En Lo Invisible – Leon Denis (1903)

Ièlk @gkhs Gk il Hkvhshbig Prmùoh`l `gi Crmkoès @mks i'Hkvhshbig, =86?

Rmcmgi Mcrgsol • • • • •

Hkolrplrmohlkgs y emtgrhmihzmä÷gs `g Gspårhtus. Eètl`ls `g gxpgrhegktmohÿk. Clremohÿk y `hrgoohÿk `g ilsdrupls H`gkth`m` `g ils Gspårhtus Im eg`hukh`m`g m trmvès `g ils thgepls

Olktgkh`l Rgsueh`l Ièlk @gkhs cug, hk`hsouthbigegktg, gi eís heplrtmktg `hsoåpuil `g Miimk Amr`go, tmktl gk im `hvuidmohÿk ouíktl gk im `gcgksm `g im @lotrhkm Gspårhtm. ’Gk il Hkvhshbig― gs `g ims lbrms hk`hspgksmbigs m ils gstu`hlsls `g ims gxpgrhgkohms eg`húkhoms. Ièlk @gkhs olepusl gstg trmtm`l `g Gsphrhthsel gxpgrhegktmi, gk gi oumi, m`geís `g gstu`hmr ims igygs qug rhdgk ims oleukhomohlkgs `gi euk`l hkvhshbig olk gi euk`l emtgrhmi, prgsgktm hkolktmbigs omsls gspårhtms hkvgsthdm`ls plr ils smbhls y ims olkoiushlkgs m qug gstls iigdmrlk. _g `hvh`g im lbrm gk trgs pmrtgs. Im prhegrm mkmihzm gi Gsphrhthsel gxpgrhegktmi y sus igygs, im sgduk`m ils ngonls y im úithem ims drmk`gzms y ehsgrhms `g im eg`hukh`m`g. Olkoiuyg gsoimrgohgk`l qug ’Gi gstu`hl prlcuk`hzm`l y olkstmktg `gi euk`lhkvhshbig, qug il gs tmebhèk `g ims omusms, sgrí gi drmk emkmkthmi, gi `gpÿshtl hkmdltmbig gk qug sg nmk `g mihegktmr gi pgksmehgktl y im vh`m. Im eg`hukh`m`g gs su iimvg.― Prmel `gi `hsoursl prlkukohm`l plr Ièlk @gkhs gk im sgshÿk `g == `g sgpthgebrg `g =>>>, gk gi Olkdrgsl Gspårhtm `g Vmrås, rgsplk`hgk`l mi _r. Cmuvgty: ’Kl vhkhels m `gohrls qug `gbmels qug`mr olkchkm`ls mi oårouil, plr eís vmstl qug sgm, `gi Gsphrhthsel im amr`gquhmkl. Kl1 gi prlphl kh vhtmilsm hkklvm`lrgs, mvmkzmr gk mims våmsils kugvms, m gksmkonmr suym lbrm.gstgk`gels ims emgstrl emkls m ls tl`ls tl`ls `g bugkm dmkm, m tl`ls ils qug thgkgk gk gi olrmzÿk gi melr `g im Nuemkh`m`.―

HH

_uemrhl Hktrlùoohÿk

=

Vrgcíohl `g im G`hohÿk`g =8==

0

Vrhegrm Vmrtg - Gi Gsphrhthsel Gxpgrhegktmi: Ims igygs

=6

H - Im Ohgkohm Gspårhtm

=6

HH - Im Emronm Msogkshlkmi: Ils Eètl`ls `g Gstu `hl

=4

HHH - Gi Gspårhtu y su Clrem

2=

HS - M Eg`hukh`m`g

27

S - Gùomohÿk y Cukohÿk `g ils Eè`huks

28

SH - Oleuknïl `g ils Shvls y `g ils Eugrtls

?7

SHH - Gi Gsphrhthsel y im Eujgr

?>

SHHH - Ims Igygs `g im Oleukhomohÿk Gspårhtm

06

H^ - Olk`hohlkgs `g Gxpgrhegktmohÿk

07

^ - Clremohÿk y @hrgoohÿk `g ils Drupls

74

^H - Mpihomohÿk Elrmi y Crutls `gi Gsphrhthsel

3?

_gduk`m Vmrtg - Gi Gsphrhthsel Gxpgrhegktmi: Ils Ngonls

\ 38

^HH - Gxtgrhlrhzmäïl `gi _gr Nuemkl - Pgigpmthm - @gs`lbimehgktl - Ils Cmktmsems `g ils Shvls

38

^HHH - _ugýls Vrgelkhtÿrhls - Oimrhvh`êkohm - Vrgsgkthehgktls

>?

^HS - Shshÿk y Mu`hohÿk Vsåquhoms gk gi Gstm`l `g Shdhihm

86

^S - Im Cugrzm Vsåquhom - Ils Ciuh`ls - Gi Emdkgthsel

83

^SH - Cgkÿegkls Gsplktâkgls- Omsms Mpgkms-Mslebrm`ms- Phptlildhm

=6=

^SHH - Cgkÿegkls Cåshols - Ims Egsms

==2

SHHH - Gsorhturm @hrgotm l Vsholdrmchm - Gsorhturm Eg`húkhom

=22

^H^ - Prmksg g Hkolrplrmohlkgs

=06

^^ - Mpmrhä÷gs y Emtgrhmihzmä÷gs `g Gspårhtus

=74

^^H - H`gkth`m` `g ils Gspårhtus

=44

Pgrogrm Vmrtg - Drmk`gzms y Ehsgrhms `g im Eg`hukh`m`g

=80

^^HH - Vríothom y Vgihdrls `g im Eg`hukh`m`g

=80

^^HHH - Nhpÿtgshs y Lbjgä÷gs

262

^^HS - Mbusls `g im Eg`hukh`m`g

2=6

^^S - Gi Emrthrliÿdhl `g ils Eè`huks

2=3

^^SH - M Eg`hukh`m`g Dilrhlsm

226

HHH

Gk il Hkvhshbig ‟ Ièlk @gkhs

=86?

Hktrlùoohÿk @gs`g ohkqùgktm mýls sg nm gstmbigoh`l ukm åkthem y crgougktg oleukhomohÿk gktrg kugstrl euk`l y il `g ils Gspårhtus. _lgrdugrme-sh ils vèus `g im eugrtg y, gk iudmr `g ukm cmz iúdubrg, il qug kls mpmrgohÿ cug uk rhslknl y bgkèvlil sgebimktg. Nmbimrlk ims miems1 su pmimbrm olksliÿ euonms trhstgzms, omieÿ bmstmktgs `lilrgs, clrtmigohÿ euonl olrmjg vmohimktg. Gi `gsthkl cug rgvgim`l, kl ym orugi, hepimombig olel il prgtgk`åmk mkthdums orggkohms, pgrl mtrmothvm, gqùhtmthvl, pmrm tl`ls gsoimrgoh`l plr ims cuidurmä÷gs `g im ehsgrhoÿr`hm `hvhkm. Gi Gsphrhthsel sg prlpmdÿ, hkvm`hÿ gi euk`l. @gsprgohm`l, rgpgih`l mi olehgkzl, mombÿ plr mtrmgr im mtgkohÿk y `gspgrtmr hktgrès. Pl`ls ouíktls sh kl helbhihzmvme gk im gscgrm `gi prgjuhohl y `g im ruthkm y il mblr`mrlk `gsmsslebrm`megktg cugrlk plr èi olkquhstm`ls. Mnlrm pgkgtrm plr tl`m pmrtg, hkstmim- sh gk tl`ms ims egsms, thgkg = hkdrgsl gk tl`ls ils nldmrgs. _u vlz, ims vhgjms clrtmigzms sgouimrgs ‟ im Ohgkohm y im prlphm Hdigshm, nmstm mquå ngregthomegktg mcgrrlinm`ms, mrrmsmk sus eurmiims y gktrgmbrge sus pugrtms. @gktrl gk plol sg heplk`rí olel slbgrmkl. ]ug trmg èi olkshdl< _grí shgeprg y plr tl`m pmrtg im vgr`m`, im iuz y im gspgrmkzm< Mi im`l `g ims olkslimä÷gs qug omgk gk gi miem olel gi rloål slbrg im cilr, `g pmr olk gi jlrrl `g iuz qug `hshpm ims mkdusthms `gi hkvgsthdm`lr g hiuehkm im rutm, kl nmbrí tmebhèk ukm pmrtg `g grrlrgs y `gogpohlkgs< Gi Gsphrhthsel sgrí il qug il nmdmk ils nlebrgs._hehihm shehihbus!Mi olktmotl `g im Nuemkh`m` ims eís mitms vgr`m`gs m vgogs sg `gskmturme y lbsourgoge. Vug`g olksthtuhrsg ukm cugktg `g mbusls. Im dltm `g iiuvhm, olkclreg gi iudmr `lk`g omg, olkthkúm shgk`l pgrim l sg trmksclrem gkil`l. G_ olk `hsdustl qug lbsgrvmels im tgk`gkohm `g ohgrtls m`gptls gk gi sgkth`l `g egklsprgohmr im cghäïl gigvm`m `gi Gsphrhthsel, im cugktg `g ils purls gkshkmegktls y `g ims mitms hksphrmohlkgs, pmrm rgstrhkdhrsg mi omepl `g im gxpgrhegktmohÿk thgrrm-im-thgrrm, m im hkvgsthdmohÿk gxoiushvm `gi cgkÿegkl cåshol. _g prgtgk`gråm molel`mr gi Gsphrhthsel gk gi tåeh`l igonl `g im ohgkohm lchohmi1 pgrl gstm, gktgrmegktg heprgdkm`m `g ims tglråms emtgrhmihstms, gs rgcrmtírhm m gsm mihmkzm. Gi gstu`hl `gi miem, ym `g så `hcåohi y prlcuk`l, ig nm pgremkgoh`l hepgkgtrmbig. _us eètl`ls, plr hk`hdgktgs, kl sg prgstmk mbsliutmegktg mi gstu`hl, euy eís vmstl, `gi euk`l `g ils Gspårhtus. Im ohgkohm ìl Hkvhshbig nmy `g shgeprg uitrmpmsmr ils eètl`ls nuemkls. Nmy gk gi Gsphrhthsel ukm zlkm ‟ y kl im egklr ‟ qug gsompm mi mkíihshs, m im vgrhchomohÿk: gs im moohÿk `gi Gspårhtu ihbrg gk gi Gspmohl1 gs im kmturmigzm `g ims cugrzms `g qug èi `hsplkg. Olk ils gstu`hls gspårhtms ukm kugvm ohgkohm sg vm clremk`l igktmegktg, pgrl gs prgohsl mihmr mi gspårhtu `g hkvgsthdmohÿk ohgktåchom im gigvmohÿk `g pgksmehgktl, gi sgkthehgktl, ils hepuisls `gi olrmzÿk, shk il qug im oleuknïl olk ils sgrgs supgrhlrgs sgnmog hrrgmihzívgi y khkdúk muxhihl `g su pmrtg, khkdukm prltgoohÿk gchomz sg lbtgk`rí. Lrm, gsl gs tl`l gk im gxpgrhegktmohÿk. Kl nmy plshbhih`m` `g èxhtl kh dmrmktåm `g rgsuitm`l shk im mshstgkohmy prltgoohÿk `gi Mitl, qug sg kl lbthgkg shkleg`hmktg im `hsohpihkm egktmi y ukm vh`m purmy `hdkm.. @gbg tl`l m`gptl sgpm qug im rgdim, plr gxogigkohm, `g ims rgimohlkgs olk il Hkvhshbig gs im igy `g ims mchkh`m`gs y mtrmoohlkgs. Gk gsg `lehkhl, quhgk busom bmjls lbjgthvls ils gkougktrm y olk giils sg rgbmhxm: mqugi qug =

Sèmsg im lbrm `g Elksgýlr Onliigt, lbhspl `g Sgrùk, ’Olktrhbuohÿk `gi Louithsel m

im Mktrlplildåm―. Igtnhgiigu x, g`htlr, Vmrås (shk cgonm).

=|Vídhkm


=86?

msphrm m ims rgelktm`ms ouiehkâkohms, og`l l tmr`g ims miomkzm y `g giims nmog pg`gstmi pmrm kugvls msogksls. _h `gsgíhs emkhcgstmohlkgs `g lr`gk gigvm`m, cmzgh gscugrzls plr gigvmrls m vlsltrls ehsels. Gi bugk èxhtl `g im gxpgrhegktmohÿk, gk gi qug giim thgkg qug bgiil y drmk`hlsl ‟ im oleuknïl olk gi euk`l supgrhlr ‟, kl il lbthgkg gi eís smbhl, pgrl gi eís `hdkl, gi egjlr, mqugi qug thgkg eís pmohgkohm y olkohgkohm y eís elrmih`m`g. Olk gi ogrogmrge gi Gsphrhthsel, heprhehèk`lig omríotgr gxoiushvmegktg gxpgrhegktmi, phgksmk midukls mdrm`mr mi gspårhtu plshthvl `gi shdil, mtrmgr ils smbhls mi qug sg `gklehkm `g Vshquhsel. @g gsg el`l, il qug slbrg tl`l sg olkshdug gs plkgrsg gk rgimohÿk olk ils gigegktls hkcgrhlrgs `gi M`geís, olk gsm euithtu` `g Gspårhtus mtrmsm`ls, ouym klohvm hkciugkohm gkvugivg, lprheg ils eè`huks, ils hepgig mi crmu`g y gspmrog slbrg ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs gciúvhls emièchols y, olk giils, euonms vgogs, gi grrlr y im ehsthchomäïl.. Gk ukm mkshm `g prlsgihthsel, m bugk sgdurl iluvívgi gk oumktl mi sgkthehgktl qug im hksphrm, pgrl gxogshvm y pgihdrlsm gk sus olksgougkohms, sg `gsgmk ils ngonls m tl`l olstg. Gk im mdhtmohÿk kgrvhlsm olk qug sh búsqug`m gi cgkÿegkl, sg iigdm m prloimemr vgr`m`grls ils ngonls ù`lsls l chothohls. Vlr im `hsplshohÿk `g gspårhtu emktgkh`m gk ims gxpgrhgkohms, sg mtrmgk ils Gspårhtusigvhmkls, qug gk tlrkl m kl`ls puiuime. _g euithpihomk ims emkhcgstmohlkgs `g emil eg dustm y ims lbsgss÷gs `g ims gkgrdåms qug suplkgk `lehkmr. Euonåshels gspårhtms y eè`huks, m olksgougkohm `g im cmitm `g eètl`l y `g gigvmohÿk elrmi, sg nmogk hkstruegktls `g ims cugrzms hkolksohgktgs l `gils emils Gspårhtus. _lk kuegrlsls ils mbusls, y gk giils nmiimk ils m`vgrsmrhls `gi Gsphrhthsel ils gigegktls `g ukm oråthom pèrch`m y `g ukm cíohi `hcmemäïl. Gi hktgrès y im `hdkh`m` `g im omusm heplkgk gi `gbgr `g rgmoohlkmr olktrm gsm gxpgrhegktmohÿk bmkmi, olktrm gsm lk`m mvmssmim`lrm `g cgkÿegkls vuidmrgs qug megkmzmk suegrdhr ims ouiehkâkohms `g im h`gm. * Gi Gsphrhthsel rgprgsgktm ukm cmsg kugvm `g im gvliuohÿk nuemkm. Im igy qug, m trmvès `g ils shdils, nm olkùoh`l ims `hcgrgktgs crmoohlkgs `g im Nuemkh`m`, imrdl thgepl sgpmrm`ms, im drmùmiegktg mprlxhemrsg, olehgkzm m nmogr sgkthr gk gi M`geís sus gcgotls. Ils el`ls `g olrrgsplk`gkohm qug gktrgtêe gk im Phgrrm ils nlebrgs víymksg gxtgk`hgk`l plol m plol m ils nmbhtmktgs `gi euk`l hkvhshbig, ehgktrms kl miomkzmk, eg`hmktg kugvls prlogsls, ims cmehihms nuemkms qug pugbimk ils euk`ls `gi gspmohl. Vgrl, gk ims suogshvms mepihmohlkgs `g su omepl `g moohÿk, im Nuemkh`m` trlphgzm gk hkolktmbigs `hchouitm`gs. Imstl`l rgimohlkgs, kh shgeprg trmgk cmvlrmbigs rgsuitm`ls1 tmebhèk lcgrtmk pgihdrls, slbrg gk gi qugeuithpihoík`lsg, sg rgchgrg mi euk`l louitl, eís `hcåohi qug gi kugstrl `g pgkgtrmr y mkmihzmr. Miií, olel mquå, gi smbgr y im hdklrmkohm, im vgr`m` y gi grrlr, im vhrtu` y im m`hoohÿk gxhstgk, olk gstm mdrmvmktg: ehgktrms qug nmogk sgkthr su hkciugkohm, pgremkgogk gkoubhgrtls m kugstrls ljls1 `lk`g im kgogsh`m` `g mblr`mr gi tgrrgkl `g im gxpgrhegktmohÿk olk gxtrgem pru`gkohm, `g imrdls y pmohgktgs gstu`hls prgihehkmrgs. X kgogsmrhl mihmr ils olklohehgktls tgÿrhols mi gspårhtu `g hkvgsthdmohÿk y m im gigvmohÿk elrmi, pmrm gstmr vgr`m`grmegktg mptl im `hsogrkhr gk gi Gsphrhthsel gi bhgk `gi emi, gi vgr`m`grl `gi cmisl, im rgmih`m` `g im hiushÿk. G_ prgohsl olepgkgtrmr-sh `gi vgr`m`grl omríotgr `g im eg`hukh`m`g, `g ims rgsplksmbhih`m`gs qug momrrgm, `g ils chkgs pmrm ils oumigs kls gs olkog`h`m. 2|Vídhkm


=86?

Gi Gsphrhthsel kl gs slimegktg im `gelstrmohÿk, plr ils ngonls, `g im supgrvhvgkohm1 gs tmebhèk gi vgnåouil plr gi oumi `gsohgk`gk slbrg im Nuemkh`m` ims hksphrmohlkgs `gi euk`l supgrhlr. M gsg tåtuil gs eís qug ukm ohgkohm, gs im gksgýmkzm qug gi Ohgil trmksehtg m im Phgrrm, rgolksthtuhäïl gkdrmk`goh`m y vuidmrhzm`m `g ims trm`hohlkgs sgorgtms `gi pmsm`l, gi rgkmsohegktl `g gsm gsougim prlcèthom qug cug `g eís oèigbrg gsougim `g eè`huks `gi Lrhgktg. Olk gi Gsphrhthsel, ims cmouitm`gs, qug cugrlk ltrlrm gi prhvhigdhl `g midukls, sg `hcuk`gk plr uk drmk kúegrl. Im eg`hukh`m`g sg prlpmdm1 pgrl `g pmr olk ims vgktmjms qug prlplrohlkm, gs kgogsmrhl gstmr m`vgrth`l mogrom `g sus gsolinls y pgihdrls.. Nmy, gk im rgmih`m`, `ls thpls `g gsphrhthsel. Wkl kls plkg gk oleukhomohÿk olk ils Gspårhtus supgrhlrgs y tmebhèk olk ims miems qugrh`ms qug gk im Phgrrm olklogels y qug cugrlk im migdråm `g kugstrm gxhstgkohm. G_ plr èi qug sg gcgotúm im rgvgimohÿk pgremkgktg, im hkhohmohÿk `gi nlebrg gk ims igygs suprgems. G_ im cugktg pujmktg `g im hksphrmohÿk, im `gsogk`h`m `gi Gspårhtu mi gkvlitÿrhl nuemkl, mi lrdmkhsel `gi eè`hue qug, bmjl im smdrm`m hkciugkohm, pug`g nmogr lår pmimbrms `g iuz y `g vh`m, slbrg ouym kmturmigzm gs heplshbig gi gquåvlol, plrqug pgkgtrmk y rgmkheme gi miem y gsoimrgogk ils lbsourls prlbigems `gi `gsthkl. Im heprgshÿk `g drmk`hlsh`m`g qug sg `gsprgk`g `g gsms emkhcgstmohlkgs `gjm shgeprg uk vgsthdhl prlcuk`l gk ils olrmzlkgs y gk ims hktgihdgkohms. Mqugiils qug kukom il gxpgrhegktmrlk, kl pug`gk oleprgk`gr il qug gs gi vgr`m`grl Gsphrhthsel. Nmy, gksgduh`m, uk ltrl dèkgrl `g gxpgrhegktmohÿk, cråvlil, euk`mkl, qug kls plkg gk olktmotl olk ils gigegktls hkcgrhlrgs `gi euk`l hkvhshbig y thgk`g m megsquhknmr gi rgspgtl `gbh`l mi M`geís. G_ ukm gspgohg `g prlcmkmäïl `g im rgihdhÿk `g im eugrtg, `g im sligekg emkhcgstmohÿk `g ils qug `gjmrlk gi gkvlivgktg `g im omrkg. Cugrzm, shk gebmrdl, gs rgolklogr: múk gsg Gsphrhthsel `g bmjm gscgrm thgkg su uthih`m`. Èi kls cmehihmrhzm olk ukl `g ils mspgotls `gi euk`l louitl. Ils cgkÿegkls vuidmrgs, ims emkhcgstmohlkgs trhvhmigs suehkhstrmk m vgogs emdkåchoms prugbms `g h`gkth`m`1 sgýmigs omrmotgråsthoms sg gvh`gkohme y cugrzmk im olkvhoohÿk `g ils hkvgsthdm`lrgs. Kl kls `gbhels, shk gebmrdl, `gtgkgr gk im lbsgrvmohÿk `g tmigs cgkÿegkls shkl gk im eg`h`m gk qug su gstu`hl kls sgm prlvgonlsl y pl`mels gjgrogr gchohgktg moohÿk slbrg ils Gspårhtus mtrmsm`ls qug ils prlùogk. _u hkciugkohm gs eligstm y `gprhegktg pmrm ils eè`huks. G_ prgohsl gigvmr eís mitl ims msphrmohlkgs, subhr plr gi pgksmehgktl im rgdhlkgs eís purms, m ils supgrhlrgs `lehohihls `gi Gspårhtu. _limegktg mnå gkougktrm gi nlebrg ims vgr`m`grms olkslimä÷gs, ils slolrrls, ims cugrzms gsphrhtumigs. Kukom sgrí `gemshm`l il rgpgtås: gk gsg `lehkhl jmeís lbtgk`rgels gcgotlsqug kl sgmk prlplrohlkmigs m kugstrms olk`hohlkgs. Pl`m pgrslkm qug, plr sus `gsgls, plr sus hkvlomohlkgs, gktrm gk rgimohÿk olk gi euk`l hkvhshbig, mtrmg cmtmiegktg sgrgs gk mchkh`m`g olk su prlphl gstm`l elrmi y egktmi. Gi vmstl hepgrhl `g ims miems gstí plbim`l `g gkth`m`gs bgkcmzgjms y emièchoms1 giims sg `gspigdmk plr tl`ls ils drm`ls `g im hkchkhtm gsomim, `gs`g ims eís bmjms y drlsgrms, vgohkms `g im mkhemih`m`g, nmstm ils klbigs y purls Gspårhtus, egksmjgrls `g iuz, qug m tl`ls ils olkchks `gi thgepl y `gi gspmohl vmk m iigvmr ims hrrm`hmä÷gs `gi pgksmehgktl `hvhkl. _h kl smbgels l kl qugrgels lrhgktmr kugstrms msphrmohlkgs, kugstrms vhbrmohlkgs ciuå`homs, gk im `hrgoohÿk `g ils sgrgs supgrhlrgs, y omptmr su mshstgkohm, qug`mels m im egroê `g ims hkciugkohms emims qug kls rl`gmk, ims oumigs, gk euonls omsls, nmk olkùoh`l gi gxpgrhegktm`lr hepru`gktg m ims eís oruèhs `gogpohlkgs. _h, mi olktrmrhl, plr gi pl`gr `g im dmkm, ihbgrík`lkls `g ims sudgrgkohms hkcgrhlrgs, subtrmhk`l-kls `g ims prgloupmohlkgs pugrhs, emtgrhmigs y gdlåsthoms, busomels gk gi Gsphrhthsel uk eg`hl `g gigvmohÿk y pgrcgoohlkmehgktl elrmi, pl`rgels gk tmi sh gktrmr gk oleuknïl olk ims drmk`gs miems, plrtm`lrms `g vgr`m`gs1 ciuh`ls vhvhchomktgs y rgdgkgrm`lrgs kls pgkgtrmrík1 mihgktls pl`grlsls kls gigvmrík m ims ?|Vídhkm


=86?

rgdhlkgs sgrgkms `lk`g gi gspårhtu olktgepim gi gspgotíouil `g im vh`m ukhvgrsmi, emjgstlsm mrelkåm `g ims igygs y `g ims gscgrms pimkgtírhms.

Vrgcíohl `g im G`hohÿk `g =8== Gk ils `hgz mýls qug trmksourrhgrlk, `g im mpmrhohÿk `g gstm lbrm nmstm m im prgsgktg g`hohÿk, gi Gsphrhthsel prlshduhÿ su emronm msogkshlkmi y sg lpuigktlu olk gxpgrhgkohms y tgsthelkhls `g gigvm`l vmilr, gktrg ils oumigs pmrthouimregktg ils `g Il`dg, Eygrs, Ilebrlsl vhkhgrlk m rgmizmrig gi prgsthdhl y msgdurmr, olk im mutlrh`m` ohgktåchom qug ig cmitmbm, ukm gspgohg `g olksmdrmäïl `gchkhthvm. Vlr ltrl im`l ils mbusls y ils crmu`gs, qug prgog`gktgegktg sgýmimels, sg euithpihomk. Nmbrí gk gsl plshbigegktg ukm igy nhstÿrhom, gk vhrtu` `g im oumi il qug ukm h`gm dmkm gk gxtgkshÿk `gbgrí pgr`gr gk omih`m`, gk cugrzm, gk hktgksh`m`< Gk gi qug rgspgtm m ils tgsthelkhls olihdh`ls y m ils prldrgsls rgmihzm`ls, im shtumohÿk `gi Gsphrhthsel gk Crmkohm kl gs h`èkthom m im miomkzm`m gk ohgrtls pmåsgs gxtrmkjgrls. Ehgktrms gk Hkdimtgrrm y gk Htmihm olkquhstÿ èi, gk ils oårouils mom`èehols, m`ngshlkgs`g shkduimr kltlrhg`m`g, im emylråm `g ils smbhls 2 crmkogsgs m`lptÿ m su rgspgtl ukm mothtu` `gs`gknlsm y, múk, `g mvgrshÿk , gk gi qug rgvgimrlk giils bhgk gsomsm oimrhvh`êkohm1 plrqug, sh im h`gm gspårhtm prgsgktm, m vgogs, gxmdgrmohlkgs, rgplsm, shk gebmrdl, gk ngonls hkolktgstívghs y olrrgsplk`g m ims hepgrhlsms kgogsh`m`gs olktgeplríkgms. Nmy `g tl`l gspårhtu hepmrohmi rgolklogr qug kh im ohgkohm lchohmi kh im Rgihdhÿk smthscmogk m ims kgogsh`m`gs y m ims msphrmohlkgs `g im emylr pmrtg `g im Nuemkh`m`. Kl gs `g mèhrmr, plr il tmktl, qug tmktls nlebrgs nmymk busom`l qug gk `lehkhls gxpilrm`ls, mukqug mbuk`mktåsshels gk Vug`g subsh`hls sliuohlkgs y moimrmohlkgs ims vhgjms plol hksthtuohlkgs kl slk ompmogs `g suehkhstrmrigs. gsg psholiÿdhols, dèkgrl `g gstu`hls `hsdustmr m ukls tmktls thelrmtls y prlvlomr, `g su pmrtg, olk`gkms y oråthoms. Mrrmzlm`ls vmkls qug gi vhgktl iigvm. M pgsmr `g ims gxhdgkohms, `g ims lbjurdmä÷gs y mkítgems, ims hktgihdgkohms kl ogsmrík `g gkomehkmrsg mi qug eís justl, egjlr y eís oimrl igs pmrgog. Ims rgpuisms `g ukls y ims `gsmprlvmä÷gs `g ltrls km`m olksgduhrík. Cmzgh eís y egjlr ‟ gs im lbjgäïl qug sg lplk`rí. Vm`rgs y smbhls, qug ls pl`èhs olksmdrmr m ils lohls `gi gspårhtu, gk iudmr `g gsomrkgogr l cuiehkmr gk gi víoul, elstrmh-ls ompmogs `g olkslimr, `g mepmrmr ils qug vgrdme bmjl uk trmbmjl emtgrhmi gsemdm`lr, `g gxpihomrigs gi elthvl `g sus sucrhehgktls y suehkhstrmrigs ims prugbms `g olepgksmohlkgs cuturms. _grí gi úkhol eg`hl `g olksgrvmr vugstrm suprgemohm. _g pug`g, m`geís `g gsl, prgduktmr ouíi sgrí eís mptl m juzdmr ils ngonls y `hsogrkhr im vgr`m`: sh uk ogrgbrl mtrmvmkom`l `g prgvgkohlkgs y `g tglråms prgolkogbh`ms l sh uk gspårhtu ihbrg, gemkohpm`l `g tl`m ruthkm ohgktåchom y rgihdhlsm.. Vlr kl`ls rgsplk`g im Nhstlrhm! G_ hkùbhtívgi qug ils rgprgsgktmktgs `g im ohgkohm lchohmi nmk prgstm`l vmihlsls sgrvhohls mi pgksmehgktl y euonls gxtrmvhls ig gvhtmrlk. Ouíktls lbstíouils, shk gebmrdl, kl lpushgrlk giils, gk kuegrlsls omsls, m im mepihmohÿk `gi olklohehgktl, vgr`m`grl g hktgdrmi! Gi prlcgslrOnmrigs Rhongt, qug gs mutlrh`m` gk im emtgrhm, pusl vhdlrlsmegktg gk rgihgvg, gk ’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonhqugs―, `g gkgrl `g =867, ils grrlrgs y ims `gbhih`m`gs `g im ohgkohm lchohmi. 2

Sèmsg gi prgcíohl `g D. Ig Blk gk gi ihbrl `g Ilebrlsl ’Nhpklthsel―, trmùoohÿk crmk ogsm

0|Vídhkm


=86?

Im ruthkm múk nly hepgrm gk ils eg`hls mom`èehols1 tl`l smbhl qug sg gsquhvm m olkthkumohÿk im trhinm olksmdrm`m gs rgputm`l ngrèthol y gxoiuh`l `g ims prgbgk`ms vmktmjlsms. @gelstrmohÿk imegktmbig `g gsg ngonl gs gi gjgepil `gi @r. Vmuil Dhbhgr, drmohms im gxpmtrhmr-sh pmrm lbtgkgr ukm olilomohÿk. M gsg rgspgtl kl sg thgkg im @gelormohm elstrm`l egkls mbsliuthstm kh egkls thrâkhom qug ils rgdåegkgs `gomå`ls. Msphrm mi khvgimegktl `g ims hktgihdgkohms y prlsorhbg ils qug m busomk ihbgrmr `g ims emtgrhmih`m`gs vuidmrgs. Im hktgrhlrhzmäïl `g ils gstu`hls `gpmupgrlu gi pgksmehgktl ukhvgrshtmrhl, `gprhehu ils omrmotgrgs, pmrmihzÿ ims hkhohmthvms. Hkúthiegktg sg busområm gktrg ils smbhls, gk Crmkohm, uk gjgepil `g hktrgph`gz elrmi olepmrmbig m ils qug `hgrlk, gk Hkdimtgrrm, Thiihme Orllags, Russgi Tmiimog, Il`dg, gto., Ilebrlsl y ltrls, gk Htmihm. Im úkhom prgloupmohÿk qug pmrgog tgkdmk ils nlebrgs gk gvh`gkohm gs el`gimr sus lphkhlkgs pgims `g ils ’sgýlrgs `gi elegktl―, m chk `g bgkgchohmrsg `g ils prlvgktls `g qug slk gstls ils `hspgksm`lrgs. Gk ougsthÿk `g pshquhsel pmrgog nmbgr omrgkohm `gi vuidmr bugkl-sgksl m im emylråm `g ils ohgktåchols. Gi prlcgslr Cilurkly il olkchgsm: ’Vmrm im Nuemkh`m` `g ims rgeltms grms, olel motumiegktg múk pmrm im drmk emsm qug im oleplkg, im nhpÿtgshs gspårhtm gs im úkhom vgr`m`grmegktg olkclreg mi eís gigegktmi bugklsgksl, gk oumktl m kl`ls, ohgktåchols, smturm`ls `g egomkhsel emtgrhmihstm `gs`g ils bmkols gsolimrgs, gsm ehsem nhpÿtgshs gk ils rgvugitm nmstm m ims emylrgs prlcuk`h`m`gs `gi bugkl-sgksl, hdumiegktg eís gigegktmi.―? Gk mplyl `g sus mssgrä÷gs, ohtm èi ils `ls shduhgktgs gjgepils 0, rgimthvls m uk ngonl ukhvgrsmiegktg rgolkloh`l vgr`m`grl: ’Gi drmk`g Nginnlitz ‟ rgimtm gi _gýlr Bmrrgtt ‟ ohgrtm vgz `hjl qug kh gi tgsthelkhl `g tl`ls ils ehgebrls `g im _lohg`m` Rgmi, kh im gvh`gkohm `g sus prlphls sgkth`ls il pl`råmk olkvgkogr shquhgrm `g im trmksehshÿk `g pgksmehgktl, heplshbig qug grm gsg cgkÿegkl―. ’Wkl hiustrg bhlildhstm ‟ rgchgrg tmebhèk gi _gýlr T. Jmegs ‟ tuvl lomshÿk `g `gohreg qug, mukqug cugrmk vgr`m`grms ims prugbms `g im tgigpmthm, ils smbhls sg `gbgråmk olihdmr pmrm suprhehrims l olksgrvmr louitms, pugs qug tmigs ngonls `gstruhråmk im ukhclreh`m` `g im Kmturmigzm y tl`m gspgohg `g ltrms olsms `g qug giils, smbhls, kl pug`gk mbrhr emkl, pmrm olkthkumr sus hkvgsthdmohlkgs.― Ils ngonls gspårhtms, shk gebmrdl, sh nmk euithpihom`l, hepugstl olk tmemýl hepgrhl qug ils smbhls sg nmk vhstl lbihdm`ls m im tgktmthvm `g ils gxpihomr. Kl slk, shk gebmrdl, ims giuoubrmä÷gs psholchshliÿdhoms `g Vhgrrg Jmkgt, ims tglråms plihdlkmigs `gi @lotlr Drmssgh, kh im orhptlekèshm `g Pn. Cilurkly qug pug`gk smthscmogr m ils hkvgsthdm`lrgs hk`gpgk`hgktgs. Oumk`l sg plsgg midukm gxpgrhgkohm `g ils cgkÿegkls psåquhols qug`m - sg pmsem`l mktg im pgkurhm `g rmohloåkhl `g ils oråthols ohgktåchols `gi Gsphrhthsel. Gsoldgk shgeprg, tg gk`gim tl`ls euithtu` `g ils ngonls, midukls omsls _grí qug sg `g sus tglråms y shigkohmk giils ouh`m`lsmegk ils hkolktmbigs qug ims olktrm`hogk. gsgmprlxhegk prlog`hehgktl rgmiegktg `hdkl `g vgr`m`grls smbhls< Ils gstu`hls hepmrohmigs y pgrshstgktgs hkùogk m ltrms olkoiushlkgs. Nmbimk`l `gi Gsphrhthsel, Lihvgr Il`dg, rgotlr `g im Wkhvgrsh`m` `g Bhrehkdnme y ehgebrl `g im Rgmi Mom`gehm, il mchreÿ: ’Cuh pgrslkmiegktg olkùoh`l m im ogrtgzm `g im gxhstgkohm cuturm eg`hmktg prugbms mshgktgs gk bmsgs purmegktg ohgktåchoms.― (’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonhqugs―, =>84, pídhkm =7>.) ? 0

’Gspårhtus y Eè`huks―, píd. 2?6, Vmrås, Chsonbmongr, g`htlr, =8== Å`ge, Hbh`ge, píd. 223

7|Vídhkm


=86?

J. Nysilp, prlcgslr `g im Wkhvgrsh`m` `g Oliúebhm, gsorhbåm: ’Im pru`gkohm y rgsgrvm kl slk olktrmrhms m im lphkhÿk `g qug im gxpihomohÿk gspårhtm gs, nmstm mnlrm, `g eís rmohlkmi.― _h, pugs, kl nmk sh`l mnlrrm`ls smromsels m ils gspårhtms, gk ims gscgrms ohgktåchoms, nmy, olel sg vg, smbhls qug igs nmk smbh`l nmogr justhohm. Gi prlcgslr Bmrrgtt, `g im Wkhvgrsh`m` `g @ubihk, sg gxprgsmbm `gi shduhgktg el`l, plr lomshÿk `g su hkvgsthùrm gk im prgsh`gkohm `g im ’_lohgty sgm Vsyonhomi Rgsgmron― gk 28 `g gkgrl `g =8607: ’Kl plols `g ils qug eg lygk sg rgougr`mk ohgrtmegktg `g im oruzm`m ltrlrm geprgk`h`m olktrm gi Nhpklthsel, qug gktlkogs sg `gklehkmbm egsegrhsel. Ims prhegrms pgrslkms qug olk tmigs gstu`hls sg loupmrlk cugrlk bimkol `g hkogsmktgs lpudkmä÷gs `gi euk`l ohgktåchol y eè`hol, `g uk im`l, y `gi euk`l rgihdhlsl, `gi ltrl. Cugrlk `gkukohm`ms olel heplstlrms, rgpu`hm`ms olel pírhms, gkxltm`ms, shk ogrgelkhm, `g ims shkmdldms `g im Ohgkohm y `g im Rgihdhÿk. _g pmsmbm gsl gk ukm èplom bmstmktg prÿjhem `g kl`ls pmrm qug yl tgkdm kgogsh`m` `gi rgolr`mr. Im ohgkohm eè`hom y chilsÿchom kl pug`g `gjmr `g ourvmr ims ombgzms mvgrdlkzm`ms, molr`ík`lsg `g gsg thgepl y vhgk`l gi Nhpklthsel y su vmilr tgrmpèuthol motumiegktg rgolkloh`ls, ngonls pmrtg hktgdrmktg `g im gksgýmkzm ohgktåchom gk euonms gsougims `g Eg`hohkm, slbrg tl`l gk gi Olkthkgktg!... Kl gs kugstrl `gbgr m`lrmr nly im egelrhm `g mqugiils hktrèph`ls hkvgsthdm`lrgs, qug cugrlk ils prhegrls `g gsg rmel `g ils gstu`hls psåquhols!―. ’Kl `gbgels, `g hdumi emkgrm, livh`mr gsg pgqugýl drupl `g hkvgsthdm`lrgs qug, mktgs `g kugstrl thgepl y mi chk `g pmohgktgs y tmr`m`ms hkvgsthdmohlkgs, tuvhgrlk gi olrmjg `g prloimemr su orggkohm gk tmigs cgkÿegkls, qug `gklehkmrlk gsphråthols... Kl cugrlk, m bugk sgdurl, sus eètl`ls `g hkvgsthdmohÿk tltmiegktgy gxgktls `g oråthom, il qug, shk gebmrdl, ils kl sgr giils hkvgsthdm`lrgs `ggsthem im vgr`m`, tmk nlkgstls `g`hom`ls olel prgtgk`gk sgr1 y tmktl eísheph`hÿ `hdkls`gslk `g kugstrm oumktl sucrhgrlk ils emylrgs smromsels y lplshohÿk. Ils gspårhtus cugrtgs slkrgå` gktlkogs, olel mnlrm, `g ils qug eís bhgk hkclrem`ls qug giils sg elstrmbmk. _uplkdl qug tl`ls slels hkoihkm`ls m olksh`grmr kugstrl prlphl `hsogrkhegktl supgrhlr mi `g kugstrl prÿjhel. Kl slk, shk gebmrdl, chkmiegktg gi bugklsgksl, ims prgomuohlkgs, im pmohgkohm, gi gstu`hl olkthkul `g ils cgkÿegkls psåquhols qug emylr vmilr olkchgrgk m im lphkhÿk qug vhkhels, plr chk, m m`lptmr y kl im mrdúohm l gi gsogpthohsel `gilbsgrvm`lr<―. ’@gbgels tgkgr shgeprg gk olksh`grmohÿk qug il qug gs mchrem`l, múk plr gi eís lbsourl `g ils nlebrgs, gk rgsuitm`l `g su gxpgrhgkohm pgrslkmi, gs shgeprg `hdkl `g prgk`grkls im mtgkohÿk1 y il qug gs `gkgdm`l, múk plr ils eís rgputm`ls hk`hvhùls, `gs`g qug hdklrmk im olsm, jmeís kls im `gbg egrgogr―. ’Mqugi pgrsphomz y vmigrlsl gspårhtu qug grm gi prlcgslr @g Elrdmk, gi drmk`g `gkukohm`lr `gi onmrimtmkhsel ohgktåchol, tuvl gi olrmjg `g pubihomr, nmy euonl, qug plr eís qug sg hktgktg rh`houimrhzmr ils gspårhtms, km`m `gjmk plr gsl giils `g gstmr gk gi omehkl qug olkùog mi m`hmktmegktl `g ils olklohehgktls nuemkls, shduhgk`l, mukqug, gi gspårhtu y gi eètl`l prhehthvls, oumk`l grm prgohsl rmsdmr gk ims cilrgstms vhrdgks im omrrgtgrm plr `lk`g pl`gels mnlrm mvmkzmr olk im emylr cmohih`m`.― Rhk`hgk`l nlegkmjg m ils gspårhtms, gi prlcgslr Bmrrgtt rgolkloåm, olel jugz hepmrohm i, qug kl grm gxgktl `g oråthom gi suyl ogil. Nly, olel gktlkogs, gsm lphkhÿk gs gktgrmegktg justhchom`m. Im gxmitmäïl `g ukls tmktls m`gptls, su gktushmsel gk prloimemr ngonls ù`lsls l hemdhkmrhls y im hksuchohgkohm `g vgrhchomohÿk gk ims gxpgrhgkohms nmk pgrju`hom`leuonms vgogs im omusm qug orgåmk sgrvhr. G_ gsltmi vgz il qug, nmstm ohgrtl puktl, justhchom im mothtu` rgtrmå`m, plr vgogs nlsthi, `gmidukls smbhls mogrom `gi Gsphrhthsel. 7

Sgr ’Rgvug `gs Gtu`gs Vsyonhqugs―, jukhl `g =860 ,

3|Vídhkm


=86?

Gi prlcgslr On. Rhongt gsorhbåm gk ils ’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonhqugs―, `g gkgrl `g =867, píd. 2==: ’_h ils gspårhtms cugrlk euy mrrljm`ls, usmrlk, shk gebmrdl, `g bhgk plol vhdlr y gs ukm `gpilrívgi nhstlrhm m `g sus mbgrrmä÷gs. Bmstm plr mnlrm qug`mr gstmbigoh`l qug giils tgkåmk gi `grgonl `g gsr euy mrrljm`ls y qug kl igs pl`gels, gk klebrg `g kugstrm ohgkohm cmiåvgi, hkolepigtm, múk gebrhlkírhm, ogksurmr gsg mrrljl. _g igs `gbgråm, mi olktrmrhl, mdrm`gogr il nmymk sh`l tmk mu`mohlsls.― Ims rgstrhoohlkgs `gi _r. Rhongt kl slk egkls cuk`m`ms qug sus gildhls. Euonls gxpgrhegktm`lrgs kl olkùogk sus gstu`hls olk im plk`grmohÿk y im pru`gkohm kgogsmrhms. _g gepgýmk, `g prgcgrgkohm, gk lbtgkgr ims emkhcgstmohlkgs tueuituírhms, ims emtgrhmihzmä÷gs kuegrlsms y rgpgth`ms, ils cgkÿegkls `g drmk`g kltlrhg`m`g, shk olksh`grmr qug im eg`hukh`m`g sÿil gxogpohlkmiegktg y `g igjls gk igjls pug`g sgrvhr m im prlùoohÿk `g ngonls `g gsg dèkgrl. Oumk`l nmk m im emkl uk eè`hue prlcgshlkmi `g gsm omtgdlråm, il mtlregktmk y mdltmk. Il iigvmk cmtmiegktg m rgsbmimr pmrm im sheuimohÿk. @g mnå ils crmu`gs, ims ehsthchomä÷gs, sgýmim`ms plr tmktms nljmspúbihoms. Euonåshel prgcgrhbigs slk, m eål vgr, ils ngonls eg`húkhols `g åk`lig eís åkthem y el`gstm, ims sgshlkgs gk qug prg`lehkmk im lr`gk, im mrelkåm y im oleuknïl `g ils pgksmehgktls, plr ouyl vgnåouil ciuygk ims olsms ogigstgs, olel rloål, slbrg gi miem sgquhlsm y m gsoimrgogk, olkclrtme y egjlrmk. Ims sgshlkgs `g gcgotls cåshols, múk oumk`l shkogrms, shgeprg eg `gjmrlk ukm heprgshÿk `g víoul, `g `hsdustl y emigstmr, gk rmzÿk `g ims hkciugkohms qug gk giims hktgrvhgkgk. Im eè`huks prlcgshlkmigs `gbhgrlk m bugk sgdurl smbhls olel Orllags, Nysilp, Ilebrlsl, gto., ils gxogigktgs rgsuitm`ls qug lbtgkåmk1 gk sus gxpgrhgkohms, shk gebmrdl, m`lptmbmk prgomuohlkgs `g qug kl molstuebrmk gspårhtms Gk sgshlkgs `g emtgrhmihzmäïl rgmihzm`ms gkgspårhtms Vmrås plr uk eè`hue megrhomkl, gkils =863 y =864,eukhr-sg. y qug miomkzmrlk `gsmdrm`mbig kltlrhg`m`g, nmbåmk ils gstmbigoh`l ukm klremthvm qug ils mshstgktgs sg oleprlegtåmk m lbsgrvmr y `g ouyms gsthpuimä÷gs rgsuitmbm im hkgspgrm`m olksgougkohm `g rg`hehr gi eè`hue `g tl`m gchomz vgrhchomohÿk. Im lbsourh`m`g grm omsh olepigtm gk gi elegktl `g ims mpmrhä÷gs. Ils mshstgktgs tgkåmk qug olkvgrsmr gk vlz mitm, omktmr, olksgrvmr ims emkls prgsms clremk`l im om`gkm emdkèthom y, m`geís `g tl`l, mbstgkgrsg `g tlomr gk ims clrems emtgrhmihzm`ms. @g gsg el`l, im vhstm, gi lå`l, gi tmtl qug`mbmk plol egkls qug mkhquhim`ls. Pmigs olk`hohlkgs, gs olrrgotl, sg hksphrmbmk gk ukm iluvívgi hktgkohÿk, plrqug, gk tgshs dgkgrmi, olel tgk`rgels lomshÿk `g vgr gk gi oursl `g gstm lbrm, cmvlrgogk im prlùoohÿk `g ils ngonls1 pgrl gk gi omsl gk ougsthÿk olktrhbuåmk tmebhèk pmrm emsomrmr ils crmu`gs. Ims cmouitm`gs `gi eè`hue, shk gebmrdl, grmk rgmigs y gk ims prhegrms sgshlkgs sg prlùjgrlk mutèkthols cgkÿegkls, qug m`gimktg rgimtmels. Nubl, gksgduh`m, ukm egzoim `g ngonls rgmigs y sheuim`ls y gi gebustg vhkl, plr chk, m nmogrsg olkstmktg y gvh`gktg. Prms nmbgr, gk ukm rgvhstm gspårhtm, sgýmim`l ils cgkÿegkls qug prgsgktmbmk dmrmktåms `g shkogrh`m`, eís tmr`g eg sgktå rgmiegktg drmohms m `gkukohmr crmu`gs mvgrhdum`ms y oleprlegtg`lrms.. Mi chk `g imrdm hkvgsthdmohÿk y `g mourm`ms rgcigxhlkgs, km`m tgkdl qug rgthrmr `g ehs mprgohmohlkgs mktgrhlrgs. Nhog justhohm m gsg eè`hue, hk`homk`l il qug nmbåm `g rgmi gk sus sgshlkgs, pgrl kl ngshtè gk `gkukohmrig ims sheuimohlkgs gi `åm gk qug kuegrlsls y mutlrhzm`ls tgsthelkhls ims gvh`gkohmrme, gktrg ils oumigs sg gkougktrm il `g uk jugz `gim Olrtg `g Mpgimohÿk, qug gs m im vgz gehkgktg pshquhstm. Dumr`mr shigkohl mogrom `g gsls crmu`gs, ims gkoubrås olk ukm gspgohg `g tíohtm mprlbmohÿk, sgråm mbrmels im pugrtm m uk olrtgjl `gmbusls qug, gk ohgrtls eg`hls, nmk `gsmorg`htm`l gi Gsphrhthsely gstlrbm`l su `gsmrrliil. Mtrís `gi níbhi sheuim`lr, iugdl gktrg kl`ls surdhgrlk ukms hktrus÷gs olk`gkm`ms plr ils trhbukmigs `g vgohkls pmåsgs. Eís rgohgktgegktg, gi eè`hue Mbgk`t cug, gk h`èkthoms ohroukstmkohms, `gsemsomrm`l gk Bgriåk, olel gksgduh`m il cugrlk Omrrmkohkh gk Ilk`rgs y Bmhigy gk

4|Vídhkm


=86?

Drgklbig. _hk gi brm`l `g mimrem qug slitmels, olrrgråmels gi rhgsdl `g rgsbmimr plr uk cmtmi `goihvg y omgr gk uk prgohphohl. Ils gspårhtms slk nlebrgs `g olkvhoohÿk y cg. Vgrl, sh im cg gsoimrgoh`m mtrmg, gk ils pimkgs gsphrhtumigs y emtgrhmigs, klbigs y gigvm`ms miems, im orgùih`m`g, gk gi pimk tgrrgstrg, mtrmg ils onmrimtïgs, ils gxpilrm`lrgs `g tl`m gspgohg, im onusem `g ils omvminghrls `g hkùstrhm qug sÿil kls busomk iu`hbrhmr. Mnå gstí gi pgihdrl pmrm gi Gsphrhthsel. Kls ouepig, m tl`ls ils qug gk kugstrl olrmzÿk ogimels im vgr`m` y klbigzm `g gsm olsm, olkjurmril. @g slbrm sg nm rgpgth`l: gi Gsphrhthsel l sgrí ohgktåchol, l kl subshsthrí. Mi qug mým`hrgels: gi Gsphrhthsel `gbg, mktgs `g tl`l, sgr nlkgstl! * Eís midukms pmimbrms ombgk mquå slbrg im `lotrhkm `gi Gsphrhthsel, såktgshs `g ims rgvgimohlkgs eg`húkhoms, gktrg så olkolr`mktgs, lbtgkh`ms gk tl`l gi euk`l, bmjl im hksphrmohÿk `g ils drmk`gs Gspårhtus qug im `hotmrlk. Om`m vgz eís sg mchrem y sg vuidmrhzm gsm `lotrhkm. Hkoiusl gktrg kugstrls olktrm`htlrgs kl nmy quhèk sh kl shgktm gk im lbihdmohÿk elrmi `g nmogrig justhohm, rgolklohgk`l tl`ls ils bgkgchohls g hkgcívghs olkslimä÷gs qug thgkg prl`hdmihzm`l m ims miems slcrg`lrms. Gi prlcgslr Pn. Cilurkly, `g im Wkhvgrsh`m` `g Dhkgbrm, mså sg gxprgsm m su rgspgtl gk gi ihbrl ’Gspårhtus y Eè`huks―: ’Rg`heg `g tl`ms ims olepihomohlkgs y suthigzms `g im tglråm `gi olklohehgktl y `g ils prlbigems `g mitm Egtmcåshom, gsm chilslcåm shepihstm sg m`mptm plr gsl múk mèhrmbigegktg m ims kgogsh`m`gs `gi pugbil.― M su turkl, J. Emxwgii, mbldm`l dgkgrmi mktg m Olrtg `g Mpgimohÿk `g Vmrås, sg prlkukohmbm `gi shduhgktg el`l gk su lbrm ’Ils Cgkÿegkls Vsåquhols―: ’Im gxtgkshÿk qug im `lotrhkm gspårhtm m`quhgrg gs ukl `g ls i eís ourhlsls cgkÿegkls `g im èplom motumi. Pgkdl im heprgshÿk `g gstmr mshsthgk`l mi kmohehgktl `g uk elvhehgktl rgihdhlsl m qug gstík rgsgrvm`ls olksh`grmbigs`gsthkls.― M`geís `g gsl, Pn. Cilurkly, gksgduh`m m ukm hkvgsthdmohÿk, ouyls rgsuitm`ls egkohlkm gk su lbrm prg ohtm`m, gxpgk`g ils shduhgktgs olegktmrhls3: ’Nmy uk olrl dgkgrmi `g gildhls mogrom `g im bgiigzm y gxogigkohm `g im chilslcåm gspårhtm, uk tgsthelkhl omsh ukíkheg prgstm`l m im smiutmr hkciugkohm qug gjgrog gk im vh`m hktgigotumi, elrmi y rgihdhlsm `g sus m`gptls. Múk ims pgrslkms qug nmk iigdm`l m `gsolkchmr olepigtmegktg `g ils cgkÿegkls y, plr mså `gohr, ils `gtgstmk, plr ims ù`ms y `gogpohlkgs m qug `mk iudmr, rgolklogk ils bgkgchohls qug `gbgk m ims `lotrhkms.― X eís m`gimktg: ’_g gkougktrmk gspårhtms qug kukom mshsthgrlk m ukm gxpgrhgkohm y kh shquhgrm il `gsgmk, pgrl mchremk nmbgr sh`l geplidm`ls plr im shepihoh`m`g, bgiigzm y gvh`gkohm elrmi y rgihdhlsm `g ims gksgýmkzms gspårhtms (gxhstgkohms suogshvms, prldrgsl hk`gchkh`l `gi miem, gto. ). Kl sg `gbg, pugs, lbsourgogr gi vmilr `g gsms orggkohms, vmilr hkolktgstívgi, pugs qug hkolktmbigs miems `goimrmk gk giims nmbgr gkolktrm`l uk gigegktl `g vh`m y ukm sliuohÿk m im mitgrkmthvm gktrg im lrtl`lxhm, `g uk im`l,

3

’Gspårhtus y Eè`huks―, píd. 260, Vmrås, Chsonbmongr, g`htlr, =8==.

>|Vídhkm


=86?

midukls `g ouyls `ldems rgpuishvls (oÿel il `g ims pgkms gtgrkms), ym kl pl`åmk mèhthr, y `gi 4 ltrl im`l m ims `gslim`lrms kgdmohlkgs `gi emtgrhmihsel mtuvl.― X, shk gebmrdl, gk qug pgsg m ims lbsgrvmohlkgs `gi _gýlr Cilurkly, múk gk gi omepl gspårhtm kl thgkgk gsomssgm`l ims lbjgä÷gs. Gktrg ils qug slk mtrmå`ls plr gi mspgotl ohgktåchol `gi Gsphrhthsel, midukls nmy qug egklsprgohmk im chilslcåm. G_ qug pmrm mprgohmr tl`m im drmk`gzm `g im `lotrhkm `g ils Gspårhtus gs prgohsl nmbgr sucrh`l. Ims pgrslkms cgihogs shgeprg slk eís l egkls gdlåstms y kl pug`gk oleprgk`gr qug cugktg `g olkslimäïl olkthgkg gsm `lotrhkm. Vug`gk hktgrgsmrigs ils cgkÿegkls, pgrl pmrm igs mtgmr m iimem hktgrhlr slk kgogsmrhls ils cråls slprls `g im m`vgrsh`m`g. _ÿil m ils gspårhtus memùrgoh`ls plr gi `lilr y im prlvmäïl ims vgr`m`gs prlcuk`ms sg pmtgktmk gk tl`m pigkhtu`. Gk msuktls `g gsm lr`gk tl`l `gpgk`g `g ims mktgrhlrgs prg`hsplshä÷gs. Wkls, sgùoh`ls plr ils ngonls, sg hkoihkmk `g prgcgrgkohm m im gxpgrhegktmohÿk. Ltrls, gsoimrgoh`ls plr im gxpgrhgkohm `g ils shdils trmksourrh`ls l plr ims igoohlkgs `g im motumi gxhstgkohm, olilomk im gksgýmkzm plr gkohem `g tl`l. Im smphêkohm olkshstg gk rgukhr ims `ls el`mih`m`gs `gi Gsphrhthsel gk ukolkjuktl mreÿkhol. Im gxpgrhegktmohÿk, olel il vgrgels gk gi oursl `g gstm lbrm, gxhdg omih`m`gs kl vuidmrgs. Euonls, bmi`ls `g pgrsgvgrmkäm, trms midukms tgktmthvms hkcrutåcgrms, sg migjmk y rgdrgsmk m im hk`hcgrgkohm, plr kl nmbgr lbtgkh`l olk im `gsgm`m prgstgzm ims prugbms qug busomvme. Ils qug smbgk pgrsgvgrmr, og`l l tmr`g, gkougktrmk ils sÿih`ls y `gelkstrmthvls gigegktls gk qug sg chremrí ukm olkvhoohÿk hkmbmiívgi. Cug eh omsl. @gs`g hkeg`hmtmegktg eg sgùjl im `lotrhkm `g ils Gspårhtus1 ims prugbms gxpgrhegktmigs, shk gebmrdl, cugrlk elrlsms. _ÿil mi chk `g `hgz l quhkog mýls `g hkvgsthdmohÿk cug qug sg prgsgktmrlk hrrgousívghs, mbuk`mktgs. Mnlrm gkougktrl gxpihomohÿk pmrm gsm imrdm gxpgotmthvm, pmrm gsms kuegrlsms gxpgrhgkohms olrlkm`ms `g rgsuitm`ls hkolngrgktgs y, euonms vgogs, olktrm`hotlrhls. Xl kl gstmbm múk memùrgoh`l pmrm olepigtm `hvuidmohÿk `g ims vgr`m`gs trmksogk`gktgs. M Im eg`h`m, shk gebmrdl, qug eg m`gimktmbm gk im rutm `gihkgm`m, im oleuknïl olk ehs hkvhshbigs prltgotlrgs sg nmoåm eís åkthem y prlcuk`m. Eg sgktåm duhm`l m trmvès `g ils gebmrmäls y `hchouitm`gs `g im tmrgm qug eg nmbåm hepugstl. Gk ils elegktls `g prlvmäïl, ùiogs olkslimä÷gs bmjmbmk slbrg eå. Motumiegktg iigdl m sgkthr im crgougktg prgsgkohm `g ils Gspårhtus, m `hsthkduhr, plr uk sgkth`l åkthel y sgduråsshel, im kmturmigzm y im pgrslkmih`m` `g ils qug eg mshstgk g hksphrmk. Kl pug`l, gvh`gktgegktg, cmouitmr im lutrge ims sgksmohlkgs hktgksms qug pgrohbl y qug gxpihomk eh ogrtgzm `gi M`geís, im mbsliutm olkvhoohÿk qug tgkdl `g im gxhstgkohm `gi euk`lhkvhshbig. Vlr gsl gs qug tl`ms ims tgktmthvms plr `gsvhmreg `g eh sgk`m nmk sh`l y sgrík shgeprg hkúthigs. Eh olkchmkzm, eh cg, gs mihegktm`m plr emkhcgstmohlkgs olth`hmkms1 im vh`m sg eg `gspigdÿ gk ukm gxhstgkohm `lbig, `hvh`h`m gktrg ils nlebrgs y ils Gspårhtus. Olksh`grl plr gsl uk `gbgr smdrm`l gsclrzmreg plr `hcuk`hr y nmogr moogshbig m tl`ls ils olklohehgktls `g ims igygs qug vhkouimk im Nuemkh`m` `g im Phgrrm m im `gi Gspmohl y trmzmk m tl`ms ims miems gi omehkl `g im gvliuohÿk hk`gchkh`m. _gpthgebrg `g =8==.

4

Lb. oht., píd. 70?.

8|Vídhkm


Vrhegrm Vmrtg - Gi Gsphrhthsel Gxpgrhegktmi: Ims igygs H

- Im Ohgkohm Gspårhtm

M eg`h`m qug vm gi nlebrg igktmegktg mvmkzmk`l gk im sgk`m `gi olklohehgktl, gi nlrhzlktg sg `himtm y kugvms pgrspgothvms sg vmk mktg èi `gspigdmk`l. _u ohgkohm gs rgstrhotm1 im Kmturmigzm, shk gebmrdl, kl thgkg iåehtgs. Im Ohgkohm kl gs eís qug gi olkjuktl `g ims olkogpohlkgs `g uk shdil, qug im Ohgkohm `gi shdil shduhgktg uitrmpmsm y suegrdg. Pl`l gk giim gs prlvhshlkmi g hkolepigtl. Sgrsm su gstu`hl slbrg ims igygs `gi elvhehgktl, ims emkhcgstmohlkgs `g im cugrzm y `g im vh`m1 km`m smbg múk giim, shk gebmrdl, mogrom `g ims omusms motumktgs, `g im cugrzm y `gi elvhehgktl gk su prhkohphl. Gi prlbigem `g im vh`m ig gsompm y im gssêkohm `g ims olsms pgremkgog uk ehstgrhl hepgkgtrmbig pmrm giim. Emil drm`l m ims shstgeíthoms kgdmohlkgs y m im lbsthkmohÿk `g olrrgotls smbhls, tl`ls ils `åms slk sus lphkhlkgs `gsegkth`ms kmidue puktl. G_ il qug suog`g m ils rgprgsgktmktgs `g ims gsougims emtgrhmihstms y plshthvhstms. Gi gstu`hl y im lbsgrvmohÿk `g ils cgkÿegkls psåquhols vhgkgk `gselrlkmr sus tglråms slbrg im kmturmigzm y gi `gsthkl `g ils sgrgs. Kl gs gi miem nuemkm, olel il mchrembmk giils, ukm rgsuitmktg `gi lrdmkhsel, olk gi oumi sg gxthkdm1 gs ukm omusm qug prggxhstg y slbrgvhvg mi ougrpl. Im gxpgrhgkohm `åm m `åm kls `geugstrm qug gi miem gs `ltm`m `g ukm clrem ciuå`hom, `g uk lrdmkhsel åkthel heplk`grívgi, qug plsgg sgkth`ls prlphls, `hsthkduh`ls `g ils sgkth`ls olrplrmhs, y gktrm gk moohÿk, hksuim`megktg, oumk`l giim gjgrog sus pl`grgs supgrhlrgs. Drmohms m èi, pug`g gi miem gk gi oursl `g im vh`m, y ùrmktg gi sugýl, `gsprgk`grsg `gi gkvlivgktg cåshol, pgkgtrmr im emtgrhm, trmksplkgr gi gspmohl, pgrohbhr ims rgmih`m`gs `gi euk`l hkvhshbig. @g gsm clrem ciuå`hom brltmk hrrm`hmä÷gs, gciúvhls, qug sg pug`gk gxtgrkmihzmr gk ompms olkoèktrhoms mi ougrpl nuemkl > y múk, gk ohgrtls omsls, olk`gksmr-sh gk drm`ls `hvgrsls y emtgrhmihzmrsg m puktl `g heprgshlkmr pimoms cltldríchoms y mpmrmtls rgdhstrm`lrgs. 8 Im moohÿk, m im `hstmkohm, `g ukm miem slbrg ltrm sg nmiim gstmbigoh`m plr ils cgkÿegkls tgigpíthols y emdkèthols, plr im trmksehshÿk `gi pgksmehgktl y gxtgrhlrhzmäïl `g ils sgkth`ls y `g ims cmouitm`gs. Ims vhbrmohlkgs `gi pgksmehgktl sg pug`gk prlpmdmr gk gi gspmohl olel im iuz y gi slkh`l g heprgshlkmr uk ltrl lrdmkhsel ciuå`hol gk mchkh`m`g olk ilheprgshlkgs `gi emkhcgstmktg. lk`ms psåquhoms sg prlpmdmk igjls y vmk m `gspgrtmr gk gi gkvlivgktg `gi sgkshthvl `g vírhmIms kmturmigzm, olkclreg su gstm`lmi`hkíehol: vhshlkgs, vlogs l elvhehgktls.. M vgogs im prlphm miem, ùrmktg gi sugýl, mbmk`lkm su gkvlitÿrhl emtgrhmi y, bmjl su clrem ciuå`hom, sg nmog vhshbig m im `hstmkohm. Ohgrtms mpmrhä÷gs nmk sh`l m im vgz vhstms plr `hvgrsms pgrslkms1

> 8

Sgr @g Rloms, ’ Gxtèrhlrhsmthlk `g im _gkshbhihtè― y ’Gxtèrhlrhsmthlk `g im Eltrhohtè―, pmsshe. Sgr @r. Bmrmùo, ’G i miem Nuemkm, sus E lvhehgktls, sus Iuehklsh`m`gs―, pmsshe.

=6 | V í d h k m


=86?

ltrms, gjgroh`l moohÿk slbrg im emtgrhm, mbhgrtl pugrtms, omebhm`l lbjgtls `g iudmr, `gjm`l vgsthdhls `g su pmsmjg. Midukms nmk heprgshlkm`l mkhemigs.=6 Ims mpmrhä÷gs `g elrhbuk`ls nmk sh`l oleprlbm`ms ehigs `g vgogs. Ims rgsgknms `g im _lohg`m` `g Hkvgsthdmohlkgs Vsåquhoms, `g Ilk`rgs, ils ’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonhqugs―, `g Vmrås, hksgrtmk drmk kúegrl `g giims. Gi _gýlr Omehiig Cimeemrhlk, gk su gxogigktg ihbrl ’Gi @gsolkloh`l y ils Vrlbigems Vsåquhols―, rgchgrg uk ogktgkmr `g gsls omsls, gk qug nmy olhkoh`gkohm `g eugrtg, gk ils oumigs kl sg pug`gk mèhthr egrms miuohkmä÷gs, pgrl ngonls dgkgrmigs, olk rgimohÿk `g omusm y gcgotl. Gsls cgkÿegkls nmk sh`l lbsgrvm`ls tmktms vgogs, mpÿhm-sh gk tmk kuegrlsls y rgspgtmbmhs tgsthelkhls, qug smbhls `g gxogshvm pru`gkohm, olel gi _gýlr Rhongt, `g im Mom`gehm `g Eg`hohkm `g Vmrås,iigdmrlk m `gohr: ’Gxhstg ukm tmi omkth`m` `g ngonls, heplshbigs `g gxpihomr `g ltrl el`l m kl sgr plr im tgigpmthm, qug gs clrälsl mèhthrsg ukm moohÿk m im `hstmkohm... Gi ngonl mpmrgog prlbm`l, mbsliutmegktg prlbm`l.― Gk gsls cgkÿegkls ym sg gkougktrm ukm `gelstrmohÿk plshthvm `g im hk`gpgk`gkohm `gi miem. _h, olk gcgotl, im hktgihdgkohm cugrm ukm prlphg`m` `g im emtgrhm y `gbhgrm gxthkduhrsg plr lomshÿk `g im eugrtg, kl sg pl`råm gxpihomr oÿel, gk gi elegktl gk qug gi ougrpl gstí eís mbmth`l y gi lrdmkhsel ogsm `g cukohlkmr, gs qug gsm hktgihdgkohm kl rmrl sg emkhchgstm olk hktgksh`m` eís vhvm, olk gxtrmlr`hkmrhm rgoru`gsoêkohm `g mothvh`m`.. Ils omsls `g iuoh`gz, `g oimrhvh`êkohm, `g prgvhshÿk `gi cuturl slk crgougktgs gk ils elrhbuk`ls. Gk gsls omsls, gi ngonl `g `gsprgk`grsg `gi ougrpl cmouitm mi gspårhtu uk kugvl omepl `g pgrogpohÿk. Gi miem pmtgktm, gk gi elegktl `g im eugrtg, cmouitm`gs, omih`m`gs supgrhlrgs m ims qug plsgåm gk gi gstm`l klremi. Cugrzm rgolklogr gk gsl ukm prugbm `g qug kugstrm pgrslkmih`m` psåquhom rgsuitmktg `gi lrdmkhsel, m èigsåkthemegktg vhkouim`l, pgrl qug plsgg vh`m prlphm, `hcgrgktg `g imkl `gigsougrpl, shgk`l mktgs gstg pmrm giim ukm prhshÿk tgeplrmi y ukl gstlrbl. Eís gvh`gktg múk sg nmog gstm `gelstrmohÿk, oumk`l trms im eugrtg pug`g gi Gspårhtu `gsgkomrkm`l gkolktrmr gk gi gkvlivgktg cåshol `g ils eè`huks ils gigegktls kgogsmrhls pmrm emtgrhmihzmrsg g heprgshlkmr ils sgkth`ls. _g pug`g gktlkogs vgrhchomr, gepigmk`l bmimkzms eukh`ms `g mpmrmtls rgdhstrm`lrgs, qug gi ougrpl `gi eè`hue phgr`g ukm pmrtg `g su pgsl, gkolktrík`lsg gsm `hcgrgkohm gk im mpmrhäïl emtgrhmihzm`m. == * Om`m mýl qug pmsm, ils ngonls sg euithpihomk, ils tgsthelkhls sg moueuimk, im gxhstgkohm `gi euk`l `g ils Gspårhtus sg mchrem olk mutlrh`m` y prgsthdhl orgohgktgs. @g eg`hl shdil pmrm moí gi gstu`hl `gi miem pmsÿ `gi `lehkhl `g im Egtmcåshom y `g im olkogpohÿk purmegktg mbstrmotm mi `g im gxpgrhgkohm y `g im lbsgrvmohÿk. Im vh`m sg rgvgim bmjl `lbig mspgotl: cåshol y suprmcåshol. Gi nlebrg pmrthohpm `g `ls el`ls `g gxhstgkohm. Vlr su ougrpl cåshol pgrtgkgkohm mi euk`l vhshbig1 plr su ougrpl ciuå`hol mi euk`l hkvhshbig. Gsls `ls ougrpls olgxhstgk gk èi ùrmktg im vh`m. Im eugrtg gs su orhbm.

=6

’Vrlogg`hkds lc tng _lohgty Vsyonhomi Rgsgmron―, =>>2 m =862. Sgr T. Or llags, ’Hkvgsthdmohlkg s slbrg ils Cgkÿegkls `gi Gsphrhtumihsel―, píds. =78 y shduhgktgs1 M. Russgi T miimog, ’Ils Ehimdrls y gi El`grkl Gsphrhtumihsel― , píds. ?2 7 y shduhgktgs1 Masmalc, ’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. H. ==

== | V í d h k m


=86?

Vlr slbrg kugstrm Nuemkh`m` emtgrhmi pmiphtm ukm Nuemkh`m` hkvhshbig, olepugstm `g ils sgrgs qug vhvhgrlk gk im Phgrrm y sg `gspljmrlk `g suyms vhstgs `g omrkg. Vlr gkohem `g ils vhvls, gkomrkm`ls gk ougrpl elrtmi, ils supgrvhvls prlshdugk, gk gi Gspmohl, im gxhstgkohm ihbrg `gi Gspårhtu. Gsms `ls Nuemkh`m`gs eutumegktg sg rgkugvmk eg`hmktg im eugrtg y gi kmohehgktl. Giims sg pgkgtrmk, sg hkciuèkohmk rgoåprlomegktg y pug`gk gktrmr gk rgimohÿk plr hktgreè`hl `g ohgrtls hk`hvhùls, `ltm`ls `g cmouitm`gs gspgohmigs, `gklehkm`ls eè`huks. @g tl`m miem, gkomrkm`m l `gsgkomrkm`m, gemkm g hrrm`hm ukm cugrzm prlùotlrm `g cgkÿegkls, qug sg `gklehkm cugrzm psåquhom. Im gxhstgkohm `g gsm cugrzm sg nmiim gstmbigoh`m plr hkolktmbigs gxpgrhgkohms. _g pug`gk lbsgrvmr sus gcgotls gk ims suspgkshlkgs `g egsms, `gspimzmehgktls `g lbjgtls shk olktmotl, gk ils omsls `g igvhtmäïl, gto. Im moohÿk `g ils hkvhshbigs sg emkhchgstm gk ils cgkÿegkls `g gsorhturm `hrgotm, gk ils omsls `g hkolrplrmohÿk, gk ims emtgrhmihzmä÷gs y mpmrhä÷gs elegktâkgms y gk ims cltldrmcåms y eli`mdgks. Mpmrhä÷gs emtgrhmihzm`ms nmk sh`l cltldrmchm`ms gk prgsgkohm `g kuegrlsms tgsthdls, olel, plr gjgepil, gi Gspårhtu Amthg Ahkd, gk omsm `g T. Orllags, ils Gspårhtus Hlimk`m y Ièihm, gk im `g im _gýlrm `'Gspèrmkog, y gi Mbùiimn, chjm`l gk im pimom sgkshbig plr Masmalc. =2 Heprgshlkgs y eli`gs `g emkls, phgs, cmogs, `gjm`ls gk substmkohms eligs l crhívghs plr clrems emtgrhmihzm`ms, cugrlk lbtgkh`ls plr Zlgiikgr, mstrÿklel migeík, plr ils @rs. Tlic, Crhgsg, gto. Ils eli`gs, olksthtuh`ls `g ukm sÿil phgzm, rgprlùoåmk ims cigxhlkgs `g ils ehgebrls, ims pmrthouimrh`m`gs `g im gstruoturm y ims mitgrmohlkgs mooh`gktmigs `g im phgi.=? _gegjmktg moohÿk múk sg emkhchgstm gkils cgkÿegkls `g hkolrplrmohÿk, olel ils qug cugrlk sgýmim`ls =0 plr gi @lotlr Nl`dslk, gk su gstu`hl slbrg im cmouitm` `g im _gýlrm Vhpgr. Gi mutlr, m`vgrsmrhl olkchgsl `g im eg`hukh`m`g gk tl`ms sus mpihomohlkgs, nmbåm olegkzm`l im hkvgsthdmohÿk olk gi chk `g `gsemsomrmr il qug olksh`grmbm heplsturm. @goimrm èi nmbgr prlsgduh`l ims lbsgrvmohlkgs ùrmktg `log mýls, gk drmk kúegrl `g sgshlkgs, gk gi oursl `g ims oumigs ohgktl y vghktg pgrslkmih`m`gs hkvhshbigs sg emkhcgstmrlk, gktrg ltrms m `g Dglrdg Vgiigw, su mehdl `g hkcmkohm, olel èi ehgebrl `g im ’Vsyonhomi Rgsgmron _lohgty―, cmiigoh`l nmbåm euonls mýls. Gsms pgrslkmih`m`gs ig rgvgimrlk ngonls hdklrm`ls `g tl`m pgrslkm vhvm gk im Phgrrm. Vlrgsl `hog èi: ’Im `gelstrmohÿk `g im supgrvhvgkohm eg cug ngonm `g el`l m gxoiuhr múk =7 im plshbhih`m` `g ukm ù`m.― Ils prlcgslrgs On. T.Giihlt, prgsh`gktg `g imWkhvgrsh`m` `g Nmrvmr`1 T. Jmegs, prlcgslr`g psholildåm gk im ehsem Wkhvgrsh`m`1 Kgwbli`, prlcgslr `g psholildåm `g im Wkhvgrsh`m` `g Vgkshivâkhm, y ltrls smbhls tlemrlk pmrtg gk gsms gxpgrhgkohms y rgcgrgk`mrme tmigs `goimrmohlkgs. Gk ukm lbrm eís rgohgktg,=3 gi prlcgslr Nysilp,`g im Wkhvgrsh`m` `g Oliúebhm,Kugvm Xlra, shgxtgrkm gk gi ehsel sgkth`l mogrom `g im _gýlrm Vhpgr, qug èi lbsgrvÿ gk drmk kúegrl `g sgshlkgs, rgmihzm`ms olk ims emylrgs rgsgrvms. Gi prlcgslr grm prgsgktm`l bmjl gi klebrg `g _ehtn y plkåm ukm =2

Sgr T. Orllags, lb. oht.1 X. `'Gspèrmkog, ’Gk gi Vmås `g ims _lebrms―, omp. ^SHHH1 Masmalc, lb. oht. Sgr Masmalc, ’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. H, B. ’Vrlogg`hkds Vsyonhomi R._.V. ―, tlel ^S. Sgr tmebhèk E. _mdg, ’Ltrm Sh`m<― (’Ers. Vhpgr―), pmsshe. =7 ’Vrlogg`hkds―, =>84. =3 Hkclreg `gi prlcgslr Nysilp, ’Vrlogg`hkds―1 D. @gimkkg, ’Hkvgsthdmohlkgs slbrg im Eg`hukh`m`g―, píd. ?77. =? =0

=2 | V í d h k m


=86?

eísomrm kgdrm, qug m su eís åkthel mehdl kl pgrehthråm rgolklogril, y shgeprg sg mbstuvl `g prlkukohmr ukm úkhom pmimbrm, `g sugrtg qug kh im _gýlrm Vhpgr, kh pgrslkm midukm, pl`råm `gsoubrhr gi eís pgqugýl hk`hohl `g su h`gkth`m`. Cug gk gsms olk`hohlkgs qug gi prlcgslr pu`l gktrgtgr olk sus cmiigoh`ls pm`rgs, plr gi ÿrdmkl `g im _gýlrm Vhpgr gk trmksg slkmebúihol, vmrhm`ms onmrims, mbuk`mktgs `g plregklrgs gxmotls, `g pmrthouimrh`m`gs, plr èi múk livh`m`ms, `g su vh`m åkthem. @lk`g olkoiuyg èi: ’Oumk`l sg olksh`grm gi cgkÿegkl `g im _gýlrm Vhpgr, gs prgohsl gihehkmr tmktl im trmksehshÿk `g pgksmehgktl, olel im moohÿk tgigpíthom. Gxmehkmk`l olk hepmrohmih`m` gi prlbigem, kl sg ig pug`g `mr ltrm sliuohÿk m kl sgr im hktgrvgkohÿk `g ils eugrtls.― Gk gi olrrgr `gi mýl `g =866, surdhgrlk gk gi sgkl `g msmebigms ohgktåchoms ils eís heplkgktgs tgsthelkhls gk cmvlr `gi Gsphrhthsel. Wkm pmrtg olksh`grmbig ig cug olkog`h`m gk ils prldrmems y trmbmjls `gi Olkdrgsl `g Vsholildåm `g Vmrås, plr ils rgprgsgktmktgs `g im ohgkohm lchohmi. Gi `åm 22 `g mdlstl, rgukh`ms tl`ms ims sgoohlkgs, cug olksmdrm`m ukm sgshÿk pigkmrhm mi gxmegk `g ils cgkÿegkls psåquhols. Wkl `g ils prgsh`gktgs nlklrírhls `gi Olkdrgsl, Eygrs, prlcgslr `g im Wkhvgrsh`m` `g Omebrh`dg, justmegktg oèigbrg, kl slimegktg olel gxpgrhegktm`lr, pgrl múk olel elrmihstm y chiÿslcl, prlog`hÿ m =4 im igoturm `g uk trmbmjl slbrg gi ’trmksg, l eg`hukh`m`g `g hkolrplrmohlkgs―. Prms nmbgr gkuegrm`l ’ukm sgrhg `g gxpgrhgkohms mtgstm`ms plr eís `g vghktg tgsthdls olepgtgktgs, ims oumigs msgdurmrlk qug ils ngonls rgvgim`ls plr im _rm. Pnlepslk slkmebuihzm`m igs grmk mbsliutmegktg `gsolkloh`ls y gvh`gkohmvme gi omríotgr y trmåmk gi rgougr`l `g ohgrtms pgrslkms eugrtms, `g ims oumigs ils `hotm`ls lbtgkh`ls mchrembmk prlvgkhr―, mså olkoiuygèi: ’Mchrel qug gsm susthtuohÿk `g pgrslkmih`m`, l hkolrplrmohÿk `g gspårhtu, l plssgssïl, sgýmim vgr`m`grmegktg uk prldrgsl gk im gvliuohÿk `g kugstrm rmzm. Mchrel qug gxhstg uk gspårhtu gk gi nlebrg, y qug gs smiutmr y `gsgmbig qug gsg gspårhtu, olel sg hkchgrg `g tmigs ngonls, sgm ompmz `g `gsprgk`grsg pmrohmi y tgeplrmiegktg `g su lrdmkhsel, il qug ig cmouitmråm ukm ihbgrtm` y vhshÿk eís gxtgksms, mi thgepl qug pgrehthråm mi gspårhtu `g uk `gsgkomrkm`l nmogr usl `g gsg lrdmkhsel, `gjm`l elegktíkgmegktg ihbrg, pmrm gktrmr gk oleukhomohÿk olk ils ltrls gspårhtus múk gkomrkm`ls gk im Phgrrm. Juzdl pl`gr msgdurmr qug euonls olklohehgktls ym sg nmk m`quhrh`l gk gsg `lehkhl y qug euonls ltrls rgstmk múk m m`quhrhr pmrm gi cuturl.― Gk im quhktm sgoohÿk `g gsg Olkdrgsl cugrlk olksmdrm`ms trgs sgshlkgs m ils ehsels gstu`hls. Ils @rs. Vmui Dhbhgr, `hrgotlr `gi Hksthtutl Mkth-Ríbhol `g Kugvm Xlra1 @mrtgux, `hrgotlr `g ils ’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonhqugs―1 Gkomussg, Jlhrg, Vmsomi, gto., rgehthgrlk l prgsgktmrlk pgrslkmiegktg trmbmjls euy `louegktm`ls, qug gstmbigogk im rgmih`m` `g ils cgkÿegkls psåquhols y im oleukhomohÿk plshbig olk ils eugrtls. Wk hksthtutl hktgrkmohlkmi pmrm gi gstu`hl `g ils cgkÿegkls psåquhols, gktrg ltrls ils `g im eg`hukh`m`g, cug lrdmkhzm`l mi tgrehkmr gi Olkdrgsl `g Vsholildåm. Gktrg ils ehgebrls `g im olehshÿk `hrgotlrm gkolktrmels, gk gi qug tlom m Crmkohm, ils klebrgs `g ils _rs. Rhongt, prlcgslr `g im Cmouitm` `g Eg`hohkm y `hrgotlr `g im ’Rgvug _ohgkthchqug―1 gi Olrlkgi @g Rloms, O. Cimeemrhlk, gi @r. @uoimux, `hrgotlr `gi Hksthtutl =4

Sgr im ’Rgsgknm `g ims sgshlkgs `gi HS Olkdrgsl Hktgrkmohlkmi `g Vsholildåm―, píds. ==? m =2=, r gprlùoh`m plr im ’Rgvug _ohgkthchqug gt Elrmig ù _phråthseg―, lotubrg `g =866, píd. 2=?1 sgpthgebrg `g =86 2, píd. =7>.

=? | V í d h k m


=86?

Vmstgur1 _uiiy-Vru`nleeg, Cluhiièg, Bgrdslk, _èmhiigs, gto.1 gk gi gxtrmkjgrl, tl`l il qug `g eís hiustrg plsgg m Gurlpm gktrg ils rgprgsgktmktgs `g im ohgkohm psåquhom: T. Orllags, Il`dg, Masmalc, Ilebrlsl, @r. Lonlrlwhoz, gto. Ltrms heplrtmktgs tgsthchomä÷gs gk cmvlr `gi Gsphrhthsel cugrlk prgstm`ms gsg mýl `g =866. Gi @r. Bmyli, mkthdul dlbgrkm`lr `gi @mnlegy, trmksehthÿ mi OlkdrgslGspårhtm y Gsphrhtumihstm, rgukh`l gk Vmrås gi egs `g sgpthgebrg, im kmrrmthvm `g ukm sgrhg olepigtm `g gxpgrhgkohms `g emtgrhmihzmä÷gs, `gs`g im mpmrhäïl `g ukm clrem iuehklsm nmstm gi eli`g, gk pmrmchkm, `g uk rlstrl `g Gspårhtu, qug `hog èi sgr il `g Mogiim, jlvgk rlemkm cmiigoh`m gk Mrigs, gi thgepl `g ils Mktlkhkls. Ils @lotlrgs Blkkgt, Onmzmrmhk, @usmrt, `g im => Cmouitm` `g Vmrås, gxnhbhgrlk tgsthelkhls `g im ehsem kmturmigzm y prugbms `g h`gkth`m` `g Gspårhtus. Gi prlcgslr Onmrigs Rhongt, `g im Mom`gehm `g Eg`hohkm `g Vmrås, gk uk imrdl mrtåouil bmjl gi tåtuil ’_g `gbg gstu`hmr gi Gsphrhthsel―, pubihom`l gk ils ’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonhqugs― `g gkgrl `g =867, rgolklog qug ’khkdukm olktrm`hoohÿk gxhstg gktrg im ohgkohm oiíshom y gi eís gxtrmlr`hkmrhl cgkÿegkl `g Gsphrhthsel. Im prlphm emtgrhmihzmäïl ‟ `hog èi ‟ gs uk cgkÿegkl gxtrmýl, `gsolkloh`l, hkushtm`l, pgrl gs =8 uk cgkÿegkl qug km`m olktrm`hog. X kl`ls smbgels, plr gi tgsthelkhl `g im Nhstlrhm, qug im Ohgkohm motumi sg oleplkg `g ngonls qug ltrlrm pmrgohgrlk gxtrmýls, `gsolkloh`ls, hkushtm`ls... Pmk hkvuikgrívgi gs im Ohgkohm oumk`l gstmbigog ngonls, quïl `gpilrmbigegktg sujgtm m grrmr oumk`l prgtgk`g gstmbigogr kgdmohlkgs.― X gi _r. Onmrigs Rhongt mså tgrehkm: ’=º- Kl nmy olktrm`hoohÿk midukm gktrg ils ngonls y tglråms `gi Gsphrhthsel y ils ngonls plshthvls gstmbigoh`ls plr im Ohgkohm. ’2º- Gi kúegrl `g ils gsorhtls, egelrhms, ihbrls, kmrrmohlkgs, kltms, gxpgrhgkohms, gs tmk olksh`grmbig y chrem`l plr mutlrh`m`gs tmigs, qug kl gs ihohtl rgonmzmr gsls hkolktmbigs `louegktls shk uk gstu`hl prlcuk`hzm`l. ’?º- Kugstrm ohgkohm olktgeplríkgm sg nmiim tmk plol m`gimktm`m múk rgimthvmegktg mi qug sgrík uk `åm ils olklohehgktls nuemkls, qug tl`l gs plshbig, múk il qug eís gxtrmlr`hkmrhl sg gk ils mchdurm... Gk iudmr, plr il tmktl, `g pmrgogr hdklrgk gi Gsphrhthsel, ils smbhls il `gbgk gstu`hmr. Cåshols, quåehols, chshlildhstms, chiÿslcls, ouepig qug sg `gk mi trmbmjl `g tlemr olklohehgktl `g ils ngonls gspårhtms. Wk imrdl y írùl gstu`hl gs kgogsmrhl. _grí hkù`mbigegktg crutulsl.― Vlol `gspuès `gi mrtåouil `gi _r. Onmrigs Rhongt, ukm lbrm heplrtmktg mpmrgoåm, qug tuvl drmk rgpgroushÿk 26 gk tl`l gi euk`l: ’Nuemk Vgrslkmihty―, `g C. Eygrs, prlcgslr `g Omebrh`dg. G_ uk gstu`hl prlcuk`l y egtÿ`hol `g ils cgkÿegkls gspårhtms, chrem`l gk ukm lpuigktm `louegktmohÿk y rgemtm`l plr ukm såktgshs chilsÿchom gk qug slk emdhstrmiegktg gxpugstms ims vmstms olksgougkohms `g im ohgkohm psåquhom. =>

Sgr im ’Rgsgknm `gi Olkdrgsl Gspårhtm y Gsphrhtumihstm―, `g =866, píds. 20= y shduhgktgs. Im Nhstlrhm hdumiegktg gk ils mtgstm qug kl slk `gsolkloh`ls, olel mchrem gi prlcgslr Rhongt, ils cgkÿegkls `g mpmrhäïl y `g emtgrhmihzmäïl. 26 Prmùoh`m plr gi @r. _ mkagigvhton y pubihom`m gk crmkoès olk gi tåtuil ’Im Vgrslkkmihtè Nuemhkg― (’Im Vgrslkmih`m` Nuemkm―) rgùoh`m m uk sÿil vliuegk. Im g`hohÿk hkdigsm gs gk `ls, hk >º, C. Miomk, g`htlr, =867 . =8

=0 | V í d h k m


=86?

Ims olkoiushlkgs `g Crg`grho Eygrs slk clremigs: ’Im lbsgrvmohÿk y im gxpgrhegktmohÿk ‟ `hog èi ‟ hkùjgrlk euonls hkvgsthdm`lrgs, m ouyl kúegrl pgrtgkgzol (lc wnle H me lkg), m orggr gk im oleukhomohÿk, mså `hrgotm olel tgigpíthom, kl sÿil gktrg ils Gspårhtus `g ils vhvls, pgrl gktrg ils Gspårhtus `g ils qug pgremkgogk gk gstg euk`l y ils qug il mbmk`lkmrlk.―2= Gi prlcgslr Cilurkly, `g im Wkhvgrsh`m` `g Dhkgbrm, gk su hibrl ’Gspårhtus y Eè`huks―, pídhkm 233, mprgohm gk gstls tèrehkls im lbrm `g C. Eygrs: ’Km`hg pug`g prgvgr motumiegktg qug sugrtg rgsgrvmrí gi cuturl m im `lotrhkm gspårhtm `g Eygrs. _h ims vhk`lurms `gsoubhgrtms olkchregk su tgshs `g im hktgrvgkohÿk, gepårhomegktg vgrhchoívgi, `g ils `gsgkomrkm`ls, gk im trmem cåshom l psholiÿdhom `g kugstrl euk`l cgklegkmi, su klebrg gktlkogs sgrí hksorhtl gk gi ihbrl íurgl `g ils drmk`gs hkhohm`lrgs y, mi im`l `g ils `g Olpèrkhol y @mrwhk, olepigtmrí im tråm`m `g ils dgkhls qug eís prlcuk`megktg rgvliuohlkmrlk gi pgksmehgktl ohgktåchol gk im lr`gk olseliÿdhom, bhliÿdhom y psholiÿdhom.―. @g =867 m =86> gi Hksthtutl Dgkgrmi Vsholiÿdhol`g Vmrås tleÿ im hkhohmthvm `g uk drmk kúegrl `gsgshlkgs gxpgrhegktmigs, olk gi olkoursl `g im eè`hue Gusíphm Vmim`hkl y bmjl im hkspgoohÿk `g ils _rs. Ourhg, Rhongt, @'Mrslkvmi, @ubhgrkg, gto. Gi hkclreg `gi sgorgtmrhl `gi Hksthtutl, _r. Olurthgr, mukqug iigkl `g rgthoêkohms y rgsgrvms, olkshdkm, shk gebmrdl, qug cgkÿegkls `g igvhtmäïl y `gspimzmehgktl `g lbjgtls, shk olktmotl, sg prlùjgrlk gk gi oursl `g ims sgshlkgs. Cugrlk tlem`ms tl`ms ims prgomuohlkgs olktrm ims plshbhih`m`gs `g grrlr l crmu`g. Hkstruegktls gspgohmigs cugrlk cmbrhom`ls y uthihzm`ls gk gi rgdhstrl egoíkhol `g ils cgkÿegkls. Wkm hkogsmktg chsomihzmohÿk cug gjgroh`m y gi gepigl `g mpmrmtls cltldríchols pgrehthÿ migjmr oumiquhgr nhpÿtgshs `g miuohkmäïl oligothvm. Pgkhgk`l gi _r. @ubhgrkg `honl, gk ukm `g ims sgshlkgs, qug ’Jlnk―, gi Gspårhtu-duåm `g Gusíphm, pl`åm qugbrmr im egsm, sg lyÿ hkeg`hmtmegktg pmrthrsg ukl `g ils phgs `g gstm. Gusíphm muegktmbm y `hsehkuåm m im dmkm gi prlphl pgsl y il `g im egsm. M Im `hstmkohm `g 07 ogktåegtrls prlùjl im rupturm `g uk tubl `g dlem g nhzl qugbrmrsg uk iíphz. ]ugbrÿ gk trgs pg`mzls ukm pgqugým egsm `g em`grm, olilom`m mtrís `g su shiim, mkukohmk`l prgvhmegktg gi kúegrl `g ils crmdegktls, olsm hkoleprggksåvgi, ukm vgz qug giim gstmbm gk im lbsourh`m`g y `g ouil vugitms pmrm im egsm.22 M pgsmr `g gsls ngonls, gi @r. Ig Blk imkzm m ils gspårhtms y m ils eè`huks, gk gi ’Emthk― `g 26 `g emyl `g =86>, gi shduhgktg rgtl: ’Mukqug `goimrg gi prlcgslr Elrsèiih qug gi igvmktmehgktl `g ukm egsm, shk olktmotl, gs gi „MBO‘ `g ils cgkÿegkls gspårhtms, ù`l euy qug sg pug`m prlùohr... Lcgrtl 766 crmkols m quhèk elstrmreg gi cgkÿegkl gk pigkm iuz.― Midukls `åms `gspuès, uk pgrhl`hstm euy olkloh`l, gi _r. Elktlrdughi, rgsplk`åm gk im ’I'Goimhr―: ’_lels ogktgkmrgs ils qug ngels vhstl cgkÿegkls `g igvhtmäïl `g egsms, Ils vhgkgk mnlrm `gohr qug nmy sudgrgkohm, prgsth`hdhtmäïl, mrthcåohl. M gjgepil `gi _r. shk Ig olktmotl. Blk, lcgrtl 766 crmkols mi prgsth`hdhtm`lr qug prgsgktmrsg gk im ’I'Èoimhr― y gk ils gkdmýmr olk ils ehsels mrthcåohls, rgprlùohgk`l ils ehsels cgkÿegkls.―

2= 22

’Nuemk Vgrslkmihty―, tlel HH, píd. 2>4 . Sgr ’Bligtåk `gi Hksthtutl Dgkgrmi Vsholiÿdhol― , `g `hohgebrg `g =86>, y im lbrm `g Oèsmr Ilebrlsl, ’Nhpklthsel y Gsphrhthsel―.

=7 | V í d h k m


=86?

Gi mstrÿklel O. Cimeemrhlk, plr su pmrtg, rgsplk`åm gk gi ’Emthk― mi _r. Ig Blk: ’Gk eh lbrm „Cugrzms Kmturmigs @gsolkloh`ms‘, sg gkougktrmk cltldrmcåms `hrgotms y shk rgtlqugs, m ouyl prlpÿshtl gstly tmebhèk pgrcgotmegktg `hspugstl m `mr uk prgehl `g 766 crmkols m quhèk sgm ompmz `g gk giims `gsoubrhr oumiquhgr mrthcåohl.― X m`gimktg `hog: ’_g vgk rltmohlkgs sg lpgrgk shk olktmotl, nmbhgk`l sh`l im nmrhkm gspmroh`m olel plr ukl slpil `g clig y shk qug `g`l midukl m nubhgrm tlom`l... @urmktg gsms gxpgrhgkohms vgåmels uk phmkl, `gi pgsl `g ?66 quhildrmems, `gscgrhr slkh`ls y igvmktmrsg, oumk`l m su phg nmbåm sÿil uk khýl `g lkog mýls, eè`hue shk gi smbgr.― Chkmiegktg, gi @r. Lonlrlwhoz, prlcgslr `g im Wkhvgrsh`m` `g Smrsÿvhm, pubihombm gk ils ’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonhqugs― `g =8=6 (vgr im oligoohÿk olepigtm `g gsg mýl) im kmrrmthvm `g sus gxpgrhgkohms olk im eè`hue _rtm. Pleszhoa, molepmým`m `g rgprlùoohlkgs cltldríchoms `g kuegrlsls omsls `g igvhtmäïl `g lbjgtls shk olktmotl. Gsls ngonls rgprgsgktmk uk olkjuktl `g prugbms lbjgthvms ompmogs `g, plr su kmturmigzm, olkvgkogr ils eís gsoèpthols. Gi prlcgslr Oèsmr Ilebrlsl, `g im Wkhvgrsh`m` `g Purhe, oèigbrg gk gi euk`l gktgrl plr sus trmbmjls `g mktrlplildåm orhehkmihstm, pubihombm gk =8=6, plol mktgs `g su eugrtg, uk ihbrl, hkthtuim`l ’Nhpklthsel y Gsphrhthsel―,2? gk qug rgimtmbm tl`ms sus gxpgrhgkohms, prlsgduh`ms ùrmktg mýls, y olkoiuåm gk uk sgkth`l mbsliutmegktg mchremthvl, bmjl gi puktl `g vhstm gspårhtm. Gsm lbrm gs uk bgiil gjgepil `g prlbh`m`g ohgktåchom, m lplkgr mi prgjuhohl y m ims lphkhlkgs ruthkmrhms `g im emylr pmrtg `g ils smbhls crmkogsgs. Juzdmels `gbgr mquå rgprlùohr ims olksh`grmohlkgs qug hkùjgrlk Ilebrlsl m gsorhbhr: ’Oumk`l eg `hspusg m gsorhbhr uk ihbrl ‟ `hog èi `g ‟ slbrg ils cgkÿegkls `gklehkm`ls gspårhtms, mi tèrehkl `g ukm gxhstgkohm olksmdrm`m mi `gsmrrliil im Vshquhmtrhm y `g im Mktrlplildåm, ehs egjlrgs mehdls eg mombruknmrme `g lbjgä÷gs, `hohgk`l qug yl hbm m mrruhkmr eh rgputmohÿk. M pgsmr `g tl`l, kl ngshtè gk prlsgduhr, olksh`grmk`l eh `gbgr rgemtmr im iuonm gk qug eg nubg gepgým`l plr gi prldrgsl`g ims h`gms, iuonmk`l plr im eís olktgstm`m y gsomrkgoh`m h`gm `gi shdil.― * Mså, `åm m `åm ims gxpgrhgkohms sg rgphtgk, ils tgsthelkhls sg nmogk om`m vgz eís kuegrlsls. Pl`ls gsls ngonls olksthtuygk ym, gk su olkjuktl, ukm kugvm ohgkohm, bmsm`m gk gi eètl`l plshthvl. Vmrm g`hchomr su `lotrhkm, gi el`grkl Gsphrhtumihsel kl tuvl kgogsh`m` `g rgourrhr m im gspgouimohÿk egtmcåshom1 ig cug suchohgktg mplymrsg gk im lbsgrvmohÿk y gk im gxpgrhgkohm. Kl pu`hgk`l ils cgkÿegkls qug èi gstu`hm gxpihomrsg plr igygs olkloh`ms, imrdm y plk`grm`megktg ils gxmehkÿ y mkmihzÿ y, gksgduh`m, plr gkom`gkmehgktl rmohlkmi, `g ils gcgotls rgelktÿ m ims omusms. Im hktgrvgkohÿk `g ils Gspårhtus, im gxhstgkohm `gi ougrpl ciuå`hol, im gxtgrhlrhzmäïl `g ils vhvls kl cugrlk mchrem`ms shkl `gspuès qug ils ngonls vhkhgrlk, m ils ehigs, `gelstrmr su rgmih`m`. Im kugvm ohgkohm gsphrhtumihstm kl gs, pugs, lbrm `g hemdhkmäïl1 gs gi rgsuitm`l `g imrdms y pmohgktgs hkvgsthdmohlkgs, gi crutl `g hkolktmbigs hkvgsthdmohlkgs. Ils nlebrgs qug ims geprgk`hgrlk slk olkloh`ls gk tl`ms ims gscgrms ohgktåchoms: slk plrtm`lrgs `g klebrgs oèigbrgs y momtm`ls.. @urmktg mýls nmk sh`l gcgotum`ms rhdurlsms pgrquhrhä÷gs plr olehshlkgs `g smbhls prlcgshlkmigs. Ims eís olkloh`ms slk gi hktgrrldmtlrhl `g im _lohg`m` @hmièothom `g Ilk`rgs, il `g im _lohg`m` `g Hkvgsthdmohlkgs 2?

Oèsmr Ilebrlsl, ‟ ’Nhpklthsel y Gsphrhthsel―, trmùoohÿk Rlsshdkgu x, prgcíohl.

=3 | V í d h k m


=86?

Vsåquhoms, qug sg emkthgkg nmog vghktg mýls y nm prlùoh`l olksh`grmbigs rgsuitm`ls, y, eís rgohgktgegktg, il `gi _r. Cimeemrhlk. Pl`ls rgdhstrmk ehigs `g lbsgrvmohlkgs, slegth`ms mi eís sgvgrl gxmegk, m ims eís gsorupuilsmsvgrhchomohlkgs. _gm ouíi sgm im pmrtg qug sg pug`m mtrhbuhr m ims gxmdgrmä÷gs, crmu`g l gebustg, `gi olkjuktl `g gsls gstu`hls sg `gstmom uk kúegrl tmk heplkgktg `g ngonls y `g prugbms qug ym kl gs iåohtl, trms gsl, m quhgk prgzg im vgr`m`, pgremkgogr shigkohlsl l hk`hcgrgktg. Vmsÿ gi thgepl `g ims hrlkhms igvhmkms. Gi `gs`èe kl gs ukm sliuohÿk. G_ prgohsl qug im Ohgkohm sg prlkukohg, plrqug gi cgkÿegkl mnå gstí, rgvhsthgk`l tmktls mspgotls, euithpihoík`lsg `g tmi el`l, qug sg heplkg su mtgkohÿk. Gi miem, ihbrg g hkelrtmi, kl eís sg mchrem olel gkth`m` vmomktg g h`gmi, pgrl olel uk sgr rgmi, mslohm`l m ukm clrem y prlùotlr `g ukm cugrzm suthi ouym emkhcgstmohÿk olkstmktg slihohtm im mtgkohÿk `g ils hkvgsthdm`lrgs. @gs`g ims pmkom`ms y ils shepigs ngonls `g thptlildhm nmstm ims mpmrhä÷gs emtgrhmihzm`ms, gi cgkÿegkl gspårhtm sg `gspigdÿ, bmjl clrems om`m vgz eís heplkgktgs, iigvmk`l im olkvhoohÿk m ils eís gsoèpthols y eís `gsolkchm`ls. G_ gi chk `gi slbrgkmturmi y `gi ehimdrl1 pgrl `g gsg olkjuktl `g ngonls, tmk mkthduls olel im prlphm Nuemkh`m`, nmstm mquå mpgkms lbsgrvm`ls y oleprgk`h`ls, rgsuitm mnlrm ukmolkogpohÿk eís mitm `g im vh`m y `gi Wkhvgrsl y gi olklohehgktl `g ukm igy suprgem qug vm duhmk`l ils sgrgs, gk su msogksl m trmvès `g ils gspigk`lrgs `gi hkchkhtl, pmrm gi bhgk, pmrm gi pgrcgotl!

HH

- Im Emronm Msogkshlkmi: Ils Eètl`ls `g Gstu`hl. 20 Im rgukhÿk `gi Olkdrgsl Gspårhtm y Gsphrhtumihstm Hktgrkmohlkmi `g Vmrås, gk =866, pgrehthÿ oleprlbmr- sh im vhtmih`m`g shgeprg orgohgktg `gi Gsphrhthsel. @gigdm`ls vgkh`ls `g tl`ls ils puktls `gi euk`l, rgprgsgktmktgs `g ils eís `hvgrsls pugbils gk èi gxpushgrlk ils prldrgsls `g ims h`gms gk sus rgspgothvls pmåsgs, su emronm msogkshlkmi emil drm`l m ils lbstíouils, m ims ruh`lsms olkvgrshlkgs qug lpgrm, tmktl gktrg ils ehgebrls `g im Hdigshm olel gktrg ils smbhls emtgrhmihstms. H`èkthomegktg suog`hÿ gk gi Olkdrgsl `g Brusgims, gk =8=6. Cug hksthtuh`m ukm Mdgkohm (Buromu) Hktgrkmohlkmi, olk gi chk `g gstmbigogr pgremkgktgs rgimohlkgs gktrg ims mdrgehmä÷gs `g ils `hcgrgktgs pmåsgs y ouonmrm hkclremohlkgs mogrom `gi elvhehgktl gspårhtm gk gi euk`lgktgrl.

M pgsmr `g ims kgdmohlkgs y elcmråms, im orggkohm gspårhtm sg clrthchom y gkdrmk`gog. M Im eg`h`m, shk gebmrdl, qug sg prlpmdm, sg nmog eís mogsm im iuonm gktrg kgdm`lrgs y gkdrgå`ls. Gi euk`l vhgjl sg slbrgssmitm1 shèktgsg megkmzm`l. Im iuonm plr im vh`m kl gs eís vhligktm qug gi olkcihotl `g ims h`gms. Im h`gm mkthoum`m, hkolepigtm, sg mdmrrm `gsgspgrm`megktg m ims plshohlkgs m`quhrh`ms y rgshstg m ils gscugrzls `g im h`gm kugvm, qug quhgrg loupmr su iudmr mi _li. Ims rgshstgkohms sg gxpihomk plr ils hktgrgsgs `g tl`m ukm lr`gk `g olsms qug sg shgktg olebmth`m. Phgkgk su uthih`m`, plrqug nmogk eís mthim`ls ils hkklvm`lrgs, eís plk`grm`ls ilsprldrgsls `gi gspårhtunuemkl. Lrm, gi gspårhtu nuemklthgkg olel pmrtg hktgdrmktg `g su `gsthkl `gstruhr y rgolkstruhr shgeprg. Prmbmjm hkogsmktgegktg gk im g`hchomäïl `g gspiêk`h`ls elkuegktls, qug ig sgrvhrík `g mbrhdl, pgrl qug, ngonls hksuchohgktgs `gktrl gk plol, `gbgrík sgr susthtuh`ls plr lbrms, olkogpohlkgs eís vmstms, mprlphm`ms m su olkstmktg `gsmrrliil.

20

Sgr im ’Rgsgknm `gi Olkdrgsl Gspårhtm y Gsphrhtumihstm―, `g =866, Igyemrhg, g`htlr.

=4 | V í d h k m


=86?

