die sich niit Eng-land in irg-end einer sei es W'eise bescbafcigen, sprachlich. brietiich. gescbaftlich oder in personDas Hauptgewicht ist auf die Sprachschnitzer gelegt, lichem Umgang-. d. h. auf die K6nnzeichen lacherlicher, anstossiger, oft unanstandig:er Worte uud Redensarten, die von eng-lisoh sprechenden Deutschen gebraucht werden. Derlei fiiidet man in keiner Grammatik; nur langerer, niit grosser Aufmerksanikeit verbundener Aufentbalt in England kann iiber die SchwieUm so dankenswertber ist die rigkeiten in diesem Punkte binwegbelfen. Dasselbe enthalt aber Anleitung dazu in dem vorliegenden Werkchen. auch noch eine willkommene Zugabe eine Studie iiber deutsche Familiennamen in England, Verhaltungsmassregeln in der englischen Gesellschaft, Titel, Anrede und Briefadressen, sowie ein Verzeichniss der gebrauchlicbsten englischen Abkiirzungen, lauter Dinge, in denen sich der Deutsche nicht leicht zurecbt findet und iiber die er sonst nirgends die Belehrung 80 nahe beisammen hat wie in diesem Biichlein. Miige auch dessen dritte Auflage recht viel beniitzt werden." der
eines
:
?'rankfnrier Zcitttng /S60 Nr. 2^4. „In diesem Biichelchen weist der Verfasser seine Landsleute auf die Gefahr bin, die in dem Gebrauch lacherlicher, anstossiger, oft unanstandiger englischer AVorte und Redensarten oder in der unrichtigen Aussprache einzelner Buchslaben und Worte liegt, die er in ausserst humoristischer, wenn auch mitunter etwas drastischer Weise durch zablreiche Beispiele illustrirt und es so Allen, die in der englischen Sprache noch nicht ganz satfclfest sind, ermiiglicht, manch arge Bocke, manch peinlicbe Verlegenbeiten zu vermeiden. Und ganz vorlrefflich hat der Verfasser es verstanden, seine durcbaus nicht leichte Aufsrabe zu liisen. und indem er eine sebr delicate Sache in buinoristiscbem Gewande behandelte, ist es ihm geluugen, auch das etna Anstiissige raundgerecht zu machen, ohne das AnstandsgefUhl zu verletzen ... Im Ganzen bildet das Biichelchen einen ausserst werthvollen Beilrag zur englischen .Spracbkunde, und konnen wir dem Verfasser zu dem Oeschick, mit welchem er seine schwierige Aufgabe geliist hat, sowie zu der griindlicberi Kenntniss der englischen Sprache, Sitten und Oebraucbe, die er in dem Schriftchen entwickelt, nur Loiidoney Zeitntig /SS6 Nr. 14JJ. gratulireu.
2
Verlag von
8
KARL
J.
TRUBNER
in
Strassburg.
Sammlung indogermanischer Worterbucher. 1.
Hubschmann, H.,
Etymologic und Lautlehre der
ossetischen Sprache. II.
Feist,
S.,
8".
VIII
u.
151 S.
1887,
M
4.-.
Grundriss der gotischen Etymologic.
XVI u. 167 S. 1888. M. 5.-. Meyer, Gttstav, Etymologise hes Worterbuch der al ban esischcn Sprache. 8". 524 S. 1891. M. 12. — 80
III.
.
Grundriss der neupersischen EtvM. 15.—. mo logic. 8". XXV, 386 S. 1893. Leumann, E. u. J., E y m o lo g so h cs Sanskrit-
IV. Horn, Paul, V.
t
wortcrliuch
i
(unter der Presse).
Grammatik der
Oskisch-llrabrischoii
Dialekte
\'0I1
R. Erster
1892.
Band
;
von Planta.
Einleitung und Lautlehre.
8".
VIII
600
u.
S.
M. 15 —.
Zweiter Band: Formenlehie, Syntax, Sammlung der Inund Glossen, Anhang, Glo'^sar. 8". XX, 765 S. 1897. M. 20
.schriften
—
.