Pl`ls ils `åms `gsmpmrgogk hk`hvhùmih`m`gs, shstgems suegrdgk gk im iuonm. Vgrl gk eg`hl `g ims ciuotumohlkgs tgrrgstrgs gi duhÿk `g im vgr`m` sg `gspigdm, trmzm`l plr im emkl `g @hls, y im Nuemkh`m` shdug gi ruebl `g sus hkgiutívghs `gsthkls. Gi Gsphrhthsel, utlpåm `g mygr, sgrí im vgr`m` `g emýmkm. Olk giim cmehihmrhzm`ls, kugstrls pÿstgrls livh`mrík ims iuonms, ils sucrhehgktls `g ils qug ig nmbrík msgdurm`l im plshohÿk mi euk`l1 m su turkl, shk gebmrdl, tgk`rík qug sucrhr y olebmthr plr im vhotlrhm `g uk h`gmi eís gigvm`l. G_ im igy gtgrkm `gi prldrgsl, im igy `gi msogksl qug olkùog gi miem nuemkm, `g gstmkohm gk gstmkohm, `g olkquhstm gk olkquhstm, m ukm suem shgeprg emylr `g iuz, `g gxpgrhgkohm y `g ohgkohm. G_ im rmzÿk ehsem `g im vh`m, im h`gm eítgr qug `hrhdg im gvliuohÿk `g ims miems y `g ils euk`ls. * M eg`h`m qug gi Gsphrhthsel sg `hvuidm, eís hepgrhlsm sg nmog sgkthr im kgogsh`m` `g gstmbigogr rgdims plshthvms, olk`hohlkgs sgrhms `g gstu`hl y gxpgrhegktmohÿk. G_ prgohsl gvhtmr m ils m`gptls memrdms `gogpohlkgs y m tl`ls nmdm moogshbigs ilseg`hls príothols `g gktrmr gk rgimohÿk olk gi euk`l hkvhshbig. Nmy `ls eg`hls pmrm m`quhrhrsg im ohgkohm `g m`geís-túeuil: `g uk im`l gi gstu`hl gxpgrhegktmi, `g ltrl im hktuhäïl y gi rmohloåkhl, `g qug sÿil ims hktgihdgkohms gxgrohtm`ms smbgk y pug`gk uthihzmr -sg. Im gxpgrhegktmohÿk gs prgcgrh`m plr im drmk emylråm `g kugstrls olktgeplríkgls.Gstí eís gk olkslkmkohm olk ils níbhtls `gi euk`l looh`gktmi, bhgk plol hkhohm`l múk gk gi olklohehgktl `g ims sgorgtms y prlcuk`ms ompmoh`m`gs `gi miem.. Ils cgkÿegkls cåshols bhgk oleprlbm`ls nmk, pmrm kugstrls smbhls, ukm heplrtmkohm hkhdumiívgi. Gk euonls nlebrgs kl pug`g im ù`m ogsmr kh gi pgksmehgktl ihbgrmrsg `gi gstm`l `g gktlrpgohegktl, shkl m pl`gr `gi ngonl. Gi ngonl brutmi, gi ngonl mutèkthol vhgkg subvgrtgr ims h`gms prgolkogbh`ms1 lbrhd m ils eís hk`hcgrgktgs m hkvgsthdmr gi prlbigem `g m`geís-túeuil. G_ kgogsmrhl cmohihtmr ims hkvgsthdmohlkgs gxpgrhegktmigs y gi gstu`hl `g ils cgkÿegkls cåshols, olksh`grík`lsg, shk gebmrdl, olel trmkshohÿk pmrm emkhcgstmohlkgs egkls thgrrm-im-thgrrm. Gsms emkhcgstmohlkgs, m im vgz hktgigotumigs y gsphrhtumigs, olksthtuygk gi im`l eís heplrtmktg `gi Gsphrhthsel. Gk sus vmrhm`ms clrems rgprgsgktmk ltrls tmktls eg`hls `g gksgýmkzm, ltrls tmktls gigegktls `g ukm rgvgimohÿk, slbrg im oumi sg g`hchom ukm klohÿk `g im vh`m cuturm eís mepihm y gigvm`m qug tl`ms ims olkogpohlkgs `gi pmsm`l. Gi nlebrg qugiilrm im pèr`h`m `g sgrgs omrls, `g qug im eugrtg il sgpmrÿ, busom mktgs `g tl`l ukm prugbm `g im supgrvhvgkohm gk im emkhcgstmohÿk `g gsms miems `higtms m su olrmzÿk y qug pmrm èi tmebhèk sg shgktgk mtrmå`ms plr gi melr. Wkm pmimbrm mcgtulsm, ukm prugbm elrmi, `g giims prlvgkhgktgs, nmrík euy eís pmrm olkvgkogr qug tl`ls ils cgkÿegkls emtgrhmigs. Nmstm mnlrm, pmrm im emylråm `g ils nlebrgs, im orggkohm gk im vh`m cuturm kl nmbåm sh`l eís qug vmdm nhpÿtgshs, cg lsohimktg m tl`ls ils gebmtgs `g im oråthom. Ims miems, trms sgpmrm`ms `g ils ougrpls, grmk sÿil m sus ljls gkth`m`gs mpgkms `gchkh`ms, rgoiuh`ms gk iudmrgs ohrouksorhtls, hkmothvms, shk lbjgthvl, shk rgimohlkgs plshbigs olk im Nuemkh`m`. Nly smbgels, `g ohgkohm olrrgotm, qug ils Gspårhtus `g ils eugrtls kls rl`gmk y sg hehsouge gk kugstrm vh`m. Ils mpmrgogk oÿel vgr`m`grls sgrgs nuemkls, prlvgkh`ls `g ougrpls suths, nmbhgk`l olksgrvm`l tl`ls ils sgkthehgktls `g im Phgrrm, susogtåvghs, shk gebmrdl, `g gigvmohÿk, tlemk`l pmrtg, `g clrem orgohgktg, gk im lbrm y gk gi => | V í d h k m


=86?

prldrgsl ukhvgrsmigs y plsgygk`l gkgrdåms olksh`grmbigegktg supgrhlrgs m ims `g qug `hsplkåmk gk su olk`hohÿk mkthdum `g gxhstgkohm. _mbgels qug im eugrtg kl lomshlkm omebhl midukm gsgkohmi m im kmturmigzm åkthem `gi sgr , qug pgremkgog, gk tl`ls ils eg`hls, il qug m så múk sg nhzl, iigvmk`l eís miií `gi túeuil sus tgk`gkohms, sus l`hls y mcgtls, sus vhrtu`gs l cimqugzms, olksgrvík`lsg olkgotm`l plr gi olrmzÿk m ils qug gk im Phgrrm meÿ, shgeprg mkshlsl plr mprlxhemrsg `g giils. Im hktuhäïl prlcuk`m kls rgvgim im prgsgkohm `g ils mehdls hkvhshbigs y, gk uk olrrgotl iåehtg, kls pgrehtåm gk kugstrl clrl hktgrkl olrrgsplk`grkls olk giils. Im gxpgrhegktmohÿk vm eís igjls: prlplrohlkm eg`hls oleukhomohlkmigs plshthvls y gvh`gktgs1 gstmbigog gktrg ils `ls euk`ls, gi vhshbig y gi louitl, ukm oleuknïl qug sg vm mepihmk`l m eg`h`m qug ims cmouitm`gs eg`húkhoms sg euithpihomk y pgrcgoohlkmk. Clrtmigog ils imzls `g slih`mrh`m` qug vhkouimk ims `ls Nuemkh`m`gs y igs pgrehtg, plr eg`hl `g olkstmktgs rgimohlkgs, plr olkthkum pgreutm `g h`gms, olebhkmr sus cugrzms, sus msphrmohlkgs oleukgs, lrhgktmrims gk gi sgkth`l `guk ehsel drmk`hlsl lbjgthvl y trmbmjmr olkjuktmegktg plr m`quhrhr eís iuz, eís gigvmohÿk elrmi y, olksgduhktgegktg, eís cgihoh`m` pmrm im drmk cmehihm `g ims miems, `g qug nlebrgs y Gspårhtus slk ehgebrls. Cugrzm gs, shk gebmrdl, rgolklogr qug im príothom gxpgrhegktmi `gi Gsphrhthsel gs hkäm`m `g `hchouitm`gs. Gxhdg omih`m`gs `g qug kl slk `ltm`ls euonls nlebrgs: gspårhtu `g eètl`l, pgrsgvgrmkäm, pgrsphoíohm, gigvmohÿk `g pgksmehgktls y `g sgkthehgktls. Midukls sÿil iigdmk m m`quhrhr im ol`hohm`m ogrtgzm, trms rgpgth`ls hksuogssls1 ltrls im miomkzmk `g uk jmtl, plr gi olrmzÿk, plr gi melr. Gstls hkomutmk im vgr`m` shk gscugrzl, y `g giim km`m eís ils olkshdug `gsvhmr. _å, im Ohgkohm gs emdkåchom1 gk giim gkougktrmk hkchkhtms smthscmoohlkgs ils hkvgsthdm`lrgs pgrsgvgrmktgs, m quhgkgs og`l l tmr`g suehkhstrmrí giim im bmsg gk qug ims olkvhoohlkgs sÿih`ms sg cuk`mk. _hk gebmrdl, m gsm ohgkohm purmegktg hktgigotumi, qug gstu`hm úkhomegktg ils ougrpls, gs kgogsmrhl, pmrm msgdurmrig gi gquhihbrhl, mým`hr ukm ltrm qug sg loupm `gi miem y `g sus cmouitm`gs mcgthvms. G_ il qug nhzl gi Gsphrhthsel, qug kl gs slimegktg ukm ohgkohm `g lbsgrvmohÿk, pgrl tmebhèk `g sgkthehgktly `g melr, pugs qug sg `hrhdg m im vgz m im hktgihdgkohm y mi olrmzÿk. Vlr gsl gs plr il qug ils smbhls lchohmigs, nmbhtum`ls m ims gxpgrhgkohms plshthvms, lpgrmk`l olk hkstruegktls `g prgohshÿk y bmsík`lsg gk oíiouils emtgeíthols, lbthgkgk rgsuitm`ls egkls cíohiegktg y sg cmthdmk `gprhsm gk prgsgkohm `gi omríotgr cudh`hl `g ils cgkÿegkls. Ims omusms eúithpigs gk moohÿk gk gsg `lehkhl, im heplshbhih`m` `g rgprlùohr ils ngonls m im dmkm, ims hkogrthùebrgs, ims `gogpohlkgs ils `gsolkohgrtmk y nmogk gselrgogr. * Rmrls cugrlk, gk Crmkohm, ùrmktg euonl thgepl, gk ils oårouils lchohmigs, ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs gemkohpm`ls `g ims oiíshoms ruthkms y `ltm`ls `g ims omih`m`gs kgogsmrhms pmrm geprgk`gr olk èxhtl gsms `gihom`ms lbsgrvmohlkgs. Pl`ls ils qug prlog`hgrlk olk pgrsgvgrmkäm g hepmrohmih`m` pu`hgrlk vgrhchomr im rgmih`m` `g ims emkhcgstmohlkgs `g ils `gklehkm`ls eugrtls. Mi pubihomr, shk gebmrdl, ils rgsuitm`ls `g sus hkvgsthdmohlkgs, sÿil `gcrlktmrme gk im emylråm `g ims vgogs olk im hkorgùih`m`g, im hk`hcgrgkohm l m elcmråm.. Ils nlebrgs `g ohgkohm, pmrm gxpihomr ils ngonls gspårhtms, thgkgk melktlm`l shstgems slbrg shstgems y rgourrh`l m ims eís hkvgrlssåeghs nhpÿtgshs, tlrturmk`l ils cgkÿegkls pmrm ils molel`mr gk gi igonl `g Vrloustl `g sus olkogpohlkgs. =8 | V í d h k m


=86?

@g mnå im orgmohÿk `g tmktms shkduimrgs tglråms, `gs`g gi eúsouil rmkdg`lr `g Jlbgrt `g Imebmiig, ims bhsmdrms gstmimktgs, gi mutlemthsel psholiÿdhol, ims miuohkmä÷gs oligothvms, nmstm m `g gi subihehkmi. Gsms tglråms, ehi vgogs rgcutm`ms, rgkmsoge hkogsmktgegktg. @hr-sg-hbm qug ils rgprgsgktmktgs `g im ohgkohm lchohmi km`m rgoghme tmktl olel sgr lbihdm`ls m rgolklogr im supgrvhvgkohm g hktgrvgkohÿk `g ils Gspårhtus. M bugk sgdurl, gs pru`gktg y `g bugk mvhsl gxmehkmr tl`ms ims gxpihomohlkgs olktrmrhms, mdltmr tl`ms ims nhpÿtgshs, tl`ms ims ltrms plshbhih`m`gs, mktgs `g rgourrhr m im tglråm gspårhtm. Mi olehgkzl, ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs, gk su emylr pmrtg, gktgk`hgrlk pl`gr `hspgksmrim1 m im eg`h`m, shk gebmrdl, qug `g eís ogrom gxmehkmbmk gi cgkÿegkl, oleprgk`åmk qug grmk hksuchohgktgs ims ltrms tglråms y clrälsl sg nmoåm rgourrhr m im gxpihomohÿk tmk `gs`gým`m.27 Ils ltrls shstgems sg gsblrlmvme ukl m ukl bmjl im prgshÿk `g ils ngonls. M pgsmr `g tl`ms ims `hchouitm`gs, plol m plol cug mvuitmk`l gi kúegrl `g ils hkvgsthdm`lrgs olksohgkohlsls, `g ils qug tgkåmk gi gspårhtu bmstmktg ihbrg y gi miem suchohgktgegktg gigvm`m pmrm olilomr im vgr`m` plr gkohem `g tl`ms ims olksh`grmohlkgs `g gsougim l `g hktgrès pgrslkmi. @åm m `åm sg nmk vhstl smbhls hktrèph`ls rlepmk olk gi eètl`l trm`hohlkmi y mblr`gk rgsliutmegktg gi gstu`hl `g ils cgkÿegkls, tgkhgk`l ym olksgduh`l hkolrplrmr im tgigpmthm, im oimrhvh`êkohm, im prgelkhohÿk y im gxtgrhlrhzmäïl `g ims cugrzms mi `lehkhl `g im ohgkohm `g lbsgrvmohÿk.. Olk gi Olrlkgi @g Rloms, Crmkohm loupm gi prhegr pimk gk gi gstu`hl `g im gxtgrhlrhzmäïl `g im sgkshbhih`m`. Cúk`mksg, plr tl`m pmrtg, slohg`m`gs `g gstu`hls psåquhols. Gi gsogpthohsel `g mktmýl sg mtgkúm. Gk ohgrtls elegktls, ukl slpil `g rgklvmohÿk pmrgog mkhemr gi vhgjl lrdmkhsel ohgktåchol. Kl kls chgels gk gsl, shk gebmrdl. Ils smbhls lchohmigs múk kl mblr`mrlk shk rgstrhoohlkgs gsg `lehkhl. Gi _r. @uoimux, kltmbig `hsoåpuil `g Vmstgur, il `goimrmbm gk su olkcgrgkohm `g hkmudurmohÿk `gi H ksthtutl Vsåquhol Hktgrkmohlkmi, m ?6 `g gkgrl `g =86=: ’Gstg Hksthtutl sgrí ukm lbrm `g oråthom eutum, tgkhgk`l plr bmsg im gxpgrhgkohm. Kl mèhthrí olel `gsoubrhehgktl ohgktåchol shkl m qug pug`m sgr, m im dmkm, rgpgth`m.― ]ug shdkhchomk gsms pmimbrms< Vug`gk rgprlùohrsg m im dmkm ils cgkÿegkls mstrlkðehols y egtglrliÿdhols< Mnå gstík, shk gebmrdl, ngonls ohgktåchols. Vlr què gsms rgsgrvms y gepgohinls< Gk euonls omsls gi cgkÿegkl gspårhtm sg prlùog olk ukm gsplktmkgh`m`g qug crustrm tl`ms ims prgvhshlkgs. Kl gs plshbig eís qug rgdhstrmril1 èi sg heplkg y gsompm m kugstrl `lehkhl. Vrlvlomh-il, y èi sg rgtrmhrí1 pgrl, sh kl pgksmrmhs eís gk tmi, gh-il qug rgmpmrgog. Pmigs slk omsh tl`ls ils omsls `g mpmrhä÷gs m im `hstmkohm y ils cgkÿegkls `g ims omsms mpgkms-mslebrm`ms. Ils cmktmsems surdgk y súegksg, hk`hcgrgktgs m kugstrms prgtgkshlkgs y gxhdgkohms. _g gspgrm ùrmktg nlrms y km`m sg prlùog1 ngonls ils prgpmrmthvls `g rgthrm`m, olehgkzmk ims emkhcgstmohlkgs. M prlpÿshtl `gi heprgvhstl `g ils cgkÿegkls, rgolr`gels il qug `goåm gi _r. Smrigy, hkdgkhgrl-jgcg `g ims iåkgms tgigdríchoms `g Drmk Brgtmým.23 ’Im _rm. Smrigy vg y rgolklog ils Gspårhtus, pmrthouimregktg oumk`l gstí gk trmksg (gstm`l `g slkmebuihsel iúoh`l)1 gs tmebhèk euy bugkm eè`hue `g hkolrplrmohÿk, pgrl slbrg giim yl kl 27 23

Cug gi omsl `g T. Orllags, Russgi Tmiimog, Il`dg, Masmalc, Eygrs, Nl`dme y ltrls euonls. ’Vrlogg`hkds lc tng _lohgty Vsyonhomi Rgsgmron―, vliuegk H H.

26 | V í d h k m


=86?

gjgrzl omsh khkdukm hkciugkohm pmrm prlvlomr gsg gstm`l, `g sugrtg qug eg gs heplshbig sgrvhreg `g su eg`hukh`m`g pmrm nmogr gxpgrhgkohms.― G_, pugs, uk el`l grrÿkgl `g gktgk`gr, cèrthi gk `gsmdrm`mbigs olksgougkohms, olksh`grmr gi Gsphrhthsel uk `lehkhl gk qug ils ngonls sg prgsgktgk shgeprg h`èkthols, gk qug pug`mk ils gigegktls `g gxpgrhegktmohÿk sgr `hspugstls m im dmkm. _g qug`m, `g gsg el`l, gxpugstl mi hkolkvgkhgktg `g emildrm`ms hkvgsthdmohlkgs, l im ouonmrm hkolngrgktgs rgsuitm`ls. Mpimu`hgk`l shkogrmegktg gi eÿvhi qug hepgig ils nlebrgs hkstruh`ls m gstu`hmr ils cgkÿegkls psåquhols, kl pl`gels pgrl subtrmhr-kls m uk olrrgotl rgogil: il `g vgr sg nmdmk gstèrhigs sus gscugrzls, sh giils sh kl `goh`gk m rgkukohmr m sus prgloupmohlkgs nmbhtumigs. Mquå gstí uk gjgepil. Gi _r. Onmrigs Rhongt, quggs uk gspårhtu rgsliutl y smdmz, trms nmbgr lbsgrvm`lrgpgth`ms vgogs ils ngonls prlùoh`ls olk Gusíphm Vmim`hkl y chrem`l ims rgsgknms qug mutgkthombmk su rgmih`m`, kl mombm plr olkcgsmr qug su olkvhoohÿk, mi olehgkzl prlcuk`m, sg gkcimqugog y sg nmog vmohimktg midúk thgepl `gspuès, bmjl gi hepgrhl `g ils níbhtls `g gspårhtu olktrmå`ls gkeg`hl qug ig gs cmehihmr< Gi púbihol euy gspgrm `gi klvgi hksthtutl y `g ils smbhls qug il oleplkgk. Prmtm -sh kl ym `g Vsholildåm gigegktmi, pgrl `g im eís mitm ougsthÿk qug jmeís nmbrí prgloupm`l gi pgksmehgktl nuemkl: gi prlbigem `gi `gsthkl. Im Nuemkh`m`, omksm`m `gi `ldemthsel rgihdhlsl, mtlregktm`m plr im kgogsh`m` `g smbgr, vlivg sus vhstms pmrm im Ohgkohm1 mdumr`m su vgrg`hotl `gchkhthvl, qug ig pgrehthrí lrhgktmr sus motls, chjmr sus lphkhlkgs y orggkohms.. Drmvgs slk ims rgsplksmbhih`m`gs `g ils smbhls. Ils nlebrgs qug loupmk ims oítg`rms `g im gksgýmkzm supgrhlr shgktgk bhgk tl`l su pgsl y eh`gk momsl tl`m su gxtgkshÿk< _mbrík giils nmogr gi smorhchohl `g su egzquhkl melr-prlphl y rgouimr `g ims mchremohlkgs prgemturmegktg clreuim`ms< L sg rgsgrvmrík, gk gi `goiåkhl `g su omrrgrm, im olkdljm `g rgolklogr qug grrmrlk gi bimkol, `gs`gýmrlk ims olsms eís gsgkohmiegktg `hdkms `g olklogrsg y gksgýmr<. Gi elvhehgktl psåquhol vhgkg prhkohpmiegktg `gi gxtgrhlr, olel hk`hoíbmels nmog plol1 `åm m `åm sg mogktúm. _h im ohgkohm crmkogsm sg gsquhvmssg m gk èi tlemr pmrtg, sgråm slbrgpujm`m, supimktm`m, y su bgiil rgklebrg gk gi euk`l qug`mråm `gprheh`l. _gpm giim, rgkukohmk`l m sus prgjuhohls y olksgrvmk`l sus omutgilsls eètl`ls, gigvmrsg olk ils smbhls gxtrmkjgrls, im rgdhlkgs eís vmstms y suths, cgouk`ms gk `gsoubrhehgktls, y qug gstí gk su prlphl hktgrès gxpilrmr, mktgs qug kgdmr. Nmdm giim `gi Gsphrhthsel ukm ohgkohm kugvm qug olepigtg ims ltrms ohgkohms, olksthtuyèk`ligs gi phkíouil. _g mpihomk gstms m `lehkhls pmrthouimrgs `g im Kmturmigzm1 olkùogk plr vgogs m shstgems cmisls, y quhèk gk giils sg rgoiuyg phgr`g `g vhstm ils drmk`gs nlrhzlktgs, ims vgr`m`gs `g lr`gk dgkgrmi. Im ohgkohm psåquhom sgr imim ohgkohm suprgem qug kls plr gksgýmrí m olklogrkls, im plk`grmr, muegktmr pltgkohms`gbg `gi miem, gxgrohtí-ims, m gigvmrkls, ils eg`hls qug kls lcgrtm, nmstm mi mmiem `hvhkm yims gtgrkm!

HHH -

Gi Gspårhtu y su Clrem

Gk tl`l nlebrg vhvg uk gspårhtu. Vlr gspårhtu sg `gbg gktgk`gr gi miem rgvgsth`m `g su gkvlitÿrhl ciuå`hol, qug thgkg im clrem `gi ougrpl cåshol y pmrthohpm `g im hkelrtmih`m` `gi miem, `gi oumi gs hksgpmrmbig. 2= | V í d h k m


=86?

@g im gssêkohm `gi miem sÿil smbgels ukm olsm: qug, shgk`l hk`hvhsåvgi, gs hepgrgog`grl. Gi miem sg rgvgim plr sus pgksmehgktls, y tmebhèk plr sus motls1 pmrm qug sg pug`m, shk gebmrdl, motumr y gk ils heprgshlkmr ils sgkth`ls cåshols, kgogshtl ig gs uk hktgreg`hmrhl sgehemtgrhmi, shk gi oumi kls pmrgogråm hkoleprggksåvgi su moohÿk. G_ gi pgrhspårhtl, klebrg `m`l mi gkvlivgktg ciuå`hol,eplk`grívgi, h hkvhshbig. Gk su hktgrvgkohÿk gs qug sg pug`g gkolktrmr im iimvg gxpihomthvm `g ils cgkÿegkls gspårhtms. Gi ougrpl ciuå`hol, qug plsgggi nlebrg, gs gi trmksehslr `g kugstrms heprgshlkgs, sgksmohlkgs y rgougr`ls. Mktgrhlr m im vh`m motumi, hkmogssåvgi m im `gstruoohÿk plr im eugrtg, gs gi mèhrmbig hkstruegktl qug pmrm så ehsem gi miem olkstruyg y qug pgrcgoohlkm m trmvès `g ils thgepls1 gs gi rgsuitm`l `g su imrdl pmsm`l. Gk èi sg olksgrvmk ils hksthktls, sg moueuimk ims cugrzms, sg chjmk ims m`quhshohlkgs `g kugstrms eúit hpims gxhstgkohms, ils crutls `g kugstrm igktm y pgklsm gvliuohÿk. Im substmkohm `gi pgrhspårhtl gs gxtrgem`megktg suthi, gs im emtgrhm gk su gstm`l eís quhktgssgkohm`l, gs eís rmrgcghtm qug gi ètgr1 sus vhbrmohlkgs, sus elvhehgktls, uitrmpmsmk gk rmph`gz y pgkgtrmä ïl ils `g ims eís mothvms substmkohms. @g mnå im cmohih`m` `g ils Gspårhtus mtrmvhgsgk ils ougrplslpmols, ils lbstíouils 24 emtgrhmigs y trmksplkdmk olksh`grmbigs `hstmkohms olk im rmph`gz `gi pgksmehgktl. Hksgksåvgi m ims omusms `g `gsmdrgdmohÿk y `gstruoohÿk qug mcgotmk gi ougrpl cåshol, gi pgrhspårhtl msgdurm im gstmbhih`m` `g im vh`m gk eg`hl `g im olkthkum rgklvmohÿk `g ims oèiuims. G_ gi el`gil hkvhshbig m trmvès `gi oumi pmsmk y sg suog`gk ims pmrtåouims lrdíkhoms, lbg`gohgk`l im iåkgms `g cugrzm, ouym rgukhÿk olksthtuyg gsg `hbujl, gsg pimk heutívgi, rgolkloh`l plr Oimu`g Bgrkmr` oÿel kgogsmrhl pmrm emktgkgr im clrem nuemkm gk eg`hl m ims olkstmktgs el`hchomohlkgs y m im rgklvmohÿk `g ils ítlels. Gi miem sg `gsolkgotm `gi gkvlitÿrhl omrkmi ùrmktg gi sugýl, olel trms im eugrtg. Im clrem ciuå`hom pug`g gktlkogs sgr pgrohbh`m plr ils vh`gktgs, gk ils omsls `g mpmrhäïl `g pgrslkms cmiigoh`ms l `g gxtgrhlrhzmäïl `g vhvls. @urmktg im vh`m klremi, gsm clrem sg rgvgim, plr sus hrrm`hmä÷gs, gk ils cgkÿegkls gk qug im sgkshbhih`m` y im eltrhoh`m`g sg gjgrogk m im `hstmkohm. Gk gi gstm`l `g `gsprgk`hegktl ùrmktg gi sugýl, gi Gspårhtu motúm m vgogs slbrg im emtgrhm y prlùog ruh`ls y `gspimzmehgktl `g lbjgtls. Emkhchgstm -sh chkmiegktg, trms im eugrtg, gk drm`ls `hvgrsls`g olk`gksmäïl, gk ims emtgrhmihzmä÷gs pmrohmigs l tltmigs, 2> gk ims cltldrmcåms y gk ils eli`gs, nmstm m puktl `g rgprlùohr ohgrtms `gclreh`m`gs. Gi pgrhspårhtl ‟ tl`ls gsls ngonls il `geugstrmk ‟ gs gi lrdmkhsel ciuå`hol olepigtl1 gs èi qug, ùrmktg im vh`m tgrrgstrg, plr gi drupmegktl `g ims oèiuims, l gk gi gspmohl, olk gi muxhihl `g im cugrzm psåquhom qug mbslrbg gk ils eè`huks, olksthtuyg, slbrg uk pimk `gtgrehkm`l, ims clrems ùrm`grms l gcåegrms `g im vh`m. 28 G_ èi, y kl gi ougrpl emtgrhmi, qug rgprgsgktm gi thpl prhelr`hmi y pgrshstgktg `g im clrem nuemkm. Gi _r. N. @urvhiig, sgorgtmrhl-dgkgrmi `gi Hksthtutl Emdkèthol, nhzl gxpgrhgkohms euy `gelkstrmthvms gk tmi sgkth`l, ims oumigs gvh`gkohme qug ils cgkÿegkls `g gxtgrhlrhzmäïl slk emkhcgstmohlkgs `gi `lbig qug, `gsprgk`h`l `gi ougrpl emtgrhmi plrmiimougrpl moohÿkcåshol emdkèthom, pgrohbg tl`msciuå`hol ims heprgshlkgs, trmksclrem gk sgksmohlkgs y ims trmksehtg eg`hmktg gi olr`ÿk plr gi oumi ims sg ?6 nmiimk olkgotm`ls, nmstm m im eugrtg, gsls `ls ougrpls.

24

Sgr Dmbrhgi @gimkkg, ’Gi miem gs Hkelrtmi―, =ª Vmrtg1 ’Im Gvliuohÿk Mkåehom―1 ’Igs Cmktÿegs `hgz Shvmkts―. Sgr Masmalc, ’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. H, M. 28 Gi pgrhspårhtl, l ougrpl suthi, grm olkloh`l `g ils mkthduls. Ils pm`rgs `g im Hdigshm mchremk su gxhstgkohm. Sgr Ièlk @gkhs, ’Orhsthmkhsel y Gsphrhthsel―, Kltm olepigegktmr kº 8. ?6 Sgr N. @urvhiig, ’Gi Cmktmsem `g ils Shvls―, =º vliuegk. Ihbrgråm `gi Emdkgthsel, =8= 6. Sgr tmebhèk ’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonhqugs―, mbrhi `g =86>. 2>

22 | V í d h k m


=86?

Olk uk sgkshthvl m`lregoh`l, ouyl `lbig gxtgrkmihzm`l cugrm sgpmrm`l `gi ougrpl emtgrhmi y trmksplrtm`l pmrm uk ltrl mplsgktl, cugrlk ngonms ims shduhgktgs gxpgrhgkohms rgimthvmegktg m im vhstm, mu`hohÿk, licmtl, pmim`mr y tmtl: G_ igå`l plr gi `lbig uk mrtåouil `g pgrhÿ`hol y rgpgth`l plr gi sgkshthvl m`lregoh`l gk im smim olkthdum. @g hdumi emkgrm, lbjgtls y pgrslkms slk pgrohbh`ls plr gi `lbig m im `hstmkohm y `gsorhtls plr gi sgkshthvl. Gi `lbig lyg gi thqug-tmqug `g uk rgilj, mså olel pmimbrms mi phg `g èi prlcgrh`ms gk vlz bmjm1 shgktg gi lilr `g meðkhm olktgkh`m gk uk vh`rhl, olel shgktg ltrls l`lrgs l pgrcuegs: milès, mzúomr, suicmtl `g quhkhkm, kmrmkjm, gto., y trmksehtg mi ougrplgsms `hcgrgktgs sgksmohlkgs dustmthvms. M prlpÿshtl `gi tmtl, chkmiegktg, mså sg gxprgsm gi _r. @urvhiig: ’G_ smbh`l qug omsh tl`ls ils sgkshthvls emdkèthomegktg m`lregoh`ls slk hksgksåvghs, pgrl km`hg smbg `lk`g sg rgcudhm im sgkshbhih`m`. Oumk`l gi sgkshthvl gstí gxtgrkmihzm`l, im sgkshbhih`m` hrrm`hm shgeprg gk tlrkl m èi. Wkm qugemùrm prlùoh`m, l uk bgihsoïl, ukm pukäïl, mpihom`ls gk ims zlkms sgkshbigs, `gsphgrtmk uk `lilr hktgksl gk gi sgkshthvl, qug, shk gebmrdl, km`m mbsliutmegktg pgrohbg oumk`l sg ig crhoohlkm gi ougrpl. Gi ehsel suog`g gk gi `gs`lbimehgktl. Gi sgkshthvl kl pgrohbg ims pukä÷gs kh ims bgihsomùrms mpihom`ms gk gi ougrpl cåshol, pgrl gxpgrhegktm ukm sgksmohÿk `gsmdrm`mbig y múk `lilrlsm oumk`l gs miomkzm`l gi `lbig l gi olr`ÿk qug il olkgotm m mqugi. Gsg cgkÿegkl sg vgrhchom gk tl`ms ims sgshlkgs y olk tl`ls ils sgkshthvls, shk gxogpohÿk midukm.― Im clrem nuemkm, `hogk ils hkvhshbigs, gs m `g tl`ls ils Gspårhtus gkomrkm`ls l `gsgkomrkm`ls qug vhvgk gk gi Wkhvgrsl. Gsm clrem, shk gebmrdl, rådh`m y olepmotm gk gi ougrpl cåshol, gs cigxhbig, oleprgssåvgi m im dmkm, gk gi pgrhspårhtl. _g prgstm, `gktrl `g ohgrtls iåehtgs,m ims gxhdgkohms `gi Gspårhtu y ig pgrehtg gk gi Gspmohl, olkclreg im gxtgkshÿk `g su pl`gr, tlemr ims mpmrhgkohms, rgprlùohr ils níbhtls qug ig cugrlk pgrslkmigs gk gi pmsm`l, olk ils mtrhbutls prlphls qug il nmogk rgolklogr. _g lbsgrvm gsl euonms vgogs gk ils omsls `g mpmrhä÷gs. Im dmkm gs orgm`lrm1 su moohÿk slbrg ils ciuh`ls gs olksh`grmbig. Gi Gspårhtu m`gimktm`l pug`g slegtgr im emtgrhm suthi im hkolktmbigs egtmelrclsgs. * Gi pgrhspårhtl gs uk clol `g gkgrdåms. Im cugrzm emdkèthom, plr ohgrtls nlebrgs prlygotm`m gk mbuk`mkohm, y qug pug`g, `g ogrom l `g igjls, nmogr sgkthr su hkciugkohm, mihvhmr y ourmr, gs ukm `g sus prlphg`m`gs. Gk èi thgkg su sg`g im cugrzm psåquhom hk`hspgksmbig m im prlùoohÿk `g ils cgkÿegkls gspårhtms. Gi ougrpl ciuå`hol kl gs slimegktg uk rgogptíouil `g cugrzms1 gs tmebhèk gi rgdhstrl vhvl gk qug sg heprhegk ims heídgkgs y rgougr`ls: sgksmohlkgs, heprgshlkgs y ngonls, tl`l mnå sg drmbm y chjm. Oumk`l slk euy `èbhigs ims olk`hohlkgs `g hktgksh`m` y ùrmohÿk, ims heprgshlkgs omsh kl miomkzmk kugstrm olkohgkohm1 kh plr gsl `gjmk `g sgr rgdhstrm`ms gk gi pgrhspårhtl, gk qug pgremkgogk imtgktgs. Gi ehsel sg `m olk ils ngonls rgimthvls m kugstrms mktgrhlrgs gxhstgkohms. Mi sgr psåquhol, hegrsl gk gi gstm`l `g slkmebuihsel, `gsprgk`h`l pmrohmiegktg `gi ougrpl, gs plshbig hkomutmrigs gi gkom`gkmehgktl. Mså sg gxpihom gi cgkÿegkl `g im egelrhm. Ims vhbrmohlkgs `gi pgrhspårhtl sg rgùogk bmjl im prgshÿk `g im omrkg1 rgm`quhrge su mepihtu` hkeg`hmtmegktg qug gi Gspårhtu sg `gsprgk`g `g im emtgrhm y rgmssueg im ihbgrtm`. Bmjl im hktgksh`m` `g 2? | V í d h k m


=86?

gsms vhbrmohlkgs, ims heprgshlkgs moueuim`ms gk gi pgrhspårhtl rgssurdge. Ehgktrms eís olepigtl gs gi `gsprgk`hegktl, eís sg

20 | V í d h k m


=86?

`himtm gi omepl `g im egelrhm1 ims eís rgeltms rgougr`ls rgmpmrgogk. Gi hk`hvhùl pug`g rgvhvhr sus pmsm`ms vh`ms1 mså ngels vgrhchom`l euonms vgogs gk kugstrms gxpgrhgkohms. Vgrslkms hegrsms, plr ukm hkciugkohm louitm, gk gi gstm`l slkmebúihol, rgprlùoåmk ils sgkthehgktls, ims h`gms, ils motls `gsigebrm`ls `g su gxhstgkohm motumi, `g su prhegrmjuvgktu`1 rgvhvåmk múk gsogkms `g sus mktgrhlrgs gxhstgkohms, olk gi igkdumjg, ims mothtu`gs y ims lphkhlkgs `g im èplom y `gi eg`hl. Vmrgog, gk omsls tmigs, qug sg prgsgktm ukm pgrslkmih`m` `hcgrgktg, qug ukm ltrm hk`hvhùmih`m`g sg rgvgim. Gsls cgkÿegkls, mpgkms lbsgrvm`ls plr ohgrtls gxpgrhegktm`lrgs, `hgrlk lrhdgk m im tglråm `g ims pgrslkmih`m`gs eúithpigs olgxhstgktgs gk uk ehsel gkvlivgktg, tgkhgk`l om`m ukm `g giims su omríotgr y rgolr`mä÷gs prlphms. Gk gsm tglråm sg vhgkg gkxgrtmr m `g im olkohgkohm subihehkmi l `gi hkolksohgktg supgrhlr. Im vgr`m` gs qug gs shgeprg im ehsem hk`hvhùmih`m`g qug hktgrvhgkg bmjl ils`hcgrgktgs mspgotls plr giim rgvgsth`ls m trmvès `g ils shdils y mnlrm rgolksthtuå`ls olk tmktl emylr hktgksh`m` ehgktrms eís gkèrdhom gs im hkciugkohm emdkèthom y eís gkcimqugoh`ls sg nmiimk ils imzls olrplrmhs. Ohgrtms gxpgrhgkohms il `geugstrmk: ims `gi prlcgslr Cilurkly, plr gjgepil, olk im eè`hue Ngigkm _ehtn, qug sg trmksplrtm, gk ?= gi gstm`l `g trmksg, m ukm `g sus gxhstgkohms, gi shdil ^HH vgrhchom`m gk im Hk`hm, y ims `g Gstgvm Emrmtm y ?2 ltrls gxpgrhegktm`lrgs gspmýligs olk eè`huks slkmebuihzm`ls, m ims oumigs olkvhgkg mým`hr ils gstu`hls eís rgohgktgs y gxtgksls `gi Olrlkgi M. @g Rloms.?? * Gi drm`l `g purgzm `g su clrem ciuå`hom mtgstm im rhqugzm l im hk`hdgkohm `gi miem. Gtèrgm, rm`hlsm, pug`g gigvmrsg nmstm m ims gscgrms `hvhkms, pgkgtrmrsg `g ims eís subihegs mrelkåms1 lpmom, tgkgbrlsm, prgohphtmsg gk ims rgdhlkgs hkcgrhlrgs y kls mrrmstrm m ils euk`ls `g iuonm y sucrhehgktl.. Vlr su gspårhtu, hegrdg gi nlebrg gk gi qug `g eís bmjl plsgg im Kmturmigzm g hksgrtm sus rmåogs gk im mkhemih`m`g1 plr èi tmebhèk drmvhtm pmrm ils euk`ls iuehklsls gk qug vhvgk ims miems mkdèihoms, ils Gspårhtus purls. Kugstrl gstm`l psåquhol gs lbrm kugstrm. Gi drm`l `g pgrogpohÿk, `g oleprgkshÿk, qug plsggels, gs gi crutl `g kugstrls gscugrzls prlilkdm`ls. Cuhels kl`ls qug il nhohels mi rgolrrgr gi ohoil hkegksl `g suogshvms gxhstgkohms. Kugstrl gkvlivgktg ciuå`hol, suthi l drlsgrl, rm`hmktg u lbsourl, rgprgsgktm kugstrl vmilr gxmotl y im suem `g kugstrms m`quhshohlkgs. Kugstrls motls y pgksmehgktls pgrthkmzgs, im tgkshÿk `g kugstrm dmkm gk `gtgrehkm`l sgkth`l, tl`ms ims vlihä÷gs `g kugstrl sgr egktmi, rgpgroutgk gk gi pgrhspårhtl y, olkclreg su kmturmigzm, hkcgrhlr l gigvm`m, dgkgrlsm l vhi, mså `himtme, purhchomk l nmogk drlsgrm su substmkohm. @g mnå rgsuitm qug, plr im olkstmktg lrhgktmohÿk `g kugstrms h`gms y msphrmohlkgs, `g kugstrls mpgthtgs y prlog`hehgktls gk uk sgkth`l l klutrl, plol m plol cmbrhomels uk gkvlitÿrhl suthi, rgomem`l `g bgiims y klbigs heídgkgs, moogshbig m ims eís `gihom`ms sgksmohlkgs, l uk slebrål `lehohihl, ukm iðbrgdm prhshÿk, gk qug, trms im eugrtg, gi miem rgstrhkdh`m gk sus pgrogpohlkgs sg gkougktrm sgpuitm`m olel gk uk túeuil. Mså orgm gi nlebrg pmrm så múk gi bhgk l gi emi, im migdråm l gi sucrhehgktl. @åm m `åm, igktmegktg, g`hchom èi su `gsthkl. Gk så múk gstí drmbm`m su lbrm, vhshbig pmrm tl`ls gk gi M`geís. G_ plr gsg mèhrmbig egomkhsel `g ims olsms, shepigs y drmk`hlsl m im vgz, qug sg gjgoutm, gk ils sgrgs y gk gi euk`l, im igy `g omusmih`m`g l `g olksgougkohm `g ils motls, qug ltrm olsm kl gs shkl gi smiu`l `g im justhohm.

?= ?2 ??

Sgr ’@hgz Hk`gs m im im pimkîtg Emrs―, plr P n. Cilurkly. prlcgslr `g Vsholildåm gk im Wkhvgrsh`m` `g Dhkgbrm, pmsshe. Sgr im ’Rgsgknm `gi Olkdrgsl Gspårhtm―, `g =866, pídhkm ?08. Sgr Ièlk @gkhs, ’Gi Vrlbigem `gi _gr, `gi @ gsthkl y `gi @lilr―, omp. ^HS.

27 | V í d h k m


=86?

X, plr uk gcgotl `g ims ehsems omusms, ym `gs`g gstm vh`m gi nlebrg mtrmg ims hkciugkohms `gi Gspmohl, ims hrrm`hmä÷gs gtèrgms l ils drlsgrls gciúvhls `g ils Gspårhtus `g vhligkohm l `g `gslr`gk. Mnå gstí im rgdim `g ims emkhcgstmohlkgs gspårhtms1 kl gs ltrm shkl im prlphm igy `g ims mtrmoohlkgs y mchkh`m`gs. Olkclreg gi drm`l `g suthigzm `g kugstrl gkvlivgktg y im hktgksh`m` `g sus hrrm`hmä÷gs, pl`gels, gk ils elegktls `g èxtmshs y `gsprgk`hegktl ‟ il qug pmrm midukls gs múk plshbig gk gi rgolinhegktl y gk im eg`htmäïl ‟, gktrmr gk rgimohÿk olk gi euk`l hkvhshbig, pgrohbhr ils gols, rgohbhr ims hksphrmohlkgs, gktrgvgr ils gspigk`lrgs `g ims gscgrms ogigstgs, l, `lutrl el`l, gxpgrhegktmr im hkciugkohm `g ils Gspårhtus `g thkhgbims..

HS -

Im Eg`hukh`m`g.

Pl`ms ims emkhcgstmohlkgs `g im Kmturmigzm y `g im vh`m sg rgsuegk gk vhbrmohlkgs, eís l egkls ríph`ms y gxtgksms, olkclreg ims omusms qug ims prlùogk. Pl`l vhbrm gk gi Wkhvgrsl: im iuz, gi slkh`l, gi omilr, im gigotrhoh`m`, ils rmyls quåehols, ils rmyls omtÿ`hols, ims lk`ms ngrtzhmkms, gto., kl slk eís qug `hcgrgktgs el`mih`m`gs `g lkùimohÿk, drm`ls suogshvls, qug gk su olkjuktl olksthtuygk im gsomim msogkshlkmi `g ims emkhcgstmohlkgs `g im gkgrdåm. Gsls drm`ls slk euy migjm`ls gktrg så. Gi slkh`l rgolrrg ?06 egtrls plr sgduk`l1 im iuz, gi ehsel thgepl, nmog gi rgolrrh`l `g ?66.666 ahiÿegtrls1 im gigotrhoh`m` sg prlpmdm olk ukm rmph`gz qug sg gk ils mchdurm hkomiouiívgi. Kugstrls sgkth`ls cåshols, shk gebmrdl, kl kls pgrehtgk pgrohbhr tl`ls ils el`ls `g vhbrmohÿk. _u hepltêkohm pmrm `mr ukm heprgshÿk olepigtm `g ims cugrzms `g im Kmturmigzm gs uk ngonl suchohgktgegktg olkloh`l pmrm qug nmymels kgogsh`m` `g hkshsthr slbrg gsg puktl. _ÿil gk gi `lehkhl `g im ÿpthom, smbgels qug ims lk`ms iuehklsms kl kls heprgshlkmk im rgthkm shkl gk ils iåehtgs `g ils shgtg olilrgs. Ohgrtms rm`hmohlkgs slimrgs gsompmk m kugstrm vhstm1 sg iimemk, plr gsl, rmyls lbsourls. Gktrg gi iåehtg `g ils slkh`ls, ouyms vhbrmohlkgs miomkzmk `g 26 m 26.666 plr sgduk`l, y im sgksmohÿk `g omilr, qug sg eh`g plr trhin÷gs `g vhbrmohlkgs, km`m pgrohbhels. Gi ehsel molktgog gktrg im sgksmohÿk `g om ilr y `g iuz, qug olrrgsplk`g, gk im eg`hm, m 766 trhin÷gs `g vhbrmohlkgs l pr sgduk`l.?0 Gk gsm prl`hdhlsm msogksl, kugstrls sgkth`ls rgprgsgktmk pmrm`ms euonåshel gspmohm`ms, gstmohlkgs `hspugstms im olksh`grmbigs `hstmkohms ukm `g ims ltrms, ukm rutm shk-chk. Gktrg gsms `hvgrsms pmrm`ms, plr gjgepil, gktrg ils slkh`ls mdu`ls y ils cgkÿegkls `g omilr y `g iuz, `g gstls, gksgduh`m, nmstm m ims zlkms vhbrmtÿrhms mcgotm`ms plr ils rmyls omtÿ`hols, nmy pmrm kl`ls olel qug mbhsels. Vmrm sgrgs, shk gebmrdl, `ltm`ls `g sgkth`ls eís suths l eís kuegrlsls qug ils kugstrls, gsls mbhsels, `gshgrtls y lbsourls gk im mpmrhgkohm, kl gstmråmk iigkm`ls< Gktrg ims vhbrmohlkgs pgrohbh`ms plr gi lå`l y ims qug kls heprgshlkmk im vhstm kl nmy eís qug gi km`m gk gi `lehkhl `g ims cugrzms y `g im vh`m ukhvgrsmi< _gråm bhgk plol sgksmtl orggril, plrqug tl`l gk im Kmturmigzm sg suog`g, sg gkom`gkm y sg `gspigdm, `g gil gk gil, plr drm`mthvms trmkshohlkgs. Gk pmrtg midukm nmy smitl brusol, nhmtl, víoul. Il qug rgsuitm `g gstms olksh`grmohlkgs gs shepigegktg im hksuchohgkohm `g kugstrl lrdmkhsel, `gemshm`l plbrg pmrm pgrohbhr tl`ms ims el`mih`m`gs `g gkgrdåm.. ?0

Gi drmk`g cåshol T. Orllags lrdmkhzÿ ukm oimshchomohÿ k, sgdúk im oumi ims vhbrmohlkgs slklrms sg nmiimk `hstrhbuh`ms `gi 7º mi =7 º drm`ls, olkclreg im hktgksh`m` y im tlkmih`m`g . Im gigotrhoh`m` y im hemktmä ïl `gi 26º mi ?7º dr m`ls. @gi 07º mi 76º gkougktrmk- sh gi omilr y im iuz. M`geís `gi 7>º drm`l, emkhchgstmk -sh ims lkùimohlkgs omtÿ`homs. Gk ils hktgrvmils, shk gebmrdl, gxtgksms rgdhlkgs `g gkgrdåms pgremkgogk hkgxpilrm`ms , hkmogssåvghs m kugstrls sgkth`ls.

23 | V í d h k m


=86?

Il qug `gohels `g ims cugrzms gk moohÿk gk gi Wkhvgrsl sg mpihom hdumiegktg mi olkjuktl `g ils sgrgs y `g ims olsms gk sus `hvgrsms clrems, gk sus `hcgrgktgs drm`ls `g olk`gksmäïl l `grmrgcmäïl.. Kugstrl olklohehgktl `gi Wkhvgrsl sg rgstrhkdg l mepiåm olkclreg gi kúegrl y im `gihom`gzm `g kugstrls sgkth`ls. Kugstrl lrdmkhsel motumi kl kls pgrehtg oleprgk`gr eís qug ihehtm`åsshel oårouil `gi hepgrhl `g ims olsms. Im emylr pmrtg `g ims clrems `g im vh`m kls gsompm. Sgkdm, shk gebmrdl, uk kugvl sgkth`l mým`årsgkls m ils motumigs, g hkeg`hmtmegktg sg nmy `g il Hkvhshbig rgvgimr, sgrí iigkm`l gi víoul, mkhem`l il qug grm slturkm hksgkshbhih`m`g. Vl`råmels múk plsggr sgkth`ls `hcgrgktgs qug, plr su gstruoturm mkmtÿehom, el`hchområmk tltmiegktg im kmturmigzm `g kugstrms sgksmohlkgs motumigs, `g el`l m nmogrkls lår ils olilrgs y smblrgmr ilsslkh`ls. Bmstmråm pmrm gsl qug gk gi iudmr y plshohÿk `g im rgthkm uk cghxg `g kgrvhls pu`hgrm olkgotmr gi clk`l `gi ljl mi lå`l. Gk gsg omsl lhråmels il qug vgels. Gk iudmr `g olktgepimr gi ohgil gstrgim`l, pgrohbhråmels im mrelkåm `g ims gscgrms y kl sgråmk plr gsl egkls gxmotls kugstrls olklohehgktls mstrlkðehols. _h kugstrls sgkth`ls, gk iudmr `g sgpmrm`ls, gstuvhgrmk rgukh`ls, kl plsggråmels eís qug uk úkhol sgkth`l dgkgrmihzm`l, qug pgrohbhråm m im vgz ils `hvgrsls dèkgrls `g cgkÿegkls.. Gstms olksh`grmohlkgs, `gùoh`ms `g ims eís rhdurlsms lbsgrvmohlkgs ohgktåchoms, kls `geugstrmk im hksuchohgkohm `g ims tglråms emtgrhmihstms. Vrgtgk`gk gstms cuk`mr gi g`hchohl `g ims igygs kmturmigs slbrg im gxpgrhgkohm m`quhrh`m eg`hmktg kugstrl motumi lrdmkhsel, ehgktrms qug, olk ukm lrdmkhzmohÿk eís pgrcgotm, gstm gxpgrhgkohm sgråm bhgk `hvgrsm. Vlr im shepig el`hchomohÿk `g kugstrls ÿrdmkls, olk gcgotl, gi euk`l, tmi olel il olklogels, sg pl`råm trmksclremr y omebhmr `g mspgotl, shk qug `g igvg im rgmih`m` tltmi `g ims olsms sg mitgrmrm. _gms olksthtuh`ls `g el`l `hcgrgktg pl`råmk vhvhr gk gi ehsel eg`hl shk vgrsg, shk olklogrsg. X sh, m olksgougkohm `gi `gsmrrliil lrdíkhol `g midukls `g gsls sgrgs, gk sus `hvgrsls pgrthkgktgs níbhtmts, sus eg`hls `g pgrogpohÿk igs pgrehthgrmk gktrmr gk rgimohlkgs olk mqugiils ouym lrdmkhzmohÿk gs `hcgrgktg, km`m nmbråm gk gsl `g slbrgkmturmi kh `g ehrmouilsl, pgrl shepigegktg uk olkjuktl `g cgkÿegkls kmturmigs, rgdh`ls plr igygs múk hdklrm`ms `g gsls sgrgs, gktrg ils ltrls, egkls cmvlrgoh`ls gk gi qug sg rgchgrg mi olklohehgktl. Lrm, gs il qug prgohsmegktg sg prlùog gk kugstrms rgimohlkgs, olk ils Gspårhtus `g ils nlebrgs cmiigoh`ls, gk tl`ls ils omsls gk qug gs plshbigm uk eè`hue sgrvhr `g hktgreg`hmrhl gktrg ims `ls nuemkh`m`gs, vhshbig g hkvhshbig. Gk ils cgkÿegkls gspårhtms, `ls euk`ls, ouyms lrdmkhzmohlkgs y igygs olkloh`ms slk `hcgrgktgs, gktrmk gk olktmotl, y mslemk`l m gsm iåkgm `hvhslrhm, m gsm crlktgrm qug ils sgpmrmbm, pgrl qug `gsmpmrgog, pgksm`lr mkshlsl vg sg vmstm `gspigdugk blsqugjmrge-sh gigegktls `g ukmgiohgkohm `gi Wkhvgrsl euy y eís pgrspgothvms olepigtm qughkchkhtms. m `g gi Sg pmsm`l, sh bhgk sgm ils su prlilkdmohÿk iÿdhom1 y gsm ohgkohm kl vhgkg m `gstruhr im klohÿk `g ims igygs motumiegktg olkloh`ms, pgrl mepihmrim gk vmstms prlplrohlkgs, pugs qug trmzm mi gspårhtu nuemkl im rutm sgdurm qug il olkùohrí m im m`quhshohÿk `g ils olklohehgktls y `g ils pl`grgs kgogsmrhls m chremr gk sÿih`ms bmsgs su tmrgm prgsgktg y su `gsthkl cuturl. *

24 | V í d h k m


=86?

Mombmels `g miu`hr mi pmpgi `g ils eè`huks. Gi eè`hue gs gi mdgktg hk`hspgksmbig, olk ouyl muxhihl sg prlùogk ims emkhcgstmohlkgs `gi euk`l hkvhshbig. _gýmimels im hepltêkohm `g kugstrls sgkth`ls, `gs`g qug slk mpihom`ls m ils gstu`hls `g ils cgkÿegkls `g im vh`m. Gk ims ohgkohms gxpgrhegktmigs, kl tmr`lu m sgr prgohsl rgourrhr m hkstruegktls pmrm supihr gsm `gchohgkohm `gi lrdmkhsel nuemkl y mepihmr kugstrl omepl `g lbsgrvmohÿk. Shkhgrlk mså gi tgigsolphl y gi ehorlsoÿphl rgvgimrkls im gxhstgkohm `gi hkchkhtmegktg drmk`g y `gi hkchkhtmegktg pgqugýl. M pmrthr `gi gstm`l dmsglsl, im emtgrhm gsompmbm m kugstrls sgkth`ls. Ils tubls `g Orllags, ims pimoms sgkshbigs kls pgrehtgk prlsgduhr ils gstu`hls gk gi `lehkhl, plr euonl thgepl hkgxpilrm`l, `g im emtgrhm rm`hmktg. Mnå, `g elegktl, sg `gthgkgk ils eg`hls `g hkvgsthdmohÿk `g im ohgkohm. Eís m`geís, shk gebmrdl, sg gktrgvèk gstm`ls `g im emtgrhm y `g im cugrzm qug uk hkstruegktl pgrcgoohlkm`l, mktgs l `gspuès, kls nmrí cmehihmrgs. @lk`g cmitmk múk ils eg`hls mrthchohmigs, vhgkgk ohgrtls hk`hvhùls trmgr mi gstu`hl `g ils cgkÿegkls vhtmigs gi olkoursl `g prgohlsms cmouitm`gs. G_ mså qug gi sgkshthvl nhpkÿthol rgprgsgktm gi hkstruegktl qug nm pgrehth`l slk`mr ims prlcuk`h`m`gs múk ehstgrhlsms `gi yl nuemkl, gi prlog`gr m uk mkíihshs ehkuohlsm `g tl`ls ils el`ls `g sgkshbhih`m`, `g tl`lsils mspgotls `g im egelrhm y `g im dmkm. Gi eè`hue vhgkg, plr su pmrtg, `gsgepgýmr uk pmpgi gsgkohmi gk gi gstu`hl `g ils cgkÿegkls gspårhtms. Vmrthohpmk`l, sheuitíkgmegktg, plr su gkvlivgktg ciuå`hol, `g im vh`m `gi Gspmohl y, plr gi ougrpl cåshol, `g im vh`m tgrrgstrg, gs èi gi hktgreg`hmrhl lbihdmtlrhl gktrg `ls euk`ls. Gi gstu`hl, pugs, `g im eg`hukh`m`g sg prgk`g åkthemegktg m tl`ls ils prlbigems `gi Gsphrhthsel1 gs múk su iimvg. Gi eís heplrtmktg, gk gi gxmegk `g ils cgkÿegkls, gs `hsthkduhr im pmrtg qug gs prgohsl mtrhbuhr mi lrdmkhsel y m im pgrslkmih`m` `gi eè`hue y m qug prlvèe `g ukm hktgrvgkohÿk gxtrmým, y `gtgrehkmr gksgduh`m im kmturmigzm `g gsm hktgrvgkohÿk. Gi Gspårhtu, sgpmrm`l `g im emtgrhm drlsgrm plr imeugrtg, kl pug`g eís slbrg giim motumr1 kh sg emkhchgstm r gk im gscgrm nuemkm shk il muxhihl `g ukm cugrzm, `g ukm gkgrdåm, qug èi nmurg gk gi lrdmkhsel `g uk sgr vhvl. Pl`m pgrslkm susogtåvgi `g suehkhstrmr, `g gxtgrkmihzmr gsm cugrzm, gs mptm pmrm `gsgepgýmr uk pmpgi gk ims emkhcgstmohlkgs cåshoms ‟ `gspimzmehgktl `g lbjgtls shk olktmotl, trmksplrtgs, slkh`ls `g pmkom`ms, egsms dhrmtlrhms, igvhtmä÷gs, emtgrhmihzmä÷gs. G_ gsm `g eís oleúk, `g eís dgkgrmihzm`m clrem `g im eg`hukh`m`g1 kl rgquhgrg khkdúk `gsmrrliil hktgigotumi, kh m`hmktmegktl elrmi. G_ ukm shepig prlphg`m` chshliÿdhom, lbsgrvm`m gk pgrslkms `g tl`ms ims olk`hohlkgs. Gk tl`ms ims clrems hkcgrhlrgs `g im eg`hukh`m`g gi hk`hvhùl gs olepmrmbig, quhgrg m uk moueuim`lr `g cugrzm, quhgrg m uk mpmrmtl tgigdríchol l tgigcÿkhol, trmksehslr `gi pgksmehgktl `gi lpgrm`lr. Im olepmrmohÿk gs tmktl eís gxmotm gk oumktl m cugrzm psåquhom sg mdltm, olel tl`ms ims cugrzms kl rgklvm`ms1 im hktgksh`m` `g ims emkhcgstmohlkgs gstí gk im rmzÿk `hrgotm `gi gstm`l cåshol y egktmi `gi eè`hue. _gråm uk grrlr olksh`grmr gstg olel uk nhstèrhol l uk gkcgrel1 gs shepigegktg uk hk`hvhùl `ltm`l `g ompmoh`m`gs eís gxtgksms l `g eís suths pgrogpohlkgs qug ltrl oumiquhgrm. Im smiu` `gi eè`hue kls pmrgog sgr ukm `g ims olk`hohlkgs `g su cmouitm`. Olklogels uk drmk kúegrl `g eè`huks qug dlzmk pgrcgotm smiu`1 ngels kltm`l múk uk ngonl shdkhchomthvl, y gs qug, oumk`l im smiu` sg igs mitgrm, ils cgkÿegkls sg gkcimqugogk y ogsmk nmstm `g prlùohrsg.. 2> | V í d h k m


=86?

Im eg`hukh`m`g prgsgktm vmrhg`m`gs omsh hkchkhtms, `gs`g ims eís vuidmrgs clrems nmstm ims eís subihegs emkhcgstmohlkgs. Kukom gs h`èkthom gk `ls hk`hvhùls y sg `hvgrshchom sgdúk ils omrmotgrgs y ils tgepgrmegktls. Gk uk drm`l supgrhlr, gs olel ukm ogktginm `gi ohgil m `hshpmr ims nuemkms trhstgzms y gsoimrgogr ims lbsourh`m`gs qug kls gkvugivgk. Im eg`hukh`m`g `g gcgotls cåshols gs dgkgrmiegktg uthihzm`m plr Gspårhtus `g lr`gk vuidmr. Rgquhgrg olkthkul y mtgktl gxmegk. G_ plr im eg`hukh`m`g `g gcgotls hktgigotumigs ‟ hksphrmohÿk gsorhtm ‟ qug nmbhtumiegktg kls slk trmksehth`ls ims gksgýmkzms `g ils Gspårhtus gigvm`ls. Vmrm prlùohr bugkls rgsuitm`ls, gxhdg olklohehgktls euy gxtgksls. Ehgktrms eís hkstruh`l y `ltm`l `g omih`m`gs elrmigs gs gi eè`hue, emylrgs rgoursls cmohihtm m ils Gspårhtus. Gk tl`ls ils omsls, pgrl, gi hk`hvhùl kl gs eís `gi qug uk hkstruegktl1 gstg, shk gebmrdl, `gbg sgr mprlphm`l m im cukohÿk `g qug gs gkomrdm`l. Wk mrthstm, plr eís níbhi qug sgm, kukom pl`rí quhtmr `g uk hkstruegktl hkolepigtl eís qug eg`ålorg pmrth`l. Gi ehsel sg `m olk gi Gspårhtu gk rgimohÿk mi eè`hue hktuhthvl, gk gi oumi uk oimrl `hsogrkhegktl, ukm iúoh`m hktgihdgkohm, il sgpm ehsel, slk olk`hohlkgs gsgkohmigs. Ohgrtl gs qug sg nmk vhstl sgkshthvls gsorhbmk gk igkdums `gsolkloh`ms l trmtmr `g ougsthlkgs ohgkthchoms y mbstrmotms, euonl plr gkohem `g su ompmoh`m`. _lk rmrls, shk gebmrdl, gsls omsls, qug gxhdgk drmk`gs gscugrzls `g im pmrtg `g ils Gspårhtus. Gstls prgchgrgk rgourrhr m hktgreg`hmrhls emigmbigs, pgrcgoohlkm`ls plr gi gstu`hl, susogtåvghs `g ils oleprgk`gr g hktgrprgtmrigs chgiegktg ils pgksmehgktls. Gk gsm lr`gk `g emkhcgstmohlkgs, ils hkvhshbigs motúmk slbrg gi hktgigotl `gi sgkshthvl y igs prlygotmk gk im gscgrm egktmi sus h`gms. M vgogs ils pgksmehgktls sg olkcuk`gk1 ils `ls Gspårhtus rgvhstgk ukm clrem, ukm gxprgshÿk, gkgxmegk. qugsg nmiimk gsthmi il lbsgrvm`lr y gi igkdumjg nmbhtumi`g `giimeè`hue. Múk mnå`gsghkolktmbigs rgquhgrg gsorupuilsl _grí, rgprlùoh`ls shk gebmrdl, gi cíohi `gstmomr, hkshdkhchoâkohm `hotm`ls y `gi olkthkdgktg pgrslkmi `g ils sgkshthvls, il qug pgrtgkgkohm m ils Gspårhtus m`gimktm`ls, ouyms oleukhomohlkgs rgvhstgk uk omríotgr drmk`hlsl, uk ouknl `g vgr`m` euonl plr gkohem `g ims plshbhih`m`gs `gi eè`hue. Gk ils cgkÿegkls `g trmksg l `gi slkmebuihsel gk sus `hvgrsls drm`ls, ils sgkth`ls emtgrhmigs vhgkgk m sgr plol m plol susthtuh`lsplr ils sgkth`ls psåquhols,ils eg`hls `g pgrogpohÿky `g mothvh`m` muegktmk gk prlplrohlkgs tmktl eís olksh`grmbigs ehgktrms eís prlcuk`l gs gi sugýl y eís olepigtl gi `gsprgk`hegktlpgrhsphrhtumhs. Gk gsg gstm`l, km`m pgrohbg gi ougrpl cåshol1 shrvg shepigegktg `g trmksehslr, oumk`l gi eè`hue múk pug`g gxprgsmr sus sgksmohlkgs. Xm gk im gxtgrhlrhzmäïl pmrohmi sg prlùog gsg cgkÿegkl. Gk gi gstm`l `g vhdhihm, bmjl im hkciugkohm louitm, nmstm tmi puktl gi gkvlivgktg ciuå`hol `gi sgkshthvl sg `gsprgk`g g hrrm`hm qug, pgremkgohgk`l mukqug åkthemegktg olkgotm`l mi ougrpl, olehgkzm m pgrohbhr ims olsms louitms m kugstrls sgkth`ls gxtgrhlrgs1 gs gi gstm`l `g oimrhvh`êkohm, l `lbig vhstm, `g vhshÿk m im `hstmkohm m trmvès `g ils ougrpls lpmols, mu`hohÿk, psholegtrhm, gto. Gk eís gigvm`ms drmùmä÷gs, gk gi gstm`l `g nhpklsg, im gxtgrhlrhzmäïl sg mogktúm nmstm mi `gsprgk`hegktl olepigtl. Gi miem, ihbgrm `g su prhshÿk omrkmi, pmhrm gk ims miturms1 sus el`ls `g pgrogpohÿk, súbhtmegktg rgolbrm`ls, ig pgrehtgk oleprgk`gr uk vmstl oårouil y sg trmksplrtm olk im rmph`gz `gi pgksmehgktl. Im gsm lr`gk `g cgkÿegkls pgrtgkgog gi gstm`l `g trmksg, qug nmog plshbig im hkolrplrmohÿk `g Gspårhtus `gsgkomrkm`ls mi gkvlitÿrhl `gi eè`hue, `gjm`l ihbrg, sgegjmktg m uk vhmjgrl qug pgkgtrm gk omsm `gvliutm.

28 | V í d h k m


=86?

Ils sgkth`ls psåquhols, hkmothvls gk gi gstm`l `g vhdhihm gk im emylr pmrtg `g ils nlebrgs, pug`gk, shk gebmrdl, sgr uthihzm`ls. Bmstm, pmrm gsl, mbstrmhr-sh `g ims olsms emtgrhmigs, ogrrmr ils sgkth`ls cåshols m tl`l ruh`l y tl`m vhshÿk gxtgrhlr y, plr uk gscugrzl `g dmkm, hktgrrldmr gsg sgkth`l prlcuk`l gk qug sg rgsuegk tl`ms kugstrms cmouitm`gs supgrhlrgs y qug `gklehkmels gi sgxtl sgkth`l, im hktuhäïl, im pgrogpohÿk gsphrhtumi. G_ plr èi qug gktrmels gk olktmotl `hrgotl olk gi euk`l `g ils Gspårhtus, eís cíohiegktg qug plr oumiquhgrm ltrl eg`hl1 plrqug gsg sgkth`l olksthtuyg mtrhbutl`gi miem, gi prlphl clk`l `g su kmturmigzm, y sg nmiim cugrm `gimiomkog `g ils sgkth`ls emtgrhmigs, `g qug `hchgrg gktgrmegktg. Im ohgkohm egklsprgohÿ nmstm nly gsg sgkth`l ‟ gi eís bgiil `g tl`ls1 y plr gsl gs plr il qug sg nm olksgrvm`l hdklrmktg `g tl`l il qug sg rgchgrg mi euk`l ìl Hkvhshbig. Ims rgdims qug giim mpihom mi pimk cåshol sgrík hksuchohgktgs, shgeprg qug ims quhgrmk mpihomr mi euk`l `g ils Gspårhtus. Vmrm pgkgtrmr gk gstg, gs prgohsl mktgs `g tl`l oleprgk`gr qugkl`ls ehsels slels Gspårhtus y qug kl pl`gels gktrmr gk rgimohÿk olk gi ukhvgrsl gsphrhtumi shkl plr ils sgkth`ls `gi gspårhtu.

S

- Gùomohÿk y Cukohÿk `g ils Eè`huks

Km`m vgr`m`grmegktg heplrtmktg sg m`quhgrg shk trmbmjl. Wkm igktm y imblrhlsm hkhohmohÿk sg heplkg m ils qug busome ils bhgkgs supgrhlrgs. Olel tl`ms ims olsms, im clremohÿk y gi gjgrohohl `g im eg`hukh`m`g gkougktrmk `hchouitm`gs, bmstmktgs vgogs ym sgýmim`ms1 olkvhgkg hkshstmels gk gsl, m chk `g prgvgkhr ils eè`huks olktrm ims cmisms hktgrprgtmohlkgs, olktrm ims omusms `g grrlr y `g `gsâkhel.. @gs`g qug,qug plrsgukolehgkzmk trmbmjl prgpmrmtÿrhl, imsomsh cmouitm`gs eè`hue cigxhbhih`m`, ils rgsuitm`ls m lbtgkgr slk shgeprg`gi `gbh`ls m imsm`quhgrgk rgimohlkgsohgrtm gstmbigoh`ms olk ils gigegktls hkcgrhlrgs `gi euk`l hkvhshbig. Wkm euithtu` `g Gspårhtus kls ogrom, shgeprg ívh`ls `g oleukhomrsg olk ils nlebrgs. Gsm euithtu` gs slbrg tl`l olepugstm `g miems plol m`gimktm`ms, `g Gspårhtus igvhmkls, midukms vgogs emils, qug im `gksh`m` `g sus prlphls ciuh`ls olksgrvm prgk`h`ls m im Phgrrm. Ims hktgihdgkohms gigvm`ms, mkhem`ms `g klbigs msphrmohlkgs, rgvgsth`ms `g ciuh`ls suths, kl pgremkgogk gsormvhzm`ms m kugstrm mteÿscgrm trms im orhbm omrkmi: rgelktmk eís mitl, im rgdhlkgs qug su drm`l `g m`hmktmegktl igs hk`hom. @g mnå bmjmk euonms vgogs ‟ gs olrrgotl ‟ pmrm vgimr plr ils sgrgs qug igs slk omrls1 hehsouge-sh olk klsltrls, pgrl úkhomegktg pmrm uk chk úthi y gk omsls heplrtmktgs. @lk`g rgsuitm qug ils prhkohphmktgs omsh kukom lbthgkgk shkl oleukhomohlkgs shk vmilr, rgspugstms onlomrrghrms, trhvhmigs, m vgogs hkolkvgkhgktgs, qug ils hepmohgktmk y `gsmkheme.. ?7 Klutrls omsls gi eè`hue hkgxpgrtl rgohbg, plr im egshknm l plr gi iíphz, `hotm`ls susorhtls plr klebrgs oèigbrgs, olktgkhgk`l rgvgimohlkgs mpÿorhcms qug ig omptmk im olkchmkzm y il iigkmk `g gktushmsel. Gi

hksphrm`lr hkvhshbig, olklohèk`lig ils im`ls vuikgrmbigs, ihslkjghm-ig gi melr-prlphl y ims lphkhlkgs, supgrgxohtm-ig im vmkh`m`, oueuimk`l-il `g gildhls y prlegthèk`lig emrmvhiims. Vlol m plol il vm `gsvhmk`l `g ltrm hkciugkohm, `g tl`l gxmegk gsoimrgoh`l, y il iigvm m sg hksuimr gk sus trmbmjls. G_ gi olehgkzl `g ukm lbsgssïl, `g uk `lehkhl gxoiushvhstm, qug pug`g olkùohr gi eè`hue m `gpilrívghs rgsuitm`ls.

?7

Sgr =ª Vmrtg, omp. ^, ils prlogsls m gepigmr pmrm nmogrsg eè`hue.

?6 | V í d h k m


=86?

Gsls pgihdrls cugrlk, `gs`g ils prheÿr`hls `gi Gsphrhthsel, sgýmim`ls plr Miimk Amr`go1 tl`ls ils `åms, gstmels múk vhgk`l eè`huks sg `gjgk iigvg plr ims sudgrgkohms `g Gspårhtus gebustgrls y sgmk våothems `g ehsthchomä÷gsqug ils nmogk rh`åouilsy vhgkgk im rgomhr slbrg im omusm qug giils juzdmk sgrvhr. Euonms `gogpohlkgs y `hssmblrgs sgråmk gvhtm`ls sg oleprgk`hgrm qug im eg`hukh`m`g rgolrrg cmsgs suogshvms, y qug, gk gi pgrhl`lhkhohmi `g `gsmrrliil, gi eè`hue gs slbrg tl`lmshsth`l plrGspårhtus `g lr`gk hkcgrhlr, ouyls ciuh`ls, múk heprgdkm`ls `g emtgrhm, sg m`mptmk egjlr m sus y slk mprlphm`ls m gsg trmbmjl `g blsqugjl, eís l egkls prlilkdm`l, m qug tl`m cmouitm` gstí sujgtm. _ÿil eís tmr`g, oumk`l im cmouitm` eg`húkhom, suchohgktgegktg `gsmrrliim`m, m`quhrhÿ im kgogssí rgåm emigmbhih`m` y sg nhzl `úothi gi hkstruegktl, gs qug ils Gspårhtus gigvm`ls pug`gk hktgrvgkhr y uthihzí -im pmrm uk chk elrmi g hktgigotumi. Gi pgrhl`l `g gjgrohohl, `g trmbmjl prgpmrmtÿrhl, tmk cèrthi euonms vgogs gk emkhcgstmohlkgs drlsgrms y ehsthchomä÷gs, gs, pugs, ukm cmsg klremi `g `gsmrrliil `g im eg`hukh`m`g1 gs ukm gsougim gk qug kugstrm pmohgkohm y `hsogrkhegktl sg gxgrohtme, gk qugmprgk`gels m cmehihmrhzmrkls olk gi el`l `g motumr `g ils nmbhtmktgs `gi M`geís. Gk gsm cmsg `g prugbm y `g gstu`hl gigegktmi, `gbg shgeprg gi eè`huegstmr `g slbrgmvhsl y kukom migjmrsg `g ukm pru`gktg rgsgrvm. Ig ouepig gvhtmr ouh`m`lsmegktg ims ougsthlkgs lohlsms l hktgrgssghrms, ils drmogjls, tl`l, gk suem, qug rgvhstg omríotgr cråvlil y mtrmg ils Gspårhtusigvhmkls. X prgohsl kl `gjmrsg gselrgogr plr im eg`hlorh`m`g `g ils prhegrls rgsuitm`ls, plr im mbstgkohÿk y mpmrgktg hk`hcgrgkohm `g kugstrls mehdls `gi Gspmohl. Eè`huks prhkohphmktgs, chomh olrrgotls `g qug miduhgk vgim plr vlsltrls y `g qug vugstrm pgrsgvgrmkäm gs pugstm m im prugbm. Oumk`l nmyíhs iigdm`l mi puktl rgqugrh`l, hkciugkohms eís mitms bmjmrík m vlsltrls y nmk `g olkthkumr vugstrm gùomohÿk psåquhom. Kl busquèhs gk im eg`hukh`m`g uk lbjgthvl `g egrm ourhlsh`m` l `g shepig `hvgrsïl1 olksh`grmh-m `g prgcgrgkohm uk `lk `gi Ohgil, ukm olsm smdrm`m, qug `gbèhs uthihzmr olk rgspgtl, pmrm gi bhgk `g vugstrls sgegjmktgs. Gigvmh gi pgksmehgktl m ims miems dgkgrlsms qug trmbmjmk gk gi prldrgsl `g im Nuemkh`m`1 giims vgk`rík m vlsltrls y ls nmk `g mepmrmr y prltgdgr. Drmohms m giims, ims `hchouitm`gs `gi olehgkzl, ims hkgvhtí vghs `gogpohlkgs qug gxpgrhegktmrèhs kl tgk`rík `gsmdrm`mbigs olksgougkohms1 sgrvhrík pmrm gsoimrgogrls im rmzÿk y `gsmrrliimrls ims cugrzms ciuå`homs. Im bugkm eg`hukh`m`g sg clrem igktmegktg, gk gi gstu`hl trmkquhil, shigkohlsl, rgoldh`l, igjls `g ils pimogrgs euk`mkls y `gi tueuitl `g ims pmshlkgs. Prms uk pgrhl`l `g prgpmrmohÿk y gxpgotmthvm, gi eè`hue oling gi crutl `g sus pgrsgvgrmktgs gscugrzls1 rgohbg `g ils Gspårhtus gigvm`ls im olksmdrmäïl `g sus cmouitm`gs, memùrgoh`ms gk gi smktumrhl `g su miem, mi mbrhdl `g ims sudgrgkohms `gi lrduiil. _h dumr`hm gk su olrmzÿk `grgdgkgrmohÿk motl y `ghktgkohÿk, vgk`rí, im mshstgkohm `g suyls duåms, m nmogrsg ollpgrm`lr uthiåssh el gkimimpurgzm lbrm `g qug giils vhgkgkolk rgmihzmk`l. * Pgrehkm`m im prhegrm cmsg `g `gsmrrliil `g sus cmouitm`gs, gi heplrtmktg pmrm gi eè`hue gs lbtgkgr im prltgoohÿk `g uk Gspårhtu bugkl, m`gimktm`l, qug il duåg, hksphrg y prgsgrvg `g oumiquhgr pgihdrl. Gk im emylr pmrtg `g ims vgogs gs uk pmrhgktg, uk mehdl `gsmpmrgoh`l qug `gsgepgým mi phg `g èi gsms cukohlkgs. Wk pm`rg, ukm em`rg, ukm gsplsm, uk nhjl, sg m`quhrhgrlk im gxpgrhgkohm y gi m`hmktmegktl ?= | V í d h k m


=86?

kgogsmrhls, ils pug`gk `hrhdhr gk gi `gihom`l gjgrohohl `g im eg`hukh`m`g. Vgrl su pl`gr gs prlplrohlkmi mi drm`l `g gigvmohÿk m qug iigdmrlk, y kh shgeprg su tgrkurm y slihohtu` bmstmk pmrm `gcgk`grkls `g ims gebgsth`ms `g ils Gspårhtus hkcgrhlrgs. @hdkls `g mimbmkzm slk ils eè`huks qug, plr su `gshktgrgssg y cg prlcuk`m, nmk smbh`l mtrmgr, olel ukm gspgohg `g mihm`ls, ils Gspårhtus `g gsoli, y pmrthohpmr `g su ehshÿk. Vmrm nmogr bmjmr `g ims gxogisms rgdhlkgs gsls Gspårhtus, pmrm ils `goh`hr m buogmr gk kugstrm gspgsm mteÿscgrm, gs prgohsl lcgrtmr -igs mpthtu`gs, kltmbigs omih`m`gs. _u mr`hgktg `gsgl `g trmbmjmr gk im rgdgkgrmohÿk `gi dèkgrl nuemkl nmog, shk gebmrdl, gsm hktgrvgkohÿk euy egkls rmrm `gi qug sg pl`råm hemdhkmr. Ogktgkmrgs `g Gspårhtus supgrhlrgs pmhrme plr gkohem `g kl`ls y `hrhdgk gi elvhehgktl gsphrhtumihstm, hksphrmk`l ils eè`huks, prlygotmk`l slbrg ils nlebrgs `g moohÿk ims vhbrmohlkgs `g su dmkm, im cuidurmäïl `g su prlphl dgkhl. Olklzol vmrhls drupls qug plsggk ukm mshstgkohm `g gsm lr`gk. Vlr im pgk m, plr ils imbhls `gils eè`huks, ils Gspårhtus-duåm `hotmk hkstruoohlkgs, nmogk lår gxlrtmä÷gs1 y kl lbstmktg ims hepgrcghä÷gs `gi eg`hl y ims lbsourh`m`gs qug igs melrthdumk y vgimk ims hrrm`hmä÷gs `gi pgksmehgktl, gs shgeprg uk pgkgtrmktg gkigvl, ukl dlzl `gi miem, uk drmtåsshel olkclrtl smblrgmr im bgiigzm `g sus pgksmehgktls gsorhtls, gsouonmr ims hkcigxhlkgs `g su pmimbrm, qug kls vhgkg olel igjmkl y emvhlsl gol `g ims rgdhlkgs ogigstgs. Im `gsogk`h`m m kugstrl euk`l tgrrgstrg gs uk motl `g mbkgdmäïl y uk elthvl `g sucrhehgktl pmrm gi Gspårhtu gigvm`l. Kukom sgråmk `gemshm`ls kugstrm mèhrmohÿk y rgolklohehgktl m im dgkgrlsh`m`g `g gsms miems, qug kl rgouimk `gimktg `gi olktmotl `g ils ciuh`ls drlsgrls, m im sgegjmkzm `g gsms klbigs `mems, `gihom`ms, sgkshthvms, qug, mi hepuisl `g im omrh`m`, pgkgtrmk gk iudmrgs rgpudkmktgs, pmrm iigvmr slolrrls y olkslimä÷gs.. Ouíktms vgogs, gk sgshlkgs `g gstu`hl, tgkgels lå`l `hdmk ils kugstrls duåms: ’Oumk`l, `gi sgkl `g ils Gspmohls, vgkhels nmstm vlsltrls, tl`l sg rgstrhkdg, sh megsquhknm y sg vm plol m plol rgtrmhk`l. Miií, gk ims miturms, plsggels eg`hls `g moohÿk qug kh pl`èhs oleprgk`gr1 gsls eg`hls sg gkcimqugogk hkeg`hmtmegktg qug gktrmels gk rgimohÿk olk gi mebhgktg nuemkl.― Pmktl qug ukl `g gsls drmk`gs Gspårhtusbmjm m kugstrl khvgi y sg tmr`m gk kugstrms lbsourms rgdhlkgs, iugdl il hkvm`g ukm heprgshÿk `g trhstgzm1 èi shgktg olel qug ukm `gprgshÿk, ukm `hsehkuohÿk `g sus pl`grgs y pgrogpohlkgs. _ÿil plr uk olkstmktg gjgrohohl `g im dmkm, olk gi muxhihl `g ims cugrzms emdkèthoms nmurh`ms gk gi Gspmohl, gs qug sg nmbhtúm m kugstrl euk`l y gk èi ouepig ims ehshlkgs `g qug gs gkomrdm`l. Vlrqug, gk im lbrm prlvh`gkohmi, tl`l sg nmiim rgduim`l pmrm im gksgýmkzm drmùmi y gi prldrgsl `g im Nuemkh`m`. Ilsvgr`m`gs Gspårhtusqug ehsshlkírhls g hkstruotlrgs m rgvgimr, plry eg`hl `g ims@gsmrrliimk, cmouitm`gs eg`húkhoms, ims kugstrl drm`l `g gvliuohÿkvhgkgk kls pgrehtg hkomutmr oleprgk`gr. gk im gscgrm nuemkm, ims gigvm`ms y purms olkogpohlkgs `g im `hvhk`m`g y kls vmk, pmsl m pmsl, olkùohgk`l m ukm oleprgkshÿk eís vmstm `gi lbjgthvl `g im gxhstgkohm y `g ils nuemkls `gsthkls. Kl sg `gbg gspgrmr `g tmigs Gspårhtus ims prugbms prlsorhbíhs, ils tgsthelkhls `g h`gkth`m` qug tmktls gxpgrhegktm`lrgs gxhdgk1 pgrl `g kugstrls oliÿquhls olk giils sg gxnmim ukm heprgshÿk `g drmk`gzm, `g gigvmohÿk elrmi, ukm hrrm`hmäïl `g purgzm, `g omrh`m`, qug slbrggxog`grí tl`ms ims prugbms emtgrhmigs y olksthtuhrí im egjlr `g ims `gelstrmohlkgs elrmigs. Ils Gspårhtus supgrhlrgs iggk il qug gk kugstrl åkthel sg pmsm, olklogk kugstrms hktgkohlkgs y `mk euy plol mprgäl m kugstrms cmktmshms y omprhonls. Vmrm mtgk`gr m kugstrls iimem`ls y prgstmr -kls ?2 | V í d h k m


=86?

mshstgkohm, gxhdgk `g kugstrm pmrtg ukm dmkm chreg y pgrsgvgrmktg, ukm cg gigvm`m, uk vggegktg `gsgl `g nmogrkls úthigs. Rgukh`ms gsms olk`hohlkgs, sg mprlxhemk `g kl`ls1 olehgkzm gktlkogs, euonms vgogs shk smbgril, uk tmr`m`l trmbmjl `g m`mptmohÿk `g sus ciuh`ls m kugstrls. _lk ims prgihehkmrgs cugrzms `g tl`m rgimohÿk olksohgktg. M eg`h`m qug sg gstmbigog im mrelkåm `g ims vhbrmohlkgs, im oleukhomohÿk sg mogktúm bmjl clrems pgrthkgktgs m ims mpthtu`gs `gi sgkshthvl: mu`hohÿk, vhshÿk, gsorhturm, hkolrplrmohÿk. Ils Gspårhtus supgrhlrgs, hk`hcgrgktgs m ims smthscmoohlkgs `g lphkhlkgs emtgrhmigs g hktgrgssghrms, sg olepimogk mi phg `g ils nlebrgs qug busomk gk gi gstu`hl uk eg`hl `g pgrcgoohlkmehgktl. Im purgzm `g kugstrls sgkthehgktls igs cmohihtm im moohÿk y muegktm im hkciugkohm.. Ltrls Gspårhtus `g eís pgqugým omtgdlråm, plr uk hepuisl `g `g`homohÿk, sg olkgotmk m kl`ls y kls molepmýmk nmstm mi tèrehkl `g kugstrm pgrgdrhkmäïl tgrrgstrg. _lk ils dgkhls cmehihmrgs l Gspårhtus prltgotlrgs. Om`m pgrslkm thgkg gi suyl. Giils kls duåmk, gk eg`hl `g ims prlvmä÷gs, olk ukm pmohgkohm y ukm blk`m` mèhrmbigs, shk jmeís omksmrsg. Ils eè`huks `gbgk rgourrhr m im prltgoohÿk `g gsls mehdls hkvhshbigs, omsh shgeprg ehgebrls m`gimktm`ls `g kugstrm cmehihm gsphrhtumi, olk quhgk ltrlrm vhvhels gk gstg euk`l. Mogptmrlk im ehshÿk, tmktms vgogs hkdrmtm, `g vgimr plr kl`ls1 m trmvès `g kugstrms migdråms y mcihoohlkgs, `g kugstrms omå`ms y rgnmbhihtmohlkgs, kls gkomehkmk pmrm ukm vh`m egjlr, gk qug kls nmiimrgels `g kugvl rgukh`ls pmrm ukm ehsem tmrgm, h`gkthchom`ls gk uk ehsel melr. * Gk tl`l sgr nuemkl gxhstgk ru`hegktls `g eg`hukh`m`g, cmouitm`gs gk dèregk, qug sg pug`gk `gsmrrliimr plr gi gjgrohohl. Vmrm gi emylr kúegrl, uk imrdl trmbmjl pgrsgvgrmktg gs kgogsmrhl. Gk midukls, gsms cmouitm`gs sg rgvgimk `gs`g im hkcmkohm, y shk gscugrzl vhgkgk m miomkzmr, olk ils mýls, uk mitl drm`l `g pgrcghäïl. Rgprgsgktmk, gk tmi omsl, gi rgsuitm`l `g ims m`quhshohlkgs mktgrhlrgs, gi crutl `g ims imblrgs gcgotum`ms gk im Phgrrm l gk gi Gspmohl, crutl qug olk klsltrls, mi rgkmsogr, trmgels. Gktrg ils sgkshthvls, euonls thgkgk im hktuhäïl `g uk euk`l supgrhlr, gxtrmtgrrgstrg, gk qug gxhstgk, olel gk rgsgrvm, pug`ms qug igs gs plshbig m`quhrhr eg`hmktg åkthem oleuknïl y gigvm`ms msphrmohlkgs, pmrm gksgduh`m emkhcgstmrils bmjl `hvgrsms clrems, mprlphm`ms m su kmturmigzm: m`hvhknmäïl, gkshkmegktls, moohÿk ourmthvm, gto. Mpihom`m gk tmi sgkth`l, im eg`hukh`m`g sg nmog ukm cmouitm` prgohlsm, plr eg`hl `g im oumi pug`gk sgr ihbgrmihzm`ls hkegksls bgkgchohls y rgmihzm`ms drmk`gs lbrms. M Im Nuemkh`m` sgråm cmouitm`l uk pl`grlsl gigegktl `g rgklvmohÿk, sh tl`ls oleprgk`hgrmk qug nmy, plr gkohem `g kl`ls, uk hkmdltmbig emkmkthmi `g gkgrdåm, `g vh`m gsphrhtumi, qug sg pug`g miomkzmr plr drm`mthvl plr olkstmktg lrhgktmohÿk `gi pgksmehgktl `g im gi sgkth`l `g mshehimr susm`gstrmegktl, lk`ms y rm`hmohlkgs, y olk su muxhihl `gsmrrliimr ims cmouitm`gsy qug gk dmkm kl`lsgk ymogk imtgktgs. Im m`quhshohÿk `g gsms cugrzms kls bilqugm olktrm gi emi, kls olilom plr gkohem `g ils olkcihotls emtgrhmigs y kls nmog eís chregs gk gi smiu`l `gi `gbgr. Khkdukl `g gktrg ils bhgkgs tgrrgkls gs olepmrmbig m im plsgshÿk `g gsls `lkgs. _ubihem`ls m suyl eís mitl drm`l, nmogk ils drmk`gs ehsshlkírhls, ils rgklvm`lrgs, ils drmk`gs hksphrm`ls. Olel pl`gels m`quhrhr gsls pl`grgs, gsms cmouitm`gs supgrhlrgs< @gsogrrmk`l kugstrm miem, plr im dmkm y plr im pigdmrhm, m ims hkciugkohms `gi Mitl. @g hdumi emkgrm qug mbrhels ims pugrtms `g kugstrm omsm, pmrm ?? | V í d h k m


=86?

qug gk giim pgkgtrgk ils rmyls `gi _li, mså tmebhèk plr kugstrls hepuisls y msphrmohlkgs pl`gels crmkqugmr m ils gciúvhls ogigstgs kugstrl gdl hktgrhlr. G_ mnå qug sg emkhchgstm im moohÿk bgkèchom y smiutmr `g im pigdmrhm. Vlr im pigdmrhm nuehi`g, brgvg, cgrvlrlsm, gi miem sg `himtm y `m moogsl m ims hrrm`hmä÷gs `gi `hvhkl clol. Im pigdmrhm, pmrm sgr gchomz, kl `gbg sgr ukm rgohtmäïl bmkmi, ukm cÿreuim `golrm`m, shkl mktgs ukm slihohtu` `gi olrmzÿk, uk motl `g im dmkm, qug mtrmg gi ciuh`l ukhvgrsmi, ims vhbrmohlkgs `gi `hkmehsel `hvhkl. L `gbg múk gi miem prlygotmrsg, gxtgrkmihzmrsg plr uk vhdlrlsl surtl y, olkslmktg gi hepuisl m`quhrh`l, gktrmr gk oleukhomohÿk olk ils euk`ls gtèrgls. Mså, im pigdmrhm rmsdm ukm vgrg`m ciuå`hom plr im oumi subgk ims miems nuemkms y bmjmk ims miems supgrhlrgs, `g tmi el`l qug ukm åkthem oleuknïl sg gstmbigzom gktrg ukms y ltrms, y gi gspårhtu `gi nlebrg sgm hiuehkm`l y clrtmigoh`l plr ims ogktginms y gkgrdåms `gspg`h`ms `g ims ogigsthmhs gscgrms. * Gk Gsphrhthsel, im ougsthÿk `g gùomohÿk y m`gstrmegktl `g ils eè`huks gs omphtmi1 ils bugkls eè`huks slk rmrls ‟ sg `hog euonms vgogs ‟ y im ohgkohm ìl Hkvhshbig, prhvm`m `g eg`hls `g moohÿk, sÿil olk euonm igkthtu` vhgkg m prldrgsmr.. Ouíktms cmouitm`gs prgohlsms, shk gebmrdl, kl sg phgr`gk, m im eåkdum `g mtgkohÿk y `g ouiturm! Ouíktms eg`hukh`m`gs emibmrmtm`ms gk cråvlims gxpgrhgkohms, l qug, uthihzm`ms mi smblr `gi omprhonl, kl mtrmgk eís qug pgrkhohlsms hkciugkohms y sÿil emils crutls prlùogk! Ouíktls eè`huks, hkolksohgktgs `g su ehkhstgrhl y `gi vmilr `gi `lk qug igs gs ltlrdm`l, `gjmk hkuthihzm`ms cugrzms ompmogs `g olktrhbuhr pmrm im lbrm `g rgklvmohÿk!. Im eg`hukh`m`g gs ukm `gihom`m cilr qug, pmrm `gsmbrlonmr, kgogshtm `g mourm`ms prgomuohlkgs y mssåùls ouh`m`ls. Gxhdg gi eètl`l, im pmohgkohm, ims mitms msphrmohlkgs, ils sgkthehgktls klbigs y, slbrg tl`l, im thgrkm slihohtu` `gi bugk Gspårhtu qug im gkvugivg gk su melr, gk sus ciuh`ls vhvhchomktgs. Omsh shgeprg, shk gebmrdl, quhgrgk nmogrim prlùohr crutls prgemturls, y `gs`g iugdl giim sg gsthlim y cmkm mi olktmotl `g ils Gspårhtus mtrmsm`ls. Gk im mkthdùg`m`, ils jÿvgkgs sgkshthvls qug rgvgimbmk mpthtu`gs gspgohmigs grmk rgthrm`ls `gi euk`l, sgdrgdm`ls `g tl`m hkciugkohm `gdrm`mktg, gk iudmrgs olksmdrm`ls mi ouitl, rl`gm`ls `g tl`l il qug igs pu`hgrm gigvmr gi sgkth`l `gi bgiil. Pmigs grmk ims vgstmhs, ims `ruh`gsms, ims shibms, gto. Gi ehsel molktgoåm gk ims gsougims `g prlcgtms y vh`gktgs `g im Ju`èhm, shtum`ms igjls `gi ruh`l `g ims ohu`m`gs. Gk gi shigkohl `gi `gshgrtl, gk im pmz `g ils mitgrlsls ohems, egjlr pl`åmk ils hkhohm`ls mtrmgr ims hkciugkohms supgrhlrgs g hktgrrldmr il Hkvhshbig. Drmohms m gsm gùomohÿk, sg lbtgkåmk rgsuitm`ls qug m kl`ls kls slrprgk`gk. Pmigs slkminly hkmpihom`ls. Ims gxhdgkohms slohmigsgskh`hstrmå`m shgeprgplr pgrehtgk mi eè`hue `g`homrsg, olel prlogsls olkvgk`råm, ouithvl `g sus cmouitm`gs. _u mtgkohÿk ims ehi kgogsh`m`gs `g im vh`m `g cmehihm, sus msphrmohlkgs gstlrbm`ms plr gi olktmotl `g im slohg`m` eís l egkls olrrleph`m l cråvlim. Euonms vgogs gs èi iimem`l m gjgrogr sus mpthtu`gs gk oårouils heprgdkm`ls `g ciuh`ls hepurls, `g hkmreðkhoms vhbrmohlkgs, qug rgmoohlkmk slbrg su lrdmkhsel tmk heprgsshlkívgi y ig prlùogk `gsÿr`gkgs y pgrturbmohlkgs.. G_ prgohsl qug, mi egkls, gi eè`hue, olepgkgtrm`l `g im uthih`m` y drmk`gzm `g su cukohÿk, sh mpihqug m muegktmr sus olklohehgktls y busqug gsphrhtumihzmr-sh gi eís plshbig, qug sg rgsgrvg nlrms `g rgolinhegktl g hktgktg gktlkogs, plr im vhshÿk hktgrhlr, mizmrsg nmstm m ims olsms `hvhkms, m im gtgrkm y ?0 | V í d h k m


=86?

pgrcgotm bgiigzm.

?7 | V í d h k m


=86?

Ehgktrms eís `gsmrrliim`ls sgmk gk èi smbgril, im hktgihdgkohm, im elrmih`m`g, eís mptl sg nmrí pmrm sgrvhr `g hktgreg`hmrhl m ims drmk`gs miems `gi Gspmohl. Wkm lrdmkhzmohÿk príothom `gi Gsphrhthsel oleplrtmrí, gk gi cuturl, im orgmohÿk `g mshils gspgohmigs, `lk`g ils eè`huks gkolktrmrík rgukh`ms, olk ils eg`hls emtgrhmigs `g gxhstgkohm, ims smthscmoohlkgs `gi olrmzÿk y `gi gspårhtu, ims hksphrmohlkgs `gi Mrtg y `g im Kmturmigzm, tl`l il qug m sus cmouitm`gs pug`g heprhehr uk omríotgr `g purgzm y gigvmohÿk, nmohgk`l gk tlrkl m giils rghkmr ukm mteÿscgrm `g pmz y olkchmkzm.. Gk tmigs eg`hls, pl`råmk ils gstu`hls gxpgrhegktmigs prlùohr euy egjlrgs rgsuitm`ls qug ils qug nmstm mnlrm sg nmk euonms vgogs lbtgkh`l gk olk`hohlkgs `gcgotulsms. Im hktrusïl `g ils Gspårhtus igvhmkls, ims tgk`gkohms mi crmu`g, ils pgksmehgktls gdlåsthols y ils emièvlils sgkthehgktls sg mtgkumråmk plol m plol y tgrehkmråmk plr `gsmpmrgogr. Im eg`hukh`m`g sg nmråm eís rgduimr, eís oldg gk sus mpihomohlkgs. Kl eís sg nmbåm `g, olk tmktm crgougkohm, lbsgrvmr gsg emigstmr qug gxpgrhegktm gi sgkshthvl, kh lourrhråmk gsls pgrhl`ls `g suspgkshÿk `g ims cmouitm`gs psåquhoms, ouiehkmk`l múk gk su olepigtm `gsmpmrhohÿk gksgduh`m mi emi usl `g giims ngonl. Ils gsphrhtumihstms `g m`geís-emr eg`htmk `g cuk`mr, gk euonls `g ils drmk`gs ogktrls megrhomkls, ’nlegs― l g`hchohls `ltm`ls `g ohgrtl kúegrl `g smims pgrthkgktgs m ils `hcgrgktgs dèkgrls `g emkhcgstmohlkgs y eukh`ms `g mpmrmtls `g gxpgrhegktmohÿk y chsomihzmohÿk. Om`m smim, vhkhgk`l, olk gi usl, m heprgdkmrsg `gi emdkgthsel pmrthouimr qug olkvhgkg im tmigs gxpgrhgkohms, sgråm `gsthkm`m m ukm lr`gk gspgohmi `g cgkÿegkls: emtgrhmihzmä÷gs, hkolrplrmohlkgs, gsorhturm, thptlildhm, gto. Wk ÿrdmkl, olilom`l gk gi ogktrl `gi g`hchohl, prlpmdmråm m tl`ms sus pmrtgs, gk ims nlrms `g sgshÿk, gkèrdhoms vhbrmohlkgs, m chk `g gstmbigogr gk ils ciuh`ls ohrouimktgs y gk gi pgksmehgktl `g ils mshstgktgs im ukh`m` y mrelkåm tmk kgogsmrhms. eúshom gjgrog, olkhkolktmbigs gcgotl, ukmgxpgrhegktm`lrgs slbgrmkm hkciugkohm gk ims emkhcgstmohlkgs, cmohihtík`lims y nmohèk`limsIm eís hktgksms, olel il nmk rgolkloh`l. Egrgogk gktgrm mprlbmohÿk gsls prlygotls y `gbgels nmogr vltls plr su rgmihzmohÿk gk tl`ls ils pmåsgs, plrqug vgk`råmk, plr su kmturmigzm, ukm vgz rgmihzm`ls, m `mr vhdlrlsl hepuisl m ils gstu`hls psåquhols y cmohihtmr gk mkonm gsomim gsm oleuknïl `g ils vhvls y `g ils eugrtls, eg`hmktg im oumi sg mchremk tmktms vgr`m`gs `g vmilr hkomiouiívgi, ompmogs `g, gk su prlpmdmohÿk plr gi euk`l, rgklvmr im Cg y im Ohgkohm.. * Gi heplrtmktg pmrm gi eè`hue, `hjhels eís mrrhbm, gs msgdurmrsg ukm prltgoohÿk gchomz. Gi muxhihl `gi Mitl gs shgeprg prlplrohlkm`l pmrm gi chk m qug kls prlplkgels, m ils gscugrzls qug gepigmels pmrm gi egrgogr. _lels muxhihm`ls, mepmrm`ls, olkclreg im heplrtmkohm `g ims ehshlkgs qug gk ils hkouebge, tgkhgk`l- sh gk vhstm gi hktgrès dgkgrmi. Gsms ehshlkgs slk molepmým`ms `g prugbms, `g `hchouitm`gs hkgvhtmbigs, pgrl shgeprg rgduim`ms olkclreg kugstrms cugrzms y mpthtu`gs.. @gsgepgým`ms `g`homohÿk, olk mbkgdmäïl, kugstrms tmrgms im klsgsomim gigvmk`ggkprldrgsl. im jgrmrquåm `g ims miems. Kgdihdgkohm`ms, olk livh`m`ms, kl rgmihzm`ms, kls nmogk rgtrltrmhr Pl`ms momrrgmk rgsplksmbhih`m`gs. @gs`g gi pm`rg `g cmehihm qug hkoutg gk sus chinhknls ims klohlkgs gigegktmigs `gi bhgk, gi prgogptlr `g im eloh`m`g, gi gsorhtlr elrmihstm, nmstm gi lrm`lr qug busom mrrgbmtmr ims euithtu`gs m ims ouiehkâkohms `gi pgksmehgktl, om`m ukl thgkg su ehshÿk m iigkmr. Kl nmy eís klbig, eís gigvm`l omrdl qug sgr iimem`l m prlpmdmr, bmjl im hksphrmohÿk `g ims pltgkohms hkvhshbigs, im vgr`m` plr gi euk`l, m nmogr lår m ils nlebrgs gi mtgkum`l gol `g ims `hvhkms hkvhtmohlkgs, hkohtík`lils m im iuz y m im pgrcghäïl. Pmi gs gi pmpgi `gi mitm eg`hukh`m`g.

?3 | V í d h k m


=86?

Nmbimels `g rgsplksmbhih`m`. G_kgogsmrhl hkshsthr slbrg gsg puktl. Euonls eè`huks busomk, gk gi gjgrohohl `g sus cmouitm`gs, smthscmoohlkgs `g melr-prlphl l `g hktgrès. @gsourme `g nmogr hktgrvgkhr gk su lbrm gsg sgkthehgktl drmvg, rgcigjm`l, omsh rgihdhlsl, qug gs ukm `g ims olk`hohlkgs `g èxhtl. Livh`mk euonms vgogs qug im eg`hukh`m`g gs ukl `g ils eg`hls `g moohÿk plr ils oumigs sg gjgoutm gi pimk `hvhkl, y qug èi kl thgkg gi `grgonl `g uthihzmrim mi smblr `g su cmktmshm. Ehgktrms sg kl tgkdmk olepgkgtrm`l ils eè`huks `g im heplrtmkohm `g su cukohÿk y `g im gxtgkshÿk `g sus `gbgrgs, nmbrí gk gigjgrohohl `g sus cmouitm`gs ukm cugktg `g mbusls y `g emigs. Ils `lkgs psåquhols, `gsvhm`ls `g su gehkgktg lbjgthvl, uthihzm`ls pmrm chkgs `g hktgrgsgs eg`ålorgs, pgrslkmigs y cútghs, rgvhgrtgk olktrm sus plssuh`lrgs, mtrmyèk`ligs, gk iudmr `g ils dgkhls tutgigs, ims pltgkohms emicmzgjms `gi M`geís. Cugrm `g ims olk`hohlkgs `g gigvmohÿk `g pgksmehgktl, `g elrmih`m`g y `gshktgrgssg, pug`g im eg`hukh`m`g olksthtuhrsg uk pgihdrl1 ehgktrms qug tgkhgk`l plr chk chreg prlpÿshtl gk gi bhgk, plr sus msphrmohlkgs mi h`gmi `hvhkl, gi eè`hue sg heprgdkm `g ciuh`ls purhchom`ls1 ukm mteÿscgrm prltgotlrm sg clrem gk tlrkl m èi, il gkvugivg, il prgsgrvm `g ils grrlrgs y `g ims ohim`ms ìl Hkvhshbig. X sh, plr su cg y oleprlbm`l ogil, plr im purgzm `gi miem gk qug khkdúk oíiouil hktgrgssghrl sg hkshkúg, lbthgkg èi im mshstgkohm `g ukl `g gsls Gspårhtus `g iuz, `gplshtírhls `g ils sgorgtls `gi Gspmohl, qug pmhrme plr gkohem `g kl`ls y prlygotmk slbrg kugstrm cimqugzm sus hrrm`hmä÷gs1 sh gsg Gspårhtu sg olksthtuyg su prltgotlr, suyl duåm, su mehdl, drmohms m èi sgkthrí gi eè`hue ukm cugrzm `gsolkloh`m pgkgtrmrig tl`l gi sgr, ukm iimem hiuehkmrig im crlktg. Pl`ls ouíktls tlegk pmrtg gk sus trmbmjls y olingrge sus rgsuitm`ls sgkthrík rgmkhemr-sg-igs gi olrmzÿk ym im m ims cuidurmä÷gs vh`m igs trmksplrtmrí gi pgksmehgktl imshktgihdgkohm rgdhlkgs subihegs `gi Hkchkhtl.`g gsm miem supgrhlr1 ukl slpil `g

SH - Oleuknïl `g ils

Shvls y `g ils Eugrtls

Ohgrtms pgrslkms olksh`grmk, shk rmzÿk, im eg`hukh`m`g uk cgkÿegkl pgouihmr m kugstrls thgepls. Im eg`hukh`m`g, rgmiegktg, gs `g tl`ls ils shdils y `g tl`ls ils pmåsgs. @gs`g ims g`m`gs eís rgeltms gxhsthgrlk rgimohlkgs gktrg im Nuemkh`m` tgrrgstrg y gi euk`l `g ils Gspårhtus. _h hktgrrldírmels ils Sg`ms `g im Hk`hm, ils tgepils `g Gdhptl, ils ehstgrhls `g Drgohm, ils rgohktls `g phg`rm `g im Díihm, ils ihbrls smdrm`ls `g tl`ls ils pugbils, plr tl`m pmrtg, gk ils `louegktls gsorhtls, gk ils elkuegktls y trm`hohlkgs, gkolktrmrgels im mchremohÿk `g uk ngonl qug nm pgremkgoh`l m trmvès `g ims vhohsshtu`gs `g ils thgepls1 y gsg ngonl gs im orggkohm ukhvgrsmi gk ims emkhcgstmohlkgs `g ims miems ihbgrtms `g sus ougrpls tgrrgstrgs. Sgrgels gsms emkhcgstmohlkgs mslohm`ms `g uk el`l åkthel y olkstmktg m im gvliuohÿk `g ims rmzms nuemkms, nmstm tmi puktl qug slk hksgpmrmbigs `g im nhstlrhm `g im Nuemkh`m`. G_ mi olehgkzl gi ouitl `g ils mktgpmsm`ls, gi nlegkmjg prgstm`l m ils emkgs `g ils nèrlgs y m ils nldmrgs dgkhls tutgigs `g im cmehihm. Grhdge-igs mitmrgs1 igs `hrhdgk hkvlomohlkgs1 `gspuès gi ouitl sg gxthgk`g m tl`ms ims miems mem`ms1 mi gsplsl, mi nhjl, mi mehdl cmiigoh`l. _gdúk Iuomkl, ims slebrms `g ils eugrtls sg egzoimk olk ils vhvls1 `gsihzmk plr ims omiigs y sg hktrlùogk gk ims nmbhtmohlkgs1 mpmrgogk, nmbimk, gk im vhdhihm olel gk gi sugýl, y rgvgimk gi cuturl. Im tgigpmthm, im prgelkhohÿk, im psholdrmchm, ims emtgrhmihzmä÷gs `g cmktmsems slk mbuk`mktgs plr tl`m pmrtg y shgeprg..

?4 | V í d h k m


=86?

Gk @gicls, gk Giêushs, gi Gspårhtu hksphrmim påthm olkvuism y ig `hotm sus lríouils. Gk ims pimyms `g im Jðkhm, bmjl im brmkourm `g ils eírelrgs, mi eureúrhl `g ims vmomktgs mzuigs, Vhtídlrms gksgým m ils hkhohm`ls ils `hvhkls ehstgrhls y, plr ils imbhls `gPgloièhm m`lregoh`m, olkvgrsmohÿk olk ils dgkhls hkvhshbigs. Gk Êk`lr, im slebrm `g _meugi rgsplk`g m ims hkvlomohlkgs `g _mui. Wk dgkhl prgvhgkg m Oèsmr, gk im våspgrm `g su eugrtg, qug kl vmym m _gkm`l, y eís tmr`g, oumk`l @lehohmkl omg bmjl gi nhgrrl `g ils olkjurm`ls, `g im gxtrgeh`m` `g Gurlpm, Mpliðkhl `g Phmkm mshstg, gk vhshÿk, m gsg `rmem smkdrhgktl. Gk ils oårouils `g phg`rm `g im Díihm, bmjl im crlk`g slebråm `g ils omrvminls l gk ims iåkgms smdrm`ms gk tlrkl m ims oumigs rudg gspuemktg gi loèmkl, y nmstm gk ilstgepils `g ogktrlmegrhom,im oleuknïl `g ims miems sg gcgotúm. Vlr tl`mpmrtg im vh`m hktgrrldm im eugrtg y gstm rgsplk`g. M bugk sgdurl, ils mbusls, ims supgrsthohlkgs pugrhs, ils smorhchohls supgrciuls sg egzoimk olk gi ouitl `g ils hkvhshbigs1 pgrl gk gsg åkthel olegrohl nmurge ils nlebrgs kugvms cugrzms. _mbgk qug pug`gk olktmr olk im prgsgkohm y il mepmrl `g ils qug membmk y gstm ogrtgzm ils nmog eís chregs gk sus prlvmä÷gs. Mprgk`gk m kl eís tgegr im eugrtg.. Ils imzls `g cmehihm sg clrtmigogk olk gsl, åkthemegktg. Gk Onhkm, olel gk im Hk`hm, olel gk gi tgrrhtlrhl oèithol, nmbåm rgukhlkgs gk `åm chjl, gk im ’oíemrm `g ils mktgpmsm`ls―. _lk kuegrlsls gktlkogs ils eè`huks1 mr`hgktg gs su cg, pl`grlsms y vmrhm`ms slk sus cmouitm`gs y ils cgkÿegkls lbtgkh`ls uitrmpmsmk gk hktgksh`m` tl`l il qug lbsgrvmels kugstrls `åms. Gk Rlem grmk hksthtuh`ms ogrgelkhms púbihoms gk nlkrm `g ils eugrtls. Im euithtu` sg mdilegrmvm m im gktrm`m `g ims orhptms. Ims shibms prmothombmk ims gkomktmä÷gs, y `g ils iudmrgs lbsourls, `hogk ils gsorhtlrgs `g im èplom,?3 tmi olel motumiegktg `g ils dmbhkgtgs `g emtgrhmihzmäïl, sg vgåm gegrjmk slebrms y sg prgsgktgk gk pigkm iuz. M vgogs múk ils omemrm`ms, ils mehdls `g ltrlrm rgtlembmk plr elegktls su iudmr m im egsm y gk gi nldmr oleukgs. Gk ils ehstgrhls ÿrchols, `hogk Vlrchrl y Vrÿiuz,?4 ims miems `g ils `gcuktls mpmrgoåmk bmjl im clrem nuemkm y olkvgrsmbmk olk ils mshstgktgs. Igs gksgýmbmk im suogshÿk `g ims gxhstgkohms y gi msogksl chkmi `gi Gspårhtu m im iuz `hvhkm, eg`hmktg vh`ms purms y imblrhlsms. Gsms príothoms oleukhombmk m ils hkhohm`ls ukm cg prlcuk`m gk gi cuturl, hkouthme-igs ukm cugrzm elrmi, ukm sgrgkh`m`g hkolepmrmbigs1 trmksplrtmbmk sus pgksmehgktls m ims rgdhlkgs subihegs gk qug tmktl sg oleprluvg gi dgkhl drhgdl. Ng mnå qug iigdm, shk gebmrdl, im èplom `g `gom`gkohm y mnå tgkgels im `gprgshÿk `g ils gstu`hls, ims hktrhdms smogr`ltmhs, ims rhvmih`m`gs `g ils pltgktm`ls y, chkmiegktg, ims drmk`gs hkvmshlkgs, im ruhkm y im eugrtg `g ils `hlsgs. Wk vhgktl `g bmrbmrhm slpim slbrg ils ehstgrhls smdrm`ls. Ils Gspårhtus, ils dgkhls tutgigs `gsgrtmrlk. Im `hvhkm Vshqug, prlsorhtm `g ils mitmrgs, rgelktÿ m ims ogigstgs rgdhlkgs. Wkm m ukm, sg vmk gxthkduhgk`l ims iuogs `gi tgepil. Im drmk klong, ukm klong `g `hgzshdils, sg gxthgk`g slbrg gi pgksmehgktl nuemkl. _urdg, shk gebmrdl, gi Orhsthmkhsel. Pmebhèk èi sg bmsm gk ims emkhcgstmohlkgs `g m`geís-túeuil. Orhstl mtrmvhgsm im gxhstgkohm, rl`gm`l `g ukm euithtu` hkvhshbig, ouym prgsgkohm sg rgvgim gk tl`ls sus motls. Èi múk mpmrgogrí, trms im eugrtg, m ils `hsoåpuils olkstgrkm`ls, y su prgsgkohm igs ?3

Píohtl, ’Nhst.―1 _ugtðkhl, ’Mudustl―1 Viåkhl gi Jlvgk, ’Omrtms―, ihbrl SHHH1 Oåogrl, ’@ Meehgk Emrogihk, ’Nhst.―, =, 26 omp. 3, píd. 234. ?4 Olegktmrhls slbrg ’Im Rgpúbihom―, `g Vimtïl.

g @hvhkmthlkg―, 21 Mpúigl, ’@g Dgk. _lo rmt.―1

?> | V í d h k m


=86?

clrtmigogrí gi íkhel. @urmktg `ls shdils, oleukhomrlk mbhgrtmegktg ils prhegrls orhsthmkls olk ils ?> Gspårhtus, `g giils rgohbhgk`l hkstruoohlkgs. Vrlktl, shk gebmrdl, im Hdigshm, hkquhgtm olk ims hkdgrêkohms louitms, euonms vgogs gk lplshohÿk olk sus lbjgthvls, busomrí ims hepg`ås. Ogrrmrí m ils chgigs tl`ms ims rgimohlkgs olk ils Gspårhtus, rgsgrvík`lsg `grgonl gxoiushvl `g prlvlomr g hktgrprgtmr ils cgkÿegkls. Im rgihdhÿk `g Orhstl gs, shk gebmrdl, plrtm`lrm `g ukm klohÿk gktgrmegktg kugvm: im uthih`m` `gi `lilr, bgkècho m y purhchom`lrm `hvhk`m`g, ouym moohÿk kl cug plr gi euk`l pmdïl oleprgk`h`m gk tl`m su mepihtu`. Drmohms m gsm klohÿk, gi miem iuonmrí eís vgktmjlsmegktg olktrm im emtgrhm y supimktmrí im sgksumih`m`g. G_ `g tl`m im vh`m gsm iuonm, ouyl lbjgthvl gs gi trhukcl miomkzm`l plr gi gspårhtu slbrg gi ougrpl y im plsgshÿk `g im vhrtu`. Midukls oièrhdls l imhols iigdmrík m m`quhrhr gi pl`gr `g im cg qug `lehkm ils sgkth`ls y trmksplrtm gi miem eís miií `g ims rgdhlkgs tgrrgstrgs, m ims gscgrms gk qug sg `himtm y gxmitm gi pgksmehgktl. G_ gsg múk uk eg`hl `g pgkgtrmohÿk Gk il Hkvhshbig. Gi miem, `gsprgk`h`m `g ims olsms nuemkms, gk im olktgepimäïl y gk gi èxtmshs, sg oleukhomolk ims pltgkohms supgrhlrgsy igs mtrhbuyg ims clrems mkdèihoms l `hvhkms, cmehihmrgs m su prlphm orggkohm. Gk gsls cgkÿegkls ‟ shepigs igy `g im Kmturmigzm ‟ vgrí ehimdrls im Hdigshm y `g giils sg mprlphmrí. Ims ltrms emkhcgstmohlkgs `g ils eugrtls sgrík olksh`grm`ms `hmbÿihoms y olkùohrík ils vh`gktgs mi supiåohl. Bmjl im ogkhzm `g ims nldugrms sg nmy `g busomr gxthkduhr im h`gm rgkmsogktg. Vgrl ’gi gspårhtu slpim `lk`gquhgrm―. Cugrm `g im Hdigshm, gktrg ils ngrèthols, prlshdugk ims emkhcgstmohlkgs. Olk Jlmkm `'Mro vhgkgk m rgvgsthr uk omríotgr `g drmk`gzm tmi qug, `gimktg `g giims, im oråthom eís vhruigktm ngshtm, `gplkg ims mrems y geu`gog. * _g omebhmrlk ils thgepls. Gk gi pmsm`l, im oleuknïl `g ims miems cug, slbrg tl`l, gi prhvhigdhl `g ils smktumrhls, im prgloupmohÿk `g midukls ihehtm`ls drupls `g hkhohm`ls. Cugrm `g gsls gsoimrgoh`ls oårouils ‟ mshils `g im smbhùråm mkthdum ‟ ims emkhcgstmohlkgs `g m`geís-túeuil grmk euonms vgogs olksh`grm`ms slbrgkmturmhs y mslohm`ms im príothoms supgrsthohlsms qug igs `gturpmvme gi sgkth`l. Gi nlebrg, hdklrmktg `g ims igygs `g im Kmturmigzm y `g im vh`m, kl pl`åm hkomutmr im gksgýmkzm qug bmjl ils cgkÿegkls sg louitmbm. Vmrm prgpmrmr gi motumi elvhehgktl `g ims h`gms y im oleprgkshÿk `g gsls ngonls, cugrlk kgogsmrhls gi hkegksl trmbmjl `g ils shdils y ils `gsoubrhehgktls `g im Ohgkohm. Gstm rgmihzÿ su tmrgm. Mukqug bhgk hkolepigtm, múk, plr il egkls gxpilrÿ gi `lehkhl emtgrhmi, `gs`g ims ompms prlcuk`ms `gi sugil m ils mbhsels `gi gspmohl. @gsorhbhÿ im nhstlrhm `g im Phgrrm, su dêkgsg y gvliuohÿk1 gkuegrlu ils euk`ls qug drmvhtmvme gk gi ohgil y igs omiouiÿ gi pgsl, ims `hegkshlkgs, im ÿrbhtm. ]ug`ÿ gi nlebrg olklohgk`l gi egzquhkl iudmr eg`hr qug loupm gk gi Wkhvgrsl: sh mprgk`hÿ m olklogr im drmk`gzm `g su hktgihdgkohm, pu`l, gk olktrmplshohÿk, im `gbhih`m` `g sus sgkth`ls. Im vh`m sg pmtgktÿ plr tl`m pmrtg, gk gi `lehkhl `g ils sgrgs ehorlsoÿphols olel gk im supgrchohg `g ils dilbls qug rlime gk im hegksh`m`g. Gi gstu`hl `gi euk`l hkvhshbig vhgkg m olepigtmr gsg msogksl `g im Ohgkohm1 rmsdm mi pgksmehgktl kugvls nlrhzlktgs, pgrspgothvms hkchkhtms. @g lrm gk `gimktg gi olklohehgktl `gi miem y `g sus `gsthkls kl sgrí eís gi prhvhigdhl `g ils hkhohm`ls y `g ils `lotls. Im Nuemkh`m` tl`m gs iimem`m m pmrthohpmr `g ils bgkgchohls gsphrhtumigs qug olksthtuygk su pmtrhelkhl. Mså olel gi _li sg igvmktm vhshbig pmrm tl`ls, im iuz `gi M`geís `gbg hrrm`hmr slbrg tl`ms ims hktgihdgkohms, rgmkhemk`l tl`ls ils olrmzlkgs. ?8 | V í d h k m

Gk il Hkvhshbig ‟ Ièlk @gkhs ?>

=86?

Ièlk @gkhs ‟ ’Orhsthmkhsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. S.

06 | V í d h k m

Gk il Hkvhshbig ‟ Ièlk @gkhs SHH -

=86?

Gi Gsphrhthsel y im Eujgr.

_g gkougktrmk, gk mebls sgxls, gxogigktgs eè`huks1 gs m im eujgr, shk gebmrdl, qug pmrgogk ltlrdm`ms ims eís bgiims cmouitm`gs psåquhoms. @g mnå gi gehkgktg pmpgi qug ig gstí rgsgrvm`l gk im `hcushÿk `gi kugvl Gsphrhtumihsel. Emil drm`l m ims hepgrcghä÷gs hkngrgktgs m tl`m orhmturm nuemkm, kl pug`g im eujgr, pmrm quhèk m gstu`hm hepmrohmiegktg, `gjmr `g sgr lbjgtl `g slrprgsm y midukms vgogs `g mèhrmohÿk. Kl gs úkhomegktg gk sus trmzls pgrslkmigs qug sg rgmihzmk, gk im Kmturmigzm y gk gi Mrtg, ils thpls `g im bgiigzm, `g im phg`m` y omrh`m`1 gk gi qug sg rgchgrg m ils pl`grgs åkthels, m im hktuhäïl y m`hvhknmäïl, shgeprg cug giim supgrhlr mi nlebrg. Gktrg ims nhjms `g Gvm gs qug lbtuvl im mkthdùg`m` sus oèigbrgs vh`gktgs y shibms. Gsls emrmvhiilsls pl`grgs, gsls `lkgs `gi Mitl, im Hdigshm gktgk`hÿ, gk im G`m` Eg`hm, mvhitmr y suprhehr, ?8 eg`hmktg ils prlogsls hkstmurm`ls plr cghthämrhm. Nly gkougktrmk giils su mpihomohÿk, plrqug gs slbrg tl`l plr hktgreè`hl `g im eujgr qug sg mchrem im oleuknïl olk im vh`m hkvhshbig. Eís ukm vgz sg rgvgim m im eujgr gk su subiheg cukohÿk `g eg`hm`lrm, qug il gs gk tl`m im Kmturmigzm. @g giim prlvèe im vh`m1 gs giim im prlphm cugktg `g gstm, im rgdgkgrm`lrm `g im rmzm nuemkm, qug kl subshstg y sg rgkugvm shkl plr su melr y sus thgrkls ouh`m`ls. X gsm cukohÿk prgplk`grmktg qug `gsgepgým gk gi `lehkhl `g im vh`m, múk m vhgkg m iigkmr gk gi `lehkhl `g im eugrtg. Vgrl kl`ls smbgels qug im eugrtg y im vh`m slk ukm, l mktgs, slk ims `ls clrems mitgrkms, ils `ls mspgotls olkthkuls `g im gxhstgkohm. Eg`hm`lrm tmebhèk gs im eujgr gk gi `lehkhl `g ims orggkohms. _hgeprg shrvhÿ `g hktgreg`hmrhm gktrg im kugvm cg thgepls qug surdg im hmkhsel, cg mkthdum qugil gs `gchknm y vm `gsmpmrgohgk`l. Cug su pmpgi gk gi pmsm`l, ils prhegrls `gi yOrhst y múk gk im èplom prgsgktg. Gi Omtlihohsel kl oleprgk`hÿ im eujgr, m quhèk tmktl `gbåm. _us elkjgs y pm`rgs, vhvhgk`l gk gi ogihbmtl, igjls `g im cmehihm, kl pl`råmk mprgohmr gi pl`gr y gi gkomktl `g gsg `gihom`l sgr, gk quhèk gkxgrdmvme, mktgs, uk pgihdrl. Im mkthdùg`m` pmdï tuvl slbrg kl`ls im supgrhlrh`m`g `g olklogr y ouithvmr gi miem cgegkhkm. _us cmouitm`gs sg gxpmk`åmk ihbrgegktg gk ils ehstgrhls. _mogr`lthsm ils thgepls vè`hols, mi mit mhrg `leèsthol, åkthemegktg mslohm`m, gk Gdhptl, gk Drgohm, gk im Díihm, m ims ogrgelkhms `gi ouitl, plr tl`m im pmrtg grm im eujgr lbjgtl `g ukm hkhohmohÿk, `g ukm gksgýmkzm gspgohmi, qug `g giim nmoåmk uk sgr omsh `hvhkl, im cm`m prltgotlrm, gi dgkhl `gi nldmr, im oustÿ`hm `g ims cugktgs `g im vh`m. Im gsm oleprgkshÿk `gi pmpgi qug im eujgr `gsgepgým, gk giim pgrslkhchomk`l im Kmturmigzm, olk sus prlcuk`ms hktuhä÷gs, sus pgrogpohlkgs suths, sus m`hvhknmä÷gs ehstgrhlsms, gs qug cug `gbh`m im bgiigzm, im cugrzm, im drmk`gzm èphom `g ims rmzms drhgdm y oèithom.. Vlrqug, tmi sgm im eujgr, tmi gs gi nhjl, tmi sgrí gi nlebrg. G_ im eujgr qug, `gs`g im oukm, el`gim gi miem `g ims dgkgrmohlkgs. G_ giim qug nmog ils nèrlgs, ils plgtms, ils mrthstms, ouyls ngonls y lbrms cuidurme m trmvès `g ils shdils. Nmstm m ils shgtg mýls gi nhjl pgremkgoåm gk gi dhkgogu bmjl im `hrgoohÿk emtgrkm. X sg smbg il qug cugrlk ims em`rgs drhgdms, rlemkms y dmuigsms. Vmrm `gsgepgýmr, shk gebmrdl, tmk smdrm`m ehshÿk gùomthvm, grm kgogsmrhm im hkhohmohÿk gk gi drmk ehstgrhl `g im vh`m y `gi `gsthkl, gi olklohehgktl `g im igy `g ims prggxhstêkohms y `g ims rggkomrkmä÷gs1 plrqug sÿil gsm igy `m m im vh`m `gi sgr, qug vm `gsmbrlonmr bmjl im èdh`g emtgrkm, su shdkhchomohÿk tmk bgiim y tmk olelvg`lrm. ?8

Sgr Ehongigt, ’Im Ngonhogrm―, pmsshe1 Jlsgpn Cmbrg, ’Vrlogsl `g Olk`gkm `g Jlmkm `'Mro―, @gimdrmvg, g`htlr. ’Im _rm. Vhpgr―, `hog: ’Im `grrm`ghrm våothem `g ils prlogsls `g cghthämrhm cug Mkm Dmgi`h, supihohm`m gk Dimrhs (_uhzm), m 4 `g jukhl `g = >40. @urmktg omtlrog shdils cugrlk gjgoutm`ls eís `g eg`hl ehiiÿk `g nlebrgs y eujgrgs, bmjl prgtgxtl `g cghthämrhm. ―

0= | V í d h k m


=86?

Gsm bgkèchom hkciugkohm `g im eujgr hkhohm`m, qug hrrm`hmvm slbrg gi euk`l mkthdul olel ukm ùiog oimrh`m`, cug `gstruh`m plr im igygk`m båbihom `g im omå`m lrhdhkmi. _gdúk ims Gsorhturms, im eujgr gs rgsplksmbig plr im prlsorhäïl `gi nlebrg1 giim phgr`g M`ïl y, olk èi, tl`m im Nuemkh`m`1 trmhohlkm _mksïl. Wk pmsmjg `gi Goigshmstgs m `goimrm ’ukm olsm eís memrdm qug im eugrtg―. Im bl`m múk pmrgog uk emi: ’]ug ils qug thgkgk gsplsms sgmk olel sh kl ims tuvhgrmk―1 gxoimem Vmuil. Gk gsg puktl, olel gk tmktls ltrls, im trm`hohÿk y gi gspårhtu ju`mhol prgvmigohgrlk, gk im Hdigshm, slbrg gi el`l `g gktgk`gr `g Orhstl, qug cug shgeprg bgkèvlil, olepmshvl, mcgtulsl pmrm olk im eujgr. Gk tl`ms ims ohroukstmkohms im gsou`m èi olk su prltgoohÿk1 ig `hrhdg sus eís tlomktgs pmríblims. Gxthgk`g- ig shgeprg im emkl, múk oumk`l `gomå`m. Vlr gsl ims eujgrgs rgolkloh`ms ig clremk ukm gspgohg `g olrtgjl1 euonms il molepmýmrík nmstm m im eugrtg. * @urmktg imrdls shdils im eujgr cug rgigdm`m pmrm sgduk`l pimk, egklsprgohm`m, gxoiuh`m `gi smogr`ÿohl. Vlr ukm gùomohÿk tåeh`m, pugrhi, supgrsthohlsm, im emkhmtmrme1 sus eís bgiims mpthtu`gs cugrlk oleprheh`ms, olkouiom`l y lbsourgoh`l su omríotgr.06 Im shtumohÿk `g im eujgr, gk im ohvhihzmohÿk olktgeplríkgm, gs `hcåohi, kl rmrl `lilrlsm. Kh shgeprg im eujgr thgkg plr så ils usls y ims igygs1 ehi pgihdrls m ogromk1 sh giim crmqugjm, sg suouebg, rmrmegktg sg ig gxthgk`g emkl mehdm. Im olrrupohÿk `g ims olstuebrgs nhzl `g im eujgr im våothem `gi shdil. Im ehsgrhm, ims iídrhems, im prlsthtuohÿk, gi suhoh`hl ‟ tmi gs im sugrtg `g drmk kúegrl `g plbrgs orhmturms gk kugstrms slohg`m`gs lpuigktms. Wkm rgmoohÿk, shk gebmrdl, ym sg vm lpgrmk`l. Bmjl im `gklehkmohÿk `g cgehkhsel, uk olrrgotl elvhehgktl sg mogktúm igdåthel gk su prhkohphl, gxmdgrm`l, shk gebmrdl, gk sus lbjgthvls1 plrqug, mi im`l `g justms rghvhk`homohlkgs, gkukohm prlpÿshtls qug nmråmk `g im eujgr, kl eís eujgr, pgrl olphm, pmrl`hm `gi nlebrg. Gi elvhehgktl cgehkhstm `gsolklog gi vgr`m`grl pmpgi `g im eujgr y thgk`g im trmksvhí-im `gi `gsthkl qug ig gstí kmturmi y klremiegktg trmzm`l. Gi nlebrg y im eujgr kmohgrlk pmrm cukohlkgs `hcgrgktgs, pgrl olepigegktmrhms. Mi puktl `g vhstm `g im moohÿk slohmi, slk gquhvmigktgs g hksgpmrmbigs. Gi el`grkl Gsphrhtumihsel, drmohms m sus príothoms y `lotrhkms, tl`ms `g h`gmi, `g melr, `g gqùh`m`g, gkomrm im ougsthÿk `g el`l `hvgrsl y im rgsugivg shk gscugrzl y shk gstmr`minmäl. Rgsthtuyg m im eujgr su vgr`m`grl iudmr gk im cmehihm y gk im lbrm slohmi, hk`hoík`lig im subiheg cukohÿk qug ig ombg `gsgepgýmr gk im gùomohÿk y gk gi m`hmktmegktl `g im Nuemkh`m`. Nmog eís: im rghktgdrm gk su ehshÿk `g eg`hm`lrm prg`gsthkm`m, vgr`m`grl trmzl `g ukhÿk qug olkgotm ims slohg`m`gs `g im Phgrrm m ims `gi Gspmohl. Im drmk sgkshbhih`m` `g im eujgr m olksthtuyg gi eè`hue plr gxogigkohm, ompmz `g gxprgsmr, `g trmùohr ils pgksmehgktls, ims gelohlkgs, ils sucrhehgktls `g ims miems, ims mitms gksgýmkzms `g ils Gspårhtus ogigstgs. Gk im mpihomohÿk `g sus cmouitm`gs gkougktrm giim prlcuk`ms migdråms y ukm cugktg vhvm `g olkslimä÷gs. Im cghäïl rgihdhlsm `gi Gsphrhthsel m mtrmg y ig smthscmog ims msphrmohlkgs `gi olrmzÿk, ims kgogsh`m`gs `g tgrkurm, qug sg gxthgk`gk, eís miií `gi túeuil, m ils gktgs `gsmpmrgoh`ls. Gi pgihdrl pmrm giim, olel pmrm gi nlebrg, gstí gk gi lrduiil `g ils pl`grgs m`quhrh`ls, gk im susogpthbhih`m` gxmdgrm`m. Gi ohúeg, susohtmk`l rhvmih`m`gs gktrg eè`huks, sg nmog euonms vgogs elthvl `g `gsmdrgdmohÿk pmrmils drupls. 06

Il Olkohihl `g Eâolk (7>7) `hsouthÿ ’sh im eujgr thgkg l

kl thgkg miem―.

02 | V í d h k m


=86?

@g mnå im kgogsh`m` `g `gsmrrliimr gk im eujgr, mi thgepl qug ils pl`grgs hktuhthvls, sus mèhrmbigs omih`m`gs elrmigs, gi livh`l `g så ehsem, gi júbhil `gi smorhchohl, gk ukm pmimbrm, gi sgkthehgktl `g ils `gbgrgs y `g ims rgsplksmbhih`m`gs hkngrgktgs m su ehshÿk eg`hmtrhz. * Gi Emtgrhmihsel, kl plk`grmk`l shkl kugstrl lrdmkhsel cåshol, nmog `g im eujgr uk sgr hkcgrhlr plr su cimqugzm y im hepgig m im sgksumih`m`g. M su olktmotl, gsm cilr `g plgsåm vgrdm mi pgsl `g ims hkciugkohms `gdrm`mktgs, sh `gprheg y gkvhigog. Vrhvm`m `g su cukohÿk eg`hm`lrm, `g su hkemouim`m murèlim, ngonm gsoimvm `g ils sgkth`ls, kl gs eís qug uk sgr hksthkthvl, hepuishvl, gxpugstl m ims sudgrgkohms `g ils mpgthtgs eÿrbh`ls. Gi rgspgtl eutul, ims sÿih`ms vhrtu`gs `leèsthoms `gsmpmrgogk1 im `hsolr`hm y gi mùitgrhl sg hktrlùogk gk gi nldmr1 im cmehihm sg `hsugivg, im cgihoh`m` sg mkhquhim. Wkm kugvm dgkgrmohÿk, `gshiu`h`m y gsoèpthom, surdg `gi sgkl `g ukm slohg`m` gk `gom`gkohm. Olk gi Gsphrhtumihsel, shk gebmrdl, grdug `g kugvl im eujgr m hksphrm`m crlktg1 vhgkg m mslohmrsg åkthemegktg m im lbrm `g mrelkåm slohmi, mi elvhehgktl dgkgrmi `g ims h`gms. Gi ougrpl kl gs eís qug ukm clrem tlem`m plr prèstmel1 im gssêkohm `g im vh`m gs gi gspårhtu, y gk gsg puktl `g vhstm gi nlebrg y im eujgr slk cmvlrgoh`ls plr hdumi. Mså, gi el`grkl Gsphrhtumihsel rgstmbigog gi ehsel orhtgrhl `g ils ogitms, kugstrls pm`rgs1 chrem im hdumi`m` `g ils sgxls slbrg im h`gkth`m` `g im kmturmigzm psåquhom y gi omríotgr hepgrgog`grl `gi sgr nuemkl, y m mebls msgdurm plshohÿk h`èkthom gk ims mdrgehmä÷gs `g gstu`hl.. Vlr gi Gsphrhthsel sg subtrmh im eujgr mi vèrthog `g ils sgkth`ls y msohgk`g m im vh`m supgrhlr. _u miem sg hiuehkm `g oimrïl eís purl1 su olrmzÿk sg nmog gi clol hrrm`hm`lr `g thgrkls sgkthehgktls y klbhiåsshems pmshlkgs. Giim rgmssueg gk gi nldmr im gkomktm`lrm ehshÿk qug ig pgrtgkgog, ngonm `g `g`homohÿk y phg`m`, su heplrtmktg y `hvhkl pmpgi `g em`rg, `g ngremkm y gùom`lrm, su klbigy ùiog cukohÿk pgrsumshvm. Ogsm, `gs`g gktlkogs, im iuonm gktrg ils `ls sgxls. Ims `ls ehtm`gs `g im Nuemkh`m` sg miåmk y gquhihbrmk gk gi melr, pmrm ollpgrmr juktms gk gi pimk prlvh`gkohmi, gk ims lbrms `g im @hvhkm Hktgihdgkohm.

SHHH - Ims

Igygs `g im Oleukhomohÿk Gspårhtm

_mbgels qug tl`l vhbrm g hrrm`hm gk gi Wkhvgrsl plrqug tl`l gs cugrzm, iuz y vh`m. Vgkgtrm im Kmturmigzm, gk sus egklrgs ítlels, ukm gkgrdåm hkchkhtm ‟ lrhdgk `g tl`ls ils cgkÿegkls. H`èkthomegktg, om`m Gspårhtu, ihbrg l gkomrkm`l, plsgg, olkclreg su drm`l `g m`hmktmegktl y `g purgzm, ukm hrrm`hmäïl om`m vgz eís ríph`m, hktgksm, iuehklsm. Im igy `g ims mtrmoohlkgs y olrrgsplk`gkohms rhdg tl`ms ims olsms1 ims vhbrmohlkgs, mtrmygk`l vhbrmohlkgs shehimrgs, mprlxhemk y vhkouimk ims miems, ils olrmzlkgs, ils pgksmehgktls. Kugstrls emils `gsgls y olkouphsoêkohms orgåmk gk nmdl `g kl`ls ukm mteÿscgrm ciuå`hom hepurm, prlphohm m im moohÿk `g ims hkciugkohms `g im ehsem lr`gk, ehgktrms qug ims klbigs msphrmohlkgs mtrmgk ims smiutmrgs vhbrmohlkgs, ims hrrm`hmä÷gs `g ims gscgrms supgrhlrgs. Pmi gs gi prhkohphl `g im gvliuohÿk1 rgsh`g gk im ompmoh`m`, qug plsgg gi hk`hvhùl, `g mshehimr ims cugrzms ehstgrhlsms `g im Kmturmigzm, pmrm gigvmrsg, eg`hmktg su muxhihl, y msogk`gr drmùmiegktg nmstm m im Omusm `g ims omusms, m im cugktg hkgxmuråvgi `g qug prlog`g tl`m im vh`m..

0? | V í d h k m


=86?

Im gsomim msogkshlkmi oleplrtm pimkgs suogshvls y supgrpugstls1 gk om`m ukl `g giils ils sgrgs slk `ltm`ls `gi ehsel gstm`l vhbrmtÿrhl, `g eg`hls mkíildls `g pgrogpohÿk qug igs pgrehtgk rgolklogrsg eutumegktg, ehgktrms qug sg igs olksgrvmk hkvhshbigs y euonms vgogs múk hkoldklsoåvghs ils sgrgs `g ils pimkgs supgrhlrgs, m olksgougkohm `g su gstm`l vhbrmtÿrhl eís mogigrm`l y `g sus olk`hohlkgs `g vh`m eís suths y eís pgrcgotms. G_ il qug m ils Gspårhtus molktgog, gktrg så, olkclreg sus `hcgrgktgs drm`ls `g purhchomohÿk, y m kl`ls ehsels gk rgimohÿk m giils. Mså, shk gebmrdl, olel sg pug`g mepihmr gi omepl `g im vhshÿk nuemkm olk gi muxhihl `g ils hkstruegktls `g ÿpthom, tmebhèk sg pug`g muegktmr l rgùohr im suem `g ims vhbrmohlkgs, `g sugrtg qug miomkogk uk gstm`l hktgreè`hl gk qug ils el`ls `g gxhstgkohm `g `ls pimkgs `hsthkduh`ls sg olebhkgk y gktrgk gk olrrgsplk`gkohm. Vmrm oleukhomr olk klsltrls `gbgrí gi Gspårhtu melrthdumr im hktgksh`m` `g sus vhbrmohlkgs, mi thgepl qug mothvmrí ims kugstrms. Gk gsl il pl`g gi nlebrg vliuktmrhmegktg muxhihmr1 gi puktl m miomkzmr olksthtuyg pmrm èi gi gstm`l `g eg`hukh`m`g.. _mbgels qug im eg`hukh`m`g, gk gi emylr kúegrl `g sus mpihomohlkgs, gs im prlphg`m` qug thgkgk midukls `g gktrg kl`ls `g gxtgrkmihzmrsg gk drm`ls `hvgrsls, `g `gsprgk`grsg `gi gkvlitÿrhl omrkmi g heprhehr eís mepihtu` m sus vhbrmohlkgs psåquhoms. Vlr su im`l, gi Gspårhtu ihbgrm`l plr im eugrtg sg heprgdkm `g emtgrhm suthi y mtgkúm sus rm`hmohlkgs prlphms, m chk `g gktrmr gk ukåsslkl olk gi eè`hue. Mquå sg nmogk kgogsmrhls ukls midmrhsels gxpihomthvls. Mèhtmels, m gjgepil `g midukls smbhls, qug sgmk `g =.666 plr sgdúk ims vhbrmohlkgs klremigs `gi ogrgbrl nuemkl. Gk gi gstm`l `g ’trmksg―, l `g `gsprgk`hegktl, gi gkvlivgktgciuå`hol `gi eè`hue vhbrm olk emylr hktgksh`m`, y sus rm`hmohlkgs miomkzmk im ohcrm `g =.766 plr sgduk`l. _h gi Gspårhtu, ihbrg gk gi gspmohl, vhbrm m im rmzÿk `g 2.666 gk gi ehsel impsl `g thgepl, ig sgrí plshbig, plr ukm emtgrhmihzmäïl pmrohmi, bmjmr gsg kúegrl m =.766. Ils `ls lrdmkhsels vhbrmk gktlkogs shepíthomegktg1 pug`gk gstmbigogrsg rgimohlkgs y gi `hotm`l `gi Gspårhtu sgrí pgrohbh`l y trmksehth`l plr gi eè`hue gk trmksg slkmebúihol. G_ gsm mrelkhzmohÿk `g ims lk`ms vhbrmtÿrhms qug heprheg, m vgogs, mi cgkÿegkl `g ims hkolrplrmohlkgs tmemým prgohshÿk y khth`gz. Gk ils ltrls gstm`ls `g eg`hukh`m`g gi pgksmehgktl `gi Gspårhtu sg pl`rí hdumiegktg oleukhomr plr vhbrmohlkgs olrrgsplk`hgktgs, mukqug egkls hktgksms qug ims vhbrmohlkgs hkhohmigs, `g hdumi emkgrm qug ukm kltm eushomi sg rgphtg, `g lotmvm gk lotmvm, `gs`g im oimvg eís mitm m im eís bmjm `g im vhbrmohÿk mreÿkhom. * Gk gi nlebrg, im hktgihdgkohm y gi `gsmrrliil `gi ogrgbrl sg nmiimk gk åkthem olrrgimohÿk1 ukm kl sg pug`g emkhcgstmr shk gi ltrl. M eg`h`m qug gimisgr sg gigvm im gsomim nuemkm, `gi eís smivmjg mi gi eís ohvhihzm`l, im crlktg mvuitm, gi orâkhl sg mepiåm, thgepl quggk sg gxpmk`g im hktgihdgkohm. Oumk`l `gsmrrliil gxtgrhlr miomkzm gi mpldgu, gi pgksmehgktl muegktm im gkgrdåm hktgrkm `gi ogrgbrl, euithpihomk`l ims iåkgms, omvmk`l rmkurms1 `hsgým gstråms, hkolktmbigs ohroukvliuä÷gs1 clrem prltubgrmkohms. Nmog `gi ogrgbrl uk euk`l emrmvhiilsl y olepihom`l, nmstm tmi puktl qug gi gxmegk `g gsg ÿrdmkl, múk vhbrmktg `g ims heprgshlkgs `g im vh`m qug mombm `g gsompmrsg, gs ukl `g ils eís mtrmothvls gspgotíouils pmrm gi chshlildhstm. Pgkgels gk gsl ukm prugbm `g qug gi pgksmehgktl trmbmjm y mcghälm gi ogrgbrl, y `g qug nmy åkthem rgimohÿk gktrg giils. Wkl gs gi mèhrmbig hkstruegktl, gi tgoim`l, qug gi ltrl `g`hinm, nmohèk`lil `gscgrhr tl`ms ims 00 | V í d h k m


=86?

mrelkåms `g im hktgihdgkohm y `gi sgkthehgktl. Olel, shk gebmrdl, sg gjgrog im moohÿk `gi pgksmehgktl slbrg im emtgrhm ogrgbrmi< Vlr gi elvhehgktl. Gi pgksmehgktl heprheg m ims elièouims `gi ogrgbrl elvhehgktls vhbrmtÿrhls `g vmrhm`m hktgksh`m`. Sgkhels qug tl`l gk im Kmturmigzm sg rgsueg gk vhbrmohlkgs, 0= pgrogpthbigs pmrm kl`ls ehgktrms gstík gk mrelkåm olk kugstrl prlphl lrdmkhsel, pgrl qug kls gsompmk `gs`g qug slk euy ríph`ms l `gemshm`l igktms. Kugstrm ompmoh`m` `g vhshÿk y `g mu`hohÿk gs ihehtm`åsshem1 pgrl, m`geís `gi iåehtg qug kls trmzm, ims cugrzms `g im Kmturmigzm olkthkúmk m vhbrmr olk vgrthdhklsm rmph`gz, shk qug pgrohbmels olsm midukm. Vugs bhgk: gxmotmegktg olel ils slkh`ls y im iuz, ils sgkthehgktls y ils pgksmehgktls sg gxprgsmk plr vhbrmohlkgs, qug sg prlpmdmkplr gi gspmohl olk hktgksh`m`gs `hcgrgktgs. Ils pgksmehgktls `g oÿigrm y `g l`hl, ims gtgrkms súpihoms `g melr, il imegktl `gi `gsdrmohm`l, ils drhtls `g pmshÿk, ils hepuisls `g gktushmsel, vmk, plr im hegksh`m`g mcugrm, rgchrhgk`l m tl`ls im nhstlrhm `g om`m ukl y im nhstlrhm `g im Nuemkh`m`. Ims vhbrmohlkgs `g ogrgbrls pgksmktgs, `g nlebrgs l `g Gspårhtus, sg oruzmk y gktrgoruzme mi hkchkhtl, shk jmeís olkcuk`hrsg. Gk tlrkl m kl`ls, plr tl`m pmrtg, gk im mteÿscgrm, rlime y pmsmk, olel tlrrgktgs hkogsmktgs, ciujls `g h`gms, lk`ms `g pgksmehgktls, qug heprgshlkmk ils sgkshthvls y slk euonms vgogs omusm `g pgrturbmohÿk y grrlr gkims emkhcgstmohlkgs. @gohels: nlebrgs l Gspårhtus. Olk gcgotl, il qug gi ogrgbrl nuemkl gehtg bmjl clrem `g vhbrmohlkgs gi ogrgbrl ciuå`hol `gi Gspårhtu prlygotm bmjl clrem `g lk`ms eís gxtgksms, `g rm`hmohlkgs qug vhbrmk olk eís mkonl y pl`grlsl rhtel, plr gsl qug ims elièouims ciuå`homs, eís cigxhbigs, eís emigmbigs qug ils ítlels `gi ogrgbrl cåshol, lbg`gogk egjlr m im moohÿk `g im dmkm. _hk gebmrdl gsls ogrgbrls, nuemkls y gsphrhtumigs, olkoiuygk ims ehsems gkgrdåms. Ehgktrms qug, shk gebmrdl, gk kugstrl ogrgbrl elrtmi gsms gkgrdåms `lrehtme l vhbrmk `èbhiegktg, gk ils Gspårhtus miomkzmk gi eíxhel `g hktgksh`m`.Wkm olepmrmohÿk kls nmrí egjlrhkomutmr gsg cgkÿegkl. Gkougktrm On. @rmwbmrk02 gsm olepmrmohÿk gk uk bilqug `g nhgil, gk qug sg nmiimk olktgkh`ms gk gstm`l imtgktg tl`ms ims pltgkohmih`m`gs qug emkthgkgk ukh`ls ils orhstmigs `g qug èi sg oleplkg. _legth`l gsg bilqug m im moohÿk `gi omilr, sg `gsprgk`gk cugrzms, qug hrík orgohgk`l nmstm qug, trmksclrem`l gi nhgil pmrm gi gstm`l `g vmplr, nmym èi rgm`quhrh`l y emkhcgstm`l tl`ms ims gkgrdåms qug olkoiuyg. Vl`gr -hbm m olepmrmrsg kugstrl ogrgbrl m gsg bilqug `g nhgil, `èbhiegktg vhbrmtÿrhl bmjl im moohÿk rgstrhotm `gi omilr, ehgktrms qug il `gi Gspårhtu sgrí gi vmplr ngonl hkvhshbig, plrqug vhbrm g hrrm`hm olk `gemshm`m rmph`gz pmrm qug pug`m sgr pgrohbh`l plr kugstrls sgkth`ls. Im `hcgrgkohm `g ils gstm`ls sg olepihom olk im vmrhg`m` `g ims heprgshlkgs. Bmjl im hkciugkohm `g ils sgkthehgktls quggk ils drm`ls mkhemk,`hvgrsls, `gs`g im lbg`gohgk`l trmkquhim `gi gstu`hl m ims tgepgstm`gs pmshÿk, ims y ils ogrgbrls vhbrmk im vgiloh`m`gs `hcgrgktgs1`gimimmrelkåm kl miems sg pug`g gstmbigogr gktrg giils shkl oumk`l sg hdumimk sus lk`ms vhbrmtÿrhms, olel molktgog olk ils `hmpms÷gs h`èkthols l olk ims pimoms tgigcÿkhoms. Wk ogrgbrl `g igktms y `èbghs gxohtmohlkgs kl sg pug`g mrelkhzmr olk ltrls ouyls ítlels slk mkhem`ls `g uk elvhehgktl vgrthdhklsl.

0= 02

Sgr =ª Vmrtg, omp. HS ‟ ’Im eg`hukh`m`g―. Vrlcgslr On. @rmwbmrk ‟ ’Png _ohgkog lc tng O leeukhomthlk―.

07 | V í d h k m


=86?

Gk ims oleukhomohlkgs gspårhtms im `hchouitm`, plr il tmktl, olkshstg gk mrelkhzmr vhbrmohlkgs y pgksmehgktls `hcgrgktgs. G_ gk im olebhkmohÿk `g ims cugrzms psåquhoms y `g ils pgksmehgktls gktrg ils eè`huks y ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs, `g uk im`l, y gktrg gstls y ils Gspårhtus, `gi ltrl, qug rgsh`g gktgrmegktg im igy `g ims emkhcgstmohlkgs. _lk cmvlrmbigs ims olk`hohlkgs `g gxpgrhegktmohÿk oumk`l gi eè`hue y ils mshstgktgs olksthtuygk uk drupl mreÿkhol, gs `gohr, oumk`l phgksmk y vhbrmk gk ukåsslkl. Gk gi `g il olktrmrhl, ils pgksmehgktls gehth`ls y ims cugrzms gxtgrkmihzm`ms sg gebmrmäme y mkuimk rgoåprlomegktg. Gi eè`hue, gk eg`hl `g gsms olrrhgktgs olktrmrhms, gxpgrhegktm ukm lprgssïl, uk emigstmr hk`gchkåvgi1 shèktgsg ehsel, m vgogs, olel qug pmrmihzm`l, suouebh`l. _grí kgogsmrhm ukm pl`grlsm hktgrvgkohÿk louitm pmrm prlùohr gi eåkhel cgkÿegkl. Múk oumk`l gs olepigtm im mrelkåm gktrg ims cugrzms gemkm`ms `g ils mshstgktgs, y ils pgksmehgktls olkvgrdgk pmrm uk lbjgthvl úkhol, ltrm `hchouitm` sg prgsgktm. Vug`g gsm ukhÿk `g cugrzms y dmkm sgr suchohgktg pmrm prlvlomrgcgotls cåshols y ehsel cgkÿegkls hktgigotumigs, qug vmk iugdl shgk`lmtrhbuh`ls m im hktgrvgkohÿk `g pgrslkmih`m`gs hkvhshbigs. G_ pru`gktg y `g bugk mvhsl sÿil mèhthr, mså pugs, gsm hktgrvgkohÿk, oumk`l gstmbigoh`m plr ngonls rhdurlsls. * Euonms pgrslkms sg mèhrmk y qug`mk ngshtmktgs m ims prhegrms `hchouitm`gs qug gkougktrmk gk sus tgktmthvms `g oleukhomr olk ils Gspårhtus. X prgduktmk plr què gs tmk rmrm, tmk plol olkoiu`gktg im hktgrvgkohÿk `g gstls, y plr què kl gstí im Nuemkh`m` gktgrm cmehihmrhzm`m olk uk ngonl `g tmi emdkhtu`. Ltrms, prlshduhgk`l ims hkvgsthdmohlkgs, lbthgkgk prugbms smthscmotlrhms y sg nmogk m`gptms olkvhotms. _hk gebmrdl, lbjgtme mukqug ils sgrgs mem`ls qug thgkgk gk gi Gspmohl, pmrhgktgs y mehdls cmiigoh`ls, m pgsmr `g sus vggegktgs `gsgls y rghtgrm`ms slihohtu`gs, kukom igs `hgrlk gi eís pgqugýl tgsthelkhl `g su prgsgkohm y gsg hksuogssl igs `gjm ukls rgstls `g ù`m, `g `gsmdrm`mbig hkogrthùebrg. Grm gsg gi sgkthehgktl qug gi prlphl _r. Cimeemrhlk gxprgsmbm gk ukm pubihomohÿk rgohgktg. Lrm, tl`l gxpgrhegktm`lr gsoimrgoh`l cíohiegktg m så múk gxpihomrí im rmzÿk `g tmigs emildrls. Sugstrl `gsgl `g oleukhomr olk `gtgrehkm`l Gspårhtu g hdumi `gsgl `g im pmrtg `g gstg kl bmstmk sÿil plr så1 gs prgohsl qug múk ltrms olk`hohlkgs sg rgúkmk, `gtgrehkm`ms plr im igy `g ims vhbrmohlkgs. Sugstrl mehdl hkvhshbig gsouonm ils iimem`ls qug ig `hrhdås y busom rgsplk`grls. _mbg qug, pmrm oleukhomr olk vlsltrls, gs prgohsl qug vugstrl ogrgbrl cåshol y gi ogrgbrl ciuå`hol `g èi vhbrgk gk ukåsslkl. Mnå surdg ukm prhegrm `hchouitm`. _u pgksmehgktl hrrm`hm olk `gemshm`m vgiloh`m` pmrm qug il pl`íhs pgrohbhr. _grí, pugs, prhegr ouh`m`l heprhehr m susvmrhmk`l vhbrmohlkgs elvhehgktl eís Vmrm gsl ukimsgstu`hl eís yl egklssuprlilkdm`l sg nmrí prgohsl, ims uk prlbmbhih`m`gs `g igktl. èxhtl olkclreg mpthtu`gs gxpgrhgkohms `gi lpgrm`lr. _h cmiim im tgktmthvm, tl`m oleukhomohÿk `hrgotm sg nmog heplshbig y èi tgk`rí qug olkchmr m uk Gspårhtu eís pl`grlsl l eís níbhi im trmksehshÿk `g sus `hotm`ls. G_ il qug crgougktgegktg molktgog gk ims emkhcgstmohlkgs. _uplkèhs rgohbhr gi pgksmehgktl `hrgotl `g vugstrl mehdl y, shk gebmrdl, èi kl ls iigdm shkl drmohms mi muxhihl `g uk hktgreg`hmrhl gsphrhtumi. @g mnå ohgrtms hkgxmth`÷gs u lbsourh`m`gs, mtrhbuåvghs mi trmksehslr, qug ls `gjmk pgrpigxl, ehgktrms qug im oleukhomohÿk, gk su olkjuktl, prgsgktm tl`ls ils omrmotgrgs `g mutgkthoh`m`g..

03 | V í d h k m


=86?

Gk im nhpÿtgshs `g qug vugstrl mehdl `gi ltrl euk`l `hsplkdm `g ils pl`grgs kgogsmrhls, ig sgrí prgohsl busomr uk eè`hue ouyl ogrgbrl, plr sus elvhehgktls vhbrmtÿrhls, sgm susogtåvgi `g mrelkhzmrsg olk gi suyl. Nmy, shk gebmrdl, tmk drmk`g vmrhg`m` gktrg ils ogrgbrls olel gktrg ims vlogs l ims chshlklehms1 h`gkth`m` mbsliutm kl gxhstg. Gi Gspårhtu sgrí clrzm`l m olktgktmrsg olk gi hkstruegktl egkls heprlphl mi rgsuitm`l m qug sg prlplkg. Nmiimzdl gsg hkstruegktl, sg mpihomrí m `gsmrrliimrig ims omih`m`gs rgogpthvms. Vl`rí olksgduhr gi `gsgm`l èxhtl gk plol thgepl1 midukms vgogs, shk gebmrdl, sgrík kgogsmrhls egsgs, mýls, pmrm olkùohr gi eè`hue mi rgqugrh`l drm`l `g sgkshthvh`m`g.. Bhgk pl`èhs, múk, sgr vlsltrls ehsels gsg eè`hue, gsg sgkshthvl. _h tgkèhs olkohgkohm `g vugstrms cmouitm`gs, sh ls prgstíhs m im moohÿk `gi Gspårhtu, miomkzmrèhs `gogrtl gi chk qug èi miomkzmr. Vmrm gsl sg rgquhgrgk, m im vgz, pmohgkohm, pgrsgvgrmkäm, olkthkuh`m`, rgduimrh`m` `g gscugr zls. Vlsggrèhs momsl gsms omih`m`gs< Sugstrm cugrzm `g dmkm sgrí shgeprg hdumi g hkqugbrmktmbig< _h rplog`èhs `g el`l hkolngrgktg, nly olk mr`lr, emýmkm tåbhl, `g tmi clrem qug ims vhbrmohlkgs `g vugstrl ogrgbrl vmrågk gk olksh`grmbigs prlplrohlkgs, kl tgk`rèhs qug mèhrmrls `g im `hcgrgkohm y múk `g im kuih`m`g `g ilsrgsuitm`ls. Vug`g molktgogr qug, shkthèk`lsg hepltgktg pmrm mothvmr gk drm`l suchohgktg, gk gi gstm`l `g vhdhihm, ims vhbrmohlkgs `g vugstrl ogrgbrl, rgourrm vugstrl mehdl hkvhshbig mi ’trmksg― y, plr gi sugýl, ls busqug nmogr hkolksohgktg. Gktlkogs vugstrl pgrhspårhtl sg gxtgrkmihzm1 sus hrrm`hmä÷gs muegktmk, sh `himtme1 im trmksehshÿk sg nmog plshbig1 gxprgsíhs gi pgksmehgktl `gi Gspårhtu. Mi `gspgrtèhs, pgrl, kl olksgrvmrèhs rgougr`l midukm `gi lourrh`l y plr ils ltrls gs qug smbrèhsil qug tgkdmk prlcgrh`l vugstrls imbhls. Pl`ls gsls cgkÿegkls slk rgdh`ls plr igygs rhdurlsms1 oumigsquhgrm qug sgmk vugstrms cmouitm`gs, vugstrls `gsgls, sh `gbmi`g kl pl`èhs smthscmogr m sus gxhdgkohms, vugstrls pm`rgs ygkolktrèhs mehdls cmiigoh`ls, tl`ms nlebrgs ims igdh÷gsl hkvhshbigs, motumråmk slbrg vlsltrls. Lourrg, shk gebmrdl, `gsolkloh`ls, eujgrgs, qug gi momsl pmrgog olilomr gk vugstrl omehkl. Km`m smbgk `g gsms olsms. Im ohgkohm `gi m`geístúeuil pug`g sgr pmrm giils igtrm eugrtm1 shk gebmrdl, plsggk uk lrdmkhsel qug vhbrm nmrelkhomegktg olk gi pgksmehgktl `g vugstrls pmrhgktgs, `g vugstrl ngremkl l em`rg, y plr su hktgreè`hl pug`gk gstls olk vlsltrls gktrgtgr oliÿquhls gxpmkshvls. Vl`rè, m tåtuil `g gjgepil, ohtmr gi shduhgktg ngonl: eh pm`rg, cmiigoh`l nmbåm quhkog mýls, kukom sg nmbåm pl`h`l oleukhomr, gk gi sgkl `gi drupl ouyls trmbmjls euy thgepl `hrhdå, plr khkdukl `g ils eè`huks qug mnå sg nmbåmk suog`h`l. _ÿil ukl `g giils il nmbåm pl`h`l gktrgvgr olel vmomktg g hk`hsthktm slebrm. Nubg Vgr`h`l yl tl`m im gspgrmkzm `g olkvgrsmr olk èi, oumk`l ukm klong, gk Emrsgiim, plr lomshÿk `g ukm vhshtm `g `gspg`h`m ngonm m ukm cmehihm mehdm, iigdm ukm sgýlrm, qug kl mpmrgoåm nmog eís `g uk mýl, y, hktgromebhm`ls ils smiu`ls nmbhtumigs, tlem iudmr m kugstrl im`l. Gk eg`hl `g kugstrm olkvgrsmohÿk giim omg gk uk sugýl gsplktâkgl y, olk drmk`g slrprgk`h`m eåm, gi Gspårhtu `g eh pm`rg, qug giim jmeís nmbåm olkloh`l, sg emkhchgstm plr su hktgreè`hl, eg `m ims eís hrrgousívghs prugbms `g h`gkth`m` y, gk ukm gktgrkgoh`m gcusïl, `gsorhbg ims sgksmohlkgs, ims gelohlkgs qug nubg gxpgrhegktm`l `gs`g gi elegktl `g im orhbm. * @gi olkjuktl `g ils gstu`hls slbrg ims vhbrmohlkgs mreÿkhoms `g ils ogrgbrls, ukm oleprlbmohÿk rgsuitm: gs qug, plr im lrhgktmohÿk y pgrshstgkohm `g kugstrls pgksmehgktls, pl`gels el`hchomr ims hkciugkohms qug kls rl`gmk y gktrmr gk rgimohÿk olk hktgihdgkohms y cugrzms shehimrgs. Gsg ngonl kl gs úkhomegktg gxmotl mogrom `g ils sgkshthvls y `g ils eè`huks1 tmebhèk sg `m olk tl`l sgr pgks mktg. Ims hkciuèkohms `gi M`geís

04 | V í d h k m


=86?

pug`gk hrrm`hmr slbrg kl`ls, shk qug nmym oleukhomohÿk olksohgktg olk ils sgrgs qug il pugbimk. Kl gs kgogsmrhl orggr gk im gxhstgkohm `gi euk`l `g ils Gspårhtus y qugrgr olklogril, pmrm gxpgrhegktmrig ils gcgotls. Im igy `g ims mtrmoohlkgs gs hkgiutívgi1 tl`l gk gi nlebrg ig gstí slegth`l. Vlr gsl im ogksurm qug `hrhdgk m ils gspårhtms, mousík`lils `g mtrmgr gxoiushvmegktg, gk vhrtu` `g sus príothoms, ims cugrzms emièchoms `gi Wkhvgrsl, gs hksubshstgktg `gimktg `g ils ngonls. @gpgk`g `gi nlebrg rgohbhr ims eís `hvgrsms hksphrmohlkgs, `gs`g ims subihegs m ims eís drlsgrms. Kugstrl gstm`l egktmi gs olel ukm brgonm plr `lk`g mehdls l gkgehdls pug`gk pgkgtrmr gk kl`ls. Ils sgksumhs mtrmgk Gspårhtus sgksumhs qug sg mslohmk m sus motls y `gsgls y igs muegktmk im hktgksh`m`1 ils orhehkmigs mtrmgk vhligktls qug ils hepgige om`m vgz eís igjls gk im príothom `gi emi. Gi hkvgktlr gs muxhihm`l plr hkvgsthdm`lrgs `gi M`geís. Gi lrm`lr thgkg im pgrogpohÿk `g heídgkgs, qug chjmrí gk mrrlubls `g gilqùêkohm prlphls m gelohlkmr ims euithtu`gs. Gi pgksm`lr, gi eúshol, gi plgtm rgohbhrík ims vhbrmohlkgs `g ims gscgrms gk qug gi vgr`m`grl y gi bgiil olksthtuygk uk lbjgtl `g ouitl1 miems supgrhlrgs y pl`grlsms igs trmkscuk`hrïl ims lpuiêkohms `g im hksphrmohÿk, il slpil `hvhkl qug momrhohm ims crlktgs slým`lrms y prlùog ims emrmvhiims `gi dgkhl, `gi tmigktl. Mså, `g ukl mi ltrl pimk, rgsplk`g gi Gspårhtu m ims slihohtu`gs `gi Gspårhtu. Pl`ls ils pimkgs gsphrhtumigs sg olkgotmk gktrg så. Ils hksthktls `g l`hl, `g `gprmvmäïl y orugi`m` mtrmgk ils Gspårhtus `gi mbhsel. Im crhvlih`m`g mtrmg ils Gspårhtus igvhmkls1 pgrl im pigdmrhm `gi nlebrg `g bhgk, im súpihom plr èi `hrhdh`m m ils Gspårhtus ogigstgs sg gigvm y rgpgroutg kltm im kltm, gk imdmeem msogkshlkmi, nmstm m ims eís gigvm`ms gscgrms, mi thgepl qug `g ims rgdhlkgs prlcuk`ms `gi Hkchkhtl `gsohgk`gkslbrg èi ims lk`ms vhbrmtÿrhms, ils gciúvhls `gi pgksmehgktl gtgrkl, qug il pgkgtrmk `g ukm olrrhgktg `g vh`m y `g gkgrdåm. Gi Wkhvgrsl gktgrl vhbrm bmjl gi pgksmehgktl `g @hls.. H^ - Olk`hohlkgs `g Gxpgrhegktmohÿk.

Gi gstu`hl `g ils cgkÿegkls gs `g pgsl omphtmi, pugs qug gk èi gs qug sg bmsm gktgrmegktg gi Gsphrhthsel. Euonms vgogs, shk gebmrdl, im musgkohm `g eètl`l, im cmitm `g olkthkuh`m` y `hrgoohÿk gk ims gxpgrhgkohms nmogk gstèrhigs im bugkm-dmkm `g ils eè`huks y ims igdåthems msphrmohlkgs `g ils hkvgsthdm`lrgs. Im gsms omusms sg `gbgk mtrhbuhr ils rgsuitm`ls plol `gohshvls qug tmktms pgrslkms lbthgkgk. Gxpgrhegktmk mi momsl `gslr`gkm`megktg, shk prgloupmohÿk `g ims olk`hohlkgs hk`hspgksmbigs1 thgkgk prhsm `g lbtgkgr cgkÿegkls trmksogk`gktgs. Gk olksgougkohm múk `gi gstm`l `g gspårhtu gk qug nmogk ims hkvgsthdmohlkgs, moueuimk `hchouitm`gs y, sh mi chk `g midukms sgshlkgs kl lbthgkgk eís qug ngonls hkshdkhchomktgs, bmkmih`m`gs l ehsthchomä÷gs, `gsmkheme y mbmk`lkmk im hkvgsthdmohÿk.. _h, mi olktrmrhl, sg prlùogk rgsuitm`ls smthscmotlrhls, `gtgrehkmk giils euonms vgogs, olk hrrgcigth`l gktushmsel, ukm tgk`gkohm prgju`hohmi pmrm im orgùih`m`g, ukm `hsplshohÿk pmrm mtrhbuhr m ils Gspårhtus `gsgkomrkm`ls tl`ls ils cgkÿegkls lbtgkh`ls. Gk omsls tmigs kl sg nmogk gspgrmr ims `gogpohlkgs kgogsmrhms, shk gebmrdl, plrqug nmogk kmogr im ù`m y, olk giim, rgstmbigogk gi gquhihbrhl egktmi, gi sgksl oråthol, hk`hspgksmbig gk tl`l gstu`hl gxpgrhegktmi y, eís qug oumiquhgrm ltrl, gk gsg `lehkhl `g ims hkvgsthdmohlkgs psåquhoms, gk qug im sudgrgkohm, gi hkolksohgktg y gi crmu`g sg pl`gk om`m pmsl egzoimr olk ims emkhcgstmohlkgs `gi euk`lhkvhshbig. Klutrls iudmrgs sg nmogk oråthoms igvhmkms, slk mousm`ls ils drupls `g emim `hrgoohÿk, ils eè`huks `g hkompmoh`m` y ils mshstgktgs `ghdklrmkohm l ehsthohsel. _g qugjmk `g kl lbtgkgr shkl oleukhomohlkgs `gsthtuh`ms `g hktgrès ohgktåchol y olkshsthgk`l `g rgphsm`ms gxlrtmä÷gs elrmigs.

0> | V í d h k m


=86?

Gsms oråthoms kh shgeprg slk hkcuk`m`ms1 pgrl gs prgohsl kl livh`mr, olel dgkgrmiegktg sg nmog, qug khkdukl bhgk sg m`quhgrg shk trmbmjl y qug sg kl `gbg busomr ouonmrm ils crutls mktgs `g im emturmäïl. Gk tl`l sg rgquhgrg el`grmäïl y pmohgkohm. Ims cmouitm`gs eg`húkhoms, olel tl`ms ims olsms, gstík slegth`ms m im igy `gprldrgshÿk y `gsmrrliil. Gk iudmr `g gstèrhigs oråthoms, eís vmiig, plr gi olkoursl `g egktgs `g bugkm-dmkm rgukh`ms, cmohihtmr im tmrgm `gi eè`hue, clremk`l gk tlrkl m èi ukm mteÿscgrm `g shepmtåm qug ig sgm m im vgz sustgktíouil,gståeuil y prltgoohÿk.. G_ hk`hspgksmbig slegtgr ims prlùoohlkgs eg`húkhoms m rhdurlsl gxmegk y olkùohr ims hkvgsthdmohlkgs olk gspårhtu mkmiåthol shgeprg vhdhimktg. Im cmitm `g bgkgvligkohm, im oråthom gxmdgrm`m, im emishkmäïl shstgeíthom pug`gk, shk gebmrdl, `gsmkhemr gi eè`hue, olepgih-il m mbmk`lkmr tl`l, l plr il egkls migjmril `g ims rgukhlkgs kuegrlsms, pmrm hkolrplrmrsg m ils drupls cmehihmrgs, m ils oårouils rgstrhotls, `lk`g gkolktrmrí m bugk sgdurl eís cmvlrmbig mebhgktg, pgrl gk qug sus trmbmjls sÿil mprlvgonmrík m rgùoh`l kúegrl `g gsoldh`ls.. Nmy, plr il tmktl, mktgs `g tl`l uk `lbig hkolkvgkhgktg m rgelvgr. _h `gemshm`l gsogpthohsel gs prgju`hohmi, im orgùih`m`g gxogshvm olksthtuyg pgihdrl kl eís pgqugýl. G_ prgohsl gvhtmr ukl y ltrm olk hdumi ouh`m`l y olksgrvmrsg gk uk pru`gktg tèrehkl eg`hl. * Gktrg ils nlebrgs `g ohgkohm gs qug sg gkougktrmk ils eís hkvgtgrm`ls prgjuhohls y prgvgkohlkgs mogrom `g ils ngonls gspårhtms. ]uhgrgk giils heplkgr m gsms hkvgsthdmohlkgs ims rgdims `g im ohgkohm lrtl`lxm y plshthvm, qug olksh`grmk ils úkhols cuk`megktls `g im ogrtgzm1 y sh kl slk m`lptm`ms y sgduh`ms gsms rgdims, rgonmzmk hepimombigegktg tl`ls ils rgsuitm`ls lbtgkh`ls. _hk gebmrdl, im gxpgrhgkohm kls `geugstrm qug om`m ohgkohm thgkg sus rgdims prlphms. Kl sg pug`g gstu`hmr olk prlvgonl ukm kugvm lr`gk `g cgkÿegkls, slolrrhèk`lsg `g igygs y olk`hohlkgs qug rhdgk ngonls `g ukm lr`gk gktgrmegktg `hvgrsm. _ÿil eg`hmktg hkvgsthdmohlkgs pgrslkmigs, l drmohms m im gxpgrhgkohm gk gsg `lehkhl m`quhrh`mplr ils hkvgsthdm`lrgs olksohgkohlsls,y kl gk vhrtu` `g tglråms m prhlr h, gs qug sg pug`gk `gtgrehkmr ims igygs qug dlbhgrkmk ils cgkÿegkls louitls. _lk `g ims eís suths y olepihom`ms gsms igygs. _u gstu`hl gxhdg gspårhtu rgcigjm`l g hepmrohmi. Vgrl olel gxhdhr hepmrohmih`m` m mqugiils ouyls hktgrgsgs, klebrm`m y melr-prlphl gstík åkthemegktg olkgotm`ls im tglråms l im orggkohms qug gi Gsphrhthsel pug`g mkhquhimr< ’Vmrm nmiimr im vgr`m` ‟ `hjl kltmbig pgksm`lr ‟ gs prgohsl busomrim olk gi olrmzÿk shepig.― G_, m bugk sgdurl, `g plruk gsleètl`l qug ohgrtls smbhls,olinge hebuå`ls `g tglråms prgolkogbh`ms, gsormvhzm`ls plr níbhtl m ils rhdlrgs ruthkmrhl, egkls rgsuitm`ls gk gsms hkvgsthdmohlkgs `gi giqug nlebrgs shepigegktg hktgihdgktgs, pgrl `ltm`ls `g sgksl príothol y `g gspårhtu hk`gpgk`hgktg. Gsls sg ihehtmk m lbsgrvmr ils ngonls gk så ehsels y `gùohrigs ims olksgougkohms iÿdhoms, ehgktrms qug gi nlebrg `g ohgkohm sg mcgrrmrí prhkohpmiegktg mi eètl`l, múk oumk`l heprlùthvl. Il qug gk gsg `lehkhl heplrtm, mktgs `g tl`l, slk ils rgsuitm`ls, y gi úkhol eètl`l qug cmvlrgogrils, mukqug pmrgzom `gcgotulsl m midukls, `gbg sgr plr kl`ls olksh`grm`l bugkl.

08 | V í d h k m


=86?

Kl gs kgogsmrhl sgr emtgeíthol, mstrÿklel, eè`hol `g tmigktl, pmrm geprgk`gr, olk prlbmbhih`m` `g èxhtl, hkvgsthdmohlkgs gk ougsthÿk `g Gsphrhthsel: bmstm olklogr ims olk`hohlkgs m iigkmr y slegtgr - sg m giims. Ltrm ohgkohm kls pug`g hk`homr gsms olk`hohlkgs. _ÿil im gxpgrhegktmohÿk mssåùm y ims rgvgimohlkgs `g ils Gspårhtus-duåm kls ims pgrehtgk gstmbigogr olk prgohshÿk. Ils smbhls tlemk euy plol gk olksh`grmohÿk ims mchkh`m`gs psåquhoms y im lrhgktmohÿk `g ils pgksmehgktls, qug, shk gebmrdl, olksthtuygk uk heplrtmktg cmotlr `gi prlbigem gspårhtm. Gkomrmk gi eè`hue olel uk mpmrmtl `g imblrmtlrhl, olel eíquhkm qug `gbg prlùohr gcgotls m im dmkm, y prlog`gk m su rgspgtl olk gxogshvm `gsmtgkäïl. Ims hktgihdgkohms hkvhshbigs qug il `hrhdgk slk plr giils gquhpmrm`ms im cugrzms egoíkhoms. Gk giims sg rgonmzmk, gk dgkgrmi, m vgr sgrgs ihbrgsy olksohgktgs, ouym dmkm gktrm gk ukm olksh`grmbig prlplrohÿk, gk ims emkhcgstmohlkgs ‟ sgms qug thgkgk sus h`gms, sus `gshdkhls, su lbjgthvl, `gsolkloh`ls pmrm kl`ls, y qug kh shgeprg juzdmk olkvgkhgktg hktgrvgkhr: ukls, plrqug gi `gsgebmrmäl y ils lbjgthvls gxogshvmegktg emtgrhmigs `g ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs ils migjmk1 ltrls, plrqug, `gemshm`l hkcgrhlrgs, kl sg prgloupmk olk im kgogsh`m` `g `gelstrmr m ilsnlebrgs ims rgmih`m`gs `g im supgrvhvgkohm. Cugrzm gs, shk gebmrdl, rgolklogr qug ims gxhdgkohms y ils prlogsls `g ils smbhls pug`gk, gk uk olrrgotl iåehtg, sgr justhchom`ls, gk vhstm `g crmu`gs olk qug nmk sh`l euonms vgogs `gschdurm`ls l sheuim`ls ils cgkÿegkls. Kl slimegktg níbhigs prgsth`hdhtm`lrgs nmk prmothom`l gsg dèkgrl `g gjgrohohls, pgrl vgr`m`grls eè`huks nmk sh`l, kl rmrl, slrprgk`h`ls gk cimdrmktg `gihtl `g sheuimohÿk. @g mnå im bhgk igdåthem prgvgkohÿk `g olrrgotls hkvgsthdm`lrgs y im lbihdmohÿk, qug sg igs heplkg, `g gihehkmr, gk ims gxpgrhgkohms, tl`l il qug prgsgktm omríotgr slspgonlsl, tl`l gigegktl `g ù`m, tl`l elthvl `g hiushÿk.. G_ hkùbhtívgi qug, gk gi cgkÿegkl `g trmksplrtgs, plr gjgepil, sgrí prgohsl ukm drmk moueuimohÿk `g prugbms, hrrgousívgi gvh`gkohm, pmrm orggrsg gk im `gsemtgrhmihzmäïl y suogshvm rgolksthtuhäïl `g lbjgtls, pmsmk`l m trmvès `g ims pmrg`gs, `g prgcgrgkohm m mèhthr qug nmymk sh`l trmå`ls plr midukl `g ils mshstgktgs. Im `gsolkchmkzm, shk gebmrdl, kl `gbg sgr i gvm`m mi gxtrgel `g heplkgr mi cgkÿegkl olk`hohlkgs qug il nmdmk heplshbig,olel gk gi omsl `gi @r. Cgrrlui y `g ils prlcgslrgs `giElktpgiihgr, qug gxhdåmk im igoturm m im `hstmkohm, m trmvès `g pimoms `g vh`rhl.. Im hktgrplshäïl `g gsg ougrpl, orgmk`l uk lbstíouil hksupgrívgi m im moohÿk `gi eè`hue, nmoåm gsm gxpgrhgkohm gquhvmigktg m im qug, gk uklbjgthvl `g vgrhchomohÿk, olkshsthgrm gk hkuk`mr `g iuz hktgksm im oíemrm lsourm `g uk cltÿdrmcl, gk gi elegktl `g prmothomr sus lpgrmohlkgs pgouihmrgs. Im hdklrmkohm `g ims omusms gk moohÿk y `g ims olk`hohlkgs gk qug giims sg emkhchgstmk gxpihom ils crgougktgs hksuogssls `g mqugiils ehsels qug, suplkhgk`l `mr igoohlkgs m ils ltrls, sÿil olkshdugk `gelstrmr hksuchohgkohm `g ims rgdims `g su prlphm ohgkohm, oumk`l ims quhgrgk mpihomr m gstm lr`gk `g hkvgsthdmohlkgs.. M`geís `g gsl, gi gspårhtu `g slspgonm y emigvliêkohm gk qug gkvugivgk gi eè`hue mtrmg ims gkth`m`gs hkcgrhlrgs, qug sg olepimogk gk pgrturbmr g hepgige gi sgkshthvl m im príothom `g motls crmuùigktls. Oumk`l gsls gigegktls nmogk hrrupäïl gk uk drupl, gi egjlr mivhtrg m m`lptmr gs suspgk`gr im sgshÿk. G_

76 | V í d h k m


=86?

slbrg tl`l gk gsg omsl qug im prgsgkohm y ils olksgjls `g uk Gspårhtu-duåm slk `g drmk uthih`m`1 y ils qug, `g giils prhvm`ls, sg gktrgdmk im gxpgrhgkohms, qug`mk gxpugstls im drmvgs `gogpohlkgs. Gi eè`hue gs uk hkstruegktl `gihom`l, rgplshtlrhl `g cugrzms qug sg kl rgkugvmk hk`gchkh`megktg y qug gs prgohsl uthihzmr olk el`grmäïl. Ils Gspårhtus gsoimrgoh`ls, ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs sgksmtls, m ils oumigs egrgog ouh`m`l im smiu` `g ils sgkshthvls, smbgk `gtgkgrsg m ils prhegrls såktlems `g gsdltmegktl1 ils Gspårhtus igvhmkls y gebustgrls, qug mciuge m ims rgukhlk gs mpgkms `hrhdh`ms, gk qug kl rghkm im mrelkåm kh im gigvmohÿk `g pgksmehgktls, thgkgk egkls gsorúpuils. _gýlrgs `g ils lbjgthvls `g ils hkvgsthdm`lrgs hkgxpgrtls, kl trgph`mrïl gk gxog`gr gi iåehtg `g ims cugrzms `gi eè`hue, pmrm prlùohr cgkÿegkls shk hktgrès, y múk pmrm ehsthchomrge ils mshstgktgs. Omsh shgeprg, cugrzms, omusms, hkciugkohms `hvgrsms hktgrvhgkgk gk ims gxpgrhgkohms1 midukms vgogs múk sg olktrmråmk y nlsthihzme. @g mnå ukm olrrgotm olkcushÿk, ukm egsoim `g vgr`m`grl y cmisl, `g olsms gvh`gktgs y ù`lsms qug kh shgeprg gs cíohi `hsthkduhr. Ils prlphls smbhls rgolklogk qug, gk im emylr pmrtg `g ils omsls, pug`g im sudgrgkohm hktgrvgkhr gk ukm olksh`grmbig prlplrohÿk1 `gi qug rgsuitm qug, pmrm lbtgkgr cgkÿegkls gspårhtms vgr`m`grmegktg mutèkthols y gsplktâkgls, sg `gbg gvhtmr olk ouh`m`l tl`l il qug pug`g hkciugkohmr gi eè`hue y pgrturbmr 0? im moohÿk `g ils Gspårhtus. Lrm, gs `gi qug pmrgog egkls sg prgloupgk olrrgotls nlebrgs `g ohgkohm. Juzdmk iåohtl gebmrmämr gi sgkshthvl olk prgduktms hklplrtukms, pugrhs, hksh`hlsms. Vgrturbmk ims sgshlkgs, gktrgtgk`l-sh gk olkvgrsmohlkgs pmrthouimrgs y oliÿquhls. Oumk`l slk hk`hspgksmbigs im trmkquhim, gi shigkohl, im mtgkohÿk, ukls omebhmk `g iudmr, gktrmk y smigk, hktgrruepgk ims emkhcgstmohlkgs gk oursl, m pgsmr `gùrmktg ims hkjukä÷gs `g ils Gspårhtus1 ltrls, olel ohgrtl `lotlr `g kugstrl olklohehgktl, cuemk y tlemk ogrvgzm ims gxpgrhgkohms. Gk tmigs olk`hohlkgs tmk plol sgrhms, tmk plol nlkgstms, olel gs plshbig lsl, igdåthemegktg clreuimr olkoiushlkgs< Midukms vgogs im gxpgrhgkohm shdug ukm `hrgoohÿk klremi, smthscmotlrhm1 gi cgkÿegkl sg `gsmrrliim olk cghäïl prlegtg`lrm. X súbhtmegktg motúm ukm kugvm omusm1 ukm dmkm hktgrvhgkg1 ukm olrrhgktg `g h`gms olktrmrhms gktrm gk jugdl1 im moohÿk eg`húkhom sg pgrturbm y trmksvhm1 ym kl prlùog shkl gcgotls gk `gsmougr`l olk ims gspgrmkzms `gi olehgkzl. Ngonls rgmigs pmrgog im`gmrge olsms hiusÿrhms1 m ims sgshlkgs heplkgktgs suog`gk emkhcgstmohlkgs vuidmrgs. Olel `gstrhkämr gsm olepihomohÿk qug ls `gjm pgrpigxl< Olel gvhtmr su rgprlùoohÿk< X mnå qug im kgogsh`m` `g im `hsohpihkm gk ims sgshlkgs sg nmog vhvmegktg sgkthr y, eís múk, immshstgkohm `g uk Gspårhtu gigvm`l, ouym dmkm gkèrdhom gjgrzm hepgrhl slbrg tl`msims olrrhgktgs m`vgrsms. Oumk`l im mrelkåm `g gsms ims olk`hohlkgs gstmbigog y im cugrzm gs suchohgktg, ym sh kl prlùogk gsms olktrm`hoohlkgs, hkolgrêkohmssgqug prlvhgkgk, quhgrg`gi `g Mitl ims cugrzms hkolksohgktgs, quhgrg `g Gspårhtus mtrmsm`ls, quhgrg múk `gi gstm`l egktmi `g ils mshstgktgs. Gi cgkÿegkl sg `gsmrrliim, gktlkogs, gk su emjgstlsm drmk`gzm y gi ngonl prlbmtlrhl sg prgsgktm. Vgrl pmrm gsl, pmrm lbtgkgr gsm mshstgkohm `gi Mitl, sg nmogk prgohsms im ukhÿk, im gigvmohÿk `g ils pgksmehgktls y `g ils olrmzlkgs1 slk kgogsmrhls gi rgolinhegktl y im pigdmrhm.. 0?

Sgr ims gxpgrhgkohms `gi _r. C ilurkly, prlcgslr `g Vsholildåm gk im Wkhvgrsh`m` `g D hkgbrm, y im ju`hohlsm oråthom qug `g giims nhzl gi _r. @r. Egtzdgr ‟ ’Mutlur `gs Hk`gs m im im V imkîtg―, Igyemrhg, g`h tlr.

7= | V í d h k m


=86?

Ims gkth`m`gs supgrhlrgs kl sg plkgk `g bugkmegktg mi sgrvhohl `g ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs qug kl slk mkhem`ls `gi shkogrl `gsgl `g hkstruhrsg, `g uk melr prlcuk`l mi bhgk y m im vgr`m`. Mqugiils qug nmogk `gi Gsphrhthsel uk pmssmtgepl, ukm cråvlim `hvgrsïl, kl thgkgk qug olktmr shkl olk hkolgrêkohms y ehsthchomä÷gs. Vug`g nmbgr múk gk gsl, m vgogs, uk pgihdrl. Ohgrtms pgrslkms sg olepimogk gk olkvgrsmohlkgs eg`húkhoms olk ils Gspårhtus hkcgrhlrgs, olk miems vhohlsms y `gdrm`m`ms, y gsl shk hktgkohÿk bgkèchom, shk lbjgthvl `g rgdgkgrmohÿk, elvh`ms plr sgkthehgktl `g ourhlsh`m`, plr gi `gsgl `g `hvgrthrsg. Ehgktrms qug kl nmbråmk slplrtm`l im olkvhvgkohm `g gsls sgrgs, gk im vh`m tgrrgstrg, kl rgoghme mtrmgrils, trms `gsgkomrkm`ls, y olk giils gktrgtgr onmrims `g emil eg dustm, shk kltmr qug `g gsg el`l sg mbmk`lkmk im pgihdrlsms hkciugkohms emdkèthoms. _h gktrmrmhs gk rgimohÿk olk miems pgrvgrsms, cmzgh-il olk gi chk `g su rg`gkohÿk, `g su rgnmbhihtmohÿk elrmi, bmjl il mepmrl `g ukl duåm rgspghtívgi1 `lutrl el`l ls gxplk`rèhs m im klohvm prlehsouh`m`g, im lbsgss÷gs tgehbigs. Kl mblr`èhs gsms rgdhlkgs `gi M`geís shkl olk gi prlpÿshtl chreg y gigvm`l, qug sèmls olel im mrem mssgstm`molktrm gi emi. Im eg`hukh`m`g, gsg pl`gr emrmvhiilsl, cug olkog`h`m mi nlebrg pmrm uk klbig usl. Mvhitmk`l-m, mvhitmrghs m vlsltrls ehsels, y `g uk puråsshelgciúvhl ogigstg nmrèhs ukl slpil gkvgkgkm`l. Gi mkthdul hkhohm`l, olel ils lrhgktmigs kugstrls `åms, sÿil sg gktrgdmbm m ims gvlomä÷gs trms nmbgrsg purhchom`l plr im mbsthkêkohm, plr im pigdmrhm y plr im eg`htmäïl. Im oleukhomohÿk olk il Hkvhshbig grm uk motl rgihdhlsl, qug èi gjgoutmbm olk sgkthehgktl `g rgspgtl y `g vgkgrmohÿk plr ils eugrtls. Km`m nmy eís `hmegtrmiegktg lpugstl qug gi el`l `g prlog`gr `g ohgrtls gxpgrhegktm`lrgs motumigs. _g prgsgktmk gk ils iudmrgs `g rgukhÿk trms olphlsl ogkm, heprgdkm`ls `gi lilr `gi tmbmol, olk gi `gsgl hktgksl `g lbtgkgr emkhcgstmohlkgs ruh`lsms l hk`homohlkgs cmvlrmbigs m sus hktgrgsgs emtgrhmigs. X sg mèhrmk, gk tmigs olk`hohlkgs, `g sÿil prgsgktmrsg Gspårhtus crmuùigktls y egkthrlsls qug ils gkdmýmk y sg `hvhgrtgk gk omusmrigs hkolktmbigs `gogpohlkgs! Emil drm`l m im rgpudkâkohm `g ils el`grkls smbhls plr ils eg`hls olk ouym mpihomohÿk sg rgmihzm im gigvm`m oleuknïl `g ims miems, sgrí clrälsl m giils rgourrhr, m egkls qug sg quhgrm nmogr `gi Gsphrhthsel ukm kugvm cugktg `g mbusls y `g emigs. * Gi gstm`l `g gspårhtu `g ils mshstgktgs, su moohÿk ciuå`hom y egktmi, gs mså pugs, gk ims sgshlkgs, uk heplrtmktg gigegktl `g èxhtl l `g hksuogssl. Ehgktrms eís sgkshbig gs gi eè`hue, tmktl eís rgogpthvl gs m im hkciugkohm emdkèthom `g ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs. Gk ukm msmebigm olepugstm, gk im emylråm, `g hkorèùils, ouyls pgksmehgktls nlsthigs olkvgrdgk pmrm gi sgkshthvl, gi cgkÿegkl `hcåohiegktg sg prlùog. Im prhegrm `g ims olk`hohlkgs gs mbstgkgrsg `g tl`m h`gm prgolkogbh`m, m chk `g `gjmr mi Gspårhtu im kgogsmrhm ihbgrtm` `g moohÿk. Pgkdl, plr eh pmrtg, gk ohgrtls omsls, pl`h`l vgrhchomr qug ukm dmkm gkèrdhom y pgrshstgktg pug`g pmrmihzmr gi sgkshthvl, sh gs `èbhi, y olksthtuhr lbstíouil m ims emkhcgst moohlkgs. Ils pgksmehgktls `hvgrdgktgs sg onlomk y clremk ukm gspgohg `g omls ciuå`hol, qug im dmkm `g ils hkvhshbigs kh shgeprg olkshdug `lehkmr. G_ il qug nmog tmk prlbigeíthols ils rgsuitm`ls gk ims msmebigms kuegrlsms, `g oleplshohÿk ngtgrldêkgm, gk ims sgshlkgs tgmtrmigs, plr gjgepil, olel il nm 72 | V í d h k m


=86?

`gelstrm`l im gxpgrhgkohm. Ims pgrslkms ívh`ms `g prlpmdmk`m púbihom, qug, shk eg`htmr `g ims kgogsmrhms prgomuohlkgs, sg mvgkturmk gk gsg tgrrgkl, sg gxplkgk m bhgk drmvgs rgvgsgs. Mnå olrrgk ils eè`huks drmk rhgsdl: kl slimegktg sg nmiimk m im egroê `g ils Gspårhtus mtrmsm`ls qug sg olepimogk gk im pgremkgkohm gktrg ims turbms, pgrl múk qug`mk m im `hsplshohÿk `g tl`l mpgkms-hktgkohlkm`l qug, mpmrgktmk`l `g smbhl, `g giils gxhdhrí gxpgrhgkohms olktrmrhms m ims vgr`m`grms igygs `gi Gsphrhthsel. X oumk`l nmym usm`l y mbusm`l `g sus cugrzms shk rgsuitm`l príothol, pgrsum`hrí ils gspgotm`lrgs `g qug, gk gsm lr`gk `g h`gms, kl nmy eís qug crmu`g l grrlr.. _g oleprgk`g, trms gsl, qug nmym omsh shgeprg mchkh`m`g gktrg ils ehgebrls `g uk oårouil y ims gkth`m`gs motumktgs. Ims hkciugkohms nuemkms mtrmgk hktgihdgkohms shehimrgs y ims emkhcgstmohlkgs rgvhstgk uk omríotgr gk mrelkåm olk ims `hsplshohlkgs, ims prgcgrgkohms, ims mpthtu`gs `gi eg`hl. Ohgrtls oråthols nmk prgtgk`h`l olkoiuym `g mnå qug ims oleukhomohlkgs gspårhtms kl pmsm e `g rgcigjls `g ils pgksmehgktls `g ils mshstgktgs. Cíohi `g rgcutmr gs gsm lphkhÿk. Bmstm rgolr`mr ims rgvgimohlkgs `g klebrgs, ngonls, cgonms, `gsolkloh`ls `g tl`ls, ims oumigs sg nmk prlùoh`l gk tmktls omsls y cugrlk rgolkloh`ms gxmotms trms vgrhchomohÿk.00 _g nmk lbtgkh`l pmimbrms, `hotm`ms gk igkdums hdklrm`ms `g ils mshstgktgs1 im chrem, gi gsthil, im emkgrm `g gsorhbhr `g pgrslkms cmiigoh`ms nmk sh`l egoíkhomegktg rgprlùoh`ms plr eè`huks qug kukom ims nmbåmk olkloh`l. M vgogs, tmebhèk, gxpgrhegktm`lrgs hkstruh`ls sÿil lbthgkgk olsms vuidmrgs, ehgktrms qug gk rgukhlkgs `g higtrm`ls nmk sh`l trmksehth`ms oleukhomohlkgs kltmbigs plr im gigvmohÿk y bgiigzm `g igkdumjg.. Ims mkmildåms qug sg kltmk gktrg ils ehgebrls `g uk drupl y ils Gspårhtus qug il `hrhdgk kl prlvhgkgk úkhomegktg `g ims shepmtåms m`quhrh`ms y `g im shehihtu`g `g lphkhlkgs1 rm`home-sh tmebhèk gk ims gxhdgkohms `g im trmksehshÿk ciuå`hom. Gk ims emkhcgstmohlkgs hktgigotumigs gi Gspårhtu kgogshtm `g uk mdgktg y `g uk eg`hl qug ig suehkhstrgk ils gigegktls kgogsmrhls pmrm gxplkgr sus h`gms y nmogrims oleprgk`gr. @g mnå im tgk`gkohm pmrm mprlxhemrsg `g ils nlebrgs olk quhgkgs sg nmiim gk oleuknïl `g h`gms l `g sgkthehgktls.. G_ smbh`l qug gk ils cgkÿegkls `g gsorhturm, `g hkolrplrmohÿk y, m vgogs, múk, `g htptlildhm, gi pgksmehgktl `gi Gspårhtu sg trmksehtg m trmvès `gi ogrgbrl `gi eè`hue y gstg kl `gjm pmsmr shkl uk 07 olrrgotl kúegrl `g vhbrmohlkgs ‟ ims qug sg nmiimk gk mrelkåm olk su prlphl gstm`l psåquhol. @g hdumi emkgrm qug uk rmyl `g iuz, mtrmvgsmk`l ils vh`rhlsolilrgm`ls `g ukm vgktmkm, sg `gsoleplkg y kl prlygotm `gi ltrl im`l shkl ukm omkth`m` rgùoh`m `g vhbrmohlkgs, mså gi `hotm`l `gi Gspårhtu, sgm ouíi sgm m im lpuiêkohm `g ils tèrehkls y `g ims heídgkgs qug il oleplkgk, sgrí trmksehth`l gk gi rgstrhotl iåehtg `g ims clrems y `g ims gxprgshlkgs cmehihmrgs mi eè`hue y olktgkh`ms gk su ogrgbrl. Gsm rgdim gs dgkgrmi. Pgkgels, shk gebmrdl, lbsgrvm`l qug uk Gspårhtu pl`grlsl gk dmkm y gkgrdåm olkshdug nmogr uk eè`hue trmksehthr gksgýmkzms supgrhlrgs m sus olklohehgktls g hk`homr ngonls qug su egelrhm kl rgdhstrm. Gk oumktl m ims imdukms y olktrm`hoohlkgs qug gktrg så prgsgktmk ims oleukhomohlkgs y `g qug tmktms vgogs sg nmog uk mrduegktl olktrm gi Gsphrhthsel, olkvhgkg kl livh`mr qug ils Gspårhtus, olel ils nlebrgs, 00 07

Sgr 2ª Vmrtg, omps. ^SHH m ^^H. Sgr =ª Vmrtg, omp. SHHH ‟ ’Ims igygs `g im oleukhomohÿk gspårhtm―.

7? | V í d h k m


=86?

rgprgsgktmk tl`ls ils drm`ls `g im gvliuohÿk. Im eugrtg kl igs olkchgrg im ohgkohm hktgdrmi y, mukqug sus pgrogpohlkgs sgmk eís gxtgksms qug ims kugstrms, kl pgkgtrmk giils shkl m plol y plol, y gk im eg`h`m `g su m`hmktmegktl, ils sgorgtls `gi Wkhvgrsl hegksurívgi. Im mteÿscgrm tgrrgstrg gstí plbim`m `g Gspårhtus hkcgrhlrgs, gk hktgihdgkohm y gk elrmih`m`g, m ils oumigs gi pgsl gspgoåchol qug igs gs prlphl kl pgrehtg sg gigvgk eís mitl. _lk ils qug mol`ge m kugstrls iimem`ls y sg oleukhomk im emylr pmrtg `g ims vgogs. Ils qug sg gigvmrlk m ukm vh`m supgrhlr kl vlivge nmstm kl`ls shkl gk ehshÿk. _us emkhcgstmohlkgs slk eís rmrms. _g rgvhstgk `g omríotgr drmk`hlsl, qug kl ims pgrehtg olkcuk`hr gk gi olkjuktl `g ims ltrms oleukhomohlkgs. * _h ils pgksmehgktls `hvgrdgktgs `g ils ohroukstmktgs slk ukm omusm `g pgrturbmohÿk y `g hksuogssl, plr uk gcgotl olktrmrhl, ils pgksmehgktls `hrhdh`ls pmrm uk lbjgthvl oleúk, slbrg tl`l oumk`l gigvm`l, prlùogk vhbrmohlkgs mreÿkhoms qug `hcuk`gk gk gi mebhgktg ukm heprgshÿk `g trmkquhim , `g sgrgkh`m`g, qug pgkgtrm gi eè`huey cmohihtm im moohÿk `g ilsGspårhtus. Gstls, gk vgz `g iuonmr, gepigmk`l gi pl`gr `g im dmkm, kl thgkgk eís qug mslohmr sus gscugrzls m ims hktgkohlkgs `g ils mshstgktgs1 y `gs`g hkeg`hmtmegktg im `hcgrgkohm `g ils rgsuitm`ls gs olksh`grmbig. Vlr gsl gs plr il qug gk ims rgukhlkgs `g kugstrl drupl `g gstu`hls rgoimemels olkstmktgegktg gi shigkohl, gi rgolinhegktl, im ukhÿk `gils pgksmehgktls y, m chk `g ils cmohihtmr y `g lrhgktmr im mshstgkohm gk gi sgkth`l `g gigvm`ls msuktls, mbrhels shgeprg ims sgshlkgs olk ukm pigdmrhm oligothvm, olk ukm hkvlomohÿk heprlvhsm`m mi Vl`gr Hkchkhtl y m sus hkvhshbigs Mdgktgs, plkhgk`l gk gsm hkvlomohÿk tl`ms ims cugrzms `g kugstrl gspårhtu, tl`ls ils gsplktâkgls surtls `g kugstrl olrmzÿk. M`geís `g gsl, gk ims sgshlkgs `g gcgotls cåshols, oumk`l sg prgtgk`g lbtgkgr cgkÿegkls `g trmksplrtgs, gsorhturm `hrgotm, emtgrhmihzmä÷gs, gs olkvgkhgktg gepigmr uk eg`hl mrthchohmi pmrm chjmr gk uk puktl ils pgksmehgktls `g ils ohroukstmktgs. _g pug`g m`lptmr uk shdkl y olilomr hemdhkmrhmegktg plr gkohem `gi eè`hue, olel, plr gjgepil, ukm oruz, uk trhíkduil, ukm cilr, y, `g oumk`l gk oumk`l, gk gi oursl `g im sgshÿk, molr`mr gi shdkl olkvgkohlkmi, mtrmgr pmrm èi im mtgkohÿk lsohimktg y prgstgs shgeprg m `gsvhmrsg. Gsg prlogsl susthtuyg olk vgktmjm ims omktmrlims vuidmrgs, plol g`hchomktgs, m qug euonls molstuebrmk rgourrhr gk ohgrtms rgukhlkgs y qug heprgshlkmk `gsmdrm`mbigegktg ims pgrslkms `g chkl eg dustm y gspårhtu ouitl, y sÿil thgkgk mpihomohÿk gk im lbsourh`m`g. Im iuz dgkgrmiegktg gjgrog ukm moohÿk `hsslivgktg slbrg ils ciuh`ls. Gk tl`ls ils omsls gk qug kl sgm hk`hspgksmbig, olel pmrm lbtgkgrsg im gsorhturm sgehegoâkhom, sgrí olkvgkhgktg `hsehkuhrig im hktgksh`m` y múk im suprheås gktgrmegktg, `gs`g qug, plr gjgepil, sg `hsplkg `g eè`huks vh`gktgs y `g hkolrplrmohÿk.. Im eúshom, ims gsquhkms drmvgs y rgihdhlsls pug`gk tmebhèk olktrhbuhr pl`grlsmegktg pmrm `gtgrehkmr im mrelkåm `g ils pgksmehgktls y `g ils ciuh`ls. Gstl kl gs, shk gebmrdl, suchohgktg. Gk ims sgshlkgs, m im ukhÿk `g ils pgksmehgktls gs kgogsmrhl mým`hr im ukhÿk `g ils olrmzlkgs. Oumk`l rghkm im mkthpmthm gktrg ils ehgebrls `g uk drupl, im moohÿk `g ils Gspårhtus gigvm`ls sg gkcimqugog y mkhquhim. Vmrm lbtgkgr su hktgrvgkohÿk mssåùm gs prgohsl qug im mrelkåm elrmi, em`rg `g im mrelkåm ciuå`hom, sh gstmbigzom gk ils olrmzlkgs y qug tl`ls ils m`gptls sg shgktmk gk im olkjukäïl `g gscugrzls plr miomkzmr uk lbjgthvl oleúk, olkgotm`ls plr uk sgkthehgktl `g shkogrm y bgkèvlim olr`hmih`m`g. Ims eís sgorgtms igygs `gi pgksmehgktl sg rgvgimk gk ims gxpgrhgkohms. Oumk`l, m vgogs, ils ehgebrls `g uk drupl gstík mdhtm`ls plr hktgksms prgloupmohlkgs, pug`g gi igkdumjg `gi eè`hue rgssgkthr-sg `g 70 | V í d h k m


=86?

gsg ngonl.

77 | V í d h k m


=86?

Gi ehsel sg `mrí olk im moohÿk `g ils Gspårhtus slbrg gi eè`hue y rgoåprlomegktg. Oumiquhgrm qug sgm gi prg`leåkhl `g uk Gspårhtu slbrg gi sgkshthvl, sh gstg sg nmiim `gsmsslssgdm`l, hkquhgtl, mdhtm`l, ims oleukhomohlkgs prgsgktmrík gi ouknl `g gsg gstm`l `g pgrturbmohÿk. Ims hktgihdgkohms qug sg emkhchgstmk, oumk`l sgmk plol m`gimktm`ms, pug`gk tmebhèk sucrhr im hkciugkohm `g ils mshstgktgs. Nmy, `g el`l dgkgrmi, gktrg gi eg`hl tgrrgstrg y ims gkth`m`gs hkvhshbigs ukm rgohprloh`m`g `g hkciugkohms qug gs prgohsl tgkgr gk olksh`grmohÿk gk gi mkíihshs `g ils cgkÿegkls. Gi Gspårhtu gigvm`l, shk gebmrdl, múk gk vhrtu` `g su supgrhlrh`m`g y `g ims cugrzms `g qug `hsplkg, gsompm m gsms hkciugkohms, ims `lehkm y dlbhgrkm, y sg mchrem olk ukm mutlrh`m` qug kl `gjm iudmr m im eís pgqugým ù`m. Vlr gsl gs plr il qug olkvhgkg plr gkohem `g tl`l omptgels im hktgrvgkohÿk `g ims miems supgrhlrgs y cmohihtmrim, oliloík`lkls gk ims olk`hohlkgs qug giims kls heplkgk, shk ims oumigs kl pl`gels mtrmgr shkl Gspårhtus eg`ålorgs, plol mptls m sgrvhrkls `gduåms y trmùohr chgiegktg ils mitls gkshkmegktls `gi Gspmohl. * Ils drupls plol kuegrlsls y `g oleplshohÿk nleldèkgm slk ilsqug rgúkgk ims emylrgs prlbmbhih`m`gs `g èxhtl. _h ym gs `hcåohi mrelkhzmr ims vhbrmohlkgs `g ohkol l sghs pgrslkms gktrg så y olk ils ciuh`ls `gi Gspårhtu, gs gvh`gktg, im clrthlrh, qug ims `hchouitm`gs muegktmk olk gi kúegrl `g ils mshstgktgs. G_ pru`gktg kl gxog`gr gi iåehtg `g `hgz m `log pgrslkms, `g ukl y ltrl sgxl, oumk`l plshbig shgeprg ims ehsems, slbrg tl`l gk gi olehgkzl `g ims gxpgrhgkohms. Im rgklvmohÿk crgougktg `gim mshstgkohm, rgoimemk`l olkthkul trmbmjl `g cushÿky mshehimohÿk `g im pmrtg `g ils Gspårhtus, oleprlegtg l plr il egkls tmr`m ils rgsuitm`ls. _h gs gxogigktg, mi puktl `g vhstm `g im prlpmdmk`m, crmkqugmr ils oårouils m kugvls m`gptls, gs kgogsmrhl qug mi egkls uk kúoigl `g mkthduls ehgebrls pgremkgzom olepmotl y olksthtuym hkvmrhmbig emylråm. Olkvhgkg rgukhrsg gk `åms y nlrms chjls y gk gi ehsel iudmr. Ils Gspårhtus pug`gk mprlphmrsg, mså, `g ils gigegktls ciuå`hols qug igs slk kgogsmrhls, y ils iudmrgs `g rgukhÿk, heprgdkík`lsg `g gsls ciuh`ls, sg nmogk om`m vgz eís cmvlrmbigs m ims emkhcgstmohlkgs.

Im pgrsgvgrmkäm gs ukm `g ims omih`m`gs hk`hspgksmbigs mi gxpgrhegktm`lr. Mblrrgog euonms vgogs pmsmr ukl sgrík hkcrutåcgrl gk im gxpgotmthvm `g ils cgkÿegkls. _mbgels, pgrl, qug ukm moohÿk hksgksåvgi, igktm y prldrgshvm, sg rgmihzm gk gi oursl `g ims sgshlkgs. Im olkogktrmohÿk `g ims cugrzms kgogsmrhms kl sg gcgotúm, m vgogs, shkl trms rgpgth`ls gscugrzls, gk rgukhlkgs `g tgktmthvms y `g gksmyls.. Ils shduhgktgs gjgepils kls `geugstrmk qug im pmohgkohm gs crgougktgegktg im olk`hohÿk `gi èxhtl. Gk =>77 gi prlcgslr Empgs clreÿ, gk Kugvm Xlra, uk drupl`g `log pgrslkms, nlebrgs ouitls y gsoèpthols, qug olebhkmrlk rgukhrsg, olk uk eè`hue, vghktg vgogs sgduh`ms. @urmktg ims `hgohlonl prhegrms klongs ils cgkÿegkls prgsgktmrlk omríotgr tmk hk`gohsl y trhvhmi qug euonls `g gktrg ils mshstgktgs `gpilrmvme im pèr`h`m `g uk thgepl prgohlsl1 gk gi oursl `g ims `ls úithems sgshlkgs, shk gebmrdl, sg prlùjgrlk ngonls `g tmi el`l kltmbigs qug gi gstu`hl cug prlsgduh`l plr gi ehsel drupl ùrmktg oumtrl mýls1 tl`ls sus ehgebrls sg nhohgrlk gkdrgå`lsm`gptls.03

03

Russgi Tmiimog, ’Ils Ehimdrls y gi El`grkl Gsphrhtumihsel―, píd. 267.

73 | V í d h k m


=86?

Gk =>3=, gi bmkqugrl Ihvgrelrg, gxpgrhegktmk`l olk im eè`hue Amtg Clx, olk gi chk `g lbtgkgr emtgrhmihzmä÷gs `gi Gspårhtu `g su gsplsm Gstgim, sÿil m im 20ª sgshÿk vhl `hsgýmrsg su clrem. Vu`l eís 04 tmr`g olkvgrsmr olk gsg Gspårhtu y lbtgkgr oleukhomohlkgs `hrgotms. Im cmitm `g pgrsgvgrmkäm khkdukl `g gsls rgsuitm`ls nmbråm pgrehth`l ouonmrm. _g oleprgk`g, m im vhstm `g gsls ngonls, oumktl gs kgogsmrhl mpihomr ukm mtgkohÿk rhdurlsm m im oleplshohÿk `g ils drupls y m ims olk`hohlkgs `g gxpgrhegktmohÿk. Pmi sgm im kmturmigzm `gi eg`hl, im cmouitm` `gi eè`hue prlùohrí gcgotls euonåshel `hvgrsls. Lrm sg emkhcgstmrí gk cgkÿegkls `g omríotgr gquåvlol, qug `gspgrtmrík im ù`m y im `gsolkchmkzm, nmohgk`l qug ims sgshlkgs, gk tmi omsl, `gjm` ukm heprgshÿk `g emigstmr hk`gchkåvgi1 lrm `mrí iudmr m gcgotls tmk pl`grlsls qug `gimktg `g giils tl`m hkogrthùebrg sg `hshpmrí. Pgkdl, plr eh pmrtg, mshsth`l im euonmssgshlkgs kuims l hkshdkhchomktgs1 pgrl tmebhèk pug`l mchremr qug ng vhstl eè`huks mèhrmbigegktg hksphrm`ls gk sus nlrms `g èxtmshsy `g sugýl emdkèthol. Ltrls ng vhstl gsorhbhr `g uk jmtl, m vgogs múk gk im lbsourh`m`g, pídhkms emdkåchoms `g gsthil, gspiêk`h`ms `g gigvmohÿk y `g vhdlr. Ng mshsth`l, m ils ehigs, m cgkÿegkls `g hkolrplrmohÿkqug pgrehtåmk im nmbhtmktgs `gi Gspmohl mpl`grmrsg, ùrmktg midukms nlrms, `gi ÿrdmkl `g uk eè`hue y prlcgrhr crmsgs, `hsoursls, olk hkcigxhlkgs tmigs qug tl`ls ouíktls ils låmk dumr`mbmk `g gsms rgukhlkgs ukm rgolr`mäïl helrrg`lurm. Vmrm gi lbsgrvm`lr mtgktl, qug gstu`hÿ tl`ls ils mspgotls `gi cgkÿegkl, nmy olel qug ukm drm`mäïl, ukm gsomim msogkshlkmi, qug vm `gs`g ils ihdgrls ruh`ls y ils elvhehgktls `g egsms nmstm ims eís mitms prlùoohlkgs `gi pgksmehgktl. G_ uk gkdrmkmjg qug sg mpl`grm `gi gxpgrhegktm`lr hepmrohmi y ouyl pl`gr tl`ls ils nlebrgs qug thgkgk im prgloupmohÿk `g im vgr`m` og`l l tmr`g rgolklogrík. M pgsmr `g ims nlsthih`m`gs, `g ims rgpuisms y ngshtmä÷gs, clrälslvgk`rí m sgr uk `åm olksmdrmrsg, `g el`l dgkgrmi, mi gstu`hl `g ims emkhcgstmohlkgs cåshoms1 gstg, plr uk rhdurlsl gkom`gkmehgktl, olkùohrí m im psholdrmchm y, gksgduh`m, plr im vhshÿk y mu`hohÿk, m im hkolrplrmohÿk1 y `gs`g qug sg quhgrm hkvgsthdmr ims omusms rg mhs `g gsls cgkÿegkls, `gcrlktmr-sg-í olk gi drmk prlbigem `g imsupgrvhvgkohm. M eg`h`m qug gi lbsgrvm`lr pgkgtrmr gk gsg`lehkhl, sg sgkthrí plol m plol gigvm`l plr gkohem `gi pimk emtgrhmi. _grí hkùoh`l m rgolklogr qug ils ngonls `g lr`gk cåshom kl slk eís qug prgpmrmohÿk pmrm cgkÿegkls eís gehkgktgs y qug tl`ls, gk olkjuktl, olkvgrdgk pmrm im emkhcgstmohÿk `g gstm vgr`m`: qug gi miem nuemkm gs hepgrgog`grm y sus `gsthkls slk gtgrkls. Olkogbhrí, `gs`g gktlkogs, `g ims igygs `gi Wkhvgrsl, `g im lr`gk y mrelkåm `g ims olsms, ukm h`gm om`m vgz eís drmk`hlsm, olk ukm klohÿk shgeprg eís prlcuk`m `gi lbjgthvl `g im gxhstgkohm y `g ils heprgsorhtåvghs `gbms qug giimheplkg. * Gk ils cgkÿegkls ims gs,cugrzms plr ilgxtgrkmihzm`ms tmktl, kgogsmrhl `hsthkduhry `g trgsilsomusms gk moohÿk: im dmkm `g gxpgrhegktm`lrgs, `gi eè`hue mshstgktgs y im hktgrvgkohÿk `g ils ils Gspårhtus. Ils prlphls cgkÿegkls sg pug`gk `hvh`hr gk `ls drmk`gs omtgdlråms: ils ngonls emdkèthols y ils ngonls eg`húkhols1 ukls y ltrls, shk gebmrdl, åkthemegktg sg gktrgimäme y euonms vgogs sg olkcuk`gk. 04

Sgr R. @mig Lwgk, ’Rgdhÿk gk Ihtådhl―, pmsshe1 Masmalc, ’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. HS, O. Euonls ltrls gjgepils pl`råmk sgr egkohlkm`ls. Gi @lotlr Oyrhlx, `hrgotlr `g im ’_phrhtumihsthong Bimgttgr―, `g Bgriåk, kl lbtuvl im gsorhturm egoíkhom shkl gk im 2=ª sgshÿk (I. Dmr`y, ’Ongronlks―, píd. =30). Smrhls ehgebrls `g kugstrl drupl tuvhgrlk qug mpihomrsg m gjgrohohls prgpmrmtÿrhls , trmzmr sgýmigs y omrmotgrgs hkclregs ùrmktg euonls egsgs, mktgs `g lbtgkgr `hotm`ls igdhbigs

74 | V í d h k m


=86?