Nachdem
die Sprachwissenschaft die oskisch-umbrischen Dialekte langere Zeit zieralic^ abseits hat lieg'en lassen, herrsclit jetzt auf diesem Forschungrsgebiet wieder ein erfreulich reg-es Leben. Fast gleichzeitig siud drei grossere Arbeiteii erscTiieuen, die sich mit der Lautg-esohichte dieser Mundarten beschaftig-en. Davon ist die unifassend.ste und bedeutondste das Die Einleitung' g^iebt zuuns vorliegende Buch eines jung'ea Schweizcrs. nachst cinen g'eschichtlichen Ueberbliek iiber die Erforscbung' der oskischumbrischen Miindarteu darauf wird die Stellung der letzteren ira Kreis der altilalischen Spraclien uud ihr Verhaltnis unter sicb beliandelt waiter werden die Denkmaler (hauptsiichlieh Inschrifteni aufg-ezahlt und charakIra erstea Kapitel der Lautlehre terisiert. werden die Alphabete der Inschrlften und die orthographischen Fragen jBezeichnung' der Cousonantendehnung, der Vocallange etc.) eriirtert. Darauf folgt die Darstcllung der ;
;
Lauterscheinunj,en, die sowohl dem slatistisch-descriptiven als auch dcm entwickelungsg'e.schicbtliohen Betrachtungsstandpunkt gerecht wird. Wir behalten uns vor, auf das Werk nach Erscheiuen des zweiten FUr jetzt sei nur noch beBandes etwas ausfiihrlicher zuriickzukommen. merkt, dass wir es mit einer auf griindliehstem Studinm beruhenden, durchaus soliden und in manchr-n Beziehungen geradezu musterhafteu Arbeit zu thun haben, die als ein die gcsammte bisherige Forschung zusamnienfassendes Handbuch fUr jeden, der sich mit den altitalischen Sprachen bcscliaftigt, uQcntbehrlich sein wird. .
Liierarisches Cfiitrn/ilatt /6g3 Nr.
.
lo.
.
Verlag von
KARL
TRUBNER
J.
in
Strassburg.
29
unb @tubitn
(£ffa^2
unb ^olfSfimbc
©|)rQd^gefrf)i(i)te
tton
^rcfenot an ber UniWtRtJt ©raj.
VIII, 412 ©. 1885. 2^. 1.-, geb.
8«.
23aiib.
I.
^m
3 n 6 alt: SDle
II.
llvbDlf.
I.
S^rac^geft^iti&te. ctru§fifd)e ©prad)frafle.
37?.
8.-«
®a§
iuboacnuauifdie III. Ueber ©pracfie
IV. ®a» l)eiitige ®rtecf)ifd). ber 2llbanefen. V. ^onftaiittn Satfia§ imb bie ©labenfrnge in ©vtecbenlaub. 3urDet9lcid^enben9Jlarf^enfuube. I. Jolttore. II. S0?arcf)en= i^iterntur
uiib
forfd)unn niib 5(Ucrtf)um§rot[fcnf(^aft. III.
!?regt)i3tiiche 2)?ard&eii.
IV. 2h-abifd)c 3JJard)en. V. 2Imor unb ^ft)c^e. VI. S)ie Ouetten be§ 2)ecamevone. VII. @iibf(oDif(^e a)Jard)en. VIII. ®er 9{atten= fangcrbon.'oamedt. IX.®er5)3atbebe§3:obe§. X.Siib banSBInfle. 3ut ftcnntnift beS SJolISlicbcg. I. 3nbifd)e i^iergeilen. IT. 9'ieu(jned)ifd)e a^olfspoefie. HI. ©tubien iiber ba§ ©d)naber= ^iipfel.
3"r
1.
Citevatur ber ©d)iiaber{)itpfel.
2. SSterjeile
unb
Ueber ben Dktureingang beg Sdinaber: Slnmerfungen. i)iipfel§. II. a3anb. 8«». VI, 380®. 1893. m.%.-, geb. 3«. 7.-. me{)rftropI)ifd)e§ fiteb.
—
3.