Gi eè`hue, ukm vgz buogm`l gk sugýl emdkèthol, sg nmiim gk trgs gstm`ls `hsthkduh`lsqug sg pug`gk gk èi suog`gr, om`m ukl `g ils oumigs olrrgsplk`g ukm lr`gk `g cgkÿegkls. _lk giils: =. Gi gstm`l supgrchohmi `g nhpklsg, cmvlrmbig m ils ngonls tgigpíthols y m im trmksehshÿk `g pgksmehgktl1 ils qug, shk gebmrdl, sg prlùogk gk gsg gstm`l slk gk dgkgrmi plol olkoiu`gktgs1 gi `gsprgk`hegktl `gi ougrpl ciuå`hol `gi eè`hue gs hkolepigtl, y su moohÿk pgrslkmi sg pug`g egzoimr m im sudgrgkohm `gi Gspårhtu. 2. Gi sugýl emdkèthol rgmi, qug pgrehtg mi ougrpl ciuå`hol `gi eè`hue gxtgrkmihzmrsg y motumr m im `hstmkohm. ?. Gi sugýl prlcuk`l, drmohms mi oumi sg prlùogk ims mpmrhä÷gs, ims emtgrhmihzmä÷gs, im igvhtmäïl `gi eè`hue, ims hkolrplrmohlkgs. Gi sugýl eg`húkhol, gk sus vmrhms cmsgs, pug`g sgr prlvlom`l, lrm plr ukl `g ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs, lrm `hrgotmegktg plr gi Gspårhtu. Juzdmels prgcgrhbig `gjmr motumr im hkciugkohm louitm, oumk`l suchohgktg. Mså sg gvhtmrí im lbjgäïl nmbhtumi `g qug im moohÿk `gi emdkgthzm`lr cmvlrgog im sudgrgkohm.. Ils ngonls gspårhtms pug`gk sgr sub`hvh`h`ls gk oumtrl oimsgs: =ª- Im thptlildhm y gi cgkÿegkl `g ims egsms‟ Gk gstg dèkgrl `g gxpgrhgkohms gs prgohsl gihehkmr olk ouh`m`l ims omusms cåshoms, ils elvhehgktls hkvliuktírhls, gi emdkgthsel `g ils mshstgktgs, im sudgrgkohm egktmi. Gxoiuh`ls tl`ls ils ngonls gxpihombmhs plr gsms omusms, rgstmrí uk kúegrl olksh`grmbig `g cgkÿegkls qug `geugstrmk im hktgrvgkohÿk `g hktgihdgkohms mjgkms m ims pgrslkms prgsgktgs. 2ª- Im gsorhturm mutleíthom ‟ Euonls `hotm`ls lbtgkh`ls plr gsg prlogsl pug`gk sgr mtrhbuh`ls m im sudgrgkohm hkolksohgktg. Vu`hgk`l gi pgksmehgktl, olel vgkhels, gxtgrkmihzmrsg, molktgog, gk ohgrtls omsls, qug gi pgksmehgktl `gi eè`hue rgsplk`g m im prgduktm plr èi prlphl clreuim`m. _g `mråm gktlkogs uk cgkÿegkl `g mutl-sudgrgkohm hkvliuktírhm, l `g sudgrgkohm `g ils mshstgktgs. Im moohÿk `g ils Gspårhtus, shk gebmrdl, sg rgvgim gk ils omsls gk qug gsorhturms `gsolkloh`ms slk trmzm`ms, y ngonls, pmrthouimrh`m`gs, rgvgimohlkgs, qug olksthtuygk ltrls tmktls gigegktls `g h`gkth`m`, 0> slk lbtgkh`ls plr gsg el`l `g gxpgrhegktmohÿk. ?ª- Im hkolrplrmohÿk ‟ Gk ils cgkÿegkls `g gstm lr`gk pug`g gi hkolksohgktg `gi eè`hue gjgrogr ukm olrrgotm hktgrvgkohÿk. Nmy gk om`m ukl `g kl`ls m`quhshohlkgs egktmigs, mpthtu`gs, rgehkhsogkohms, ukm gxtgksm moueuimohÿk `g rhqugzms hktgigotumigs, crutl `g kugstrms mktgrhlrgs gxhstgkohms, ims oumigs, sgpuitm`ms gk ims prlcuk`h`m`gs `g im olkohgkohm, sh kls olksgrvmk hdklrm`ms gk gi gstm`l `g vhdhihm. G_ il qug olksthtuyg gi hkolksohgktg, l mktgs,gi subolksohgktg. Gk ils omsls `g `gsprgk`hegktl slkmebúihol y `g gxtgrhlrhzmäïl, gsms gkgrdåms `gsphgrtmk, vhbrmk g hrrm`hme gk tlrkl mi ougrpl ciuå`hol `gi eè`hue1 im Vshqug rgm`quhrg sus rgoðk`htms ompmoh`m`gs y gktrm gk moohÿk. Cíohi, shk gebmrdl, gs rgolklogr ils kuegrlsls omsls gk qug louitms pgrslkmih`m`gs sg mpl`grmk `gi lrdmkhsel `gi eè`hue y sg susthtuygk m su prlphl gspårhtu. Gsms pgrslkmih`m`gs sg gvh`gkohme plr sgýmigs omrmotgråsthoms, dgstls y vlz qug igs slk.

0>

Sgr 2ª Vmrtg, omp. ^SHHH.

7> | V í d h k m


=86?

prlphls, olel plr ohgrtms pmrthouimrh`m`gs psholiÿdhoms qug kl ims pgrehtgk olkcuk`hr olk gi hkolksohgktg `gi eè`hue.08 0ª- Ims emtgrhmihzmä÷gs ‟ Gsls cgkÿegkls, gk vhrtu` `g prlùohrsg gk im lbsourh`m`g, gxhdgk rhdurlsm vgrhchomohÿk. _g pug`g, pmrm gsl, nmogr usl, quhgrg `g bmimkzms eukh`ms `g mpmrmtls rgdhstrm`lrgs qug pgrehtmk mvgrhdumr im `hsehkuohÿk `g pgsl `gi eè`hue, olel gk ims gxpgrhgkohms `g Mrestrlkd y Rghegrs,76 quhgrg, m gjgepil `g T. Orllags y `gi hkdgkhgrl Smrigy, `g bmtgråms gièotrhoms, m qug gs olkgotm`l gi eè`hue plr ukm olrrhgktg qug heph`g tl`l elvhehgktl gquåvlol `g su pmrtg. Gk gi qug sg rgchgrg m ims emkhcgstmohlkgs gspårhtms, prlphmegktg `honms, oumi sgrí gi orhtgrhl `g ogrtgzm< @lk`g gstmrí im prugbm `g im hktgrvgkohÿk `g ils Gspårhtus< Gsm prugbm, ym il `hjhels, rgsh`g gk gi olkjuktl `g ims pmrthouimrh`m`gs qug pgrehtgk gstmbigogr ukm h`gkth`m` plshthvm. _ÿil gi gxpgrhegktm`lr pug`g gk gsg omsl sgr jugz, y su olkvhoohÿk kl sg pug`g bmsmr shkl slbrg gi rgolklohehgktl `g gsls hk`hohls omrmotgråsthols `gsolkloh`ls `gi eè`hue y m vgogs ehsel `g ils mshstgktgs, eg`hmktg ils oumigs sg rgvgim im pgrslkmih`m` `gi sgr hkvhshbig.7= Vmrm m`quhrhr ogrtgzm y euithpihomr ils eg`hls `g vgrhchomohÿk, gs olkvgkhgktg vmrhmr ims gxpgrhgkohms, olepigtmr ukms olk ims ltrms, rgourrhgk`l m ils `hvgrsls dèkgrls `g eg`hukh`m`g. @gi olkjuktl `g ils tgsthelkhls y `g ils rgsuitm`ls lbtgkh`ls pl`rgels mså olihdhr `g eís olksh`grmbig suem `g prugbms qug sgm plshbig lbtgkgr gk gsg `lehkhl, gk qug eúithpigs omusms hktgrvhgkgk y kl rmrl sg olkcuk`gk. G_ m vgogs orugi y `gslim`lr sgpmels, shktmels, mi phg `g kl`ls, uk gktg mem`l y `gsmpmrgoh`l, shk pl`gr olk èi olkvgrsmr1 y sh, `ltm`l `g eg`hukh`m`g, busqugels lbtgkgr ukm oleukhomohÿk,kl il gs egkls pgrohbmels, ehgktrms gi iíphz olrrg vgilz slbrg gi pmpgi, qug kugstrl pgksmehgktl sg hktgromim m su `g uk el`l tmk åkthel qug kl pl`gels sgpmrmr ukl `gi ltrl y `gtgrehkmr il qug gemkm `g kl`ls l prlvèe `g èi. Rgourrhels gktlkogs m ltrl eè`hue. ]uhgrg èi gsorhbm, shk gebmrdl, quhgrg quhgbrm plr su blom, ùrmktg gi sugýl eg`húkhol, gi Gspårhtu gvlom`l, rgolklogels múk, plr uk gcgotl `g gsm emicm`m`m sudgrgkohm, qug plr tl`m pmrtg sg hkshkúm, qug im pgrslkmih`m` `gi eè`hue sg egzoim olk m `g gi sgr qug kls gs omrl. X im ù`m kls msmitm, im mkdusthlsm hkogrthùebrg kls lprheg. _úbhtl, shk gebmrdl, ukm prugbm `g h`gkth`m` brltm olel ukm onhspm, tmk vhvm, tmk brhiimktg, tmk hkolktgstívgi qug, `gimktg `g giim, tl`ms ims ngshtmä÷gs `gsmpmrgogk, tl`ms ims ù`ms sg `hshpmk y kugstrm rmzÿk smthscgonm y kugstrl olrmzÿk gelohlkm `gi gktrmk, gk uk trmksplrtg `g melr y `g cg, gk oleuknïl olk gi miem h`limtrm`m qug `g el`l tmk oimrl g hkolkcuk`hbig mou`hu m kugstrl rgoimel y pmrm shgeprg chreÿ im ogrtgzm `g su prgsgkohm y `g su prltgoohÿk. Gk oumktl m ims oleukhomohlkgs `g omríotgr dgkgrmi y qug rgvhstgk im clrem `g gksgýmkzm chilsÿchol, `gbgk sgr ouh`m`lsmegktg gxmehkm`ms, `hsouth`ms, juzdm`ms olk rhdlr, olk `g eís olepigtm ihbgrtm` `g mprgohmohÿk. Im Nuemkh`m` hkvhshbig sg oleplkg `g ils Gspårhtus qug vhvhgrlk gk gstg euk`l, gk ouyl kúegrl ‟ smbgels ‟ sg ougktmk euonls, bhgk plol m`gimktm`ls. Vgrl gk gi Gspmohl nmy tmebhèk hktgihdgkohms

08 76 7=

Sgr 2ª Vmrtg, omp. ^H^. Sgr Masmalc ‟ ’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. H, O, y eís m`gimktg, omp. ^^. Sgr 2ª Vmrtg, omp. ^^H ‟ ’H`gkth`m` `g ils Gspårhtus―.

78 | V í d h k m


=86?

brhiimktgs, hiuehkm`ms plr ils gspigk`lrgs `gi M`geís. X oumk`l mkuge m vgkhr nmstm kl`ls, pl`gels rgolkngoê- ims gk im gigvmohÿk `gi pgksmehgktl, olel gk im ju`hohlsm rgth`ïl `g ims mprgohmohlkgs. Gk gstm lr`gk `g h`gms gi `hsogrkhegktl gs ukm omih`m` hk`hspgksmbig. Gi hkvgsthdm`lr `gbg sgr `ltm`l `g orhtgrhl sgdurl, qug ig pgrehthrí `hsthkduhr gi vgr`m`grl `gi cmisl y, trms nmbgr tl`l gxmehkm`l, olksgrvmr il qug nm igdåthel vmilr. Km`m gs eís prgju`hohmi m im omusm `gi Gsphrhthsel qug im gxogshvm orgùih`m`g `g ohgrtls m`gptls y ims gxpgrhgkohms mpgkms `hrhdh`ms. Gstms prlùogk m ils hkvgsthdm`lrgs klvmtls ukm `gpilrívgi heprgshÿk1 suehkhstrmk mihegktl m im oråthom y mi eltgjl y `mk ukm h`gm cmism `gi euk`l `g ils Gspårhtus. Euonls smigk `g gsms rgukhlkgs múk eís hkorèùils qug mktgs. Gi nlebrg orèùil gs `ltm`l `g bugkm-cg1 m så múk sg gkdmým hkolksohgktgegktg y sg nmog våothem `g su prlphm hemdhkmäïl. Mogptm ims olsms eís hkvgrlssåeghs y euonms vgogs ims mchrem y prlpmdm olk gktushmsel gxtrmvmdmktg. G_ gsl ukl `g ils emylrgs gstlrvls pmrm gi Gsphrhthsel, ukm `g ims omusms qug `g èi migjmk euonms pgrslkms sgksmtms, euonls shkogrls hkvgsthdm`lrgs, qug kl pug`gk tlemr m sgrhl ukm `lotrhkm y ngonls tmk mpgkms prgsgktm`ls. G_ prgohsl kl mogptmr ohgdmegktg olsm midukm. Om`m ngonl `gbg sgr lbjgtl `g ehkuohlsl y prlcuk`hzm`l gxmegk. _ÿil gk gsms olk`hohlkgs gs qug gi Gsphrhthsel sg heplk`rí m ils nlebrgs gstu`hlsls y rmohlkmihstms. Ims gxpgrhgkohms ngonms supgrchohmiegktg, shk olklohehgktl `g omusm, ils cgkÿegkls prgsgktm`ls gk emims olk`hohlkgs suehkhstrmk mrduegktls m ils gsoèpthols y pgrju`homk im omusm m qug sg prgtgk`g sgrvhr. * Vl`gels, gk rgsuegk, `gohr qug gi prhkohpmi elthvl `g ils grrlrgs g hksuogssls, gk ougsthÿk `g pshquhsel gxpgrhegktmi, gs im cmitm `g prgpmrmohÿk. Ils pugbils `gi Looh`gktg mblr`mk mnå uk kugvl `lehkhl, hdklrm`l u livh`m`l, qug kl gs gxgktl `g pgihdrls pmrm giils1 sÿil gxogpohlkmiegktg il nmogk eukh`ls `g gsg gigvm`l sgkthehgktl, `g gsm iuz hktgrhlr, `g gsg sgkth`l pgkgtrmktg `gi miem, qug ils drmk`gs hkhohm`ls plsgygrlk y slk ils úkhols qug kls pug`gk prgsgrvmr `g ils gebustgs y ohim`ms ìl Hkvhshbig. Im prhegrm `g ims olk`hohlkgs, mså pugs, gs mpmrginmr-ls elrmi y egktmiegktg. Kl prlvlquèhs ils ngonls mktgs `g nmbgrls ngonl mptls pmrm ils oleprgk`gr y `lehkmr, eg`hmktg tmr`m `gi y pmohgktg gstu`hl `g ims lbrms cuk`megktmigs, im rgcigxhÿk, gi `gsmrrliil `g im dmkm y gi gjgrohohl `g uk rmohloåkhl oimrl y chreg. _h kl iigkíhs gsms olk`hohlkgs, eís pru`gktg sgråm ls mbstgkdíhs, im egkls qug ls olksmdrèhs m gsms gxpgrhgkohms bmjl im `hrgoohÿk `g uk nlebrg gsoimrgoh`l y lrhgktm`l, m quhgk muxhihmrèhs olk vugstrm bugkm-dmkm y `gjmrèhs gi ouh`m`l `g duhmrls.. Ils prlogsls `g hkvgsthdmohÿk usm`ls gk gi euk`l cåshol kl sg pug`gk m`mptmr mi pimk psåquhol. Gk gstg slk ils pgksmehgktls qug gktrmk gk moohÿk. Ils pgksmehgktls slk cugrzms. _lk giils qug imph`me y igktmegktg el`gimk kugstrl sgr hktgrhlr1 hkciuygkmúk gk kugstrm clrem gxtgrhlr, m puktl `g sgr cíohi `hsthkduhr, plr ils trmzls y gxprgshÿk `g im chshlklehm, gi smbhl `gi nlebrg vhohlsl. Gsls gcgotls `gi pgksmehgktl kl slk, shk gebmrdl, ohrouksorhtls m ils iåehtgs `g kugstrl sgr emtgrhmi: sg gxthgk`gk gk tlrkl m kl`ls y clremk ukm mteÿscgrm qug shrvg `g imzl gktrg kl`ls y ils sgrgs `g pgksmehgktls shehimrgs. Gk gsl rgsh`g gi sgorgtl `g im hksphrmohÿk, `g im cgouk`mäïl `gi gspårhtu plr gi gspårhtu. @g gsm igy rgsuitm uk 36 | V í d h k m


=86?

ngonl: mqugi qug, plr eg`hl `g gvlomä÷gs, `g rgoimels, gktrm gk rgimohÿk olk gi euk`l hkvhshbig, mtrmg sgrgs gk mchkh`m`g olk su prlphl gstm`l egktmi. Gi euk`l `g ils Gspårhtus blrbliim `g gkth`m`gs bgkcmzgjms

3= | V í d h k m


=86?

y emièchoms, y sh kl suphèrmelspurhchomrkls, lrhgktmr kugstrls pgksmehgktls y cugrzms gk gi sgkth`l `g im vh`m supgrhlr, pl`rgels nmogrkls våothems `g ims pltgkohms emicmzgjms qug gk tlrkl m kl`ls sg mdhtmk y thgkgk, gk ohgrtls omsls, olkùoh`l gi hk`hvhùl hepru`gktg mi grrlr, m im lbogomäïl, im lbsgss÷gs vgohkms `g im ilourm. Vgrl, sg smbèhs `lehkmr ils sgkth`ls, gigvmr gi miem plr gkohem `g ims ourhlsh`m`gs vmkms y `g ims prgloupmohlkgs emtgrhmigs, nmogr `gi Gsphrhthsel uk eg`hl `g gùomohÿk y `g `hsohpihkm elrmi, gktrmrèhs gk gi `lehkhl `gi vgr`m`grlolklohehgktl1 hkciugkohms rgdgkgrm`lrms bmjmrík slbrg vlsltrls1 ukm iuz sumvg y pgkgtrmktg ls hiuehkmrí gi omehkl, ls prgsgrvmrí `g ims omå`ms, `g ils `gscmigohegktls y `g oumiquhgr pgihdrl.

^

- Clremohÿk y @hrgoohÿk `g ils Drupls

Vrhegrms Gxpgrhgkohms Im olksthtuohÿk `g ils drupls ‟ `hjhels ‟ olepugrtm rgdims y olk`hohlkgs ouym lbsgrvmkohm hkciuyg olksh`grmbigegktg gk gi rgsuitm`l m miomkzmr. Olkclreg su gstm`l psåquhol, ils mshstgktgs cmvlrgogk l gebmrmäme im moohÿk `g ils Gspårhtus. Ehgktrms ukls, sÿil olk su prgsgkohm cmohihtmk ims emkhcgstmohlkgs, ltrls igs lplkgk uk omsh hksupgrívgi lbstíouil. G_, olksgduhktgegktg, kgogsmrhl prlog`gr m ukm olrrgotm gigoohÿk, slbrg tl`l gk gi olehgkzl `g ims gxpgrhgkohms. Gsm gigoohÿk kl pug`g sgr `hotm`m, smkohlkm`m, shkl plr ils rgsuitm`ls lbtgkh` ls, l múk plr ims hk`homä÷g uk Gspårhtu -duåm. `g ohgrtl kú `g sgshlkgs, gcgotl smthscmotlrhl sg prlùjl, sgs `g pug`g m`lptmr gi Oumk`l, prlogsl mi `gchkgihehkmohÿk y egrl susthtuohÿk, nmstmkhkdúk qug im mshstgkohm pmrgzom olepugstm `g el`l m suehkhstrmr m ils hkvhshbigs ils eg`hls ciuå`hols kgogsmrhls m su moohÿk. Mså, tmebhèk, im `hrgoohÿk `gi drupl `gbg sgr olkchm`m m ukm pgrslkm gxogigktgegktg `ltm`m, `gi puktl `g vhstm `g ims mtrmoohlkgs psåquhoms, `hdkm, m`geís `g gsl, `g shepmtåm y olkchmkzm.. Nmy, gk gsm lr`gk `g gstu`hls, uk olkjuktl `g rgdims m lbsgrvmr y prgomuohlkgs m m`lptmr qug `gsmkheme ils hkvgsthdm`lrgs. Ouepig, shk gebmrdl, m`vgrthr qug gsms gxhdgkohms sg prgsgktmk gk tl`m gxpgrhgkohm `gihom`m, gk tl`l gstu`hl psholiÿdhol y, múk, gk im mpihomohÿk olth`hmkm `g kugstrms prlphms cmouitm`gs. Kl gxpgrhegktmels, mdrm`mbig l `gsmdrm`mbigegktg, im hkciugkohm `g kugstrls sgegjmktgs< Gk prgsgkohm `g ukls, sgkthel-kls oÿel mkhem`ls, mtrmå`ls, hksphrm`ls. Kugstrl pgksmehgktl dmkm surtl1 im pmimbrm sg nmog eís cíohi, eís vhvms y olilrgm`ms sg nmogk ims heídgkgs. Ltrls gk ils tlinge y pmrmihzmk. Kl gs `g mèhrmr qug ils Gspårhtus, gk sus tmk olepigjms emkhcgstmohlkgs, gkougktrgk, gk uk drm`l eís gigvm`l, ims ehsems `hchouitm`gs, y qug gk ims gxpgrhgkohms sgm prgohsl tlemr gk rhdurlsm olksh`grmohÿk gi gstm`l `g gspårhtu y dmkm `g ils mshstgktgs. Olk gi thgepl, oumk`l gstè gi drupl sÿih`megktg olksthtuh`l y sgmk sus trmbmjls olrlkm`ls `g èxhtl, sgrí gktlkogs plshbig mbrhr emkl `gi rhdlr `g ils prhegrls `åms y mèhthr kugvls ehgebrls gk ukm ihehtm`m prlplrohÿk. G_ `g ims eís `gihom`ms im tmrgm `g `hrhdhr uk drupl. Gxhdg omih`m`gs rmrms, gxtgksls olklohehgktls y slbrg tl`l imrdm príothom `gi euk`l hkvhshbig. Khkdúk drupl, shk sgr slegth`l m ukm olrrgotm `hsohpihkm, pug`g cukohlkmr. Gstm sg heplkg kl slimegktg m ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs, olel tmebhèk m ils Gspårhtus. Gi `hrgotlr `gi drupl `gbg sgr uk nlebrg `g pmrgjm gkchbrmturm, mshsth`l plr uk Gspårhtu-duåm qug gstmbigogrí im lr`gk gkeg`hl louitl, olel èi prlphl m 32 | V í d h k m


=86?

emktgk`rí gkeg`hl tgrrgstrg y nuemkl. Gsms `ls `hrgoohlkgs `gbgk eutumegktg olepigtmrsg, hksphrmrsg gk uk pgksmehgktl hdumiegktg gigvm`l, ukhrsg gk im prlssgouäïl `g uk lbjgthvl oleúk. Gk ils omsls `g musgkohm `g gsm prltgoohÿk louitm, im ehshÿk `gi `hrgotlr `gi drupl múk sg nmog eís `hcåohi. Gxhdg `g su pmrtg im eíxhem gxpgrhgkohm kgogsmrhm pmrm `hsogrkhr im kmturgz m `g ils Gspårhtus qug hktgrvhgkgk, `gsemsomrmr ils heplstlrgs, elrmihzmr ils mtrmsm`ls, lplkgr ukm dmkm chreg m ils Gspårhtus igvhmkls y pgrturbm`lrgs y gehthr gsoimrgoh`m mprgohmohÿk slbrg ims oleukhomohlkgs lbtgkh`ms. Ils prlphls ehgebrls `gi drupl kl ig `gbgk egrgogr egkls ouh`m`l. _lcrgmr ims gxhdgkohms y ims lphkhlkgs `gemshm`l pgrslkmigs `g ukls, im plshbig rhvmih`m`g `g ltrls, prhkohpmiegktg `g ils eè`huks qug mtrmgk ils emils gigegktls `gi M`geís g heprhegk m ils cgkÿegkls gxtrmýms y `gslr`gkm`ms el`mih`m`gs ‟ ng mnå im tmrgm `gi prgsh`gktg, olel sg vg, `g ims eís `gihom`ms. Gk gi drupl qug plr euonl thgepl `hrhdhels, im mshstgkohm gchomz `g ils hkvhshbigs sg nhzl sgkthr `gs`g gi olehgkzl y ploms `hchouitm`gs `g gsg dèkgrl gkolktrmels. Vlr hepuisl `g kugstrls olrmzlkgs y pgksmehgktls, gsclräívmel-kls plr olilomrkls gk ukåsslkl olk ils kugstrls duåms y, drmohms m kugstrls gscugrzls y olk su muxhihl, nmbåmels iigdm`l m orgmr gk tlrkl m kl`ls, plr ims hrrm`hmä÷gs egktmigs, ukm mteÿscgrm `g pmz y `g sgrgkh`m`g qug heprheåm m ims emkhcgstmohlkgs, gk su emylråm, uk omríotgr `g gigvmohÿk elrmi, `g shkogrh`m` y `g crmkqugzm qug heprgshlkmbm ils mshstgktgs y mnuygktmbm ils Gspårhtus gebustgrls. Eís tmr`g, m olksgougkohm `g im hktrlùoohÿk gk kugstrl drupl `g uk gxpgrhegktm`lr gktushmstm `g ngonls emtgrhmigs, mshsth`l plr uk olrtgjl `g Gspårhtus hkcgrhlrgs, cgkÿegkls vuidmrgs vhkhgrlk m mým`hrsg m ims gigvm`ms emkhcgstmohlkgs. Gspårhtus igvhmkls, prlpgksls m ims trhvhmih`m`gs, sh hehsouårme gktrg kl`ls y cug prgohsl tl`m im gkgrdåm `g kugstrms dmkms rgukh`ms pmrm rgmoohlkmr olktrm ims emims hkciugkohms hkvmslrms. Mktgs, shk gebmrdl, `g gsg pgrhl`l `g pgrturbmohÿk, drmohms m kugstrm pgrshstgkohm y ukhÿk, ims emkhcgstmohlkgs tgkåmk drmùmiegktg m`quhrh`l uk ouknl `g iheph`gz y `g drmk`gzm qug gk ils omthvmrm1 ims prugbms sg euithpihombmk, clrtmigohgk`l kugstrms olkvhoohlkgs, nmohèk`lims `gchkhthvms. Vrg`hoohlkgs `g kmturmigzm åkthem sg nmbåmk rgmihzm`l. Olksgjls, hkstruoohlkgs, `hssgrtmä÷gs ohgktåchoms y chilsÿchoms, olksthtuygk`l emtgrhm pmrm midukls vliúegkgs, cugrlk lbtgkh`ls. Olksgduhels mtrmgr y olksgrvmr gk kugstrms sgshlkgs nlebrgs `g vmilr pgrtgkgohgktgs m tl`ms ims gscgrms, `hvh`hgk`l tl`ms ims lphkhlkgs: emtgrhmihstms, hk`hcgrgktgs, orgygktgs rgihdhlsls y nmstm pm`rgs, m ouyl gspårhtu ihbgrmi g hkvgsthdm`lr kl rgpudkmbmk kugstrms hkvgsthdmohlkgs. * Euonms tgktmthvms sg nmogk hkcrutåcgrms, drmk kúegrl `g drupls kl thgkgk eís qug ukm gxhstgkohm gcåegrm, m olksgougkohm `g im cmitm `g pmohgkohm, `g `g`homohÿk y olngshÿk. _g busom olk mvh`gz lbtgkgr ils cgkÿegkls trmksogk`gktgs1 `gs`g qug, shk gebmrdl, pmrm ils lbtgkgr qug`m -smbhèk`lsg qug gs prgohsl slegtgrsg m ukm `hsohpihkm drmùmi `g euonls egsgs, `g euonls mýls, rgukhrsg gk `åm chjl, tl`ms ims sgemkms plr il egkls, y kl `gsmkhemr olk ils rgpgth`ls hksuogssls, euonls ngshtmk y rgouimk. G_ prgohsl, pugs, gk ils drupls gk clremohÿk sÿil mèhthr ehgebrls mbsliutmegktg rgsugitls im pgrsgvgrmr, kl lbstmktg im igkthtu` y ils lbstíouils. _ÿil olk gi thgepl y eg`hmktg gscugrzls rghtgrm`ls gs qug gi lrdmkhsel `g ils eè`huks y `g ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs pug`g sucrhr ims prlcuk`ms el`hchomohlkgs qug pgrehtgk gxtgrkmihzmr ims cugrzms hk`hspgksmbigs m im prlùoohÿk `g ils cgkÿegkls. 3? | V í d h k m


=86?

_h gs olkvgkhgktg gsoldgr olk ouh`m`l ils olimblrm`lrgs, gs prgohsl, shk gebmrdl, kl iigvmr ims olsms mi gxtrgel, kh sgr `gemshm`l gxoiushvhstm. Olk il muxhihl `gi Mitl y im mshstgkohm `g ils Gspårhtus-duåm, ims `hsolr`mkohms qug rghkmk mi olehgkzl gk midukls oårouils sg pug`gk mtgkumr y og`gr iudmr m im nleldgkgh`m`. G_ il qug kls `hogk ims gkth`m`gs `gi Gspmohl: ’Gstíhs gk olktmotl olth`hmkl olk euonåshems pgrslkms qug motúmk cmtmiegktg slbrg vlsltrls, olel slbrg giims motuíhs plr vugstrm vgz. Gsms moohlkgs y rgmoohlkgs slk kgogsmrhms, plrqug shk giims kl sg pl`råm rgmihzmr gi prldrgsl. Org`g gk kugstrm olkstmktg mshstgkohm, gk kugstrm mcgtulsm prgsgkohm mi phg `g vlsltrls. G_ gk kugstrl melr qug nmurhels im cugrzm pmrm olksgrvmrkls ogrom `g ils qug kls memk, olel suyls duåms, sus `g`hom`ls prltgotlrgs. Hehtmh-kls. Vrlsorhbå tl`l pgksmehgktl emièvlil l gkvh`hlsl. Mprgk`gh m smorhchomrls, m vhvhr y trmbmjmr gk oleúk. Kl ls mnlrrèhs, gs `gohr: kl tgeíhs ims pgrturbmohlkgs qug pug`gk rgsuitmr `g ohgrtms rgimohlkgs olk vugstrls sgegjmktgs. X ims ls momrrgmk, m bugk sgdurl, ukm `hsehkuohÿk `g dlzls1 pgrl gsms rgimohlkgs olksthtuygk im igy `g im Nuemkh`m`. Kl `gbèhs vhvhr olel gdlåstms, pgrl nmogr pmrthohpgk ils ltrls `g vugstrls prlphls bhgkgs.― (oleukhomohÿk eg`húkhom). Gstms hkstruoohlkgs hk`homk, gkgi qug sg rgchgrg m im crgougkohm m ims sgshlkgs, kugstrm iåkgm `g olkùotm. Im shehihtu`g `g msphrmohlkgs, ims mchkh`m`gs qug gktrg ils nlebrgs orgmk ims olk`hohlkgs slohmigs y im ouiturm `g gspårhtu, nmk `g kgogsmrhmegktg hkciuhr, gk ukm olrrgotm eg`h`m, slbrg im olksthtuohÿk `g ils drupls. Vgrl, plr mitmegktg olilom`l qug gstè gk im gsomim slohmi, kl `gbg gi m`gptl `gs`gýmr ims rgukhlkgs plpuimrgs, kh hkolel`mrsg olkim cmitm `g hkstruoohÿk l `ggùomohÿk `g ils qug ims oleplkgk. Ils hktgigotumigs prlbmrík su supgrhlrh`m`g mslohík`lsg m ils trmbmjls `g ils drupls lbrgrls, gsclrzík`lsg gk plkgr mi miomkog gspårhtms `g sus ngremkls egkls olklohehgktls y mprgohmohlkgs. G_ slbrg tl`l gk ims mslohmohlkgs qug im cushÿk `g cmvlrgoh`ls ims oimsgs sgsus `gbg gcgotumr. Gi Gsphrhthsel kls il `geugstrm: kugstrms vgktmjms slohmigs slk trmkshtlrhms1 gi prldrgsl y im gùomohÿk `gi Gspårhtu il hkùogk m kmogr y rgkmsogr suogshvmegktg gk ims eís `hvgrsms olk`hohlkgs `g vh`m, m chk `g m`quhrhr ils eèrhtls hkngrgktgs m gsls eg`hls. Èi plkg gk rgihgvg, olk uk pl`gr `g iÿdhom kl miomkzm`l plr ltrm `lotrhkm, im crmtgrkh`m`g y im slih`mrh`m` `g ims miems, olksgougktgs `g su lrhdgk y `g sus `gsthkls oleukgs. Im vgr`m`grm supgrhlrh`m`g olkshstg gk ims omih`m`gs m`quhrh`ms y sg trmùog prhkohpmiegktg plr uk sgkthehgktl prlcuk`l `g kugstrls `gbgrgs pmrm olk ils nuehi`gs y ils `gsgr`m`ls `g gstg euk`l. @gi prhkohphl, shk gebmrdl, m im mpihomohÿk vm sgkshbig `hstmkohm. _h ils prldrgsls `g im h`gm gspårhtm slk egkls mogktum`ls gk Crmkohm qug gk ohgrtls pmåsgs gxtrmkjgrls, gs slbrg tl`l m im hk`hcgrgkohm, m im mpmthm `g ils gspårhtus `gsouh`lsls qug gsg gstm`l `g olsms sg `gbg mtrhbuhr. Úkhomegktg uk rgùoh`l kúegrl pmrgog prgloupmrsg olk ims rgsplksmbhih`m`gs olktrmå`ms. Cugrzm gs rgolklogr: slk ils drupls lbrgrls qug eís cíohiegktg sg lrdmkhzmk y eís subshstgk. _us ehgebrls smbgk gkomrkmr gk så ims prlphms orggkohms1 sg oleprgk`gk, sg muxhihmk eutumegktg plr eg`hl `g omjms `g slolrrls, olk smorhchohl mihegktm`ms sli`l m sli`l 72 y `gsthkm`ms m slolrrgr ils qug gktrg giils slk vhshtm`ls plr im prlvmäïl.. Midukls `g gsls drupls cukohlkmk nmog `hgz l vghktg mýls. Pl`ls ils `lehkdls, m im nlrm chjm, sg rgúkgk sus ehgebrls pmrm lår ims hkstruoohlkgs `g ils Gspårhtus. _u msshùh`m`g gs kltmbig y gk giils im príothom `gi Gsphrhthsel prlùog sgkshbigs rgsuitm`ls. Mnå gkougktrmk giils uk `grhvmthvl m su vh`m `g ehsgrhm y `g trmbmjl, ùiogs olkslimä÷gs y gkshkmegktls. Im `gsorhpohÿk, ngonm plr ils `gsgkomrkm`ls, `g ims sgksmohlkgs qug gxpgrhegktmk, `g im shtumohÿk gk qug sggkougktrmk trms im eugrtg, ims olksgougkohms `g ils emils níbhtls 72

Elg`hknm `gi vmilr `g im vhdèshem pmrtg `gi crmkol.

30 | V í d h k m


=86?

olktrmå`ls ùrmktg im vh`m tgrrgstrg, tl`l il qug gsls oliÿquhls plkgk gk gvh`gkohm ils heprgshlkm, olkeugvg g hkciuyg pl`grlsmegktg gk su omríotgr y gk sus motls. Clremk plol m plol lphkhÿk slbrg ims olsms `gi M`geís1 ukm gxmotm klohÿk `gi lbjgthvl `g im vh`m sg igs lcgrtm y igs nmog im rgshdkmohÿk eís cíohi, eís mdrm`mbig gi `gbgr. Xm kl slk ims gru`htms gxlrtmä÷gs `g uk prgdm`lr, ims gspgouimohlkgs `g uk prlcgslr `g Chilslcåm l ims gksgýmkzms rådh`ms `g uk ihbrl: gs gi gjgepil vhvl, `rmeíthol, m vgogs tgrrhbig, qug igs `mk ils qug giils olklohgrlk, olk ils oumigs olkvhvhgrlk y qug olinge gk gi M`geís ils crutls `g ukm vh`m gktgrm1 slk ims vlogs `g m`geís-túeuil qug sg nmogk lår, gk su ru`g y shepig gilqùêkohm, gi iimemehgktl vhbrmktg, gsplktâkgl `gi sucrhehgktl elrmi, im gxprgshÿk `g mkdusthm `gi Gspårhtu ouipmbig qug vg shgeprg sg `hshpgk ims quhegrms tgrrgstrgs, sh pmtgktmrmk sus grrlrgs y motls vgrdlknlsls, y qug shgktg gi rgelrsl, olel pilel `grrgth`l, pgkgtrmrig ils rgogssls `g im olkohgkohm, suthihzm`m plr gi `gsprgk`hegktl `g tl`m im emtgrhm olrplrmi. Gi `åm gk qug gsms príothoms sg nmymk dgkgrmihzm`l y gk tl`ms ims rgdhlkgs `gi Dilblim oleukhomohÿk `g ils vhvls olk ils eugrtls `è mi nlebrg gi mkthohpm`l olklohehgktl `gi `gsthkl y `g sus igygs, kugvl prhkohphl `g gùomohÿk y rgdgkgrmohÿk nmbrí surdh`l, y olk èi uk hkolepmrmbig hkstruegkt il `g rgmoohÿk olktrm ils eÿrbh`ls gcgotls prlùoh`ls slbrg ims emsms plr gi emtgrhmihsel y im supgrsthohÿk.. * Olksthtuh`l gi drupl y olepugstl `g oumtrl m lonl pgrslkms `g ils `ls sgxls, plr ouíigs gxpgrhgkohms sg `gbgrí olegkzmr< _h khkdukm eg`hukh`m`g sg tgkdm múk rgvgim`l, sgrí bugkl olegkzmr plr im egsm. G_ gi eg`hl eís shepig, eís ru`hegktmr1 plr gsl múk gstí mi miomkog `gi emylr kúegrl. Olilom`ls mitgrkm`megktg nlebrgs y sgýlrms gk tlrkl m ukm egsm igvg, olk ims emkls gspmiem`ms slbrg im em`grm purm, ils mshstgktgs `hrhdhrík uk iimemehgktl m sus mehdls `gi Gspmohl, `gspuès qug`mrík m im gspgrm, gk shigkohl, olk gi `gsgl `g lbtgkgr midukm olsm, pgrl shk prgshÿk `g ils `g`ls, shk tgkshÿk `g gspårhtu. G hkúthi prlilkdmr ims tgktmthvms plr eís `g eg`hm nlrm. Omshhgeprg, s `gs`g im prhegrm sgshÿk, shgktgk- sh heprgshlkgs ciuå`homs1 `g ims emkls `g ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs sg `gsprgk`gk olrrhgktgs, qug rgvgimk, plr su hktgksh`m`, gi drm`l `g mpthtu` `g om`m ukl `g giils1 sg nmogk lår orgphtmä÷gs gk gi eÿvhi, qug mombm plr lsohimr, mdhtmrsg, y gksgduh`m sg `gstmom `gi sugil y qug`m suspgksl, mplym`l slbrg ukl `g ils phgs. Olkvhgkg `gs`g hkeg`hmtmegktg olebhkmr uk olrrgotl kúegrl `g sgýmigs. _g ph`g m im cugrzm-hktgihdgkohm qug sg emkhchgstg bmthgk`l, l olk ils phgs l gk gi hktgrhlr `g im egsm, uk kúegrl `g pmkom`ms olrrgsplk`hgktg mi `g ims igtrms `gi micmbgtl. Vlr gsg el`l pug`gk sgr olepugstms pmimbrms1 uk `híildl sg gstmbigogrí gktrg gi jgcg `gi drupl y im Hktgihdgkohm hkvhshbig. _g pug`g mbrgvhmr y shepihchomr gi prlogsl plr eg`hl `g sgýmigs olkvgkohlkmigs1 plr gjgepil: ukm pmkom`m pmrm im mchremthvm, `ls pmrm im kgdmthvm. Gsg el`l oleukhomohlkmi, igktl y cmsth`hlsl m prhkohphl, vgk`rí olk im príothom m nmogrsg bmstmktg ríph`l. Oumk`l olklogrsg ouíigs slk ils eè`huks, bmstmrí olilomrils gk gi ogktrl `gi drupl, gk tlrkl m uk vgim`lr, m chk `g mogigrmr ils elvhehgktls y cmohihtmr ims oleukhomohlkgs,nmohgk`l oårouil ils ltrls ehgebrls mirg`g`lr `g giils. Nmbhèk`lsg gi prgvhl ouh`m`l `g olilomr m im emkl midukms nljms `g pmpgi y iíphz, ims prgduktms y rgspugstms sgrík chgiegktg trmksorhtms. @gs`g qug sg tgkdm im Hktgihdgkohm rgvgim`l 37 | V í d h k m


=86?

eg`hmktg rgspugstms prgohsms, sgksmtms, omrmotgråsthoms, sg pl`rí olksuitmrim slbrg im olksthtuohÿk `gi drupl, ims mpthtu`gs eg`húkhoms `g ils mshstgktgs, gi ruebl m heprhehr m ils trmbmjls. _g `gbg, shk gebmrdl, gstmr `g prgvgkohÿk olktrm ils Gspårhtusigvhmkls y cútghs qugmciuge gk tlrkl m kl`ls y kl trgph`me gk tlemr klebrgs oèigbrgs pmrm gk ils ehsthchomr. _g pug`g gxpgrhegktmr sheuitíkgmegktg plr eg`hl `g im egsm y `g im gsorhturm. Ils cgkÿegkls `g gstm lr`gk olkùogk dgkgrmiegktg m ltrms emkhcgstmohlkgs eís gigvm`ms, mi trmksg l sugýl emdkèthol, plr gjgepil, y m im hkolrplrmohÿk. _grí olkvgkhgktg, mi olehgkzl, olksmdrmr suogshvmegktg m gsg gjgrohohl ehtm` `g om`m sgshÿk. Omsh shgeprg om`m ukl `g ils mshstgktgs nm mi phg `g så Gspårhtus `gsgjlsls `g oleukhomrsg y trmksehtmk mcgtulsl `hotm`l m ils qug `gjmrlk gk im Phg rrm. Gk tl`ms ims sgshlkgs `g kugstrl drupl ils eè`huks vh`gktgs `gsorhbåmk gsls Gspårhtus, y m im vhstm `g ohgrtms pmrthouimrh`m`gs `g olstuebrgs, `g ohgrtms sgýmigs omrmotgråsthoms, im pgrslkm mshsth`m rgolkloåm uk pmrhgktg, uk mehdl cmiigoh`l, pgrslkmih`m`gs qug, euonms vgogs, ils eè`huks kl nmbåmk olkloh`l. Gi el`l `g prlog`gr, gk oumktl m im gsorhturm mutleíthom, gs euy shepig. Gi gxpgrhegktm`lr, eukh`l `g uk iíphz ouym puktm sg mpÿhm ihdgrmegktg gk gi pmpgi, gvlom egktmiegktg midukl `g sus y gspgrm. Mi chk `g ohgrtl impsl `g thgepl, gxtrgem`megktg vmrhmbig, olkclreg ils omsls y ims pgrslkms, shgktg gk im emkl, l gk gi brmzl, ukm mdhtmohÿk cgbrhi, qug sg vm mogktumk`l1 `gspuès, uk hepuisl gxtrmýl il nmog rmbhsomr sgýmigs hkclregs, iåkgms, dmrmtujms. G_ prgohsl lbg`gogr m gsg hepuisl y slegtgrsg olk pmohgkohm m gjgrohohls `g gxtrmýl cghthl, kgogsmrhls, shk gebmrdl, pmrm nmogr cigxhbig gi lrdmkhsel y rgduimrhzmr im gehshÿk ciuå`hom. Vlol m plol, mi ombl `g midukms sgshlkgs, mpmrgogrík igtrms gk eg`hl `g ims sgýmigs hkolngrgktgs, `gspuès vgk`rík pmimbrms y crmsgs. Gi eè`hue lbtgk`rí `hotm`ls, mi olehgkzl brgvgs, rgsueh`ls gk midukms iåkgms, pgrl qug sg nmrík om`m vgz eís imrdls, m eg`h`m qug su cmouitm` `gsmrrliimrsg. Sgk`rík plr úithel hkstruoohlkgs eís plshthvms y gxtgksms.. @urmktg gi pgrhl`l `g ils gjgrohohls gi eè`hue pl`rí trmbmjmr cugrm `g ims rgukhlkgs, im nlrm chjm om`m `åm, m chk `g mothvmr gi `gsmrrliil `g su cmouitm`1 iugdl qug, shk gebmrdl, sgm tgrehkm`l gsg pgrhl`l , `gs`g qug ims emkhcgstmohlkgs rgvhstmk omríotgr hktgigotumi, `gbgrí gvhtmr gi hksuimegktl, kl trmbmjmr eís shkl gk sgshÿk y slegtgr ims prlùoohlkgs rgohbh`ms mi gxmegk `gi prgsh`gktg y `g ils duåms `gi drupl. Nmy vmrhls prlogsls pmrm cmohihtmr im oleukhomohÿk micmbèthom. _g trmzmk ims igtrms gk uk oum`rmktg, slbrg ouym supgrchohg dhrm uk trhíkduil eÿvhi. Bmstm gi olktmotl `g ils `g`ls `g uk eè`hue pmrm trmksehthr m gsg igvg mpmrmtl im cugrzm ciuå`hom kgogsmrhm. Bmjl gsm hkciugkohm gi trhíkduil sg `gspimzm ríph`megktg y vm m `gshdkmr ims igtrms gsoldh`ms plr gi Gspårhtu. Gk ohgrtls drupls, ims igtrms slk hk`hom`ms plr eg`hl `g pmkom`ms gi shstgems hktgrhlr `g im kuegrlsls egsm. Ltrlsy sg shrvgk, _g olkpug`g rgsuitm`l, `g im ogsthknm l prmkonm megrhomkm.gkIls slk vmrhm`ls. gksmhí-ils nmstm qug`gsggsorhbhr nmym gkolktrm`l mqugi qug egjlr sg m`mptm m ils gigegktls ciuå`hols y mi eg dustm `g ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs. * Kukom sgråm `gemshm`l hkshstmels slbrg ils pgihdrls qug rgsuitmk `g im hktrusïl `g ils emils Gspårhtus gk ims sgshlkgs `g uk drupl gk clremohÿk l gk ils gksmyls `g uk eè`hue hksuim`l. Euonms vgogs slk kugstrls pgksmehgktls qug ils mtrmgk.

33 | V í d h k m


=86?

Mbstgk`g-ls, pugs, gk vugstrms rgukhlkgs ‟ `hrgels m ils hkvgsthdm`lrgs shkogrls ‟ `g tl`m prgloupmohÿk `g kgdlohls l pimogrgs. Kl `gjèhs ciltmr gi pgksmehgktl gk tlrkl m vmrhls msuktls, pgrl chxmh-il gk uk gigvm`l lbjgthvl1 plk`g-ls gk mrelkåm `g vhstms y `g sgkthehgktls olk ims miems supgrhlrgs. Olksgrvík`lls gk gsg gstm`l `g gspårhtu, sgkthrèhs plol m plol bmjgk slbrg vlsltrls olrrhgktgs `g gkgrdåm, `g ims oumigs qug`mrèhs heprgdkm`ls y qug muegktmrík im sgkshbhih`m` `g vugstrl lrdmkhsel ciuå`hol. Gcåegrm g hktgrehtgktg mi olehgkzl, gsm sgkshbhih`m` sg mogktumrí y nmrí pgremkgktg. Sugstrl pgrhspårhtl, `himtmk`l-sh, purhchoík`lsg, dmkmrí eís mchkh`m`g olk ils Gspårhtus-duåm y cmouitm`gs hdklrm`ms sg ls rgvgimrík: eg`hukh`m`g vh`gktg, cmimktg, mu`hthvm, ourm`lrm, gto. Eg`hmktg gi pgrcgoohlkmehgktl y im gigvmohÿk elrmi gs qug m`quhrhrèhs gsm prlcuk`m sgkshbhih`m`, gsm sgkshthvh`m`g psåquhom qug pgrehtg lbtgkgr ims eís mitms emkhcgstmohlkgs, ims prugbms eís olkvhkogktgs, `g eís plshthvm h`gkth`m`. Lrmh mi olehgkzl y mi chk `g om`m sgshÿk1 mi olehgkzl, pmrm gigvmr vugstrms miems y mtrmhdíhs ils Gspårhtus gsoimrgoh`ls y bgkgvligktgs1 mi tgrehkmr, pmrm mdrm`gogr ils bgkgchohls y gksgýmkzms qug nmyíhs rgohbh`l. _gm vugstrm pigdmrhm olrtm y cgrvlrlsm, y euy egkls ukm cÿreuim qug uk trmksplrtg `gi olrmzÿk. Im pigdmrhm `gsprgk`g gi miem nuemkm `g im emtgrhm, qug im gsormvhzm, y m mprlxhem `gi @hvhkl Clol. Gstmbigog ukm sugrtg `g tgigdrmchm gsphrhtumi, plr ouyl hktgreè`hl gi pgksmehgktl `gi Mitl, rgsplk`hgk`l m im slihohtu` `g bmjl, `gsohgk`g m kugstrms lbsourms rgdhlkgs. Kugstrms gxpiltmohlkgs gk ils mbhsels `gi hkvhshbig sgråmk hkäm`ms `g pgihdrls, sh kl tuvhèrmels plr gkohem `g kl`ls sgms eís pl`grlslsy pgrcgotls pmrm `hrhdhrkls y gsoimrgogrkls gi omehkl. Kl gs hk`hspgksmbig gvlomä÷gs `gtgrehkm`ms. Gk kugstrlnmbhtumigs, drupl rmrmegktg prmothoíbmels. Vrgcgråmels `hrhdhr uk nmogr iimemehgktl m kugstrls duåms y prltgotlrgs `gjmk`l ims m oumiquhgr Gspårhtu im ihbgrtm` `g emkhcgstmrsg, bmjl su vhdhimkohm. Gi ehsel molktgog gk euonls drupls `g kugstrl olklohehgktl. Mså omg, `g så múk,plr thgrrm gi drmk mrduegktl `g ohgrtls m`vgrsmrhls `gi Gsphrhthsel, gk gi sgkth`l `g sgr rgprlvívgi gktrgdmrsg im gvlomä÷gs y olkstrmkdgr ils Gspårhtus m vlivgr m im Phgrrm. Gi Gspårhtu, olel gi nlebrg, gs ihbrg y kl rgsplk`g, shkl oumk`l ig mprmz, m ils iimem`ls qug ig slk `hrhdh`ls. Pl`m hkjukäïl gs vmkm1 tl`m gkomktmäïl gs supgrcium. _lk prlogsls mrrgdim`ls pmrm hiu`hr ims dgktgs shepigs. G_ gxogigktg olegkzmr ims sgshlkgs plr ukm igoturm sgrhm y mtrmothvm, ngonm `g ukm `g ims lbrms l rgvhstms gspårhtms gsoldh`ms. Gsm igoturm `gbg sgr lbjgtl `g olegktmrhls y pgreutm `g mprgohmohlkgs gktrg ils mshstgktgs, bmjl im `hrgoohÿk `gi prgsh`gktg. Molktgog olk crgougkohm qug ims oleukhomohlkgs `m`ms plr ils Gspårhtus, gksgduh`m im tmigs igoturms, sg rgchgrgk m ils msuktls `hsouth`ls y ils `gsmrrliimk, olepigtmk`lils. G_ gsg uk el`l `g gksgýmkzm eutum, qug kukom sgråm `gemshm`l rgolegk`mr. _g pug`gk tmebhèk clreuimr prgduktms m ils Gspårhtus slbrg tl`ls ils hkolktmbigs prlbigems pgrtgkgohgktgs mi `lehkhl `g im hCilslcåmy `g im vh`m slohmi, slbrgims olk`hohlkgs `g gxhstgkohm gk gi euk`l gsphrhtumi, ims e h prgshlkgs trms im eugrtg, im gvliuohÿk `gi miem, gto. Pl`ms gsms prgduktms `gbgk sgr prgsgktm`ms plr gi prgsh`gktg, shepig y oimrms, shgeprg `g lr`gk elrmi y `gshktgrgssm`ms. Hktgrrldmk`l ils hkvhshbigsslbrg hktgrgsgs pgrslkmigs, tgslrls ouitls, l gto., ph`hèk`ligs im rgvgimohÿk `g ils èxhtlscuturls, clremk`l pmotls ombmiåsthols, nmohgk`l usl `g gebigems, tmihsemkgs, cÿreuims gxtrmvmdmktgs, kl slimegktg sg lcgrtmrí emrdgk m im oråthom y m im elcmråm, pgrl sgrík mtrmå`ls ils Gspårhtus trlohstms y qug`mrsg- í gxpugstl m ims ohim`ms gk qug slk vgzghrls.

34 | V í d h k m


=86?

Eg`htmk`l, mi olktrmrhl, `g ils msuktls gigvm`ls `gi Gsphrhthsel, kls msgdurmels im olimblrmohÿk `g Gspårhtus sgrhls, qug olksh`grmk uk `gbgr `g su pmrtg ollpgrmr gk kugstrl m`hmktmegktl y gùomohÿk. Geprgk`hgk`l gsm lr`gk `g gstu`hls, kl tmr`mrgels m rgolklogr im rhom gxtgkshÿk y vmrhg`m` `g ims gksgýmkzms gspårhtms y quïl cíohi sg nmog rgslivgr, olk su muxhihl, ehi prlbigems nmstm nly hkgxtrhoívghs y lbsourls.. _h gi olkoursl `g ils Gspårhtus supgrhlrgs gs `gsgmbig y `gbg sgr busom`l olk gepgýl, il `g ils Gspårhtus vuidmrgs y mtrmsm`ls thgkg midukms vgogs su uthih`m`. Olkvhgkg rgsgrvmrigs uk iudmr gk ils trmbmjls `g ils drupls sÿih`megktg olksthtuh`ls y qug ougktmk olk suchohgktg prltgoohÿk. Gk vhrtu` `g su prlphm hkcgrhlrh`m`g,giils prlplrohlkmkuk elthvl `g gstu`hl bhgk omrmotgråsthol1 su h`gkth`m` sg pmtgktm m vgogs olk hk`hohls pgrslkmigs qug heplkgk im olkvhoohÿk. Im shtumohÿk qug loupmk gk gi Gspmohl y ims olksgougkohms qug rgsuitmk `g su pmsm`l slk gigegktls prgohlsls pmrm gi olklohehgktl `g ims igygs ukhvgrsmigs. Ohgrtls drupls m`lptmk olel tmrgm gspgohmi gvlomr ils Gspårhtus hkcgrhlrgs y, eg`hmktg olksgjls y gxlrtmä÷gs, ils hkstruym, elrmihzí-ils, myu`mrils im `gsgebmrmämr-sg `g ils imzls qug múk ils prgk`gk m im emtgrhm. G_ `g ims eís egrhtÿrhms gsm ehshÿk: gxhdg im pgrcgotm ukhÿk `g ims dmkms, ukm prlcuk`m gxpgrhgkohm `g ims olsms ìl Hkvhshbig, qug sÿil sg gkougktrm gk ils eg`hls `g imrdm cgonm `g`hom`ls mi Gsphrhthsel. Gk ils omsls gk qug cmitgk ils eè`huks, l sgmk heprlùthvls, kl `gbg qug`mr plr gsl gi drupl rgùoh`l m im hkmäïl. M gjgepil `g ims slohg`m`gs l mdrgehmä÷gs ohgktåchoms, `gbg èi busomr uk mihegktl gk tl`ms ims ougsthlkgs rgimohlkm`ms gi lbjgtl sus prg`higä÷gs, oumigsolegktm`ms sgrík pugstmsygk`hsouth`ms, im lr`gk `giolk `åm y, `g hdumi emkgrm qug ims olk igoturms `g `gqug nmbiíbmels ims mrrhbm, drmk mprlvgonmehgktl pmrm ils luvhktgs. @g thgepls m thgepls pug`gk midukms sgshlkgs sgr olksmdrm`ms im olkcgrgkohms l onmrims, tgrehkm`ms ims oumigs om`m ukl prgsgktmrí sus mrduegktls y lbjgä÷gs. Vlr gsm clrem ils trmbmjls `g uk drupl sg nmrík kl sÿil uk gxogigktg eg`hl `g hkstruoohÿk, pgrl tmebhèk uk gjgrohohl lrmtÿrhl qug vgk`rí m prgpmrmr sus ehgebrls pmrm im prlpmdmk`m púbihom. Mpmrginmk`l-sh pmrm ims `hsoushlkgs y ims justms `g im pmimbrm, pl`rík gstls nmogrsg úthigs `gcgkslrgs y prlpmdmk`hstms `g im h`gm gspårhtm. G_ shgeprg gk `gbmtgs `g gsm kmturmigzm qug sg clremk ils lrm`lrgs1 plr gsg eg`hl gs qug giils m`quhgrgk im gilqùêkohm, gsg `lk `g gelohlkmr ims miems, geplidí-ims pmrm uk gigvm`l lbjgthvl. Ils m`gptls `gi Gsphrhtumihsel kl `gbgk `gsprgohmr khkdúk eg`hl `g prgpmrmrsg pmrm ims vhk`lurms iuonms, `g mprlphmrsg `g gsg `lbig pl`gr `g im pmimbrm y `g im smbhùråm, qug pgrehtg m ukm `lotrhkm mchreg -sh vhotlrhlsmegktg gk kugstrl euk`l.

^H - Mpihomohÿk

Elrmi y Crutls `gi Gsphrhthsel

Kl sgrí hkúthi, mi tgrehkgels im prhegrm pmrtg `g gstm lbrm, hkquhrhr ouíigs nmk sh`l ims olksgougkohms `gi cgkÿegkl gspårhtm slbrg gi gstm`l `g gspårhtu `g kugstrm èplom. M Im prhegrm vhstm, kl pmrgogrík olksh`grmbigs ils rgsuitm`ls. Kl gs prgohsl im moohÿk `gi thgepl, im igktm hkoubmäïl `g ils shdils, pmrm qug ukm h`gm prlùzom tl`ls sus crutls< X, shk gebmrdl, mprgohmk`l ims olsms `g ogrom, kl sg tmr`mrí gk rgolklogr qug gi Gsphrhthsel thgkg ym gjgroh`l gklreg hkciugkohm slbrg gi gstm`l `g gspårhtu `g kugstrls olktgeplríkgls. Kl slimegktg `gsogrrlu m im Ohgkohm olepigtl g hdklrm`l `lehkhl, y m lbihdÿ m rgolklogr im rgmih`m` `g ngonls ‟ 3> | V í d h k m


=86?

sudgrgkohm, gxtgrhlrhzmäïl, tgigpmthm ‟ qug giim plr tmktl thgepl nmbåm kgdm`l l rgpgih`l, pgrl múk nhzl qug ils pgksmehgktls sg vlivhgrmk pmrm gi M`geís1 `gspgrtÿ gk ims olkohgkohmsm`lregoh`ms y gkgvlm`ms `g kugstrm èplom gi sgkthehgktl `g im hkelrtmih`m`1 nhzl eís vhvm, eís rgmi y tmkdhbig im orggkohm gk im supgrvhvgkohm `g ils `gsmpmrgoh`ls. @lk`g kl nmbåm eís qug gspgrmkzm y orggkohms, èi hepimktÿ ogrtgzms. Bmjl im gxtgrhlrh`m`g `gi cgkÿegkl olepigtm rgvgimohÿk sg louitmbm. @g im oleuknïl `g ims miems kmohÿ ukm `lotrhkm. X plr giim gi prlbigem `gi @gsthkl, tlregktl pgrpgtul `g im Nuemkh`m`, rgvhsthÿ kugvl mspgotl, rgohbhgk`l, olk ils gigegktls `g `gchkhthvm sliuohÿk, ils eg`hls `g mkíihshs y `g vgrhchomohÿk qug ig nmbåmk olepigtmegktg cmitm`l nmstm mnlrm. Ims rgvgimohlkgs `g m`geís-túeuilslk olkougr`gs gk uk puktl omphtmi: trms im eugrtg, olel gk gi vmstl gkom`gkmehgktl `g kugstrms gxhstgkohms, tl`l gs rgduim`l plr ukm igy suprgem. Gi `gsthkl, cgihz l `gsdrmohm`l, gs im olksgougkohm `g kugstrls motls. Gi miem g`hchom plr så ehsem su cuturl. Vlr sus prlphls gscugrzls sg gemkohpm `g ims emtgrhmih`m`gs submitgrkms, prldrgsm y sg gigvm pmrm im iuz `hvhkm, shgeprg eís åkthemegktg h`gkthchoík`lsg olk ims slohg`m`gs rm`hlsms `gi Gspmohl, y tlemk`l pmrtg, plr ukm olimblrmohÿk olkstmktgegktg eís gxtgksm, gk im lbrm ukhvgrsmi. Gi Gsphrhthsel lcgrtm gstm hkmprgohívgi vgktmjm `g, m im vgz, smthscmogr m im rmzÿk y mi sgkthehgktl. Nmstm mnlrm gsms `ls cmouitm`gs `gi miem sg nmk olksgrvm`l gk iuonm mbhgrtm, gk uk pgrpgtul olkcihotl. @g mnå ukm omusm prlcuk`m `g sucrhehgktl y `g `gslr`gk pmrm ims slohg`m`gs nuemkms. Im Rgihdhÿk, mpgimk`l pmrm gi sgkthehgktl y gxoiuygk`l im rmzÿk, omåm euonms vgogs gk gi cmkmthsel y gk gi grrlr. Im Ohgkohm, prlog`hgk`l gk sgkth`l olktrmrhl, pgremkgoåm hkgrtg y sgquåm, hepltgktg pmrm rgduimr im olkùotm elrmi. Ouíi kl sgrí im supgrhlrh`m`g `g ukm `lotrhkm qug vhgkg m rgstmbigogr gi gquhihbrhl y im mrelkåm gktrg gsms `ls cugrzms, ims ukås g heprhehrigs uk hepu isl ukhclreg pmrm gi bhgk

=86?

* Gi Gsphrhthsel, orhtgrhlsmegktg prmothom`l, kl gs sÿil ukm cugktg `g gkshkmegktls, pgrl tmebhèk uk eg`hl `g prgpmrmohÿk elrmi. Ims gxlrtmä÷gs, ils olksgjls `g ils Gspårhtus, sus `gsorhpohlkgs `g im vh`m `g m`geís-túeuil vhgkgk m hkciuhr gk kugstrls pgksmehgktls y motls y lpgrmk igktm el`hchomohÿk gk kugstrl omríotgr y gk kugstrl el`l `g vhvhr.. Km`m gs eís heprgshlkmktg qug lår, gk gi oursl `g ims sgshlkgs `g gvlomäïl, im kmrrmthvm, im olkchssïl `g ims mkdusthms slplrtm`ms plr gi Gspårhtu qug gepigÿ mpgkms su vh`m tgrrgstrg: ‟ `gi gdlåstm, qug sÿil gkougktrm gk tlrkl m så im hk`hcgrgkohm y gi víoul, `gi gkvh`hlsl, qug sg vg hegrsl gk ukm sugrtg `g klong prlcuk`m, plr im moueuimohÿk `g sus emils pgksmehgktls, `g sus emièvlils prlpÿshtls. Gktrg hkolktmbigs ngonls, ohtmrgels il qug sg `hl gk kugstrl drupl `g gstu`hls: gi Gspårhtu `g ukm mkthdum vgk`g`lrm `g igduebrgs `g Mehgks eg dustmbm `g rgolr`mrkls su pgrturbmohÿk y mkshg`m` oumk`l, `gspuès `gi cmigohegktl, sg nmiiÿ gk eg`hl `g gspgsms thkhgbims, gcgotl `g ims rhxms y emig`hoêkohm m qug crgougktgegktg sg gktrgdmbm. Imrdm y pgklsm cug su gxpgotmthvm. Chkmiegktg, trms mýls `g hkogrthùebrg, `g slebrål hksuimegktl, gsouonÿ vlogs: ’Lrm, _lchm1 lrm, y tg mrrgphgktg―, ig `goåmk. _lchm lrÿ1 y su pigdmrhm cgrvlrlsm cug hiuehkmk`l, olel uk píih`l oimrïl, im klong ciuå`hom qug im gkvlivåm. _gdúk sus prlphms gxprgshlkgs, ’im lsourh`m` sg nmoåm ohkzgktm―, `g uk ohkzgktl qug sg hbm om`m vgz eís mtgkumk`l, nmstm qug giim rgm`quhrhu im rgimthvm ihbgrtm` `g ils Gspårhtus plol m`gimktm`ls. Kl nmy gk gsl uk gjgepil im plk`grmr< Kltgels slbrg tl`l gk qug il `gsihog `gi Gspårhtu, gk gi emi, hepihom cmtmiegktg gk im `hsehkuohÿkprlplrohlkmi `g ihbgrtm`. Ils pgksmehgktls y ils motls orgåmk gk nmdl `gi miem ouipm`m ukm slebråm mteÿscgrmciuå`hom, qug sg olk`gksm, plol m plol sg vm olktrmygk`l y m olkoiuyg olel gk ukm prhshÿk. Sgels gk im Phgrrm ukm mpihomohÿk `g gsm igy `g gquhihbrhl elrmi y `g justhohm gk ims gkcgreg`m`gs oruèhs, gk im prhvmohÿk `g ils ÿrdmkls `g ils sgkth`ls, gk ims pmrmihshms prlilkdm`ms, qug slk euonms vgogs ims olksgougkohms `gi pmsm`l, im igjmkm rgpgroushÿk `g ims cmitms olegth`ms. Slivmels mi omsl `g _lchm. @urmktg ohkol mýls gsg Gspårhtu tleÿ pmrtg gk kugstrls trmbmjls y, mukqug plol m`gimktm`l, sus oleukhomohlkgs y ims lphkhlkgs qug gxtgrkmvm kl grmk `gsthtuh`ms `g hktgrès. Olk euonm mktgog`êkohm kls mkukohÿ giim su rggkomrkmäïl, gk im ohu`m` qug ym nmbåm nmbhtm`l. Rgvhstg motumiegktg uk kugvl ougrpl tgrrgstrg, olel im prhegrm nhjm `g plbrgs lbrgrls, im prheldèkhtm `g uk rmkonl `g pgqugkhkls sgms, ouym vgkh`m giim prg`hjl, prgpmrík`lsg mså ukm gxhstgkohm imblrhlsm y lbsourm, qug cmohihtmrí su m`hmktmegktl y ouyms vhohsshtu`gs sgrík olepgksm`ms plr im plsgshÿk `g ukm bgiim cmouitm` eg`húkhom. Crgougktgs gk gigkolktrm`l, oursl `g kugstrms sgshlkgs, vgkåmk m gxprgsmrkls su `gspghtl nuehinmäïl,vgogs, mi sg nmymk gk gi Gspmohl, mbmjllrduiilsls `g mqugiils qug nmbåmk `gsprgohm`l1 mvmrgktlsy sg imsthemvme `g im `hsshpmäïl `g sus bhgkgs1 sgksumhs `gpilrmvme memrdmegktg sg vgmk prhvm`ls `g tl`l il qug nmoåm su smthscmoohÿk gxoiushvm gk gstgeuk`l. _uhoh`ms kls `gsorhbåmk sus mkdusthms. Gxpgrhegktmbmk, `gs`g imrdl thgepl, im sgksmohÿk `gi dèkgrl `g eugrtg qug nmbåmk gsoldh`l. Wkl `g giils låm im `gtlkmäïl olkthkum `g uk thrl `g phstlim. Ltrl sgktåm ils nlrrlrgs `g im mschxhm. Pl`ls sg nmiimbmk mombruknm`ls plr uk prlcuk`l mbmthehgktl. Pmr`g oleprgk`åmk qug im prugbm, qug nmbåmk juzdm`l gvhtmr, grm im rgpmrmäïl `gbh`m, gi rgsomtg `gi pmsm`l, y qug sgråm prgohsl mcrlktí-im kugvmegktg, gk olk`hohlkgs eís ùrms, plr im rggkomrkmäïl gk ltrlougrpl. 46 | V í d h k m


=86?

Eís `gslim`lrm gs múk im olk`hohÿk `g ils qug emouime im gxhstgkohm olk im pgrpgtrmäïl `g mssmssåkhls y gsplihmä÷gs, qug `g im vh`m, nlkrm, bhgkgs y `hdkh`m` `g ils ltrls nhohgrlk gsomilkgs `g su clrtukm y `g su dilrhm gcåegrm. Giils sg nmiimk hkogsmktgegktg gk cmz `g gsg oum`rl mousmtÿrhl olk im pgrspgothvm `g im rgpgroushÿk `g ils motls slbrg ims vhk`lurms gxhstgkohms y `g ims hkolktmbigs gkomrkmä÷gs `g purhchomohÿk y `lilr qug sgrík kgogsmrhms pmrm ils kltmr. Vlr slbrg tmigs imegktls y pgrturbm`lrms olkchss÷gs sg gigvmbm, shk gebmrdl, mi chk `g om`m sgshÿk, im vlz `g Jgrðkhel, kugstrl duåm, qug quhtmbm ims olksgougkohms `g gsms rgvgimohlkgs, plkåm gk rgihgvg ims drmk`gs igygs `gi `gsthkl y elstrmbm ils omehkls `gi mrrgpgk`hegktl y `g im rgpmrmäïl crmkqugm`ls m tl`ls. Pl`ls, trms ims ouipms y `g ims omå`ms, nmrík m m`quhrhr, eg`hmktg ims prugbms y gi trmbmjl, im pmz `g olkohgkohm y im rgnmbhihtmohÿk.. Gsms gksgýmkzms, gsms `gsorhpohlkgs `g ims rgolepgksms l `g ils us crhehgktls vhgkgk m gjgrogr, olk gi thgepl, sgkshbig hkciugkohm gk gi gstm`l `g gspårhtu `g ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs, hkùohèk`lils m olksh`grmr im vh`m y sus rgsplksmbhih`m`gs bmjl uk mspgotl eís drmvg, m slegtgr eís gstrhotmegktg sus motls m im rgdim mustgrm `gi `gbgr. Euonms vgogs slk kugstrls pmrhgktgs ‟ pm`rg, em`rg, uk ngremkl eís vhgjl ‟ qug `gi M`geís vhgkgk m duhmrkls y olkslimr, iimemrkls im mtgkohÿk pmrm ims hepgrcghä÷gs `g kugstrm kmturmigzm, nmogrkls sgkthr im kgogsh`m` `g rgclremrkls. Mi im`l `g ims tlomktgs gxlrtmä÷gs `g ils qug kls cugrlk omrls, olel pmrgogk `gsolilrh`ls ims gksgýmkzms `gi smbgr nuemkl! Kugstrl drupl sg nmiimbm bmjl im prltgoohÿk `g `ls Gspårhtus gigvm`ls, ukl `g ils oumigs Jgrðkhel, `g qug nmbiè mrrhbm1 gi ltrl, uk Gspårhtu cgegkhkl, ouym pgrslkmih`m` sg louitmbm bmjl ihbrg psgu`ðkhel, gi 7?

’Gspårhtu Mzui―, grm `ltm`l pgkgtrmohÿk. gi rgogssl ils olrmzlkgs, gsorutmvm sg ils eís sgorgtls rgclinls`gy,emrmvhiilsm olk mèhrmbig tmtl, gkIgåm ukmgk vlz ùiog y `g pgkgtrmktg, plr gi eè`hueslkmebuihzm`l, kls gksgýmbm im egjlr kls olklzomels y kls hk`hombm ils eg`hls `g pgrcgoohlkmrkls. Om`m ehgebrl `gi drupl, gk gi oursl `g ims sgshlkgs, grm m su turkl lbjgtl `g su mtgkohÿk y slihohtu`, y rgohbåm sus olksgjls emtgrkmhs. Oumk`l gi ’Gspårhtu Mzui― sg hkolrplrmbm, kl`ls il rgolkloåmels m ims prhegrms crmsgs prlcgrh`ms, plr ims sumvgs hkcigxhlkgs `g im vlz1 mdumr`íbmels sus pmimbrms y mprgohmohlkgs olk vgr`m`grm mvh`gz. Mi rgthrmrsg, kls `gjmbm bmjl ukm heprgshÿk prlcuk`m, olel sh ukm miem mkdèihom tuvhgrm pmhrm`l slbrg kl`ls y kls nubhgrm pgkgtrm`l `g sus gciúvhls. Gsm moohÿk elrmihzm`lrm y gùomthvm ùrÿ mýls y cugrlk sgkshbigs sus rgsuitm`ls. G_ prgohsl kltmr qug, gk su emylråm, ils nlebrgs slk hkolksohgktgs `g sus `gcgotls. Hdklrm e-sg m så ehsels y moueuimk cmitms slbrg cmitms, shk `g gsl m`vgrthrsg. Gk gsg puktl `g vhstm, ims hk`homohlkgs `g kugstrls duåms gsphrhtumigs slk prgohlsms. Ims `gi ’Gspårhtu Mzui― prlùjgrlk gk euonls `g gktrg kl`ls sgrhms el`hchomohlkgs y, gk oumktl m eå, pug`l `gohr qug olk giims euonl mprlvgonè. Olel tmktls ltrls im`gcugrzm ehs sgegjmktgs, olrrgotls mspgotlsgk`gcgotulsls `g gk eh hepuisls omríotgr ríph`ls, eg nmbåmk gsompm`l. M vgogs `gi pgksmehgktl eg brltmbm jmtls brusols, gk gxprgshlkgs gxmdgrm`ms, qug eg omusmbmk euonls `hssmblrgs. Eåls duåms eg mtrmåmk slbrg gsg puktl im mtgkohÿk y, olk sus olksgjls, eg gksgýmrlk m `lehkmreg, m heplkgr shigkohl m ils hepgtulsls surtls `g eh kmturmigzm. G_ mså qug, plr im príothom `gi Gsphrhthsel y olk ims hkstruoohlkgs `g ils Gspårhtus gigvm`ls, pug`g gi nlebrg m`quhrhr gsm prgohlsm ohgkohm `g im vh`m: im `hsohpihkm `g ims gelohlkgs y `g ims sgksmohlkgs, gi `lehkhl `g så múk, 7?

Mså il `gshdkíbmels, plrqug kugstrls eè`huks il vgåmk gkvlitl gk uk vèu mzui.

4= | V í d h k m


=86?

gsg mrtg prlcuk`l`g lbsgrvmrsg y, `gspuès,`g sg mssgknlrgmr `g ils sgorgtls hepuisls`g su prlphl sgr. * Gi kugvl Gsphrhtumihsel ym vhkouim gktrg så m`gptls `g tl`ms ims oimsgs y `g tl`ls ils pmåsgs1 uk `åm olkgotmrí tl`ms ims rgihdhlkgs, tl`ms ims slohg`m`gs nuemkms. Nmstm mnlrm im `hvgrsh`m` `g ims rmzms y `g ims orggkohms nmbåm sh`l uk gigegktl gsgkohmi `gi `gsmrrliil `g im Nuemkh`m`. Ims lplshohlkgs y `hvgrdgkohms grmk kgogsmrhms pmrm orgmr im emdkåchom vmrhg`m` `g ims clrems y `g ils drupmegktls. Om`m hk`hvhùl, olel om`m pugbil, tuvl qug, mktgs `g tl`l, mhsimr -sh pmrm nmogrsg èi múk, pmrm olksthtuhr gi suyl ’yl― `hsthkduh`l y m`quhrhr su olkohgkohm y ihbrg mutlkleåm. Gk im suogshÿk `g ils thgepls, gi prhkohphl `g hk`hvhùmih`m`g `gbåm, gk sus mpihomohlkgs, prgog`gr im vh`m oligothvm y slih`mrhm, shk il qug tl`ls ils gigegktls vhtmigs sg nmbråmk olkcuk`h`l, kgutrmihzm`l. Vlol m plol sg cug `himtmk`l gi oårouil `g im vh`m oligothvm1 sg olksthtuygrlk drupmegktls, qug gktrmrlk gk olkcihotl. _g suog`hgrlk ims dugrrms. M trmvès `g iuonms pgrpgtums, iuonms `g rmzms, `g rgihdhlkgs y `g h`gms, gs qug sg gcgotúm im `lilrlsm pgrgdrhkmäïl y im olkohgkohm `gim Nuemkh`m` sg `gsphgrtm. Om`m rgihdhÿk, om`m slohg`m`, om`m kmohlkmih`m` olktrhbuyg olk su olkthkdgktg `g h`gms1 `m lrhdgk im clrems gspgohmigs, im emkhcgstmohlkgs pmrthouimrgs `gi mrtg y `gi pgksmehgktl. Gk su drmk olkohgrtl `g im Nhstlrhm, om`m pugbil suehkhstrm su kltm pgrslkmi, im olimblrmohÿk `g su dgkhl. @g im iuonm, `g im olepgtgkohm vhtmi kmog im gvliuohÿk1 surdgk lbrms sÿih`ms `g ils olkcihotls y rggkougktrls. X mnlrm ukm drmk h`gm sg vm `gihkgmk`l. Vlol m plol, `g im pgkuebrm `g ils shdils sg `gstmom ltrm olkogpohÿk `g im vh`m ukhvgrsmi. Gk eg`hl `g im mpmrgktg olkcushÿk, `gi omls `g ils molktgohehgktls, ltrms clrems slohmigs y rgihdhlsms sg gimblrmk. @gi gstm`l `g `hvgrsh`m` y `g orhbm, gkomehknmel-kls pmrm im mrelkåm y im slih`mrh`m`.. Emil drm`l m ils l`hls y m ims pmshlkgs, ims bmrrgrms sg vmk mbmthgk`l gktrg ils pugbils1 ims rgimohlkgs sg euithpihomk, nmohèk`lsg eís cíohigs1 pgreutme-sh ims h`gms, ims ohvhihzmohlkgs sg pgkgtrmk y cgouk`me. Im klohÿk `g nuemkh`m` ukm sg g`hchom: sg sugým, sg nmbim gk pmz, igkdum, rgihdhÿk ukhvgrsmigs. Vgrl pmrm smthscmogr m gsms msphrmohlkgs múk vmomktgs, pmrm trmksclremr gi sugýl gk rgmih`m`, pmrm nmogr `g ims `hvgrsms orggkohms ukm cg oleúk, grm kgogsmrhl qug ukm pl`grlsm rgvgimohÿk vhkhgrm m hiuehkmr ims hktgihdgkohms, mprlxhemr ils olrmzlkgs, nmogr olkvgrdgr tl`ms ims cugrzms vhvms `gi miem nuemkm pmrm uk ehsel lbjgthvl, pmrm ukm ehsem olkogpohÿk `g im vh`m y `gi `gsthkl. Gi kugvl Gsphrhtumihsel, mplym`l gk im Ohgkohm, gs gi plrtm`lr `g gsm olkogpohÿk, `g gsm rgvgimohÿk gk qug sg cuk`gk y rgvhvgk, bmjl clrems eís shepigs y gigvm`ms, ims drmk`gs olkogpohlkgs `gi pmsm`l, ims gksgýmkzms `g ils egsshms gkvhm`ls plr gi Ohgil m im Phgrrm. X mnå gstmrí uk kugvl gigegktl `g vh`m y rgdgkgrmohÿk pmrm tl`ms ims rgihdhlkgs `gi Dilbl. Pl`m orggkohm `gbg sgr bmsm`m gk ngonls. M ims emkhcgstmohlkgs `g ims miems ihbgrm`ms `g im omrkg, y kl m tgxtls lbsourls y gkvgjgoh`ls, gs qug sg `gbg pg`hr im rgvgimohÿk `g ims igygs qug rhdgk im vh`m cuturm y gi msogksl `g ils sgrgs.

42 | V í d h k m


=86?

Ims rgihdhlkgs `gi cuturl tgk`rík plr cuk`megktlim oleuknïl `g ils vhvls y `g ils eugrtls, im gksgýmkzm eutum `g `ls nuemkh`m`gs. M pgsmr `g ims `hchouitm`gs qug múk prgsgktm im oleukhomohÿk olk il Hkvhshbig ‟ y qug gs prlbmbig sg mpimkgk olk gi thgepl y im gxpgrhgkohm ‟ sg pug`g `gs`g ym vgrhchomr qug nmy ukm bmsg, euy eís mepihm qug tl`ms, slbrg im oumi sg mpÿhm im h`gm rgihdhlsm. _grí ukl `g ils eís sgýmim`ls eèrhtls `gi Gsphrhthsel nmbgrim prlplrohlkm`l mi euk`l, plr gsg el`l prgpmrmk`l, cmohihtmk`l im ukh`m` elrmi y rgihdhlsm. Im slih`mrh`m` qug vhkouim ils vhvls `g im Phgrrm m ils `gi Ohgil sg gxtgk`grí plol m plol m tl`ls ils nmbhtmktgs `g kugstrl dilbl, y tl`ls oleukdmrïl uk `åm gk uk ehsel h`gmi rgmihzm`l. Gi miem nuemkm mprgk`grí m olklogrsg gk su kmturmigzm hkelrtmi, gk su cuturl gtgrkl. Gspårhtus, `g pmsm`m plr gstm Phgrrm, oleprgk`grgels qug kugstrl `gsthkl gs vhvhr y prldrgsmr hkogsmktgegktg, m trmvès `gi hkchkhtl `g ils gspmohls y `gi thgepl, m chk `g hkhohmrkls shgeprg y om`m vgz eís gk ims emrmvhiims `gi Wkhvgrsl, pmrm ollpgrmr shgeprg eís åkthemegktg gk im lbrm `hvhkm. Olepgkgtrm`ls `g gstms vgr`m`gs, smbrgels `gsprgk`grkls `g ims olsms emtgrhmigs y gigvmr bhgk mitl kugstrms msphrmohlkgs. Kls sgkthrgels olkgotm`ls m kugstrls olepmýgrls `g jlrkm`m, gk im drmk`g rlemrhm gtgrkm, olkgotm`ls m tl`ms ims miems plr imom`gkm `g mtrmoohÿk y `g melr qug @hls sg prgk`g y m tl`ls kls emkthgkg gk im ukh`m` `g im vh`m ukhvgrsmi. Gktlkogs ims egzquhkms rhvmih`m`gs, ils l`hlsls prgjuhohls nmbrík ogsm`l pmrm shgeprg. Pl`ms ims rgclrems, tl`ms ims lbrms `g slih`mrh`m` rgohbhrík vhdlrlsl hepuisl. Vlr gkohem `g ims pgqugýms pmtrhms tgrrgstrgs vgrgels `gspigdmrsg im drmk pmtrhm oleúk: gi ohgil hiuehkm`l. @g miií kls gxthgk`gk ils brmzls ils Gspårhtus supgrhlrgs. X tl`ls, m trmvès `g ims prugbms y `g ims iídrhems, subhels `g ims lbsourms rgdhlkgs m ims ouiehkâkohms `g im `hvhkm iuz. Gi omrrghrl `g im ehsgrhoÿr`hm y `gi pgr`ÿk gstí shgeprg crmkqugm`l m ils ouipmbigs. Ils eís `gomå`ls sg pug`gk rgnmbhihtmr, plr gi trmbmjl y plr gi mrrgpgk`hegktl, plrqug @hls gs justhohm, @hls gs melr. Mså, im rgvgimohÿk `g ils Gspårhtus `hshpm ims bruems `gi l`hl, ims hkogrthùebrgs y ils grrlrgs qug múk kls gkvugivgk. Nmog rgspimk`gogr slbrg gi euk`l gi drmk sli `g im blk`m`, `g im olkoÿr`hm y `g im vgr`m`!...

4? | V í d h k m


_gduk`m Vmrtg - Gi Gsphrhthsel Gxpgrhegktmi: Ils Ngonls ^HH

- Gxtgrhlrhzmäïl `gi _gr Nuemkl - Pgigpmthm - @gs`lbimehgktl Ils Cmktmsems `g ils Shvls Gi nlebrg gs pmrm så múk uk ehstgrhl vhvl. @g su sgr kl olklog kh uthihzm shkl im supgrchohg. Nmy gk su pgrslkmih`m` prlcuk`h`m`gs hdklrm`ms gk qug `lrehtme cugrzms, olklohehgktls, rgolr`mä÷gs moueuim`ms gk gi oursl `g ims mktgrhlrgs gxhstgkohms, uk euk`l olepigtl `g h`gms, `g cmouitm`gs, `g gkgrdåms, qug gi gkvlitÿrhl omrkmi louitm y blrrm, pgrl qug `gsphgrtmk y gktrmk gk moohÿk gk gi sugýl klremi y gk gi sugýl emdkèthol. Gsg gs gi ehstgrhl `g Vshqug, gs `gohr, `gi miem olkoiuh`m olk sus tgslrls gk im orhsíih`m `g omrkg, y qug `g giim sg gvm`g gk ohgrtms nlrms, sg ihbgrm `g ims igygs cåshoms,`g ims olk`hohlkgs `g thgepl y `g gspmohl, y sg mchrem gk su pl`gr gsphrhtumi. Pl`l gk im Kmturmigzm gs mitgrkmthvm y rhtel. @g hdumi emkgrm qug gi `åm suog`g m im klong y gi Sgrmkl mi Hkvhgrkl, im vh`m ihbrg `gi miem suog`g m im gstmkohm gk im prhshÿk olrpÿrgm. Vgrl gi miem sg `gsprgk`g tmebhèk ùrmktg gi sugýl1 sg rghktgdrm gkthgepls1 su olkohgkohm gk`g gsmsåolkohgkohm plr giim g`hchom`m igktmegktg m trmvès `g im suogshÿk `g ils gktrm mepihchom`m, gk im plsgshÿk ehsem, im gxmehkm, sg nmog lbjgtl `g mèhrmohÿk pmrm giim prlphm. _uyl ehrg buogm gk ilsrgogssls lbsourls `g su pmsm`l, y mnå vm m slrprgk`gr tl`ms ims m`quhshohlkgs egktmigs, tl`ms ims rhqugzms moueuim`ms gk gi oursl `g su gvliuohÿk, y qug im rggkomrkmäïl nmbåm melrtminm`l. X il qug gi ogrgbrl olkorgtl grm hepltgktg pmrm gxprgsmr, su ogrgbrl ciuå`hol il pmtgktm, gi hrrm`hm olk tmktl eís hktgksh`m` ehgktrms eís olepigtl gs gi `gsprgk`hegktl. Gi sugýl, gk vgr`m`, ltrm olsm kl gs qug im gvmshÿk `gi miem `g im prhshÿk `gi ougrpl. Gk gi sugýl lr`hkmrhl il sgr psåquhol sg migjm plol1 kl rgm`quhrg shkl gk pmrtg su hk`gpgk`gkohm, y omsh shgeprg qug`m åkthemegktg olkgotm`l mi ougrpl. Gk gi sugýl prlvlom`l, gi `gsprgk`hegktl miomkzm tl`ms ims drm`mä÷gs. Bmjl im hkciugkohm emdkèthom, ils imzls qug prgk`gk gi miem mi ougrpl sg vmk mcrluxmk`l plol m plol. Ehgktrms eís prlcuk`m gs im nhpklsg, gi trmksg, eís sg `gsprgk`g y sg gigvm gi miem. _u iuoh`gz muegktm, su pgkgtrmohÿk sg hktgkshchom, gi oårouil `g sus pgrogpohlkgs sg `himtm. M im vgz ims zlkms lbsourms, ims rgdhlkgs louitms `gi ’yl― sg mepiåmk, sg gsoimrgogk y gktrmk gk vhbrmohÿk: tl`ms ims m`quhshohlkgs `gi pmsm`l rgssurdge. Ims cmouitm`gs psåquhoms ‟ vhstm im `hstmkohm, mu`hohÿk, m`hvhknmäïl ‟ gktrmk gk mothvh`m`. Olk ils gstm`ls supgrhlrgs `g im nhpklsg iigdmels m ils úithels olkchks, m ils gxtrgels iåehtgs `g im vh`m cåshom. Gi sgr ym vhvg gktlkogs `g im vh`m `gi gspårhtu y uthihzm sus ompmoh`m`gs. Eís uk drm`l, y gi imzl ciuå`hol qug olkgotm gi miem mi ougrpl sg `gspg`mzmråm. _gråm im orhbm `gchkhthvm, mbsliutm ‟ im eugrtg.. * Smels m hk`homr midukls `g gktrg ils ngonls m im vhstm `g ils oumigs sg pug`g gstmbigogr qug gi miem thgkg ukm gxhstgkohm prlphm, hk`gpgk`hgktg `gi ougrpl, y plsgg uk olkjuktl `g cmouitm`gs qug sg gjgrogk shk gi olkoursl `gils sgkth`ls cåshols. 38 | V í d h k m

Gk il Hkvhshbig ‟ Ièlk

=86?

Gk prhegr iudmr, ùrmktg gi sugýl klremi oumk`l gi ougrpl `gsomksm y ils sgkth`ls gstík hkmothvls, pl`gels vgrhchomr qug uk sgr vgim y motúm gk kl`ls, vg y lyg m trmvès `g ils lbstíouils emtgrhmigs, pmrg`gs l pugrtms, y im oumiquhgr `hstmkohm. Gk gi sugýl sg suog`gk heídgkgs, `gsgkrlime-sh oum`rls, sg lygk vlogs, sg trmbmk olkvgrsmohlkgs olk `hvgrsms pgrslkms. Gi sgr ciuå`hol sg `gspimzm, vhmjm, pmhrm slbrg im Kmturmigzm, mshstg m ukm euithtu` `g gsogkms, lrm hkolngrgktgs, lrm `gchkh`ms y oimrms, y tl`l gsl sg rgmihzm shk im hktgrvgkohÿk `g ils sgkth`lsemtgrhmigs, gstmk`l ogrrm`ls ils ljls, y ils lå`ls km`m pgrohbhgk`l. Gk ohgrtls omsls, im vhshÿk psåquhom ùrmktg gi sugýl sg omrmotgrhzm plr ukm khth`gz y gxmothtu` h`èkthoms m ims `g im pgrogpohÿk cåshom gk gi gstm`l `g vhdhihm. Ils tgsthelkhls `g gxpgrhegktm`lrgs olksohgkohlsls y gsoimrgoh`ls il `geugstrmk. Gi _r. Smrigy, hkdgkhgrl-jgcg `g ils Pgièdrmcls `g Drmk Brgtmým, gk su tgsthelkhl plr lomshÿk `g im hkvgsthdmohÿk geprgk`h`m plr im _lohg`m` `g @hmièothom `g Ilk`rgs, rgchgrg gi shduhgktg ngonl:70 ’Nmiiík`lsg gk vhmjg, mpglu-sh, klong mitm, gk uk nltgi, sg rgoldhÿ mi mplsgktl y m`lregohÿ. @urmktg gi sugýl vhl, gk sugýl, gi pmthl `g gsg nltgi y kltÿ qug gk èi trmbmjmbmk ukls lbrgrls. Pgkhgk`l- sg m så múk sudgrh`l im h`gm `g `gspgrtmr, iugdl qug sg igvmktÿ pu`l vgrhchomr im rgmih`m` `gi sugýl. Im `hsplshohÿk `gi pmthl y gi iudmr loupm`l plr ils lbrgrls grmk gxmotmegktg olel il nmbåm vhstl gk gspårhtu. Lrm, grm im prhegrm vgz qug èi sg nmiimbm gk tmi iudmr.― 77 Gi _r. Omehiig Cimeemrhlk, gk su ihbrl ’Gi @gsolkloh`l y ils Vrlbigems Vsåquhols―, ohtm drmk kúegrl `g omsls `g vhshÿk m im `hstmkohm ùrmktg gi sugýl. Ng mnå mquå midukls `g giils:

’Gi _r. D. Vmrgkt, emhrg `g Thèdg (Mhskg), mshstg, gk sugýl, m uk hkogk`hl qug `gstruyg im emsåm `g ukl `g sus mehdls, gk Ongvgkkgs. Gi _r. Vmiegrl, hkdgkhgrl `g pugktgs y omizm`ms gk Pluilk, gs hkclrem`l, plr uk sugýl `g su eujgr, `g im iigdm`m hkgspgrm`m `g su pm`rg y `g su em`rg, qug giim vg, gk gi emr, gk uk pmqugtg. Gi @r. V., clrem`l gk @grgonl plr Vnhihppgvhiig, rgchgrg gi sugýl `g ukm `mem `g olepmýåm `g mehdms suyms. Gk gi sugýl, giim vhl uk kmucrmdhl qug lomshlkÿ im pèr`h`m `g uk kmvål, y `g ukms ohgk pgrslkms, ngonl qug cug olkchrem`l, gi `åm shduhgktg, gk tl`ms sus pmrthouimrh`m`gs. Gi _r. Igg, nhjl `gi lbhspl prltgstmktg `g Hlwm (Gstm`ls Wkh`ls), vhl gk sugýl, m im `hstmkohm `g eís `g 7 ahiÿegtrls, su pm`rg rlimr `g ukm gsomigrm. Gi ngonl gs mtgstm`l plr vmrhms tgsthdls y, gktrg ltrms, plr gi _r. _uiihvmk, lbhspl `g Midlwm.. Gi _r. Omrrmu, `g Mkdgrgs, vhl elrhr su ngremkl gk _.Vgtgrsburdl, y ils nhjls, `g rl`hiims, gk tlrkl mi igonl `g eugrtg.. Wk crmkoès, egoíkhol gk Clutonèlu, vhl ukm klong su chinhknl, qug nmbåm `gjm`l gk Crmkohm, eugrtl `g orupg, gxtgk`h`l gk uk eÿvhi gkomrkm`l. Kmrrÿ su sugýl m uk mehdl, qug sg pusl m rgår `g su orgùih`m`g. Im prhegrm omrtm qug rgohbhÿ grm `g su eujgr y ig oleukhombm gi cmigohegktl gk ims ehsems olk`hohlkgs qug èi vugiom gk sugýl.

70

77

’Vrlogg`hkds―, tlel H. Lb. oht., omp. SHHH.

46 | V í d h k m


=86?

Gi _r. Lrhgux, hkspgotlr-jgcg `g ims omrrgtgrms `gi Ilhrg hkcgrhlr, nmiiík`lsg gk Omrtmdgkm, mshstg gk sugýl m ims gxèquhms `g su egjlr mehdm, ouyl trmspmsg hdklrmbm, im oumi rgsh`åm gk Kmktgs. Gi _r. Jgmk @rguhing, `g Vmrås, pgrohbg, gk sugýl, im omå`m elrtmi qug nubg `m`l, gk ukm gsomigrm, gi Dgkgrmi `g Olsshdky, mehdl `g su cmehihm. Gi Emrhsomi _grrmkl mkukohm gk Em`rh` im eugrtg hkgspgrm`m `g Mclksl ^HH, gk gi Vrm`l, eugrtg qug èi nmbåm pgrohbh`l gk sugýl.― Ng mnå mquå uk omsl rgsphdm`l gk ils ’Vrlogg`hkds― (prlogsls vgrbmigs `g im _lohg`m` `g Hkvgsthdmohlkgs Vsåquhoms `g Ilk`rgs).73 ’Im _rm. Brludntlk `gspgrtÿ ohgrtm klong, gk =>00, gk Ilk`rgs y `gspgrtÿ su emrh`l pmrm `gohrig qug uk drmvg molktgohehgktl nubg lourrh`l gk Crmkohm. Giim nmbåm sh`l tgsthdl, gk sugýl, `gi `gsmstrg `g omrrumdge `g qug cug våothem gi @uqug `g Lrigïgs. Nmbåm vhstl gi ùqug gxtgk`h`l gk uk igonl1 mehdls, ehgebrls `g im cmehihm rgmi, iigdmbmk m tl`m mprhsm1 gi rgy y im rghkm mpmrgohgrlk y mshsthgrlk, iilrmk`l, m ils úithels elegktls `gi ùqug. Iugdl qug memkgohÿ, giim mkltÿ gk uk `hmrhl `g rgougr`ls ims pmrthouimrh`m`gs `g tmi èxhtl. _g pmsmbm gsl mktgs `g im hkvgkohÿk `g im tgigdrmchm, y sÿil `ls `åms `gspuès gs qug gi ’Gquhpls― hkclreÿ im eugrtg `gi ùqug. Shshtmk`l Vmrås, midúk thgepl `gspuès, giim vhl y rgolklohÿ gi iudmr `lk`g sg nubg `m`l gi mooh`gktg.― Cgkÿegkls `g im ehsem lr`gk sg prlùogk gk gi sugýl emdkèthol. Omehiig Cimeemrhlk ohtm vmrhls gjgepils, gktrg ltrls il `g im gsplsm `g uk olrlkgi `g Omvmimrhm qug, gk gstm`l emdkèthol, prgsgkohm gi suhoh`hl `g uk lchohmi, m 0ahiÿegtrls `g `hstmkohm.74 Gi gspårhtu `g ohgrtms pgrslkms olkthkúm m trmbmjmr ùrmktg gi sugýl, y olk gi muxhihl `g ils olklohehgktls m`quhrh`ls gk gi pmsm`l iigdm m rgmihzmr lbrms olksh`grmbigs. @g gsl sg pug`gk ohtmr gjgepils oèigbrgs: Slitmhrg `goimrm tgkgr, ukm klong, olkogbh`l gk sugýl ukm gsquhkm olepigtm `g im ’Ngkrhm`g―. Im Clktmhkg olepusl, slýmk`l, im cíbuim `g ils ’@ls Vmilels―... Oligrh`dg m`lregohÿ igygk`ly, mi `gspgrtmr, sg molr`ÿ `g nmbgr olepugstl, ehgktrms `lreåm, `lsohgktls vgrsls qug sÿil tuvl gi trmbmjl `g gsorhbhr.. Oleplshtlrgs, _. Bmon, Pmrthkh, lygk, ùrmktg gi sugýl, im gjgouohÿk `g slkmtms qug kl nmbåmk olksgduh`l tgrehkg `g el`l qug igs smthschohgrm. _ÿil `gspgrtls, ims gsorhbgk `g egelrhm.. Gk tl`ls gsls omsls, im mothvh`m` hktgigotumi y im mpthtu` `g trmbmjl pmrgogk emylrgs gk gi sugýl qug ùrmktg im vhdhihm. M vgogs gi miem, `gsolkgotm`m `g ils ihmegs olrplrmhs, oleukhom, plr eg`hl `gi sugýl, olk ltrms pgrslkms, vhvms l cmiigoh`ms, y `g giims rgohbg hk`homohlkgs y mvhsls.. Gi olrrgsplk`hgktg `g ’Ig Emthk―, `g Vmrås, _r. _omrcldihl, gkvhm`l gspgohmiegktg im Egsshkm, plr lomshÿk `gi tgrrgeltl qug im nubg mslim`l, `g mnå tgigdrmcmvm, gk 7 `g gkgrl `g =868, m gsg pgrhÿ`hol:7> 73 74

Plel H, píd. ?61 tlel HH, píd. =36. Sgr O. Cimeemrhlk ‟ ’Gi @ gsolkloh`l y ils Vrlbigems Vsåquhols―, omp. H^.

4= | V í d h k m


=86?

’... Múk nly cugrlk rgthrm`ms euonms pgrslkmsvhvms `g imsruhkms. M gsg prlpÿshtl olkvhgkg sgýmimr uk omsl gxtrgem`megktg olelvg`lr, qug lourrhÿ gstm emýmkm. Wk jlvgk emrhkgrl `gi gkolurmäm`l Rgdhkm Gigkm grm prlegth`l`g ukm jlvgk, qug sg nmiimbm gktgrrm`m gk ils gsolebrls `g ukm omsm. Nmbhgk`l lbtgkh`l `gi olemk`mktg mutlrhzmohÿk pmrm trmbmjmr, olk miduklsolepmýgrls, gk gi smivmegktl `g su prlegth`m y `g ims ltrms pgrslkmsqug miiå sg nmiimbmk hdumiegktg gktgrrm`ms, gi emrhkgrl nubg ngonl lbsthkm`ms g hkcrut åcgrms hkvgsthdmohlkgs ùrmktg oumtrl `åms. Nly, gk gi mudg `g im `gsgspgrmohÿk y mdltm`l `g omksmkohl, m`lregohÿ. @g rgpgktg slýÿ olk su prlegth`m, qug ig `goåm: ’Gstly vhvm. Mol`g! Eg smivm!― Hkeg`hmtmegktg `gspgrtÿ, y ph`hÿ olk gjgepimr m ils olepmýgrls qug rgolegkzmrmk im gxomvmohÿk plr im úithem vgz. _us gscugrzls cugrlk ehim drlsmegktg olrlkm`ls `g èxhtl, pugs qug mi chk `g midukms nlrms gkolktrÿ im prlegth`m y im rgthrÿ vhvm `g ims ruhkms. Im eläm, qug sg nmiimbm gk gstm`l olemtlsl, sÿil smivm, rgoupgrÿ ils sgkth`ls y gxtgk`hÿ ils brmzls mi emrhkgrl, mbrmzík`lil olk `gihrhl. Rgchrhÿ qug uk sugýl prlcuk`l sg nmbåm `g giim mpl`grm`l hkeg`hmtmegktg `gspuès `g im omtístrlcg y nubg slým`l qug nmbimbm olk gi prlegth`l midukms nlrms mktgs `gi smivmegktl. Mnå gstí uk shkduimr y olelvgktåsshel omsl `g tgigpmthm. Im eläm, olk iídrhems gk ils ljls, mdrm`gohÿ m tl`ls sus smivm`lrgs y msgdurÿ qug gk brgvg `gsplsmrhm su prlegth`l y smivm`lr.― Ils ’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonhqugs―, `g lotubrg `g =86=, pubihomrlk im `gsorhpohÿk `g uk sugýl, rgcgrh`l gk => `g mbrhi `g =86> plr gi ourm `g @le`h`hgr, omktïl `g Crhburdl (_uhzm), mi _r. Rliihkg, qug rgmihzmbm gk ygsm ilomih`m` ukm Cimeemrhlk. ouyl rgsuegk gs olkcgrgkohm, gi shduhgktg: `gsorhpohÿk qug gstg plr su pmrtg trmksehthÿ mi _r. Omehiig ’Gk =>78, gi _r. @lutmx, `g => mýls `g g`m`, mombmbm `g molstmrsg, trms nmbgr prgpmrm`l su tgshs `g Chilslcåm pmrm gi `åm shduhgktg. M`lregoh`l, tuvl èi ukm vhshÿk gxtrmým, qug `ls vgogs shduhgktgs sg ig prgsgktÿ. Shl su pm`rg, qug rgsh`åm m 20 ahiÿegtrls `g `hstmkohm y qug, `g im prhegrm vgz, ig `hjl: ’Eh omrl Jlsè, tu plbrg ngremkm Jlsgchkm gstí, gk Vmrås, m gxphrmr―, y `g im sgduk`m vgz: ’Eh omrl Jlsè..., pgrl tu em`rg múk kl rgohbhÿ im `lilrlsm klthohm.― Gi `åm shduhgktg, gi _r. @lutmx hbm m omehkl `gi ihogu, oumk`l ig cug gktrgdug ukm omrtm `g su pm`rg, olk im gxmotm olkchremohÿk `gi qug nubg lå`l m im klong, ùrmktg gi sugýl.― Im rgvhstm ’Zghtsonrhct cùr _phrhthseus―, `g 8 `g juihl `g =8=6, ohtm gi shduhgktg sugýl oleukhom`l plr gi Olk`g Ngkrh _tgrahj: ’Wk rhol prlphgtmrhl `g ils subúrbhls `g Pmrklcc pgr`hÿ, ùrmktg uk pmsgl, 366 cilrhks. Vmrmk`l gk ukm gstmimdge, rgcgråm gsg `gsmdrm`mbig hkoh`gktg mi rgk`ghrl Aunustghkgr, oumk`l uk mielorgvg, iimem`l Alsehktgr, qug mombmbmy olkthkuÿ `g gktrmr,m olkvgrsmr ig prgduktÿ ohroukstmkohms pgr`h`l mqugiim suem. Kl ig `hl rgspugstm olkgkgi qug gstmimjm`ghrl, oumk`lnubg Alsehktgr, gsplktíkgmegktg, ig gktrgdÿ im blism pgr`h`m. Mèhrm`l y rgolkloh`l, gi prlphgtmrhl ig `hl ?66 cilrhks olel rgolepgksm. Vgrl, sgemkms `gspuès, Alsehktgr ig mpmrgohÿ, gksmkdùgktm`l, gk sugýl, y mousÿ gi gstmimjm`ghrl `gi nmbgr msgshkm`l. Ltrms `ls sgemkms eís tmr`g gi ehsel sugýl sg rgprlùjl, pgrl olk emylrgs pmrthouimrh`m`gs, y m im tgrogrm vgz, hkùoh`l plr im prgohshÿk. 7>

Sgr ’Ig Emthk―, `g 4 `g gkgrl `g =868.

42 | V í d h k m


=86?

gxtrmlr`hkmrhm `g ims rgvgimohlkgs, `gkukohÿ gi omsl m im justhohm. Aunustghkgr cug prgk`h`l y, prlbm`l gi orhegk, olk`gkm`l m im eugrtg.― Im moohÿk `gi miem, im `hstmkohm, shk gi olkoursl `g ils sgkth`ls, sg rgvgim múk gk gi gstm`l `g vhdhihm, gk ils cgkÿegkls `g im trmksehshÿk `g pgksmehgktl y `g im tgigpmthm. _mbgels78 om`m sgr nuemkl plsgg uk `hkmehsel prlphl, uk gstm`l vhbrmtÿrhl qug vmråm mi hkchkhtl, olkclreg ils hk`hvhùls, y ils nmog mptls m prlùohr gk ils ltrls y pgrohbmk giils prlphls sgksmohlkgs psåquhoms gxtrgem`megktg vmrhm`ms. Ims vhbrmohlkgs `g kugstrl pgksmehgktl, prlygotm`ms olk hktgksh`m` vlihthvm, sg prlpmdmk mi igjls y pug`gk hkciugkohmr lrdmkhsels gk mchkh`m`g ol k gi kugstrl, y `gspuès, susohtmk`l ukm gspgohg `g rholongtg, vlivgr mi puktl `g gehshÿk. Mså, `ls miems, vhkouim`ms plr ims lkùimohlkgs `g uk ehsel rhtel psåquhol, pug`gk sgkthr y vhbrmr gk ukåsslkl. M vgogs, uk `híildl ehstgrhlsl sg trmbm, `g ogrom l `g igjls1 pgreutme-sh pgksmehgktls, `gemshm`l suths pmrm qug pug`mk sgr gxprgsls plr pmimbrms1 heídgkgs1 tgems `g olkvgrsmohÿk, iimem`ls, ciltmk l vugimk gk im mteÿscgrm ciuå`hom gktrg gsms miems qug, m pgsmr `g im `hstmkohm, sg shgktgk ukh`ms, pgkgtrm`ms `g uk ehsel sgkthehgktl, y nmogk hrrm`hmr `g ukm im ltrm ils gciúvhls `g su pgrslkmih`m` psåquhom. Ils qug sg memk, mså sg olrrgsplk`gk euonms vgogs: pgreutme sus migdråms y trhstgzms. Vgrl gi olrmzÿk thgkg sus sgorgtls qug kl rgvgim `g bugkl drm`l. Wkm em`rg lyg m trmvès `gi gspmohl ils iimemehgktls `g su nhjl hkclrtukm`l. _lelsmssg`hm`ls `g ehi heprgshlkgs, prlvgkhgktgs `g ilspgksmehgktls igjmkls`g ils qug kls slk omrls.36 Gsm tglråm mpÿhm-sh gk prugbms hk`hsoutåvghs: Rgolr`gels mktgs `g tl`l ims gxpgrhgkohms rgimtm`ms gk ils ’Vrlogg`hkds― (prlogsls vgrbmigs) `g im _lohg`m` `g Hkvgsthdmohlkgs Vsåquhoms, `g Ilk`rgs. Gi lpgrm`lr y gi sgkshthvl, olilom`ls gk im ehsem smim, pgrl sgpmrm`ls plr ukm olrthkm, shk nmogr uk dgstl, shk prlcgrhr ukm pmimbrm, sg trmksehtgk shigkohlsmegktg ils pgksmehgktls. Im ehsem gxpgrhgkohm cug, gksgduh`m, rgmihzm`m olk èxhtl, olilomk`l- sh gi lpgrm`lr y gi pgrohphgktg, m prhkohphl, gk `ls smims, `gspuès gk `lsomsms `hcgrgktgs. M chk `g gvhtmr tl`m olebhkmohÿk crmuùigktm, ils pgksmehgktls m trmksehthr grmk prgvhmegktg gsorhtls y quhtm`ls m im sugrtg. Gi ’@mhiy Gxprgss―, `g sgpthgebrg `g =864, `hvuidÿ vmrhms sgshlkgs `g trmksehshÿk `g pgksmehgktl, `m`ms mi rgy Gùmr`l SHH y im ltrls pgrslkmjgs `g im Olrtg plr `ls sgkshthvls, gi _r. y im _rm. Zmkohd. Ils rgsuitm`ls cugrlk ngonls olkloh`ls plr gi prlphl rgy y cug prhkohpmiegktg trms gsl qug im mtgkohÿk púbihom sg gkomehkÿ, gk Hkdimtgrrm, pmrm gsm lr`gk `g ngonls.. Gi rgy slegthÿ ilsoleuknïl `ls sgkshthvls msmehgktls ims eís gxhståm, `hcåohigsklprugbms, olk `g èxhtlel`l olepigtl. ]ug`ÿ gvh`gkohm`l qug im `g pgk ukm vgzshgeprg u ltrm, pgrl olkstmktg y klremi, gktrg gi emrh`l y im eujgr. _h, plrgjgepil, gi prhegrl igåm ukm omrtm, im sgduk`m, im drmk `hstmkohm y olk ils ljls vgk`m`ls, pgrohbåm hkeg`hmtmegktg su olktgkh`l. Pl`l il qug sg oleukhom mi emrh`l gs olkloh`l gk gi ehsel hkstmktgplr im eujgr. Ils `ls sgkshthvls vhbrmk gk ukås slkl. M`geís `g gsl, im _rm.

78 36

Sgr =ª Vmrtg, omp. SHHH. Sgr O. Cimeemrhlk ‟ ’Gi @ gsolkloh`l y ils Vrlbigems Vsåquhols―, omp. SH.

4? | V í d h k m


=86?

Zmkohd `hl prugbm mi rgy `g su cmouitm` `g vhshÿk psåquhom, nmbiík`lig `g olsms qug èi tgkåm im ogrtgzm `g sgr gi úkhol m smbgr.. Ims gxpgrhgkohms ngonms plr ils pshoÿildls y emdkgthzm`lrgs slk hkolktmbigs y molepmým`ms `g pmrthouimrh`m`gs tmk prgohsms qug sgråm heplshbig gxpihomrims olel miuohkmä÷gs.3= Ohtgels midukls omsls rgohgktgs, euonls `g ils oumigs slk hkè`htls: ’Gi @r. Bmieg, `g Kmkoy, tgkåm m sus ouh`m`ls im Olk`gssm `g I., mcgotm`m `g `hspgpshm. Giim hbm m busomril gk su olksuitm, kukom tgkhgk`l èi, pugs, gktrm`l gk omsm `g su oihgktg, shtum`m cugrm `g im ohu`m`. Prgs `åms trms ukm `g sus vhshtms, m =8 `g emyl `g =>88, gktrmk`l gk omsm y mtrmvgsmk`l m mktg-smim, lyÿ èi `hsthktmegktg gstms pmimbrms: ’Olel eg shgktl mpgkms! X km`hg pmrm slolrrgreg.― @gspuès lyÿ gi ruh`l `g uk ougrpl qug gkomim gk ukm gsprgduhäm`ghrm. Im vlz grm `g im _rm. `g I.. Busoÿ hkclremrsg, pgrl gk omsm km`hg nmbåm vhstl kh lå`l gsm sgýlrm. Cug pmrm su dmbhkgtg `g trmbmjl, sg olkogktrÿ y, oliloík`lsg vliuktmrhmegktg gk ihdgrl gstm`l `g nhpklsg, sg trmksplrtÿ m im omsm `g im olk`gssm y im vhl. Molepmýÿ tl`ls sus elvhehgktls y dgstls, y ils mkltÿ ehkuohlsmegktg. Oumk`l im _rm. `g I. cug kugvmegktg olksuitmril, èi ig oleukhoÿ sus heprgshlkgs, qug cugrlk vgrhchom`ms gxmotms gk tl`ls ils puktls y molr`gs m im rgmih`m` `g ils ngonls. ’Prms nmbgrls rgoldh`l m vugstrl mplsgktl ‟ prgduktÿ èi ‟ qug grm il qug pmrgoåmhs busomr gk tlrkl m vlsltrls<― ’Vmrgoåm qug miduhgk eg mogonmbm―, rgsplk`hÿ im sgýlrm.―32 M gjgepil `gi @r. Nhibgrt y `gi _r. Vhgrrg Jmkgt, ouyl sgkshthvl, Ièlkhg, lbg`goåm m im sudgrgkohm m uk ahiÿegtrl `g `hstmkohm,3? gi @r. Bmieg tgkåm gi pl`gr `g trmksehthr egktmiegktg su dmkm m ukm sgknlrhtm `g Iukèvhiig. Im lbihdmbm mså m vgkhr m su dmbhkgtg, gk Kmkoy, rgoimemr sus ouh`m`ls. Wk `åm, nmbhgk`l olkogktrm`l y `hrhdh`l pmrm giim gi pgksmehgktl, prlcgrhu gstms pmimbrms: ’Sgkdm1 im gspgrl gk gi trgk `gi 30 eg`hl-`åm.― M Im nlrm chjm`m m eläm gktrmbm gk omsm `g èi, `hohgk`l: ’Mquå gstly.― O. Cimeemrhlk, gk su lbrm ’Gi @gsolkloh`l y ils Vrlbigems Vsåquhols―, omp. SH, ohtm gi omsl `g uk khýl qug, gk im g`m` `g ohkol mýls, rgslivåm prlbigems olepihom`åsshels y rgpgtåm pmimbrms y crmsgs qug su em`rg igåm egktmiegktg gk uk ihbrl. Gi khýl kl omiouimbm, il qug nmoåm grm úkhomegktg iggr gk gi pgksmehgktl `g su em`rg im sliuohÿk `g ils prlbigems prlpugstls. @gs`g qug gstm sg rgthrmbm, èi grm hkompmz `g lbtgkgr im eåkhem sliuohÿk. Gk im lphkhÿk `gi _r. D. @gimkkg,37 ils gstm`ls vhbrmtÿrhls hk`hvhùmigs `gbgk sgr oimshchom`ls gk trgs thpls qug èi `gklehkm vhsumigs, mu`hthvls y eltlrgs, y plr ils oumigs sg gxpihområm im vmrhg`m` `g ims pgrogpohlkgs gk ils sgkshthvls y gk ils eè`huks. Gk ils sgkshthvls pgrtgkgohgktgs m gsls `hvgrsls thpls, ims heprgshlkgs `hstmkohm,. prlùoh`ms plr ukm ehsem omusm rgvgsthrík clrems `hcgrgktgs. Im moohÿk psåquhom `g uk vhvl, im 3=

Sgrsg ims gxpgrhgkohms `gi Bmrïl @u Vltgt, gk gi Nlsphtmi Dgkgrmi (@u Vltgt, ’Prmhtè `g Emdkgthseg―, pmsshe), `gi emdkgthzm`lr Im Clktmhkg (Im Clktmhkg, ’I'Mrt `g Duèrhr―), `gi prlcgslr On. Rhongt y `gi @r. Lonlrlwhoz, ’Im _uddgsthlk Egktmig―1 @r. Eluthk, ’Ig @ hmdklståo `g im _uddgsthbhihtè―1 `gi _gýlr Blhrmo, rgotlr gk im Wkhvgrsh`m` `g Drgklbig, ’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonhqugs―, =>83, píd. ?31 Cimeemrhlk, ’Gi @gsolkloh`l y ils Vrlbigems Vsåquhols―: 74 gxpgrhgkohms `g trmksehshÿk `g pgksmehgktls shk gi olkoursl `g ils sgkth`ls, omp. SH. 32 ’Buiigthk `g im _lohètè `'Gtu`gs Vsyonhqugs `g Kmkoy―, mbrhi `g =86=. 3? Sgr Vigrrg Jmkgt, ’Rgvug `g Vnhilslpnhg―, mdlstl `g =>>3. 30 ’Buiigthk `g im _lohètè `'Gtu`gs Vsyonhqugs `g Kmkoy―, mbrhi `g =86=. 37 ’Rgvug _oågkthchqug gt Elrmig ù _phrhthseg―, lotubrg `g =86=, píds. =8? y =80.

40 | V í d h k m


=86?

l m `g uk Gspårhtu prlvlomrí gk ukls im pgrogpohÿk vhsumi `g ukm chdurm `g cmktmsem1 gk ltrls, im mu`hohÿk `g slkh`ls, `g ruh`ls, `g pmimbrms1 gk uk tgrogrl susohtmrí elvhehgktls.33 Ims heprgshlkgs pug`gk hdumiegktg vmrhmr gk ils sgkshthvls pgrtgkgohgktgs mi ehsel thpl sgkslrhmi. Gi pgksmehgktl hkhohmi sgrí plr giils pgrohbh`l bmjl clrems `hsthkduh`ms, mukqug gi sgkth`l `g im emkhcgstmohÿk sgm h`èkthol gk gi clk`l. G_ il qug tgkgels crgougktgs vgogs vgrhchom`l gk kugstrms prlphms gxpgrhgkohms. @hvgrsls eè`huks mu`hthvls pgrohbåmk gi pgksmehgktl `gi Gspårhtu y il trmùoåmk gk tèrehkls `hcgrgktgs. Gsg ngonl kls `geugstrm qug uk drmk kúegrl `g cgkÿegkls tgigpíthols `gbgk sgr hkoiuh`ls gk im lr`gk subjgthvm, gk gi sgkth`l `g qug sg prlùogk úkhomegktg gk gi ogrgbrl `gi pgrohphgktg. Mukqug hktgrkls, kl slk pgrl egkls rgmigs. Im lk`m vhbrmtÿrhm, gemkm`m `g uk pgksmehgktl gxtrmýl, pgkgtrm gi ogrgbrl `gi sgkshthvl y ig prlùog im hiushÿk `g uk ngonl gxtgrhlr qug, sgdúksu gstm`l `hkíehol, pmrgogrí vhsumi, mu`hthvl l títhi.. _mbgels qug ims heprgshlkgs `g ils sgkth`ls sg ogktrmihzme tl`ms gk gi ogrgbrl. Gstg gs gi vgr`m`grl rgogptíouil, qug mrquhvm ims sgksmohlkgs y ims trmksehtg m im olkohgkohm. Lrm, olkclreg su gstm`l vhbrmtÿrhl, slels iigvm`ls m rgcgrhr kugstrms sgksmohlkgs m ukl `g ils trgs gstm`ls sgkslrhmhs supim hk`hom`ls. @g mnå im vmrhg`m` `g ims heprgshlkgs sudgsthvms pgrohbh`ms plr ilssgkshthvls. Ng mnå mquå vmrhls omsls hkè`htls, gk qug im moohÿk tgigpíthom sg emkhchgstm plr eg`hl `g ruh`ls y vhshlkgs: ’Im _rm. Prlussgi, ouyl slbrgkleg gk slitghrm grm @mu`gt, pmrhgktm `gi hiustrg gsorhtlr y rgsh`gktg gk Midgr, m im omiig @mdugrrg, sg oleukhom tgigpmthomegktg, nmy nlrms olkvgkohlkm`ms, olk midukms `g sus mehdms, om`m ukm `g ims oumigs shrvg m su turkl `g trmksehslr y rgogptlr. Giims gstmbigogk rgoåprlomegktg gi prlogsl vgrbmi `g ils pgksmehgktls gehth`ls y `g ims heprgshlkgs rgohbh`ms y ils olepmrmk gksgduh`m. Vrgduktms egktmigs clreuim`ms im `hstmkohm lbthgkgk rgspugstms prgohsms: uk prlbigem olepihom`l cug rgsugitl. Gk im eg`hm, shgtg gxpgrhgkohms slbrg `hgz slk olrlkm`ms `g èxhtl. M vgogs, gi pgksmehgktl prlygotm`l olk hktgksh`m` prlùog ukm moohÿk cåshom slbrg ils eÿvhigs, nmohèk`lils vhbrmr cugrtgegktg. Im _rm. Prlussgi nhzl im ehsem gxpgrhgkohm olk ukm `g sus mehdms `g Emrsgiim. @gbåmk plkgr -sh gk oleukhomohÿk gi jugvgs smktm, m ims >:?6 nlrms `g im klong. Kl shgk`l, shk gebmrdl, h`èkthol gi egrh`hmkl, y shgk`l im nlrm `g Emrsgiim m`gimktm`m gk rgimohÿk m im `g Midgr, mi subhr im _rm. Prlussgi pmrm su oumrtl gk búsqug`m `gi hksuimegktl, sg shkthÿ hkvm`h`m plr uk sgkthehgktl `g trhstgzm. Wk hkstmktg `gspuès, nmbhèk`lsg rgoldh`l, vhl mpmrgogr ukm jlvgk `g Emrsgiim1 juktl m giim gstmbm ukm orhmkohknm qug ig gxtgk`åm ils brmzls, slkrhgk`l, y ig elstrmbm uk rmyl iuehklsl qug pmrgoåm vgkhr `gi ohgil. Im _rm. Prlussgi sg mprgsurÿ gk trmksehthr m su mehdm im kmrrmthvm `g gsm gxpgrhgkohm. _us omrtms sg oruzmrlk. M `g Emrsgiim olktgkåm ims shduhgktgs iåkgms: ’Gsoldå gi jugvgs smktm, qugrh`m mehdm, plr sgr gi mkhvgrsmrhl `g im eugrtg `g eh h`limtrm`l chinhknl. M Im nlrm hk`hom`m, vhkhstghs m olkslimreg. Vgksè, gk gsg elegktl, gk gi pgqugkhkl sgr qugrh`l. Vgksmstghs tmebhèk gk èi< Xl ls vh subhr `gi pmvhegktl pimktm bmjm mi prhegrl mk`mr. Prmåmhs uk vgsth`l qug yl kl olklzol (plregklr gxmotl). Olsm shkduimr: pgksmk`l gk tl`ms gsms olsms, yl vgåm m im vgz im hegksh`m`g `gi emr1 gi rmyl iuehklsl `gi cmrli pmrgoåm vgkhr `gi ohgil y iigdmbm nmstm juktl `g eå.―. 33

_g pug`gk vgr gjgepils `g gsm kmturmigzm gk im lbrm `g Eygrs, Durkgy y Vlèlrg, ’Igs Cmktðegs `gs Shvmkts― (g`hohÿk crmkogsm), píds. ?76 y ?70 y gk im `g O. C imeemrhlk, ’Gi @gsolkloh`l y ils Vrlbigems Vsåquhols―, omp. HHH.

47 | V í d h k m


=86?

Oleukhomohlkgs gsorhtms nmk sh`l trmksehth`ms, im drmk`gs `hstmkohms, plr pgrslkms vhvms gxtgrkmihzm`ms. Masmalc rgchgrg ils shduhgktgs ngonls:34 ’Gi _r. Pleís Gvgrhtt, `g Ilk`rgs, lbtuvl, plr gi puýl `g su eujgr, ukm oleukhomohÿk `g ukl `g sus mehdls, eè`hue, gk vhmjg pmrm m Meèrhom. Gi gehkgktg jugz Gèlk`s, `g Kugvm Xlra, rgchgrg qug `ls drupls gspårhtms, rgukh`ls m im ehsem nlrm, gk Blstlk y gk Kugvm Xlra, sg olrrgsplk`åmk plr sus rgspgothvls eè`huks. Mså tmebhèk `ls drupls `g gxpgrhegktm`lrgs, rgukh`ls gk Em`rh` y gk Bmrogilkm, sg oleukhombmk sheuitíkgmegktg plr gi ehsel prlogsl. Mi chk `g om`m sgshÿk, rg`motmbm om`m ukl plr su pmrtg ukm motm, qug grm pugstm hkeg`hmtmegktg gk gi Olrrgl. Ils `ls egksmjgs olebhkmbmk shgeprg chgiegktg.―3> Im ’Rgvug _ohgkthchqug gt Elrmig ù _phrhthseg―, gk su kúegrl `g gkgrl `g =86>, ohtm uk ngonl hktgrgsmktg, gxtrmå`l `g ims ’Egelrhms― `g im _rm. M`giem `g Smy: ’Im _rm. `g Smy rgchgrg qug, ùrmktg im omepmým `g =>33, gi Olk`g Turebrmk`t, suyl prhel, clrembm pmrtg `gi Gjèrohtl mustråmol. Gi `åm 27 `g emyl, rgohbhÿ `g èi ukm gxtgksm oleukhomohÿk, gk qug ig mchrembm sgr èi prlphl, ’suyl prhel Iuås Turebrmk`t―, mým`hgk`l qug ’gstmbm pmsmk`l bhgk, qug su gspårhtu sg nmiimbm mi phg `g giim y gi ougrpl gk gi omepl, gk olepmýåm `g ils sli`m`ls―. M =7 `g jukhl, kugvm oleukhomohÿk: ’Gspgrmels ukm bmtmiim... eh ougrpl gstí olepigtmegktg m`lregoh`l.― X mchrembm gstmr gk giim pgksmk`l hktgksmegktg. M 0 `g juihl, múk ukm oleukhomohÿk: ’Kl ù`g `g im prgsgkohm `g eh gspårhtu... Mombmels `g trmbmr ukm drmk bmtmiim. Sly pmsmk`l bhgk.― Gi `åm 7 `g juihl, gi klebrg `g Turebrmk`t chdurm gk im ihstm `g ils eugrtls. _hk gebmrdl, m 8 `gi ehsel egs, im _gýlrm `g Smy rgohbg ukm oleukhomohÿk `g suyl prhel, msgdurmk`l nmbgr ’cgihzegktg slbrgvhvh`l m im bmtmiim `g Nlkhd Drmtz― y qug `gktrl `g trgs `åms sg il olkchremråm plr omrtm. Im _rm. `g Smy rgohbhÿ gcgothvmegktg `g suyl prhel ukm omrtm gkuegrmk`l, olk pmrthouimrh`m`, ims gklregs pèr`h`ms sucrh`ms plr su bmtmiiÿk, il qug gxpihom im grrÿkgm suplshohÿk `g su eugrtg.― Pl`ls gsls ngonls gstmbigogk `g el`l plshthvl, `gs`g gstm vh`m, im moohÿk egktmi y rgoåprlom `g miem gi miem y im plshbig hktgrvgkohÿk `g ils vhvls gxtgrkmihzm`ls gk ils cgkÿegkls psåquhols. Vmrm prmothomr im tgigpmthm slk kgogsmrhms `ls olk`hohlkgs: `g uk im`l, gk gi lpgrm`lr, im olkogktrmohÿk y im gxtgrhlrhzmäïl `gi pgksmehgktl. Vmrm motumr egktmiegktg, m `hstmkohm, gs prgohsl rgoldgrsg y `hrhdhr olk pgrshstgkohm gi pgksmehgktl bimkol prg`gtgrehkm`l. prlvlom, mså, uk sgr psåquhol y sg lrhdhkm ukm miolrrhgktg `g vhbrmohlkgs _g qug kls plkg gk`gsprgk`hegktl rgimohÿk olk pmrohmi kugstrl`gi olrrgsplk`hgktg. Gk gstg sg rgquhgrg, plr su pmrtg, uk drm`l suchohgktg `g sgkshbhih`m`.. Gstms olk`hohlkgs kl sg gkougktrmk tmk crgougktgegktg olel sg pl`råm suplkgr. G_ prgohsl orhí -ims plr ukm moohÿk tmr`m`m `g im dmkm y, gksgduh`m, egjlrmrims eg`hmktg gi gjgrohohl olth`hmkl `g ims cmouitm`gs m`quhrh`ms.

34 3>

Masmalc ‟ ’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. HS, H. Sgr tmebhèk `ls l trls omsls ourhlsls, gk gi ehsel ompåtuil . Gudîkg @gsku`ls ‟ ’Onlsgs `g i'mutrg Elk`g―, píd. ?37.

43 | V í d h k m


=86?

Gi @r. Bmieg lbsgrvm38 qug, nmbhgk`l gxpgrhegktm`l olk ukm sgýlrm `g su mehstm`, khkdúk rgsuitm`l lbtuvl mi olehgkzl. Pl`ls ils `åms, m im ehsem nlrm y ùrmktg euonl thgepl, prlshduhgrlk mebls im tgktmthvm. Ils pgksmehgktls hktgromebhm`ls cugrlk m prhkohphl olktrm`hotlrhls. Wk `åm, shk gebmrdl, cug pgrohbh`m ukm pmimbrm olk pgrcgotm gxmothtu`1 `gspuès cugrlk sgduh`megktg trmksehth`ms crmsgs `g oumtrl m ohkol pmimbrms. Chkmiegktg, miombl `g `ls mýls, olksgduåmk oleukhomrsg,im `hstmkohm, m oumiquhgr nlrm `gi `åm hk`hcgrgktgegktg, olegkzmk`l sÿil plr bmthr pmiems. Gk gsms gxpgrhgkohms, olel sg vg, im pgrsgvgrmkäm gs gi gigegktl gsgkohmi `g tl`l gi èxhtl. G_ prgohsl, mktgs `g tl`l, mprgk`gr m chjmr ils pgksmehgktls. Gstls slk plr kmturmigzm hkgstmbigs, ciltmktgs1 vmråmk euy mehú`g `g ukl m ltrl lbjgtl. _gpmels emktgkgrils bmjl im moohÿk `g im dmkm g heplkgrigs uk `gtgrehkm`l lbjgthvl. G_ `g ils eís smiutmrgs gsg gjgrohohl, gk gi sgkth`l `g nmbhtumrkls m prmothomr im `hsohpihkm egktmi. Wkm vgz chjm`l gi pgksmehgktl y gstmbigoh`m im olrrhgktg vhbrmtÿrhm, sg nmog plshbig im oleukhomohÿk. Iigdmels m olrrgsplk`grkls tgigpmthomegktg, kl sÿil olk kugstrls mehdls tgrrgstrgs, pgrl tmebhèk olk ils `gi Gspmohl, plrqug im igy `g ims olrrgsplk`gkohms gs im ehsem gk ils `ls omsls. Kl gs eís `hcåohi olkvgrsgels egktmiegktg olk ils sgrgs mem`ls ouyl gkvlivgktg im eugrtg `gstruyÿ, qug olk mqugiils qug, pgremkgohgk`l gk im Phgrrm, cugrlk migjm`ls pmrm igjls `g kl`ls plr ims gxhdgkohms `g im vh`m. Gi pl`gr `g im gvlomäïl qug vm m miomkzmr gi sgr gsphrhtumi, m trmvès `g im hegksh`m`g, gk ukm rgdhÿk `gsolkloh`m `gi gvlom`lr, gs `g eís gvh`gktg `gelstrmohÿk `g im gkgrdåm `gi pgksmehgktl. * M vgogs, ùrmktg gi sugýl l gk im vhdhihm, gi miem sg gxtgrkmihzm, sh lbjgthvm gk su clrem ciuå`hom y mpmrgog, im `hstmkohm. @g mnå gi cgkÿegkl `gils cmktmsems `g ils vhvls. Wkl `g ils eís kltmbigs omsls gs il `g Geåihm _mdèg, prlcgslrm gk Sliemr, ouyl `gs`lbimehgktl pu`l sgr hkolktmbigs vgogs lbsgrvm`l plr ims oumrgktm y `ls pgrslkms rgsh`gktgs gk gi hktgrkmtl. 46 M gsg sg pug`g mým`hr gi omsl `gi rgvgrgk`l Pr. Bgkkhkd, ohtm`l plr im _rm. Nmr`hkdg-Brhttgk gk gi ’Emkkgr lc Ihdnt―. _u `lbig sg trmksplrtÿ im Prly, `lk`g `gbåm rgmihzmr urkm olkcgrgkohm gi `åm shduhgktg, m chk `g `mr mvhsl `g qug ukm hk`hsplshäïl il hepg`åm `g ouepihr su prlegsm. Miií gstuvl y cug vhstl y lå`l plr trgs pgrslkms, gk ukm `g ims oumigs `hl uk gepujÿk. @urmktg gsg thgepl su ougrpl kl nmbåm `gjm`l Kugvm Xlra.4= Wkm jlvgk orgm`m migemkm, `g Blstlk (Emssmonusgtts), molegth`m `g chgbrg molepmým`m `g `gihrhl, sg trmksplrtmbm, gk sugýl, m im omsm `g su cmehihm, gk Gurlpm. Mnå, ùrmktg quhkog klongs olksgouthvms, tl`ls sus pmrhgktgs m lygrlk bmthr m im pugrtm `g im omsm pmtgrkm y vugiomk gktrmr su cmktmsem. Pl`ls m 42

orgygrlk eugrtm1 giim, shk gebmrdl, sg rgstmbigohÿ. Gi ’Gquhpls―, gk su g`hohÿk ngb`lem`írhm`g =º `g gkgrl `g =86>, olksmdrm uk imrdl mrtåouil m uk ngonl `g `gs`lbimehgktl, qug nmbråm lourrh`l gk im pmrÿquhm `g Gmst Ru`nme. Gi rgvgrgk`l @r. Mstigy, qug mnå gjgroåm sus cukohlkgs,gksgduh`m m uk mooh`gktg `g omrrgtgrm `g nhgrrl,gk im iåkgm `g Bhsarm, cug olkùoh`l pmrm gi nlsphtmi `g ils hkdigsgs, gk Midgr. Ehgktrms gk èi sg nmiimbm gk trmtmehgktl, su cmktmsem cug rgpgth`ms vgogs pgrohbh`ly `hsthktmegktg rgolkloh`lplr trgs pgrslkms, pmrthouimregktg pgil 38

’Buiigthk `g im _lohètè `'Gtu`gs Vsyonhqugs `g Kmkoy―, mbrhi `g =86=. Masmalc ‟ ’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. HS, HHH, HS. Å`ge, Hbh`ge. 42 Å`ge, Hbh`ge. 46 4=

44 | V í d h k m


=86?

rgvgrgk`l Brloa, vhdírhl gkomrdm`l `g susthtuhr gi @r. Mstigy, gk im pmrÿquhm `g Gmst Ru`nme, ùrmktg su hepg`hegktl. Ils eís kuegrlsls tgsthelkhls slksuehkhstrm`ls plr im _lohg`m` `g Hkvgsthdmohlkgs Vsåquhoms, `g Ilk`rgs. Gsm _lohg`m`, olepugstm `g nlebrgs gehkgktgs, grhdhu uk vgr`m`grl elkuegktl ohgktåchol olk im 4? pubihomohÿk `gi ihbrl ’Png Vnmktmses lc tng Ihvhkd― y m `g ils ’Vrlogg`hkds―, olephimohÿk `g kmrrmthvms, qug clremk vghkth`ÿs vliúegkgs y oleprgk`gk uk pgrhl`l `g vghktg mýls `g gstu`hls. Gsmslbrms rgimtmk ehigs `g omsls `g mpmrhä÷gs, lbsgrvm`ls olk tl`l gi rhdlr qug ils smbhls mpihomk mi gstu`hl `g ils cgkÿegkls y sgýmimk ims ohroukstmkohms y ims prugbms qug `mk om`m ngonl su ouknl `gmutgkthoh`m`g y gi mplyl `g tgsthelkhls sgvgrmegktggsegrhinm`ls. Gsls ngonls gstmbigogk `g el`l hkolktgstívgi ims rgimohlkgs qug gxhstgk gktrg im mpmrhäïl `gi `lbig y im pgrslkm vhvm qug èi rgprgsgktm. Kl sgråm iåohtl mtrhbuhr m tl`ls gsls cgkÿegkls uk omríotgr subjgthvl. Gk ohgrtls omsls, olel vgkhels, sÿil gi ogrgbrl `gi pgrohphgktg gs heprgshlkm`l plr ims vhbrmohlkgs `g uk pgksmehgktl igjmkl, ims vhbrmohlkgs qug sg trmksehtgk mi clol vhsumi y mnå nmogk surdhr im hemdgk `gi emkhcgstmktg. Mquå, shk gebmrdl, gk im emylr pmrtg `g ilsomsls, ils cgkÿegkls lbsgrvm`ls kl sg prgstmk `g el`l midukl m gsm hktgrprgtmohÿk. _u lbjgthvh`m` qug`m `gelstrm`m gk gi ngonl `g sgr vhstls ils cmktmsems plr euonms pgrslkms m im vgz, l múk suogshvmegktg, oumk`l, plr gjgepil, gi cmktmsem sg trmksplrtm m ils `hvgrsls pmvhegktls `g ukm omsm. 40 Ils cmktmsems `g ils vhvls motúmk slbrg im emtgrhm1 mbrgk y ohgrrmk pugrtms, mdhtmk omepmhknms, nmogk 47 lår `gsphgrtgs gk phmkls ogrrm`ls. Heprgshlkmk mkhemigs `leèsthols, `gjmk sgýmigs `g emklsy `g`ls gk im plghrm `g ils eÿvhigs y, m vgogs, múk oleukhomohlkgs gsorhtms, qug pgremkgogk olel ukm hrrgousívgi prugbm `g su pmsmjg.43

Ils `gs`lbimehgktls `g ils vhvls nmk sh`l oleprlbm`ls gk tl`ls ils thgepls. @g giils rgimtm im Nhstlrhm kuegrlsls omsls, chrem`ls gk vmihlsls tgsthelkhls. Píohtl rgchgrg44 qug Bmshih`gs mpmrgohÿ im Sgspmshmkl gk uktgepil `g Migxmk`rhm, nmiiík`lsg gk im lomshÿk rgtgkh`l plr im gkcgreg`m` im euonms igdums `g `hstmkohm.. Im eåsthom orhsthmkm4> rgdhstrm, olel ngonls ehrmouilsls, omsls `g bhilomäïl l bholrplrgh`m`g, gk qug cíohiegktg rgolklogels cgkÿegkls `g gxtgrhlrhzmäïl. _mktl Mclksl `g Ihduÿrh cug omklkhzm`l plr nmbgrsg elstrm`l sheuitíkgmegktg gk `ls iudmrgs `hcgrgktgs. Nmiiík`lsg m`lregoh`l gk Mrhgkzl, pu`l mshsthr m im eugrtg `gi pmpm Oigegktg ^HS, gk Rlem, y mkukohÿ, mi `gspgrtmr, qug, mombmbm `g sgr tgsthdl `g gsg molktgohehgktl. Gi omsl `g _mktl Mktðkhl `g Víùm gs oèigbrg. Gstmk`l gk Víùm m prg`homr, sg hktgrruephÿ `g rgpgktg, gk eg`hl `gi sgreÿk, y m`lregohÿ. Gk gsg ehsel hkstmktg, gk Ihsblm, su pm`rg, mousm`l cmismegktg `g nlehoh`hl, grm 4?

’Ils Cmktmsems `g ils vhvls― (g`hohÿk crmkogsm, rgsueh`m bmjl gi klebrg `g ’Nmiiuohkmthlk s tèièpmtnhqugs―), Vmrås, =>8=, hk >6, Miomk. 40 ’Nmiiuohkmthlks tèièpmtnhqugs―, píd. 2?4 47 Masmalc ‟ ’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. HS, HHH. 43 Å`ge, Hbh`ge, omp HS, HS. 44 Píohtl ‟ ’Nhst.―, ihbrl HS, omp. >=->2. 4> J. Råbgt ‟ ’Im Eysthqug @hvhkg―, tlel HH.

4> | V í d h k m


=86?

olkùoh`l mi supiåohl. _mktl Mktðkhl mpmrgog, `geugstrm im hklogkohm `g su pm`rg y nmog olklogr gi vgr`m`grl ouipmbig.48 _g gkougktrmk kuegrlsls ngonls mkíildls gk im vh`m `g ils smktls, pmrthouimregktg gk ims `g _mktl Mebrÿshl, _lk Crmkohsol ^mvhgr, _lk Jlsè`g Oupgrthkl, _mktm Emrhm `'Mdrg`m, _mktm Ihùåkm, gto. Gi sgr nuemkl, `gsprgk`h`l `g ils ihmegs omrkmhs plr im pigdmrhm, plr ims gigvm`ms msphrmohlkgs y plr ukm vh`m purm y sÿbrhm, sg nmog eís mptl m gxtgrkmihzmrsg.. Im plshbhih`m` `g gsms emkhcgstmohlkgs sg nmiim hdumiegktg `gelstrm`m plr ims gxpgrhgkohms `g ils emdkgthzm`lrgs, olel @u Vltgt, @giguzg, Bhiilt, plr Agrkgr, Vgrty, @'Msshgr, gto. Olkvhgkg kltmr qug gsls cgkÿegkls kl sg prlùogk slimegktg ùrmktg gi sugýl. Wkm gelohÿk vhligktm, ohgrtms gkcgreg`m`gs, im mdlkåm, im eugrtg, pug`gk prlvlomr gi `gsprgk`hegktl psåquhol. Gi _r. Omehiig Cimeemrhlk, gk ’Gi @gsolkloh`l y ils Vrlbigems Vsåquhols―, ompåtuil SHH, ohtm ohgktl y >6 longktm y sghs omsls gk qug elrhbuk`ls sg emkhchgstmk, im `hstmkohm, nmbimk`l, l sÿil vhshbigs. Gk im ’Rgvug `gs Rgvugs― (rgspugstm m _mkkt-_mêks) il hiustrg mstrÿklel rgimtm gi shduhgktg ngonl: ’Wkm jlvgk, mi chk `g shgtg mýls `g mcgtulsms rgimohlkgs, sg nmbåm sgpmrm`l `gi nlebrg qug membm. Gstg sg omsÿ y giim kukom eís tuvl klthohms suyms. _g pmsmrlk midukls mýls, oumk`l, gk ukm klong `g mbrhi `g =>8?, vhl giim gktrmr gk su oumrtl ukm clrem nuemkm,qug sg mprlxheÿ y slbrg giim sg `gbruälu. _hkthÿ gktlkogs, gk ils imbhls, olk tgrrlr, gi tmr`m`l bgsl `g ukm blom ngim`m.. Gi `åm shduhgktg, ogrom `g eg`hl-`åm, olrrhgk`l im vhstm plr uk pgrhÿ`hol, igyÿ im klthohm `gi cmigohegktl y `g ils cukgrmigs `gi qug cugrm su memktg.― Vubihoÿ im ’I'Èoimhr― `g 20 `g klvhgebrg `g =86>:>= ’Gi olemk`mktg `g uk kmvål `g dugrrm hkdiès nmoåm uk oruogrl gk ils emrgs `gi _ur. Gstmbm, ukm klong, olkoiuh`l gk su omemrltg, m nmogr oíiouils midgbrmhols im dhz, gk gi oum`rl-kgdrl, y gk `mtl elegktl sg sgktÿ m im egsm pmrm mkltmr gk gi omknltl ils rgsuitm`ls lbtgkh`ls. Mi vlivgrsg, pmrm iggr gk gi oum`rl im úithem goumohÿk, vhl `g rgpgktg mpmrgogr ukm emkl, olk uk ihbrg olehgkzl `g mktgbrmäl, tlemr im gsplkjm y blrrmr ims cÿreuims. ]ug`ÿ gstupgcmotl, hkeÿvhi. Wkm chdurm, mi olehgkzl kgbuilsm g hk`hsthktm, sg nhzl vhshbig1 grm uk nlebrg, ukhclrem`l, gk quhgk rgolklohÿ ukl `g sus mkthduls olepmýgrls `g gsougim, lchohmi `g Emrhkm olel èi, y qug nubg `gjm`l `g vgr, nmbåm euonls mýls. Kltÿ qug gstmbm gkvgjgoh`l. Im chdurm tleÿ uk pg`mzl `g dhz, gsorhbhÿ ukm imthtu`g, ukm ilkdhtu`, y `gsmpmrgohÿ. Gi olemk`mktg, sÿil `hshpm`l gi mslebrl qug il nubg tlem`l, smig ríph`megktg `gi omemrltg, iimem sus lchohmigs y igs rgchgrg il qug mombmbm `g prgsgkohmr, elstrík`ligs ims hk`homohlkgs hksorhtms gk gi oum`rl y nmohèk`ligs kltmr qug kukom gsorhbåm, olel miiå gstmbmk, ils midmrhsels. 48

Plemels ‟ `mtm vêkhm ‟ im ihbgrtm` `g rgssmivmr gstg chkmi, gk qug nmy uk gvh`gktg gquhvlol. Mktðkhl `g Víùm, sgdúk im nhstlrhm qug olklogels `g suym vh `g im, sg ihehtÿ m `gelstrmr ombmiegktg im hklogkohm `g su pm`rg, migdmk`l qug ’kl nubg vgkh`l m olk`gkmr gi ouipmbig, shkl smivmr gi hklogktg―, y mså sg gsquhvmk`l mi l`hlsl pmpgi `g `gimtlr. Kh ltrl prlog`hehgktl sgråm olepmthbig olk gi omríotgr `g mqugi gehkgktg Gspårhtu. ‟ (Kltm `gi Prmùotlr) >6 Sgr tmebhèk Masmalc, ’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. HS, HHH, y @'Msshgr, ’I'Nuemkhtè Vlstnueg―, píd. =04. ’Png Vnmktmses lc tng Ihvhkd― rgimtmk hdumiegktg kuegrlsls omsls `g mpmrhä÷gs `g elrhbuk`ls y `g pgrslkms cmiigoh`ms, ol e olhkoh`gkohm `g eugrtg. >= Olkclreg im ’Rgvug _phrhtg―, cgbrgrl `g =868.

48 | V í d h k m


=86?

Plemrlk kltm `g im nlrm y cgonm y, lbg`gohgk`l m uk ehsel sgkthehgktl, nhohgrlk ruebl m tl`l vmplr pmrm gi puktl `gi loèmkl hk`hom`l gk gi oum`rl. Mi chk `g ohkol `åms il miomkzmrlk y ùrmktg imrdms nlrms oruzmrlk gk ims heg`hmä÷gs `gi iudmr, shtum`l gk pigkl emr, m ehigs `g ehiims `g tl`m olstm y cugrm `g ims rutms `g kmvgdmohÿk. Chkmiegktg, gk im emýmkm `gi sgxtl `åm, pgrohbhgrlk mi igjls midukm olsm qug ciltmbm, puktl kgdrl gk gi nlrhzlktg oimrl, gk qug sg gsdmrämvme ims khgbims emtuthkms. Mi miomkzmril, vgrhchomrlk sgr ukm jmkdm`m, ngonm `g tíbums sÿil rgukh`ms, m im oumi, shk vhvhr, shk mdum, m im egroê `gi eís ihdgrl vhgktl, sg nmiimbmk mdmrrm`ls trgs mdlkhzmktgs ‟ olel il rgchrhgrlk oumrgktm y lonl nlrms eís tmr`g, oumk`l pu`hgrlk nmbimr ‟ úkhols supgrvhvhgktgs `gi kmucrmdhl `g uk drmk kmvål qug sg nmbåm hkogk`hm`l y slälbrm`l gk plol thgepl. Grm su olemk`mktg gi lchohmi qug nubg mpmrgoh`l `gimktg `gi oum`rl-kgdrl. Gi shkhstrl nmbåm lourrh`l mi puktl hksorhtl plr gi cmktmsem y prgohsmegktg m im nlrm gk qug gstg sg nmbåm emkhcgstm`l. Gi omphtík mkltÿ gi ngonl gk su `hmrhl `g blr`l. Vug`g m bugk sgdurl orggrsg qug èi prlphl nubg gsorhtl, hkolksohgktgegktg, ils midmrhsels gk gi oum`rl-kgdrl. Vgrl gs prgohsl gktlkogs mèhthr qug èi motuÿ bmjl im hkciugkohm `gi Gspårhtu `g su mkthdul olepmýgrl, qug gstmbm eurhgk`l gk ims iimems y ig trmksehthÿ im imthtu`g y im ilkdhtu` `gi iudmr gk qug sg prlùoåm im omtístrlcg.―. Gsls omsls slk eúithpigs y jmeís sg pl`råm gxpihomrils plr im tglråm `g im miuohkmäïl. Gk giils nmy rgimohÿk `g omusm y gcgotl. Im eugrtg olhkoh`g olk ims mpmrhä÷gs y gstms slk `gemshm`l kuegrlsms pmrm qug sg pug`mk olksh`grmr ims olhkoh`gkohms olel prlùotl `gi momsl. Ims vlogs qug sg lygk slk `g pgrslkms qug sg nmiimk igjls1 ims vhshlkgs rgprgsgktmk chdurms olkloh`ms1 ims rlpms, vgrhchom -sg qug slk tmigs ouíigs ims qug ims pgrslkms vgståmk gk im lomshÿk. Vmrthouimrh`m` `hdkm `g kltm: pgrrls y ombmiils sg eugstrmk msustm`ls g hkquhgtls m im mprlxhemohÿk `gpgrogpthbigs ils cgkÿegkls, `g ils oumigs pmrgog tgkdmk im vhshÿk l gi prgsgkthehgktl, euonl thgepl mktgs qug sgmk mi nlebrg. Ils cgkÿegkls `gbh`ls m im gxtgrhlrhzmäïl l moohÿk gxtrmolrpÿrgm `gi miem nuemkm cugrlk gstu`hm`ls olk mtgkohÿk y oimshchom`ls plr Masmalc bmjl im `gklehkmohÿk dgkgrmi `g mkhehsel. Gsg gru`htl lbsgrvm`lr quhsl gstmbigogr ukm `hsthkohÿk clremi gktrg gsls ngonls y ims emkhcgstmohlkgs `g ils `gklehkm`ls eugrtls. Pmi `hsthkohÿk, rgmiegktg, kl gxhstg1 gsls ngonls, olel vgrgels m`gimktg, slk shgeprg h`èkthols quhgrg mktgs, quhgrgtrms im eugrtg. Gi miem `gi nlebrgpug`g, gxmotmegktg olel gi miem `gsgkomrkm`m, motumr slbrg eè`huks, `hotmr oleukhomohlkgs, mvhsls, tmktl plr gsorhtl olel plr eg`hl `g egshknms, prlvlomr `gspimzmehgktls `g lbjgtls emtgrhmigs, mpmrgogr im drmk `hstmkohm `g su prlphl ougrpl g heprgshlkmr onmpms cltldríchoms. >2 Miimk Amr`go olksmdrÿ uk ompåtuil gktgrl `g ’Gi Ihbrl `g ils Eè`huks― m ils gstu`hls `g ims mpmrhä÷gs `g vhvls..

Gsls cgkÿegkls, pugs, kl grmk hdklrm`ls plr ils gspårhtms, olel sg nm prgtgk`h`l, y Masmalc, gk ’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel―, sÿil olkchreÿ il qug euy mktgs `g èi ym nmbåm sh`l rgolkloh`l. Gxpgrhgkohms eís rgohgktgs nmk `gelstrm`l im plshbhih`m`, pmrm ohgrtls hk`hvhùls, `g `gspigdmrsg pmrohmiegktg, `g emtgrhmihzmr `gtgrehkm`ms pmrtgs `g su clrem ciuå`hom y prlùzomk vmrhls cgkÿegkls.

>2

Lb. oht., omp. SHH, kºs ==0 y shduhgktgs. Sgr tmebhèk ’Gi Ihbrl `g ils Gspårhtus―, Vmrtg 2ª, omp. SHHH, ’Shshtms gspårhtms gktrg pg sslms vhvms―, y ’Rgvug _pérétg―, =>36, píd. >= ‟ Gvlomäïl `gi Gspårhtu `gi @r. ’Shdkmi, m`lregoh`l.

>6 | V í d h k m


=86?

Eè`huks, olel Gusíphm Vmim`hkl y Gdihktlk, nmk prlvlom`l, m euonls egtrls `g `hstmkohm y shk olktmotl cåshol, gi `gspimzmehgktl `g ougrpls hkgrtgsgk pigkm iuz y `gjm`l heprgshlkgs `g sus ehgebrls ciuå`hols gk >? substmkohms eligs: mrdhim, pmrmchkm l pmpgi gkgdrgoh`l mi tmbmol. Kl kls sgråm iåohtl `gjmr `g egkohlkmr múk ils omsls `g hkolrplrmohÿk `g vhvls gk gi lrdmkhsel `g eè`huks m`lregoh`ls. Gsg dèkgrl `g emkhcgstmohlkgs hktrlùog omsh shgeprg uk gigegktl `g olkcushÿk y grrlr gk ils cgkÿegkls `g ’trmksg― y gs prgohsl ukm gxpgrhgkohm olksuem`m pmrm ils kl olkcuk`hr olk ims emkhcgstmohlkgs `g ils `gsgkomrkm`ls. Olk gcgotl, ils vhvls hkorustm`ls gk uk lrdmkhsel gxtrmýl kh shgeprg thgkgk im klohÿk pgrcgotm `g su vgr`m`grm shtumohÿk. Mquå gstí uk gjgepil qug `geugstrm ouíktl gs kgogsmrhl, gk gi oursl `g tmigs gxpgrhgkohms, nmbgr shgeprg im eíxhem mtgkohÿk: @urmktg trgs mýls olksgouthvls, pu`l gi Gspårhtu `g uk vhvl emkhcgstmrsg, plr våm `g hkolrplrmohÿk, gk gi drupl qug `hrhdåmels gk Plurs, shk qug il pu`hgrmk `hsthkduhr `g ils Gspårhtus `gsgkomrkm`ls qug hktgrvgkåmk nmbhtumiegktg gk kugstrms sgshlkgs. Ils plregklrgs eís plshthvls kls grmk, shk gebmrdl, plr èi suehkhstrm`ls mogrom `g su h`gkth`m`. @goåm iimemrsg B. y nmbåm sh`l smorhstïl `g im vhim `g @., gk im _mrtng. Im vlz mrrmstrm`m, gi dgstl igktl y cmthdm`l, im mothtu` ourvm`m olktrmstmbmk olk ims mothtu`gs y dgstls prlphls `gi eè`hue y `g ils ltrls Gspårhtus cmehihmrgs. Kl`ls il rgolkloåmels hkeg`hmtmegktg m ims prhegrms pmimbrms prlcgrh`ms. _g plkåm èi gktlkogs m kmrrmr plr ehú`l ils eís pgqugýls hkoh`gktgs `g su vh`m, ims mèlgstmä÷gs `gi vhdírhl, olk lom shÿk `g su prgduhäm y `g ims bgbg`ghrms qug tlembm, gi emi gstm`l `g im hdigshm y `g ils pmrmegktls olkchm`ls m sus ouh`m`ls, y nmstm sus hkcrutåcgrms hkvgsthdmohlkgs gk gi Gspmohl,pgsgs m chk `g gkolktrmr im olkchremohÿk nmbåm lsh`l ‟ Pl`l gk èi ‟ prlpÿshtls, rgolr`mä÷gs, ‟ kls `mbm im chreg olkvhoohÿk`gi `g qug gstmrigtrmtmk` olkgksgým`l! uk `gsgkomrkm`l. Kl pgqugým cug plr gsl im slrprgsm qug gxpgrhegktmels, oumk`l uk ehgebrl `g kugstrl drupl, nmbhgk`l h`l m im hk`hom`m rgdhÿk y sh`l gkomrdm`l `g prlog`gr m ukm hkvgsthdmohÿk, kls hkclreÿ qug B. múk pgrtgkgoåm m gstg euk`l. Pl`l il qug kls nmbåm èi `honl, grm, mi `geís, gxmotl. Kugstrl sgorgtmrhl il pu`l vgr y olkvgrsmr olk èi. Nmiiík`lsg vhgjl y om`m vgz eís `mtl m im prgduhäm y m im gebrhmdugz, nubl tgkh`l qug mbmk`lkmr sus cukohlkgs. Pl`ms ims klongs, m ims prhegrms nlrms, sg molstmbm y m`lregoåm pr lcuk`megktg. Vl`åm mså gxtgrkmihzmrsg, trmksplrtmrsg nmstm juktl `g kl`ls g hkolrplrmrsg gk ukl `g kugstrls eè`huks, m quhèk il prgk`åmk imzls `g mchkh`m`g ouym omusm sg kls ol ksgrvÿ shgeprg hdklrm`m. _g prgduktm olel pug`g gi miem `g ils vhvls iigdmr m prlùohr, ùrmktg gi sugýl, cgkÿegkls tmk slrprgk`gktgs quïl olepigjls. Gk ohgrtls omsls ims mpmrhä÷gs, ims emtgrhmihzmä÷gs, gxhdgk ukm cugrzm olksh`grmbig, uk prlcuk`l olklohehgktl `gi qug iimemrgels im quåehom gsphrhtumi1 y qug`m -sg emrmvhinm`l `g qug, sÿil migjm`m `g su gkvlitÿrhl omrkmi, pug`m gi miem hkomutmr sus igygs. Vmrgog qug im im gkgrdåm kgogsmrhm pmrm prlùohr gsls`gcgkÿegkls gs nmurh`m gk gisgm ougrpl cåshol, m mqug sg nmiim olkgotm`m clrem cmktísthom plr ukm gspgohg olr`ÿk ciuå`hol, sgm ouíi im `hstmkohm qug sg gkougktrg. Im gxhstgkohm `g gsg imzl gs mtgstm`m plr ils vh`gktgs y olkchrem`m plr ils Gspårhtus. Pmk suthi gs èi qug, om`m sgksmohÿk uk plol vhvm qug mcgotg gi ougrpl emtgrhmi, gi miem, brusomegktg mtrmå`m, rgtlem plsgshÿk `g gstg hkeg`hmtmegktg. Gsg motl olksthtuyg gi `gspgrtmr.

>?

Sgr Masmalc, ’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. HS, HS1 vgr @g Rloms, ’Gxtèrhlrhsmtålk `g im _gkshbhihtè― y ’Gxtèrhlrhsmtélk `g im Eltrhohtè―, pmsshe (gxpgrhgkohms ngonms olk Gusíphm plr ils _rs. Ilebrlsl, _onhmppmrgiih, Chkzh, Gremolrm, Tmdkgr, On. Rhongt, @g Rloms, Cimeemrhlk, Il`dg, Lonlrlwhoz, gto.).

>= | V í d h k m


=86?

Olkvhgkg kl livh`mr qug gi gspårhtu `hrhdg im emtgrhm. Gi miem `hsplkg, m su tmimktg, `g ils gigegktls heplk`grívghs `g im Kmturmigzm,olk ils oumigs olkstruyg, m prhkohphl, gi ougrpl ciuå`hol, el`gil gstruoturmi `gi ougrpl cåshol, y `gspuès clrem gstg olk gi muxhihl `g ils gigegktls tgrrgstrgs, qug rgúkg y mshehim.. @urmktg gi sugýl klremi, olel gk gi sugýl emdkèthol, gi imzl qug ukg ils `ls ougrpls sg mcrluxm, shk qugbrmrsg. Ils `ls gkvlivgktgs qug`mk sgpmrm`ls. _h, mi migjmrsg, gi ougrpl ciuå`hol mbslrbg im kgogsmrhm gkgrdåm, pug`g olk`gksmr-sh, slih`hchomr-sh, motumr slbrg im emtgrhm, prlùohr slkh`ls, ruh`ls, nmogrsg nmstm vhshbig. Gi drmk eltlr gk tl`l gsl gs im dmkm. Gsm cmouitm` gs orgm`lrm1 y il `geugstrmk ils cgkÿegkls `g sudgrgkohm, eg`hmktg ils oumigs im dmkm hktgrvgkhgktg pug`g lomshlkmr prlcuk`ms el`hchomohlkgs gk gi ougrpl nuemkl. Mså, gi Gspårhtu, plr im moohÿk egktmi, pug`g heprhehr m im emtgrhm suthi ims clrems, ils mtrhbutls, ims mpmrhgkohms `g trmjls, `g rlpms qug pgrehthrík rgolklogril. M`geís `g gsl, gk im emylråm `g ils omsls, gi emkhcgstmktg gs mshsth`l plr mehdls hkvhshbigs, olel gvh`gktgegktg il prlvgkdm im hktgrvgkohÿk `gi Gspårhtu Jlnk Ahkd gk ims sgshlkgs `g Gusíphm, y Mbùiimn gk ims `g Gdihktlk, gto. Ils nmbhtmktgs `gi Gspmohl gk dgkgrmi plsggk gxpgrhgkohm y olklohehgktl eís gxtgksl `g ims olsms `g gsg eg`hl. Drmk`g gs su cugrzm `g dmkm y giils pug`gk muxhihmr gchomzegktg im prlùoohÿk `g ohgrtls ngonls tgigpíthols, qug gi emkhcgstmktg kl sgråm ompmz `g rgmihzmr shk gi olkoursl `g giils. * Pl`ls ils cgkÿegkls qug mombmels `g `gsorhbhr pgrtgkgogk mi `lehkhl `g ims lbsgrvmohlkgs. Igs pug`gk sgr, shk gebmrdl, mým`h`ls ngonls `g gxpgrhgkohm, prlvlom`ls vliuktmrhmegktg, y qug pgrehtgk vgrhchomr sheuitíkgmegktg im prgsgkohm `gi ougrpl emtgrhmi y m `g gi `lbig ciuå`hol `gi miem gk `ls iudmrgs `hcgrgktgs. Mnå ym kl nmy qug rgourrhr mi momsl kh im olhkoh`gkohms clrtuhtms. Gi rgsuitm`l m lbtgkgr, prgvhmegktg hk`hom`l plr gi gxpgrhegktm`lr, gs miomkzm`l eg`hmktg prlogsls y gk olk`hohlkgs qug `gsmcåmk tl`m oråthom. _lk kuegrlslsgsls ngonls, `g gktrg ils oumigs hk`homrgels ils shduhgktgs: Gi _r. @gselk`-Chtz-Dèrmi`, hkdgkhgrl, tleÿ pmrtg gk ukm gxpgrhgkohm `gohshvm. Gi Gspårhtu `g ukm jlvgk, gxtgrkmihzm`l ùrmktg gi sugýl, cug gkvhm`l m su omsm y mnå sg emtgrhmihzÿ. _u prgsgkohm cug rgolkloh`m plr `hvgrsms pgrslkms, ukm `g ims oumigs sg shkthÿ tlomr plr gi cmktmsem, il qug ig prlùjl uk drmk tgrrlr.>0 G_ ukm gxpgrhgkohm `g `gs`lbimehgktl olk rgsuitm`l plshthvl. Im _rm. @g Elrdmk, gsplsm `gi prlcgslr m quhèk sg `gbg im lbrm hkthtuim`m ’Crle Emttgr tg il _phrht―, nhpklthzm ukm sgknlrhtm y lr`gkm m su `lbig gxtgrkmihzm`l qug vmym m bmthr m im pugrtm `g im omiig. Ims pmkom`ms cugrlk lå`ms plr vmrhms pgrslkms, qug mbrhgrlk hkeg`hmtmegktg mqugiim pugrtm y vgrhchomrlk qug >7

im omiig sg nmiimbm `gshgrtm.

>0

Masmalc ‟ ’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. HS, HS. Sgr tmebhèk, gk gi ehsel ompåtuil, gi omsl `g im slkâebuim _uzgttg B., ouyl `lbig mpmrgog mi @r. Rucch y blrrm -ig im vgim. >7 ’Ihdnt―, =>>?, píd. 07>1 Masmalc, ’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. HS, HH. Sgr tmebhèk ’Png Vnmktmses lc tng Ihvhkd―, g`hohÿk crmkogsm, píd. 07.

>2 | V í d h k m


=86?

_g pug`gk gkolktrmr gk ohgrtms lbrms y rgvhstms kuegrlsls omsls gk qug pgrslkms vhvms, gvlom`ms ùrmktg gi sugýl, vhgkgk m `mr, uthihzík`lsg `g eè`huks, oleukhomohlkgs qug olkoiuygk prugbms `g h`gkth`m`.>3 M gsls ngonls mým`hrgels ils `g rgprlùoohlkgs cltldríchoms `g `lbigs l cmktmsems `g vhvls gxtgrkmihzm`ls. Gi tgsthelkhl gs gk tmi omsl hrrgousívgi y khkdukm hiushÿk gs plshbig. Kl sg pl`råm slspgonmr im onmpm sgkshbig `g gstmr sujgtm im miuohkmä÷gs. Gi prlcgslr Hstrmth, ehgebrl `gi Olksgjl `g Ehkhstrls `g im Rleâkhm, olkogktrmk`l im prlphm dmkm mktgs `g m`lregogr, pu`l gxtgrkmihzmrsg, mpmrgogr mi @lotlr Nms`gk, sgkm`lr rlegkl, `g eís `g 76 ahiÿegtrls `g `hstmkohm, y plr èi nmogrsg cltldrmchmr gk gspårhtu. Gk im onmpm `hsthkdug -sh im hemdgk ciuå`hom `gi prlcgslr, gkomrmk`l gi lbturm`lr `gi mpmrmtl.>4 Wkm ogrtgzm rgsuitm `g gsg olkjuktl `g ngonls1 gs qug gi miem nuemkm, mi olktrmrhl `gi qug prgtgk`gk ils emtgrhmihstms, kl gs ukm rgsuitmktg `gi lrdmkhsel, trmkshtlrhm oÿel èi, ukm cukohÿk `gi ogrgbrl, qug sg mkhquhig plr lomshÿk `g im eugrtg, pgrl uk sgr gk så múk rgmi, hk`gpgk`hgktg `g ils ÿrdmkls. _u moohÿk sg pug`g gjgrogr cugrm `g ils iåehtgs `gi ougrpl1 gi miem pug`g trmksehthr m ltrls sgrgs sus pgksmehgktls, sus sgksmohlkgs, y ehsel `gspigdmrsg y mpmrgogr gk su clrem ciuå`hom. _lbrmkoghrm m ims igygs `gi thgepl y `gi gspmohl, giim vg m im `hstmkohm y sg trmksplrtm mi igjls1 igg gk gi pmsm`l y pug`g pgkgtrmr gi cuturl. Im gxhstgkohm `gi miem sg rgvgim, olksgduhktgegktg, plr ngonls. Gi ougrpl kl gs ukm olk`hohÿk hk`hspgksmbig `g su gxhstgkohm y sg m èi sg nmiim olkgotm`m ùrmktg gi pmsmjg tgrrgstrg, gsg imzl gs sÿil tgeplrmi. Prms su orhbm `gi lrdmkhsel cåshol giim olkthkúm m emkhcgstmrsg plr cgkÿegkls `g lr`gk gspårhtm, ouyl gstu`hl nmrí gi lbjgtl `g ils ompåtuils qug vmkm sgduhrsg. Gi gstu`hl `gi miem gxtgrkmihzm`m ùrmktg im vh`m kls olkùog, mså, mi gstu`hl `g sus emkhcgstmohlkgs trms im eugrtg. Ims igygs qug rhdgk gsls cgkÿegkls slk h`èkthoms. Im gxtgrhlrhzmäïl kl gs eís qug ukm prgpmrmohÿk `gi Gspårhtu pmrm gi gstm`l `g ihbgrtm`, pmrm gsm ltrm clrem `g gxhstgkohm gk qug èi sg gkougktrm `gsgebmrmäm`l `g ils ihmegs `g im emtgrhm. Kl sgrí `g ils eís pgqugýls tåtuils `g dilrhm `g gsg Gsphrhthsel, tmktl thgepl rgpu`hm`l, gi nmbgr gksgým`l gi miem nuemkm m gstu`hmrsg gk sus prlcuk`h`m`gs, im gktrgmbrhr il gspgsl vèu qug louitmbm gi sgorgtl `g su kmturmigzm y `g su drmk`gzm hksuspghtm. ^HHH - _ugýls Vrgelkhtÿrhls -

Oimrhvh`êkohm - Vrgsgkthehgktls

Gk ims pídhkms qug prgog`gk tlomels sÿil ihdgrmegktg gk im ougsthÿk `g ils sugýls. Gstg msuktl rgoimem ltrm gxpihomohÿk. Ils sugýls, gk sus vmrhm`ms clrems, thgkgk ukm omusm úkhom: im gemkohpmäïl `gi miem. Gstm sg `gsprgk`g `gi ougrpl omrkmi ùrmktg gi sugýl y sg trmksplrtm m uk pimk eís l egkls gigvm`l `gi Wkhvgrsl, `lk`g pgrohbg, olk gi muxhihl `g sus sgkth`ls prlphls, ils sgrgs y ims olsms `g gsg pimk. >3

Sgr ’Rgvug _phrhtg―, =>36, píds. >=, > > y =4?1 Miimk Amr`go, ’Gi Ohgil y gi Hkchgrkl―, omp. SHHH, ’Omrils `g _. D. (h`hltm)―1 Masmalc, ’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. HS, H1 ’Bmkkgr lc Ihdnt―, `g 3 `g klvhgebrg y == `g `hohgebrg `g =>47 . >4 @r. Bmrmùo, ’Gi miem nuemkm, sus elvhehgktls, sus iuehklsh`m`gs―. Sgr tmebhèk gi omsl `g Nuebgr (Masmalc, ’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. H)1 il `gi jugz Omrtgr (’Bmkkgr lc Ihdnt―, ?= `g j uihl `g =>47)1 gi omsl `g T. _tgm` (’Blr`grimk`―, mbrhi `g =>83 ).

>? | V í d h k m


=86?

Vug`gk `hvh`hrsg ils sugýls gk trgs omtgdlråms prhkohpmigs: @g gktrm`m, gi sugýl lr`hkmrhl, purmegktg ogrgbrmi, shepig rgpgroushÿk `g kugstrms `hsplshohlkgs cåshoms l `g kugstrms prgloupmohlkgs elrmigs. G_ tmebhèk gi rgcigjl `g ims heprgshlkgsg heídgkgs mrquhvm`ms gk gi ogrgbrl ùrmktg im vhdhihm1 gk im musgkohm `g oumiquhgr `hrgoohÿk olksohgktg,`g tl`m hktgrvgkohÿk `g im dmkm, giims sg `gsmrrliimk mutleíthomegktg l sg trmùogk gk gsogkms hk`gohsms, `gsthtuh`ms `g ollr`hkmohÿky `g sgkth`l, pgrl qug pgremkgogk drmbm`ms gk im egelrhm.. Gi sucrhehgktl gk dgkgrmi y, pmrthouimregktg, ohgrtms gkcgreg`m`gs, cmohihtmk`l gi `gsprgk`hegktl `gi Gspårhtu, muegktmk múk eís im hkolgrêkohm g hktgksh`m` `g ils sugýls. Gi Gspårhtu, lbstm`l gk su surtl, gepuxm`l om`m hkstmktg pmrm gi ougrpl, kl sg pug`g gigvmr. @g mnå gi olkcihotl gktrg im emtgrhm y gi prhkohphl gsphrhtumi, qug rgoåprlomegktg sg hkciuèkohmk. Ims heprgshlkgs g heídgkgs sg onlomk y olkcuk`gk.. Gk gi prhegr drm`l `g `gsprgk`hegktl, gi Gspårhtu ciltm gk im mteÿscgrm, shk migjmrsg euonl `gi ougrpl1 buogm, plr mså `gohr, gk gi loèmkl `g pgksmehgktls g heídgkgs, qug `g tl`ls ils im`ls rlime plr gi gspmohl, `g giils sg heprgdkm y mnå oling heprgshlkgs olkcusms, thgkg gxtrmýms vhshlkgs g hkgxpihoívghs sugýls1 m gsl sg egsoime m vgogs rgehkhsogkohms `g vh`ms mktgrhlrgs, tmktl eís vhvmzgs ehgktrms eís olepigtl gs gi `gsprgk`hegktl, qug mså pgrehtg gktrgk gk vhbrmohÿk ims ompms prlcuk`ms `g im egelrhm. Gsls sugýls, `g hkchkhtm `hvgrsh`m`, olkclreg gi drm`l `g gemkohpmäïl `gi miem, mcgotmk slbrg tl`l gi ogrgbrl emtgrhmi, y plr gsl gs plr il qug `g giils olksgrvmels gi rgougr`l, mi `gspgrtmr. Vlr úithel vhgkgk ils sugýls prlcuk`ls, l sugýls gtèrgls. Gi Gspårhtu sg subtrmh m im vh`m cåshom, sg `gsprgk`g `g im emtgrhm, rgolrrg im supgrchohg `g im Phgrrm y im hegksh`m`g, `lk`g busom ils sgrgs mem`ls, sus pmrhgktgs, sus mehdls, suyls duåms gsphrhtumigs. Sm, kl rmrl, mi gkougktrl `g ims miems nuemkms, olel èi `gsprgk`h`ms `g im omrkg ùrmktg gi sugýl, olk ims oumigs sg gstmbigog ukm pgreutm `g pgksmehgktls y `gshdkhls. @g gsms príothoms olksgrvm gi Gspårhtu heprgshlkgs qug rmrmegktg mcgotmk gi ogrgbrl cåshol, gk vhrtu` `g su hepltêkohm vhbrmtÿrhm. Gsms heprgshlkgs sg drmbmk, shk gebmrdl, gk im olkohgkohm, qug duír`migs ils vgsthdhls, bmjl im clrem `g hktuhä÷gs, `g prgsgkthehgktls, g hkciuygk, eís `gi qug sg pl`råm suplkgr, gk im `hrgoohÿk `g kugstrm vh`m, hksphrmk`l kugstrls motls y rgsliuohlkgs. @g mnå gi prlvgrbhl: ’Im klong gs bugkm olksgjgrm.― Gk im ’Rgvug _phrhtg― `g =>33, píd. =42, Miimk Amr`go nmbim `gi `gsprgk`hegktl `gi Gspårhtu `g ukm jlvgk `g Ihïl, ùrmktg gi sugýl,y `g su vgkh`m m Vmrås, gk eg`hl `g ukm rgukhÿk gspårhtm gk qug sg nmiimbm su em`rg: ’Gi eè`hue, gk gstm`l `g trmksg, vm im Ihïl, im pg`h`l `g ukm sgýlrm prgsgktg, mi mplsgktl `g su nhjm, qug `gsorhbg chgiegktg. Im eläm gstí m`lregoh`m1 su Gspårhtu, olkùoh`l plr ukl duåm gsphrhtumi, sg mprlxhem `g su em`rg, m quhgk vg y lyg, pmrm giim uk sugýl, `hog il duåm `gi eè`hue, `g qug, mi `gspgrtmr, kl dumr`mrí rgougr`l oimrl1 olksgrvmrí sÿil gi prgsgkthehgktl `gi bhgk qug sg pug`g mucgrhr `g ukm orggkohm chreg y purm. Giim nmog sgkthr su em`rg qug, sh pu`hgrm rgolr`mrsg tmk bhgk `g sus prgog`gktgs gkomrkmä÷gs, gk gi gstm`l klremi, olel sg mougr`m mnlrm, kl pgremkgogråm euy thgepl gk im shtumohÿk gstmohlkmrhm gk qug sg gkougktrm. Vlrqug vg oimrmegktg y shèktgsg ompmz `g prldrgsmr shk ngshtmäïl1 ehgktrms qug gk gi gstm`l `g vhdhihm kl`ls tgkgels ukmvgktm slbrg ilsljls.

>0 | V í d h k m


=86?

’Drmohms ‟ `hog giim m ils mshstgktgs ‟ plr nmbgrls loupm`l olkehdl.― Gksgduh`m, mbrmzm su em`rg. Gi eè`hue mým`g, mi tgrehkmr: ’Giim shèktgsg cgihz olk gsg sugýl, `g qug sg kl nmy `g molr`mr, pgrl qug kh plr gsl ig `gjmrí `g prlùohr smiutmr heprgshÿk.― Midukms vgogs, oumk`l suchohgktgegktg purhchom`m, gi miem, olkùoh`m plr Gspårhtus mkdèihols, iigdm gk sus trmksplrtgs m miomkzmr ims gscgrms `hvhkms, gi euk`l gk qug sg dgkgrmk ims omusms. Mnå pmhrm, slbrmkoghrm mi thgepl, y vg sg `gspigdugk il pmsm`l y gi cuturl. _h momsl oleukhom mi gkvlivgktg nuemkl uk rgcigjl `g ims sgksmohlkgs olinh`ms, pl`rík gstms olksthtuym il qug sg `gklehkm sugýl prlcèthol. Gk ils omsls heplrtmktgs, oumk`l gi ogrgbrl vhbrm olk `gemshm`m igkthtu` pmrm qug pug`m rgdhstrmr ims heprgshlkgs hktgksms l suths pgrohbh`ms plr gi Gspårhtu, y gstg quhgrg olksgrvmr, mi `gspgrtmr, gi rgougr`l `g ims hkstruoohlkgs qug rgohbhÿ, orgm gktlkogs, plr im moohÿk `g im dmkm, oum`rls, gsogkms chdurmthvms `g ims heídgkgs ciuå`homs, m`mptm`ms m im ompmoh`m` vhbrmtÿrhm`gi ogrgbrl emtgrhmi, slbrggi oumi, plr uk gcgotl sudgsthvl, ims prlygotm gkèrdhomegktg. X, olkclreg im kgogsh`m`, sh gs hkíbhi pmrm gsl, rgourrhrí mi muxhihl `g ils Gspårhtus eís m`gimktm`ls, y mså rgvgsthrí gi sugýl ukm clrem migdÿrhom. Gktrg ils `g gstg dèkgrl, nmy midukls oèigbrgs, olel, plr gjgepil, gi sugýl `gi Cmrmÿ, hktgrprgtm `gi plr Jlsè.>> Euonms pgrslkms thgkgk sugýls migdÿrhols, ils oumigs kh shgeprg trmùogk ims heprgshlkgs rgohbh`ms `hrgotmegktg plr gi Gspårhtu `gi hk`hvhùl m`lregoh`l, pgrl, gk im emylr pmrtg `g ims vgogs, rgvgimohlkgs prlvgkhgktgs `g ims miems, qug tl`ls ngels, prgplstms kugstrm dumr`hm. Nmiiík`leg drmvgegktg gkcgrel y omsh `gsgkdmkm`l, lbtuvg, bmjl shdkhchomohÿk chdurm`m, gi mvhsl `g eh prlphm ourm. Gk gi sugýl, yl rgolrråm olk euonm `hchouitm` uk omehkl oubhgrtl `g gsolebrls1 m eg`h`m qug eg m`gimktmbm, ils lbstíouils sg eg moueuimbmk bmjl ils phgs. _úbhtl, uk rhmonl mkonl y prlcuk`l surdg m eh vhstm, y sly drmohms m hktgrruephr im emronm. Eg shgktl, iigkl `g mkdusthm, m im rhbm `'mdum1 pgrl `gi ltrl emrdgk emkl hkvhshbig eg gxthgk`g ukm prmkonm, ouym gxtrgeh`m` sg hkoihkm m ehs phgs. Kl tgkdl eís qug chremreg gk giim y, plr gsg eg`hl, olkshdl trmksplkgr gi oursl `gi mdum. @gi im`l lpugstl gi omehkl gs ihbrg y `gsgebmrmäm`l, y yl shdl olk gi pmsl eís chreg, gk eg`hl `g mprmzåvgi iimkurm. Ng mnå mquå gi sgkth`l `g gsg sugýl: Hkclrem`l, midúk thgepl `gspuès, plr ukm eujgr hegrsm gk sugýl emdkèthol, `g im omusm `g eh gkcgreg`m`, omusm mssmz vuidmr, olk qug khkdúk eè`hol nmbåm pl`h`l mthkmr, kh olk ils rgeg`hls mpihombigs, rgm`quhrh plol m plol im smiu` y pu`g rgolegkzmr ehs trmbmjls. Gk ils sugýls slk, olk crgougkohm, rgdhstrm`ls cgkÿegkls `g prgelkhohÿk, gs `gohr, oleprugbm -sh im cmouitm` qug plsggk ohgrtls sgkshthvls `g pgrohbhr, ùrmktg gi sugýl, ims olsms cuturms. _lk mbuk`mktgs ils gjgepils nhstÿrhols: Viutmrol (’Sh`m `g Júihl Oèsmr―) nmog egkohÿk `gi sugýl prgelkhtÿrhl `g Omipúrkhm, eujgr `g Oèsmr. Giim prgsgkohlu ùrmktg im klong im olkjurmäïl `g Brutusy Omsshus y gi mssmssåkhl `g Oèsmr, g nhzl tl`l gi plshbig plr hepg`hr gstg `g hr m _gkm`l.

>>

’Dêkgshs―, ÎH, =-?>.

>7 | V í d h k m


=86?

_g pug`g tmebhèk vgr gk Oåogrl gi sugýl `g _heðkh`gs (’@g @hvhkmthlkg―, H, 24)1 gk Smièrhl Eíxhel, gi sugýl prgelkhtÿrhl `g Mtèrhl Rucl (SHH, pmr. H, >) y il `gi rgy Orgsl (SHH, pmr. H, 0), mkukohík`lig im eugrtg `g su nhjl Mtnys. Gk sus ’Olegktmrhls―, rgchgrg Elktiug qug mshsthÿ, gk sugýl, gk im våspgrm `gi molktgohehgktl, m im eugrtg `gi rgy Ngkrhqug HH, trmspmsm`l plruk dlipg `g imkzm, qug gk uk tlrkgl ig vhbrÿ Elktdleegry. _uiiy, gk sus ’Egelrhms― (SHH, ?>?), mchrem qug Ngkrhqug HS tgkåm gi prgsgkthehgktl `g qug sgråm msgshkm`l gk ukm omrrumdge. Ngonls eís rgohgktgs, rgdhstrm`ls gk drmk kúegrl, pug`gk sgr oleprlbmtlrhmegktg egkohlkm`ls: Mbrmïl Ihkolik slýÿ qug sg nmiimbm gk ukm trmkquhim shigkohlsm, olel `g eugrtg, úkhomegktg pgrturbm`m plr sliuäls1 sg igvmktÿ, rgolrrhÿ vmrhms smims y vhl, chkmiegktg, mi ogktrl `g ukm `g giims, uk omtmcmiol gk qug ymoåm uk ougrpl vgsth`l `g kgdrl, dumr`m`l plr sli`m`ls y rl`gm`l `g ukm euithtu` gk iimktl. ’]uhèk eurhÿ gk Omsm Brmkom<― ‟ prgduktÿ Ihkolik. ’Gi prgsh`gktg1 ‟ rgsplk`hÿ uk sli`m`l ‟ cug msgshkm`l!― Gk gsg elegktl ukm prlilkdm`m moimemäïl`gi pugbil il `gspgrtÿ. Vlol thgepl`gspuès elråm èi msgshkm`l.>8 Gk su ihbrl ’Gi @gsolkloh`l y ils Vrlbigems Vsåquhols―, O. Cimeemrhlk ohtm 43 sugýls prgelkhtÿrhls, `ls `g ils oumigs plr su em`rg (omp. H^). Gk im emylr pmrtg ils rgvhstgk gi omríotgr `g im eís mbsliutm mutgkthoh`m`g. Wkl `g ils eís kltmbigs gs gi omsl `gi _r. Bgrmr`, mkthdul emdhstrm`l y `hputm`l (omp. H^). Drmohms, plr gi omksmkohl, ùrmktg uk vhmjg, im pgrklhtmr gk pèshem gstmimdge, shtum`m gktrg elktmýms sgivíthoms, èi prgsgkohlu, gk sugýl, tl`ls ils `gtmiigs `g uk mssmssåkhl qug nmbåm `g sgr olegth`l, trgs mýls eís tmr`g, gk gi oumrtl qug loupmbm, y `g qug cug våothem gi mbldm`l Shtlr Mrkmu`. Drmohms mi rgougr`l `g gsg sugýl gs qug gi _r. Bgrmr` nhzl `gsoubrhr ilsmsgshkls. Gsg ngonl gs hdumiegktg rgcgrh`l plr gi _r. Dlrlk, Jgcg `g Shdhim, gk sus ’Egelrhms― (t. HH, píd. ??>). _g pug`g tmebhèk ohtmr: Gi sugýl `g im eujgr `g uk ehkgrl, qug vg olrtgk im ougr`m `gi ogstl qug sgrvåm pmrm `gsogk`gr ils lbrgrls m ils plzls `g gxtrmoohÿk. Iugdl gi `åm shduhgktg gi ngonl sg vgrhchoÿ y euonls ehkgrls `gbhgrlk im vh`m m gsg sugýl (omp. H^). Wkm jlvgk ngremkm `g omrh`m` (Khîvrg) vhl gk sugýl gi euonmonl, pmrm giim gktlkogs `gsolkloh`l, olk quhgk `gspuès nmbråm `g omsmrsg. Drmohms m gsg sugýl giim sg nhzl Eeg. `g im Bè`liihîrg (omp. H^). Olksorhtls vgk gk sugýl ils kúegrls qug quhtmrlk gi `åm shduhgktg l `åms `gspuès (omp. H^). Euonms pgrslkms vgk gk sugýl ohu`m`gs, omsms `g omepl, pmhsmjgs, qug rgmiegktg vhshtmrlk eís tmr`g (omp. H^). Gi _r. Ngkrh Nlrgt, prlcgslr `g Eúshom gk Gstrmsburdl, vhl ohgrtm klong, gk sugýl, smidmk ohkol cèrgtrls `g su omsm. Vlol `gspuès sg `hl mnå uk gsompmegktl `g dms y ohkol pgrslkms eurhgrlk mschxhm`ms (omp. H^).

>8

’Png Pwl Tlri`s―.

>3 | V í d h k m


=86?

M ils sugýls gtèrgls sg pug`g juktmr gi cgkÿegkl `g èxtmshs l mrrlubl. Olksh`grm`l plr olrrgotls smbhls, plol olepgtgktgs gk ougsthÿk `g Vshquhsel, olel gstm`l eÿrbh`l, gi èxtmshs gs gk vgr`m` ukl `g ils eís bgiils mpmkídhls `gi miem mcgtulsm y orgygktg, qug, gk im gxmitmäïl `g su cg, rgúkg tl`ms sus gkgrdåms, sg `gsgebmrmäm elegktíkgmegktg `g ils gepgohinls omrkmhs y sg trmksplrtm m ims rgdhlkgs gk qug gi Bgiil sg lstgktm gk sus hkchkhtms emkhcgstmohlkgs. Gk gi èxtmshs gi ougrpl sg nmog hksgksåvgi1 gi miem, ihbgrm`m `g su prhshÿk, nm olkogktrm`ms tl`m su gkgrdåm vhtmi y tl`m su cmouitm` `g vhshÿk gk uk puktl úkhol. Giim kl gs eís `g gstg euk`l, pgrl pmrthohpm ym `g im vh`m ogigstg. Im cgihoh`m` `g ils gxtíthols, gi júbhil qug gxpgrhegktmk, olktgepimk`l ims emdkhchoêkohms `gi M`geís, sgråmk sÿil plr så suchohgktgs pmrm `gelstrmrkls im gxtgkshÿk `g ils dlzls qug kls rgsgrvmk ims gscgrms gsphrhtumigs, sh kugstrms drlsgrms olkogpohlkgs gk ils kl heph`hgrmk euonåshems vgogs `g ils oleprgk`gr y prgsgkthr.. * Im oimrhvh`êkohm l m`hvhknmäïl gs gsm cmouitm`, qug plsgg gi miem, `g pgrohbhr gk gi gstm`l `g vhdhihm ils molktgohehgktls pmsm`ls y cuturls, gk gi euk`l hktgigotumi olel gk gi `lehkhl cåshol. Gsg `lk sg gjgrog m trmvès `gi thgepl y `g im `hstmkohm, hk`gpgk`hgktgegktg `g tl`ms ims omusms nuemkms `g hkclremohÿk. Im m`hvhknmäïl cug prmothom`m gk tl`ls ils thgepls. _u pmpgi gk im mkthdùg`m` grm olksh`grmbig y, oumiquhgrm qug sgm im pmrtg `g miuohkmäïl, `g grrlrl crmu`g qug sg ig `gbm mtrhbuhr, ym kl gs plshbig, trms ims rgohgktgs oleprlbmohlkgs `g im psholildåm trmksogk`gktmi, rgonmzmr emshvmegktg ils ngonls `g gsm lr`gk mtrhbuh`ls m ils prlcgtms, m ils lríouils y m ims shibms. Gsms gxtrmýms emkhcgstmohlkgs rgmpmrgogk gk im G`m` Eg`hm: Jlïl Nuss mkukohm, `gi mitl `g im nldugrm, im vgkh`m `g Iutgrl. Jlmkm `'Mro nmbåm prg`honl, `gs`g @lerèey, gi ihvrmegktl `g Lrigïgs y im smdrmäïl `g Omrils SHH. Mkukohm tmebhèk qug sgrí ngrh`m gkcrgktg `g Lrigïgs. Wkm omrtm gsorhtm plr gi gkomrdm`l `g kgdlohls `g Brmbmkt, m 22 `g mbrhi `g =028, quhkog `åms mktgs `gi molktgohehgktl y olksgrvm`m gk ils mronhvls `g Brusgims, olkthgkg gstg pmsmjg: ’Giim prg`hjl qug sgrí ngrh`m plr ukm cigonm ùrmktg gi msmitl, pgrl qug kl elrhrí1 qug gi rgy sgrí smdrm`l gk Rghes, gk gi prÿxhel vgrmkl―.86 Vrlcgthzm su gkomrogimehgktl y eugrtg. Juktl m ils clsls `g Egiuk, sus ’vlogs― m 8= @urmktg gi prlogsl, nmbåmk m`vgrth`l `g qug sgråm gktrgdug m ils hkdigsgs mktgs `gi `åm `g _lk Jlïl. mkukohm im olepigtm gxpuishÿk `g ils hkdigsgs, mktgs `g shgtg mýls. _g suog`gk `gspuès, gk tl`m gsm vh`m emrmvhiilsm, prlcgoåms `g lr`gk sgouk`mrhm: gk Onhklk, im eugrtg `g uk sli`m`l qug im gsomrkgohm, gi oumi, gk im ehsem klong, sg mnldÿ gk gi rhmonl `g Shgkkg1 gk Lrigïgs, im eugrtg `gi omphtík Dims`mig1 gi ihvrmegktl `g Olephîdkg mktgs `g _mhkt-Emrthk-`'Nhvgr, gto. Ils omsls `g oimrhvh`êkohm slk kuegrlsls gk kugstrm èplom. Ohtmrgels midukls `g giils.

86

’@hoohlkmrhl Imrlussg―.

>4 | V í d h k m

Gk il Hkvhshbig ‟ Ièlk 8=

=86?

Ngkrh Emrthk ‟ ’Nhst. `g Crmkog―, tlel SH, píd. 223.

>> | V í d h k m


=86?

Ils ’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonhqugs― (=>83, pídhkm 267) rgchgrg qug Im`y M., nmbhgk`l sh`l våothem `g uk rlbl gk Vmrås, olkshduhÿ `gsoubrhr, plr hktgreè`hl `g ukm vh`gktg, gi mutlr `gi `gihtl, qug giim gstmbm igjls `g slspgonmr, olk tl`ms ims pmrthouimrh`m`gs olepihom`åsshems `gi ngonl. Gi ouipmbig kl grm ltrl shkl Emronmk`lk, ukl `g sus orgm`ls, qug, plr sus bugkms emkgrms, nmbåm omptm`l im gktgrm olkchmkzm `g su pmtrlkm y vhkl m sgr eís tmr`g gi msgshkl `g im _rm. Olrkgt. Gi prgsgkthehgktl gs im vmomktg y olkcusm hktuhäïl `gi qug vm m molktgogr. J. `g Emhstrg nhzl kltmr qug ’gi nlebrg gs hkclrem`l kmturmiegktg `g tl`ms ims vgr`m`gs úthigs―. _li`m`ls y lchohmigs thgkgk, gk im emýmkm `gi `åm gk qug vm m trmbmrsg ukm bmtmiim, gi kåth`l sgkthehgktl `g su eugrtg prÿxhem. Vlr ukm mvgrhdumäïl prlog`h`m gk tmi sgkth`l, qug`ÿ prlbm`l qug ukm rgihdhlsm `g _. Shogktg `g Vmuil, gk im våspgrm `gi hkogk`hl `gi Bmzmr `g Omrh`m`, nmbåm prg`honl qug mnå elrhråm qugem`m. Gsm cmouitm` sg gkougktrm olk crgougkohm gk ohgrtls pmåsgs, olel, plr gjgepil, gk ims rgdhlkgs mitms `g Gsolohm, gk im Brgtmknm,gk Migemkhm, gk Htmihm. Wk plol, shk gebmrdl, plrtl`m im pmrtg, gk tlrkl m kl`ls, pl`gels olihdhr ngonls `g prgsgkthehgktls, bmsm`ls gk tgsthelkhls hkgquåvlols. _lk tmk kuegrlsls qug juzdmels supgrciul hkshsthr gk gsl. Ohtgels sÿil ils trgs shduhgktgs omsls: ’Gi Olrlkgi Oliigt, gk gi ’Buiigthk `g im _lohètè `'Gtu`gs Vsyonhqugs `g Kmkoy― (cgbrgrl `g =862, píd. 3), rgchgrg qug su sldrl, gi _r. Shdkgrlk, geèrhtl omzm`lr y pgsom`lr, cmi`m omsh tl`ls ils `åms pmrm gktrgdmrsg m sus pimogrgs cmvlrhtls, shk qug plr gsg elthvl su eujgr `g el`l midukl sg hkquhgtmrm. Wk `åm, shk gebmrdl, giim il quhsl hepg`hr `g hr m im pgsom, tgkhgk`l gi prgsgkthehgktl `g qug èi sg mnldmråm. Gi emrh`l, shk gebmrdl, kl nhzl omsl y, mi rgdrgsmr m im klong, sg pusl im drmogjmr `g im pugrhih`m`g `g sus tgelrgs. Gi `åm shduhgktg olkcgsmbm gk pmrthouimr m su dgkrl qug, tgkhgk`l su bmrol slälbrm`l, èi nubg olksgduh`l smihr `gi mdum y `gi il`l, gk qug sg hbm nuk`hgk`l, drmohms m uk rmel `g smidughrl m qug sg nubg mdmrrm`l m thgepl. Nmbåm pugstl ims rlpms m sgomr y ims nubg ihephm`l mktgs `g gktrmr gk omsm.― Gi @r. Emx _helk, gk gi ’Elk`g `gs Rêvgs―, kmrrm uk ngonl `g im ehsem kmturmigzm: ’Wk jlvgk `lotlr migeík, vlivhgk`l `g ukm vhshtm m sus pm`rgs, gkolktrÿ `ls lchohmigs y olk giils olebhkÿ tlegk uk olong. Gk gi elegktl `g subhr mi vghouil, sg shkthÿ tlinh`l plr ukm gxtrmým hkciugkohm, qug il nhzl rgonmzmrsg tgrehkmktgegktg m pmrthr, m pgsmr `g ils gjgepimrgs `g ils lchohmigs. Mpgkms sg nmbåmk pugstl m omehkl, im hkciugkohm sg `hshpÿ. Gi jlvgk `lotlr mprlvgonÿ gktlkogs im prhegrm lomshÿk pmrm olkthkumr gi vhmjg. Mi iigdmr m ils eírdgkgs `gi Gibm, kltÿ uk mjuktmegktl: ‟ Ils `ls lchohmigs sg nmbåmk mnldm`l gk gi rål, `lk`g tlebmrm im omrrumdge.―. _g pug`g, chkmiegktg, vgr gk ils ’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonhqugs―, `g mdlstl `g =867, im kmrrmthvm `g uk omsl `gsorhtl plr gi ’Egssmdgrl―, `g Rlem: ’Wk olrrgotl Emrhkl Plkgiih, `g 24 mýls `g g`m`, rgsh`gktg gk Rmkoh`giil (Rgpúbihom `g _mk Emrhkl), rgdrgsmbm im omsm, gk su ombrhliè, gk im klong `g =? `g jukhl. Nubg M`lregoh`l y, mi pmsmr plr uk iudmr pgihdrlsl `g im omrrgtgrm, olkloh`l bmjl im `gklehkmohÿk `g Olstg `h Blrdl, `g rgpgktg sg shkthÿ vhligktmegktg smou`h`l y `gspgrtÿ. _g nmiiÿ gxtgk`h`l gk uk omepl, mi clk`l `g >8 | V í d h k m


=86?

pgqugým rhbmkoghrm, plr `lk`g mombmbm `g rlimr olk gi ombmiil y gi ombrhliè. Cgihzegktg kl gstmbm ngrh`l y nubg olegkzm`l, olk gi muxhihl `g midukms pgrslkms qug il nmbåmk mou`h`l, m plkgr m smivl su pgqugým gquhpmdge, oumk`l vhl mpmrgogr, olk drmk`g gspmktl, su em`rg. Im plbrg sgýlrm, iilrmk`l `g oleläïl, il mbrmzÿ, prgduktík`lig sh kl sg emonuomrm y mým`hÿ: ‟ ’Xl tg vh, smbgs< Kl olksgduåm `lrehr. Pu eujgr y tus `ls pgqugkhkls ym gstmbmk ùrehgk`l nmog midúk thgepl1 pgrl yl sgktåm uk `gsmslshgdl, uk emigstmr gxtrmlr`hkmrhl, `gsolkloh`l, qug kl pl`åm gxpihomr. @g rgpgktg vh mpmrgogr `gimktg `g eå gstg omehkl, gxmotmegktg gstg iudmr, olk im rhbmkoghrm mi im`l1 vh gi ombrhliè vliomr y sgrgs prgohphtm`l gk gstg omepl1 tú eg iimembms gk tu slolrrl. _gktå, plr úithel, im kgogsh`m` hrrgshståvgi `g mquå vgkhr y, shk `gspgrtmr pgrslkm midukm, rgshsthgk`l mi pmvlr `g im slig`m`, `g im lbsourh`m`g y `g im tgepgstm` megmäm`lrm, mquå gstly, trms ukm omehkm`m `g oumtrl ahiÿegtrls.― Gi olrrgsplk`hgktg `gi Egssmdgrl tgrehkm `hohgk`l: ’Mnå gstí gi ngonl, my im kmrrmthvm gxmotm qug olinh `g ils imbhls, múk trêeuils `g oleläïl, `g gsm nlkrm`m dgktg.― Gk olkslkmkohm olk ukm hk`mdmäïl m qug prlog`hÿ mi _gýlr Crmkogsol, gi `gsmslshgdl `g im em`rg `gi euonmonl prgog`hÿ `g midukms nlrms im vhshÿk `gi mooh`gktg, y gstg lourrhÿ trgs oumrtls `g nlrm trms im vhshÿk, gs `gohr1 gi thgepl kgogsmrhl pmrm rgolrrgr m phg im `hstmkohm qug sgpmrm im omsm `g ils Plkgiih `gi iudmr `gi mooh`gktg.― Im prgelkhohÿk y ils prgsgkthehgktls slk `hcåohigs `g mkmihzmrsg, mi puktl `g vhstm ohgktåchol. Kl slk gxpihombmhs, shkl gk ohgrtls omsls, oumk`l gi molktgohehgktl prgsgkth`l nm prgog`gktgs, subjgthvls u lbjgthvls. Gk im emylråm `g ils omsls, shk gebmrdl, ils ngonls mkukohm`ls km`m lcgrtmk qug sg prgstg m im h`gm `g suogshÿk l gkom`gkmehgktl.. @lk`g vhgkg gi pl`gr `g ohgrtms miems, `g iggr gk gi cuturl< Ougsthÿk prlcuk`m y lbsourm, qug omusm vèrthdl olel gi mbhsel, y qug kl prlplkgels shk ukm olrrgotm pgrturbmohÿk, plrqug m sgkthels omsh hksliúvgi pmrm kugstrm egzquhkm ohgkohm. @g hdumi emkgrm qug, dhrmk`l gk gi gspmohl, om`m euk`l sg oleukhom, m trmvès `g im klong,olk im drmk cmehihm `g ils mstrls plr ims igygs `gi emdkgthsel ukhvgrsmi, mså tmebhèk gi miem nuemkm, ogktginm gemkm`m `gi @hvhkl Clol, sg pug`g oleukhomr olk im drmk Miem gtgrkm y `g giim rgohbhr hkstruoohlkgs, hksphrmohlkgs, imepgjls hkstmktíkgls. @g gstm gxpihomohÿk pug`gk slkrgår ils gsoèpthols. Kl gs, shk gebmrdl, `g kugstrm gigvmohÿk pmrm @hls qug `grhvmk ims cugrzms vhvms, ils slolrrls gsphrhtumigs, tl`l il qug kls gkdrmk`gog y nmog egjlrgs< Om`m ukl `g kl`ls plsgg, gk ims prlcuk`h`m`gs `g su sgr, olel qug ukm crgstm rmsdm`m slbrg gi hkchkhtl. Gk gi gstm`l `g psåquhol ‟ sugýl, èxtmshs, ‟ giolk oårouil `g kugstrms pgrogpohlkgs pug`g `himtmr gk `gsprgk`hegktl prlplrohlkgs hkomiouiívghs1 gktrmels gk trmksg olktmotl im hkegksm jgrmrquåm `g ims sg miems y `g ils pl`grgs ogigstgs. Drmùmi y suogshvmegktg, pug`g gi gspårhtu rgelktmr nmstm m im Omusm `g ims omusms, m im Hktgihdgkohm `hvhkm, pmrm quhgk gi pmsm`l, gi prgsgktg y gi uturl c sg olkcuk`gk gk uk tl`l úkhol, y qug `gi olkjuktl `g ils ngonls olkloh`ls smbg `gùohr tl`msims olksgougkohms qug oleplrtmk.

86 | V í d h k m

Gk il Hkvhshbig ‟ Ièlk ^HS -

=86?

Shshÿk y Mu`hohÿk Vsåquhoms gk gi Gstm`l `g Shdhihm.

Im vhshÿk y mu`hohÿk psåquhoms gk gstm`l `g vhdhihm gstík olkgotm`ms m ils cgkÿegkls `g gxtgrhlrhzmäïl, gk gstg sgkth`l: kgogshtmk `g uk olehgkzl `g `gsprgk`hegktl gk gi pgrohphgktg. Kl sg trmtm eís `g ngonls chshliÿdhols l `g emkhcgstmohlkgs `gi sgr vhvl, im `hstmkohm, y så `g ukm `g ims clrems `g eg`hukh`m`g. Gk im vhshÿk gspårhtm, gi miem `gi sgkshthvl ym sg nmiim pmrohmiegktg gxtgrkmihzm`m, gs `gohr, cugrm `gi lrdmkhsel emtgrhmi. _u cmouitm` prlphm `g vhshÿk vhgkg m mým`hrsg mi sgkth`l cåshol `g im vhstm. M vgogs im susthtuohÿk `g gstg plr gi sgkth`l psåquhol gs olepigtm. Il `geugstrm gi ngonl `g, gk ohgrtls omsls, gi eè`hue vgr olk ils ljls ogrrm`ls. Cuh euonms vgogs tgsthdl `g gsg cgkÿegkl. Olkvhgkg tgkgr gi ouh`m`l `g `hsthkduhr im oimrhvh`êkohm `g im vhshÿk eg`húkhom. Molktgog qug slkâebuils euy iúoh`ls, gk gi qug sg rgchgrg m ils sgrgs y m ims olsms `g gstg euk`l, slk gktgrmegktg ohgdls mogrom `g tl`l il qug olkogrkg mi euk`l `g ils Gspårhtus. _g prgk`g gsl m im kmturmigzm `g ims hrrm`hmä÷gs ciuå`homs `g su gkvlivgktg gxtgrkmihzm`l y mi el`l pgouihmr `g m`gstrmegktl m qug ils slegtggi emdkgthzm`lr. G_ il qug `hsthkdug gi gstm`l `g shepig iuoh`gz `gi `g eg`hukh`m`g. Gk gstg úithel omsl, ym kl gs gi emdkgthsel nuemkl qug hktgrvhgkg. Gi vh`gktg sg nmiim bmjl im hkciugkohm `gi Gspårhtu qug slbrg èi lpgrm, vhsmk`l prlùohr `gtgrehkm`m emkhcgstmohÿk. Vrlvlomk`l gi gstm`l `g sgeh`gsprgk`hegktl, cmouitm mi sgkshthvlim vhshÿk gsphrhtumi. Gi sgkth`l psåquhol, olel vgkhels, gs euy eís suthi qug gi sgkth`l cåshol1 pug`g `hsthkduhr clrems, rm`hmohlkgs, olebhkmohlkgs `g im emtgrhm im vhstm klremi sgråm ompmz pgrohbhr. VmrmLbjgthvm nmogr eís `hsthkduh`m su mpmrhäïl, gi Gspårhtu euonmsqug vgogs rgourrg m ukklolehgkzl `g `g emtgrhmihzmäïl. -sh eg`hmktg ims cugrzms nmurh`ms gk ils mshstgktgs. Gk gsms olk`hohlkgs, su clrem ciuå`hom pgkgtrm gk gi omepl vhsumi `gi eè`hue y pug`g múk, gk ohgrtls omsls, heprgshlkmr im pimom cltldríchom. Ils vh`gktgs `gsorhbgk ils Gspårhtus olk pmrthouimrh`m`gs qug slk ltrls tmktls gigegktls `g oleprlbmohÿk. @gspuès vhgkg im cltldrmcåm olkchremr, m im vgz, im ch`gih`m` `g im `gsorhpohÿk y im h`gkth`m` `g ils Gspårhtus qug sg emkhchgstmk. Gstls slk euonms vgogs `gsolkloh`ls `g ils eè`huks. Gk gi drupl `g gstu`hls psåquhols `g Plurs,82 `g =>84 m =866, plsgåmels trgs eè`huks vh`gktgs, mu`hthvls y `g hkolrplrmohÿk. Mktgs `g m`lregogr, ngonm im lbsourh`m`g, giils `hvhsmbmk, mi phg `g om`m ukl `g ils mshstgktgs, Gspårhtus `g pmrhgktgs l `g mehdls qug klebrmbmk oumk`l ils olkloåmk, l qug `gsorhbåmk ehkuohlsmegktg oumk`l ils vgåmk plr prhegrm vgz. Gk gsg omsl, im `gsorhpohÿk grm tmi qug, olkclreg im mothtu` l gi vgstumrhl, ils mshstgktgs rgolkloåmk cíohiegktg im pgrslkmih`m` `gi emkhcgstmktg. M`geís `g gsl, ils eè`huks låmk y trmksehtåmk gi igkdumjg `g ils Gspårhtus y ils `gsgls qug gstls clreuimbmk. Im heprgshÿk prlùoh`m gk ils vh`gktgs vmrhmbm `g el`l euy sgkshbig, olkclreg gi `gsmrrliil `g ims cmouitm`gs eg`húkhoms l gi m`hmktmegktl `g ils Gspårhtus. @lk`g ukls sÿil `hsthkduåmk uk puktl brhiimktg, ukm iimem, ltrl vgåm ukm clrem rm`hlsm. Gi ehsel molktgoåm olk im mu`hohÿk, qug vmrhmbm `g hktgksh`m` y prgohshÿk olkclreg ils sgkshthvls. Ehgktrms uk kl pgrohbåm eís qug uk ihbrg slkh`l, ukm shepig vhbrmohÿk, ltrl gsouonmbm ukm mrelkåm ùiog y pgkgtrmktg qug il olkelvåm nmstm m ims iídrhems. Gi gstm`l `g m`hmktmegktl `gi Gspårhtu, olel il smbgels, sg rgvgim, m im prhegrm vhstm, gk gi Gspmohl, pgil brhiil u lbsourh`m`g `g su gkvlivgktg. Gk kugstrms gxpgrhgkohms,ym ils vh`gktgs rgolkloåmkgi drm`l `g 82

Sgr ’Rgsgknm `gi Olkdrgsl Gspårhtm y Gsphrhtumihstm―, `g =866, píd. 72=.

8= | V í d h k m


=86?

gigvmohÿk `g ims miems plr im hktgksh`m` `g sus hrrm`hmä÷gs. Euonms vgogs nhohels gstm rgpmrmohÿk: eè`hue `gsphgrtl, olk ils ljls mbhgrtls, pgrohbåm uk olrrgotl kúegrl `g Gspårhtus `g tl`ms ims ÿr`gkgs. Ogrrm`ls ils ljls, `hsthkduåm slimegktg midukls `g giils, ils eís m`gimktm`ls, mqugiils ouyms hrrm`hmä÷gs suths ‟ m gjgepil `g ils rmyls ^ gk rgimohÿk m ims pimoms cltldríchoms ‟ pl`åmk, m trmvès `g ils pírpm`ls ogrrm`ms, hkciugkohmr gi sgkth`l vhsumi.8? * Im Nhstlrhm gstí iigkm `g cgkÿegkls `g vhshÿk y `g mpmrhäïl. Gk im Ju`èhm, im slebrm `g _meugi gxlrtm _mui. Gk gi euk`l imthkl mpmrgogk cmktmsems m Gk ukm, Brutus y Vlepgu. Ils mkmhs `gi Orhsthmkhsel slk rhols gk ngonls `g gsg dèkgrl.80 Gk im G`m` Eg`hm ils eís kltmbigs cgkÿegkls `g vhshÿk y mu`hohÿk olkloh`ls slk ils `g Jlmkm `'Mro. Im gsm vhrdge hkolepmrmbig, gi eís plrtgktlsl `gils eè`huks qug ym prlùjl gi Looh`gktg, gs qug sg `gbgrí shgeprg rgourrhr, tl`m vgz qug sg quhgrm ohtmr brhiimktgs prugbms `g im hktgrvgkohÿk `gi euk`l hkvhshbig gk kugstrm Nhstlrhm. Im vh`m gktgrm `g im ngrlåkm gstí iigkm `g mpmrhä÷gs y vlogs, shgeprg h`èkthoms, y qug jmeís slk `gsegkth`ms. Gk ils vmiigs `g @lerèey, gk ils omepls `g bmtmiim, gk prgsgkohm `g sus mrdùh`lrgs `g Vlhthgrs y `g ils jugogs `g Ruïl, plr tl`m pmrtg m mshstgk g hksphrmk ils Gspårhtus. _us ’vlogs― ig rgsugkmk m ils lå`ls, emromk`l su tmrgm olth`hmkm g heprhehgk`l m su vh`m ukm `hrgoohÿk prgohsm y uk dilrhlsl lbjgthvl. Giims mkukohmk molktgohehgktls qug, shk gxogpohÿk, sg rgmihzmk. Gk su `lilrlsl gkomrogimehgktl, gsms vlogs im gkolrmjme y olkslimk: ’Iigvm tl`l olk pmohgkohm1 kl tg hkquhgtgs olk tu emrthrhl1 iigdmrís plr chk mi rghkl `gi pmrmåsl―.87 X ils jugogs, m quhèk giim oleukhom gslsoliÿquhls, mpmrgogk `gsmsslssgdm`ls olk sgegjmktg prg`hoohÿk, ouyl sgkth`loleprgk`gk. M tl`ms ims prgduktms pèrch`ms, hksh`hlsms, qug ig `hrhdgk, ims vlogs `hotmk im rgspugstm y, sh gstm sg nhzl gspgrmr, giim il `goimrm: ’Iluvmr-eg-gh gk eh olksgjl.― Oumk`l ims vlogs sg omiimk, mbmk`lkm`m m så ehsem, giim kl gs eís qug ukm eujgr1 crmqugjm, sh rgtrmtm, sg slegtg. @urmktg im klong, shk gebmrdl, im vlz sg nmog kugvmegktg lår. X giim il rgphtg m sus jugogs: ’Im vlz eg `hjl qug grm pgom`l mbjurmr1 il qug yl nhog gstí bhgk ngonl.― * Ohgrtls sgkshthvls sÿil lbthgkgk im vhshÿk plr eg`hl `g lbjgtls gk qug sg olkogktrm gi pgksmehgktl `g ils Gspårhtus bmjl im clrem `g heídgkgs l oum`rls, olel, plr gjgepil, uk vmsl `'mdum, uk gspgjl, uk orhstmi. Oumk`l gi Gspårhtu gs hepltgktg pmrm nmogr vhbrmr gi ogrgbrl `gi eè`hue l prlvlomr ukm gxtgrhlrhzmäïl suchohgktg, heprgdkm `g ciuh`ls ils lbjgtls qug mombmels `g hk`homr1 nmog, plr im moohÿk `g im dmkm, 8?

Sgr tmebhèk Masmalc, ’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. HS, B, HS, vmrhls omsls `g mpmrhä÷gs `g pgrslkms cmiigoh`ms, olrrlblrm`ls plr gi tgsthelkhl vhsumi `g eè`huks y olkchrem`ls plr im cltldrmcåm trmksogk`gktmi, l plr im shepig cltldrmcåm1 gk im musgkohm `g pgrslkms qug olklogk gi `gsgkomrkm`l, il qug gxoiuyg tl`m nhpÿtgshs `g igoturm l `g cltldrmcåm `gi pgksmehgktl. ‟ gjgepils rgcgrh`ls plr Lxue (Egsgs), @lwk, _rm. Olkmkt, Jlnkstlkg1 prugbms `g h`gkth`m` `g ims mpmrhä÷gs ohtm`ms plr gi @r. Pnlepslk, _rs. @lwk, Gvmks, _khpg y _rm. Olkmkt. Sgr tmebhèk Russgi Tmiimog, ’Igs Ehrmoigs gt ig El`grkg _phrhtumihseg―, píd. =62. 80 Sgr eh lbrm ’Orhsthmkhsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. S y kltm kº 3. 87 Jlsgpn Cmbrg ‟ ’Vrlogsl `g olk`gkm―, 78 hktgrrldmtlrhl sgorgtl.

82 | V í d h k m


=86?

mpmrgzomk heídgkgs, gsogkms euy kåth`ms, qug gi sgkshthvl `gsorhbhrí gk sus eís pgqugýms pmrthouimrh`m`gs y qug ltrls mshstgktgs pl`rík hdumiegktg vgr.83 Ng mnå mquå ukl `g ils omsls eís kltmbigs, sgýmim`l plr gi ’Ihdnt― `g =3 `g cgbrgrl `g =86=. Gi Gspårhtu `g uk nlebrg msgshkm`l nmog gkougktrgk su ougrpl, m prhkohphl plr eg`hl `g im vhshÿk gk gi orhstmi, y `gspuès, `hrgotmegktg, plr ils sgkth`ls psåquhols `gi eè`hue: ’Gi _r. Vgrgy-Clxwgii, olrrgotlr `g omebhl, rgsh`gktg gk Pnmegs @httlk, im pgqugým `hstmkohm `g Ilk`rgs, smihÿ `g omsm gi `åm 26 `g `hohgebrg `g =866, plr im emýmkm, y sg `hrhdhÿ pmrm su lchohkm, gk im ohu`m`. My kl mpmrgohÿ èi gsg `åm kh kukom eís. Sgrhchom`l su `gsmpmrhohÿk, im plihoåm prlog`hÿ im imrdms y ehkuohlsms hkvgsthdmohlkgs, pgrl hkúthiegktg. @gsgspgrmkäm`m, im _rm. Clxwgii rgourrhÿ m uk eè`hue, gi _r. Slk Blurd, qug lbtuvl, gk uk gspgjl, im vhshÿk `gi olrrgotlr `g omebhl, vhvl, y `gspuès su ougrpl `gbmhxl `‘mdum. Gk ltrm sgshÿk gi eè`hue vg uk Gspårhtu `g phg juktl m im _rm. Clxwgii, hk`homk`l olk hkshstêkohm uk rgilj, ukm om`gkm y bgrilqugs qug thgkg gk im emkl. Gk mqugi sg vg drmbm`l uk klebrg. Im _rm. Clxwgii, plr im `gsorhpohÿk, rgolklog su emrh`l y gi rgilj, drmohms mi oumi pu`l eís tmr`g sgr gi ougrpl h`gkthchom`l. Gi Gspårhtu ph`g qug busqugk suyl `gspljl y prlegtg olkùohr gi eè`hue mi iudmr gk qug cug imkzm`l mi mdum.. _g nmog ukm kugvm rgukhÿk, y gi Gspårhtu `hsgým, plrgi puýl `gi _r. Slk Blurd, im pimktm `gi omehkl qug sgrí prgohsl rgolrrgr. Molepmým`l `g euonls mehdls `gi chkm`l, gi eè`hue tlem gsg omehkl y ig shdug tl`ms ims shkulsh`m`gs. Gxpgrhegktm im rgpgroushÿk euy vhvm `g ims heprgshlkgs sgkth`ms plr im våothem. Gk gi prlphl ilomi gk qug gstm cug ngrh`m, omsh pgr`hÿ ils sgkth`ls. Puvhgrlk qug rgolrrgr `hvgrsms vgrg`ms, olktlrkmr omsms, trmksplkgr bmrrgrms, olel il nmbåmk ngonl ils msgshkls. Pl`m vgz qug vmohimbmk gk im `hrgoohÿk m tlemr, ils eè`huks, _rs. Slk Blurd y Aklwigs, ’vgåmk oimrmegktg gi Gspårhtu `gimktg `g giils hk`homk`l gi omehkl―. Iigdmrlk chkmiegktg mi rgblr`g `g uk rhmonl, `g mdums trmkquhims y prlcuk`ms. ’G_ mquå!― `goimrmrlk ils eè`huks. Vgrl nmbåm ym mklhtgoh`l, y cug prgohsl vlivgr mi puktl `g pmrth`m. Gi `åm shduhgktg sg nhohgrlk hkvgsthdmohlkgs. Hk`hvhùls eukh`ls `g vmrms slk`mrme gi clk`l `gi rhmonl1 y, plol `gspuès, mbmjl `gi shthl gk qug sg nmoåmk ils slk`gls, múk gk gi iudmr gk qug gi rhmonl sg gkougktrm olk gi Pmehsm, sg vhl blhmr uk om`ívgr m im cilr `‘mdum. Wk rgilj, gkolktrm`l olk gi cúkgbrg `gspljl, pgrehthÿ rgolklogr gi ougrpl `gi _r. Clxwgii. Wkm pgremkgkohm `g sghs sgemkms `gbmhxl `‘mdum nubg `m`l iudmr m im `goleplshäïl `g ims omrkgs. Gi ougrpl sg nmiimbm rgvgsth`l olk ils lbjgtls `gsorhtls plr gi eè`hue. _g pu`l gktlkogs rgolklogr im h`gkth`m`, kl slimegktg plr im prgsgkohm `gi rgilj y `g ils bgrilqugs, olel tmebhèk plr ohgrtms pmrthouimrh`m`gs lbsgrvm`ms gk ils `hgktgs, gto.― Gi prlcgslr Bgssh rgimtm gk im ’Rgvug `gs Ètu`gs Vsyonhqugs― (emyl `g =86=) uk ltrl cgkÿegkl `g vhshÿk gsplktâkgm, `g qug cug tgsthdl gk ukm omsm mpgkms-mslebrm`m `g im Úebrhm. Gi omsl gs tmktl eís `hdkl `g kltm oumktl gi prlcgslr, sgdúk su prlphm olkchssïl, grm mbsliutmegktg rgcrmtírhl m tl`m h`gm gspårhtm:

83

Sgr Mktlhkgttg Blur`hk, ’Im Eg`huekhtè su vgrrg `'gmu―, pmsshe, Igyemrhg, g`htlr.