—
—
II. ©eorg Snrtiii^. I. %xa\\^ S?oDp. IV. (Struetii'dieS on§ SBtltfpra^e unb SBellfprodicn. VI. $Gan V. %\t 5Iusiprad)e be§ @ried)ifdien. 2legi)pten. VII. 3uv S^arafteriftif ber inbifdicn ber fd}Iefifd)en 9JJnnbart.
3nt)alt:
III.
—
—
—
—
Snigetueine ©runblageu. 2. S)er 3?eba. 3. .^ali^ IX. a3oIf«tieber ou§ 3igeunerpi)UoIo9te. XT. ^wt X. 9feugriediif^e ^od)jeU§brand)e. ^Isiemont, XII. "5innt)die a.'olf§Iiteratur. 23olt^funbe ber JUpeuIanber. XIII. 2)a§ 91aubent)efen auf ber i^alfnnbalbini'el. XV, XIV. ®ine @efd)id)te ber bi),^antinifd)eu Citeratur.
fitteratur. bflfa.
—
1.
—
Vlir.
—
—
—
Srtbeu
im
XVII.
@rted)tfd]e
2. Sltben.
XIX.
3m
—
—
— —
XVI. 2)a§ beatige (i5ried)enlaub. 9kiiemomente. 1. 5Qou Sforfu nad) 9{tl)eii. Sanbe ber ^Belopiben. - XVIII. 3ante.
aifittelalter.
3.
—
—
23on ^Srinbift nad) ^ecce. 2. 2ecce. XX. 23ei ben iHlbaucfen 3taHen«. 3. S?n[imern. 4. Sarent. ?(n= XXI. 3)a§ 3ubilaum ber UniPerfitat in 53oIogna. merfungeii. Der wissenschaftliche Wert eines Werkes von Gustav Meyer das vorliegende ist aber ver1st stets liber allem Zweifel erhaben moge seiner glanzenden Darstellung von Anton Schonbac'' fiir wilrdig befunden worden, in seinem Buche ,Uber Lesen und Bildung, zu virerden, die einen Ehren. 4. Auflage" unter den Werken aufgefiihrt platr in dem geistigen Haushalt jedes Gebildeten verdienen.
—
5(piinfd)e Jicifetage.
1.
—
—
;
30
Veriag von
KARL
TRUBNER
J.
Strassburg.
in
Haridbuch der
neugriechischen Volkssprache. Grammatik, Texte und Glossar. Von
Dr. A.
8«.
XXV.
Thumb,
a. o.
Professor an der Universitat Freiburg
240
S. mit einer Schrifttafel. in
i.
Hr
1896. Broschiit M.
Leinwand gebunden M.
7.
—
6.
—
,
.
„Endlich einmal eine brauchbare Grammatik der neugriechischen Volkssprache, ein Buch, das nicht jenes aus alien mog-lichen Formen zusammengebraute Kauderwelsch der Zeitungen und Blicher, soudern die in gesetzmassiger Entwicklung entstandene lebendige Sprache der Gegenwart lehrt! Th. hat es verstanden, den wichtigsten Sprachstoff auf sehr kuappem Raume mitzuteilen, indem er slch auf die Verzeichnung der Thatdie gramsachen mit den unentbehrlichsten Erklarungeu beschrankte dann folgeu matische Abteilung des Handbuches umfasst nur 124 Selten gemeinneugriechische und dialektische Texte in Poesie und Prosa (S. 127 bis — 239). Hundertmal bin ioh nach einem 194), endlich ein Glossar (S. 19"i praktischen H.nndbuch der neugriechischen Volkssprache gefragt wordeh, und stets war ich in Verlegenheit, was ich den Leuten eigentlich nennen sollte die gleiche Verlegenheit driickte raich jedesmal, wenn ich eine \ orlesung Uber neugriechische Grammatik hielt und den Zuhilrern zur Vereinfachung und Erleichterung deS Unterrichts etwas Gedrucktes in die Hand geben wollte. "Wer die Xot so an eigeuster Haut gefiihlt hat, wird dem Verfasser fUr seine schone Arbeit doppelt dankbar sein und gerno Mochte nun darauf verzichten, ihm einzelue Unebenheiten aufzumutzen. auch eine historische Grammatik des Neugriechischen, die dem byzanbald bescheerl wUrde uns tinischen Studienkreise noch naher liegen K. K. (Byzantim'sc/ie Zeitschri/t inqs .S. 220). werden!" ;
;
;
,