8? | V í d h k m


=86?

’Prmbmjmbm èi mitm klong, gsorhbhgk`l ims `grrm`ghrms pídhkms`g ukm brlonurm qug hbm m pubihomr, oumk`l `g rgpgktg sg blrrÿ im iâepm`m. Gi dmbhkgtg olkthkumbm, shk gebmrdl, hiuehkm`l plr `èbhi oimrh`m` uk tmktl clsom. @gimktg `g èi uk gspgjl rgcigjmbm ukm iuz múk eís vhvm y, olk giim, uk oumrtl y eÿvhigs qug ig grmk `gsolkloh`ls. Wkm sgýlrm mkohmkm, sgktm`m crgktg m ukm egsm, gsorhbåm igktmegktg, gk mothtu` euy mbslrtm1 egthÿ `gspuès im nljm gsorhtm gk uk gkvgilpg, qug dumr`ÿ gk im dmvgtm. Vlr úithel gkolstlu im ombgzm gk gi gspmi`mr `g im plitrlkm y pmrgohÿ m`lregogr. Im iuz sg gxthkduhÿ y im vhshÿk `gsmpmrgohÿ. Nlrms `gspuès, vgkåm gi prlcgslr m tgkgr klthohm `gi cmigohegktl `g ukm tåm `g su eujgr, im oumi nmbåm sh`l gkolktrm`m eugrtm, gk su plitrlkm, gkolktrík`lsg tmebhèk gk im dmvgtm `g im egsm uk tgstmegktl liÿdrmcl. ’@g ims rgspugstms plr gi _r. Bgssh `m`ms m ims prgduktms qug ig `hrhdå ‟ `hog gi _r. Oèsmr `g Sgseg, `hrgotlr `g im Rgvug `gs Gtu`gs Vsyonhqugs ‟, rgsuitm qug im vhshÿk sg prlùjl m im eg`hmklong, y qug im sgýlrm mkohmkm cug gkolktrm`m eugrtm m ims prhegrms nlrms `g im emýmkm.― Gi mdgktg nmbråm sh`l, mså pugs, im prlphm chkm`m, mepmrm`m plr midukm mshstgkohm louitm1 y olel sÿil gi _r. Bgssh gstmbm `gspgrtm`l gk omsm, m im nlrm `g im emkhcgstmohÿk, cug èi gi úkhol qug m mprgohÿ.―. Gi ÿrdmkl `g im mu`hohÿk, gk olk`hohlkgs h`èkthoms mi cgkÿegkl `g im vhshÿk, pug`g sgr hdumiegktg hkciugkohm`l plr ils Gspårhtus. Eygrs rgchgrg gi shduhgktg ngonl: 84 ’Im`y Omhìy, gk im lomshÿk `g tlemr uk bmýl, nmiiík`lsg ym ogrrm`m gk gi oumrtl `g bmýl y `gsku`m`m, lyÿ ukm vlz gxtrmým y oimrmegktg `hsthkduh`m qug `goåm: ’Gsthrg gi cgrrlinl!― Giim qug`ÿ slrprgk`h`m y ehrÿ pmrm tl`ls ils im`ls, pgrl vmkmegktg. Oumk`l sg egthÿ gk gi bmýl, lyÿ múk im vlz rgphtm trgs vgogs sgduh`ms, olk hkshstêkohm orgohgktg: ’Gsthrg gi cgrrlinl!― _mihÿ gktlkogs `g im bmknghrm y gsthrÿ gi cgrrlinl. Vgrl mi vlivgr mi bmýl, pgr`hÿ ils sgkth`ls y omyÿ olk m o mbgäm `gktrl `‘mdum. Vlr clrtukm pu`l, gk im omå`m, gsthrmr gi olr`ÿk `g im omepmhknm. Im orgm`m `g oumrtl mou`hu. _him pugrtm gstuvhgrm trmkom`m, giim sg tgk`råm hkcmihvgiegktg mnldm`l.― Gi _r. Crmkälhs Olppèg, gi plgtm mom`èehol, lyÿ euonms vgogs ukm vlz ehstgrhlsm. G_ il qug kls hkclrem gi _r. Juigs Bugygs gk su hkvgsthdmohÿk slbrg ’I'Mu-`g iæ gt iggs cugrogs hkolkkugs―, pubihom`m plr gi pgrhÿ`hol ’Ig Emthk― (4 `g lotubrg `g =86=) : ’G_ shgeprg oumk`l gstly molstm`l ‟ gsorhbg gi plgtm ‟ y plol `gspuès `g nmbgr blrrm`l im iuz, qug sg prlùog gi cgkÿegkl. Lhdl gktlkogs `hsthktmegktg ukm vlz qug eg iimem plr eh mpgih`l `g cmehihm: Olppèg! G_ mbsliutmegktg olrrgotl qug yl kl gstly ùrehgk`l gk gsg elegktl1 y im prugbm gs qug, m pgsmr `g im vhvm gelohÿk y `gi mogigrm`l pmiphtmr `gi olrmzÿk qug shgktl, tgkdl shgeprg r gtlrquh`l hkeg`hmtmegktg: ’]uhèk gstí mnå< ]uhèk eg quhgbrg<― Vgrl kukom im vlz mým`hÿ olsm midukm gk su shepig iimem`l.

84

’_ubihehkmi _gic―, rgprlùoh`l plr Juigs Bugygs gk ’Ig Elk`g Hkvhshbig―, píd. 240. Sgr tmebhèk uk kltmbig omsl `g mu`hohÿk kmrrm`l plr gi @r. Bgrdgt, gxmehkm`lr gk im Cmouitm` `g Ohgkohms `g Vmrås, gk ’I'Hkolkku gt igs Vrlbiîegs Vsyonhqugs―, `g O. Cimeemrhlk, píd. 48.

80 | V í d h k m


=86?

Gsm vlz eg gs `gsolkloh`m. Kl eg nmogmolr`mr im vlz `g eh pm`rg, kh m `g eh em`rg, kh m `g ltrm pgrslkm qug pmrthouimregktg eg gsthemrm, l qug yl memrm gxtrgelsmegktg y qug ym kl gxhstm. Vgrl, il rgphtl, gs oimrm y `hsthkduh`m, y, il qug gs vgr`m`grmegktg kltmbig, y ls il msgdurl, mslebrlsl, plr im hkcigxhÿk qug `m m eh klebrg, tmk brgvg olel gs, pmrgog olrrgsplk`gr mi sgkthehgktl qug eg mkhem. _ÿil euy rmrmegktg eg nm molktgoh`l lår gsm vlz, y gk ohroukstmkohms bmstmktgs drmvgs `g eh vh`m elrmi, oumk`l mombruknm`l plr uk `hsdustl l `gsolktgktg `g eå múk. X shgeprg im vlz trmùjl ukm gxprgshÿk, l olepm`goh`m l `g rgprlvmäïl, ym sgm olk`lgk`l-sg `g eh mcihoohÿk, l ogksurmk`l eh sgkthehgktl emil. X gk gsl tgkdl im ogrtgzm `g eís `g qug kl gs gk sugýl qug lhdl gsm vlz1 plrqug kukom eg nmbiÿ shkl oumk`l prgohsmegktg yl eg nmiimbm bhgk `gsphgrtl plr ehs prgloupmohlkgs.― Gk ohgrtls eè`huks, gi sgkth`l psåquhol pug`g hkomutmr ims vhbrmohlkgs eís suths `gi pgksmehgktl `g ils Gspårhtus y múk pgrohbhr ims pgkgtrmktgs mrelkåms `g ils gspmohls y `g ils euk`ls, ils olkohgrtls `g ils Gspårhtus ogigstgs. Im cmouitm` `g mu`hohÿk sg nmog, m vgogs, gxtgkshvm m tl`ms ims pgrslkms prgsgktgs. Gk su ’Nhstlrhm `gi Gsphrhtumihsel gk Meèrhom―, im _rm. Nmr`hkdg-Brhttgk rgchgrg qug im _rm. Pmeihk cug, gk gsg pmås, gi prhegrl eè`hue plr ouym hktgrvgkohÿk sg lygrlk írhms tlom`ms gk hkstruegktls hkvhshbigs olk im emylr pgrcghäïl. Ils slkh`ls vmrhmbmk, `gs`g ils eís hktgksls m ils eís drmvgs. Gk ohgrtls elegktls, `hr-sg-hbm sgmk ils `gsphgrtgs `g ukm mrpm gÿihm. Vmrgoåm qug ils slkh`ls hbmk m trmksclremrsg gk vlz nuemkm `g gxtrmým ùizurm. Gsls ngonls sg rgpgtåmk `gspuès gk eg`hls euonåshel `hvgrsls. @urmktg ims oèigbrgs sgshlkgs `m`ms plr Jgssg _ngpmr` gk tl`ms ims drmk`gs omphtmigs y gk prgsgkohm `g vmrhls slbgrmkls, olel gk ims `gi @r. _mkt'Mkdgil, gk Rlem, sg lygrlk olrls ogigstgs y ils `gsphgrtgs `g eúithpigs hkstruegktls hkvhshbigs. _ugils qug grmk gktlkm`ls pgrehtåmk rgolklogr ims vlogs `g omktmktgs l omktmktgs cmiigoh`ls.8> Omsh tl`ls ils drmk`gs oleplshtlrgs slk sgkshthvls, eè`huks mu`hthvls l hksphrm`ls. _us prlphls tgsthelkhls gk tmi sgkth`l slk `hdkls `g cg. _g gkougktrmk gk Dlgtng (’Omrtms m uk nhjl―) ims shduhgktgs pmrthouimrh`m`gs mogrom `g Bggtnlvgk: ’Bggtnlvgk, rgchrhèk`lsg m im cugktg `g qug ig prlvgkåm im olkogpohÿk `g sus lbrms-prhems, `goåm im Bgthkm: ’Eg shgktl drmohms m `gjmr rgblsmr `g tl`ls ils im`ls ims lk`ms `g mrelkåm prlvgkhgktgs `gi clol `g im hksphrmohÿk. Busol molepmýmrims y `g giims eg mpl`grl mpmshlkm`megktg1 `g kugvl eg gsompmk y `gsmpmrgogk gktrg im euithtu` `g `hstrmoohlkgs qug eg ogromk. @g mnå m plol, nmdl m hkomutmr olk mr`lr im hksphrmohÿk1 mrrgbmtm`l, vly euithpihomk`l tl`ms ims elùimä÷gs, y vgkdl, plr chk, m mprlphmreg `gi prhegr pgksmehgktl eushomi. Sg`g mnlrm: gs ukm shkclkhm... ’Pgkdl kgogsh`m` `g vhvhr sÿil olkehdlmúk. _hgktl qug@hls y ils íkdgigs gstík eís prÿxhels `g eå, gk eh mrtg, `gi qug ils ltrls. Gktrl gk oleuknïl olk giils, y shk tgelr. Im eúshom gs gi úkhol moogsl gsphrhtumi gk ims gscgrms supgrhlrgs `g im hktgihdgkohm.― 8>

Sgr ’Ehk` mk` Emttgr―, `g =6 `g klvhgebrg `g =>>?1 ’Rgvug _phrhtg―, `g mbrhi `g =>>0, píds. 22> y 2?=.

87 | V í d h k m


=86?

’Gksgduh`m m nmbgr olepugstl sus eís sumvgs mrelkåms, gxoimembm èi: ‟ ’Puvg uk èxtmshs.― Elzmrt, plr su pmrtg, gk ukm `g sus omrtms m uk mehdl åkthel, kls hkhohm gk ils ehstgrhls `g im hksphrmohÿk eushomi:88 ’@hogs qug `gsgmråms smbgr oumi eh el`l `g oleplkgr y qug eètl`l shdl. Kl tg pug`l vgr`m`grmegktg `gohr m gsg rgspgtl shkl il qug sg shdug, plrqug yl múk km`m sè y kl eg il pug`l gxpihomr. Oumk`l gstly gk bugkms `hsplshohlkgs y gktgrmegktg sÿil, ùrmktg eh pmsgl, ils pgksmehgktls eushomigs eg vhgkgk olk mbuk`mkohm. Hdklrl `lk`g prlog`gk gsls pgksmehgktls y olel eg iigdmk1 gk gsl kl thgkg eh dmkm im eís pgqugým hktgrvgkohÿk.― Gk gi `goiåkhl `g su vh`m, oumk`l ym slbrg èi sg gxtgk`åm im slebrm `g im eugrtg, gk uk elegktl `g trmkquhim, `g pgrcgotm sgrgkh`m`g, èi iimeÿ ukl `g sus mehdls qug sg nmiimbmkgk gi oumrtl: ’Gsouonm ‟ `hjl èi ‟ gstly lygk`l eúshom.― Gi mehdl ig rgsplk`hÿ: ’Kl lhdl km`m.― Elzmrt, shk gebmrdl, tlem`l `g mrrlubl, olkthkúm m pgrohbhr ims mrelkåms ogigstgs. X su píih`l sgebimktg sg hiuehkm. Ohtm `gspuès gi tgsthelkhl `g _. Jlïl: ’X yl lå eúshom gk gi ohgil!― Cug gktlkogs qug olepuslsu ’Rgquhge―. Iugdl qug il olkoiuyÿ, iimeÿ su nhjm Gegihm y ig `hjl: ’Shgkg, eh Gegihm, eh tmrgm gstí tgrehkm`m: eh ’Rgquhge― gstí olkoiuh`l!― _u nhjm omktÿ midukms gstrlcgs1 `gspuès, oumk`l tgrehkÿ, tmr`ík`lsg gk ims kltms egimkoÿihoms y prlcuk`ms `gi trmel, sg vlivhÿ ùiogegktg m busomr im slkrhsm mprlbmthvl `g su pm`rg, pgrl sÿil gkolktrÿ im slkrhsm trmkquhim y rgplsm`l `g im eugrtg. Elzmrt kl grm eís `g gstg euk`l.=66 Emssgkgt, m prlpÿshtl `g su plgem shkcðkhol ’Shshlkgs―, hktgrprgtm`l gk Igg`s, gk =>8>, gsorhbåm gstms iåkgms rgprlùoh`ms plr gi ’Ihdnt―, `g Ilk`rgs, =>8>: ’Nmy midukm olsm `g eís l egkls gxpgrhegktmi gk gstm oleplshohÿk, y yl `gsgl qug ils prhegrls qug m lår kl clregk m su rgspgtl ukm h`gm cmism. Sly m rgcgrhrls im nhstlrhm `g su dêkgsg. Nmy euy plol thgepl vhmjmbm yl gk gi _hepilk. Nmbhgk`l iigdm`l m uk pgqugýl nltgi, shtum`l gk eg`hl `g ims elktmýms, tleè im rgsliuohÿk `g mnå pmsmr midukls `åms gk ukm trmkquhih`m` mbsliutm. Eg hkstmiè, pugs, pmrm dlzmr uk plol `g rgplsl1 pgrl gk im prhegrm emýmkm, ehgktrms gstmbm sgktm`l, slil, gk eg`hl `g gsg emjgstlsl shigkohl `g ims elktmýms, gsouonè ukm vlz. ]ug omktmbm giim< Kl sè. Vgrl shgeprg gsm vlz gsphrhtumi, gxtrmým, eg rgslkmbm m ils lå`ls, y yl qug`è mbslrtl gk uk sugýl, kmoh`l `g im vlz y `g im slig`m` `g ims elktmýms.― Emssgkgt y Elzmrt rgohbåmk, pugs, ims hksphrmohlkgs `gi gxtgrhlr, hk`gpgk`hgktgegktg `g su dmkm. _g pug`g `gohr qug im hktgrvgkohÿk `gi Mitl, im oleuknïl `gi Ohgil y `g im Phgrrm sg mchremk `g ehi el`ls gk im olkogpohÿk `gi pgksmehgktl y `gi dgkhl, pmrm im vhotlrhm `gi bgiil y im rgmihzmohÿk `gi h`gmi `hvhkl.

88

Gsm omrtm cug pubihom`m gk im ’Sh`m `g Elzmrt―, plr Nliegs, Ilk`rgs, =>07 . Miimk Amr`go, gk im ’Rgvug _phrhtg―, `g =>78, píd. =2?, r gprlùog im shduhgktg oleukhomohÿ k `gi Gspårhtu Elzmrt slbrg im eúshom ogigstg: ’Slsltrls gk im Phgrrm nmoèhs eúshom1 mquå tl`m im Kmturmigzm nmog lår egil`hlsls slkh`ls. Nm lbrms eushomigs y eg`hls `g gjgouohÿk `g qug ils vugstrls kl pug`gk shquhgrm `mr ukm h`gm.― =66

83 | V í d h k m


=86?

G_ gstm ukm vgr`m` `g tl`ls ils thgepls. Nmstm mnlrm cug hepgrcghtmegktg oleprgk`h`m. Vgrl im iuz sg nmog y, `gktrl gk plol, im Nuemkh`m` sg m`gimktmrí, eís iigkm `g olkchmkzm, plr gsm våm cgouk`m. Im oleuknïl gktrg ils eugrtls y ils Gspårhtus hksphrm`lrgs sg nmrí eís gcgothvm, eís olksohgktg, y olk gsl dmkmrí gk vhdlr y mepihtu` im lbrm nuemkm.

^S

- Im Cugrzm Vsåquhom - Ils Ciuh`ls - Gi Emdkgthsel

Gi gstu`hl `g ils cgkÿegkls gspårhtms kls nhzl olklogrgstm`ls `g emtgrhm y olk`hohlkgs `g vh`m qug im Ohgkohm nmbåm plrimrdl thgepl hdklrm`l. ]ug`mels smbhgk`l qug, m`geís `gi gstm`l dmsglsl y múk `gi gstm`l rm`hmktg `gsoubhgrtl plr T. Orllags, im emtgrhm, ngonm hkvhshbig, heplk`grívgi, sg gkougktrm bmjl clrems om`m vgz eís suths, qug `gklehkmels ’ciuh`ls―. M eg`h`m qug sg rmrgcmz, m`quhgrg kugvms prlphg`m`gs y ukm ompmoh`m` `g hrrm`hmäïl shgeprg orgohgktg1 sg nmog ukm `g ims clrems `g im gkgrdåm. G_ bmjl gsg mspgotl qug sg rgvgim gk im emylr pmrtg `g ims gxpgrhgkohms `g qug nmbimrgels gk ils ompåtuils shduhgktgs. Oumk`l uk Gspårhtu sgemkhchgstm gkeg`hl nuemkl, sÿil il pug`g nmogr olk gi muxhihl `g ukm cugrzm nmurh`m gk ils eè`huks y gk ils mshstgktgs. Gsm cugrzm gs dgkgrm`m plr gi ougrpl ciuå`hol. Nm sh`l mitgrkmthvmegktg `gshdkm`m bmjl ils klebrgs `g cugrzm emdkèthom, kêurhom, gtèrhom1 ig iimemrgels, plr kugstrm pmrtg, cugrzm psåquhom, pugs qug lbg`gog m im dmkm, qug gs `g ngonl su eltlr1 ils ehgebrls ig shrvgk `g mdgktgs olkùotlrgs1 giim sg `gsprgk`g eís pmrthouimregktg `g ils `g`ls y `gi ogrgbrl. Gxhstg gk om`m ukl `g kl`ls uk clol hkvhshbig ouyms rm`hmohlkgs vmråmk `g hktgksh`m` y mepihtu` olkclreg kugstrms `hsplshohlkgs egktmigs. Im dmkm igs pug`g oleukhomr prlphg`m`gs gspgohmigs1 gk gsl rgsh`g gi sgorgtl `gi pl`gr ourmthvl `g ils emdkgthzm`lrgs. M gstls, gcgothvmegktg, gs qug gk prhegr iudmr sg rgvgiÿ gsm cugrzm, gk sus mpihomohlkgs tgrmpèuthoms. Rghongkbmon m gstu`hÿ gk su kmturmigzm y ig `hl gi klebrg `g ’l`―. Thiihme Orllags cug gi prhegrl m eg`hrig im hktgksh`m`.=6= Ils eè`huks `g gcgotls cåshols gxtgrkmihzmk gsm cugrzm gk drmk mbuk`mkohm1 tl`ls kl`ls, shk gebmrdl, m plsggels gk `hvgrsls drm`ls. Eg`hmktg gsm cugrzm gs qug sg prlùog im suspgkshÿk `g egsms mi mhrg, gi omebhl `g lbjgtls, shk olktmotl, `g uk iudmr pmrm ltrl, gi cgkÿegkl `g ils trmksplrtgs, im gsorhturm `hrgotm gk mr`ÿshm, gto. G_ olkstmktg su moohÿk gk tl`ms ims emkhcgstmohlkgs gspårhtms. Ils gciúvhls `giougrpl nuemkl slk iuehklsl s, olilrgm`ls `g tlkmih`m`gs `hcgrgktgs ‟ `hogk ils sgkshthvls, qug ilsemdkgthzm`lrgs. `hsthkdugk gk im Mkmihzm`ls lbsourh`m`g. eè`huks ils vgk, múk gk iuz, m nm gsompmrsg `g ims emkls `g ils mi Ohgrtls gspgotrlsoÿphl, im gxtgkshÿk `gpigkm sus lk`ms sh`l `gtgrehkm`m sgdúk om`m ukm `g ils olilrgs.

=6=

T. Orllags, ’Rgongrongs sur ig _phrhtumihseg―, píds. 32 y shduhgktgs1 ’Ig ciuh`g `gs emdkgthsgurs―, trmùoohÿk `g Rloms, pmsshe. ’Im gehshÿk `g rm`hmohlkgs plr gi shstgem kgrvhlsl ‟ `hjl gi prlcgslr @'Mrslkvmi, `gi Oligdhl `g Crmkohm, gk su kltm m im Mom`gehm `g Ohgkohms, gk 2> `g `hohgebrg `g =86? ‟ pug`g, gk ohgrtms olk`hohlkgs, pgrshsthr trms im eugrtg, plr il egkls mpmrgktg, `gi lrdmkhsel y sgr muegktm`m plr gxohtmohlkgs `g lrhdgk rgcigxm.― X eís m`gimktg: ’Pgkdl elthvls pmrm orggr qug il phgksmk gktl kl gxprgsl, im mtgkohÿk y gi gscugrzl egktmi prlùogk ukm gehshÿk `g rmyls qug mot úmk slbrg im clsclrgsoêkohm.―

84 | V í d h k m


=86?

Gsls gciúvhls clremk gk tlrkl m kl`ls ompms olkoèktrhoms qug olksthtuygk ukm gspgohg `g mteÿscgrm ciuå`hom. G_ im ’murm― `g ils louithstms, l cltlscgrm nuemkm, plr im oumi sg gxpihom gi cgkÿegkl `g gxtgrhlrhzmäïl `g im sgkshbhih`m`, gstmbigoh`m plr ims kuegrlsms gxpgrhgkohms `gi Olrlkgi @g Rloms, `gi @r. Iuys, `gi @r. Vmui Jlhrg, gto.=62 Gi @r. Bmrmùo cmbrhoÿ uk mpmrmtl, `gklehkm`l bhðegtrl, olkgi oumi olkshduhÿ eg`hr im cugrzm psåquhom. Gsg mpmrmtl sg oleplkg `g ukm mdujm `g oubrg suspgksm plr ils pgils `g sg`m, plr gkohem `g uk oum`rmktg kuegrm`l, tl`l gsl `hspugstl bmjl uk dilbl `g vh`rhl, mi mbrhdl `gi mhrg y `g ims hkciugkohms gxtgrhlrgs. Gk gsms olk`hohlkgs, im mdujm pug`g sgr hkciugkohm`m shk olktmotl, m trmvès `gi vh`rhl, plr ims rm`hmohlkgs qug sg gsompmk `g im emkl `gi gxpgrhegktm`lr, olilom`l im `hstmkohm. Vlr gsg prlogsl sg lbthgkgk `gsvåls `g im mdujm, qug vmråmk gktrg 06 y 47 drm`ls, gk ils `ls sgxls, shgk`l im mdujm mtrmå`m l rgpgih`m olkclreg gi gstm`l `g smiu` l ims `hsplshohlkgs egktmigs `g ims pgrslkms. Gk dgkgrmi, im emkl `grgonm mtrmg y im hzquhgr`m rgpgig. Im cugrzm hkvhshbig pug`g hkciugkohmr im mdujm m trmvès `g uk pg`mzl `g vh`rhl `g `hgz ogktåegtrls `g gspgslr, m trmvès `g ukm imehkm `g ehom, `g miúegk, `g oliÿ`hl hslim` lr, gto. Gi @r. Bmrmùo=6? gcgotuÿ, gk gi gspmohl `g `hgz mýls, eís `g `ls ehi gxpgrhgkohms qug ig pgrehthgrlk gstmbigogr, olk `g eís rhdurlsm gxmothtu`, im gxhstgkohm `g gsm cugrzm y im hktgksh`m` `g su gehshÿk l gi drm`l `g mtrmoohÿk slbrg giim gjgroh`m, sgdúk gi vhdlr l im `gbhih`m` `g kugstrm kmturmigzm. =60 Ims gxpgrhgkohms `g T. Orllags múk slk eís `gelkstrmthvms. Lpgrmk`l gk su prlphl imblrmtlrhl olk gi eè`hue Nleg, sg shrvhÿgi gehkgktg smbhl `g ukm bmimkzm `g drmk prgohshÿk. Im emkl `gi eè`hue iigdÿ m hkciugkohmr gi mpmrmtl, shk olktmotl, m puktl `g prlùohr `gsvåls `g ukm `g ims olkonms y muegktl `g pgsl nmstm lonl ihbrms. Ims gxpgrhgkohms cugrlk rgpgth`ms eúithpigs vgogs, bmjl ims eís rhdurlsms olk`hohlkgs `g vgrhchomohÿk, gk prgsgkohm `g vmrhms tgsthdls, olk gi muxhihl `g mpmrmtls olkstruh`ls olk gi eíxhel ouh`m`l y `g ukm gxtrgem sgkshbhih`m`. Pl`ms ims prgomuohlkgs cugrlk tlem`ms pmrm gxoiuhr im plshbhih`m` `g oumiquhgr crmu`g. =67 Ims hrrm`hmä÷gs `g im cugrzm psåquhom pug`gk sgr cltldrmchm`ms. _h, gk olepigtm lbsourh`m`g, sg olilom im emkl plr gkohem `g ukm pimom sgkshbig hegrdh`m gk gi bmýl rgvgim`lr, mi chk `g midukls ehkutls `g gxplshohÿk sg vgrhchom qug im pimom sg nmiim heprgshlkm`m. _h m giim m`nhrhgrlk ils `g`ls, `g im emkonm qug om`m ukl `g giils =62

Sgr Olrlkgi @g Rloms, ’Gxtèrhlrhsmthlk `g im sgkshbhihtè―, pmsshe1 @r. Iuys, ’Vnèkleîkgs prlùhts pmr H'mothlk `gs eg`homegkts m im `hstmkog―, pmsshe. Xm `gs`g =>36 (’Rgvug _phrhtg―, píd. >=), Miimk Amr`go mchrembm, gk olkslkmkohm olk ims rgvgimohlkgs `gi Gspårhtu `gi @r. Shdkmi, qug ils ougrpls gehtgk vhbrmohlkgs iuehklsms, hkvhshbi gs m ils sgkth`ls emtgrhmigs, il qug eís tmr`g im Ohgkohm olkchreÿ. Gi Gsphrhthsel thgkg, pugs, gi eèrhtl `g nmbgr, gk prhegr iudmr, slbrg gsg olel slbrg tmktls ltrls puktls, prgsgktm`l tglråms cåshoms qug im Ohgkohm kl mèhthÿ s =6?

hkl trghktm mýls `gspuès, bmjl im r ghtgrm`m prgshÿk `g ils ngonls. Sgr su gxplshohÿk, ’Rgsgknm `gi Olkdrgsl Gspårhtm y Gsphrhtumih stm―, `g =866, píds. 88 y shduhgktgs. Wkm lbjgäïl nm sh`l ngonm gk gi sgkth`l `g qug ils `gsvåls `g im mdujm sg pl`åmk gxpihomr plr im moohÿk omilråcho m `g ils `g`ls. Gsm moohÿk sg gjgrog gvh`gktgegktg gk uk olrrgotl iåehtg1 m`geís `gsmim, shk gebmrdl, gxhstg ltrm moohÿk qug sg kl pug`g gxpihomr shkl plr gi `hkmehsel vhtmi. _uprheh`m, olk gcgotl, im hkciugkohm `gi omilr plr im hktgrplshäïl `g ukm ouonhiim `g miúegk l uk pg`mzl `g vh`rhl gktrg gi mpmrmtl y im emkl, m pgsmr `g gsl prlùogk -sh `gsvåls, shgk`l gstls gk sgkth`ls lpugstls, gk im ehsem gxtrgeh`m` `g im mdujm, olkclreg sg prgsgktm im emkl `grgonm l im hzquhgr`m. _hgk`l im ehsem, gk ils `ls omsls, im plshohÿk `g im emkl, kl pl`råmk sgr ims vhbrmohlkgs omilråchoms qug motumrmk lrm gk uk sgkth`l lrm gk gi ltrl, pugs qug hrrm`hme h`gkthome gktg `g hdumi emkgrm gk ils `ls omsls. M`geís `g gsl, ims gxpgrhgkohms `gi _r. Dglccrhmuit, rgimtm`ms gk ’Mkkmigs Vsyonhqugs― `g `hohgebrg `g = 86=, `gelstrmrlk qug tl`ls ils sgrgs vhvls, mbstrmoohÿk ngonm `gi omilr mkhemi, gjgrogk moohÿk mtrmthvm. =67 T. Orllags ‟ ’Rgongrongs sur ig _phrhtumihseg―, píd. ?4. =60

8> | V í d h k m


=86?

prlùohr sg vg, olel `g ltrls tmktls clols, sg `gsprgk`mk, g hrrm`hmrge gk tl`ls ils sgkth`ls, lkùimohlkgs, gsphrmhs, il qug `geugstrm qug im cugrzm psåquhom, olel ils rmyls uitrmvhligtm l ils rmyls Rlgktdgk, motúm slbrg ims smigs `g pimtm. Gsg cgkÿegkl cug pugstl gk gvh`gkohm, plr prhegrm vgz, gk =>42, plr ims gxpgrhgkohms `g ils _rs. Bgmtthg,=63 Pmyilr, @r. Pnlepslk, prlcgslr Tmdkgr, gto. Gi _r. @g Rloms il lbtuvl gk gi oursl `g sus gxpgrhgkohms olk im _rm. Iux. =64 Im pimom olilom`m m sgol slbrg im crlktg, gi olrmzÿk l im emkl, igs rgprlùog ims hrrm`hmä÷gs olkclreg im hktgksh`m` `g ils pgksmehgktls, `g ils sgkthehgktls, `g ims gelohlkgs. M oÿigrm, gi `lilr, gi èxtmshs, im pigdmrhm y gi melr thgkgk sus hrrm`hmä÷gs gspgohmigs.=6> Mså, im pimom cltldríchom, gsg ’ehrg imkzm`l mi hkvhshbig―, vhgkg m sgr gi hrrgousívgi tgsthelkhl `g im hrrm`hmäïl `gi miem nuemkm. * @gkgdm`l euy thgepl plr ims olrplrmohlkgs `lotms, olel `gkgdm`ms cugrlk, plr giims, im ohrouimohÿk `g im smkdrg, im vmoukm, gi eètl`l mkth-sèpthol y tmktms ltrls `gsoubrhehgktls, gi emdkgthsel, tmk mkthdul oumktl gi euk`l, mombÿ plr pgkgtrmr gk gi `lehkhl ohgktåchol bmjl gi klebrg `g nhpklthsel.. G_ vgr`m` qug ils prlogsls `hchgrgk. Gk gi nhpklthsel, gs plr im sudgrgkohm qug sg motúm slbrg gi sgkshthvl, m prhkohphl pmrm gi m`lregogr, y gksgduh`m pmrm prlvlomr cg kÿegkls. Im sudgrgkohm gs im sublr`hkmäïl `g ukm dmkm m ltrm. Gi sgkshthvl sg mbmk`lkm mi gxpgrhegktm`lr y gjgoutm sus ÿr`gkgs, gxprgsms plr im pmimbrm y plr gi dgstl, l shepigegktg plr gi pgksmehgktl. _g pug`g lbtgkgr gi ehsel rgsuitm`l olk ims príothoms emdkèthoms. Im úkhom `hcgrgkohm olkshstg gk ils eg`hls gepigm`ls. Ils `g ils nhpklthzm`lrgs slk, mktgs `g tl`l, vhligktls. _h pug`gk ourmr ohgrtms mcgoä÷gs ‟ y kl gs plshbig `gsolklogr qug su mpihomohÿk m im tgrmpèuthom nmym `m`l rgsuitm`ls mprgohmbmhs ‟, gk im emylr pmrtg `g ims vgogs lomshlkmk `gsÿr`gkgs gk gi shstgem kgrvhlsl y, olk im olkthkumohÿk, `gsgquhihbrme gi sgkshthvl, ehgktrms qug ils gciúvhls emdkèthols, bhgk `hrhdh`ls, quhgrg gk gstm`l `g vhdhihm, quhgrg gk gi sugýl, rgstmbigogk olk crgougkohm im mrelkåm gk ils lrdmkhsels pgrturbm`ls. Sgkhels qug im sudgrgkohm pug`g sgr gjgroh`m `g ogrom l `g igj ls, tmktl gk gi pimk vhshbig ouíktl Gk il Hkvhshbig, quhgrg plr lpgrm`lrgs nuemkls, quhgrg plr mdgktgs louitls. Vgrehthgk`l mi hk`hvhùl motumr egktmiegktg slbrg ltrl, shk gi olkoursl `g ils sgkth`ls, giim kls nmog egjlr oleprgk`gr im moohÿk `gi Gspårhtu slbrg gi eè`hue. Il qug, olk gcgotl, pug`g lbtgkgr gi nlebrg, ouym moohÿk y pl`gr slk ihehtm`ls, egzquhkls, rgstrhotls, ukm hktgihdgkohm `gsgebmrmäm`m `g ils lbstíouils `g im emtgrhm drlsgrm euy egjlr il pl`rí: olksgduhrí hkciugkohmr gi sgkshthvl, hksphrmril, sgrvhrsg `g èi pmrm rgmihzmr ils chkgs m qug sg prlplkg.

=63

Sgr Masmalc, ’Mkhehseg gt _phrhthseg―, píds. 24 y s hduhgktgs. Vug`g -vgrsg, gk gi chk `g gsm lbrm, im rgprlùoohÿk `g ukm sgrhg `g oihonês, qug eugstrmk `g qug el`l im cugrzm psåquhom motúm slbrg im egsm y olel pug`g giim, bmjl im `hrgäï il `g ils Gspårhtus, rgvgsthr ims eís vmrhm`ms clrems. =64 Sgr @g Rloms, ’Gxtgrhlrhzmäïl `g im sgkshbhih`m`―. =6> Nhog `hvgrsms vgogs gstm gxpgrhgkohm: olilom`m im gxtrgeh`m` `g ils `g`ls slbrg im pimom buogm`m gk gi bmýl rgvgim`lr, sh, gigvmk`l gi pgksmehgktl, gk uk subhtâkgl y mr`hgktg hepuisl, nmogels ukm pigdmrhm, vgrhchomrgels gksgduh`m qug ims hrrm`hmä÷gs m`quhrhgrlk gk gi vh`rhl ukm clrem pmrthouimr ‟ m `g ukm oliuekm `g iimems qug sg gigvm `g uk jmtl. Gsg ngonl `geugstrm, kl slimegktg im moohÿk `g kugstrl pgksmehgktl slbrg ils ciuh`ls, pgrl tmebhèk oumktl hkciuygk kugstrms `hsplshohlkgs psåquhoms

88 | V í d h k m


=86?

slbrg gi eg`hl gk qug lpgrmels y ig pug`gk el`hchomr ims olk`hohlkgs vhbrmtÿrhms.

=66 | V í d h k m


=86?

Gi emdkgthsel, olksh`grm`l gk su mspgotl dgkgrmi, gs im uthihzmohÿk, bmjl gi klebrg `g ciuh`l, `g im cugrzm psåquhom plr mqugiils qug mbuk`mktgegktg m plsggk. Im moohÿk `gi ciuh`l emdkèthol gstí `gelstrm`m plr gjgepils tmk kuegrlsls y oleprlvmthvls qug sÿil im hdklrmkohm l im emim-cg pl`råmk nly kgdmrig im gxhstgkohm. Ohtgels uk omsl gktrg ehi:=68 ’Gi _r. Blhrmo, rgotlr `g im Mom`gehm `g Drgklbig, cug vhogprgsh`gktg `g im _lohg`m` Nhpkÿthom `g Vmrås y mbmk`lkÿ gi nhpklthselplr gi emdkgthsel trms im shduhgktg gxpgrhgkohm: gktrmk`l gk omsm, uk `åm, m im tmr`g, gkolktrÿ su orgm`l m `lrehr. Gi _r. Blhrmo gi mvhstlu `gs`g gi khvgi `g im gsomigrm gk qug sg nmiimbm y tuvl im h`gm `g hktgktmr ukm gxpgrhgkohm emdkèthom. @gi iudmr `lk`g gstmbm gxtgk`hÿ im emkl `grgonm gk im `hrgoohÿk y m im miturm `g ils phgs `gi orgm`l m`lregoh`l. @gspuès `g ukl l `ls ehkutls, nmbhgk`l igvmktm`l im emkl, vhl, olk slrprgsm, sg gigvgk ils phgs `gi orgm`l y molepmýgk gi elvhehgktl msogkshlkmi `g im emkl. Rgklvÿ `hvgrsms vgogs im gxpgrhgkohm, y `g tl`ms giims ils rgsuitm`ls cugrlk h`èkthols.― Im dmkm `g mihvhmr, `g ourmr ‟ `hjhels ‟ oleukhom mi ciuh`l emdkèthol prlphg`m`gs ourmthvms. Gi rgeg`hl pmrm kugstrls emigs gstí gk kl`ls. Wk nlebrg bugkl y sm`hl pug`g motumr slbrg ils sgrgs `èbghs y gkcgrehäls, rgdgkgrmrils plr eg`hl `g slpil, plr im heplshohÿk `g ims emkls y múk eg`hmktg lbjgtls heprgdkm`ls `g su gkgrdåm. _g lpgrm eís crgougktgegktg plr eg`hl `g dgstls, `gklehkm`ls pmsgs, ríph`ls l igktls, ilkdhtu`hkmhs l trmksvgrsmigs, olkclreg gi gcgotl, omiemktg l gxohtmktg, qug sg quhgrg prlùohr gk ils gkcgrels. Gsg trmtmehgktl `gbg sgr sgduh`l olk rgduimrh`m` y ims sgshlkgs rgklvm`ms tl`ls ils `åms nmstm im ourm olepigtm. Vug`g mså im pgrslkm, plr im mutlemdkgthzmäïl, trmtmrsg m så ehsem, `gsomrdmk`l olk gi muxhihl `g pmsgs l `g crhoohlkgs ils ÿrdmkls gkcimqugoh`ls g heprgdkík`lils`g ims olrrhgktgs `g cugrzm `gsprgk`h`ms `g ims emkls. Im cg vhvmz, im dmkm, im pigdmrhm y im gvlomäïl `g ils pl`grgs supgrhlrgs mepmrmk gi lpgrm`lr y gi sgkshthvl. Oumk`l mebls sg nmiimk ukh`ls plr gi pgksmehgktl y plr gi olrmzÿk, im moohÿk ourmthvm gs eís hktgksm. Im gxmitmäïl `g im cg, qug prlvlom ukm gspgohg `g `himtmäïl `gi sgr psåquhol y il nmog eís moogshbig m ils hkciuxls `gi Mitl, pgrehtg mèhthr y gxpihomr ohgrtms ourms gxtrmlr`hkmrhms lpgrm`ms gk ils iudmrgs `g pgrgdrhkmäïl y gk ils smktumrhls rgihdhlsls. Gsls omsls `g ourms slk kuegrlsls y bmsm`ls gk tgsthelkhls euy heplrtmktgs pmrm qug sg pug`m m tl`ls plkgr gk ù`m. Kl slk pgouihmrgs m tmi l tmi rgihdhÿk: sg gkougktrmk hk`hsthktmegktg gk ils eís `hvgrsls eg`hl s: omtÿihols, drhgdls, eusuiemkgs, nhkùs, gto. Ihbrg `g tl`l moogslrhl tgmtrmi, `g tl`l eÿvhi hktgrgssghrl, prmothom`l olk gi chk `g omrh`m `g, gi emdkgthsel vhgkg m sgr im smbgk eg`hohkvgr`m`grmegktg m `g ils nuehi`gsmemr. y `g ils `g cmehihm, im em`rg pmrm sus nhjls, `g oumktls _u orgygktgs, mpihomohÿk `gi gstípm`rg mi miomkog `g ils`g eís shepigs. Kl gxhdg shkl im olkchmkzm gk så, im cg gk gi Vl`gr Hkchkhtl qug plr tl`m im pmrtg nmog hrrm`hmr im vh`m y im cugrzm. Olel Orhstl y ils mpÿstlils, olel ils smktls, ils prlcgtms y ils emdls, tl`ls kl`ls pl`gels heplkgr ims emkls y ourmr, sh tgkgels melr m kugstrls sgegjmktgs y gi `gsgl mr`hgktg `g ils mihvhmr. Oumk`l gi pmohgktg sg nmiim m`lregoh`l bmjl im hkciugkohm emdkèthom y pmrgog lcgrtmrsg m im sudgrgkohm, kl m gepigèhs shkl olk pmimbrms `g ùizurmy `g blk`m`. Vgrsum`å, gk iudmr `g hkthemr. Gk tl`ls ils =68

’Buiigthk `g im _lohètè `'Gtu`gs Vsyonhqugs `g Kmkoy―, cgbrgrl `g =86=, Víd. 36.

=6= | V í d h k m


=86?

omsls, rgolingh-ls gk shigkohl, slil olk gi pmohgktg, y mpgimh pmrm ils Gspårhtus bgkcmzgjls qug pmhrme slbrg ils `lilrgs nuemkls. Gktlkogs sgkthrèhs `gsogk`gr `gi Mitl slbrg vlsltrls y prlpmdmrsg mi sgkshthvl gi pl`grlsl hkciuxl. Wkm lk`m rgdgkgrm`lrm pgkgtrmrí plr så ehsem nmstm m im omusm `gi emi1 y tmr`mk`l, rgklvmk`l sgegjmktg moohÿk, nmbrèhs olktrhbuh`l pmrm mihdghrmr gi cmr`l `g ims ehsgrhms tgrrgstrgs. Oumk`l sg lbsgrvm gi drmk pl`gr `gi emdkgthsel ourmthvl y ils sgrvhohls qug ym nm prgstm`l m im Nuemkh`m`, sg shgktg qug kukom sgråm `gemshm`l prltgstmr olktrm ims tgk`gkohms `g ils pl`grgs púbihols, gk ohgrtls pmåsgs, gk gi sgkth`l `g ig gebmrmämr gi ihbrg gjgrohohl. Mså prlog`hgk`l, giils vhlimk ils eís rgspgtmbmhs prhkohphls, phsmk m ils phgs ils smdrm`ls `grgonls `gi sucrhehgktl. Gi emdkgthsel gs uk `lk `g im Kmturmigzm y `g @hls. Rgduimrig gi usl, olhbhr ils mbusls, gs justl. Hepg`hr, shk gebmrdl, su mpihomohÿk sgråm usurpmr im moohÿk `hvhkm, mtgktmr olktrm im ihbgrtm` y gi prldrgsl `g im Ohgkohm y nmogr lbrm `g lbsourmkthsel.. * Gi emdkgthsel kl sg ihehtm, úkhomegktg m im moohÿk tgrmpèuthom1 thgkg uk miomkog euy emylr. G_ uk pl`gr qug `gsmtm ils imzls olkstrhtlrgs `gi miem y `gsogrrm ims pugrtms `gi euk`l hkvhshbig1 gs ukm cugrzm qug gk kl`ls `lrehtm y qug, uthihzm`m, vmilrm`m plr ukm prgpmrmohÿk drmùmi, plr ukm dmkm gkèrdhom y pgrshstgktg, kls `gsprgk`g `gi pgsmùeg omrkmi, gk ils gemkohpm `g ims igygs `gi thgepl y `gi gspmohl, kls `m pl`gr slbrg im Kmturmigzm y slbrg ims orhmturms. Gi sugýl emdkèthol thgkg `hvgrsms drmùmä÷gs, qug sg `gspigdmk y vmk `gi sugýl ihdgrl nmstm mi èxtmshs y mi trmksg. Gi Olrlkgi @g Rloms olksh`grm ils trgs prhegrls drm`ls olel supgrchohmigs y olksthtuthvls `g im nhpklsg. Im sudgrgkohm gs mpihombig m gsls gstm`ls1 `gs`g qug, shk gebmrdl, m ils prlogsls nhpkÿthols sg mým`gk ils `g ils emdkgthzm`lrgs, cgkÿegkls supgrhlrgs sg prgsgktmk: omtmigpshm, slkmebuihsel, trmksg. Gk gi prhegr omsl, sg vgrhchom gi gstm`l cmvlrmbig m ims emkhcgstmohlkgs gspårhtms: emtgrhmihzmä÷gs `g Gspårhtus, mpmrhä÷gs `g oimr÷gs, emkls, cmktmsems, gto.1 gk gi sgduk`l, prgsgktm -sh im iuoh`gz, gi gstm`l `g oimrhvh`êkohm, qug pgrehtg mi eè`hue duhmr gi emdkgthzm`lr gk su moohÿk ourmthvm, `gsorhbhgk`l im ==6 kmturmigzm `g ims gkcgreg`m`gs, hk`homk`l rgeg`hls, gto. Gk ils gstm`ls supgrhlrgs `gi slkmebuihsel, gi sgkshthvl gsompm m im moohÿk `gi emdkgthzm`lr y rgm`quhrg su ihbgrtm` prlphm, su vh`m gsphrhtumi. Ehgktrms eís sg mogktúm gi `gsprgk`hegktl `gi ougrpl ciuå`hol, eís hkgrtg sg nmog gi ougrpl åcshol, gk uk gstm`l sgegjmktg m im eugrtg. M im vgz, ils pgksmehgktls, ims sgksmohlkgs sg chitrmk, im rgpuism m im vh`m tgrrgstrg sg emkhchgstm. Im vugitm mi lrdmkhsel prlvlom gsogkms pukdhthvms, moogsls `g iídrhems, memrdlsqughxuegs. Gi euk`l `g ils ciuh`ls, eís qug oumiquhgrm ltrl, gstí slegth`l m ims igygs `g im mtrmoohÿk. Vlr im dmkm, mtrmgels cugrzms bugkms l emims, gk mrelkåm olk kugstrls pgksmehgktls y sgkthehgktls. @g giims sg pug`g nmogr usl clreh`ívgi1 pgrl mqugi qug sg shrvg `gi pl`gr emdkèthol pmrm gi emi, og`l l tmr`g il vg olktrm så ehsel vlivgrsg. Im hkciugkohm pgrkhohlsm gjgroh`m slbrg ils ltrls, gk clrem `g slrthièdhls, `g cghthämrhm, `g gkduhäl, rgomh cmtmiegktg slbrg mqugi qug im gkdgk`rÿ. Gk nhpklthsel, olel gk emdkgthsel, sh gi lpgrm`lr kl thgkg hktgkohlkgs purms, omríotgr rgotl, im gxpgrhegktmohÿk sgrí mrrhgsdm`m tmktl pmrm èi ouíktl pmrm gi sgkshthvl.

==6

Sgr gk Cimeemrhlk, ’Gi @gsolkloh`l y ils Vrlbigems Vsåquhols―, omp. H^, `ls gjgepils kltmbigs.

=62 | V í d h k m


=86?

Kl pgkgtrèhs, pugs, gk gsg `lehkhl shk im purgzm `g olrmzÿk y im omrh`m`. Kukom plkdíhs gk moohÿk ims cugrzms emdkèthoms, shk mým`hrigs gi e h puisl `g im pigdmrhm y uk pgksmehgktl `g melr shkogrl plr vugstrls sgegjmktgs. Mså prlog`hgk`l, gstmbigogrèhs im mrelkåm `g vugstrls ciuh`ls olk gi `hkmehsel `hvhkl y nmrèhs su moohÿk eís prlcuk`m y gchomz.. Vlr gi emdkgthsel trmksogk`gktg ‟ il `g ils drmk`gs tgrmpgutms y `g ils hkhohm`ls ‟ gi pgksmehgktl sg hiuehkm1 bmjl gi hkciuxl `gi Mitl kugstrls sgkthehgktls sg gxmitmk1 ukm sgksmohÿk `g trmkquhim, `g vhdlr, `g sgrgkh`m`g kls pgkgtrm1 gi miem shgktg, plol m plol, sg `hshpgk tl`ms ims egzquhkms submitgrkh`m`gs `gi ’yl― nuemkl y surjmk ils mspgotls supgrhlrgs `g su kmturmigzm. Mi thgepl qug mprgk`g m livh`mrsg `g så, gk bgkgchohl y pmrm smivmohÿk `g ils ltrls, shgktg sg `gsphgrtgk-ig kugvms y `gsolkloh`ms gkgrdåms. Vug`m gi emdkgthsel bgkcmzgjl `gsmrrliimrsg gk im Phgrrm, plr ims msphrmohlkgs dgkgrlsms y plr im gigvmohÿk `g ims miems! Pgkdmels bhgk prgsgktg qug tl`m h`gm olkthgkg gk gi gstm`l pltgkohmi su rgmihzmohÿk, y sgpmels oleukhomr im kugstrms vhbrmohlkgs ciuå`homs im hrrm`hmäïl `g klbigs y gigvm`ls pgksmehgktls. ]ug ukm vhdlrlsm olrrhgktg olkgotg gktrg så ims miems tgrrgstrgs y ims vhkouig m sus ngremkms eís vhgjms `gi Gspmohl! Gktlkogs ims emièchoms hkciugkohms, qug rgtmr`mk im emronm y gi prldrgsl `g im Nuemkh`m`, sg `hspgrsmrík bmjl ils hkciuxls `gi gspårhtu `g melr y smorhchohl..

^SH - Cgkÿegkls Gsplktâkgls

- Omsms Mpgkms-Mslebrm`ms - Phptlildhm

Iugdl qug sg gscilrm gi gstu`hl `g ims emkhcgstmohlkgs gspårhtms, ukm prhegrm kgogsh`m` sg heplkg: m `g ukm oimshchomohÿk egtÿ`hom rhdurlsm. prhegr mspgotl, mi im gxmehkgels emsm `g ils`g ngonls olksh`grmbig giy prgsgktm ukm olrrgotm olkcuyshÿk. Pmktl Mi qug, shk gebmrdl, ogrom, gsmolepmýmk`l `gsmrrliil `gi el`grkl Gsphrhtumihsel, nmy eg`hl shdil, rgolklogels qug gsls ngonls sg nmk drmùm`l, `gspigdm`l gk sgrhg, lbg`gohgk`l m uk prldrmem trmzm`l, m uk eètl`l prgohsl, `g el`l m plkgr om`m vgz eís gk gvh`gkohm im omusm qug ils prlùoåm. Smomktg y olkcusm m prhkohphl, gk ils cgkÿegkls `g ims omsms mpgkms-mslebrm`ms, im pgrslkmih`m` louitm olehgkzm m mchremrsg gk im Phptlildhm y `gspuès gk im gsorhturm1 m`quhgrg omrmotgrgs `gtgrehkm`ls gk im hkolrplrmohÿk eg`húkhom y sg nmog vhshbig y tmkdhbig gk ims emtgrhmihzmä÷gs. Gk gsm lr`gk gs qug sg nmk `gsmrrliim`l ils ngonls, euithpihoík`lsg prldrgshvmegktg, `g el`l m mtrmgr im mtgkohÿk `g ils hk`hcgrgktgs, m clrzmr im lphkhÿk `g ils gsoèpthols y m `gelstrmr m tl`ls im supgrvhvgkohm `gi miem nuemkm. Gsm lr`gk, m qug sg pl`råm iimemr nhstÿrhom, gs m qug plr kugstrm pmrtg m`lptmrgels gk kugstrl gstu`hl `g ils cgkÿegkls gspårhtms. _g pl`råm hdumiegktg `hvh`hr gstg gk `ls omtgdlråms: ils ngonls `g kmturmigzm cåshom y ils ngonls hktgigotumigs. Gk ils prhegrls, gi eè`hue `gsgepgým pmpgi pmshvl1 gs gi clol `g gehshÿk, `g qug gemkme ils ciuh`ls y ims gkgrdåms olk ouyl olkoursl ils hkvhshbigs motumrík slbrg im emtgrhm y emkhcgstmrík su prgsgkohm. Gk ils ltrls cgkÿegkls gi eè`hue gjgrog cukohÿk eís heplrtmktg. G_ èi gi mdgktg trmksehslr `g ils pgksmehgktls `gi Gspårhtu1 y, olel vgkhels prgog`gktgegktg, su gstm`l psåquhol, sus mpthtu`gs, sus olklohehgktls, hkciuygk, m vgogs, `g el`l sgkshbig gk ims oleukhomohlkgs lbtgkh`ms. * Im nhstlrhm `gi el`grkl Gsphrhtumihsel olegkzÿ plr uk omsl `g kmturmigzm mpgkms-mslebrm`m. Ims emkhcgstmohlkgs `g im omsm `g Ny`gsvhiig, mså vhshtm`m, gk =>0>, y ims trhbuimä÷gs `g im cmehihm Clx, qug gk giim rgsh`åm, slk bhgk olkloh`ms.Ims rgolr`mrgels sÿil gk uk brgvg rgsuegk.Pl`ms ims klongs, ukm =6? | V í d h k m


=86?

Hktgihdgkohm hkvhshbig mousmbm gstmr prgsgktg plr eg`hl `g ruh`ls vhligktls y olkthkuls, mbrhgk`l y ogrrmk`l ims pugrtms, mrrmstrmk`l ils eÿvhigs, mrrgbmtmk`l ims rlpms `g ims omems. Emkls cråms y ru`gs mdmrrmbmk ims _rtms. Clx y gi slminl lsohimbm bmjl ukm moohÿk `gsolkloh`m. Eg`hmktg pmkom`ms gk ims pmrg`gs ‟ shgk`l om`m igtrm `gi micmbgtl `gshdkm`m plr uk kúegrl olrrgsplk`hgktg `g pmkom`ms ‟, gsmHktgihdgkohm mchrembm nmbgr vhvh`l gk im Phgrrm. _ligtrmvm su klebrg, Omrils Druýg, hk`hombm su prlcgshÿk `g emsomtg y gktrmbm gk euonms pmrthouimrh`m`gs mogrom `g su chk trídhol, pmrthouimrh`m`gs hdklrm`ms `g tl`ls y ouym gxmothtu` cug rgolkloh`m plr gi `gsoubrhehgktl `g lssm`ms nuemkms gk im bl`gdm, prgohsmegktg gk gi iudmr hk`hom`l plr gi Gspårhtu olel il `gi gktgrrmegktl `g su om`ívgr, `gspuès `gi mssmssåkhl. === Gsms lssm`ms sg nmiimbmk egzoim`ms olk rgshùls `g omrbÿk y omi, qug `gelstrmbmk im gvh`gktg hktgkohÿk `g nmogr `gsmpmrgogr tl`l vgsthdhl `g gsg ehstgrhlsl molktgohehgktl. Mciuårme ils ourhlsls1 im omsm sg nhzl hksuchohgktg pmrm olktgkgr im euithtu`, vgkh`m `g tl`ms ims pmrtgs. Lomshÿk nubl gk qug sg rgukhgrlk quhkhgktms pgrslkms pmrm lår ils ruh`ls. Cug plr gsm emkhcgstmohÿk, tmk kugvm y tmk gxtrmým pmrm mqugiils qug im tgsthchomrlk, gk ukm nuehi`g omsm `g ukm plbrg vhim `gi Gstm`l `g Kugvm Xlra, gk prgsgkohm `g pgrslkms `g im eís el`gstm olk`hohÿk, qug gi sgorgtl `g im eugrtg cug `hvuidm`l plr uk sgr hkvhshbig, gk gi shigkohl `g im klong. Vlr prhegrm vgz, ils thgepls el`grkls, uk plol `g oimrh`m` pgkgtrÿ plr bmjl im pugrtm qug sgpmrm gi euk`l `g ils vhvls `gi euk`l `g ils `gsgkomrkm`ls.==2 Vlr su kmturmigzm gsplktâkgm, hkgspgrm`m, plr ims olelvg`lrms ohroukstmkohms qug im rl`gmk, gsm emkhcgstmohÿk gsompm m tl`ms ims gxpihomohlkgs y tglråms qug sg nmk busom`l lplkgr mi Gsphrhthsel. Im sudgrgkohm, `g hdumi emkgrm qug im miuohkmäïl y gi hkolksohgktg, gs hepltgktg pmrm gxpihomrim. Im cmehihm Clx grm `g ukm nlklrmbhih`m`g m tl`m prugbm, olkgotm`m m im Hdigshm Gphsolpmi Egtl`hstm, ouyls lcåohls crgougktmbm olk rgduimrh`m`. Gùom`ls gk im eís gstrhotm ruthkm rgihdhlsm, tl`ls sus ehgebrls hdklrmbmk im plshbhih`m` `g tmigs ngonls, m ouyl rgspgtl sg nmiimbmk mbsliutmegktg `gsprgvgkh`ls. Igjls `g lbtgkgr `g tmigs emkhcgstmohlkgs im eåkhem vgktmjm, gstms cugrlk pmrm giils im musm o `g `hsdustls y `g pgrsgouohlkgs shk ougktm. Olk giims pgr`hgrlk im smiu` y gi slssgdl. _u rgputmohÿk y sus rgoursls qug`mrlk `gstruh`ls. M pgsmr `g tl`ls ils gscugrzls qug gepigmrlk pmrm ils gvhtmr, y `g ukm pmrth`m prgohphtm`m y omebhl `g rgsh`gkohm, ils cgkÿegkls ils pgrshduhgrlk shk trgdums, shgk`l tl`l hkúthi pmrm gsompmr m im moohÿk `g ils Gspårhtus. M ims rghtgrm`ms hkjukä÷gs `g ils hkvhshbigs, kï il nubl rgeg`hl shkl nmogr púbihoms ims emkhcgstmohlkgs, mcrlktmr gi gsogkmrhl `gi Olrhktnhmk-Nmii, gk Rlongstgr, slplrtmr ils nuehinmktgs rhdlrgs `g euonms olehshlkgs `g gxmegk y ils hksuitls `g uk púbihol nlsthi, pmrm prlbmr im plshbhih`m` `g ims rgimohlkgs gktrg ils `ls euk`ls, vhshbig g hkvhshbig. Slivmels m im omsm mpgkms-mslebrm`m `g Ny`gsvhiig. Omrils Druýg kl grm gi úkhol m mnå emkhcgstmrsg. Wk drmk kúegrl `g Gspårhtus `g tl`ms ims olk`hohlkgs, pmrhgktgs l mehdls `g ims pgrslkms prgsgktgs, hktgrvgkåmk, rgsplk`hgk`l plr pmkom`ms m ims prgduktms ngonms, sligtrmk`l sus klebrgs prlphls, suehkhstrmk`l hk`homohlkgs gxmotms g hkgspgrm`ms `g su h`gkth`m`, `mk`l gxpihomohlkgs slbrg ils cgkÿegkls ===

Sgr, gk oumktl m emylrgs `gtmiigs, Gem Nmr`hkdg, ’Nhstlry lc El`grk Megrhomk _phrhtumihse―, pmsshe1 Masmalc, ’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. H. HS, ’`― y ’y―1 Igm Wk`grnhii, ’Png ehsshkd ihka lk El`grk _phrhtumihse―, Kgw Xlra, =>77, píd. 0>1 T. Omprlk, ’El`grk _phrhtumihse hts cmots mk` cmkmthohses―, Blstlk, =>77. ==2 @g =>?4 m =>06, ukm sgrhg `g emkhcgstmohlkgs sg nmbåm ym prlùoh`l gktrg ils _nmagrs, pgrl tuvhgrlk sÿil ukm gsomsm rgpgroushÿk.

=60 | V í d h k m


=86?

prlùoh`ls y gi el`l `g ils lbtgkgr, gxpihomohlkgs qug tuvhgrlk olel rgsuitm`l im clremohÿk `g ils prhegrls oårouils l drupls, gk ils oumigs ils ngonls cugrlk gstu`hm`ls y prlvlom`ls olk gi muxhihl `g egshknms, prmkongtms y ltrls lbjgtlsemtgrhmigs. Ils Gspårhtus prgourslrgs `goimrmbmk kl motumr plr su hkhohmthvm. Gsms emkhcgstmohlkgs, `goåmk giils, grmk gi rgsuitm`l `g im dmkm y `g im `hrgoohÿk `g ils Gspårhtus eís gigvm`ls, chiÿslcls y smbhls, gxgoutlrgs, plr su pmrtg, `g ÿr`gkgs vgkh`ms `g eís mitl y tgkhgk`l plr lbjgthvl ukm vmstm g heplrtmktg rgvgimohÿk qug sg `gbåm gxtgk`gr mi euk`l gktgrl. Olk gcgotl, im hktgrvgkohÿk `g gsls Gspårhtus y, gktrg ltrls, `gi @r. Bgkjmehe Crmkaihk, cug rgpgth`ms vgogs oleprlbm`m. Eís tmr`g, gk ims sgshlkgs `g mpmrhäïl `g Gstgim Ihvgrelrg, gk Kugvm Xlra, gsg ehsel Bgkjmehe Crmkaihk sg nhzl vhshbig y cug rgolkloh`l plr vmrhms pgrslkms. @gktrl gk plol ims emkhcgstmohlkgs sg euithpihomk y prlpmdmk. @g ohu`m` gk ohu`m`, `g Gstm`l gk Gstm`l, hkvm`gk tl`l gi klrtg `g Meèrhom. Gi pl`gr eg`húkhol sg rgvgim gk uk drmk kúegrl `g pgrslkms y nmstm gk gi sgkl `g cmehihms rhoms, hkciuygktgs, mi mbrhdl `g tl`m slspgonlsm `g crmu`g.. Nubl, m bugk sgdurl, mi olehgkzl euonm hkogrthùebrg y olkcushÿk. Kh shgeprg ils motlrgs hkvhshbigs grmk sgrhls: Gspårhtus igvhmkls y mtrmsm`ls sg hehsouåme gk ims sgshlkgs, `hotmk`l oleukhomohlkgs pugrhs, mbsur`ms, y pgrehthèk`lsg tl`m sugrtg `g `hvmdmä÷gs y gxogktrhoh`m`gs1 pgrl tmebhèk sg lbtgkåmk ngonls heplrtmktgs, `hotm`ls `g rgmi egrgohegktl, olel gi mtgstme gi rgvgrgk`l Jgrvhs, ehkhstrl egtl`hstm `g ==? Rlongstgr, gi @r. Imkdwlrtn, gi rgvgrgk`l On. Nmkklk, gto. Pl`ls gsls ngonls tuvhgrlk su uthih`m`, gk gi sgkth`l `g gksgýmr m olklogr ils `hcgrgktgs mspgotls `gi euk`l hkvhshbig. Drmohms m ils grrlrgs y `gogpohlkgs, pu`l sgr m`quhrh`m im gxpgrhgkohm `g ims olsms louitms y plol m plol sgnhzl iuz slbrg ims olk`hohlkgs `gim vh`m gkgi m`geís-túeuil. Gi elvhehgktl sg nhzl pgremkgktg y sheuitíkgl. _g pug`g `gohr qug gi Gsphrhthsel kl pmrthÿ `g uk puktl chjl1 brltÿ gsplktíkgmegktg `g tl`ls ils Gstm`ls `g im Wkhÿk, hk`gpgk`hgktg `g im hkhohmthvm nuemkm, y prlshduhÿ su rutm, m pgsmr `g ils lbstíouils `g tl`m lr`gk moueuim`ls plr im hdklrmkohm y plr ils emièvlils prgjuhohls. @gs`g su mpmrhohÿk, subigvlu olktrm så tl`ls ils pl`grgs olksthtuh`ls, tl`ms ims hkciugkohms, tl`ms ims mutlrh`m`gs `g gstg euk`l, y plr úkhol sustgktíouil tuvl midukls nuehi`gs sgrvh`lrgs `g im Sgr`m`, pgrslkms gk im emylr pmrtg lbsourms, pgrl qug ukm igdhïl hkvhshbig clrtmigoåm y mepmrmbm. Km`m eís tlomktg qug ims gxlrtmä÷gs y olksgjls prl`hdmihzm`ls m ims ngremkms Clx plr sus Gspårhtus prltgotlrgs, olksgjls shk ils oumigs, elohknms tåeh`ms y mssustm`häms, jmeís tgk`råmk lsm`l mrrlstmr, olk rhgsdl `g im prlphm vh`m, uk púbihol megmäm`lr,kh slplrtmr ims gsogkms tueuitulsms `gi Olrhktnhmk-Nmii. Ims hkjurhms, ims omiúkhms, tl`ls ils gxogsls `g ukm prgksm gk `gihrhl tuvhgrlk slbrg tl`l olel rgsuitm`l mtrmgr im mtgkohÿk púbihompmrm gsls cgkÿegkls gxtrmýls y `gelstrmr m ils lbsgrvm`lrgs sgrhls qug mnå hktgrvgkåmk omusms hk`gpgk`hgktgs `g km`m im dmkm `gi nlebrg. @gihkgm`l plr emkls pl`grlsms g hepmipívghs, sg `gspigdmbm uk pimk, ouym rgmihzmohÿk pl`råm gebmrmämr. * Mi elvhehgktl gsphrhtumihstm kl tmr`mrme gk m`ngrhr nlebrgs gehkgktgs plr gi smbgr, plr gi omríotgr y plr im plshohÿk slohmi. Gi rgvgrgk`l Brhttmhk, gi @r. Nmiiloa, gi rgvgrgk`l Drhswli`, ils prlcgslrgs Rlbgrt Nmrg y ==?

Sgr ims lbrms prg-ohtm`ms.

=67 | V í d h k m


=86?

Empgs, gi drmk jugz Gèlk`s, gi sgkm`lr Pmiiem`dg, gi `hpileíthol R. @mig Lwgk, gto., gstu`hmrlk mtgktm y `gelrm`megktg ils cgkÿegkls y mchremrlk púbihomegktg im hktgrvgkohÿk `g ilsGspårhtus. Gkuegrmr mquå sus gxpgrhgkohms, ohtmr sus tgsthelkhls, sgråm gxlrbhtmr `gi pimk `g gstg gstu`hl. _u gxplshohÿk sg gkougktrm gk im kltmbig lbrm `g im _rm. Gem Nmr`hkdg, `g im oumi sÿil `gstmomrgels midukms mtgstmä÷gs mogrom `g cgkÿegkls cåshols gxtrmlr`hkmrhls. Gi sgkm`lr Pmiiem`dg, gx-dlbgrkm`lr `gi Thsolkshk, `gsorhbg uk omsl `g igvhtmäïl `g qug cug lbjgtl, gk Tmsnhkdtlk:==0 ’Im egsm tgkåm oumtrl phgs1 grm ukm drmk egsm pmrm tè. Eg sgktè mi ogktrl. Ims trgs sgýlrms olilomrlk ims emkls gkohem, muegktmk`l mså gi pgsl `g 266 ihbrms qug gk giim ym gxhståm. Mi olehgkzl, `ls phgs sg gigvmrlk `gi sugil, `gspuès ltrls `ls sg pushgrlk mi khvgi `g ils prhegrls, y im egsm qug`ÿ olepigtmegktg suspgksm gk gi mhrg, m sghs puidm`ms `g miturm. Nmbhèk`leg sgktm`l gkohem, sgktå uk elvhehgktl bimk`l, olel shgiim ciltmrm. Im egsm qug`ÿ midukls hkstmktgs suspgksm g nhzl m `gsogk`gr ùiogegktg.― Sgrgels, `gktrl gk brgvg, ngonls sgegjmktgs sg prlùzomk gk `hcgrgktgs puktls `g Gurlpm, gk pmrthouimr gk ims sgshlkgs `g im eè`hue kmplihtmkm Gusíphm Vmim`hkl. Gk rhdlr sg pl`råm gxpihomrils plr im moohÿk `g cugrzms ciuå`homs gemkm`ms `g ils mshstgktgs, mukqug pmrgzom bhgk plol prlbmbig qug cugrzms nuemkms gxtgrkmihzm`ms sgmk, sÿil plr så, suchohgktgs pmrm plr gk elvhehgktl lbjgtls tmk pgsm`ls. Mquå gstík, shk gebmrdl, ltrls ngonls qug `gkltmk im hktgrvgkohÿk `g Hktgihdgkohms hkvhshbigs. G_ shgeprg gi sgkm`lr Pmiiem`dg quhgk nmbim: ’Gi cgkÿegkl shduhgktg sg prlùjl gk ltrm sgshÿk olk ims sgknlrhtms Clx. Gstíbmels prgsgktgs, ils dgkgrmigs Nmehitlk y Tm``y Pnlepslk y yl. Kls rgolegk`mrlk qug oliloírmels im Båbihm, ogrrm`m, gk ukm dmvgtm bmjl im egsm. Grm ukm pgqugým Båbihm `g midhbghrm, heprgsm gk omrmotgrgs ehkúsouils. @urmktg midúk thgepl kuegrlsls ’rmps― (pmkom`ms vhbrm`ms) tmeblrhimrme ukm emronm qug nmbåmels pg`h`l. Cugrlk `gspuès gkcimqugohèk`lsg olel pmsls qug sg migjmk, y ogsmrlk gktgrmegktg1 y ltrls ’rmps―, `mtl im sgými `gi micmbgtl, sligtrmrme gstm úkhom pmimbrm: ’Linmh―. Pleè gi ihbrl olk prgomuohÿk, plrqug gstmbm mbhgrtl. _ligtrmrme: ’Ig`g―, hk`homk`l ils kúegrls `g ils vgrsåouils qug `gsgmbmk qug yl igygrm. @urmktg gsm igoturm, pmkom`ms vhligktms mogktumrlk olk ukm cugrzm gxtrmým ils sgkthehgktls trmùoh`ls. Gi ihbrl gstmbm mbhgrtl gk gi gvmkdgihl `g _. Jlïl, omp. HHH1 ils vgrsåouils m iggr grmk ils shduhgktgs: ’>. Gi gspårhtu slpim `lk`gquhgrm, y tú lygs su vlz, pgrl kl smbgs `lk`g èi vhgkg kh pmrm `lk`g vm1 mså gs tl`l mqugi qug gs kmoh`l `gi Gspårhtu. ==. Gk vgr`m`, gk vgr`m` tg `hdl qug kl`ls `gohels il qug smbgels y qug `mels tgsthelkhl `gi qug vgkhels1 y vlsltrls, olk tl`l gsl, kl rgohbås kugstrl tgsthelkhl.

==0

Sgr Gem Nmr`hkdg, lb. oht.

=63 | V í d h k m


=86?

=8. X im omusm `g gstm olk`gkm gs: qug im iuz vhkl mi euk`l, y ils nlebrgs memrlk eís ims thkhgbims `gi qug im iuz1 plrqug grmk emims sus lbrms. ?0. Vlrqug mqugi qug @hls gkvhÿ nmbim pmimbrms `g @hls1 plrqug kl ig `m @hls gi gspårhtu plr eg`h`m.― Prms gsl, eg emk`mrlk olilomr `hvgrsms nljms `g pmpgi pmrm omrtm, olk uk iíphz, gk im dmvgtm bmjl im egsm. @g mnå im plol låels gi ruh`l `gi iíphz gk gi pmpgi y bmthgrlk. Ehrè bmjl im egsm1 ims nljms qug yl mnå nmbåm olilom`l gstmbmk gk `gslr`gk y gk im nljm `g ohem gstmbm gsorhtl: ’H'e whtn ylu sthii (gstly múk olk vlsltrls) ‟ Jlnk O. Ominluk.― Elstrè gsm crmsg mi dgkgrmi Nmehitlk, mkthdul dlbgrkm`lr `g Omrlihkm `gi _ur, mi dgkgrmi Tm``y Pnlepslk, mkthdul ehkhstrl `g Eèxhol, mi dgkgrmi Rlbgrt Omepbgii, `g Im Nmbmkm, mså olel m ltrls mehdls åkthels `gi _gýlr Ominluk. Im elstrè tmebhèk m ukl `g sus nhjls, y tl`ls mchrembmk qug grm uk cmo-såehig pgrcgotl `g im gsorhturm `g Jlnk Ominluk. Gi dgkgrmi Nmehitlk y im dgkgrmim Emoleb, qug plsggk euonms omrtms pmrthouimrgs `g Ominluk, hk`homrlk olel pmrthouimregktg shdkhchomthvl gi níbhtl olkstmktg qug èi tgkåm qug mbrgvhmr H me gk H‘e1 `g sugrtg qug gsm crmsg ’H'e whtn ylu sthii―, brgvg olel gs, omrmotgrhzm pgrcgotmegktg su gsthil y su el`l pgouihmr `g `gohr.―. Gk im ehsem lr`gk `g ngonls, ohtgels múk gi tgsthelkhl `g Onmrigs Omtnomrt, mkthdul ehgebrl `gi Olkdrgsl, nlebrg hkstruh`l g hkciuygktg, qug loupm gk Nhk`ú ukm gigvm`m plshohÿk slohmi: ==7 ’Olksthtuh`l il ohrouil, rgolkloå qug gi eè`hue eís pl`grlsl grm eh nhjl Ngkry, khýl `g 4 mýls sÿil. Im cmehihm kl nubl tgkh`l múk thgepl `g nmbhtumrsg m gsm eg`hukh`m`g, g hkgspgrm`ms `gelstrmohlkgs sg prlùjgrlk. Gi pgqugýl Ngkry grm bmiluäm`l gk gi oumrtl olel ukm pgkm. _uspgksl plr ils Gspårhtus, grm trmksplrtm`l nmstm mi tgonl, m ims olrkhjms `g ims vgktmkms, m ils rgomktls eís gigvm`ls `g ils mplsgktls, cugrm `gi miomkog `g ims emkls nuemkms. M vgogs, qug`mbm gi khýl gk trmksg eg`húkhol, y gk gsg gstm`l `goåm olsms mèhrmbigs `g smbhùråm y `g bgiigzm1 pgrl, m pgsmr `g im olkchmkzm qug im cmehihm `gplshtmbm gk ils thgrkls ouh`m`ls y gk gi omríotgr pgrcgotmegktg bugkl `g ils Gspårhtus sus mehdls, im em`rg kl pl`åm vgr shk `gsmslshgdl su chinhknl bmjl gsg pl`gr mklremi, y supihomvm m ils hkvhshbigs qug gi kl slkmebuihzmssge. Giils ig rgpgtåmk olkstmktgegktg, plr hktgreè`hl `g im egsm, qug gsm hkciugkohm grm bgkèchom pmrm gi khýl y igs pgrehtåm im rgmihzmohÿk `g motms euy heplrtmktgs, olel `lutrl el`l gi kl pl`råmk nmogr1 pgrl olel im _rm. Omtnomrt kl sg pu`l olkclremr olk gsm cmsg `g eg`hukh`m`g, ils Gspårhtus sg mbstuvhgrlk bgkgvlimegktg `g olkthkumr ils trmksgs.― Gi jugz Gèlk`s, prgsh`gktg `g im Olrtg _uprgem `g Kugvm Xlra,`ggk ’Iimemehgktl mi púbihol―, gk gi drmk oumi rgcutm ims emièvlims heputmä÷gs `g qug cugrmlbjgtl `gspuès sussuhkvgsthdmohlkgs gsphrhtumihstms, mså rgsueg gi prlbigem `gils cgkÿegkls y `g su omusm:==3

==7

Sgr su omrtm mi ’_phrhtumi Pgigdrmpn―, `g Kgw Xlra, rgprlùoh`m gk im ’Nhstlry lc El`grk Megrhomk _phrhtumihse―, `g Gem Nmr`hkdg. ==3 Sgr su lbrm ’_phrhtumihse―, plr J. T. Gèlk`s, olk mpêk`hog `g Pmiiem`dg, Kgw Xlra, =>7=.

=64 | V í d h k m


=86?

’Sh ukm egsm `g phknl, `g oumtrl phgs,igvmktm`m `gi slminl, gk eg`hl `g ukm rgukhÿk `g lonl pgrslkms, `grrhbm`m `gslr`gkm`megktg m kugstrls phgs, gigvm`m plr gkohem `g kugstrms ombgzms, gksgduh`m mplym`m gk gi gkolstl `g uk slcí gk qug gstíbmels sgktm`ls. Sh gsm ehsem egsm igvmktmrsg slbrg `ls phgs olk ukm hkoihkmohÿk `g 07º, y mså pgremkgogr, shk qug sg pu`hgrm nmogrim vugivm m su plshohÿk klremi. Sh ukm egsm `g momju, `g uk úkhol phg y tgkhgk`l gkohem ukm iâepm`m mogsm, grduh`m im `hstmkohm `g, plr il egkls, uk phg plr gkohem `gi slminl, m pgsmr `g kugstrls gscugrzls gk olktrmrhl, y mdhtm`m olel uk vmsl qug sg tuvhgrm gepuknm`l, olksgrvík`lsg im iâepm`m gk su iudmr, pgrl gktrgonlomk`l-sh ils phkdgktgs. Sh gsm egsm lsohimr olk im iâepm`m gkohem, im oumi `gbgråm nmbgr omå`l, sh kl cugrm mepmrm`m plr ltrl eg`hl qug kl plr su prlphl pgsl, y, shk gebmrdl, kl omyÿ y kh shquhgrm sg elvhÿ. Sh, euonms vgogs, eís `g ukm pgrslkm sgr gsthrm`m olk ukm cugrzm m qug ig grm heplshbig rgshsthr, múk gk lomshÿk gk qug yl juktmbm ehs gscugrzls m ils `g im pgrslkm gepuxm`m. Il qug rgchgrl kl gs shquhgrm im ogktèshem pmrtg `gi qug prgsgkohgh, pgrl gs suchohgktg pmrm elstrmr gi omríotgr `gi cgkÿegkl. Gk gsm èplom, ils pgrhÿ`hols clreuimrlk `hcgrgktgs gxpihomohlkgs pmrm ’`gsemsomrmr im cmrsm―, olel `goåmk giils. Ils igå mtgktmegktg, olktmk`l rgohbhr muxhihl gk ehs hkvgsthdmohlkgs, y kl pu`g egkls qug slkrgår `g im mu`íohm g hkmkh`m`g `g gsms gxpihomohlkgs. Ehgktrms, plr gjgepil, olrrgotls prlcgslrgs `g Buccmil sg jmotmvme `g tl`l nmymk gxpihom`l plr gi gstmil `g ims bhsmdrms `g ils `g`ls y `g ims rl`hiims, ims emkhcgstmohlkgs olkshståmk gk gi thihktmr `g ukm omepmhknm, qug slkmbm bmjl ukm egsm, y qug grm `gspuès trmksplrtm`m `g ukl pmrm ltrl mplsgktl. Lå eè`huks sg shrvmk `g tèrehkls drhgdls, imthkls, gspmýligs y crmkogsgs, oumk`l sè qug kl olkloåmk ltrm igkdum m`geís `g su. X gs uk ngonl qug euonms pgrslkms pug`gk mtgstmr, gsg `g tgkgr ils eè`huks, euonms vgogs, nmbim`l y gsorhtl gk igkdums qug igs grmk `gsolkloh`ms. _g prgduktm gktlkogs sh, plr oumiquhgr ehstgrhlsm lpgrmohÿk `gi gspårhtu, tl`l gsl kl gs shepigegktg uk rgcigjl egktmi `g midukl `g ils mshstgktgs. X im rgspugstm gs qug sg nm rgohbh`l oleukhomohÿk `g ngonls hdklrm`ls y qug gksgduh`m slk rgolkloh`ls vgr`m`grls.― Gi mutlr ohtm vmrhls omsls y `gspuès mým`g: ’Euonls pgksmehgktls qug eg kl gstmbmk gk im egktg, l qug grmk múk olktrmrhls m ehs h`gms, eg cugrlk rgvgim`ls. Gsl eg molktgohÿ vmrhms vgogs, m eå olel im ltrms pgrslkms, olel pmrm olkvgkogreg `g qug kugstrl prlphl gspårhtu kl tlem pmrtg midukm gk gsms oleukhomohlkgs. Pl`l gsl, shk gebmrdl, y euonms ltrms olsms sgegjmktgs, eg nmk `gelstrm`l qug gxhstg gk gsg cgkÿegkl ukm oimsg `g pug`m Hktgihdgkohms gigvm`ms, cugrm `g Nuemkh`m`1 plrqug plr kl nmy ltrm nhpÿtgshs qug yl hemdhkmr, qug olilom`ms gxpihqug tl`ls ils imngonls gstmbigoh`ls gi tgsthelkhl `g `hgz ehi pgrslkms, ils oumigs pug`gk sgr vgrhchom`ls plr quhgkquhgrm qug sg `è mi trmbmjl `g busomr. Rgolkloå qug gsms Hktgihdgkohms hkvhshbigsoleukhombmk olk klsltrls `g vmrhls el`ls, shk olktmr ils ’rmps―,==4 ims egsms dhrmtlrhms, y qug, eg`hmktg gsls ltrls prlogsls, sg lbtgkåmk, kl rmrl,

==4

Ruh`ls pmrthouimrgs prlùoh`ls plr ils Gspårhtus, gk gi hktgrhlr `g

ils eÿvhigs, pmrg`gs, gto.

=6> | V í d h k m


=86?

oleukhomohlkgs gilqùgktgs y `g im eís purm y mitm elrmih`m`g, gktrg euonms hkolksgqùêkohms y olktrm`hoohlkgs.―. * Gi cgkÿegkl `g ims omsms mpgkms-mslebrm`ms gs ukl `g ils eís olkloh`ls y crgougktgs. Il gkolktrmels uk plol plr tl`m im pmrtg. Kuegrlsåsshels slk ils iudmrgs mpgkms-mslebrm`ls, ims omsms gk ouyls slminls, eÿvhigs y pmrg`gs sg lygk ruh`ls y pmkom`ms. Gk ohgrtms nmbhtmohlkgs, ils lbjgtls sg `gspimzmk shk olktmotl1 omgk phg`rms imkzm`ms `gi gxtgrhlr plr ukm cugrzm `gsolkloh`m1 sg lygk gstrèphtls `g vmjhiim m qugbrmrsg, drhtls, ruelrgs `hvgrsls, qug hkolel`mk y mtgelrhzme ims pgrslkms heprgshlkmbmhs. Shshtè midukms `g gsms omsms, gk giims pgremkgoå `gelrm`megktg y pu`g omsh shgeprg ogrthchomreg `g im prgsgkohm `g sgrgs hkvhshbigs, olk ils oumigs grm plshbig gktrmr gk oleukhomohÿk, quhgrg plr im egsm, quhgrg plr im gsorhturm eg`húkhom. Gk tmigs omsls m`quhrå yl im olkvhoohÿk `g qug ils mdgktgs `g ims emkhcgstmohlkgs grmk ims miems `g ims pgrslkms qug nmbåmk nmbhtm`l gsls iudmrgs, miems slcrg`lrms, qug busombmk mtrmgr im mtgkohÿk1 gk im emylr pmrtg `g ims vgogs, bmstmk pgksmehgktls olepmshvls y pigdmrhms pmrm `mrigs mihvhl. Ohgrtls Gspårhtus slk iigvm`ls m gsms omsms `g omepl plr im rgolr`mäïl `g rgeltls oråegkgs1 ltrls, plr uk `gsgl`g vgkdmkzm1 ltrls, múk, plr su mpgdlm ils bhgkgs tgrrgstrgs. Ims hkvgsthdmohlkgs `g im plihoåm jmeís olkshdugk `gsoubrhr ils mutlrgs `g sgegjmktgs ngonls. Múk gk ils mrrgegssls `g phg`rms, sg kltm qug ils prljètghs slk `hrhdh`ls plr ukm Hktgihdgkohm hkvhshbig. ==> Gk gi omsl `g im pmrÿquhm `g Drlbgk (Migemkhm), `gsorhtl plr gi pmstlr Ngkkhson, gk gi `g Eukonalc, qug cug lbjgtl `g ukm hkvgsthdmohÿk `hrhdh`m plr gi prlcgslr Mrsonmugr, sg vgåmk phg`rms `gsorhbmk uk mrol `g oårouil, `gspuès uk íkduil. Gk Eukonalc, eís `g sgsgktm pgrslkms vugiomk phg`rms smidmk plr ukm vgktmkm, `gspuès vugivmk mi hktgrhlr, `gsorhbhgk`l ukm ourvm. Gsls prljètghs kukom nhrhgrlk pgrslkm midukm: oumk`l miomkzmbmk ims tgsthdls `g tmigs gsogkms, igs rgsbmimbmk mi imrdl `gi ougrpl, shk prlùohr onlqug. Lbjgtls qug sg busombmk hktgrplkgr, m chk `g sgrvhrigs `g mktgpmrl, grmk mrrgbmtm`ls, plr ukm cugrzm louitm, `g ims emkls `g ils qug ils susthknme y rgolilom`ls gk su iudmr nmbhtumi.

Gi ehsel molktgohÿ gk im oníomrm `g Im Ihl`hîrg, prÿjhel im Plurs. Ims phg`rms mnå omåmk gk prlcushÿk, shk ngrhr km`hg. Vmrgoåm prlvgkdmk `g euy igjls y grmk `g ukm kmturmigzm dgliÿdhom `hcgrgktg `g im `gi pmås. Gk Hzgurgs (Hk`rg-gt-Ilhrg), gk ukm omsm nmbhtm`m plr im cmehihm `gi geprghtghrl _r. _mblurgmu, låm -sh, ùrmktg im klong, uk ougrpl pgsm`l, ukm emsm gklreg, `gsogk`gr ims gsomigrms, nmohgk`l rmkdgr m su pgsl ils gsomilkgs y ils tmbhqugs. Iugdl qug sg nmoåm iuz, sg rgstmbigoåm gi shigkohl. Im _rtm. _mblurgmu, qug gs eè`hue,==8 cug vmrhms vgogs igvmktm`m, olk im shiim gk qug sg nmiimbm sgktm`m, y `gspuès thrm`m mi sugil. _g gstmbigohÿ uk `híildl, plr eg`hl `g pmkom`ms olkvgkohlkmigs, olk uk sgr hkvhshbig qug `hjl iimemrsg Rlbgrtl y, plr sus cmehihmrh`m`gs, vgil, olk gi thgepl, m sgr olksh`grm`l mehdl `g im omsm. Gk ’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel― (omp. HHH, =), Masmalc rgchgrg `hvgrslsomsls `g kmturmigzm mpgkms-mslebrm`m. Wkl `g giils tuvl plr tgmtrl ukm oníomrm `gi `hstrhtl `g Wrmisa, gk gi gstg `g Rushm. Gi prlphgtmrhl, _r. _ontonmplv, trmksehthÿ mi ’Egksmjgrl `gi Wrmi―, gk =>>3, im ohroukstmkohm`m kmrrmthvm `g ims pgrsgouohlkgs ==>

Sgr im lbrm `g Omri ù Vrgi, `g Eukhon, ’Wkhvgrsmi Bhbih ltnga `è _pårhthse―, y sus mrtåouils, gk gi ’_pnhkx― y gk gi ’Wgbgrshkkihong Tgit―, slbrg ims omsms mpgkms-mslebrm` ms. ==8 Sgr ’Rgsgknm `gi Olkdrgsl Gspårhtm y Gsphrhtumihstm― , `g =866, píd. =3=.

=68 | V í d h k m


=86?

louitms m qug gstuvl gxpugstm su cmehihm ùrmktg sghs egsgs. Smkmegktg sg nmbåm èi `hrhdh`l m tl`ms ims pgrslkms gsoimrgoh`ms `g su olklohehgktl, midukms `g ims oumigs sg `hsthkduåmk plr drmk`g gru`häïl: ’Pl`ms sus tglråms ohgkthchoms ‟ `hog èi ‟ sg mkhquhimbmk `gimktg `g im gvh`gkohm `g ils ngonls. G_ prgohsl nmbgr ngonl plr så múk im gxpgrhgkohm1 gs prgohsl nmbgr vhstl y lå`l, nmbgr pmsm`l klongs gk oimrl y gxpgrhegktm`l elrmi y cåshomegktg vgr`m`grms tlrturms nmstm mi gsdltmegktl `g ims prlphms cugrzms, pmrm m`quhrhr chkmiegktg im olkvhoohÿk hkmbmiívgi `g qug nmy olsms `g qug ils smbhls kh múk slspgonmk. Ims pmkom`ms sg nmoåmk lår `åm y klong. Ils lbjgtls ouh`m`lsmegktg dumr`m`ls gk mremrhls y olcrgs grmk gspmroh`ls plr ils oumrtls. Im hktgihdgkohm louitm sg rgvgimbm molepmýmk`l `g pmkom`ms rhtem`ms ims gsquhkms, ims pmimbrms y múk ils pgksmehgktls. Eg`hmktg pmkom`ms y ruh`ls pgouihmrgs, olel `g mrrmknmùrms `g uýms, sg gstmbigohgrlk `híildls gktrg gi _r. Maluthkg, hkdgkhgrl quåehol, m`h`l `gi dlbgrkm`lr `gi Lrgeburdl, y ils Mdgktgs hkvhshbigs,slbrg msuktls supgrhlrgs m ils olklohehgktls `g ils nmbhtmktgs `g im oníomrm. Dilbls iuehklsls surdåmk `g bmjl ils igonls y `g ils rgomktls `gi oumrtl y ciltmbmk gk gi gspmohl. Im emkl `g uk khýl mpmrgog. Olsm eís drmvg: mtgmrme cugdl gk `hvgrsls iudmrgs y nmstm gk ims rlpms `g im _rm. _ontonmplv, qug gsompÿ `g qug`mr qugem`m. Cug prgohsl mbmk`lkmr m tl`m prhsm im omsm ngonm pgihdrlsm.― Miimk Amr`go, gk im ’Rgvug _phrhtg―, sgýmim vmrhls cgkÿegkls `g kmturmigzm mpgkms-mslebrm`m, gktrg ltrls gi omsl `gi Gspårhtu bmtg`lr `g Bgrdzmbgrk, ouyms prlgzms ùr mrlk lonl mýls (kúegrls`g emyl, jukhl y juihl `g =>7>)1 il `gi pm`ghrl `g Drmk`gs-Sgktgs, prÿjhel im @hgppg (emrzl `g =>36)1 il `g im omiig `gs Klygrs k¶ 87, gk`g Vmrås (mdlstl `g =>36)1 `gspuès, bmjl gi tåtuil ’Nhstlrhm ukVgtgrsburdl olk`gkm`l―,(mbrhi im nhstlrhm `gi Gspårhtu bmtg`lr Omstgikmu`mry (cgbrgrl `g =>36)1 m `g uk hkùstrhmi `g`g _lk `g =>36), gto. Im ’Rgvug `'Ètu`gs Vsyonhqugs―, `g `hohgebrg `g =86?, rgchgrg, trmksorgvgk`l-il `gi ’@mhiy Gxprgss―, `g Ilk`rgs, ils ourhlsls èxhtls qug lourrhgrlk gk im ’Rmhags Cmre―, loupm`m plr im cmehihm Tgbstgr, gk Bgvgrigy: ’Gi pmk oleprm`l l cmbrhom`l pmrm gi olksuel`g im omsm `hsehkuåm, `gsmpmrgoåm `g el`l hkgxpihoívgi, mså ùrmktg gi `åm olel m im klong. Wk rg`motlr `gi Gxprgss nhzl ukm hkvgsthdmohÿk ehkuohlsm m tmi rgspgtl y kl pu`l gkolktrmr ukm gxpihomohÿk rmzlkmbig. Wk gx-olehsmrhl `g plihoåm, `g Bhsnlp-Burtlk, iimem`l Bgrrh`dg, m quhèk cug, `åms sgduh`ls, olkchm`m m dumr`hm `gi iudmr gk qug sg rgomu`mbm im nmrhkm y cmbrhombm gi pmk, olkcgsÿ crmkomegktg qug gi cgkÿegkl gi `gslrhgktmvm plr olepigtl. Wk `åm, rgsugitl m quhtmr gi omsl m ihephl, trmjl pmrm im omsm `g omepl `ls pïgzhknls qug nmbåm oleprm`l gk Bgvgrigy, ils dumr`ÿ gk gi olepmrthehgktl `g im omsm, ouym vhdhimkohm ig nubg sh`l olkchm`m, rgclrzÿ olk ukm ltrm cgonmùrm m qug ym gxhståm, y gspgrÿ.. Gi pmk gstmbm hktmotl. Olrtmk`l, shk gebmrdl, ukl `g ils pïgzhknls qug nubg trmå`l, qug`ÿ slrprgk`h`l gi olehsmrhl `gi nmiimr ehtm` nugol. Gi prlphl _r. Tgbstgr, `gsolkchm`l mktgs `g tl`l `g ukm phinèrhm `g emil eg dustm, dumr`ÿ gi pmk crgsol gk gi dumr`hm-oleh`ms, gsplivlrgÿ `g nmrhkm gi slminl `gi olepmrthehgktl, pgrcgotmegktg sgol, ogrrÿ im pugrtm m im iimvg y sgilu-m olk `ls quhtms `g pgromi. Gi `åm shduhgktg, gstmbm tl`l hktmotl, egkls ils `ls pïgzhknls miiå dumr`m`ls, ukl `g ils oumigs nmbåm `gsmpmrgoh`l y gstmbm gi ltrl rgùoh`l m im ehtm`. Im shtumohÿk sg nmoåm om`m vgz eís hkquhgtm`lrm, m pgsmr `g tl`m im vhdhimkohm gjgroh`m, rgsuitmk`l m im vgz gk ukm pèr`h`m sgkshbig `g `hkgrl, pgil qug rgslivhÿ gi _r. Tgbstgr omebhmrsg.

==6 | V í d h k m


=86?

Ltrls cgkÿegkls hdumiegktg sg prlùjgrlk gk im miu`h`m omsm `g omepl. @gspuès qug vgkåm im klong, olegkzmbmk m lårsg gxtrmýls ruh`ls `g pmsls gk im gsomigrm y omebhl `g shiims y `g utgkshihls `g nhgrrl `gi cldïl, `g uk iudmr pmrm ltrl, `gspgrtmk`l ils nmbhtmktgs `g im omsm. Gi rgk`ghrl y gi olehsmrhl nmoåmk kuegrlsms rlk`ms y kl `gsoubråmk olsm midukm. Ohgrtm klong, im _rm. Tgbstgr y uk nhjl suyl, `g =0 mýls, cugrlk `gspgrtm`ls plr ukm eúshom gxtrgem`megktg ùiog. ’@hr-sg-hbm uk olrl― ‟ rgchrhÿ gi `åm shduhgktg im _rm. Tgbstgr.― Ils ’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonhqugs―, `g klvhgebrg `g =864, pubihomrlk uk egelrhmi, rg`motm`l plr gi gehkgktg mbldm`l `g Kípligs, Crmkohsol Zhkdmrlplih, m cmvlr `g im @uqugsm `g Omstgipltl y olktrm im Bmrlkgsm Imurm Gkdhgk, rgimthvmegktg m im rgsohshÿk `g mrrgk`mehgktl, oumk`l sg trmtg `g omsm crgougktm`m plr Gspårhtus. Ng mnå ils ngonls qug elthvmrlk gsg prlogsl: ’Gk gi sgduk`l mk`mr `gi g`hchohl pgrtgkgohgktg m im Bmrlkgsm `g Gkdhgk, gk gi mkonl `g _mk Omril miig Elrtgiig kº 4, mrrgk`m`l plr im @uqugsm `g Omstgipltl, trmksourrhgrlk ehstgrhlsms emkhcgstmohlkgs, tmk vmrhm`ms g hkoðel`ms qug pgrturbmrlk prlcuk`megktg im trmkquhih`m` `g ils nmbhtmktgs. Mi olehgkzl, grmk pmkom`ms y ruelrgs gxtrmýls gk gi pmshiil1 gksgduh`m, olegkzmrlk m lbsgrvmr - sh omebhls `g eÿvhigs `g uk iudmr pmrm ltrl, olk tmemýl ruh`l qug prlvlomrlk rgoimemohlkgs `g ils ilomtírhls `g ils pmvhegktls hkcgrhlrgs. Wkm klong, cugrlk trgs omems olepigtmegktg `gsgonms: olionlkgs, igkäÿhs y trmvgssghrls cugrlk mrrgbmtm`ls y gspmroh`ls plr gi sugil. Klutrm klong, mi rgdrgsgk, ils ilomtírhls `g im omsm gkolktrmrlk im pugrtm `g im omiig mtrmvmkom`m plr gi im`l `g `gktrl olk eÿvhigs pgsm`åsshels. X kl nubl rgoursl qug pushgrm tèrehkl mi `gslr`gk1 kh gi olehsmrhl `g Vlihoåm, kh im Oúrhm Mrquhgphsolpmi, pmrm qug mpgimrlk, kh ils gxlrohsels `hgrlk rgsuitm`l Imqug ùqugsm plr gsl drmohms, gk 0 `g lotubrg `g =863, m rgqugrhr mi jugz im rgsohshÿk `gi midukl. olktrmtl, tgkåm, cug `g ilomäïl.―. Gk su egelrhmi, ohtm gi _r. Zhkdmrlplih uk ltrl omsl `gi ehsel dèkgrl, ouym kmrrmthvm cug pubihom`m plr gi hkdgkhgrl prlcgslr Ngkrhqug Víjmrl: ’Gk Cilrgkäm, m im omiig Dnhbgiihkm kº =0, sg prlùoåmk, gk chkgs `g sgpthgebrg `g =>34, cgkÿegkls olkshstgktgs gk ruelrgs l gstrugk`ls subtgrríkgls y pmkom`ms, qug sg nmoåmk `g rgpgktg lår gk im egsm gk tlrkl m im oumi sg nmiimbm rgukh`m im cmehihm B.. Wkl `g ils nhjls, olkchmktg gk su hkorgùih`m`g y gk im rlbustgz `g ils prlphls brmzls, sg prlpusl m qug`mr slil `g vhdhihm ukm klong y `gsoubrhr im omusm `g tmigs cgkÿegkls. Vmsm`m eg`hmklong, `gsogk`hÿ m im olohkm m vgrhchomr im olkcushÿk, qug nubg lå`l, `g ils lbjgtls gk ils mremrhls1 uk clreh`ívgi ruelr il msustÿ1 shkthÿ qug ig mprgtmbmkils brmzls y qug, m im vgz, ig `mbmk uk slol. Gksgduh`m m gsls ltrls kuegrlsls ngonls, gi ilomtírhl mbmk`lkÿ im omsm, ohtÿ gi prlphgtmrhl, rgoimemk`l hk`gekhzmohÿk `g ils pgrjuhohls omusm`ls, y dmkÿ im `gemk`m. Ils plregklrgs cugrlk rgimtm`ls gk im orÿkhom ju`hohmi `g im Lphkhlkg, `g => `g juihl `g =>3>. Smrhms tgsthdls `gpushgrlk gk gi Prhbukmi, mtgstmk`l ils ngonls.― Chkmiegktg, ils ’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonhqugs―, `g klvhgebrg `g =864, múk pubihomrlk ukm kmrrmthvm `gi prlcgslr Oèsmr Ilebrlsl, gsorhturm gspgohmiegktg pmrm ils igotlrgs `g gsm rgvhstm: ’Gi oèigbrg jgcg `g im gsougim plshthvhstm htmihmkm trmtm `g uk omsl `g kmturmigzm ’mpgkmsmslebrm`m―, qug kl pu`l lbsgrvmr `g vhsl, m ouyl rgspgtl nhzl ukm hkvgsthdmohÿk, qug `hl ils eís mtrmothvls rgsuitm`ls. Pgkåm èi qug, shk gebmrdl, vhshtmr ukm `g gsms omsms mpgkmsmslebrm`ms, iugdl qug sg ig === | V í d h k m


=86?

lcgrtmrm im lomshÿk. Gstm sg prgsgktÿ, gk klvhgebrg `g =866, gk im tmvgrkm shtum`m m im omiig Bmvm kº 3, gk Purhe, `g prlphg`m` `g uk _r. Pukgrl. Ilebrlsl miiå olepmrgohÿ gi `åm =2 `g klvhgebrg y ph`hÿ hkclremohlkgs mogrom `g ils cgkÿegkls `hvuidm`ls. Ils ùgýls `gi ilomi ig rgsplk`hgrlk qug m im iigdm`m `gi prlcgslr Ilebrlsl tl`l nmbåm ogsm`l. Euy hktrhdm`l, gi prlcgslrph`hÿ gxpihomohlkgs, m chk `g mvgrhdumr shmiduhgk nmbråm mbusm`l `g su klebrg, pugs qug jmeís nubl pugstl ils phgs gk sgegjmktg iudmr. _upl gktlkogs qug cugrm plr gi rgogil `g im vhdhim y pmrm gvhtmr im ourhlsh`m` `gi púbihol qug nmbåmk hkvgktm`l mqugiim klthohm `g qug su vhshtm mnuygktmbm ’ils Gspårhtus―, pgrl qug hkcgihzegktg olkthkumbmk gk im bl`gdm. Mnå `gsogk`hÿ Ilebrlsl y lyÿ hkeg`hmtmegktg uk ruh`l `g vh`rhls m qugbrmrsg. Nhzl olilomr sghs vgims mogsms gk ukm egsm, gk im gspgrmkzm `g qug bmjl ukm vhvm oimrh`m` ogsmrmk ils cgkÿegkls. Bhgk mi olktrmrhl, shk gebmrdl, vhl bltgiims vmoåms l iigkms smidmk `g ims prmtgighrms `lk`g gstmbmk, sg gigvgk, omhdmk plr thgrrm igktmegktg y, mktgs gk im `gsogk`h`m qug prlphmegktg gk im omå`m, sg quhgbrgk gk gi sugil. Ilebrlsl sg nmbåm prgvhmegktg msgdurm`l `g qug khkdúk nhil miíebrhol l bmrbmktg pl`råm gxpihomr tmigs hksÿihtls elvhehgktls. Gi egs `g emyl `g =86?, tuvl múk gi prlcgslr lomshÿk `g gxmehkmr `g vhsl cgkÿegkls `g kmturmigzm mpgkms-mslebrm`m, gk ltrm omsm `g Purhe: m `g gi thpÿdrmcl Ehdkÿth, m im omiig Emssgkm kº ?6, nmbhèk`lsg ngonl molepmýmr plr gi @r. Hel`m. _ÿil gi nhjl `gi ùgýl `g im omsm sg nmbåm molstm`l, lygrlk pmkom`ms euy cugrtgs gk im pmrg`. Gstmbigohgk`l ukm olebhkmohÿk `g gsms pmkom`ms olk ims igtrms `gi micmbgtl, pu`hgrlk trmbmr olkvgrsmohÿk olk gi sgr hkvhshbig.― Prms gsl, h`èkthoms emkhcgstmohlkgs sg pmrgog prlùjgrlk ukgk plol pmrtg. Mpgkms `g ogsmk gk uksuogshvls iudmr gsls cgkÿegkls, rgmpmrgogk klutrls. Kl nmbgr gslplr uktl`m gkom`gkmehgktl ngonls y vlihthvls, olk gi chk `g mtrmgr y prgk`gr im mtgkohÿk, `g prlvlomr hkvgsthdmohlkgs g hkvgsthdmohlkgs< Mprgohm`lrgs supgrchohmigs olksh`grmk gsms emkhcgstmohlkgs vuidmrgs, drltgsoms, hk`hdkms `g hktgrgsgs `g su pmrtg. Gk vgr`m`, giims slk pgrcgotmegktg m`mptm`ms m ims gxhdgkohms plshthvms y emtgrhmihstms `g kugstrm èplom. Grmk kgogsmrhls cgkÿegkls ruh`lsls y rgpgth`ls pmrm smou`hr im hk`hcgrgkohm g hkgrohm `g kugstrls olktgeplríkgls. Gsm hk`hcgrgkohm gs `g ims eís `hcåohigs `g vgkogrsg. Ils smbhls crmkogsgs, slbrg tl`l, sh nmk gsquhvm`l shstgeíthomegktg y nmk gvhtm`l gstu`hmr gsls ngonls. Smkmegktg sg rgphtgk y pgremkgogk hkshstgktgs ils omsls. Gk ohgrtls iudmrgs, olel gk Smihgktg-gk-Brhg, m ims pugrtms `g Vmrås, ims emkhcgstmohlkgs ùrmrlk egsgs gktgrls, shk qug khkdúk smbhl lchohmi sg rgsugivm m hkolel`mrsg, il qug kl hepg`hrí gsls sgýlrgs `g `goimrmr, oumk`l sg lcgrtg lomshÿk, olel il nhzl uk drmk quåehol, mogrom `gi Gsphrhthsel, ’qug km`m vugiomk y slk lbihdm`ls m kgdmr―.=26 Wkm gxogpohÿk ouepig nmogrsg gk cmvlr `gi _r. Emxwgii, `lotlr gk Eg`hohkm, motumiegktg prlourm`lrdgkgrmi mktg m Olrtg `g Mpgimohÿk `g _gkm. Gk su kúegrl `g juihl `g =867, m ’Rgvug _ohgkthchqug gt Elrmig ù _phrhthseg― pubihoÿ uk rgsuegk `g im olkcgrgkohm ’slbrg ils cgkÿegkls `g kmturmigzm mpgkms- mslebrm`m―, plr èi ngonm gk Blr`èus, m =8 `g jukhl `gi ehsel mýl. Gk `hgohsèhs omsls `g qug tuvl olklohehgktl, im plihoåm gcgotuÿ hkvgsthdmohlkgs pmrm `gsoubrhr gi mutlr `g ils cgkÿegkls: mrrgegssls `g phg`rms, omebhls `g lbjgtls `g iudmr, gto., y sÿil gk `ls omsls il olkshduhÿ `gsoubrhr. ’Lbsgrvè `g ogrom ukl `g gsls omsls ‟ `hog èi ‟, gk im mi`gm `g Lbjmt (Olrrîzg), gk ukm omsm `gklehkm`m ’Im Olkstmkthkhg―. =26

Mssgräïl mtrhbuh`m mi _r. Bgrtngilt plr gi ’_lkmr― `g 26 `g

`hohgebrg `g =>83.