Berneker, Dr. Erich, Die preussische Sprache. Grammatik, Texte, etymologisches Worterbuch. B**. XII u. 335 S. M. 8.— 1896. Luick, Karl, Untersuchungen zur engllschen Lautgeschichte. M. 9. 80. XVII 1, 384 -S. 1896. Viljoen, W. J., Beitrage zur Geschichte der Cap-hollanM. \.ho. dischen Sprache. 8". 58 S. 1896. Wiedemann, Dr. Oskar, Handbuch der litauischen Sprache. 1897Grammatik, Texte, Worterbuch. 80. XVI, 35o S. M. 9.— In Vorbereitung sind:
Fortunatow, Philipp F., (Prof. a. d. Univ. Moskau) Vorlesungen iiber die Lautlehre der altslavischen (altDeutsch von Hr. Krich kirchen.slavischen) Sprache. ,
Berneker.
8".
ca.
Simonyi, Sigmund (Prof. ungariches Sprache. ca.
18 Bogen. a. d. Universitat Geschiclite
und
Budape.st)
,
Gramntatik.
Die 8'*.
3U Bogen.
i
Verlag von
KARL
J.
TRUBNER
in
Strassburg.
3
1
Griechische Geschichte Julius Beloch. I.
Band: Bis auf die
sophislische
peloponnesischen Krieg. II.
Bewegung und den
8".
XII, 637 S
iSy;^.
Broschirt M. 7.50, in Halbfranz gebunden y.50. Band Bis auf Aristoteles und die Eroberung Asiens. Mit Gesanitregister und einer Karte. gr. 8". XIII, 720 S. Broschirt M. 9. in Halbfrz. gelmnden M. 11.—. 1897. :
—
I.
gr.
u.
Band
II.
,
coniplet in 2 Halbfranzbande gebunden
M.
20.
—
.
Das Ganze ist fliessend geschriebeii, von durclisich„ . . tiger Klarheit, gleich ahgerundet in Form und Fassung. So tritt das Buch mit deni An.spruch auf, dem deutsclien Publikuni zu bieten, was es bis jetzt noch nicht besitzt: eine von wirklich .
Geist getragene und zugleich lesbare Ge.schichte Griechenlands. J\ef. steht nicht an zu erkliiien, dass es diesen
liistorischem
weitem Unifang
erfiillt. Duich einen freien und umfassende histori-sche Kenntnisse, durch griindliche Durcharbeitung des Materials war der Verf. fur seine Aufgabe vorbereitet. Von der Selbstandigkeit und der vor keiner Consequenz zurilckschreckenden Energie seines liistorischen Urteils hat er schon fri'iher vielfach Proben ." abgelegt
Anspruch
in
weiten Blick,
durch
.
.
Eduard Meyer itn Literarischen Centralblatt iSg^, Nr. ./. Der eigentliche Vorzug des Werkes liegt auf deni Gebiete der Darstellung der wirtsc ha ft lichen und socialen Grundlagen desLebens, in denen B. die materiellen Grundlagen erkennt, auf denen sich die grossartigen der geistigen und politischen Entwickelung Da B. gerade in dieser Beziehung das Material bevollzogen.
Umwalzungen, auch
wie nicht leicht ein anderer Forscher, so durfte man herrscht hierin von seiner Darstellung Ausfiihrliches und Vorzugliches erwarten .... Glanzpunkte sind der VII. Abschnitt: Die ,
Urnwalzung im Wirtscbaftsleben (vom 7. zuni 6. Jahrh.) und der XII.: Der wirtschaftliche Aufschvvung nach den Perserkriegen .... Ueber die Bevolkerungsverhaitnisse, uber die Getreideeinfuhr, ijber das Aufhoren der Natural- und den Beginn der Geldwirtschaft, die Ertriignisse der Industrie und des Handels. fiber Zinsen. Arbeitsluhne etc. erhalten wir die eingeliendsten Aufschlusse und vvundern uns. wie diese wichtigen Dinge bei der Darstellung der griechischen Geschic hte bisher unberiicksichtigt l)leiben konnten. Die Form der Darstellung ist eine ausserordentlich gewandte und flicssende. .