==6 | V í d h k m


=86?

Gi _r. Emxwgii `gstmoÿ `g ils ’Vrlogg`hkds―, `g im _lohg`m` `g Hkvgsthdmohlkgs Vsåquhoms, 2?7 omsls `g omsms mpgkms-mslebrm`ms, gk qug ims emkhcgstmohlkgs cugrlk mprgohm`ms plr tl`ls. _g gkougktrmk, mi `geís, gk ils mronhvls `gi Prhbukmi _upgrhlr `g Duhmkm vmrhls prlogsls `g rgsohshÿk `g olktrmt ils olk lomshÿk `g ’mpgkms- mslebrm`l―, qug `mtmk `gi shdil ^SHHH. * _lbrg ims omsms mpgkms-mslebrm`ms, mým`hrè eh tgsthelkhl pgrslkmi m ils qug mombl `g ohtmr. Rgsh`å, plr euonl thgepl, gk Plurs, gk ukmomsm gk qug sg låmk ruh`ls `g pmsls, pmkom`ms gk ims pmrg`gs y gk ils eÿvhigs. _g mbråmk pugrtms, iugdl `gspuès `g nmbgr im emkl hkvhshbi g egkgm`l gk im cgonmùrm y `mtl vugivg m im iimvg. Im omepmhknm thkhm, shk qug miduhgk m nubhgrm tlom`l. Midukms vgogs, gk gi elegktl ehsel gk qug ukm vhshtm iigvmbm im emkl gk su `hrgoohÿk, mktgs qug m nubhgrm miomkzm`l, ym gstmbm giim vhbrmk`l. @urmktg im dugrrm `g =>46, shgk`l yl lchohmi `g ils elvhihzm`ls `gi Hk`rg-gt-Ilhrg, mbligtgh-eg ùrmktg midukls `åms gk ukm vmstm y mkthdum omsm, gk ims prlxheh`m`gs `gi omepl `g @lephgrrg, `lk`g gstmbm mqumrtgim`l kugstrl bmtmiiÿk. Oumk`l m im klong yl rgdrgsmbm m eh oumrtl, m trmvès `g ims gsomigrms y `g ils gxtgksls pmshiils, gxpgrhegktmbm shkduimrgs sgksmohlkgs: slprls y olktmotls hk`gchkåvghs eg heprgshlkmbmk. Pl`m klong grm hkolel`m`l plr ehstgrhlsls ruh`ls, plr vhbrmohlkgs qug nmoåmk tgebimr omem y slminl.. Olel cugrm eè`hue uk smrdgktl `g eh olepmýåm, il iigvè m gsg mplsgktl, gk ukm klong `g hkvhgrkl, y mebls kls sgktmels m ukm egsm, busomk`l pgkgtrmr gi sgorgtl `g gsms emkhcgstmohlkgs. Im egsm cug, `gktrl gk plol, smou`h`m g hkeg`hmtmegktg `grrhbm`m plr ukm cugrzm hkvhshbig. _g qugbrmrlk ils iíphogs, gi pmpgi qug`ÿ rmsdm`l1 pmkom`ms smou`åmk ims pmrg`gs1 sg nmoåmk lhdm slr`ls ruh`ls, qug pmrgoåmk prlvgkhr `g ims prlcuk`h`m`gs `gi sugil. @g rgpgktg, sg blrrÿ im iuz. Wk gstrugk`l, eís cugrtg qug tl`ls ils prgog`gktgs ruh`ls,nhzl gstrgegogr im omsm y gksgduh`m sg pgr`hÿ mi igjls, gk gi shigkohl `g im klong. Mktgs `g `gjmr gsm omsm mpgkms-mslebrm`m, suphels qug giim ltrlrm nmbåm sh`l tgmtrl `g gsogkms smkduhkligktms. Miems pgkm`ms tmebhèk crgougktmk ils pmimohls. Im @uqugsm `g Vlemr, ouym pèr`h`m sus mehdls nmk `g shgeprg `gpilrmr, plr gi gkomktl, plr ims gigvm`ms msphrmohlkgs `g su miem y plr gi omrhknl `g su nlsphtmih`m` prhkohpgsom, plsgåm gk Vmrås, gk im Mvgkh`m `g Tmdrme, uk suktulsl pmimohl, mbhgrtl m tl`ls ils qug sg nhohgrlk olkloh`ls gk gi `lehkhl `g ims hkvgsthdmohlkgs psåquhoms. Mnå m nubg rgsgrvm`l pmrm så ukm gspgohg `g lrmtÿrhl, gk clrem `g ompgim. Gk ukm hk`gohsm oimrh`m`, olm`m plr vhtrmhs, gk eg`hl `g uk rgolinhegktl prlvlom`l plr ils slkh`ls drmvgs `g uk nmreðkhl, rl`gm`m `g vmrhls eè`huks, rgohbåm giim euonms vgogs ims hkstruoohlkgs `g ims Hktgihdgkohms hkvhshbigs y, gk pmrthouimr, ims `gi Gspårhtu Emrhm _tumrt, qug giim olksh`grmbm su mssåùm hksphrm`lrm. Gk ukm tmr`g `g sgshÿk, ims pmrg`gs `gi lrmtÿrhl vhbrmrlk bmjl vhligktms olrrhgktgs ciuå`homs1 slkmrlk pmkom`ms gk gi rgtrmtl, gk phg, `g Emrhm _tumrt, olilom`l gk ukm gspgohg `g smktumrhl. Wkm gstmtuhiim `g brlkog sg mdhtÿ y im egsm, gk tlrkl m im oumi gstíbmels olilom`ls, sg pusl m lsohimr y m dgehr. @hdl dgehr y, olk gcgotl, `gi pgqugýl eÿvhi pmrgoåm smidmk dgeh`ls. Gi Dgkgrmi O. `g B. clreuiÿ midukms prgduktms, y plr eg`hl `g ’rmps―, gktrgolrtm`ls `g dgeh`ls sgegjmktgs im sliuäls, uk Gspårhtu, qug `goåm sgr gi Dgkgrmi Bluimkdgr, qug sg suhoh`ÿ rgohgktgegktg gk Hxgiigs, kls rgchrhÿ su mkdusthm, sus sucrhehgktls elrmigs.

=== | V í d h k m


=86?

M pgsmr `g ils imzls `g mehstm` qug ukåmk ils `ls dgkgrmigs, km`m lbtuvhels qug pu`hgrm gstmbigogr `g el`l plshthvl im h`gkth`m` `gi emkhcgstmktg1 pgrl ils dgeh`ls qugsg lygrlk, heplshbigs `g hehtmrsg, kls `gjmrlk pgklsåsshem heprgshÿk.

^SHH - Cgkÿegkls Cåshols -

Ims Egsms

Ils cgkÿegkls cåshols sg prgsgktmk bmjl ims eís vmrhm`ms clrems. Im cugrzm qug shrvg pmrm prlùog -ils sg prgstm m tl`ms ims olebhkmohlkgs1 pgkgtrm tl`ls ils ougrpls, mtrmvhgsm tl`ls ils lbstíouils, trmksplkg tl`ms ims `hstmkohms. Bmjl im moohÿk `g ukm dmkm pl`grlsm, olkshdug `gsoleplkgr y rgoleplr im emtgrhm olepmotm. G_ il qug `geugstrm gi cgkÿegkl `g ils ’mpplrts―, l trmksplrtgs `g cilrgs, crutls y ltrls =2= lbjgtls m trmvès `g ims pmrg`gs, gk mplsgktls ogrrm`ls. Zlgiikgr, gi mstrÿklel migeík, lbsgrvÿ im pgkgtrmohÿk `g im emtgrhm plr ltrm emtgrhm, shk qug cugrm plshbig `hsthkduhr sliuohÿk `g olkthkuh`m` gk ukl y ltrl ougrpl.=22 Olk gi muxhihl `g im cugrzm psåquhom, ims gkth`m`gs m qug slk `gbh`ms ims emkhcgstmohlkgs iigdmk m hehtmr ils eís gxtrmýls ruh`ls. T. Orllags, gk su lbrm ym ohtm`m, sg loupm `g gsg dèkgrl `g cgkÿegkls.=2? ’Gi klebrg plpuimr `g ’rmps― (pgroushlkgs) `m ukm h`gm euy plol vgr`m`grm `g gsls cgkÿegkls. Rgpgth`ms vgogs, ùrmktg ehs gxpgrhgkohms, lå pmkom`ms `gihom`åsshems, qug `hr-sg-hbm prlùoh`ms plr im puktm `g uk michkgtg, ukm omsom`m `g slkh`ls pgkgtrmktgs olel ils `g eíquhkm `g hkùoohÿk gk pigkl elvhehgktl, `gtlkmä÷gs gk gi mhrg, ihdgrls ruh`ls egtíihols mdu`ls, slkh`ls qug sg msgegjmbmk im rmspmùrms, trhkm`ls oÿel ils `g uk píjmrl, gto.― Gkthgk`g gi oèigbrg quåehol qug gsls tlqugs, qug èi `hog ’nmbgr sgkth`l gk sus prlphls nlebrls y gk ims emkls―, `gbgk sgr mtrhbuh`ls, gk im emylråm `g ils omsls, im Hktgihdgkohms hkvhshbigs, pugs qug, eg`hmktg sgýmigs olkvgkohlkm`ls, sg pug`g olkvgrsmr, nlrms gktgrms, olk gsms gkth`m`gs (lb. oht., píd. =04). Gk prgsgkohm `gi eè`hue Nleg, uk molr`gïl, olkoiuh`l gk ukm omjm l suspgksl gk gi mhrg, tlombm slil ùiogs egil`åms.=20 Gi pgsl `g ils ougrpls muegktmbm l `hsehkuåm m im dmkm. Wkm egsm sg nmoåm mitgrkm`megktg pgsm`m, m puktl `g sh kl pl`gr igvmktmrim, l tmk igvg qug sg suspgk`åm mi eís pgqugýl gscugrzl. Nleg cug rgohbh`l plr vmrhls slbgrmkls. Gi Gepgrm`lr Migxmk`rg HH lbtuvl gk su prgsgkohm ukm emkhcgstmohÿk plol oleúk: ’Gk pigkm im emkl Gspårhtu mbrhÿ eg`minïl sg mjustmbm slbrggi ukl `g `gi ils bltlkgs `giiuz, ukhclreg qug`ggiuk gepgrm`lr trmåm, uk eg`minïl gk qug gstmbm olkoiuh`l rgtrmtl cmiigoh`l ozmrgvhton1 ukm oleukhomohÿk, `hotm`m plr pmkom`hknms slbrg gi bltÿk, vhkl gksgduh`m

=2=

Russgi Tmiimog, ’Ils Ehimdrls y gi E l`grkl Gsphrhtumih sel―, píd. 22 31 T. Or llags, ’Hkvgsthdmohlkgs slbrg ils cgkÿegkls `gi Gsphrhtumihsel―, píds. =30 y =34. =22 Gud. @gsku`ls, ’Onlsgs `g cmutrg elk`g―, píds. ?32 y ?8?1 Zlgiikgr, ’Thssgksonmh tihong Mbnmkìukdgk―. =2? Víds. =07, =03 y =04. =20 Iluhs Dmr`y ‟ ’Ig Eè`hue @. Nleg―, píd. 0=.

==2 | V í d h k m


=86?

`gelstrmr mi ozmr qug gi Gspårhtu qug sg emkhcgstmbm grm gxmotmegktg mqugi gk qug nmbåm pgksm`l.―=27 Gk egelrívgi sgshÿk, m =3 `g `hohgebrg `g =>3>, gk Msnigy nlusg, Ilk`rgs, sgshÿk m qug mshsthÿ Ilr`g Ihk`smy, Ilr`g M`mrg y gi Omphtík Tykg, suyl prhel, Nleg, gk trmksg eg`húkhol, cug igvmktm`l y prlygotm`l `g im pmrtg `g cugrm `g ukm vgktmkm, suspgksl m gsm miturm `g im omiig, y gktrÿ plr ltrm vgktmkm. Ilr`g Ihk`smy cug hkvhtm`l m `mr tgsthelkhl `g gsg ngonl mktg im _lohg`m` @hmièothom: =23 ’Sgåmels Nleg ‟ `hog èi ‟ ciltmk`l gk gi mhrg, cugrm `g im vgktmkm, m ukm `hstmkohm `g sghs puidm`ms. Prms nmbgr qug`m`l gk gsm plshohÿk ùrmktg midukls sgduk`ls, igvmktÿ im ltrm vgktmkm, rgsbmiÿ plr gi oumrtl, olk ils phgs pmrm gi crgktg, y vlivhÿ m sgktmrsg. Ims `ls vgktmkms qug`mk m 46 phgs plr gkohem `gi sugil, sgpmrm`ms gktrg så `g shgtg phgs y sghs puidm`ms.― Gsls cgkÿegkls sg prlùoåmk gk omsms gk qug Nleg jmeís nmbåm pgkgtrm`l mktgs y `lk `g kl pl`råm nmogr prgpmrmthvl midukl, kh rgourrhr im mrthcåohls gspgohmigs. M 24 `g emyl `g =>>3, gk Vmrås, gi @r. Vmui Dhbhgr, prgpmrm`lr `gi Eusgl `g Nhstlrhm Kmturmi, lbsgrvÿ, gk prgsgkohm `gi eè`hue _im`g, gi omsl `g igvhtmäïl `g ukm egsm, qug sg grdug, sg vugiom y vm m tlomr olk =24 ils oumtrl phgs gi clrrl `g im smim, ’gk egkls thgepl qug gi kgogsmrhl pmrm gi rgcgrhr―. =2> Olk uk chk `g gxpgrhegktmohÿk psåquhom, sg vhl `gspuès hiustrgs smbhls ‟ Onmrigs Rhongt, Ilebrlsl, M. @g Rloms, Cimeemrhlk, gto. ‟ olilqugk ims emkls gk gsms egsms tmk rh`houimrhzm`ms, gk olepmýåm `g im eè`hue kmplihtmkm Gusíphm Vmim`hkl, g hktgrrldugk gi cgkÿegkl. Kuegrlsms cltldrmcåms, quhtm`ms ùrmktg gsms sgshlkgs, eugstrmk im egsm olepigtmegktg migjm`m `gi sugil, ehgktrms im eè`hue thgkg ims emkls y ils phgs sgdurls plr ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs.

Gsms sgshlkgs olegkzmrlk gk Kípligs, gk =>8=, gksgduh`m m uk `gsmcål imkzm`l plr gi omvminghrl Onhmhm mi prlcgslr Ilebrlsl). Cugrlk rgklvm`ms gk Ehiík, gk =>821 `gspuès gk Kípligs, gk =>8?1 gk Rlem y gk Smrsÿvhm, gk =>801 gk =>87, gk omsm `gi _r. Onmrigs Rhongt, gk gi omsthiil `g Omrqughrmkkg y gk im hsim Rlubmu`, gk im gspmi`m `g im Vrlvgkäm1 gk =>83, gk Mdkgims, gk omsm `gi Olrlkgi @g Rloms1 gk =>84, gk Elktclrt-i'Memury, gk prgsgkohm `gi _r. Cimeemrhlk1 gk =86=, gk Mutghi, `lk`g _uiiy-Vru`nleeg sg rgukhÿ m ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs nmbhtumigs.=28 Ltrms sgshlkgs sg gcgotumrlk gk gi oårouil ’Ehkgrvm―, gk Dêklvm, gk =86=, ims oumigs tuvhgrlk drmk rgpgroushÿk gk Htmihm. =?6 Gi _r. Smsmiil, `hrgotlr `gi ’_golil ^H^―, rgukhÿ gk uk vliuegk ims kmrrmthvms `g gsms sgshlkgs, qug èi molepmýÿ olk gsorupuilsm mtgkohÿk. M 7 `g mbrhi `g =862, rgmihzmbm èi, slbrg gi ehsel ms uktl y bmjl il thtuil ’Im eg`hukh`m`g y im tglråm gspårhtm―, gk im Mslohmohÿk `g im Vrgksm, gk Rlem, ukm olkcgrgkohm

=27

’Ihcg mk` Ehsshlk―, píd. ?3?. Prmùoh`l plr I. Dmr`y, ’Ig Eè`hue Nleg―, píd. ?8. =24 Sgr ’]umrtgiy Jlurkmi lc _ohgkog―, gkgrl `g =>401 T. Orllags, lb. oht., píd. =7=. @r. Vmui Dhbhgr ‟ ’Gsphrhthsel l Cmquhrhsel Looh`gktmi―, píd. ?23. =2> Sgr ’Prms im Eugrtg―, omp. ^H^. Gi prlcgslr Ilebrlsl, gk gi motg rg`motm`m, mtgstm ’qug uk dumr`hm -vmjhiim omehkmbm slil gk gi eg`hl `g im smim olel uk pmquh`greg―. =28 Sgr ’Rgvug `gs Gtu`gs Vsyonåqugs―, gkgrl `g =862, píd. =?. =?6 Smsmiil ‟ ’Kgi elk`l `gdi'Hkvhshb hih―, Rlem, Sldngrm, g`htlr. =23

==? | V í d h k m


=86?

prgsh`h`m plr gi gx-ehkhstrl Iuzzmtth, prgsh`gktg `g im Mslohmohÿk, olkcgrgkohm `g qu g tl`ls ils pgrhÿ`hols htmihmkls `hgrlk klthohms gk tèrehkls gildhlsls y ouyl rgsuegk pug`g sgr mså ngonl: ’=ª _gshÿk ‟ Gk pigkm iuz, im egsm `g phknl tlsol, `g oumtrl phgs, olk uk egtrl `g imrdurm, sg igvmktm, sg migjm `gi sugil uk drmk kúegrl `g vgogs y qug`m suspgksm m =6 ogktåegtrls `gi im`rhinl, shk qug emkl nuemkm m tlomrm. @urmktg gsg thgepl ims emkls `g Gusíphm sg olksgrvmrlk sgdurms plr sus vgohkls, qug ig gxmehkmbmk hdumiegktg ils phgs y ims phgrkms, `g el`l qug khkdukm pmrtg `g su ougrpl pu`hgrm gjgrogr gi eåkhel gscugrzl.― ’2ª _gshÿk ‟ Vmkom`ms vhligktms, `g qugbrmr im egsm, rgsugkmk. Mpmrgogk emkls, ouyl olktmotl y ouyms områohms sg shgktgk ‟ emkls mkonms y vhdlrlsms `g nlebrgs, emkls eís pgqugýms `g eujgr, eïlzhknms ehkúsouims `g khýls. Imbhls hkvhshbigs sg pgdmk m im crlktg `g ils mshstgktgs, y lygk- sh bgsls. Heprgshlkgs `g emkls hkvhshbigs slk lbtgkh`ms gk pimsthihkm.― ’7ª _gshÿk ‟ Gi eè`hue, ouyms emkls gstík shgeprg sgdurms, gs igvmktm`l, olk im shiim, plr ukm moohÿk louitm, shk onlqugs, shk mbmils, gk uk elvhehgktl igktl, y gs olksgrvm`l suspgksl gk gi mhrg, qug`mk`l olk ils `ls phgs y ils phgs mktgrhlrgs `g im shiim gkohem `g im egsm, ym gstrlpgm`m plr ils trmeblin÷gs. Gi pgsl grduh`l gs `g 46 quhildrmems y gxhdg ukm cugrzm olksh`grmbig. Olsm eís gxtrmlr`hkmrhm: `g im supgrchohg `g im egsm, Gusíphm, olk im shiim, gs múk igvhtm`m `g tmi sugrtg qug gi prlcgslr Vlrrl, mstrÿklel, y ltrm pgrslkm iigdmk m pmsmr ims emkls slbrg sus phgs y ils `g im shiim, shk mougr`l prgvhl y olk pgrcgotm olkolr`mkohm `g heprgshlkgs. Gi ngonl `g `gstmomrsg `g im egsm im shiim `gkltm, eís mukqug il `g migjmrsg `gi sugil,im hktgrvgkohÿk `g ukm cugrzm gxtråksgom mi eè`hue, hktgihdgktg, omiouim`lrm, qug supl prlplrohlkmr ils motls m ils rgsuitm`ls y gvhtmr uk mooh`gktg shgeprg plshbig, `mtl gi pgsl `g Gusíphm, gi mplyl prgomrhl `g ukm egsm eg`hl qugbrm`m y gi ngonl `g qug `ls phgs `g im shiim sg nmiimbmk suspgksls gk gi víoul.― ’3ª _gshÿk ‟ Prmksplrtg `g lbjgtls, shk olktmotl: cilrgs, mkhiils, hkstruegktls `g eúshom, mr`ÿshms, brújuim y, slbrg tl`l, ukl `g gsls `hkmeðegtrls qug shrvgk pmrm eg`hr im cugrzm olk qug sg pug`g mprgtmr ukm elim1 oumtrl l ohkol vgogs, olel plr brhkom`ghrm, gsg `hkmeðegtrl gs mrrgbmtm`l m su prlphgtmrhl, qug il nmbåm rgpugstl gk im emromohÿk `g ogrl, `gspuès rgsthtuh`l, `g om`m vgz, olk hk`homohlkgs vmrhmktgs, `gs`g uk ’emxheue― olrrgsplk`hgktg m ukm cugrzm ngroúigm nmstm uk ’ehkheue― hdumi m im cugrzm `g ukm orhmkohknm. Olel mtrhbuhr ‟ `hog gi prlcgslr Vlrrl ‟ m ukm gemkmohÿk `g Gusíphm uk prlogsl tmk olepihom`l `g motls vlihthvls y olksohgktgs, molepmým`ls `g tmk mogrtm`m drmùmäïl `g gcgotls `hkíehols< Vl`råm giim mitgrkmthvmegktg sheuimr `hvgrsms gkth`m`gs y `gsmrrliimr gk om`m omsl ukm cugrzm pgrthkgktg<― Gk gi olrrgr `g ims sgshlkgs subsgqùgktgs sg prlùjgrlk emtgrhmihzmä÷gs `g ims oumigs kls loupmrgels gk gi ompåtuil gspgohmiegktg olksmdrm`l m gsg dèkgrl `g emkhcgstmohlkgs..

==0 | V í d h k m


=86?

Gi @r. Lonlrlwhoz, `g Smrsÿvhm, lbtuvl, gk pigkl `åm, y euonms vgogs m im dmkm, olk gi olkoursl `g im eè`hue _rtm. _tmkhsims Pleszhoa, `gspimzmehgktls, shk olktmotl, `g lbjgtls emtgrhmigs: iíphz, mdujms, tubls =?= `g gxpgrhgkohms, gto., y ils olkshduhÿ cltldrmchmr suspgksls gk gi víoul. G_ uk grrlr olksh`grmrsg, olel sg nm ngonl, gi cgkÿegkl `g im igvhtmäïl ukm vhlimohÿk `g ims igygs `g im drmvg`m`. Èi `geugstrm shepigegktg im moohÿk `g ukm cugrzm y `g ukm hktgihdgkohm hkvhshbigs. Gi eè`hue kl pl`råm gkolktrmr gk så múk gi pl`gr `g gigvmrsg shk puktl `g mplyl y pgremkgogr suspgksl. X prgohsl mèhthr kgogsmrhmegktg im hktgrvgkohÿk `g ukm dmkm gxtrmým, qug moueuim im cugrzm ciuå`hom gk omkth`m` suchohgktg pmrm olktrmbmimkämr gi pgsl `gi eè`hue l `g ils lbjgtls igvhtm`ls y ils migjmr `gi sugil. Ils ciuh`ls slk suehkhstrm`ls gk pmrtg plr gi prlphl eè`hue qug, gk tmi omsl, `gsgepgým im cukohÿk `g phim, mså olel plr ims ltrms pgrslkms prgsgktgs y, múk, sh slk hksuchohgktgs, plr ltrms gkth`m`gs hkvhshbigs, qug prgstmk su olkoursl mi lpgrm`lr. Gi ehsel sg `m olk ils ’rmps― l pmkom`ms. Gsls ruh`ls slk prlùoh`ls plr im olk`gksmäïl y prlygoohÿk `g mdilegrmohlkgs ciuå`homs slbrg ougrpls rgshstgktgs. Gsms mdilegrmohlkgs slk m vgogs iuehklsms. _g igg gk ims kltms `gi _r. Ihvgrelrg:=?2 ’Pl`ls gsls cgkÿegkls ‟ gs gvh`gktg ‟ slk molr`gs m ims igygs cåshoms olkloh`ms. Bmstm sÿil nmogr gxtgkshvm im mpihomohÿk `g gsms igygs mi euk`l hkvhshbig olel mi vhshbig, y tl`l hkeg`hmtmegktg sg gxpihom y gsoimrgog. Km`m nmy gk gsl `g slbrgkmturmi. Gi Gsphrhthsel gs im ohgkohm qug kls gksgým m olklogr im kmturmigzm y im moohÿk `g ims cugrzms louitms, olel im Egoíkhom kls nmog olklogr ims igygs `gi elvhehgktl y im ßpthom ims `g im iuz. _us cgkÿegkls vhgkgk m rgukhrsg m ils cgkÿegkls olkloh`ls, shk mitgrmr kh `gstruhr im lr`gk gk heplkgkt g qugprlcuk`h`m`gs ils rhdg. @himtm-igs shepigegktg im ÿrbhtm `g moohÿk, m im vgz qug kls nmog pgkgtrmr ims rgeltms `g im vh`m y `g im Kmturmigzm.― * Ims egsms kl rgprgsgktmk úkhomegktg uk pmpgi heplrtmktg gk ims emkhcgstmohlkgs cåshoms gsplktâkgms: chdurmk tmebhèk gk ils cgkÿegkls `g lr`gk hktgigotumi. Ims egsms dhrmtlrhms y cmimktgs susohtmrlk euonms oråthoms y elcmråms1 pgrl, olel il `hjl Shotlr Nudl: ’gsm elcmråm gs gstuitm.― _h, plkhgk`l `g pmrtg gi eltgjl, lohlsl y gstèrhi, olksh`grmels gi ngonl gk så múk, qug rgolklogrgels gk ims emkhcgstmohlkgs `g im egsm< Omsh shgeprg gi el`l `g moohÿk `g uk sgr hktgihdgktg y olksohgktg.. Im egsm gs ukl `g ils eÿvhigs eís cíohigs `g emkgjmr. _g gkougktrm plr tl`m pmrtg, gk tl`ls ils mplsgktls. Vlr gsl gs plr il qug `g prgcgrgkohm gs giim uthihzm`m. Il qug gs prgohsl vgr mktgs `g tl`lgk gsls ngonls slk ils rgsuitm`ls lbtgkh`ls, y kl gi lbjgtl qug shrvhÿ pmrm ils prlùohr. Oumk`l iggels ukm bgiim pídhkm olktgepimels oum`rl, ouh`mels momsl `g im`gi pgkm qug im gsorhbhÿ l `gi qug il gi gjgoutÿ< Im legsm kl thgkg uk emylr heplrtmkohm1 kl pmsm hkstruegktl vuidmr qugphkogi trmksehtg pgksmehgktl `g ils Gspårhtus. Olkclreg ils emkhcgstmktgs, gsg pgksmehgktl sgrí mitgrkmthvmegktg bmkmi, drlsgrl, gsphrhtulsl, plèthol, emihohlsl l subiheg. Ils hkvgsthdm`lrgs qug plr gsg eg`hl rgohbgk tgsthelkhls `g mcgotl `g ils sgrgs qug igs cugrlk omrls livh`mk cíohiegktg im hkshdkhchoâkohm `gi prlogsl uthihzm`l.

=?= =?2

Sgr ’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonåqugs―, tl`l gi mýl `g =8=6. R. @mig Lwgk, ’Rgdhÿk gk Ihtådhl―, 27ª sgshÿk.

==7 | V í d h k m


=86?

Ohgrtls elvhehgktls `g im egsm pug`gk, m bugk sgdurl, sgr mtrhbuh`ls m im moohÿk `g cugrzms gxtgrkmihzm`ms plr ils mshstgktgs y trmksehth`ms plr sus prlphm emkls mi eÿvhi. Gk gsms gxpgrhgkohms gs prgohsl olksh`grmr shgeprg ils elvhehgktls hkvliuktírhls `g ils lpgrm`lrgs, oumk`l sg trmtm `g cgkÿegkls cåshols, y im sudgrgkohm, oumk`l sg trmtm `gi ngonl hktgigotumi. Gk im emylråm `g ils omsls, shk gebmrdl, slk hksuchohgktgs gsms `ls omusms pmrm gxpihomr ils cgkÿegkls. Gk prhegr iudmr, gi olktmotl `g ims emkls kh shgeprg gs kgogsmrhl pmrm prlvlomr ils elvhehgktls. Cmrm`my, Bmbhkgt, Ongvrgui y ltrls smbhls nmbåmk m`lptm`l, pmrm rgslivgr gi prlbigem, im tglråm `g ils elvhehgktls eusouimrgs hkolksohgktgs. Ng mnå qug, shk gebmrdl, ims egsms sg elvhgrlk ihbrgs `g tl`l olktmotl nuemkl. Cug il qug qug`ÿ `gelstrm`l gk ims gxpgrhgkohms `g Rlbgrt Nmrg y T. Orllags, qug chsomihzmrlk ils elvhehgktls `g im egsm plr eg`hl `g rgdhstrls `g prgohshÿk gepigm`lsgk ils imblrmtlrhls `g Cåshom.. Wk hkclreg `g im Olehshÿk `gshdkm`m plr im _lohg`m` @hmièothom `g Ilk`rgs gk =>38=?? vhkl m olkchremr sus `gùoohlkgs. X olkoiuåm mså:=?0 ’=º ‟ Wkm cugrzm gemkmktg `g ils lpgrm`lrgs pug`g motumr shk olktmotl l plshbhih`m` `g olktmotl slbrg lbjgtls emtgrhmigs1 2º ‟ G_ crgougktgegktg `hrhdh`m olk hktgihdgkohm.― Ims gxpgrhgkohms, olkthkum`ms ùrmktg euonls mýls gk Vmrås, m im omiig `g Bgmukg kº 2, plr Gudêkhl @gsku`ls, gi mrduståsshel gsorhtlr, y m quhgk vhkhgrlk m rgukhrsg gi phktlr On. Brukhgr, gi oleplshtlr Miiyrg Burgmu, gi hkdgkhgrl Crmkonlt, gto., slk `g ims eís oèigbrgs. Rgolr`èelsims suohktmegktg.=?7 _g uthihzmk, mi olehgkzl, `g ukm egsm `g ogkm, pgsm`m y emohzm, qug sg grdug slbrg `ls phgs y pgremkgog hkeÿvhi gk gquhihbrhl. Wkm gkèrdhom prgshÿk slbrg giim olkshdug, olk `hchouitm`, im rgsthtuym m im plshohÿk klremi. Gxpgrhegktmk, gksgduh`m, olk ukm egshknm qug, eís igvg, smithtm, grdugk`l-sh bmjl ims emkls gk giim mplym`ms, hehtm gi elvhehgktl lsohimtÿrhl `g im oukm y gi mrcmr `g im vmomktg. ’Xm kl gs uk lbjgtl: gs uk sgr. Kl kgogshtm, pmrm oleprgk`gr, kh `g pmimbrms, kh `g dgstls, kh `g sgýmigs. Bmstm qugrgrsgy, ríph`m olel gi pgksmehgktl, vm, vugitm, sg `gthgkg, grdug-sh gk ils `ls phgs y lbg`gog.― Nmbim... eg`hmktg im pgroushÿk `g dlipgs, `hotm sgktgkohms, gksgýmkzms, crmsgs `gihom`ms l prlcuk`ms. Vlr gjgepil: ’Im gxpgrhegktmohÿk slihtmrhm gs cugktg `g grrlrgs, `g miuohkmä÷gs, `g ilourm. Vmrm nmogr gxpgrhgkohms prlvgonlsms, gs prgohsl tgkgr gi pgksmehgktl vugitl pmrm @hls. Gigvmh vugstrms miems m @hls, m chk `g sgr clrtmigoh`ls olktrm ils `gsolrlälmegktls `g imù`m.― Ig ph`gk qug sg gxprgsg gk hkdiès. Giim il nmog `g el`l gxtrgem`megktg plèthol. Euonms gxprgshlkgs `gsolkloh`ms `g ils mshstgktgs kl olkshdugk sgr trmùoh`ms shkl m pl`gr `g `hoohlkmrhl. Shgkgk `gspuès ims `gchkhohlkgs gk `log pmimbrms. ’@gsmcål ‟ `hog Gudêkhl @gsku`ls ‟ tl`ms ims mom`gehms rgukh`ms m clreuimr brusomegktg, hkstmktíkgmegktg, shk prgpmrl prgvhl, shk rgcigxhÿk, `gchkhohlkgs ohrouksorhtms gk `log pmimbrms, tmk oimrms, tmk olepigtms y, euonms vgogs, tmk gigdmktgs olel ims heprlvhsm`ms plr kugstrm egsm.― Ng mnå mquå midukms `g giims: =?? =?0 =?7

Sgr T. Orllags, lb. oht., píds. =08 y =76. Sgr gi hkclreg Hk gxtgksl1 Gud. @gsku`ls, ’Onlsgs `g i'mutrg elk`g―, píd. 2?0 Sgr Gud. @gsku`ls, ’Onlsgs `g ='mutrg elk`g―, Víds. 2 m 2=>.

.

==3 | V í d h k m


=86?

’Mrelkåm gs gi gquhihbrhl pgrcgotl `gi tl`l olk ims pmrtgs gktrg så.― ’Melr: plil `g ims pmshlkgs elrtmigs1 cugrzm mtrmthvm `g ils sgkth`ls1 gigegktls `g im olkthkumohÿk.― ’Rgihdhÿk cuturm: h`gmi prldrgshvl plr `ldem, mrtgs plr ouitl, Kmturmigzm plr tgepil.― ’Ims vgogs ‟ mým`g gi gsorhtlr ‟ pmrm emylr prugbm `g im gsplktmkgh`m`g `gi cgkÿegkl, kls rgonmzíbmels m mogptmr ukm `gchkhohÿk. Im egsm rgolegkzmbm hkeg`hmtmegktg y kls `hotmbm ukm crmsg `g `log pmimbrms, gktgrmegktg kugvm.― ’Ltrms vgogs, hktgrruepåmels gi cgkÿegkl pmrm busomr plr kl`ls ehsels gi chk `g im crmsg, y kukom il gkolktríbmels.― ’Wk gjgepil: im egsm kls `mbm im `gchkhohÿk `g im Cg: ’Im Cg `hvhkhzm il qug gi sgkthehgktl kls rgvgim y...― ’X... quê< `hjl yl `g rgpgktg, `gtgkhgk`l im egshknm pmrm hepg`hr `gtgrehkmr gi `hotm`l: km`m eís qug trgs pmimbrms. Busqugels! Ehrmels ukls pmrm ils ltrls, rgcigjmels y qug`mels blquhmbgrtls. Chkmiegktg, rgsthtuhels m im egsm im ihbgrtm` `g elvhehgktls, y giim olkoiuyg trmkquhimegktg im crmsg: ’... im rmzÿk gxpihom.―=?3 ’Vlr eís dmkm qug tuvhèrmels qug ihehtmrkls mi pmpgi `g gxpgrhegktm`lrgs, kl kls grm plshbig pgremkgogr hk`hcgrgktgs m ims mchremohlkgs `g gsg hktgriloutlr ehstgrhlsl qug gxnhbåm g heplkåm su gxtrmým pgrslkmih`m` olk tmktl vhdlr g hk`gpgk`gkohm, supgrhlr m tl`ls kl`ls, plr il egkls gk im gxprgshÿk y gk im olkogktrmohÿk `g ims h`gms, kl rmrl gk ils `gsogrrmk`l pgrspgothvms `g qug om`m ukl olkcgsmbm `g bugkmcg kl nmbgr tgkh`l jmeís im hktuhäïl.―. ’Im ehsem egsm olepusl egil`åms. Ig lyÿ Cgihohgk @mvh` im gjgouohÿk y qug`ÿ gkomktm`l. Gktrg ltrms nmbåm: Im gsquhkm `g im Phgrrm gk gi Gspmohl1 im gsquhkm `gi emr1 im egil`åm `gi vhgktl1 im gsquhkm `gi smtèihtg iukmr1 im gsquhkm `g _mturkl, `g Júphtgr, `g Sgstm1 im M`lrmäïl, gto.―=?4 Cugrlk tmebhèk `hotm`ms oleukhomohlkgs eg`hmktg pmkom`ms vhbrm`ms, kl ym slbrg gi slminl, pgrl gk im prlphm egsm. @gspuès, cug gi iíphz `g On. Brukhgr, ngonl eè`hue gsorgvgktg, qug hktgrprgtÿ gi pgksmehgktl ìl Hkvhshbig vhshtmktg. Im ukm prgduktm clreuim`m plr Gudêkhl @gsku`ls: ]ug gs gi `gbgr< rgsplk`åm èi: ’Gi `gbgr gs gi smiu`l, plr ihbrg vlihäïl, `gi `gsthkl `gi sgr hktgihdgktg. Gi `gbgr gs prlplrohlkmi mi drm`l `gi hk`hvhùl, gk im drmk jgrmrquåm `hvhkm kgogsmrhm. @hdl kgogsmrhm, plrqug shgeprg im kgogsh`m` hepihom @hls.― Wkm olepmrmohÿk, pmrm `gchkhr im pigdmrhm: ’_uplkdmels uk sgr rgprgsgktm`l plr uk oårouil. Gsg sgr thgkg ukm vh`m hktgrkm y ukm vh`m gxtgrkm. _u vh`m gxtgrkm l hrrm`hmktg, l gxpmkshÿk `hvhkm, pmrtg `gi puktl qug gstí gk gi ogktrl y uitrmpmsm gi oårouil qug olrrgsplk`g mi chkhtl pmrm `hrhdhrsg mi hkchkhtl. Mnå gstí, plr il tmktl, im gigvmohÿk gk im vh`m. Olel rgihdhÿk motumi, sg iimem gsl, mi puktl `g vhstm `g im pigdmrhm, shepig msogksl pmrm @hls. _lk`mh gsms trgs pmimbrms, y pl`rèhs olkoiuhr olk im Ohgkohm.―

=?3

L sgm, gk crmkoès: ’Im cug `èhchg og qug hg sgkthegkt rèvîig gt im

rmhslk gxpihqug. ―

==4 | V í d h k m

Gk il Hkvhshbig ‟ Ièlk =?4

=86?

Sgr Gud. @gsku`ls1 ’Onlsgs `g i'mutrg elk`g―, píds. 82 m =6?.

==> | V í d h k m


=86?

Gi ehstgrhlsl hktgriloutlr `g Gudêkhl @gsku`ls kl sg `hl m olklogr. =?> Klutrls omsls, shk gebmrdl, sg emkhcgstmrlk, plr hktgreè`hl `g im egsm, pgrslkmih`m`gs hkvhshbigs mbsliutmegktg `gsolkloh`ms `g ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs, y su h`gkth`m` pu`l sgr plshthvmegktg vgrhchom`m. Cug, gktrg ltrls, gi omsl `g Mkmstíohm Vgrgiyduhkg, cmiigoh`m gk gi nlsphtmi `g Pmeblv (Rushm), gk klvhgebrg `g =>>4, y qug sg emkhcgstÿ gsplktíkgmegktg plr im egsm, gi `åmshduhgktg mi `g su eugrtg, gk =?8 omsm `gi _r. Kmrtzgcc, m uk drupl `g pgrslkms, ims oumigs ig `gsolkloåmk im gxhstgkohm. @gspuès cug Mbrmïl Cilrgkthkl, sli`m`l `g im ehihohm megrhomkm, eugrtl m 7 `g mdlstl `g =>40 gk Brllaihk (Gstm`ls Wkh`ls), qug sg oleukhoÿ gk _nmkaiyk, hsim `g Thdnt (Hkdimtgrrm), gi ehsel egs, hk`homk`l `g el`l oimråsshel su g`m`, su `hrgoohÿk, olk mbuk`mktgs pmrthouimrh`m`gs mogrom `g su vh`m pmsm`m. @g =06 ehkuohlsm hkvgsthdmohÿk rgsuitÿ olkstmtmrsg qug tl`ms gsms pmrthouimrh`m`gs grmk gxmotms. Ims prugbms `g h`gkth`m` lbtgkh`ms plrhktgreè`hl `g im egsm slk kuegrlsms1 euonms, shk gebmrdl, sh nmk pgr`h`l pmrm im pubihoh`m` y pmrm im Ohgkohm, gk vhrtu` `gi omríotgr `g hktheh`m`g mslohm`l m gsms emkhcgstmohlkgs. Euonms miems sgkshbigs rgoghme gxplkgr m im ourhlsh`m` púbihom gi sgorgtl `g sus mcghä÷gs y `g sus pm`gohegktls. Gi @r. Onmzmrmhk trmksehthÿ `ls oleukhomohlkgs `g gsm lr`gk mi Olkdrgsl `g Vmrås, `g =866, gk ils tèrehkls shduhgktgs:=0= ’@urmktg `hgz mýls, gk uk drupl cmehihmrm qug yl prgsh`åm, y ouyl eè`hue (eh nhjm Jlmkm) kl tgkåm eís `g trgog mýls oumk`l olegkzmrlk ims sgshlkgs, oleukhomels `g el`l eís smthscmotlrhl olk kugstrls mehdls `gi M`geís, pugs qug kls `hgrlk, slbrg im vh`m `gi Gspmohl, hkstruoohlkgs vmihlsms, olel rmrmegktg sg lbthgkg. Im prhegrm oleukhomohÿk, `g =3 `g emyl `g =>>>, vhým mi gkougktrl `gi drmk `lilr qug eg nubg omusm`l im pèr`h`m `g ehs `ls egjlrgs mehdls, cmiigoh`ls `ls egsgs mktgs, olk midukls `åms `g hktgrvmil ukl `gi ltrl. G_ im shduhgktg:. ’@gsgmråmhs lår ils cgsthvls oâkthols gktlkm`ls miií gkohem, oumk`l ukm miem qugrh`m y gspgrm`m nmog su rghkdrgssl gk gi euk`l `g ils Gspårhtus< @gsgmråmhs olktgepimr gi gspgotíouil `g im cgihoh`m` `g gsg kugvl gkougktrl< Ln! Kl`ls qug gxpgrhegktmels gsms migdråms, qugrråmels nmoèrlsims `hvh`hr. Vgrl my! plr què gs clrälsl qug sgm euonms vgogs kugstrm cgihoh`m` pgrturbm`m plr vugstrms trhstgzms< Oumk`l ukl `g vlsltrls sg nmiim vugitl pmrm gi pmås `g ims miems, gs kgogsmrhl qug sg gigvg plr gkohem `g ils sucrhehgktls tgrrgstrgs y `gspg`mog tl`ls ils imzls qug il prgk`mk m im Phgrrm. Km`m sgråm ompmz `gi rgtgkgr l gkom`gkmr plr eís thgepl1 sgegjmktg mi prhshlkgrl, m quhèk cug rgsthtuh`m im ihbgrtm`, mim-sg =?>

Gktgk`hgrlk ohgrtls oråthols pl`gr gxpihomr ims emkhcgstmohlkgs `g im omiig `g Bgmukg plr im tglråm `gi hkolksohgktg l subihehkmi `g ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs. _h, shk gebmrdl, midukls `g ils cgkÿegkls lbtgkh`ls pmrgog justhchqugk gsm gxpihomohÿk, gi olkjuktl `g ils ngonls ig gsompm olepigtmegktg. Nmy olktrm`hoohÿk crgougktg gktrg ims mprgohmohlkgs, ims lphkhlkgs, ils olklohehgktls `gi emkhcgstmktg y ils `g ils lpgrm`lrgs. =?8 Sgr gk Masmalc, ’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. HHH, 8, H, im rgprlùoohÿk `g ims motms y `g t l`ms ims phgzms rgcgrgktgs m gsls `ls omsls `g h`gkth`m`. Sgr tmebhèk gi omsl `g Iuhs Olkstmkt, ohtm`l plr Gud. @gsku`ls gk su lbrm ’M im rgongrong `gs `gsthkègs―, píd. 220. =06 Å`ge, píds. 0?4 m 006, Hbh`ge. =0= Sgr ’Rgsgknm `gi Olkdrgsl Gspårhtm y Gsphrhtumihstm― , `g =866, píds. =60 m =68. Gkolktrmr -sg-ïl tmebhèk, gk ims pídhkms ==6, =26 y =2= , oumtrl omsls `g h`gkthchomohÿk lbtgkh`ls olk im egsm.

==8 | V í d h k m


=86?

m ils kugvls nlrhzlktgs qug sgig `gsogrrme. Ln! Kl iilrèhs plr vugstrls omrls ihbgrm`ls, plrqug, trms nmbgr olkloh`l ims memrdurms `g im orhbm, olklogrèhs tmebhèk ims ùizurms `g ils nmogr m vgr.―. Ims egsms cugrlk olksuitm`ms plr mitms Hktgihdgkohms. Drmohms m giims, im _rm. X. `g Dhrmr`hk olkvgrsmbm olk Gspårhtus `g gsoli. Mudustl Smoqugrhg, gk ims ’Ehgttgs `g i'Nhstlhrg―, rgchgrg qug gk Jgrsgy hkhohÿ giim gk gsms príothoms tl`m im cmehihm `g Shotlr Nudl. @g gktrg ltrms, rgprlùohrgels gstm olelvg`lrm kmrrmthvm: ’Wkm klong, im egsm sligtrlu gi klebrg `g ukm eugrtm, shgeprg, shk gebmrdl, vhvm gk gi rgougr`l `g tl`ls ils qug miiå sg nmiimbmk... Grm hkmèhshbig im `gsolkchmkzm: km`hg nmbråm tgkh`l gi olrmjg l im lsm`åm `g gk kugstrm prgsgkohm trhpu`hmr slbrg gsg túeuil. Wkm ehsthchomäïl grm ym bhgk `hcåohi `m mèhthr, ehgktrms eís ukm hkcâehm! Im slspgonm sgråm `g så ehsem `gsprgzåvgi! Gi ngremkl hktgrrldÿ im ngremkm, qug surdåm `g im eugrtg pmrm olkslimr gi gxhihm`l1 im em`rg iilrmbm1 ukm gelohÿk hkgxprheåvgi lprheåm tl`ls ils olrmzlkgs1 yl sgktåm `hsthktmegktg im prgsgkohm `g mqugiim qug gi vgk`mvmi nubg mrrgbmtm`l. @lk`g gstmbm< Kls membm shgeprg< Grm cgihz< Giim smthscmoåm m tl`ms ims prgduktms, l rgsplk`åm qug ig grm `gcgsl rgsplk`gr. Im klong gsolimbm y kl`ls pgremkgoåmels miiå, olk gi miem prgsm m im hkvhshbig mpmrhäïl. Chkmiegktg, kls `hjl giim: ’M`hÿs!― y im egsm qug`ÿ hkeÿvhi.― @gspuès `g.im pmrth`m `g im _rm. @g Dhrmr`hk, gi drmk gxhihm`l olkthkuÿ gsls ehstgrhlsls gjgrohohls y ils olkshdkÿ gk euonls oum`grkls, qug gi _r. Omehiig Cimeemrhlk pu`l olepuismr, `g ils oumigs pubihoÿ midukls crmdegktls gk ’Mkkmigs Vlihthqugs gt Ihttèrmhrgs―, `g 4 `g emyl `g =>88. Mnå sg gkougktrm gi shduhgktg: ’Im _rm. Shotlr Nudl=02 y su nhjl Crmkälhs sg rgukåmk omsh shgeprg gk tlrkl m im egsm. Smoqugrhg y midukls ltrls kl sg mprlxhembmk shkl mitgrkmthvmegktg1 Nudl jmeís. Èi `gsgepgýmbm gi pmpgi `g sgorgtmrhl, gsorhbhgk`l, m im pmrtg, gk nljms `g pmpgi ils `hotm`ls `g im egsm. Gstm, olksuitm`m, mkukohmbm, dgkgrmiegktg, im prgsgkohm `g plgtms, mutlrgs `rmeíthols y ltrls pgrslkmjgs oèigbrgs, olel Elihîrg, _nmagspgmrg, Dmihigu, gto. Gk im emylråm `g ims vgogs, shk gebmrdl, oumk`l gkougstm`ls, gk iudmr `gi klebrg qug sg gspgrmbm, im egsm sligtrmvm il `g uk sgr hemdhkmrhl, olel gstg plr gjgepil, qug rgmpmrgoåm olk crgougkohm: ’im _lebrm `gi _gpuiorl―. Wk `åm, ils Gspårhtus ph`hgrlk qug ils hktgrrldmrmk gk vgrsl. Shotlr Nudl `goimrÿ qug kl smbåm heprlvhsmr olel rgpgkthstm y ph`hÿ qug cugrm mpimzm`m im sgshÿk. Gi `åm shduhgktg, tgkhgk`l Elihîrg `hotm`l su klebrg, gi mutlr `g ’Im Ièdgk`g `gs _hîoigs― rgohtlu ils shduhgktgs vgrsls: SHOPLR NWDL M ELIHÎRG=0?

Plh vhgux _nmagspgmrg ig ogstg, Plh quh quh,ù prîs `'Ltngiil, souiptmims ig rmemmssè slebrg Miogstg, Mstrg quh rgspigkuhhs sur uk `lubig nlrhzlk, Vlîtg mu Iluvrg, mronmkdg mu ohgi, ò drmk`g Elihîrg! Shsåtgtgim spigkih`g nlklrg ukm emhslk.

=02

Rgprlùoh`l plr ’Ig Jlurkmi―, `g 26 `g juihl `g =>88. M ils igotlrgs kl vgrsm`ls gk gi olklohehgktl `g im igkdum crmkogsm, tlemels im ihbgrtm` `g lcgrtmr, mukqug `gschd urm`m, m hehtmohÿk `g gstls gspiêk`h`ls vgrsls, olel `g ils qug vmk m sgduhrsg. =0?

=26 | V í d h k m


=86?

Eg tgk`rms-tú iæ nmut tg im emhk nlsphtmihîrg< ]ug im cugrm plur elå s'luvrg `mks ig dmzlk, Jg vlhs smks pgur im tlebg mux lebrgs ètgrkgiigs, Omr jg smiås qug ig olrps y trluvg ukg prhslk, Eís qug i‘âeg y trluvg `gs mhigs! _g gspgrm. Kl gs Elihîrg quhgk rgsplk`g, pgrl múk im ’_lebrm `gi _gpuiorl―1 y, gk vgr`m`, km`hg pug`g iggr gsm rgspugstm shk qug`mr emrmvhinm`l `g su hrÿkhom heplkêkohm: I'LEBRG @W _GVWIORG M SHOPLR NWDL

Gsprht quh vgux smvlhr ig sgorgt `gs tèkîbrgs, Gt quh, tgkmkt gk emhk ig tgrrgstrg cémebgmu, Shgks, curthc, m im títlks, `mks gk ils lebrgs cukîbrgs Orlongtgr i'heegksg tlebgmu! Rgktrg `mks tlk shigkog gt sluccig tgs onmk`giigs! Rgktrg `mks ogttg euht `lkt qugiqugs clhs tú slrs. I'lghi vhvmkt kg iht pms igs onlsgs ètgrkgiigs Vmr-`gssus i'èpmuig `gs elrts! Im igoohÿk grm råsph`m. Hk`hdkm`l olk im olkùotm `g ils Gspårhtus, Shotlr Nudl imrdlu gi oum`grkl y mbmk`lkÿ im smim. SHOPLR NWDL Im ELIHÎRG

Pú, qug `g _nmagspgmrg im emklpim gepuknmstg, X qug lpushstg m Ltgil gi tmohturkl Miogstg, Mstrl im rgspimk`gogr gk uk `úpihog nlrhzlktg, Xm gk gi Iluvrg, l gk gi ohgil, plgtm, mromkjl, ÿ Elihîrg! Nlkrlsm gs pmrm eå tu hkshdkg vhshtm. Gk gi gspmohl eg prgstmrís nlsphtmighrl muxhihl< _èmeg bmjl im rgivm im sgpuiturm mbhgrtm1 Gkomrl shk tgelr `g im gtgrkm slebrm im olvm, Vlrqug gk giim, bhgk sè, sg mprhshlkm gi ougrpl, @g mims shk gebmrdl gi miem sg m`lrkm. Im _LEBRM @GI _GVWIORL M SHOPLR NWDL

Gspårhtu qug im thkhgbim `gvmssmr prgtgk`gs, X qug, gi cmonl tgrrgstrg gepuknmk`l, mquå vhgkgs, Curthvl, im tmtgmr, gk gstms cukèrgms slebrms, Clrzmr `gi túeuil ils uebrmigs! Pg rgoldg mi shigkohl y blrrm gsm omk`ghm! Slivg m im klong, `g im oumi sÿil m gspmohls gegrdgs. =26 | V í d h k m


=86?

Kl pug`g gi nuemkl ehrmr iggr ims gtgrkms olsms @g ils eugrtls gk im gspíùm hkoihkm`l. Ims oleukhomohlkgs `hotm`ms plr im egsm, gk Jgrsgy ‟ olkoiuyg gi _r. Cimeemrhlk ‟ prgsgktmk ukm drmk gigvmohÿk `g pgksmehgktl y gspiêk`h`m igkdumjg. Gi mutlr `g ims ’Olktgepimä÷gs― orgyÿ shgeprg qug gk giims nmbåm ukm gkth`m` gxtgrhlr, hk`gpgk`hgktg `g èi, m vgogs múk nlsthi, qug olk èi `hsoutåm y il iimembm m im lr`gk. X shk gebmrdl, gxmehkík`lsg gsls trgs oum`grkls, cugrzm gs rgolklogr qug miiå gstí Shotlr Nudl, midukms vgogs múk Shotlr Nudl subiheg. Igjls `g eå im h`gm `g mousmr shquhgrm `g igvg kh Shotlr Nudl, kh Smoqugrhg, kh midukls `g ils mshstgktgs, `g nmbgr trmpmogm`l, `g nmbgr olksohgktgegktg gkdgk`rm`l crmsgs pmrm rgprlùohrims plr gi elvhehgktl `g im egsm. Gsl gstí cugrm `g ougsthÿk. Rgstmk, pugs, `ls nhpÿtgshs: l ukm moohÿk hkolksohgktg `gi Gspårhtu Shotlr Nudl, `g ukl l `g midukls `g ils mshstgktgs, l im prgsgkohm `g uk Gspårhtu hk`gpgk`hgktg.― Kl kls sgråm plshbig `hvh`hr `g im ngshtmäïl `gi _r. Cimeemrhlk gk cmz `g gsg prlbigem. Ils vgrsls `g im ’_lebrm `gi _gpuiorl― kl slk gi prlùotl `g Shotlr Nudl, pugs qug èi olk mktgimohÿk `goimrm ’kl sgpm heprlvhsmr― y zmkdm-sh olk im rgspugstm mitmkghrm y gsplktâkgm `gi Gspårhtu. _h kl gs mèhshbig qug sg tuvhgrm èi qugrh`l m så múk hkcihdhr ukm igoohÿk, gi rgspgtl qug ig vltmbmk múk egkls pgrehtg mtrhbuhr gsm hktgkohÿk m ims pgrslkms qug il ogrombmk. Mi `geís ‟ sg msgdurm ‟ èi jmeís gstmbm mi phg `g im egsm. Gk oumktl mi igkdumjg, kl livh`gels qug ils Gspårhtus kl m gepigmk gktrg så, pgrl sg oleukhomk shepigegktg plr gi pgksmehgktl. Giils kl sg uthihzmk `gi igkdumjg mrthouim`l shkl gk rgimohÿk olk klsltrls y shgeprg gk im clrem qug kls nmbhtumi. ]ug mèhrm qug drmk gigvmohÿk, olel pmrgog hktgriloutlr `g Shotlr Nudl, nmymgsqugrh`l nmbimr mi plgtm gkuk suGspårhtu prlphl `g igkdumjg< Oumiquhgrm ltrl gsthilginmbråm qug`m`l mbmjl `g ims ohroukstmkohms y `gi eg`hl. * Ils cgkÿegkls `g im egsm nmk trmå`l kuegrlsms m`ngshlkgs mi Gsphrhthsel. Im egsm qug sg grdug y sg eugvg, olk l shk olktmotl, y `hotm crmsgs heprgvhstms, heprgshlkm ils gsoèpthols, smou`g im hkorgùih`m`g. Vgrl ims olkvhoohlkgs kl sg chremk y olkslih`mk shkl oumk`l gi cgkÿegkl rgvhstg uk omríotgr hktgihdgktg y suehkhstrm prugbms `g h`gkth`m`. _hk gsl, im prhegrm heprgshÿk kl tmr`m m `hshpmrsg, y sg iigdm m gxpihomr gi ngonl plr ltrm olsm qug kl im hktgrvgkohÿk `g ilsGspårhtus. Ils ngonls purmegktg cåshols slk hepltgktgs pmrm prlùohr olkvhoohlkgs ùrm`grms. Gi prlphl prlcgslr Onmrigs Rhongt il rgolklog. Èi prgsgkohlu gk Ehiík, Rlem y Vmrås emkhcgstmohlkgs euy shdkhchomthvms1 susorhbhÿ hkclregs olkoiu`gktgs1 pgrl, im brgvg trmel, plr im cugrzm `gi níbhtl, rghkoh`g gk sus ngshtmä÷gs =00 `g mktmýl. @hog èi gk su `hsoursl prlcgrh`l gk =>88, gk im _lohg`m` Hkdigsm `g Hkvgsthdmohlkgs Vsåquhoms: ’Kugstrm olkvhoohÿk, gs `gohr, m `g ils nlebrgs qug lbsgrvmrlk, `gbgråm sgrvhr pmrm olkvgkogr ils ltrls1 mi olktrmrhl, shk gebmrdl, gs im olkvhoohÿk kgdmthvm `g ils qug km`m vugiomk, y km`m `gbgråmk `gohr, qug gkcimqugog y iigdm m `gstruhr im kugstrm.―

=00

’Rgvug _ohgkthchqu g gt Elrmig ù _phrhthseg―, =866, píd. 7=4.

=2= | V í d h k m


=86?

Mombmels `g vgr, gk ils omsls egkohlkm`ls, qug im egsm pug`g nmogrsg gi hkstruegktl `g Gspårhtus gehkgktgs. Gsls omsls slk bhgk rmrls. Gk im emylråm `g ims vgogs slk miems `g `èbhi hktgihdgkohm qug sg emkhchgstmk plr gsg prlogsl. _us oleukhomohlkgs slk dgkgrmiegktg prlsorhbíhs l múk drlsgrms y shk vmilr. Ehgktrms eís hkcgrhlr gs gi Gspårhtu, eís cíohi ig gs motumr slbrg ils lbjgtls emtgrhmigs. Ils Gspårhtus m`gimktm`ls sÿil gxogpohlkmiegktg sg shrvgk `g im egsm, gk cmitm `g ltrl eg`hl. Gi olktmotl y im emkhpuimohÿk `g ils ciuh`ls kgogsmrhls m ims emkhcgstmohlkgs `g gsg dèkgrl heplkgk uk olrrgotl olkstrmkdhegktl m ils Gspårhtus `g kmturmigzm gtèrgm y `gihom`m1 kl rmrl, pgrl, il mcgotl y slihohtu` qug kls vltmk igs nmogk supgrmr euonms `hchouitm`gs. Ims emkhcgstmohlkgs `g im egsm slk sÿil gi vgståbuil `gi Gsphrhthsel, ukm prgpmrmohÿk pmrm cgkÿegkls eís klbigs g hkstruthvls. Kl ls `gtgkdíhs gk ims gxpgrhgkohms cåshoms1 iugdl qug `g giims nmyíhs olinh`l il qug ls pug`gk suehkhstrmr olel ogrtgzm, prlourmh el`ls oleukhomohlkmigs eís pgrcgotls, susogtåvghs `g olkùohrls mi vgr`m`grl olklohehgktl `gi sgr y `g sus `gsthkls.

SHHH - Gsorhturm @hrgotm l Vsholdrmchm - Gsorhturm Eg`húkhom Im gsorhturm gs tmebhèk ukl `g ils eg`hls plr ils oumigs ils sgrgs qug memels gk gstg euk`l pug`gk oleukhomrsg olk klsltrls y trmksehthrkls sus pgksmehgktls. @ls slk ims clrems qug rgvhstg: gsorhturm `hrgotm, l psholdrmchm, y gsorhturm eg`húkhom. @g gsls `ls el`ls `g emkhcgstmohÿk, im psholdrmchm gs ohgrtmegktg gi eís sgdurl, gi eís cíohi `g chsomihzmr -puktl sg. Vug`g prlùohrsg Gi eè`hue pgremkgog gkcgk gstm`l klremi, gxtrmýl su s pgouihmrh`m`gs, `g pmrgogr qug gk klpigkm thgkg iuz. im eåkhem hktgrvgkohÿk gk gi ÿegkl. Olilom`ms midukms nljms`g pmpgi m gk ukm omjm l gk ukm dmvgtm ogrrm`ms m im iimvg, l múk gktrg mr`ÿshms `lbigs, memrrm`ms y imorm`ms, mi sgmk rgthrm`ms midúk thgepl `gspuès, slk gkolktrm`ms gsorhturms, chrem`ms olk ils klebrgs `g pgrslkms cmiigoh`ms. Ils thgepls el`grkls, gi Bmrïl `g Dui`gkstubbè cug gi prhegrl qug iimeÿ im mtgkohÿk púbihom pmrm gsm =07 lr`gk `g ngonls, olk su ihbrl ’Im rèmihtè `gs Gsprhts gt ig pnèkleîkg `g igur èorhturg `hrgotg―. _hk gi olkoursl `g pgrslkm midukm, shgk`l èi prlphl hkù`mbigegktg eè`hue, lbtuvl, gk vmrhm`åsshems olk`hohlkgs, kuegrlsls egksmjgs gsorhtls. _us eís kltmbigs gxpgrhgkohms cugrlk gcgotum`ms gk gi Iluvrg, gk gi Eusgl `g Sgrsmings, gk im bmsåihom `g _mhkt-@gkhs, gk im mbm`åm `g Tgstehkstgr, gk Brhthsn Eusgue y gk `hvgrsms hdigshms lelkuegktls, gk ruhkms, `g Crmkohm, `g Migemkhm y `g Hkdimtgrrm. Gktrg ims tgsthdls `g gsls ngonls ohtm èi gi _r. @gimemrg, rg`motlr-jgcg `g ’Im Vmtrhg―1 Orlhssgimt, rg`motlr `gi ’Wkhvgrsl―1 R. @mig Lwgk, Imolr`mhrg, ngremkl `gi drmk`g lrm`lr, gi nhstlrhm`lr @g Blkkgonlsg, gi Vråkohpg Iglpli`l`g Dmihtzhk, gi Rgvgrgk`l T. Eluktclrt, ouyl tgsthelkhl m gsg rgspgtl cug pubihom`l plr gi ’Png _phrhtumihst―, 2= `g `hohgebrg `g =>44.. Gi bmrïl olilombm midukms nljms `g su prlphl oum`grkl gk iudmrgs louitls, shk iíphogs kh olsm midukm qug shrvhgrm pmrm gsorhbhr. _g migjmbm midukls pmsls, shk pgr`gr `g vhstm uk sÿil hkstmktg gi lbjgtl `g im gxpgrhegktmohÿk, y `gspuès rgthrmbm gi pmpgi, gk qug sg nmiimbmk gsorhtls egksmjgs hktgihdåvghs. =07

Igyemrhg, g`htlr, =>74.

=22 | V í d h k m


=86?

Gi vliuegk gs molepmým`l `g trghktm cmo-såehigs `g psholdrmchms mså lbtgkh`ms y gsoldh`ms gktrg eís `g `lsohgktls gspèohegs gk vghktg igkdums `hcgrgktgs. Gk ohgrtls omsls, `hspugstms slbrg egsms l gk gi sugil nljms `g pmpgi y iíphz, bmjl ims vhstms `g ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs grduhm-sh gi iíphz, olel gepuknm`l plr emkl hkvhshbig, y trmzmbm omrmotgrgs. Midukms vgogs, sg vgåm gsm emkl duhmr y `hrhdhr ils elvhehgktls `gi iíphz1 klutrms, pmrgog im gsorhturm sgr gi rgsuitm`l `g ukm moohÿk quåehom. Gk su ihbrl ’Hkvgsthdmohlkgs slbrg ils cgkÿegkls `gi Gsphrhtumihsel―, píd. =7>, T. Orllags ohtm vmrhls gjgepils `g psholdrmchm: ’Eg nmbåm sgktm`l ogrom `g im eè`hue, im _rtm. Clx, y ims ltrms úkhoms pgrslkms prgsgktgs grmk eh eujgr y ukm `g sus pmrhgktms. Xl emktgkåm ims `ls emkls `g im eè`hue gk ukm `g ehs, ehgktrms sus phgs `gsomksmbmk slbrg ils eåls. Wkm nljm `g pmpgi nmbåm sh`l olilom`m slbrg im egsm, `gimktg `g kl`ls, y olk im emkl qug yl olksgrvmbmihbrg oldåm uk iíphz. Wkm emkl iuehklsm `gsogk`hÿ `gi tgonl `gi smiÿk y, trms nmbgr ciltm`l midukls sgduk`ls ogrom `g eå, eg tleÿ gi iíphz `g im emkl, gsorhbhÿ ríph`megktg gk im nljm `g pmpgi, thrÿ gi iíphz, `gspuès sg gigvÿ plr gkohem `g kugstrms ombgzms, pgr`hèk`lsg plol m plol gk im lbsourh`m`g.― Masmalc, gk ’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel― (omp. H, B), ohtm `hvgrsls omsls gk qug emkls `g Gspårhtus emtgrhmihzm`ls gsorhbgk bmjl ims vhstms `g ils mshstgktgs. Mquå gstík ngonls eís rgohgktgs, lbtgkh`ls gk im mi`gm `g @luony (Klrtg) y prgsgktm`ls mi Olkdrgsl Gspårhtm `g Vmrås, `g =866, plr gi @r. @usmrt:=03 ’Gi `åm 0 `g emrzl `g =>8>, m eè`hue Emrhm @., rl`gm`m `g ohkol pgrslkms, hk`hom ukm shiim vmoåm, gk im oumi `hog vgr gi Gspårhtu Mdkgs, suym prhem, cmiigoh`m nmog euonls mýls, gktrgth`l m gsorhbhr gk pg`mzls `g pmpgi rgolrtm`ls gk clrem `g olrmzÿk. Wk elegktl `gspuès, tl`ls ils mshstgktgs vgk ukm emkl `gplkgr slbrg im egsm uk pmolthknl olktgkhgk`l ohkol olrmzlkgs `g pmpgi, gk uk `g ils oumigs gstmbm gsorhturm ukm pgqugým pigdmrhm. Gi _r. y im _rm. K., pm`rgs `g Mdkgs, rgolklogk im gsorhturm `g su nhjm y sg `gsnmogk gk iídrhems. Gk ltrm sgshÿk sg vhl, `ls vgogs sgduh`ms, ukm pgkm olilom`m slbrg im egsm grdugr-sh, gsorhbhr plr så ehsem `ls iåkgms y vlivgr m im prhehthvm plshohÿk.― * Klutrls omsls, gs slbrg im mr`ÿshm qug slk trmzm`ms ims oleukhomohlkgs `hrgotms. Wkm lbsgrvmohÿk mquå sg heplkg. G_ smbh`l qug ohgrtms rm`hmohlkgs gjgrogk moohÿk `hsslivgktg slbrg ils ciuh`ls. Wkm iuz `gemshm`l vhvm, im chjmohÿk `g ils ehrgs mi puktl gk qug sg prlùogk ims gxpgrhgkohms pug`gk pmrmihzmr im cugrzm psåquhom y olksthtuhr lbstíouils m ims emkhcgstmohlkgs, ehgktrms qug im lbsourh`m`g ims cmvlrgog. Gstm, shk gebmrdl, nmog eís `hcåohi im vgrhchomohÿk y `hsehkuyg gi vmilr `g ils rgsuitm`ls lbtgkh`ls. G_ prgohsl, plr il tmktl, m giim rgourrhr gi egkls plshbig, smivl gk gi qug sg rgchgrg m ils cgkÿegkls iuehklsls, qug shk im lbsourh`m`g kl pl`råmk lourrhr. =03

Sgr ’Rgsgknm `gi Olkdrgsl Gspårhtm y Gsphrhtumihstm― , `g =866, píd. =>3.

=2? | V í d h k m


=86?

Ims gxpgrhgkohms `g gsorhturm gk mr`ÿshm lcgrtmk im prgohlsm vgktmjm `g pl`grsg rgmihzmr gk pigkm iuz y sgr slegth`ms m ukm sgvgrm chsomihzmohÿk, mi thgepl qug rgúkgk ims olk`hohlkgs eís cmvlrmbigs m im prgpmrmohÿk `g ils cgkÿegkls. Ims mr`ÿshms, olk gcgotl, mpihom`ms ukm olktrm im ltrm, olksthtuygk, olk sus cmogs hktgrhlrgs, ukm oíemrm olepigtmegktg lbsourm, sgegjmktg m im oíemrm lsourm `g ils cltÿdrmcls y, plr gsl múk, euonåshel prlphm m im moohÿk ciuå`hom. Gk tl`ms ims gxpgrhgkohms qug vmels m egkohlkmr, ims mr`ÿshms grmk kugvms, ihephms `g oumigsquhgr omrmotgrgs, oleprm`ms y trmå`ms plr ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs1 euonms vgogs, m chk `g gvhtmr midukm susthtuohÿk crmuùigktm, sh igsplkåm ukm emrom sgorgtm. Grmk, l cugrtgegktg memrrm`ms, l imorm`ms y omrhebm`ms, l nmstm, olel gk gi omsl `g im _rm. I. Mk`rgws y T. Vgtty, sÿih`megktg mtmrrmxm`ms ukm m im ltrm. Gk gsms olk`hohlkgs, mpmrgogk egksmjgs gsorhtls gk gi hktgrhlr `g tmigs mr`ÿshms, qug sg kl pgr`hgrlk `g vhstm uk sÿil hkstmktg. M vgogs, múk ims emkls `g ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs kl ims mbmk`lkmk. Omsls nmy tmebhèk gk qug kh gi eè`hue, kh oumiquhgrm `g ils mshstgktgs tlom shquhgrm gk ims mr`ÿshms. Olilomk`l uk pg`mzl `g iíphz gk gi hktgrvmil vmoål, sg lyg, tl`l thgepl qug ùrm gi cgkÿegkl, gi rmkdgr `g gsg iíphz slbrg im ilsm y gi ruh`l omrmotgråsthol qug sg prlùog oumk`l sg plkg gi puktmjg l oumk`l sg olrtmk ils "tês". Bmjl gi tåtuil ’Vsyonldrmpny―, _tmhktlk Elsgs (Lxlk) gsorhbhÿ, mogrom `g ils cgkÿegkls `g im gsorhturm gk mr`ÿshm, ukm lbrm euitl `louegktm`m, gk qug rgchgrg kuegrlsls omsls plr èi múk lbsgrvm`ls gk uk pgrhl`l `g `hgz mýls1 m gsls ngonls vhgkgk m mým`hrsg ltrls `g im ehsem kmturmigzm, prgsgkohm`ls y mtgstm`ls plr hkvgsthdm`lrgs kl egkls sgrhls. Mnå sg gkougktrmk l `g lbsgrvm`lrgs gsoèpthols, gk ouyltgsthelkhls kúegrl gi oligothvls mutlr ohtm prlvgkhgktgs euonms vgogs`gilskltmbigs klebrgspgrslkmih`m`gs `gi'_uiihvmk, ehkhstrl `g Gstm`ls Wkh`ls gk im Olrtg `g Vlrtudmi, gi Olksgjgrl Pnhgrson, gi prlcgslr `g @grgonl Orhehkmi Tmon1 ils prlcgslrgs Zlgiikgr, Cgonkgr, Tgbgr y _onghbkgr, `g im Wkhvgrsh`m` `g Ighpzhd1 Nmrrhslk, rg`motlr-jgcg `gi ’Png _phrhtumihst―, `g Ilk`rgs1 Rlbgrt @mig Lwgk, ehkhstrl `g Gstm`ls Wkh`ls gk Kípligs, gto. =04 Nmbhgk`l sh`l gk su emylråm rgprlùoh`ls gsls ngonls gk `hvgrsls pgrhÿ`hols y vugitms m vgr, `g giils kl ohtmrgels eís qug uk ihehtm`l kúegrl.

_grdgmkt Olx, prgsh`gktg `g im _lohg`m` Vsholiÿdhom `g Drmk Brgtmým, `goimrm nmbgr lbtgkh`l `hvgrsls egksmjgs gk mr`ÿshm olk gi olkoursl `gi eè`hue _im`g. Ng mnå mquå uk gxtrmotl `g su tgsthelkhl: ’_im`g mplymbm ims emkls gk im egsm y tl`l su ougrpl gstmbm bmjl ehs vhstms, `g im ombg äm m ils phgs. Pleÿ im mr`ÿshm, qug yl nmbåm ouh`m`lsmegktg hkspgoohlkm`l, pmrm msgdurmreg `g qug gk giim khkdúk trmzl `g gsorhturm gxhståm, y, oliloík`lig uk crmdegktl `g iíphz, im mpihoÿ olktrm im cmz hkcgrhlr `g im tíbum `g im egsm. Gk gi ehsel hkstmktg lå uk ruh`l olel sg gstuvhgrmk gsorhbhgk`l gk im mr`ÿshm.. Pgkhgk`l midukms pmkom`ms ríph`ms hk`hom`l qug gstmbm tgrehkm`m im gsorhturm, cug rgthrm`m im mr`ÿshm y, gktlkogs, pu`hels iggr im oleukhomohÿk shduhgktg, gsorhturm gk omrmotgrgs kåth`ls y olrrgotmegktg `hspugstls:

=04

Sgr prhkohpmiegktg: ’Png _phrhtumihst―, `g Ilk`rgs, `g 2= `g sgpthgebrg `g =>441 ’Ihdnt―, `g ? `g cgbrgrl `g =8661 Rgvug _phrhtg―, `g Vmrås, kúegrls `g jukhl m sgpthgebrg, klvhgebrg y `hohgebrg `g =866. Sgr tmebhèk Gud. @gsku`ls, ’Onlsgs `g i'mutrg elk`g―, píds. ??? y ??3.

=20 | V í d h k m


=86?

’Omrl _grdgmkt, gstu`híhs uk msuktl qug egrgog tl`m vugstrm mtgkohÿk. Gi nlebrg qug iigdm m orggr gk gstm vgr`m` sg nmog egjlr, gk im emylråm `g ils omsls. Pmi gs kugstrl lbjgthvl, oumk`l vlivgels m im Phgrrm, hepgih`ls plr gi `gsgl `g nmogr ils nlebrgs eís olksohgktgs y eís purls.― Gi rgvgrgk`l J. _mvmdg, prgdm`lr `g klebrm`m, ohtm gi tgsthelkhl `g uk su mehdl, rmbhkl ju`ål, gsoèpthol mogrom `g im plshbhih`m` `g oleukhomr olk uk ltrl euk`l. ’Pgkåm èi h`l m vgr uk eè`hue `g Onhomdl, eukh`l `g uk pmsmjg qug nubg `hrhdh`l m su pm`rg, cmiigoh`l midukls mýls mktgs gk Migemkhm, y qug nubg rg`motm`l gk migeík, gk omrmotgrgs ngbrmhols, m chk `g hepg`hr qug gi eè`hue, plr uk eg`hl oumiquhgrm, `gsoubrhgrm `gi qug plshbigegktg sg trmtmbm. Oliloÿ gi pmsmjg gktrg `ls mr`ÿshms, qug memrrlu sÿih`megktg, y ims prgk`hÿ m ukm iâepm`m suspgksm qug nmbåm plr gkohem `g im egsm gk qug gstmbmk sgktm`ls. Cug gk gstms olk`hohlkgs qug, mi mbrhr ims mr`ÿshms mi chk `g uk hkstmktg, gkolktrÿ ukm rgspugstm m su pmsmjg, chrem`m plr su pm`rg y tmebhèk gsorhturm gk migeík olk omrmotgrgs ngbrmhols.― Midukms vgogs, ils omrmotgrgs trmzm`ls gk im mr`ÿshm slk tmk pgqugýlsqug sÿil pug`gk sgr igå`ls olk gi muxhihl `g ukm igktg `g clrtåsshel drm`l. Ils omrmotgrgs `hchgrgk, olkclreg ims gkth`m`gs qug sg oleukhomk, y gi thpl `g om`m gsorhturm sg olksgrvm ukhclreg ùrmktg tl`l gi oursl `g ims gxpgrhgkohms, plr imrdl qug sgm. Kl slimegktg gi omríotgr `g im gsorhturm sg emkthgkg olkstmktg, pgrl ils egksmjgs rgvgimk im prgsgkohm `g ukm hk`hvhùmih`m`g olksohgktg, qug `goimrm nmbgr vhvh`l gk im Phgrrm, gk im olk`hohÿk nuemkm. Giims thgkgk su lrhdhkmih`m`, gk im clrem y gk gi clk`l1 ims Hktgihdgkohms sg `hsthkdugk oimrmegktg ukms `g ims ltrms plr sus oleukhomohlkgs, olel sg `hsthkdugk `gi eè`hue. Ohgrtls egksmjgs, lbtgkh`ms gk prgsgkohm `g _im`g, `g Elkoa l Tmtahks, cugrlk gsorhtms gk drhgdl mkthdul y el`grkl, gk gspmýli, plrtuduès, rusl, sugol, nlimk`ès, migeík, írmbg y onhkl. Lrm, tl`ms ims tgsthdls mtgstme qug kh ukl kh ltrl `g gsls eè`huks olkloåmk tmigs igkdums. Vlr gsl múk nmbåm heplshbhih`m` `g slspgonmr `g su pmrtg gi eåkhel crmu`g. Rlbgrt @mig Lwgk, gxpgrhegktmk`l olk _im`g, nmbåm olilom`l slbrg sus prlphms rl`hiims, gk pigkm iuz, ukm mr`ÿshm oubhgrtm olk ukm nljm `g pmpgi. Wkm emkl ciuå`hom, sgegjmktg m im `g qug nmbim Thiihme Orllags, y vgkh`m `g bmjl im egsm, mpmrgohÿ y trmzÿ ukm oleukhomohÿk gk gsm nljm `g pmpgi:. ’Im emkl sg msgegjmbm gk tl`l m im `g ukm eujgr, gk eírelrg, y tgkåm `g`ls `gihom`ls. @gstmombm -sh vhshbigegktg y tgrehkmbm gk vmplr mi khvgi `gi puýl. Olegkzÿ m gsorhbhr y olkthkuÿ, m eh vhstm, ùrmktg `ls l trgs ehkutls. Gksgduh`m rgsbmiÿ ùiogegktg bmjl im egsm. Ohkol ehkutls `gspuès, ukm sgduk`m emkl, egklr qug im prhegrm, vhkl, m su turkl, gsorhbhr y `gsmpmrgohÿ olel im prgog`gktg. Gi prhegr egksmjg, gk hkdiès, gstmbm chrem`m olk gi klebrg `g im cmiigoh`m eujgr `gi @r. _im`g1 im úithem gstmbm gsorhturm gk drhgdl.―=0> Khkdukl `g gsls cgkÿegkls pl`råm sgr olksh`grm`l ukm miuohkmäïl, pugs qug om`m vgz im gsorhturm pgremkgog olel prugbm hrrgousívgi `g im moohÿk `g ils Gspårhtus. @g eís gxtgksm oleukhomohÿk rgohbh`m gk mr`ÿshm gs m qug gi _r. Lwgk, rg`motlr `gi ’Dli`gk Dmtg―, lbtuvl m 20 `g `hohgebrg `g =>82 olk gi olkoursl `gi eè`hue Gvmks. _g gxtgk`åm giim plr omtlrog mr`ÿshms `lbigs, memrrm`ms y imorm`ms, qug qug`mrlk gktgrmegktg gsorhturms gk uk oumrtl `g nlrm, y sg oleplkåm `g

=0>

Lxlk, ’Vsyonldrmpny―, omp. HH, trmùoohÿ k @usmrt. Sgr t mebhèk ’Png _phrhtumih st―, =>43, HH, píd. =32, olk gi cmo -såehig `g im

=27 | V í d h k m


=86?

gsorhturm

=23 | V í d h k m


=86?

uk ehiimr `g pmimbrms. =08 Wkl ltrl pgrhl`hstm, rg`motlr `gi ’Ihdnt―, lbtuvl, plr gi ehsel prlogsl, uk egksmjg `g su cmiigoh`l pm`rg, gk `hgz olilrgs `hcgrgktgs. Ims mr`ÿshms sg olksgrvmrlk ogrrm`ms gktrg sus emkls. @urmktg tl`l gi thgepl `g im gxpgrhgkohm, olkvgrsmbm èi olk gi eè`hue y ig `gsvåm im mtgkohÿk pmrm vmrhls msuktls. Om`m iåkgm `g im oleukhomohÿk gs `g uk olilr `hsthkduh`l, kl gsorhturm l phktm`m, pgrl olel prgohphtm`m, plr eg`hls qug gsompmk mi mkíihshs.=76 Gk Crmkohm, gi @r. Vmui Dhbhgr, prgpmrm`lr `gi Eusgl, gstu`hÿ euy pmrthouimregktg gi cgkÿegkl `g im gsorhturm `hrgotm. Gk trghktm y trgs sgshlkgs, lbtuvl èi gk Vmrås, gi mýl `g =>>3, olk gi olkoursl `gi eè`hue _im`g, egksmjgs, gk mr`ÿshms `lbigs y ogrrm`ms, gk `hcgrgktgs igkdums, midukms `g ims oumigs `gsolkloh`ms `gi eè`hue. _g gkougktrm im rgprlùoohÿk cltldríchom `g gsls egksmjgs gk im lbrm `gi @r. Dhbhgr, ’Gsphrhthsel l Cmquhrhsel Looh`gktmi―. Gk gsms gxpgrhgkohms, gi eè`hue plkåm shepigegktg im gxtrgeh`m` `g ils `g`ls slbrg ims mr`ÿshms pmrm trmksehthr im cugrzm psåquhom. Wkm vgz, ims mr`ÿshms ig cugrlk olilom`ms slbrg im ombgzm, m im vhstm `g tl`ls. Mi Olkdrgsl Gspårhtm `g Vmrås, gk =866, gi prlcgslr Elutlkkhgr prgsgktÿ mr`ÿshms gk qug gstmbmk gsorhtls egksmjgs `g su cmiigoh`m nhjm. Gsm emkhcgstmohÿk sg nmbåm prlùoh`l gk Meèrhom, gk omsm `g ims ngremkms Bmkds. Gi prlcgsmr grm olepigtmegktg `gsolkloh`l gk gsg pmås y ils eè`huks il vgåmk plr prhegrm vgz. Èi kl pgr`hÿ `g vhstm ims mr`ÿshms, qug kl sucrhgrlk gi eåkhel olktmotl. Im gsorhturm gs h`èkthom m im qug gk im Phgrrm usmbm im _rtm. Elutlkkhgr.=7= Ils cgkÿegkls `g gsorhturm `hrgotm, mukqug crgougktgs, slk gs pgrl gk dgkgrmihzm`ms kúegrl plr ils im gsorhturm eg`húkhom. Im cmouitm` `g ils eè`huks gsorgvgktgs ukmgxog`h`ls `g ims eís y m`gqug prgsgktm ils eís vmrhm`lsmspgotls. Nmbhgk`l pmrgoh`l `gemshm`l igktl m olrrgotls gxpgrhegktm`lrgs gi prlogsl `g ims oleukhomohlkgs plr eg`hl `g pmkom`ms, hemdhkmrlk giils im olkstruoohÿk `g mpmrmtls gspgohmigs, olel gi oum`rmktg l im prmkongtm `g gsorhbhr,=72 m chk `g cmohihtmr ims emkhcgstmohlkgs. Midukms pgrslkms tuvhgrlk im h`gm `g susthtuhrsg giims prlphms m oumiquhgr mpmrmtl. Plemk`l `g uk iíphz, sg mbmk`lkmrlk mi hepuisl gxtgrhlr y rgohbhgrlk oleukhomohlkgs, `g qug kl tgkåmk olkohgkohm, y qug pmrgoåm prlvgkdmk `g Gspårhtus `g pgrslkms cmiigoh`ms. Kl tmr`mrme, shk gebmrdl, m surdhr kuegrlsms `hchouitm`gs. Mktgs `g tl`l, sg rgolklohÿ qug gi mutlemthsel `g im emkl qug gsorhbg kl olksthtuyg, sÿil plr så, uk cgkÿegkl gspårhtm. Ims gxpgrhgkohms `g Durkgy y Eygrs, gk Hkdimtgrrm, mogrom `g im gsorhturm `g ils slkâebuils `gsphgrtls, ims `g ils _rs. Vhgrrg Jmkgt, Cgrrè, @r. Bhkgt, gto., gk Crmkohm, `gelstrmrlk qug sg pug`g prlvlomr im gsorhturm mutleíthom gk uk sgkshthvlplr eg`hl `g im sudgrgkohm y `mr m gsg cgkÿegkl tl`ms ims mpmrhgkohms `g im eg`hukh`m`g. _gkshthvls nhpklthzm`ls rgohbåmk `g ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs lr`gk `g rgprgsgktmr, mi `gspgrtmr, tmi l tmi pgrslkmjg, gsorhbhr ÿr`gkgs, `hotm`ls, rgcgrgktgs mi pmpgi qug igs grm hepugstl. Nmbhèk`lsg im sudgrgkohm rgmihzm`l gxmotmegktg, shk gi eís pgqugýl cmiil, olkoiuyÿ gi _r. Vhgrrg Jmkgt, y olk èi ltrls smbhls, qug nmbåmk `gsoubhgrtl gk im moohÿk plst-nhpkÿthom im gxpihomohÿk `g tl`ls ils cgkÿegkls `g gsorhturm eg`húkhom. Ils eè`huks ‟ `hjgrlk giils ‟ sg sudgsthlkme m så ehsels, l gktlkogs rgohbgk ukm sudgrgkohm gxtgrhlr.

=08 =76

Grky ‟ ’Ig Vsyonhseg Gxpèrhegktmi―, píd. 76. Sgr ’Elkhtgur _phrhtg gt Emdkèthqug―, Vmrås, =7 `g juihl `g =>88.

=24 | V í d h k m

Gk il Hkvhshbig ‟ Ièlk =7=

=86?

Sgr im ’Rgsgknm `gi Olkdrgsl Gspårhtm y Gsphrhtumihstm―, `g =866, píd. 26=, y ’Mkkmigs `gs _oågkogs Vsyonhqugs―, `g =>8> ils cmo-såehigs `g im gsorhturm gk mr`ÿshm y `g im _rtm. Elutlkkhgr. =72 Sgr =ª Vmrtg, omp. ^.

, olk

=2> | V í d h k m


=86?

Ltrls, olel Pmhkg y gi prlcgslr Cilurkly, mtrhbuygk ims oleukhomohlkgs m im hkciugkohm `g im pgrslkmih`m` sgouk`mrhm, gs `gohr, `g uk sgduk`l ’yl― subolksohgktg, l ’subihehkmi― qug igs pmrgog gxhsthr gk kl`ls, qug gk ils omsls `g eg`hukh`m`g sg susthtuhråm m im pgrslkmih`m` klremi, pmrm motumr slbrg gi pgksmehgktl y im emkl `gi sgkshthvl. Im gsms `hchouitm`gsolkvhgkg mým`hr múk im moohÿk tgigpíthom `g ils vhvls, m im `hstmkohm, y im trmksehshÿk `gi pgksmehgktl. Olel sg vg, gi cgkÿegkl `g im gsorhturm eg`húkhom sg prgk`g m ils eís `gihom`ls prlbigems `g im pgrslkmih`m` y `g im olkohgkohm, m ils gstm`ls mklremhs `gi miem, olksh`grm`m gk sus eúithpigs emkhcgstmohlkgs. _lk morgg`lrgs `g kugstrl rgolklohehgktl ils smbhls qug gstu`hmrlk gsls olepigjls prlbigems. _us hkvgsthdmohlkgs kls suehkhstrmrlk prgohlsms hk`homohlkgs, qug pgrehtgk gihehkmr `gi `lehkhl `g ims hkvgsthdmohlkgs psåquhoms ohgrtms omusms `g grrlr. Vgrl kl pl`råmels mogptmr sus olkoiushlkgs, tmk gxmdgrm`ms gk su gxoiushvhsel olel ims `g ils orgygktgs prlpgksls m vgr gk tl`ls ils cgkÿegkls im hktgrvgkohÿk `g ils sgrgs `gi ltrl euk`l. Hk eg`hl stmt vgrhtms. @gtgrehkm`ms ims omusms `gi grrlr y ouh`m`lsmegktg sgpmrm`ls ils ngonls qug m giims sg prgk`gk, vgrgels qug rgstm uk drmk kúegrl `g emkhcgstmohlkgs mbsliutmegktg hkgxpihoívghs plr ims tglråms `g kugstrls olktrm`htlrgs. Pmigs slk ils `hotm`ls qug olkoiuygk h`gms gktgrmegktg heprgvhstms, gk lplshohÿk m ims `g ils mshstgktgs, y ils qug slk gsorhtls gk igkdums `gsolkloh`ms `g ils eè`huks. G_ prgohsl rgolr`mr, m`geís `g gsl, ims oleukhomohlkgs lbtgkh`ms plr khýls `g thgrkm g`m`, mså olel ims rgspugstms ohgktåchoms y hitgrmrhms `m`ms im pgrslkms `g el`l midúk vgrsm`ms gk tmigs emtgrhms1 `gspuès ils mutÿdrmcls y ims chrems `g pgrslkms cmiigoh`ms, rgprlùoh`msegoíkhomegktg plr eè`huks qug jmeís ims olklohgrlk y qug khkdúk gsorhtl `g su puýl nmbåmk vhstl. Gi ehsel sg mpihom m ims oleukhomohlkgs trhvhmigs y drlsgrms, lbtgkh`ms gk drupls nlkgstls, ims oumigs `geugstrmk im hktgrvgkohÿk `g ukm Hktgihdgkohm gxtrmým. Kl sg pl`råm, plr gjgepil, mtrhbuhr m im sudgrgkohm im pmimbrm ’nhstÿrhom―, qug Gspårhtus mtrmsm`ls sg `hvhgrtgk m `hotmr plr im egsm l plr gi iíphz. Olkvhgkg kltmr qug kl nmy vgr`m`grm olrrgimohÿk gktrg gi mutlemthsel `g ils sgkshthvls nhpklthzm`ls y im moohÿk `gi eè`hue gsorgvgktg. Gstg kl rgohbhÿ prgvhmegktg khkdukm hkciugkohm nhpkÿthom1 kl cug buogm`l gk gi sugýl y sg emkthgkg gk im plsgshÿk olepigtm `g su ihbrg-mrbåtrhl y dmkm. Vug`g rgpgihr, sh il quhshgrm, ims hksphrmohlkgs qug rgohbg y rgonmzmrsg m tl`m ollpgrmohÿk1 ehgktrms qug gi sgkshthvl nhpklthzm`l sg nmiim múk, `gspuès `gi `gspgrtmr, bmjl gi hepgrhl `gi sudgsthlkm`lr y sublr`hkm su dmkm m im `g èi. _gråm hkompmz `g subtrmhr-sh m su moohÿk, ehgktrms qug gi eè`hue motúm `g pigkl y prlphl drm`l y prgstm vliuktmrhmegktg gi ogrgbrl y im emkl, olk ehrms m ils rgsuitm`ls qug sg prgtgk`gk. Ltrm olksh`grmohÿk: gi sgkshthvl nhpklthzm`l sÿilgsg plkg gk príothom im sudgrgkohm gk gi slk iåehtg rgstrhotl mpthtu`gs y `g sus olklohehgktls klremigs. Vlr elthvl su igkdumjg y sus gsorhtls shgeprg `g`g ukmsus mombruknm`lrm bmkmih`m`g, gktgrmegktg `gsthtuh`ls `g ims prugbms `g h`gkth`m` y `g ims rgvgimohlkgs gsplktâkgms qug olksthtuygk tl`l gi eèrhtl `g ims oleukhomohlkgs gsphrhtumigs. Smkmegktg sg nmy `g sudgrhr m uk sgkshthvl shk hkstruoohÿk qug èi gs gsorhtlr l plgtm1 km`m prlùohrí `g lrhdhkmi kh `g kltmbig. Gi ehsel kl molktgog m ils eè`huks, ouyls `hotm`ls uitrmpmsmk euonms vgogs im gscgrm `g su smbgr g hktgihdgkohm. _g nmk vhstl múk oleukhomohlkgs `g drmk miomkog gsorhturms plr khýls. Gk gsm lr`gk `g ngonls, gs gstg gi orhtgrhl: olk im sudgrgkohm nhpkÿthom, ims prlùoohlkgs `g ils sgkshthvls slk shgeprg m`goum`ms m su vmilr klremi1 gk im eg`hukh`m`g, slk omsh shgeprg supgrhlrgs m im olk`hohÿk y mi. =28 | V í d h k m


=86?

smbgr `gi gsorgvgktg. Im gsorhturm mutleíthom g hkolksohgktg `g ims nhstèrhoms `gi _r. Jmkgt kukom gs gsplktâkgm1 sÿil sg prlùog trms imrdl m`gstrmegktl, `g gùomohÿk gspgohmi1 gs, m`geís `g gsl, rgstrhotm im sgýlrms. Gk oumktl m im tglråm subihehkmi, pmrthouimregktg omrm mi _r. Cilurkly, gs vgr`m` qug nmy, gk im olkohgkohm prlcuk`m `g om`m ukl `g kl`ls, rgougr`ls, heprgshlkgs, olklohehgktls, prlvgkhgktgs `g kugstrms gxhstgkohms mktgrhlrgs y múk `g im vh`m motumi, ils oumigs pug`gk sgr `gspgrtm`ls gk ohgrtms olk`hohlkgs, olel il vgrgels gk gi ompåtuil `g ims hkolrplrmohlkgs. Vgrl gsg `gspgrtmr sÿil gs plshbig gk gi gstm`l slkmebúihol y, mombmels `g vgril, kl gs gsg gi gstm`l `g ils eè`huks gsorgvgktgs. Gi hkolksohgktg, l subolksohgktg, kl gs uk sgr, pgrl shepigegktg uk gstm`l `gi sgr. _gråm hkompmz `g plr så múk prlùohr ims vmrhm`ms emkhcgstmohlkgs qug pmsmels gk rgvhstm: oleukhomohlkgs hktgihdgktgs, plr pmkom`ms l gsorhturms, olk l shk iíphogs l plr eg`hl `g olilrgs prgohphtm`ls, y tl`ls ils cgkÿegkls qug olksthtuygk gi lbjgtl `g tmigs gstu`hls. X, mi `geís, shgeprg sg pug`g prgduktmr: plr què gsls hkolksohgktgs louitls gk kl`ls sgråmk ukíkhegs gk `goimrmr sgmk Gspårhtus `g eugrtls< Kl sg pgrohbg qug elthvl hkùohråm gi Gspårhtu`gsprgk`h`l `gi eè`hue, tmktl olel gi hkolksohgktg, m h`gkthchomrsg olel gi Gspårhtu `g uk ltrl nlebrg cmiigoh`l. _h gxhstg gk kl`ls ukm sgduk`m pgrslkmih`m`, qug plsgg mpthtu`gs y olklohehgktls supgrhlrgs m ils `g im pgrslkmih`m` klremi, kl `gbg giim sgr egkls bhgk `ltm`m gk rgimohÿk m im elrmih`m`g, y `gbg tgkgr nlrrlr m im egkthrm. Oÿel mèhthrsg, gktlkogs, qug tl`m vgz qug sg emkhchgstm sg pgrehtm gi emihdkl pimogr `g gkdmýmrkls<. Im tglråm `g uk sgr oligothvl olksohgktg, orgm`l plr ims hktgihdgkohms `g ims pgrslkms qug tlemk pmrtg gk ims gxpgrhgkohms, kl olrrgsplk`g smthscmotlrhmegktg m im rgmih`m`qug `gcrgougktgegktg ils ngonls. G_,rgvgimk mi olktrmrhl, `gstruh`m plr ims `hvgrdgkohms `g lphkhlkgs y ils omsls `g h`gkth`m` gk ims emkhcgstmohlkgs. T. Orllags, gk tl`l tmk pru`gktg, sg prlkukohÿ m gsg rgspgtl `g el`l plshthvl:=7? ’Im hktgihdgkohm qug `hrhdg gsls cgkÿegkls gs, m vgogs, emkhchgstmegktg hkcgrhlr m im `gi eè`hue y, kl rmrl, gstí gk lplshohÿk `hrgotm m sus `gsgls. Emkhcgstm`m im `gtgrehkmohÿk `g nmogr midukm olsm qug sg kl pug`g olksh`grmr rmzlkmbig, ng vhstl sgmk `m`ms hkstmktgs oleukhomohlkgs, hkvhtmk`l m rgcigjmr `g kugvl. Im hktgihdgkohm gs, m vgogs, `g tmi omríotgr, qug kls iigvm m orggr qug kl gemkm `g khkdukm `g ims pgrslkms prgsgktgs.― Pl`ms ims gxpihomohlkgs qug sg nm busom`l `mr `gi olkjuktl `g ims emkhcgstmohlkgs, gxoiuygk`l im hktgrvgkohÿk `g ils Gspårhtus, kl nmk pl`h`l rgshstm m im heplkêkohm `g ils ngonls moueuim`ls, kh m ils prlogsls `g ukm oråthom sgvgrm y `g uk rhdurlsl gxmegk1 sÿil nmk olksgduh`l `gelstrmr im hksuchohgkohm `g ims hkvgsthdmohlkgs y `g ims lbsgrvmohlkgs `g sus mutlrgs. Im tglråm gspårhtm gs im úkhom qug sg m`mptm m im hkegksm ils ngonls. @ls vgktmjms hkolktgstívghs `g gxpihomr tl`l olk muxhihlsh`l `g prhkohphlsemylråm shepigs,`goimrls, cíohiegktg oleprgkshbigs ‟ y gstmprgsgktm: ltrm, kl megkls heplrtmktg: klginmbgr olkogbh`m plr gxpgrhegktm`lrgs bgkèvlils, pgrl sgr olkstmktg g hkvmrhmbigegktg clreuim`m plr im omusm hktgihdgktg `g ims emkhcgstmohlkgs. @honl gstl, pmsgels mi gxmegk `g ils ngonls. *

=?6 | V í d h k m

Gk il Hkvhshbig ‟ Ièlk =7?

=86?

T. Orllags ‟ ’Hkvgsthdmohlkg s slbrg ils c gkÿegkls `gi Gsphrhtumihsel―, píd. =04.

=?= | V í d h k m


=86?

Ils ngonls `g gsorhturm eg`húkhom slk tmk mkthduls olel im Nhstlrhm. @g giils kls suehkhstrmk kuegrlsls gjgepils im Mkthdùg`m` y im G`m` Eg`hm. Rgoldh`l mi clk`l `g ukm omvgrkm, Emlegt vm, olk cgbrhohtmktg rmph`gz, oubrhgk`l `g omrmotgrgs drmk`g kúegrl `g nljms, qug imkzm mi mzmr. Oldh`ms y ollr`gkm`ms gsms nljms gspmrsms, qug gs qug sg gkougktrm< Gi Miolrïl! Gi prlphl Orhstl hktgrrldm gi pgksmehgktl suprgel y gsorhbg im rgspugstm slbrg im mrgkm, gk =70 ohgrtms lomshlkgs, olel, plr gjgepil, gk gi omsl `g im eujgr m`úitgrm. Jgrðkhel Omr`mk `goimrm qug sus lbrms cugrlk gjgoutm`ms olk im olimblrmohÿk `g uk Gspårhtu. Omsh tl`ls ils qug nmk imkzm`l gk gi euk`l igvmùrm `g prldrgsl, `g justhohm, `g vgr`m`, nmk sh`l hktgreg`hmrhls `gi M`geís, m im emkgrm `g gspgjls gk qug sg rgcigjm im hrrm`hmäïl `gi pgksmehgktl supgrhlr. Emylr sgråm múk su kúegrl, sh kugstrl gstm`l `g hkcgrhlrh`m`g kl nhohgrm `hcåohigs `g rgmihzmr- sh gk kugstrl euk`l emtgrhmi gsms mitms emkhcgstmohlkgs. Kl pl`råm sgr `gtgrehkm`m gk gsg `lehkhl im pmrtg rgimthvm om`m eg`hukh`m`g: im hktuhäïl mnå sg mslohm åkthemegktg olk gi mutlemthsel. Ils thgepls el`grkls im cmouitm` `g gsorhbhr bmjl ukm moohÿk louitm sg nm eís kåth`megktg rgvgim`l gk ohgrtls hk`hvhùls. Ohtgels ils omsls eís oèigbrgs: Nu`slk Puttig, `g Oigvgimk` (Lnhl), grm m ils `hgohlonl mýls uk shepig imvrm`lr, shk gùomohÿk kh hkstruoohÿk, loupm`l tl`ls ils `åms gk ils pgklsls trmbmjls `g ils omepls. Gsorhbhÿ ùrmktg klongs olksgouthvms, bmjl im hksphrmohÿk `g ils Gspårhtus, uk ihbrl mèhrmbig, ’Mromkgs `g im Kmturg―, qug gxog`åm `g euonl ils olklohehgktls ohgktåchols `g im èplom. Kl tgkåm m su miomkog kh ihbrls, kh bhbihltgoms, plrqug sus pm`rgs vhvåmk gk gi hktgrhlr y sÿil sg loupmbmk `g mdrhouiturm. Im lbrm cug pubihom`m gk =>36, olk uk mpêk`hog hk`homk`l su lrhdgk. Puvl trgs g`hohlkgs gk Meèrhom, cug `gspuès rgg`htm`m gk Hkdimtgrrm, trmùoh`m gk migeík plr gi @r. Msongkbrgkkgr y pubihom`m gk Ighpzhd. Vmrthouimrh`m` ourhlsm: gi @r. Bùonkgr, jgcg `g im gsougim emtgrhmihstm migemkm, igyÿ im lbrm shk prgstmr mi mpêk`hog im eåkhem mtgkohÿk, orgyÿ qug m nubg prlùoh`l uk nlebrg `g Ohgkohm y `g giim gxtrmjl kuegrlsms ohtmä÷gs, qug chdurmk gk su oèigbrg ihbrl ’Cugrzm y Emtgrhm―, shk `gshdkmohÿk `g mutlr. Gi @r. Oyrhmx il nhzl kltmr, y oumk`l Bùonkgr cug m Meèrhom rgmihzmr ukm sgrhg `g olkcgrgkohms, pmsÿ plr Oigvgimk` y ph`hÿ pmrm vgr Nu`slk Puttig, ’`gsgjlsl qug gstmbm ‟ `goåm èi ‟ `g trmbmr olklohehgktl olk uk nlebrg qug tmk vmihlsl muxhihl ig nubg prgstm`l pmrm im olkcgoohÿk `g su lbrm―. Gi eè`hue ig cug prgsgktm`l plr lomshÿk `g uk bmkqugtg. Drmk`g cug, shk gebmrdl, im `gogpohÿk `g Bùonkgr mi vgr gi euonmonl1 y oumk`l supl `g qug el`l nmbåmk sh`l gsorhtls ils ’Mromkgs―, orgyÿ qug grm ukm burim. Gi @r. Oyrhmx y gi _r. Pgheg, g`htlr `gi pgrhÿ`hol migeík `g Oigvgimk`, tuvhgrlk drm k`g `hchouitm` =77

gk `hssum`h-il. Gi drmk gsorhtlr Nms`gk, sgkm`lr rlegkl, nhstlrhm`lr y chiÿildl, olktmbm 7? mýls, oumk`l pgr`hÿ im nhjm úkhom, vhthem`m m ils =3 mýls plr im tubgrouilshs. Gsm pèr`h`m prlvloÿ kugvm lrhgktmohÿk gk gi gspårhtu `g Nms`gk, `mk`l elthvl m su hkhohmohÿk gk gi Gsphrhthsel, olkclreg il gxpihoÿ èi gk gi prgcíohl `g ’_ho Eg`htl―, im úkhom `g sus lbrms gsorhtms slbrg gimsuktl:

=70 =77

Omr`mk ‟ ’@g Rgrue Smrhgtmtg―, SHHH, pmsshe. Omri ù Vrgi, ’@è _phrhthseus―, píd. 00, ohtm`l plr Masmalc, ’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. HHH, 0.

=?2 | V í d h k m


=86?