.
.
Bl. f. d.
Gymnasialschuhvesen,
XXX.
Jahrg.
S.
6ji
u. ff.
^2
Verlag von
Soeben erschien:
KARL
J.
TRUBNER
in Strassburg.
Gescllicllte der
Griechischen Plastlk Maxime Collignon
Mitglied des Instituts, Professor an der Faculte des Lettres in Paris. Erster Band Anfange -- Friiharchaische Kunst - Reifer Arcbaismus Die grossen Meister des V. Jahrhunderts. Ins Deutsche ubertragen
—
:
und
niit
Aiimerkungen begleitet von
Eduard Thraemei,
a.
o.
Professor an der Universitat Strassburg. Mit 12 Taleln in ChromoLex. 8". XV, lithngraphie oder Heliogravure und 281 Abb. im Text. in eleg. Halbfranzband M. 25. 1897. Broschirt M. 20. 592 S. Zweiter Band Der Einfluss der grossen Meister des V. Jahrhunderts Das IV. Jahrhundert. — Die hellenistische Zeit. — Die griechische Kunst unter romischer Herrschaft. Ins Deutsche iibertragen von Fritz Baiimgarten, Professor am Gymnasium zu Freiburg i B. Mit 12 Tafelu in Chromolithographie oder Heliograviire und 377 Ab- , bildungen im Text. Lex. 8°. XII, 763 S. 1898. Broschirt M. 24. .
,
—
:
in eleg.
Halbfranzband M.
30.
—
.
„Collignon's Histoire de la hat mit Recht sculpture grecque, Uberall eine sehr giinstige Aufnahme gefunden. Der Verf. steht von vorn herein auf dem Boden, der durch die urawalzenden Entdeckungen der letzten Jahrzehnte geschaffen ist, und betrachtet von .
. .
diesem neu gewonnenen Standpunkte aus audi die alteren Thatsachen und Forschungsergebnisse. Er beherrscht die einschlagigeLiteratur, in der die deutsche Forschung einen bedeutenden Platz einnimmt, und weiss die Streitfragen oder die Thatsachen in geschmackvoller Form und ohne darzustellen. ermiJuonde Breite Eine grosse Anzahl gut ausgefiihrter Textillustrationen, nach zum grossten Teil neu angefertigten Zeiehnungen, dient dem Texte zu anschaulicher Belebung und bietet eine vornehme Zierde des Buches, sehr verschieden von jenen oft vfir in ahnlichen Biichern so oft bewelchen nichtssagenden Unirissen, So war es ein gliicklicher Gedanke, Collignon's Werk dem gegnen. deutschen Publikum, nicht bios dem gelehrten, durch eine deutsche Uebersetzung naher zu bringen. Der Uebersetzer, Dr. Ed. Thraemer, hat seine nicht gaiiz einfache Aufgabe vortrefflich gelost: die Darstellung liest sich sehr gut und man wird nicht leicht daran erinnert, dass man eine Hier und da ist ein leichtes thatsaehliches Uebersetzung vor sich hat. Versehen stillschweigend berichtigt, anderswo durch einen (als solcher bezeichneten) Zusatz ein Hinweis auf entgegenstehende AutTassungen, auf neuerdings bekannt gewordene Thatsachen, auf neu erschienene Literatur gegeben ... Im Ganzen jedoch handelt es sich um eine Uebersetzung, nicht um eine durchgehende Bearbeitung des Originalwerkes, so dass der Leser Uberall Collignon's Auffassungen ohue fremde Aenderungen kennen lernt .... /s. {L/ifr. Centralblatt iii4(). Nr. JS-J
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES
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