’Nmbåmk trmksourrh`ls sghs egsgs `g im eugrtg `g eh nhjm1 gstíbmels gk emrzl (=>>8), nubg ogsm`l gi Hkvhgrkl, tmr`mk`l, shk gebmrdl, múk im Vrhemvgrm. Gk ukm tmr`g núeg`m y `gsmdrm`mbig, nmiimbm -eg yl, slil, sgktm`l m eh egsm `g trmbmjl, tgkhgk`l, olel `g olstuebrg, `gimktg `g eå ukm rgsem `g nljms `g pmpgi y vmrhls iíphogs. Olel cug< Il hdklrl1 pgrl, shk gi smbgr, eh emkl tleÿ uk iíphz, ouym puktm mplyÿ slbrg gi pmpgi, y yl olegkoè m sgkthr gk im têeplrm hzquhgr`m pmkom`ms ríph`ms g hktgksms, gxmotmegktg olel sg gk giim eg nubhgrmk hktrlùoh`l uk mpmrmtl tgigdríchol. @g rgpgktg, im emkl sg eg plst gk elvhehgktl, shk pmrmr. Ohkol ehkutls, m il suel. Oumk`l sg eg `gtuvl gi brmzl y gi iíphz eg gsompÿ `g ils `g`ls, orgå `gspgrtmr `g uk sugýl, olrrgotl mukqug qug gstmbm `g kl nmbgr m`lregoh`l. Ehrè pmrm gi pmpgi y igå shk im eís pgqugým `hchouitm` ’_ly cgihz1 tg mel, ngels `g nmogrkls m vgr1 gsl tg `gbg bmstmr. ‟ Juihg Nms`gk.―=73 Gstmbm gsorhtl y chrem`l olk im prlphm igtrm `g eh nhjm.― Pl`m im lbrm ’_ho Eg`htl― sg `gsthkm m gxpihomr gsg ngonl, gi prhegrl `g ukm imrdm sgrhg `g oleukhomohlkgs gspårhtms qug sg nmbåmk `g gstmbigogr gktrg gi Gspårhtu Júihm Nms`gk, im ’Ihihom―, olel ig iimembm gi pm`rg, y im hktgihdgkohm, gxtrgem`megktg sudgsthlkívgi y bmjl vhvm tgkshÿk, `gi prlphl Nms`gk. Ims oleukhomohlkgs eg`húkhoms gjgrohgrlk `gs`g gktlkogs hkciugkohm hkoiusl gk ils trmbmjls ihtgrmrhls `g Nms`gk. Gk uk mrtåouil m su rgspgtl, pubihom`l gk gi ’Egrourg `g Crmkog―, `g =3 `g klvhgebrg `g =864, gi _r. E. Ormhlvmk rgprlùog gi cmo-såehig `g midukms iåkgms `g gsorhturm mutleíthom lbtgkh`m plr Nms`gk, gk ukm sgshÿk `g Gsphrhthsel rgmihzm`m gk su omsm, gi `åm =? `g klvhgebrg `g =>86, gk im oumi tlemrlk pmrtg il @. _tghkgr, ils prlcgslrgs Cilrgsou y _pgrmkthm, gi jhkgtg `g _mzzmrm, oðksui-dgkgrmi mustrl-núkdmrl, y, chkmiegktg, S. Olselvhoh, qug shrvhÿ `g eè`hue. @g rgpgktg Nms`gk rgohbhÿ, gk rusl, ukm oleukhomohÿk, qug pmrgoåm prlvgkhgktg `g su pm`rg, ouyl tgxtl rgzmbm mså: ’Gk im omih`m` `g úithel `gsogk`hgktg `g im cmehihm, `gbgs `gsmrrliimr gi tgslrl `g im igkdum eli`ívhm: Gthelildhoue emdkue Rlemkhmg.― Gsg `louegktl mutleíthol tuvl shgeprg pmrm Nms`gk gi vmilr `g vgr`m`grm rgvgimohÿk, prlbík`lig im rgmih`m` `g ims hksphrmohlkgs qug sg nmoåmk sgkthr gk su vh`m egktmi. Èi nhzl, y kl shk uk olrrgotl gspårhtu oråthol, imrdm gxplshohÿk `g ils elthvls qug il iigvmrlk m orggr gk gi omríotgr gsphråthol `g gsm rgvgimohÿk, ym tgkhèk`lig, mi `geís, omiim`l gk gi íkhel im h`gm, plr Iuhz Chduhgr gxpugstm, `g qug ils mrthstms, pgksm`lrgs y gsorhtlrgs, trms nmbgr pgr`h`l uk sgr omrl, shgktgk ukm olel mepihmohÿk `g sus cmouitm`gs. @hrsg-hbm qug ims mpthtu`gs hktgigotumigs `g im pgrslkm cmiigoh`m vhgkgk m mým`hrsg m sus y gkrhqugogr -igs gi dgkhl. @g tl`l el`l, gsm oleukhomohÿk eg`húkhom vmihÿ m im Rleâkhm ukm lbrm chiliÿdhom qug, mukqug kl nmbhgk`l qug`m`l tgrehkm`m, gs hkù`mbigegktg ukl `g ils eís prgohlsls tgslrls `g su igkdum. Wk `åm, gk qug rgelqugs h`hltms miomkzmbmk su Gsphrhthsel, ’úkhom rgihdhÿk gxpgrhegktmi!― plshbig, gk su lphkhÿk, Nms`gk sg orgyÿ drmohms m `gelstrmr su bugkm-cg: ’Gk Nhstlrhm ‟ gsorhbhÿ èi ‟ gk Chilildhm, gk tl`ms ims gscgrms `gi olklohehgktl, shgeprg cuh gsoèpthol, rgpgihk`l gi mutlrhtmrhsel `g ohem y im plpuimrh`m` moí `g bmjl, y plr tl`m pmrtg crmkqugík`leg, eg`hmktg ehs prlphms hkvgsthdmohlkgs y ygk`l m im cugktg `g tl`l, uk ruebl kugvl,

=73

Oleukhomohÿk gk crmkoès, gk gi tgxtl lrhdhkmi.

=?6 | V í d h k m


=86?

bugkl l emil, olkclreg il gktgk`åm, pgrl olk gi olrmzÿk ihephl, shk tgelr `g quhgkquhgrm qug cugrm, shk uthih`m` pgrslkmi, shk bmjuimäïl kh prgolkåohl.― (_ho Eg`htl, ompåtuil H)=74 Gi rgvgrgk`l _tmhktlk Elsgs, pmstlr `g im Hdigshm Mkdihomkm, gru`htl y vgkgrm`l pgksm`lr, euy hebuå`l `g ils `ldems `g im tglildhm prltgstmktg, vhkl m nmogrsg eè`hue gsorgvgktg egoíkhol. Gk su lbrm ’Gksgýmkzms Gsphrhtumihstms―, gxplkg èi gi gstm`l `g gspårhtu gk qug moldåm ims oleukhomohlkgs `gi euk`l hkvhshbig. Ims h`gms, pmrm èi kugvms, qug olktgkåmk ils `hotm`ls, ig prlvlombmk prltgstms, y sÿil trms euonms iuonms hktgrhlrgs cug qug mombÿ plr m`lptmrims olel eís molr`gs olk im justhohm y im blk`m` `g @hls.. Gepigÿ shgeprg gi eíxhel ouh`m`l gk gvhtmr qug sus prlphls pgksmehgktls gjgrohgrmk oumiquhgr hkciugkohm slbrg ils msuktls trmtm`ls, m puktl `g plkgrsg m iggr, gk gi prlphl tgxtl, lbrms drhgdms, ehgktrms su emkl lbg`goåm mi hepuisl gxtrmýl. Nmbåm gktrg èi y sus hkstruotlrgs gsphrhtumigs, olkloh`ls bmjl ils klebrgs `g Hepgrmtlr, Rgotlr y Vru`gks, tmi `hvgrdgkohm `g lphkhlkgs, qug gs vgr`m`grmegktg heplshbig mtrhbuhr gsms pgrslkmih`m`gs `hsthkduh`ms m `gs`lbimehgktls hkolksohgktgs `gi eè`hue. _tmhktlk Elsgs mchrem qug gsls Gspårhtus euonms vgogs ig rgvgimbmk ngonls mbsliutmegktg `gsolkloh`ls `g tl`ms ims pgrslkms qug tlembmk pmrtg gk ims sgshlkgs, ngonls uitgrhlregktg rgolkloh`ls vgr`m`grls. Mquå gstí ukl `g gsls omsls, gxtrmå`l `g im lbrm mrrhbm hk`hom`m:=7> ’Gi `åm 28 `g emrzl `g =>80 cug gsorhtm ukm oleukhomohÿk gk eh omkngknl. Im igtrm eg grm `gsolkloh`m, euy trêeuim y `gshdumi1 pmrgoåm trmzm`m plr pgrslkm gxtrgem`megktg mkohmkm y `èbhi. Im chrem sg olksgrvÿ uk gkhdem, nmstm qug cug `gsohcrm`m plr gi Gspårhtu-chsomi. Gsg `hotm`l prlvgkåm `g ukm vhgjm, `g quhgk jmeís yl nubg lå`l nmbimr, y qug nubg cmiigoh`l olk eís `g 86 mýls, gk ukm omsm plol `hstmktg `g mqugiimgk qug sg rgukåm kugstrl drupl. Gi klebrg `gi iudmr gk qug sg nmbåmk pmsm`l ils prhegrls mýls `g gsmsgýlrm, su g`m`, im cgonm `gi cmigohegktl, cugrlk `m`ls olk im eíxhem gxmothtu`. Gi Gspårhtu nubg `gjm`l im Phgrrm nmbåm midukls egsgs. Mi `gspgrtmr gk gi Gspmohl, il nubg mtrmå`l su vhgjm nmbhtmohÿk, `gspuès gi drupl, qug sg nmiimbm gk im vgohk`m` hkeg`hmtm.― Gk Crmkohm gkolktrmels ils ehsels ngonls. Wk olrrgotl kúegrl `g lbrms cugrlk gsorhtms l `hotm`ms plr ils Gspårhtus. _g pug`g ohtmr: ’Im Oigc `g im Shg―, `ls drugsls vliúegkgs gsorhtls gk =>73 plr Ehongi `g Chdmkhîrgs, jlvgk omepgshkl `gi Smr, `g 22 mýls `g g`m`, y qug cugrlk sgýmim`ls gk gi ’Ig _hîoig―, gk uk gxogigktg mrtåouil `g Iluhs Jlur`mk1 ’Igs vhgs eystgrhgusgs gt suoogsshvgs `g i'êtrg nuemhk gt `g i'êtrg tgrrg―1=78 `gspuès ’Igs

=74

Sgr, gk oumktl m ltrms pmrthouimrh`m`g s, ’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonhqugs―, klvhgebrg `g =864, y ’Rgvug _ohgkthchqug gt Elrmig ù _phrhthseg―, emrol `g =8==. =7> ’Gksgýmkzms Gsphrhtumih stms―, sgoohÿk HS, píd. 7 4, Igyemrhg, g`htlr. Sgr tmebhèk ’Rgvug _ohgkthchqug gt Elrmig ù _phrhthseg―, mdlstl y `hohgebrg `g =>88, y ’Rgvug _phrhtg―, jukhl `g =862, trmùoohÿk @usmrt. =78 Vmrås, Dnhl y Chsonbmongr, g`htlrgs.

=?= | V í d h k m


=86?

lrhdhkgs gt igs chkgs―,=36 lbrm heplrtmktg lbtgkh`m plr im moohÿk eg`húkhom `g `hvgrsms sgýlrms ihlkgsms, slimpmk`l ims emkls ukms m ims ltrms. @gbgels, m`geís `g gsl, sgýmimr ’Ig _urvhg, èonl `g i'mu-`g-iæ―, oligoohÿk `g kltmbigs oleukhomohlkgs =3= `hotm`ms plr Gspårhtus y pubihom`ms plr im _rm. Klgddgrmtn, gk =>84, olk prgcíohl `gi _r. Omehiig Cimeemrhlk. Gi ’Buiigthk `g im _lohètè `'Ètu`gs Vsyonhqugs `g Kmkoy―, =86=,=32 pubihoÿ ukm oleukhomohÿk trmksehth`m gk sgshÿk `g gsm slohg`m`, m 28 `g emrzl, plr gi _r. Cluqugt, rg`motlr-jgcg `g im ’Ètlhig `g i'Gst―, slbrg cgkÿegkls `g gsorhturm eg`húkhom, lbtgkh`ls gk su prgsgkohm plr gi _r. V., su olimblrm`lr, emtgrhmihstm gkdrgå`l. @g giim `gstmomrgels ils shduhgktgs pmsmjgs: ’Im gsorhturm vmrhmbm mi hkchkhtl, olkclreg gi Gspårhtu qug `hotmbm. _g rgolkloåm cíohiegktg om`m ukm `g giims g hkeg`hmtmegktg m ims prhegrms pmimbrms ym smbåmels olk quhgkgs klsnmymels. Gk gsls `hotm`ls tmk `gssgeginmktgs, jmeís rgolkloå gi gsthil `gi _r. V., y ig nmbråm sh`l prgohsl kltmbig tmigktl `g cmisírhl pmrm rgvgsthr tmk eúithpigs clrems. V. hdklrmbm mbsliutmegktg il qug gsorhbåm. Ehgktrms su emkl trmzmbm ils omrmotgrgs, gi ehrmr sg ig nmoåm ihdgrmegktg chjl y kukom sg vlivåm gk im `hrgoohÿk `gi pmpgi. _hk gebmrdl, èi kl `lreåm. Wk `åm, sg emkhcgstÿ kugvm pgrslkmih`m`, bmjl gi klebrg `g Micmkths, `hohgk`l nmbgr vhvh`l gi shdil SHH, gk im Mreêkhm, `lk`ggrm plktåchog. @gsolkchmels `g ukm ehsthchomäïly ig `hjhels: @mh-gk ils vugstrl klebrg gk omrmotgrgs mreêkhls. Hkeg`hmtmegktg im igtrm `gi eè`hue omebhÿ, y vgkhels m mpmrgogr ukm gspgohg `g chrem gk omrmotgrgs `gsolkloh`ls, `gspuès ukm crmsg olepigtm, gk omrmotgrgs mkíildls y, gksgduh`m, im trmùoohÿk. Khkdukl `g kl`ls smbåm gi mreêkhl y kl pl`åmels, mså, nmogr im vgrhchomohÿk. Puvg im h`gm `g pg`hr mi Gspårhtu gi micmbgtl mreêkhl, m chk `g tgkgr uk eg`hl `g quhtmr im prugbm. Shkl gi micmbgtl, olk ims igtrms olrrgsplk`hgktgs. Olepmrík`lims olk ims crmsgs gsorhtms mktgs y gi prlphl klebrg `g Micmkths, rgolklogels qug nmbåm olkolr`mkohm. Micmkths kls `hl, slbrg im nhstlrhm y im dgldrmcåm `g im mkthdum Mreêkhm, hkclremohlkgs qug gk pmrtg pu`hels vgrhchomr. Gi eè`hue kl olkloåm gsms pmrthouimrh`m`gs. Ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs kl olkshduhgrlk lbtgkgr crmdegktl midukl `g gsorhturm mreêkhm `gi shdil SHH, pgrl úkhomegktg ukm crmsg gk mreêkhl el`grkl. Mukqug euy `hcgrgktg ukm `g im ltrm ‟, olel sgråm gi crmkoès el`grkl olepmrm`l olk il `gi shdil SHH ‟ gi Gspårhtu pu`l im trmùoås y uk gstu`hmktg búidmrl, qug olkloåm uk plol gi mreêkhl, olkchreÿ im trmùoohÿk.―

=36 =3=

=32

Vmrås, Igyemrhg, g`htlr. Å`ge, Hbh`ge. Víds. 82 y shduhgktgs.

=?2 | V í d h k m


=86?

Gxtrmgrgels `g im egelrhm prgsgktm`m plr gi @r. @usmrt mi Olkdrgsl Gspårhtm `g Vmrås, gk =866, =3? ils pírrmcls shduhgktgs, rgimthvls m ils eè`huks gsorgvgktgs qug èi uthihzm gk sus gxpgrhgkohms: ’Emrhm @. gsorhbg mutleíthomegktg. Gi omríotgr `g im gsorhturm y im lrtldrmcåm vmråmk olkclreg ils emkhcgstmktgs. Gi mutlr gs rgolkloh`l mktgs qug nmym chrem`l gi klebrg. Gk euonls omsls, gi gkcrgktmehgktl gktrg im gsorhturm `gi `gsgkomrkm`l y m `g qug èi usmbm oumk`l gk im Phgrrm, mousm mèhrmbig sgegjmkzm. Oumtrl orhmkohknms, `g 8 m 2? egsgs y `g ? m 0 mýls, gsorhbhgrlk sÿs, l rgukh`ms m ukm ehsem egsm. Ims oleukhomohlkgs lbtgkh`ms, oumk`l grmk sheuitíkgms, rgprgsgktmbmk gi ehsel pgksmehgktl bmjl trgs clrems `hcgrgktgs. Gsls khýls mdhtmbmk ils brmzls y ims emkls, olel pmrm gsompmr m ukm olkstrhäïl. Im _rm. B., imvrm`lrm, olepigtmegktg higtrm`m, nmstm tmi puktl qug eís `g uk eê s `g igoohlkgs y `g gscugrzls kl olkshduhgrlk nmbhtumrim m chremr su chrem, gk uk motl mktg gi tmbgihïl, lbtuvl, bmjl im hkciugkohm `g uk Gspårhtu, eg`hm pídhkm `g ukm gsorhturm, hkclreg, olktgkhgk`l vmrhls olksgjls.― Ohtmrgels múk, rgprlùohèk`lil `g im rgvhstm ’Iuog y Lebrm―, `g Ehiík (juihl `g =867), gstg ngonl: ’El`gstl plrtghrl `g im rgpmrthäïl `g ils Olrrgls, iimem`l Vgzhír`h, mpgkms olkloåm uk plol `gi htmihmkl y, kl lbstmktg, gsorhbåm plgsåms gk igkdums qug hdklrmbm. Ohgrtm klong, iigkÿ ukm nljm `g pmpgi miemäl olk ukm sgrhg `g sgýmigs qug km`hg olksgduåm hktgrprgtmr. Cug prgsgktm`l gsg gxtrmýl gsorhtl mi prlcgslr Dlrrèshl, oèigbrg pmigÿdrmcl, nmog gsg thgepl `hrgotlr `g im Bhbihltgom `g im Wkhvgrsh`m`. Vrlcuk`megktg mèhrm`l, prgduktÿ èi quhgk nmbåm gsorhtl sgegjmktg pídhkm, y ig cug kmrrm`m tl`m im lourrgkohm. Heplshbigsgråm `g `gsorhbhrsg gi mslebrl`gi smbhl y eís múk il `gi vhshtmktg, mi smbgr qug mqugi gsorhtl grm im rgprlùoohÿk hktgdrmi `g ukm hksorhpohÿk rúkhom, nmbåm euonls mýls, olksgrvm`m hktrmùzåvgi gk gi Eusgl `g Mrquglildåm, y qug `hvgrsms vgogs gi prlcgslr Dlrrèshl nubg hktgktm`l hktgrprgtmr, pgrl hkúthiegktg, plrqug gi thgepl nmbåm blrrm`l euonms sgýmigs1 m`geís `g gsl, gstmk`l qugbrm`m im phg`rm, cugrm heplshbig m`hvhkmr gi rgstl. @g plsgshÿk mnlrm `gi tgxtl olepigtl, igåm èi qug uk olrrgotl jgcg bírbmrl hepilrmbm im prltgoohÿk `g im `hvhk`m`g pmrm su trhbu, gto. @gs`g gsg `åm, sg olkvhrthÿ Dlrrèshl mi Gsphrhthsel. Gk ukm sgshÿk subsgqùgktg, sg emkhcgstÿ gi jgcg bírbmrl, `goimrmk`l gxmotm im trmùoohÿk `gi pmigÿdrmcl y mým`hgk`l qug su hksorhpohÿk cugrm `gspg`mzm`m plr uk rmyl.― Bmjl gi klebrg `g orlss-olrrgsplk`gkog, ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs hkdigsgs hemdhkmrlk, eg`hmktg im gsorhturm eg`húkhom, uk kugvl prlogsl oleukhomohlkmi, qug sgråm `g kmturmigzm m gstmbigogr, `gi el`l eís plshthvl, im h`gkth`m` `g ils emkhcgstmktgs. _lk gstls ils tèrehkls gk qug gi _r. Lihvgr Il`dg, rgotlr `g im Wkhvgrsh`m` `g Bhrehkdnme, rgimtm gsms gxpgrhgkohms gk su `hsoursl, `g ?6 `g gkgrl `g =86>, gk im ’_lohgty sgm Vsyonhomi Rgsgmrons―: ’Oleprgk`hgrlk tmk mså olel kl`ls ils lstgkshvls oleukhomktgs im kgogsh`m` `g ims prugbms `g h`gkth`m` y gepigmrlk tl`ls ils gscugrzls pmrm smthscmogr gsm gxhdgkohm rmohlkmi. Midukls `g gktrg kl`ls gkthgk`gk qug il olkshduhgrlk1 ltrls ù`mk múk. Vgrtgkgzol mi kúegrl `g ils qug, =3?

Sgr im ’Rgsgknm `gi Olkdrgsl Gspårhtm y Gsphrhtumihstm―, `g Vmrås, =866, píd. =>7.

=?? | V í d h k m


=86?

`gsgmk`l lbtgkgr kugvms prugbms, eís gchohgktgs y olkthkums, phgksmk, shk gebmrdl, qug ym cug `m`l uk drmk pmsl y qug gs igdåthel mèhthr gsls iúoh`lselegktls `g olrrgsplk`gkohm olk ims pgrslkms cmiigoh`ms, qug, gk ils egjlrgs omsls, vhgkgk m trmgrkls kugvm suem `g mrduegktls, olel m nmogr `g gsm nhpÿtgshs im egjlr nhpÿtgshs `g trmbmjl.=30 Nmiimels, olk gcgotl, qug mehdls ouym pèr`h`m imegktmels, olel G`. Durkgy, Rhon, Nl`dslk, C. Eygrs y ltrls egkls olkloh`ls, pmrgog gktrgk olk klsltrls gk oleukhomohÿk olkstmktg, olk im h`gm bhgk `gtgrehkm`m y gxprgsm `g pmohgktgegktg gk ils `gelstrmr su h`gkth`m` y gk ils pgrehthr im vgrhchomohÿk rgoåprlom `g eè`huks gxtrmýls gktrg så. Nmiimels, hdumiegktg, qug sus rgspugstms im prgduktms gspgohmigs slk `m`ms plr clrem qug omrmotgrhzm su bhgk olkloh`m pgrslkmih`m` y rgvgim olklohehgktls qug grmk `g su oumihchomohÿk. Im ’orlss-olrrgsplk`gkog― ‟ mým`g _hr Il`dg ‟ gs `gohr, pmrtg `g ukm oleukhomohÿk rgohbh`m plr uk eè`hue y ltrm pmrtg plr ltrl eè`hue, kl pu`hgk`l om`m ukm `g gsms pmrtgs sgr oleprgk`h`m shk gi olepigegktl `g im ltrm, olksthtuyg gxogigktg prugbm `g qug ukm ehsem hktgihdgkohm lpgrm gk ils `ls mutlemthstms. _h, m`geís `g gsl, gi egksmjg trmg ils omrmotgråsthols `g ukm pgrslkm cmiigoh`m y m gsg tåtuil gs rgohbh`m plr pgrslkms qug kl m olkloåmk åkthemegktg, sg pug`g vgr gk gsg ngonl im prugbm `g im pgrshstgkohm `g im mothvh`m` hktgigotumi `g gsm pgrslkm. _h `g giim, chkmiegktg, rgohbhels uk trmel `g oråthom ihtgrmrhm qug gstí gehkgktgegktg gk su cghthl y kl pl`råm prlvgkhr `g hk`hvhùls lr`hkmrhls, gktlkogs yl `goimrl qug tmi prugbm gs `g tl`l puktl olkoiu`gktg, olk tgk`gkohm m m`quhrhr gi omríotgr `g oruohmi. Pmigs slk ims gspgohgs `g prugbms qug im slohg`m` pug`g oleukhomr slbrg gsg puktl. Ims crlktgrms gktrg ils `ls gstm`ls, gi prgsgktg y gi cuturl, slk múk mprgohmbmhs, pgrl thgk`gk im gsbmtgr-sh drmùmiegktg. Pmi olel, gk eg`hl `gi gstrèphtl `g ims mdums y `g ils vmrhls ruh`ls, ùrmktg im pgrclrmohÿk `g uk túkgi, pgrohbhels `g oumk`l gk oumk`l gi ruelr `g ils gsomvm`lrgs qug `gi ltrl im`l sg gkomehkmk pmrm kl`ls, mså låels, m hktgrvmils, im pgroushÿk `g kugstrls omemrm`ms qug pmsmrlk pmrm gi M`geís.― M gsl kl sg ihehtmrlk ils hkdigsgs, `mtl gi gspårhtu `g hkhohmthvm qug igs gs prlphl. Cuk`mrlk ukm lchohkm `g oleukhomohlkgs rgduimrgs olk gi ltrl euk`l, y cug gi hktrèph`l gsorhtlr T. _tgm` quhèk il hkstmiÿ gk Ilk`rgs, im gjgepimrgs `g ukm mehdm `gsgkomrkm`m, _rtm. Júihm Megs. @g mnå su `gklehkmohÿk: Lchohkm Júihm. _g prlplkg gsg Gspårhtu vgkhr gk muxhihl mså `g tl`ls ils `gsgkomrkm`ls `gsgjlsls `g gktrmr gk rgimohÿk olk ils vhvls qug mquå `gjmrlk, olel `g ils gkomrkm`ls mcihtls plr im pèr`h`m `g uk gktg omrl. Vmrm sgr mèhth`l m slihohtmr oleukhomohÿk, Júihm, qug `hrhdg pgrslkmiegktg ims sgshlkgs, sÿil gxhdg `ls olsms: mcghäïl iåohtm y shkogrm gktrg gi vhvl y gi eugrtl y gstu`hl prgvhl `gi prlbigem gspårhtm. Khkdukm rgtrhbuohÿk gs plr giim mèhth`m. Gi plstuimktg, ukm vgz tlem`l gk olksh`grmohÿk su pg`h`l, gs iigvm`l m im prgsgkohm `g trgs eè`huks `hcgrgktgs y tl`ls ils rgsuitm`ls slk rgdhstrm`ls. Gsm lchohkm ym olkshduhÿ, `gs`g su cuk`mohÿk, gstmbigogr kuegrlsms rgimohlkgs olk il Hkvhshbig. ’Imkzÿ uk pugktg `g ukm gi ltrl emrdgk `gi túeuil―, `hjl olk midukm rmzÿk T. _tgm`. Im oihgktgim `g im Lchohkm Júihm gs, slbrg tl`l, olepugstm `g pgrslkms hiustrgs g hkstruh`ms: `lotlrgs, mbldm`ls, prlcgslrgs, gto. Wk rgplrtgrl `gi ’@mhiy Kgws― gsorhbg qug molepmýÿ, olrrgotl `åm, uk bhgk =30

Gi igkdumjg gs uk tmktl nhrtm y, `g ohgrtl e l`l, lbsourm, prlphm shk gebmrdl `gi gsthil hkdiès. Ohkdhel -kls, shk gebmrdl, gi eís chgiegktg plshbig m ils t èrehkls `g im vgrshÿk crmkogsm.

=?0 | V í d h k m


=86?

olkloh`l mutlr, ouyl klebrg omusmråm mèhrmohÿk smbgrsg olkgotm`l m gsg kgdlohl. @gsgmbm lbtgkgr èi im emkhcgstmohÿk `g uk mehdl cmiigoh`l. Olkog`h`m plr Júihm im mutlrhzmohÿk, cug èi, olkclreg im prmxg, pugstl gk olktmotl suogshvl olk trgs eè`huks,mshsth`ls plr uk gstgkÿdrmcl, shgk`l imbrm`m ehkuohlsm motm `g om`m sgshÿk. Gk ukm `g ims sgshlkgs, cug im omsm `g su rgsh`gkohm gxmotmegktg `gsorhtm, olk ims rgspgothvms m`jmoêkohms1 gk ukm ltrm, rgohbhÿ èi uk egksmjg, qug rgolklohÿ prlvgkhr olk ogrtgzm `g su cmiigoh`l mehdl. Gk rgsgknm pubihom`m gk gi ’Ihdnt―, `g Ilk`rgs, mså sg gxprgsm gi _r. T. _tgm`: ’Gk gi gspmohl `g `ls mýls, 766 pg`h`ls kls vhkhgrlk `g tl`m pmrtg. _lbrggsg tltmi, kukom vhkhels m smbgr gi rgsuitm`l `g =23 plr oleukhomohÿk `g ils hktgrgsm`ls1 `g gstls, =4= kls gsorhbhgrlk mchremk`l im olkvhoohÿk `g nmbgr sh`l pugstls gk oleukhomohÿk olk ils pmrhgktgs cmiigoh`ls1 >6 rgsplk`hgrlk qug gi rgsuitm`l grm tmi vgz smthscmotlrhl, pgrl kl il pl`åmk msgdurmr1 7?, chkmiegktg, `goimrmrlk kl nmbgr rgohbh`l oleukhomohlkgs mutèkthoms. Ils èxhtls cugrlk eís kuegrlsls `gi qug sgråm iåohtl gspgrmr y `g eli`g m gxoiuhr im nhpÿtgshs `g pl`gr sgr hkvlom`m im tgigpmthm pmrm gxpihomr ils egksmjgs lbtgkh`ls. Ils plstuimktgs `goimrmrlk qug, oumk`l chjmbmk im mtgkohÿk gk uk msuktl, kukom grm gsg gi gxpimkm`l y ims prugbms lbtgkh`ms kl grmk ims qug ims prgduktms rgoimembmk. Im tgigpmthm, plr il tmktl, kl pug`g gxpihomr tmigs ngonls.― * Gi gstu`hl `g gsls cgkÿegkls `geugstrm qug ils eè`huks gsorgvgktgs `gbgk sgr oimshchom`ls gk trgs omtgdlråms, sgdúk im kmturmigzm `g sus cmouitm`gs. _lk giils: =º- Vurmegktg mutðemtls ‟ kl thgkgk olkohgkohm `gi qug gsorhbgk1 sÿil gi brmzl igs gs hkciugkohm`l1 sus elvhehgktls slk brusols y smou`h`ls y giils thgkgk m vgogs ohgrtm `hchouitm` gk iggr il qug lbtuvhgrlk. Gsm cmouitm` gs m qug emylr dmrmktåm lcgrtm, kl shgk`l gi eè`hue eís qug uk hkstruegktl, l, mktgs, uk mdgktg pmshvl, ouyl pgksmehgktl y dmkm sg olksgrvmk hk`gpgk`hgktgs `g ils elvhehgktls `g im emkl. 2º- Gsorgvgktgs sgehegoâkhols, gk ils oumigs gi ogrgbrl y im emkl slk hdumiegktg heprgshlkm`ls. P êe olkohgkohm `gi qug gsorhbgk y ims pmimbrmsigs mol`ge m im egktg gk gi prlphl elegktl gk qug slk imkzm`ms gk gi pmpgi. ?º- Gsorgvgktgs hktuhthvls l hksphrm`ls, gk ils oumigs sÿil gi ogrgbrl gs hkciugkohm`l. Gsm cmouitm` gs hkohgrtm, m vgogs hiusÿrhm, plrqug ils pgksmehgktls `gi hk`hvhùl sg egzoimk crgougktgegktg olk ils `gi hksphrm`lr louitl y gs `hcåohi ils `hsthkduås ukls `g ils ltrls. @g mnå im ngshtmäïl `g ohgrtls eè`huks `g gsm kmturmigzm. Kl `gbgk giils, shk gebmrdl, `gsprgohmr gsg el`l `g trmbmjl, qug sg pgrcgoohlkm olk gi gjgrohohl y pug`g nmogrsg olk gi thgepl prgohlsl eètl`l oleukhomohlkmi.. Pgkgels euonms vgogs kltm`l gstg ngonl gk im eg`hukh`m`g hktuhthvm. Im pmrtg `g hktgrvgkohÿk hktgigotumi `gi eè`hue, olksh`grmbig mi olehgkzl gk ims oleukhomohlkgs, nmstm tmi puktl qug sg iigdm m ù`mr `gi prlphl omríotgr `g gsm cmouitm`, `hsehkuyg plol m plol, y im pmrtg `g hktgrvgkohÿk `gi Gspårhtu muegktm drmùmiegktg, nmstm nmogrsg prgplk`grmktg. _hgeprg sg gkolktrmrík, gk ims oleukhomohlkgs lbtgkh`ms, tèrehkls, gxprgshlkgs, olkstruoohlkgs `g crmsgs cmehihmrgs mi eè`hue, `g ils oumigs nmog èi nmbhtumi gepigl, pgrl im lrhdhkmih`m`, im `hvgrdgkohm `g ims h`gms y lphkhlkgs gxprgsms sg mchremrík om`m vgz eís, mså olel su supgrhlrh`m`g slbrg ims `gi sgkshthvl.

=?7 | V í d h k m


=86?

M ils eè`huks qug m så ehsels quhshgrmk plshbigegktg mtrhbuhr gi eèrhtl `g ims oleukhomohlkgs lbtgkh`ms, mpuktmrgels gi shduhgktg ngonl, rgcgrh`l plr gi Omphtík Bilueg, gk su omrtm mi _r. I. Dlr`y, pubihom`m plr ’Ig Egssmdgr―, `g Ihîdg, `g =7 `g mbrhi `g =866: ’Gk uk drupl `g lchohmigs `gi 74º `g iåkgm, ukl 2º tgkhgktg, nlebrg euy vuidmr gk gi qug sg rgchgrg mi gspårhtu g hktgihdgkohm, plol hkstruh`l, pgrl bugkl eè`hue, gstmbm pgrsum`h`l `g quhtmr `g su prlphl ogrgbrl bgiåsshems oleukhomohlkgs elrmigs, y olegkzmbm im prgsuehr-sh uk hkegksl tmigktl pgrslkmi olel gsorhtlr, oumk`l uk bgiil `åm, gk gi sgrík ngb`lem`írhl, gk eg`hl `g ukm blkhtm crmsg, pmrm rgpgkthkmegktg. Heplshbig olkthkumr1 su ogrgbrl sg rgonmzm mbsliutmegktg m prlùohr im eåkhem olsm. @urmktg gsg thgepl, uk ltrl eè`hue gxpihombm qug, shk qug sg nubhgrm pg`h`l, ils Gspårhtus `mbmk ukm igoohÿk `g nuehi`m`g m gsg eè`hue prgsukälsl. Gk ltrm sgshÿk, gsg ehsel eè`hue gsorhbåm, slbrg trgs nljms `g pmpgi justmplstms, trgs oleukhomohlkgs olepigtmegktg `hcgrgktgs, rg`motmk`l sÿil ukm iåkgm gk om`m nljm suogshvmegktg, y gsl olk im emylr oimrh`m` y im rmph`gz nmbhtumi.― Gk gi oursl `g kuegrlsms sgshlkgs `g gxpgrhegktmohÿk, euonms vgogs kls molktgohÿ prlplkgr im eè`huks hktuhthvls ougsthlkgs heprlvhsm`ms, `g lr`gk mssmz gigvm`m g hktgkohlkmiegktg mbstrmotm, euonl plr gkohem `g sus olkogpohlkgs pgrslkmigs. Grmk rgsugitms `g ukm msgktm`m, gk `hotm`ls bhgk gxtgksls, ouym clrem, tmk kltmbig olel gi clk`l, kl oleplrtmbm el`hchomohlkgs kh gkehgk`ms, olsm qug ils sgkshthvls nmbråmk sh`l hkompmogs `g nmogr plr så ehsels, shk mshstgkohm louitm. Kl lbstmktg ims `hcgrgkohms `g lphkhlkgs y `g gùomohÿk rgihdhlsm qug `hsthkduåmk gktrg så kugstrls eè`huks, tl`ms ims hk`homohlkgs qug rgohbåmk y trmksehtåmk mogrom `g im vh`m cuturm y `g im gvliuohÿk `g ims miems grmk h`èkthoms gk sus drmk`gs iåkgms, gk sus mspgotls gsgkohmigs. Wkl `g giils, euy rgcrmtírhl m im orggkohm gk ims gxhstgkohms suogshvms, rgohbåm `hmrhmegktg oleukhomohlkgs slbrg im rggkomrkmäïl y sus igygs. Ltrls, euy hebuå`ls `g ims h`gms omtÿihoms l prltgstmktgs lrtl`lxms, lbtgkåmk `hotm`ls `gelkstrmthvls `g qug ims olkogpohlkgs `g pmrmåsl y `g hkchgrkl slk grrÿkgms, l plr il egkls migdÿrhoms, y kl sg bmsmk gk km`m `g rgmi, y chkmiegktg uk olkjuktl `g klohlkgs slbrg gi M`geís, qug `hcgråmk gsgkohmiegktg`g ims qug igs grmk cmehihmrgs y igsnmbåmk sh`l prlcuk`megktg k h outh`ms `gs`g im hkcmkohm.. Gsms emkhcgstmohlkgs grmk euonms vgogs olkchrem`ms plr im vhshtm y `gsorhpohÿk `g ils Gspårhtus, qug sg olksgrvmbmk mi phg `g ils sgkshthvls y ils `hrhdåmk g hksphrmbmk. Gk gsms olk`hohlkgs, gi eè`hue vh`gktg olepigtmbm gi eè`hue gsorgvgktg. G_ bugkl nmbgr mså, gk uk drupl, midukls sgkshthvls ouyms `hcgrgktgs cmouitm`gs shrvgk rgoåprlomegktg `g olktrmprlvm. Im eg`hukh`m`g hktuhthvm, `goåmels kl`ls, kl `gbg sgr `gs`gým`m, plrqug olk gi gjgrohohl sg `gsmrrliim y sg nmog bhgk `gchkh`m. _hk gebmrdl, gs prgohsl ‟ olel mogrom `g tl`ms ims prlùoohlkgseg`húkhoms ‟ jmeís `gjmr `g slegtgr sus rgsuitm`ls m im hkspgoohÿk `g kugstrl orhtgrhl y rmohloåkhl.. Kl gs im orgùih`m`g eís pgqugýl emi qug gi gsogpthohsel hktrmkshdgktg. Gi `hsogrkhegktl y ukm olrrgotm gùomohÿk ohgktåchom slk kgogsmrhls pmrm `gtgrehkmr gi vgr`m`grl lrhdgk y gi vmilr `g ims oleukhomohlkgs, pmrm nmogr im `hsthkohÿk gktrg ims `hcgrgktgs omusms qug hktgrvhgkgk gk gi cgkÿegkl. Im mutgkthoh`m`g `g ils egksmjgs gs, m vgogs, `hcåohi `g gstmbigogrsg. Gi mbusl `g klebrgs oèigbrgs, `g pgrslkmih`m`gs vgkgrm`ms gktrg ils nlebrgs gs crgougktgegktg prmothom`l y sg nmog uk gigegktl `g ù`m y `g olkcushÿk pmrm ils lbsgrvm`lrgs. Ohgrtms prlùoohlkgs, `g `gpilrívgi bmkmih`m`g, gk uk gsthil hkolrrgtåsshel, susorhtms plr klebrgs hiustrgs, `gsphgrtmk im `gsolkchmkzm y iigvmk euonms pgrslkms m =?3 | V í d h k m


=86?

olksh`grmr gi Gsphrhthsel ukm drlsgrm ehsthchomäïl. Vmrm gi mkmihstm trmkquhil g hepmrohmi gsls mbusls `geugstrmk shepigegktg ukm olsm: gs qug gi mutlr `gi `hotm`l kh shgeprg gs il qug `hog sgr. Gk gi euk`l hkvhshbig, olel gktrg kl`ls, nmy Gspårhtus gebustgrls, shgeprg ihstls m mprlphmrsg `g tåtuils l egrgohegktls, m qug khkdúk `grgonl plsggk, olk gi chk `g heplkgrsg mi vuidl. G_, plr il tmktl, kgogsmrhl `mr eís mtgkohÿk mi prlphl olktgkh`l `g ims oleukhomohlkgs qug mi klebrg qug ims susorhbg. Vlr im lbrm sg juzdm gi lbrgrl. Ils Gspårhtus supgrhlrgs, pmrm nmogrsg rgolklogr, gk iudmr `g ils klebrgs qug usmbmk gk im Phgrrm, m`lptmk `g bugkl drm`l nmymels migdÿrhols. Gk rgdim, ils klebrgs y tåtuils kl thgkgk gk gi ltrl euk`l im heplrtmkohm qug igs `mels. Ils juhohls `gi Gspmohl kl slk ils `g im Phgrrm, y euonls klebrgs qug cuidurme gk im nhstlrhm nuemkm sg goihpsme gk im ltrm vh`m. Ims lbrms `g `g`homohÿk, melr y omrh`m` olksthtuygk miií vmihlsls y ùrm`grls tåtuils. Ils qug ims g`hchomrlk kh shgeprg nmk `gjm`l sus klebrgs gk im egelrhm `g ils nlebrgs. Vmsmrlk lbsourls, omsh `gsolkloh`ls gk gstg euk`l, pgrl im igy `hvhkm olksmdrÿ su gxhstgkohm y su miem rgcuidg olk ukl brhiil qug euonls Gspårhtus, rgputm`ls drmk`gs gktrg kl`ls, gstík igjls `g plsggr.. Nmy gk ims rgdhlkgs hkcgrhlrgs `gi Gspmohl, olel gk im Phgrrm, Gspårhtus slcåsthols qug trmtmk `g hephkdhr sus olkogpohlkgs bmjl im plrtm`m `g klebrgs pleplsls. Gk giils, gi grrlr sg `hsheuim bmjl ims clrems mustgrms l sgùtlrms, qug hiu`ge, y slk plr gsl múk eís pgihdrlsms. G_ prhkohpmiegktg gk tmigs omsls qug sg `gbg gjgrogr kugstrl `hsogrkhegktl. Kl `gbgelsm`lptmr ims lphkhlkgs `g uk Gspårhtu, shepigegktg plrqug sg trmtm `g uk Gspårhtu, pgrl úkhomegktg sg kls pmrgogk justms y bugkms. @gbgels `hsouthr y mvgrhdumr ims prlùoohlkgs `gi M`geís olk im ehsem ihbgrtm` `g mprgohmohÿk olk qug juzdmels ims `g ils mutlrgs tgrrgstrgs. Gi Gspårhtu kl gs eís qug uk nlebrg ihbgrm`l su ougrpl omrkmi1 olkplol im eugrtg kl m`quhgrg hkcmihbhih`m`g. Gi gspmohl qug kls gkvugivg gs plbim`l `g`gukm euithtu` hkvhshbig gvliuohlkm`m. Vlr im gkohem `g giim, shk gebmrdl, nmy gigvm`ms y klbigs Hktgihdgkohms, ouyms gksgýmkzms kls `gbgk sgr prgohlsls. Vl`gels rgolklogrims plr im smbhùråm qug ims hksphrm, plr im oimrh`m` y mepihtu` `g sus mprgohmohlkgs. Wkm lbjgäïl klsnm sh`l midukms vgogs clreuim`m. @hvgrslsdrupls gvlomk gi ehsel Gspårhtu y lbthgkgk, m im vgz, oleukhomohlkgs chrem`ms plr èi. _g `gbgvgr shgeprg gk gsluk gebustg< Kl. _mbgels qug gi pl`gr `gi pgksmehgktl sg gkdrmk`gog olk im gigvmohÿk `gi Gspårhtu y su hrrm`hmäïl pug`g oleprgk`gr uk oårouil vmståsshel. Gi miem, iigdm`m m uk gigvm`l drm`l `g m`hmktmegktl, nmog -sh uk clol pl`grlsl ouyms hrrm`hmä÷gs pug`gk pgkgtrmr gk tl`l iudmr `lk`g ukm súpihom y ukm gvlomäïl ig gs `hrhdh`m. G_ il qug `gbg nmbgr ngonl orggr, gk ohgrtls omsls, gk gi `lk `g im ubhqùh`m`g. Im `gchohgkohm `g ohgrtms oleukhomohlkgs kl prlvèe úkhomegktg `g ils qug ims `hotmk: sg pug`g tmebhèk im mtrhbuym m im cmitm `g mpthtu`, `g prgpmrl, `g olklohehgktls `gi eè`hue qug ims rgohbg. Gspårhtus `g rgmi vmilr sg vgk euonms vgogs rgùoh`ls m gepigmr hkstruegktls hepgrcghtåsshels, plr eg`hl `g ils oumigs kl pgrohbhels eís qug gkcimqugoh`ms emkhcgstmohlkgs `g su pgksmehgktl, píih`ls rgcigjls `g su dgkhl. Gk im dgkgrmih`m` `g ils omsls, eè`huks hepgrcghtls sÿil olkshdugk trmksehthr oleukhomohlkgs hepgrcghtms, gk gi qug sg rgchgrg mi igkdumjg y m im rhqugzm `g ims h`gms1 pgrl nmy tmebhèk lrdmkhzmohlkgs eg`húkhoms mèhrmbigs, qug sg prgstmk, olk ukm cmohih`m` qug iigdm m sgr prl`hdhlsm, m ims hktgkohlkgs `gi Gspårhtu. Sgkhels gk Vmrås, gk omsm `g im @uqugsm `g V. y klutrls ogktrls, ukm jlvgk eè`hue, im _rtm. J. @., qug, gk ukm lbsourh`m`g omsh olepigtm, iigkmbm gk euy plol thgepl kuegrlsms pídhkms `g ukm gsorhturm ríph`m y olrrhgktg. Gsls `hotm`ls shgeprg sg rgchrhgrlk m ims eís mitms ougsthlkgs `g elrmi y `g chilslcåm. Gk uk gsthil drmk`hlsl, gxprgsmbmk ils eísklbigs pgksmehgktls. Grm uk prlcuk`l gkomktl lårigs im igoturm y,

=?4 | V í d h k m


=86?

m pgsmr `g kl trmgr chrem, prlvgkåmk, m bugk sgdurl plshbig, `g ims eís brhiimktgs Hktgihdgkohms `gi Gspmohl. Ims olktrm`hoohlkgs qug prgsgktmk olrrgotls `hotm`ls gktrg så y im rmrh`m`g `g ims prugbms `g h`gkth`m` olksthtuygk tmebhèk drmk`gs elthvls `g hkogrthùebrg. Mså, plr gjgepil, oleukhomohlkgs chrem `g ims plr pmrhgktgs kugstrls kh shgeprg lcgrtmk gi omríotgr `g mutgkthoh`m`g qug gk giims kls mdrm`mråm gkolktrmr. Euonms hkolgrêkohms `gbgk sgr mktgs mtrhbuh`ms m ils lbstíouils gkolktrm`ls plr ils emkhcgstmktgs, qug m im hktgkohÿk `g gkdmýmr. _h m ils qug gvlomels cmitm im mpthtu` pmrm oleukhomrsg, thgkgk qug rgourrhr m hktgreg`hmrhls, m Gspårhtus eís gxpgrtls, qug tlemrík su klebrg, m chk `g nmogr eís hktgihdåvgi l eís gchomz im oleukhomohÿk. @g mnå ohgrtms hkgxmth`÷gs l `gchohgkohms, heputmbmhs m ils trmksehslrgs. Kugstrls eg`hls `g pgrogpohÿk, `g hkvgsthdmohÿk y mkíihshs slk múk `èbhigs y, gk im emylråm `g ils omsls, km`m nmogels `gi qug gs kgogsmrhl, olel eètl`l `g m`gstrmegktl elrmi y cåshol, pmrm gstmbigogr im oleukhomohÿk gk eís pgrcgotms olk`hohlkgs. Gk gi eè`hue hksphrm`l `gbg im rmzÿk gquhihbrmrsg olk im hktuhäïl. Gstm gs shgeprg sgdurm y cgouk`m, oumk`l prlvèe `g ims miems gigvm`ms1 gs m vgogs gkdmkm`lrm y pgihdrlsm oumk`l gemkm `g Gspårhtus `g lr`gk hkcgrhlr, ouyms h`gms y mprgohmohlkgs slk grrÿkgms. Gk gstl, olel gk tl`l qug sg rgchgrg m kugstrms rgimohlkgs olk gi euk`l louitl, sÿil nmy ukm rgdim: gsphrhtumihzmr-sh. Im emtgrhm gs oumi eurmiim qug sg grdug gktrg kl`ls y il Hkvhshbig. Busqugels plr tl`ls ils eg`hls mtgkumrig im lpmoh`m`. Vmrm gsl gs prgohsl rgourrhr m ils sgrgs supgrhlrgs y, plr ims hrrm`hmä÷gs `g kugstrm miem, cmohihtmr im oleuknïl olk giils. Kl gepiggels shkl olk rgspgtl y `gshktgrgssg ims cmouitm`gs qug kls slk olkog`h`ms, gs `gohr, kukom ims uthihogels m prgtgxtl l pmrm hktgrgsgs emtgrhmigs, pgrl vhsmk`l úkhomegktg kugstrl bhgk elrmi. Ehgktrms eís sg `gsprgk`g gi eè`hue `g ims hkciugkohms tgrrgstrgs, eís sg gkdrmk`gogk y mprhelrme sus cmouitm`gs. Im gsorhturm eg`húkhom rgvhstg midukms vgogs ims eís omprhonlsms clrems. Ehgktrms cugrm `g im hkciugkohm louitm, ils eè`huks sgråmk hkompmogs `g gsorhbhr gk gsms olk`hohlkgs, midukls lbthgkgk im gsorhturm hkvgrth`m, tmebhèk `gklehkm`m ’gsorhturm gk gspgjl―, igdhbig slimegktg plreg`hl `g uk gspgjl. Ltrls gsorhbgk m ims mvgssms, `g tmi sugrtg qug gs prgohsl iggr sus prlùoohlkgs gk sgkth`l hkvgrsl, olegkzmk`l ims crmsgs plr im úithem igtrm y tgrehkmk`l gk im prhegrm.=37 Gk ils ’Vrlogg`hkds `g im _. V. R.―, Crg`grho Eygrs egkohlkm gi shduhgktg omsl: ’Im vhu`m `g uk oièrhdl plkåm mbsliutmegktg gk ù`m im gsorhturm mutleíthom: ’Oldhgrm yl gk uk iíphz ‟ `goåm giim ‟ nmstm m im olksuemohÿk `g ils shdils, y eåm, emkl sÿil gsorhbhråm il qug yl quhshgrm.― Kl tmr`lu, shk gebmrdl, m gktrmrig im emkl gk elvhehgktl, ehgktrms giim `gsmchmbm gi Gspårhtu klebrg elcmbm `g su hkompmoh`m` gkgscugrzls tmi sgkth`l. uk tmktl hiÿdhol, pugs im emklmiggsorhbhr grm ym gi vgkoh`m plry gi elvhehgktl, m pgsmr `g ils qugGrm nmoåm plr helbhihzí-im. X rmbhsomvm, olktrm im dmkm, iåkgms hkolngrgktgs, qug ukm rgshstgkohm hktgkohlkmi `gschdurmvm plr olepigtl. Mbmk`lkÿ plr chk gi iíphz, omktmk`l vhotlrhm. Ng mnå mquå, shk gebmrdl, gi mr`hi1 sg molr`ÿ ukm `g ims pgrslkms prgsgktgs `g olilomr gi pmpgi crgktg m uk gspgjl, y tl`ls pu`hgrlk iggr: ‟ ’Wkahk`, ey kmeg hs Klremk.― (Emil! Eh klebrg gs Klremk.) G_ gvh`gktg qug im dmkm nlsthi `gi sgkshthvl

=37

Gk Brmshi, mså lbtuvl gi e è`hue Crmkohsol Omk`h`l ^mvhgr im trmksehshÿk `g ukm plgsåm, gk hkdiès, igkdum qug ig grm `gsolkloh`m. ‟ (Kltm `g im G `htlrm)

=?> | V í d h k m


=86?

nmbråm hepg`h`l gsg blrrm`lr, sh im clremohÿk `g ils omrmotgrgs gk gi sgkth`l klremi nubhgrm pl`h`l sgr molepmým`m plr im vhstm.―=33 Im gsm lr`gk `g cgkÿegkls sg nmiim olkgotm`l uk olkjuktl `g trmbmjls qug kl pl`råmels pmsmr gk shigkohl. _g trmtm `g `hbujls gjgoutm`ls, quhgrg im pgkm, quhgrg m iíphz, plr pgrslkms qug kl tgkåmk qug `hbujl im eåkhem klohÿk. Oubrgk gi pmpgi `g nljms, `g cilrgs gxtrmýms y elkms `g olilrgs brhiimktgs, `g mrmbgsols, `g mkhemigs, lrm `g purm cmktmshm, lrm hehtmk`l im cilrm l im cmukm `g pimkgtms igjmkls. Shotlrhgk _mr`lu lbtuvl drmvurms rgprgsgktmk`l olkstruoohlkgs h`gmigs. Nudl `'Mièsh `hsgýÿ rgtrmtls `g pgrslkms cmiigoh`ms, ouym sgegjmkzm cug rgolkloh`m. Ngigkm _ehtn, olepigtmegktg hdklrmktg `gi msuktl, phktÿ oum`rls qug heprgshlkmk. Rlsm Mduiimkm y _gdúk Lihvgr lbtuvhgrlk pgrturbm`lrgs `hbujls, lrkmtls, cilrgs, chdurms gxtrmýms, l gjgoutmrlk `gihohlsls trmbmjls. _g pug`g `gohr qug im eg`hukh`m`g sg prgstm m ehi vmrhm`ms lbrms. Wk bugkl eè`hue gs olel ukm ihrm, qug vhbrm bmjlgi hepuisl `g ils Gspårhtus. Gk gi Olkdrgsl Gspårhtm, gcgotum`l gk Vmrås, gk sgpthgebrg `g =866, m im omiig `'Mtgkms, midukms `g gsms lbrms cugrlk oligoohlkm`ms gk ukm smim gspgohmi y gxpugstms m im ourhlsh`m` `gi púbihol. Mtrmjl pmrthouimregktg im mtgkohÿk ukm sgrhg `g rgtrmtls lbtgkh`ls mutleíthomegktg plr gi _r. Cgrkmk` @gseluihks, phktlr `g tmigktl, euy olkloh`l gk gi euk `l pmrhshgksg. Nmbåm chdurms `g sugýl y `g mslebrl, ouym vhstm omusmbm `gsmdrm`mbig heprgshÿk1 pgrchigs `gihohlsls, `g egimkoÿihom slkrhsm1 ombgzms `g supihohm`ls, qug gxprgsmbmk uk `lilr nlrrhbig1 sgebimktgs `g ukm hktgksh`m` `g gxprgshÿk gxtrmlr`hkmrhm, `g ehrmr súpihogs l hktgrrldmthvls.. Gsls `hbujls nmbåmk sh`l gjgoutm`ls, lrm lbihoumegktg, ims eís `g ims vgogs m ims mvgssms, ltrms gk im lbsourh`m`g l olk ils ljls ogrrm`ls, bmjl gi hepgrhl `g ukm dmkm gxtrmým ‟ m `g uk hkvhshbig, qug chrem: ’Gi Vrgogptlr―. Gi _r. @gseluihks gepigm `g `hgz m vghktg ehkutls pmrm nmogr gsls oum`rls, ehgktrms qug ig slk kgogsmrhls ohkol l sghs `åms pmrm oleplkgr ukl `g ils `g su mutlråm. _u emkl `hsgým olk vgrthdhklsm rmph`gz, shk qug èi tgkdm im eåkhem olkohgkohm `gi qug nmog. _g plkg m msgstmrim ourhlsmegktg y èi prlphl il `hog: =34 ’Giim trmbmjm m im emkgrm `g Rl`hk. Euonms vgogs gs mrrgbmtm`m olk im rmph`gz `gi rmyl, gk ukm sugrtg `g turbhinïl l `g dhrl cuidurmktg. Ourvms, vliutms y iåkgms rgotms, ljls, kmrhz, blom y ombgiils, tl`l gs trmzm`l, `hsgým`lgk uk íphog. Wk rgtrmtl ngonl m ims mvgssms rgprgsgktm ukm vhgjm `g sgebimktg olktrmå`l, mplymk`l im ombgzm gk im emkl. Lrm, yl olegkoè plr `hsgýmr gi brmzl m im hkvgrsm, y olel eg grm kmturmiegktg heplshbig rgolklogr qug `hsgýmbm uk brmzl, eg pusg im hk`mdmr oumi pl`råm sgr gi lbjgtl qug gsblzmbm.― ------------------------------------’Oumk`l gi Gspårhtu quhgrg nmogr, plr kugstrl hktgreè`hl, olrrgotls rgtlqugs, lpgrm `g gstg el`l: gi iíphz, qug gepuknl, trmzm, hkolksohgktgegktg plr eh pmrtg, mktgs `g tl`l, uk oårouil gk `gtgrehkm`m pmrtg `gi rlstrl ‟ m qug èi `gsgm el`hchomr ‟ `gspuès im puktm `gi iíphz gs olkùoh`m =33 =34

Sgr ’Rgvug _ohgkthchqug gt Elrmig ù _phrhthseg―, jukhl `g =863. ’I'Goimhr― `g =6 `g lotubrg `g =866.

=?8 | V í d h k m


=86?

pmrm cugrm `g im pmrtg `hsgým`m, m ukm gsquhkm `gi pmpgi, `lk`g gsorhbg: blrrm. _è il qug gsl quhgrg `gohr1 olk eh dlem blrrl im pmrtg oleprgk`h`m plr gi oårouil y rgtlel gi iíphz. Èi ig dustm, slbrg tl`l, `g omusmreg mèhrmohÿk. G_ mså qug vmrhms vgogs eg nm ngonl gjgoutmr, gk prgsgkohm `g tgrogrls, rgtrmtls `g pgrslkms qug yl kukom vh y qug sg vgrhchom sgmk, quhgrg pmrhgktgs, quhgrg mehdls (cmiigoh`ls) `g ims pgrslkms qug eg ogrombmk, y qug eg mtrhbuåmk, kl shk gspmktl, gsms gspgohgs `g hkstmktíkgls ìl Hkvhshbig. Kl tgkdl ‟ yl, gi gsorupuilsl y mehdl `g im gxmothtu` ‟ im eåkhem rgimohÿk olk gsg gxtrmvmdmktg ’prgogptlr―, qug nmog uk rgtrmtl olegkzmk`l plr `lk`g sg mombm, shk ouh`mr `lk`g olilomrí ils ljls, im kmrhz y im blom.―. Mså sg mchrem, bmjl ehi clrems, gxtrmýms, hkgspgrm`ms, vmrhm`åsshems, im oleuknïl `gi vhshbig olk il Hkvhshbig, im olimblrmohÿk `gi nlebrg y `gi Gspårhtu. X plr giim qug`mels smbhgk`l qug im eugrtg gs hrrgmi. Pl`ms ims miems motúmk y trmbmjmk, tmktl gk im omrkg olel cugrm `g giim. Im vh`m rgvhstg mspgotls `hcgrgktgs, pgrl kl thgkg chk! ^H^ -

Prmksg g Hkolrplrmohlkgs

Gi gstm`l `g trmksg gs gsg drm`l `g sugýl emdkèthol qug pgrehtg mi ougrpl ciuå`hol gxtgrkmihzmrsg, `gsprgk`grsg `gi ougrpl omrkmi, y mi miem nmogr m vhvhr plr uk hkstmktg su vh`m ihbrg g hk`gpgk`hgktg. Im orhbm, shk gebmrdl, kukom gs olepigtm1 im orhbm mbsliutm sgråm im eugrtg. Wk imzl hkvhshbig olkthkúm m prgk`gr gi miem m su gkvlivgktgtgrrgstrg. _gegjmktg mi nhil tgigcÿkhol qug msgdurm im trmksehshÿk gktrg `ls puktls, gsg imzl ciuå`hol pgrehtg mi miem `gsprgk`h`m trmksehthr sus heprgshlkgs plr ils ÿrdmkls `gi ougrpl m`lregoh`l. Gk gi trmksg, gi eè`hue nmbim, sg eugvg, gsorhbg mutleíthomegktg1 `g gsls motls, shk gebmrdl, khkdúk rgougr`l olksgrvm mi `gspgrtmr. Gi gstm`l `g trmksg pug`g sgr prlvlom`l, quhgrg plr im moohÿk `g uk emdkgthzm`lr, quhgrg pgim `g uk Gspårhtu. Bmjl gi hkciuxl emdkèthol, ils imzls qug ukgk ils `ls ougrpls sg mcrluxme. Gi miem, olk su ougrpl sut hi, sg vm gemkohpmk`l plol mplol1 rgolbrm gi usl `g sus pl`grgs louitls, oleprheh`ls plr im emtgrhm. Ehgktrms eís prlcuk`l gs gi sugýl, eís olepigtl vhgkg m sgr gi `gsprgk`hegktl. Ims rm`hmohlkgs `g im pshqug muegktmk y sg `himtme1 uk gstm`l `hcgrgktg `g olkohgkohm, cmouitm`gs kugvms sg rgvgimk. Wk euk`l `g rgolr`mä÷gs y olklohehgktls, sgpuitm`ls gk ims prlcuk`h`m`gs `gi ’yl―, sg pmtgktm. Gi eè`hue pug`g, bmjl gi hepgrhl `g ukm dmkm supgrhlr, rgolksthtuhr-sh gk ukm `g sus pmsm`ms gxhstgkohms, rgvhvhrim gk tl`ms sus pmrthouimrh`m`gs, olk ims mothtu`gs, gi igkdumjg y ils mtrhbutls qug omrmotgrhzmk gsm gxhstgkohm. Gktrmk m im vgz gk moohÿk ils sgkth`ls psåquhols. Im vhshÿk y mu`hohÿk m im `hstmkohm sg prlùogk tmktl eís oimrms y chgigs ehgktrms eís olepigtm gs im gxtgrhlrhzmäïl `gi miem.. Gk gi ougrpl `gi eè`hue, elegktíkgmegktg mbmk`lkm`l, pug`g `mrsg ukm susthtuohÿk `g Gspårhtu. G_ gi cgkÿegkl `g ims hkolrplrmohlkgs. Gi miem `g uk `gsgkomrkm`l, múk gi miem `g uk vhvl m`lregoh`l, pug`g tlemr gi iudmr `gi eè`hue y sgrvhrsg `g su lrdmkhsel emtgrhmi, pmrm oleukhomrsg plr im pmimbrm y plr gi dgstl olk ims pgrslkms prgsgktgs.

=06 | V í d h k m


=86?

_mbhls gehkgktgs `mk tgsthelkhl `g im rgmih`m` `g gsls ngonls. Gi @r. Lihvgr Il`dg, gk su `hsoursl gk im Rlymi _lohgty, `g Ilk`rgs, gk ?= `ggkgrl `g =862,=3> mså sg gxprgsm: ’Wkm eíquhkm, gimblrm`m olel il slk kugstrls ougrpls, pug`g sgr gepigm`m, gk gi omsl `g trmksg, kl sÿil plr im Hktgihdgkohm qug, plr mså `gohr, m cmbrhoÿ, pgrl tmebhèk plr ltrms Hktgihdgkohms m qug `g giim sg pgrehtg nmogr usl. Gsl kmturmiegktg kl sg rgmihzmråm shkl plr uk olrrgotl thgepl y olk bmstmktg `hchouitm`. Gk su oleukhomohÿk trmksehth`m mi Olkdrgsl Lchohmi `g Vsholildåm, `g Vmrås, gk =866, =38 gi prlcgslr Eygrs, `g Omebrh`dg, grm múk eís mchremthvl. Prms nmbgr gkuegrm`l ils cgkÿegkls lbtgkh`ls gk gi gstm`l `g trmksg plr ims _rms. Vhpgr y Pnlepslk, cgkÿegkls qug èi gstu`hm nmog 27 mýls, mså olkoiuåm gi prlcgslr: ’Gk su emylråm, ils ngonls gkukohm`ls mougr`mk gi omríotgr y im egelrhm `g ohgrtms pgrslkms eugrtms... Gstly olkvgkoh`l `g qug gsm susthtuohÿk `g pgrslkmih`m`, l omebhl `g Gspårhtu, l plssgssïl, gs uk sgkshbig prldrgsl gk im gvliuohÿk `g kugstrm rmzm.― @urmktg gi trmksg, gi Gspårhtu `gi eè`hue plol sg migjm1 pgremkgog omsh shgeprg olkcuk`h`l gk gi drupl gsphrhtumi qug ogrom su gkvlivgktg tgrrgstrg. _u hkciugkohm m vgogs sg nmog múk sgkthr slbrg gi ougrpl, mi oumi sus prlphls níbhtls il mtrmgk. _u moohÿk sg nmog gk tmi sh uk hkoðel`l, ukl gstlrbl pmrm ils Gspårhtus qug sg oleukhomk. Oumk`l im cugrzm louitm gs hksuchohgktg y gi trmksg plol prlcuk`l, gi `gsprgk`hegktl gs hkolepigtl1 ims pgrslkmih`m`gs sg olkcuk`gk. Gi eè`hue rgshstg m im moohÿk gxtgrhlr `gi Gspårhtu, qug sg gsclrzm plr tlemr plsgshÿk `g sus ÿrdmkls. _us rm`hmohlkgs psåquhoms sg egsoime m ims `gi emkhcgstmktg. @g mnå, gk vmrhm`ms prlplrohlkgs, olkclreg ils omsls, `ls pmrtgs sg `hsthkdugk gk im emkhcgstmohÿk: m `g gi eè`hue y m `g gi Gspårhtu, lpgrmohÿk `gihom`m, qug gxhdg prlcuk`l olklohehgktl `g ims pgrslkmih`m`gs qug sg prgsgktmk y `g ims olk`hohlkgs `gi cgkÿegkl. Gi gstm`l `g trmksg cmohihtm im sudgrgkohm. Gk ils cgkÿegkls `g gsorhturm y `g im egsm gi eè`hue sg olksgrvm gk im pigkm plsgshÿk `g su ’yl―, `g su dmkm, y pl`råm rgpgihr ims hksphrmohlkgs qug rgohbg. Gk gi `gsprgk`hegktl ym sh kl `m gi ehsel. Gi miem sg nm rgthrm`l y gi ogrgbrl emtgrhmi qug`m gxpugstl m tl`ms ims hkciugkohms. Oumk`l gstí suchohgktgegktg prltgdh`l, gi eè`hue sg nmog rgogpthvl, tmktl m ims sudgrgkohms `g uk emdkgthzm`lr olel m ims `g ils mshstgktgs l `g uk Gspårhtu. G_ il qug euonms vgogs imkzm ukm olrrgotm olkcushÿk gk im hktgrprgtmohÿk `g ils ngonls y gxhdg, `g im pmrtg `g ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs, gxtrgem pru`gkohm. Gk tmi omsl gs `hcåohi `hsthkduhr im kmturmigzm rgmi `g ims hkciugkohms motumktgs. Nu`slk Puttig, eè`hue èi prlphl, il nmog kltmr gk su ihbrl ’Mromkm lc _phrhtumihse―: ’Ils drupls gspårhtms slk crgougktgegktg jldugtg `g ukm hiushÿk, gkdmým`ls plr sus prlphms cugrzms plshthvms. Migjmk ils `hotm`ls gspårhtms, susthtuyèk`lils plr gi rgcigjl `g sus prlphls pgksmehgktls1 y gktlkogs lbsgrvmk olktrm`hoohlkgs y olkcushlkgs qug hkdgkumegktg mtrhbuygk m im hktgrvgkohÿk `g Gspårhtus emièvlils.― =3>

’Rgvug `gs Ètu`gs Vsyonhqugs―, píd. 4=. ’Rgvug _ohgkthchqu g gt Elrmig ù _phrhthseg―, lotubrg `g =866, píd. 2=?. Sgr tmebhèk gi gxogigktg ihbrl `g Eygrs, ’Im Vgrslkkmihtè Nuemhkg―, omp. 74. =38

=0= | V í d h k m


=86?

G_ prgcgrhbig, plr gsl, `gjmr motúgk slils ils Gspårhtus slbrg gi eè`hue, mbstgkhèk`lsg `g tl`m hktgrvgkohÿk emdkèthom nuemkm. Cug shgeprg il qug nhohels, gk gi oursl `g kugstrls gstu`hls gxpgrhegktmigs. Gk rmrms ohroukstmkohm, oumk`l, cmitík`ligs `g rgpgktg im cugrzm psåquhom, ims Hktgihdgkohms kls pg`åmk qug motuírmels slbrggi eè`hue plr eg`hl `g pmsgs1 bmstmbm gsm pmsmjgrm hktgrvgkohÿk pmrm nmogr orggr m ils mshstgktgs gk ukm moohÿk sudgsthvm `g kugstrm pmrtg. Gk im emylråm `g ims vgogs, ils ciuh`ls `g uk emdkgthzm`lr, plr su gstm`l vhbrmtÿrhl pmrthouimr, olktrmråmk ils `g ils Gspårhtus, gk iudmr `g muxhihmrils. Phgkgk gstls qug gktrgdmrsg m uk trmbmjl `g m`mptmohÿk, l purhchomohÿk, qug mdltm ims cugrzms hk`hspgksmbigs mi emktgkhehgktl. Wk emdkgthzm`lr, ouyls ciuh`ls kl sgmk purls, qug kl plsgm uk omríotgr rgotl, kh hrrgprggksåvgi elrmih`m`g, pug`g, múk shk gi qugrgr, hkciugkohmr gi sgkshthvl gk uk sgkth`l euy`gscmvlrmbig. Múk oumk`l im moohÿk louitm gs pl`grlsm y bhgk `gtgrehkm`m, gs prgohsl nmbgr múk gk ougktm gi gebmrmäl `gi Gspårhtu qug sg `gbg oleukhomr olk gi muxhihl `g uk lrdmkhsel gxtrmýl, eg`hmktg rgoursls euonms vgogs rgstrhotls. Gi gstm`l `g mrelkåm gktrg ims cmouitm`gs `gi Gspårhtu y ims `gi eè`hue rmrmegktg gxhstg1 gi `gsmrrliil `g ils ogrgbrls kl gs h`èktholy ims emkhcgstmohlkgs slk plr gslolktrmrhm`ms. G_ il qug kls `goåmk ohgrtls Gspårhtus, gk gi oursl `g kugstrms gxpgrhgkohms `g hkolrplrmohÿk:. ’Gstmels momknm`megktg olkoiuh`ls1 ils cmitmk eg`hls suchohgktgs pmrm gxprgsmr kugstrls pgksmehgktls. Ims pmrtåouims cåshoms `g gstg ogrgbrl slk euy drlsgrms pmrm pl`gr vhbrmr bmjl kugstrm moohÿk y kugstrms oleukhomohlkgs sg nmogk plr gsl olksh`grmbigegktg gkcimqugoh`ms.― Gi Gspårhtu Rlbgrt Nysilp il rgphtg m su nhjl, gi prlcgslr Nysilp. Oumk`l pgkgtrm gk im mteÿscgrm tgrrgstrg y gk gi lrdmkhsel `gi eè`hue, ims olsms, `hog èi, sh ig megsquhknme: ’Pl`ms ims olsms sg eg prgsgktmk tmk =46 kåth`megktg, y oumk`l mquå vgkdl pmrm ims gxprgsíhs, Jmegs, kl il pug`l.― _hk gebmrdl, oumk`l sg pug`g `hsplkgr `g uk eè`hue `g rgmi vmilr, oumk`l im plssgssïl gs olepigtm y im cugrzm gs suchohgktg pmrm migjmr ims hkciugkohms olktrmrhms, `gpmrme-sh cgkÿegkls heplkgktgs. Gi Gspårhtu sg emkhchgstm gk im pigkhtu` `g su ’yl―, gk tl`m su lrhdhkmih`m`. Gi cgkÿegkl `g ims hkolrplrmohlkgs sg eugstrm gktlkogs supgrhlr m tl`ls ils ltrls. Hk`mdme olrrgotls gxpgrhegktm`lrgs: gi Gspårhtu `gi emkhcgstmktg sg hkolrplrm gcgothvmegktg gk gi lrdmkhsel `gi eè`hue< u lpgrm èi mktgs, im `hstmkohm, plr im sudgrgkohm egktmi y plr im trmksehshÿk `g pgksmehgktl, olel il pug`gnmogr uk gspårhtu gxtgrkmihzm`l `gi sgkshthvl<

Wk gxmegk mtgktl `g ils ngonls kls iigvm m orggr qug gsms `ls gxpihomohlkgs slk hdumiegktg mèhshbigs, olkclreg ils omsls. Ims ohtmä÷gs qug mombmels `g nmogr prugbmk qug im hkolrplrmohÿk pug`g sgr rgmi y olepigtm. G_ múk vgogs hkolksohgktg, plr gjgepil, olrrgotls Gspårhtus plol slk olkùoh `ls plrmidukms ukm dmkm supgrhlr mi ougrploumk`l, `g uk eè`hue y pugstls gk oleukhomohÿk olkm`gimktm`ls klsltrls, m chk `g sgr gsoimrgoh`ls slbrg su vgr`m`grm shtumohÿk. Gsls Gspårhtus, pgrturbm`ls plr im eugrtg, orggk múk, euonl thgepl `gspuès, pgrtgkgzomk m im vh`m tgrrgstrg. Kl pgrehthèk`ligs sus ciuh`ls drlsgrls gktrgk gk rgimohÿk olk Gspårhtus eís m`gimktm`ls, slk iigvm`ls m ils drupls `g gstu`hl, pmrm sgr hkstruh`ls mogrom `g su kugvm olk`hohÿk. G_ `hcåohi m vgogs nmogr -oleprgk`grigs qug mbmk`lkmrlk im vh`m omrkmi y su gstupgcmäïl miomkzm gi oÿehol, oumk`l, hkvhtm`ls m

=46

E. _mdg ‟ ’Em`meg Vhpgr gt im _lohètè `hgz Rgongrongs Vsyonhqugs ―, píd. 200.

=02 | V í d h k m


=86?

olepmrmr gi lrdmkhsel qug elegktíkgmegktg mkhemk olk il qug plsgåmk gk im Phgrrm, slk lbihdm`ls m rgolklogr su gkdmýl. Kl sg pl`råm ù`mr, gk tmi omsl, gk im hkolrplrmohÿk olepigtm `gi Gspårhtu. Klutrms ohroukstmkohms, im tglråm `g im trmksehshÿk m im `hstmkohm pmrgog egjlr gxpihomr ils ngonls. Ims heprgshlkgs lrhuk`ms `g cugrm slk eís l egkls chgiegktg pgrohbh`ms y trmksehth`ms plr ils ÿrdmkls. Mi im`l `g prugbms `g h`gkth`m`, qug khkdukm ngshtmäïl pgrehtgk slbrg im mutgkthoh`m`g `gi cgkÿegkl g hktgrvgkohÿk `g ils Gspårhtus, sg vgrhchomk, gk gi igkdumjg `gi sgkshthvl gk trmksg, gxprgshlkgs, olkstruoohlkgs `g crmsgs, uk el`l `g prlkukohmr qug ig slk nmbhtumigs. Gi Gspårhtu pmrgog prlygotmr gi pgksmehgktl gkgi ogrgbrl `gi eè`hue, `lk`g m`quhgrg, `g pmsm`m, clrems `g igkdumjg cmehihmrgs m gstg. Im trmksehshÿk sg gcgotúm, gk tmi omsl, gk gi iåehtg `g ils olklohehgktls y mpthtu`gs `gi sgkshthvl, gk tèrehkls vuidmrgs l gsoldh`ls, olkclreg su drm`l `g hkstruoohÿk. @g mnå tmebhèk ohgrtms hkolgrêkohms qug sg `gbgk mtrhbuhr m im hepgrcghäïl `gi hkstruegktl. Mi `gspgrtmr, gi Gspårhtu `gi eè`hue phgr`g tl`m olkohgkohm `g ims heprgshlkgs rgohbh`ms gk gi sgkth`l `g ihbgrtm`, `g hdumi emkgrm qug kl dumr`mrí gi eís pgqugýl olklohehgktl `gi pmpgi qug su ougrpl nmym `gsgepgým`l ùrmktg gi trmksg. Ils sgkth`ls psåquhols, `g qug plr uk elegktl nmbåm rgm`quhrh`l im plsgshÿk, sg gxthkdugk `g kugvl1 im emtgrhm gxthgk`g su emktl1 im klong sg prlùog1 tl`m rgolr`mäïl sg `gsvmkgog. Gi eè`hue `gsphgrtm gk uk gstm`l `g pgrturbmohÿk, qug igktmegktgsg `hshpm. M vgogs gi rgdrgsl m im omrkg lrhdhkm gsogkms pukdhthvms, oumk`l gi eè`hue, ùrmktg im gxtgrhlrhzmäïl, nhzl m vgr, gk gi Gspmohl, gktgs mem`ls, y gk gi hkstmktg qug prgog`g gi `gspgrtmr múk olksgrvm gsm heprgshÿk. Il olktrmstg gktrg im vh`m ihbrg y iuehklsm, qug mombm `g cruhr, y im oírogi slebråm m qug gs drmohms kugvmegktg m `gsogk`gr, prlvlom gsogkms `g iídrhems y imegktls, rgpudkâkohms `g rghktgdrmr -sh gk im omrkg, qug sg trmùogk plr imegktls y olelvg`lrms súpihoms. Ngels sh`l euonms vgogs tgsthdls `g tmigs gsogkms. * Kl shèk`lkls plshbig gxmehkmr tl`ls ils ngonls rgimohlkm`ls olk gi cgkÿegkl `gi trmksg, ihehtmrklsgels m ohtmr ils eís heplrtmktgs, kl sÿil gktrg ils qug nmk sh`l vgrhchom`ls gstls úithels mýls, plr `hvgrsls nlebrgs `g Ohgkohm, olel gktrg ils qug tgkgels plr kugstrm pmrtg lbsgrvm`l. Chdurmk gk prhegrl pimkl ims emkhcgstmohlkgs `gbh`ms m im eg`hukh`m`g `g im _rm. Vhpgr. Gsm sgýlrm gstuvl euy thgepl olkgotm`m plr olktrmtl m im _lohg`m` `g Hkvgsthdmohlkgs Vsåquhoms (_.V.R.), `g qug ym ngels nmbim`l, y qug plsgg ukm sgoohÿk gk Ilk`rgs y ltrm gk Kugvm Xlra. Im _rm. Vhpgr cug gi mdgktg prhkohpmi `g ims gxpgrhgkohms iigvm`ms m gcgotl gk gsls ogktrls plr smbhls olel ils prlcgslrgs Il`dg, Eygrs, Nl`dslk, T. Jmegs, Nysilp y ltrls, tl`ls pgrtgkgohgktgs im ukhvgrsh`m`gs hkdigsms l megrhomkms, slk,`g `gogrtl, ils nlebrgs eís olepgtgktgs pug`gk sgr sgshlkgs, múk ohtm`ls gk ougsthÿk `g Vshquhsel. Giy qug gstu`hl sus cmouitm`gs olksthtuyÿ gi lbjgthvlqug `g kuegrlsms ouyls rgsuitm`ls cugrlk olkshdkm`ls gk ils ’Vrlogg`hkds―, bligthkgs `g im _lohg`m` suprmegkohlkm`m. Gsls `louegktls clremk uk vliuegk `g 376 pídhkms, olksthtuygk`l il tlel ^SH `g ils ’Vrlogg`hkds―. Wk rgsuegk `g èi cug pubihom`l gk crmkoès.=4=

=4=

E. _mdg ‟ ’Em`meg Vhpgr gt im _loåètè Mkdil-megrhomhkg `gs Rgongrong s Vsyonhqugs―, Vmrås, Igyemrhg, g`htlr. Sgr tmebhèk ’Vrlogg`hkds―, tlels ^HHH, ^HS, ^S y ^SH.

=0? | V í d h k m


=86?

Im _rm. Vhpgr ‟ ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs gi mtgstme ‟ dlzm `g gxogigktg smiu`. Kl nmy gk su cmehihm khkdukm tmrm ngrg`htírhm. _ÿil `ls vgogs gk gi oursl `g ims gxpgrhgkohms, gk =>8? y =>87, gstuvl gkcgrem1 gk mebms, sus cmouitm`gs eg`húkhoms `goihkmrme y kl cug plshbig lbtgkgr bugkmsoleukhomohlkgs. Im _rm. Vhpgr cug lbjgtl `g olkstmktg y ehkuohlsm vhdhimkohm. Vlihoåms ig molepmýmbmk ils pmsls y ig lbsgrvmbmk ils eís pgqugýls motls1 sg tlemrlk tl`ms ims prlvh`gkohms pmrm `gsoubrhr im cugktg gk qug giim pl`råm ouonmrm hkclremohlkgs. @urmktg su pgremkgkohm gk Hkdimtgrrm, gk omsm `g ils prlcgslrgs Eygrs y Il`dg, giim qug`ÿ hksuim`m, prhvm`m `g tl`m rgimohÿk gxtrmým1 sus emigtms cugrlk rgvhstm`ms, sus omrtms mbhgrtms m pg`h`l suyl. Km`m sg gkolktrÿ `g slspgonlsl. Mi olktrmrhl, ehgktrms eís rhdurlsm grm im vhdhimkohm, emylr omríotgr `g ogrtgzm rgvgståmk ims emkhcgstmohlkgs lbtgkh`ms. @urmktg gi trmksg giim sg olksgrvm hk`hcgrgktg mi `lilr y ils dilbls `g ils ljls sg ig vlivhgrlk m vgr gk ims ÿrbhtms. Nmbim l gsorhbg y im vlz omebhm om`m Gspårhtu. Pl`ms ims prgduktms ngonms slk brgvgs y giim kukom smbg quhèk ims clreuim, plrqug ils vhshtmktgs slk hktrlùoh`ls ùrmktg su sugýl y ukhclregegktg `gshdkm`ls bmjl gi klebrg `g _r. _ehtn. Midukls iigvmk im prgomuohÿk mi puktl `g vgkhr `g omrrumdge, tgkhgk`l gi rlstrl oubhgrtl olk ukm eísomrm. Wk tgsthelkhl, prhegrl qug tl`ls, kls `gbg prgk`gr im mtgkohÿk. G_ il `gi @r. Rhonmr` Nl`dslk, vhog prgsh`gktg `g im _.V.R. gk Meèrhom, qug mblr`ÿ gi gstu`hl `gi cgkÿegkl gspårhtm olel oråthol sgvgrl y egthouilsl. Cug èi quhgk gstu`hÿ ils ngonls gxtrmlr`hkmrhls mtrhbuh`ls m im _rm. Bimvmtsay y olkoiuyÿ plr gi gebustg. Vusl gk gvh`gkohm ils crmu`gs hkolksohgktgs `g Gusíphm Vmim`hkl y sg elstrÿ, ùrmktg mýls, uk hepimombig m`vgrsmrhl `g im eg`hukh`m`g. Mquå gstí il qug èi `goimrÿ gk ils ’Vrlogg`hkds―: ’Nmog `log mýls gstu`hl im eg`hukh`m`g `g im _rm. Vhpgr. Mi olehgkzl, ukm sÿil olsm `gsgmbm: `gsoubrhr gk giim gi crmu`g y gi gebustg. Gktrè gk su omsm prlcuk`megktg emtgrhmihstm, olk gi chk `g im `gsemsomrmr. Nly, `hdl shepigegktg: Orgl!... Im `gelstrmohÿk eg cug ngonm plr el`l m quhtmr - eg nmstm im plshbhih`m` `g ukm ù`m.― Vmrm trmksclremr m gsg puktl im lphkhÿk `g uk nlebrg tmk prgvgkh`l olel gi @r. Nl`dslk, cugrlk prgohsls ngonls bhgk gilqùgktgs. Gi eís shdkhchomthvl gs im emkhcgstmohÿk gsplktâkgm `g su mehdl Dglrdg Vgiigw (`g ngonl Vginme), nlebrg `g igtrms, cmiigoh`l nmbåm midukls egsgs, y qug im eè`hue kl pl`åm olklogr. Im h`gkth`m` `gi `gcuktl cug gstmbigoh`m `g el`l euy plshthvl, gk gi oursl `g kuegrlsls `híildls. Gi @r. Nl`dslk trmjl m im prgsgkohm `g im eè`hue m`lregoh`m tl`ls ils mkthduls mehdls `g D. Vginme qug pu`l gkolktrmr ‟ ogrom `g ukls trghktm. Gi Gspårhtu ils rgolkloåm m tl`ls, iugdl m im iigdm`m, y ils moldåm olk `honls heprgvhstls. Kl slimegktg ils iimembm plr sus klebrgs, olel igs nmbimbm gk gi ehsel tlkl cmehihmr, usmk`l `g ims gxprgshlkgs nmbhtumigs `g qug sg sgrvåm olk om`m ukl `g giils, sgdúk gi drm`l `g hktheh`m`g ils olkgotmbm gk im Phgrrm, y gsl shk im eís ims pgqugým ngshtmäïlprugbms `g im pmrtg `g im eè`hue, mktgs olk imqug eíxhem gsplktmkgh`m`g. M tl`ls suehkhstrmbm eís ehkuohlsms `g h`gkth`m`.. Wkl `g giils, gi prlcgslr Kgwbli`, prlpusl im Vginme ukm trmùoohÿk `gi drhgdl, igkdum qug èi olkloåm, pgrl qug im _rm. Vhpgr hdklrmbm mbsliutmegktg. Gi Gspårhtu trmùjl olk gxmothtu`, molepmýmk`l gi tgxtl ihtgrmi drhgdl. @urmktg im prhegrm cmsg `g ims gxpgrhgkohms, gi eè`hue gs hkciugkohm`l, `hrhdh`l, chsomihzm`l (sgdúk im gxprgshÿk megrhomkm) plr Gspårhtusplol m`gimktm`ls. Wk olrrgotl Vnhkuht rgsplk`g `g el`l hkolngrgktg m ims prgduktms clreuim`ms y sg nmog kgogsmrhm tl`m im pmohgkohm mkdil-smxðkhm pmrm molepmýmr il =00 | V í d h k m


=86?

`gsmrrliil `gi cgkÿegkl ùrmktg mýls, m trmvès `gi imbhrhktl `g sus `hvmdmä÷gs. G_ prlbmbig qug hkvgsthdm`lrgs crmkogsgs kl nubhgrmk tgkh`l gsm pgrsgvgrmkäm y nubhgrmk pgr`h`l tl`l il bgkgchohl `g ims olkoiu`gktgs emkhcgstmohlkgs qug suog`hgrlk m gsg pgrhl`l olkcusl. Olk D. Vginme ims oleukhomohlkgs sg nmogk eís oimrms1 pgrl, gk gi olrrgr `gi thgepl, sg shgktg im cmitm `g `hrgoohÿk olepgtgktg. Vnhkuht y Vginme kl slk Gspårhtus qug nmymk bmstmktg cugrzm kh mpthtu`gs pmrm emktgkgr gi trmksg gk drm`l prlcuk`l g heph`mk im pgrslkmih`m` `gi sgkshthvl `g hehsouhr-sh midukms vgogs gk ils cgkÿegkls y ils pgrturbmr. Gstheuim`m plr hkciugkohms olktrmrhms, im eè`hue sg mdltm ríph`megktg. Im ’eíquhkm―, olkclreg im gxprgshÿk `g ils duåms, sg `gtgrhlrm. Ims emkhcgstmohlkgs sg nmogk `g kugvl olkcusms. _g gvlom gi Gspårhtu _tmhktlk Elsgs, mutlr `g ims ’Gksgýmkzms Gsphrhtumihstms―, nmy plol rgsthtuh`l m im vh`m `gi Gspmohl, y sg trmbm olk èi olktrlvgrshm slbrg uk puktl `g `lotrhkm. Gi gsorhtlr hkdiès mchrembm gk su ihbrl qug ils Gspårhtus mtrmsm`ls olksgrvmk gk gi ltrl euk`l sus pmshlkgs y mpgthtgs tgrrgstrgs y múk ils busomk smthscmogr. Gsm tglråm `hsdustm gk gxtrgel mi prlcgslrKgwbli`, qug ph`g im _tmhktlk Elsgs sg rgtrmtg. Gstg moog`g hkeg`hmtmegktg, y sus gxpihomohlkgs slk `gpilrívghs. Ohgrtls gsorhtlrgs, olegktmk`l gstg ngonl, orgygrlk `g èi pl`gr quhtmr olkoiushlkgs `gscmvlrmbigs m im chilslcåm gspårhtm. Ims olk`hohlkgs gk qug _tmhktlk Elsgs sg prlkukohÿ kls pmrgogk slspgonms. Im eè`hue cukohlkmbm mpgkms1 gi Gspårhtu kl pu`l slbrg giim chremr su hepgrhl, kh múk iigdÿ m prlbmr su h`gkth`m`. Pmi vgz kl nubhgrm mchkh`m`g suchohgktg gktrg su lrdmkhsel ciuå`hol y il `g im _rm. Vhpgr. G_ gsmukm `hchouitm` qug ils oråthols kl tlemk bmstmktg gk olksh`grmohÿk. Vlr su im`l, gi prlcgslr Kgwbli`, olk su lphkhÿk euy rm`hom`m, nmbråm gjgroh`l moohÿk sudgsthvm slbrg gi sgkshthvl. @g rgstl, mnå gstík ils ngonls, m ils ehigs, pmrm `gelstrmr im hkmkh`m`g `g gsm tglråm euy oÿel`m, `g gsm lphkhÿk `g qug im eugrtg bmstmråm pmrm gk ils `gsgebmrmämr `g kugstrms m`hoohlkgs. Gi Gspårhtu, gk im rgmih`m`, sg olksgrvm il mukqug sg nhzl ùrmktg im vh`m tgrrgstrg. Ims kgogsh`m`gs prlog`gk `gi ougrpl y olk èi sg gxthkdugk. Ils `gsgls y ims pmshlkgs slk `gi Gspårhtu y il molepmýmk. Omsh tl`ls ils cgkÿegkls `g ims omsms mpgkms-mslebrm`ms slk prlùoh`ls plr Gspårhtus mtrmsm`ls qug vhgkgk m smthscmogr, plst elrtge, rgkolrgs kmoh`ls mquå gk im Phgrrm, `g emigs l `g pgrjuhohls omusm`ls plr ohgrtms cmehihms, qug mså sg nmogk prgsm `g kgcmstms hkciugkohms. Gi ehsel sg `m gk tl`lsils ngonls `g lbsgssïl y gk ohgrtls omsls `g ilourm. Pl`ls ils lbsgrvm`lrgs `g imrdm cgonm il smbgk. Im sgksumih`m`g y im mvmrgzm subshstgk gk ims miems hkcgrhlrgs. Ils cgkÿegkls prlùoh`ls plr Gspårhtus ’hkoubls― y ’súoubls― kl slk hemdhkmrhls y mshgktmk gk tgsthelkhls clremigs1 cíohi kgdmr1 sgråm prgcgrhbig lbsgrvmr y ourmr.. Im emkhcgstmohÿk gcåegrm `g _tmhktlk Elsgs y im `hsoushÿk `g sus ’Gksmyls― sudhrhgrlk m ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs im h`gm `g gvlomr ils Gspårhtus qug ils nmbåmk `hotm`l, Gspårhtus supgrhlrgs , `gshdkm`ls gk gsm lbrm bmjl ils klebrgs `g Hepgrmtlr, Rgotlr, @lotlr y Vru`gks. Gstls mou`hrme mi iimem`l, g hkeg`hmtmegktg gi mspgotl `g ims sgshlkgs omebhÿ. _g shkthÿ qug moohÿk kugvm y olebhkm`m sg gjgroåm bmjl im `hrgoohÿk `g mitm Hktgihdgkohm. Ogsmk ims hkolgrêkohms1 ims lbsourh`m`gs, ils grrlrgs sg `hshpmk1 ims gxpihomohlkgs sg nmogk oimrms, ims prugbms mbuk`mktgs1 ims úithems ù`ms `g ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs sg `gsvmkgogk. Gi eè`hue gs lbjgtl `g ouh`m`ls ciuå`hols mssåùls1 im ’eíquhkm―, kltm`m, cukohlkm `g mnå gk `gimktg olk prgohshÿk. Rgotlr gs gspgohmiegktg prgplstl su dumr`hm y migjm ils hktrusls, ils Gspårhtus igvhmkls. Pl`ms ims emkhcgstmohlkgs thgkgk qug slegtgrsg m su chsomihzmohÿk. G_ èi quhgk sg gkomrdmrí `g trmksehthr ims oleukhomohlkgs úthigs, ims rgspugstms m ims prgduktms clreuim`ms. Hepgrmtlr olehgkzm shgeprg plr ukm pigdmrhm. Oumk`l nmbim plr im blom `g im _rm. Vhpgr, su vlz gs drmvg, heplkgktg1 heprgshlkm y olkeugvg. _us vhbrmohlkgs prlvlomk gi rgolinhegktl, rgstmbigogk im mrelkåm gk ils pgksmehgktls `g ils olksuitmktgs.

=07 | V í d h k m


=86?

Gsl vhgkg m olkchremr il qug tmktms vgogs kltmels gk kugstrl imrdl thrloåkhl `g gxpgrhegktm`lrgs. Oumk`l sg geprgk`g gi gstu`hl `g ils cgkÿegkls, olel `higtmktg, shk khkdúk ouh`m`l plr ims olk`hohlkgs psåquhoms m iigkmr, rmrmegktg sg lbthgkgk rgsuitm`ls pgrcgotls y smthscmotlrhls. Gk ims sgshlkgs qug yl `hrhdåm, gk olkslkmkohm olk uk eètl`l rhdurlsl, `gs`g qug im ukh`m` y gigvmohÿk `g ils pgksmehgktls ogsmbmk gktrg ils mshstgktgs, `gs`g qug gi rgolinhegktl grm hktgrrueph`l plr olkvgrsmohlkgs l `hsoushlkgs hklplrtukms y surdåmk `hvgrdgkohms `g lphkhÿk, iugdl ims emkhcgstmohlkgs `hsehkuåmk `g vmilr g hktgksh`m`. Gspårhtus hkcgrhlrgs sg gktrlegtåmk y, bmjl su hkciugkohm, ims cmouitm`gs `g ils eè`huks sg turbmvme, kl prlùohgk`l eís qug hepgrcghtåsshels rgsuitm`ls. Grm kgogshtl uk gkèrdhol gscugrzl `g rgmoohÿk hktgrhlr y lbtgkgr im hktgrvgkohÿk `g ims pltgkohms hkvhshbigs, pmrm rgstmbigogr gi oursl rgduimr `g ims emkhcgstmohlkgs. Gk im gxpgrhgkohm gspårhtm ‟ kl il livh`gels ‟ ils rgsuitm`ls `gpgk`gk `g im prltgoohÿk louitm qug pl`gels lbtgkgr y, slbrg tl`l, `g im gxtgkshÿk y gchomohm `g gsm prltgoohÿk. Lrm, gstm sÿil sg pug`g gjgrogr gk gi iheht y gk qug m nmdmels plshbig, oliloík`lkls gk gstm`l elrmi y egktmi `g mrelkåm qug cmohihtg im moohÿk `g ils Gspårhtus m`gimktm`ls. _hk mchkh`m`g `g pgksmehgktl y `g sgkthehgktl, shk oleuknïl gktrg så, kl pug`gk ims miems oleukhomrsg shkl olkcusm y mooh`gktmiegktg.. Ng mnå mnå im igy suprgem y im suprgem ohgkohm `g ims emkhcgstmohlkgs! ]ug vmigk ims oråthoms `g ils tgÿrhols cmktmshstms `gimktg `g im igoohÿk `g ils ngonls< Ils qug sÿil vgk gk gi Gsphrhthsel ukm ohgkohm sgegjmktg m ims ltrms ohgkohms nmk `g clrzlsmegktg iigdmr m rgolklogr im hksuchohgkohm `g sus olkogpohlkgs, `gs`g qug, pmsmk`l `g im tglråm m im príothom, vgrhchom` gi emi rgsuitm`l `g sus gscugrzls, l, plr il egkls, im hk`hdgkohm `g ils rgsuitm`ls lbtgkh`ls. * Ltrl kltmbig hkvgsthdm`lr, tmk pgrsphomz quïl gsorupuilsl, ouyl tgsthchol kl pl`gels `gjmr gk livh`l, gs gi prlcgslr Nysilp, `g im Wkhvgrsh`m` `g Oliúebhm, gk Kugvm Xlra. Gsg smbhl sg gktrgdÿ m tmr`m`m hkvgsthdmohÿk slbrg im eg`hukh`m`g `g im _rm. Vhpgr, `g im oumi rgsuitm qug ils cgkÿegkls lbtgkh`ls kl sg pl`råmk =42 gxpihomr kh plr im tgigpmthm, kh plr im igoturm `g pgksmehgktl. Gi prlcgslr clreuiÿ `lsohgktms prgduktms, `hrhdh`ms mi Gspårhtu `g su cmiigoh`l pm`rg, plr hktgreè`hl `gi @r. Nl`dslk. Ehgktrms gstg nmbimbm, J. Nysilp, `hscrmzm`l olk ukm eísomrm y olilom`l plr `gtrís `g im eè`hue, kl prlcgrhm ukm sÿil pmimbrm. Gk gsms olk`hohlkgs, im _rm. Vhpgr kl pl`åm iggr gk gi ogrgbrl `gi hktgrrldmktg rgspugstms qug gstg hdklrmbm, plrqug gi prlcgslr nubl tgkh`l gi ouh`m`l `g gsoldgr msuktls `g omríotgr gktgrmegktg åkthel, hdklrm`ls plr tl`ls. Mså sg pu`l vgrhchomr, trms imrdms y imblrhlsms hkvgsthdmohlkgs, qug `g ims 267 rgspugstms lbtgkh`ms, =72 grmk pgrcgotmegktg gxmotms y =3 hkgxmotms1 ?4 qug`mrlk gk ù`m, plrqug kl pu`hgrlk sgr mvgrhdum`ms. Gsm vgrhchomohÿk gxhdhÿ kuegrlsls vhmjgs m trmvès `g Gstm`ls Wkh`ls, m chk `g sgr rgolksthtuå`ms ehkuohlsmegktg ohgrtms pmrthouimrh`m`gs `g im nhstlrhm `g im cmehihm Nysilp, m qug sg rgcgråmk ims prgduktms. Pl`ms gsms rgspugstms slk mèhrmbigs plr su oimrh`m` y prgohshÿk. Gk giims, im pgrslkmih`m` `g ils emkhcgstmktgs, sus h`gms, sus gxprgshlkgs cmehihmrgs sg pmtgktmk olk tmemým ch`gih`m` qug heplkgk cmtmiegktg m ils lbsgrvm`lrgs im olkvhoohÿk. Gi prlcgslrNysilp, mbrhgk`l emkl `g tl`m `gsolkchmkzm, olkvgrsmohÿk, plr gi ÿrdmkl `g im _gýlrm Vhpgr gk trmksg, y bmjl im vhdhimkohm `g Rgotlr, olk suyl

=42

E. _mdg ‟ ’Em`meg Vhpgr―, gto., píds. =44 m 2=4.

=03 | V í d h k m


=86?

pm`rg `gsgkomrkm`l, ’olk tmktm cmohih`m` olel sh èi gstuvhgrm vhvl. Kl`ls kls oleprgk`åmels plr eg`hms pmimbrms=4? ‟ `hog èi ‟ olel gk ukm olkvgrsmohÿk lr`hkmrhm―. M`geís `g gsl, pu`l gi _r. Nysilp,gk `híildls mkhem`ls y iigkls `g hkoh`gktgs,olkvgrsmr olk midukls `g =40 sus tåls y prhels cmiigoh`ls, olk su ngremkl Omrils, eugrtl oumk`l èi tgkåm oumtrl mýls, olk sus ngremkms Mkm y Gihsm, y `g tl`ls lbtuvl rgspugstms smthscmotlrhms, ouym gkuegrmäïl iigkm ogktgkmrgs `g pídhkms `g su hkclreg pubihom`l gk gi ’Nmrpgrs Emdmzhkg―, `gspuès gk ils ’Vrlogg`hkds― `g im _.V.R., tlel ^SH. Mnå sg gkougktrmk rgukh`ls gk omkth`m` olksh`grmbig ngonls ehú`ls, hkoh`gktgs `g im vh`m `g cmehihm livh`m`ls plr gi prlcgslr y, `gspuès `g gxmegk, rgolkloh`ls vgr`m`grls. Grmk prgohsms m vgogs sgemkms gktgrms `g hkvgsthdmohlkgs pmrm ils mvgrhdumr, y sg gkolktrmbm gktlkogs midúk pmrhgktg migjm`l qug igs mtgstmvm im rgmih`m`. Ils rgsuitm`ls grmk omsh shgeprg molr`gs mi `gohr `g ils Gspårhtus. _lbrg ims prugbms olinh`ms, `hog gi prlcgslr:=47 ’Vmrm gi igotlr gxtrmýl, im kmrrmthvm `g ukm sgshÿk kl pug`g prlùohr im olkvhoohÿk qug sg mpl`grm `gi pmrhgktg l `gi mehdl qug nmog m gkolktrmr, trms imrdl thgepl, ils níbhtls `g igkdumjg, ims olkstruoohlkgs `g crmsgs, ims gxprgshlkgs phtlrgsoms, im emkgrm `g `hsouthr, tmk bhgk olkloh`ms y qug omrmotgrhzmbmk `g el`l hkolkcuk`hbig mqugi olk quhgk ltrlrm nubg olkvhvh`l.― Shgkgk `gspuès omrmotgråsthols kugvls, `gsolkloh`ls y `g prlcuk`m lrhdhkmih`m`. Vlr gjgepil: ’Gk qug subolksohgktg nmbråm pl`h`l im _rm. Vhpgr nmiimr gsls pgrslkmjgs ‟ Hepgrmtlr, Rgotlr, D. Vginme, gto. ‟ olk sus el`ls `g hktgrvgkohÿk tmk justls y pgrthkgktgs om`m hkoh`gktg, shk qug jmeís sus omrmotgrgs sg olkcuk`mk< M tl`l hkstmktg, Hepgrmtlr rgvgim su omríotgr iigkl `g `hdkh`m` y sus tgk`gkohms hepgrhlsms, qug tmk bhgk justhchomk su psgu`ðkhel, ehgktrms Rgotlr gkomehkm ims olkvgrsmohlkgs y Vginme rgsugivg ims ù`ms y rgothchom ils grrlrgs gk oumktl m ils =43 ngonls y, slbrg tl`l, m ims pgrslkms y m ims rgimohlkgs gktrg giims y ils olksuitmktgs.― Im tgigpmthm, mým`g gi prlcgslr, kl pug`g gxpihomr egjlr gsms rgvgimohlkgs. Ils prlphls grrlrgs, gk su lphkhÿk, olktrhbuygk pmrm gxoiuhr im plshbhih`m` `g gsm nhpÿtgshs, plrqug `hvgrsms vgogs ils Gspårhtus sg gkdmýmrlk gk puktls qug èi, Nysilp, olkloåm pgrcgotmegktg, y slbrg ils oumigs im eè`hue tgkåm tl`m im cmohih`m` `g hkclremrsg. X olkoiuyg gk gstls tèrehkls: ’Olksh`grmk`l gi prlbigem olk hepmrohmih`m`, ltrm gxpihomohÿk kl nmy shkl im hktgrvgkohÿk `g ils eugrtls.― Im nhstlrhm `gi kugvl Gsphrhtumihsel kls suehkhstrm kuegrlsls gjgepils `g eè`huks qug plsggk, gk gi gstm`l `g trmksg, cmouitm`gs gxtrmlr`hkmrhms y sg gxprgsmk olk mrrgbmtm`lrm gilqùêkohm. Olrm Pmppmk rgolrrhÿ Gstm`ls Wkh`ls m`geís y m Hkdimtgrrm, gktl`ls om`m ils ohu`m` emrmvhiilsls `hsoursls, gk vgrsl y gkilsprlsm. Rgsplk`åm, `g gsl, imnmohgk`l prgduktmslår `g dèkgrls, `mk`l prugbm `g slrprgk`gktg gru`häïl. Mchrembm qug sus rgspugstms kl prlvgkåmk `g giim ehsem y `g gsl kl quhtmbm

=4?

E. _mdg, lb. oht., píds. =>>, =86, =87, =88 y 2=2 . Sgr tmebhèk ’Rgvug _ohgkthchq ug gt Elrmig ù _phrhthseg―, emyl `g =862. E. _mdg, lb. oht. E. _mdg, lb. oht., píd. 334. =43 Prmùoïl @usmrt, ’Rgvug _ohgkthchqug gt Elrmig ù _phrhthseg―, emyl `g =862, píd. 233. =40 =47

=04 | V í d h k m


=86?

elthvl `g vmkh`m`. _us prè`homs ‟ `goåm ‟ gemkmvme `g uk drupl `g Duåms, shgeprg ihstls m nmbimr plr su blom, tl`m vgz qug sus sgrvhohls grmk rgoimem`ls.=44 P. D. Clrstgr kl omusmbm egkls heprgshÿk. Ng mnå il qug `g èi `goåm uk ihtgrmtl `g Iuhshmkm qug, trms nmbgr pgr`h`l trgs nhjls y im gsplsm h`limtrm`m, m im cugrzm `g `gsgspgrmohÿk nubg iigdm`l m trmgr olkshdl ’gi =4> vh`rhl cmtmi qug `gbgråm plkgr tèrehkl m sus ehsgrhms y m`lregogr sus `lilrgs pmrm shgeprg―. ’Cuh lår P. D. Clrstgr1 gktrè `hspugstl m rgår y `hvgrthreg1 qug`è pmrm gsouonmr y emrmvhinmr-eg1 smiå olkelvh`l y smou`h`l, y miií vlivå múk. Gsg nlebrg nmbimbm `g tl`l olk ukm gilqùêkohm `g qug kukom nmstm gktlkogs nubg pl`h`l tgkgr h`gm. Pgkdl lå`l lrm`lrgs oèigbrgs: igå Oåogrl, Onmtnme, Vhtt y ltrls1 jmeís vh olsm qug sg mprlxhemrm `g im gilqùêkohm hrrgcutívgi `g gsg nlebrg m`lregoh`l. Ils lrm`lrgs `g oítg`rm y `g trhbukm slk lbihdm`ls m iigkmr olk pmimbrms gi hktgrvmil gktrg `ls h`gms1 olk èi kl sg `m gsl: ims h`gms, ils ngonls, ims cgonms sg suog`åmk shk hktgrrupohÿk kh gscugrzl y shk im egklr ngshtmäïl. Im nhstlrhm `g tl`ls ils pugbils ig grm olkloh`m1 tl`ms ims ohgkohms ig grmk cmehihmrgs, olel sg ig nubhgrm olksmdrm`l tl`l gi pimzl `g ukm vh`m nuemkm mi gstu`hl `g om`m ukm `g giims, y su igkdumjg, m im vgz shepig y gigvm`m, shgeprg sg olksgrvmbm m im miturm `g su ohgkohm. Busquè sgrig prgsgktm`l, ou mk`l vlivhÿ m su gstm`l klremi, y gk èi gkolktrè uk nlebrg gehkgktg, pgrl kl ‟ y euy igjls `g gsl ‟ gi nlebrg ukhvgrsmi `g sus `hsoursls. Èi eg olkog`hÿ ukm sgshÿk `g trmksg y plr su hktgreè`hl olkvgrsè olk gi prlcgslr @rmytlk, su Gspårhtuduåm. ]ug`è olkvgkoh`l. _ly mnlrm ltrl nlebrg1 slycgihz, ln! bhgk cgihz!― Gi shduhgktg omsl lourrhÿ gk Crmkohm y im pgrslkm `gi emkhcgstmktg sg rgvgiÿ `g el`l hrrgcrmdívgi. Ohtmels tgxtumiegktg gi hkclreg, ouyl lrhdhkmi sg nmiim gk kugstrl pl`gr: ’M =? `g gkgrl `g =>88, `log pgrslkms sg nmbåmk rgukh`l gk omsm `gi _r. @mvh`, m im pimzm Olrps_mhkts kº 8, gk Mvhdklk, pmrm im sgshÿk ngb`lem`írhm `g Gsphrhthsel. @gspuès `g uk hkstmktg `g rgolinhegktl, vgkhels im eè`hue, im _rm. Dmiims, gk gstm`l `g trmksg, vlivgr- sh pmrm gi im`l `gi _r. Mbm`g Drhemu` y nmbimrig gk gi igkdumjg `g ims sgýmigs gepigm`ms plr olrrgotls slr`ls-eu`ls. _u vliubhih`m`g eåehom grm tmi qug cug prgohsl pg`hr mi Gspårhtu qug sg oleukhomrm eís `gspmohl, il qug hkeg`hmtmegktg nhzl. Vlr prgomuohÿk, ouym heplrtmkohm vm m sgr mprgohm`m, gi _r. Mbm`g Drhemu` sg ihehtmbm m gkukohmr ims igtrms, m eg`h`m qug grmk trmksehth`ms plr im eè`hue. Olel om`m igtrm hksuim`m km`m shdkhchom, grm heplshbig, mukqug il nubhèrmels qugrh`l, hktgrprgtmr gi pgksmehgktl `gi Gspårhtu1 y sÿil gk gi chk `g im oleukhomohÿk cug qug qug`mels olklohgk`l su olktgkh`l, `gspuès `g im igoturm `g giim plr ukl `g ils ehgebrls `gi drupl gkomrdm`l `g rgdhstrmr ils omrmotgrgs. Mi `geís, im eè`hue gepigÿ uk `lbig eètl`l: il qug olkshstg gk gkukohmr tl`ms ims igtrms `g ukm sÿil pmimbrm, pmrm hk`homrigs úkhom clrem hkvgktm`l pgrogpthbigplr m im y il qugygkukohm bhsmdrm shk prgloupmrsg olk im im lrtldrmcåm, clrem dríchom, eètl`l gi vhstm, _r. Clurom`g, qug sÿilimgs usm`l gk gi Hksthtutl `g ils _lr`ls-eu`ls `g Mvhdklk. Gstls plregklrgs slk suehkhstrm`ls plr gi Mbm`g Drhemu`, `hrgotlr y cuk`m`lr `gi gstmbigohehgktl.

=44

Sgr ’Ihdnt― `g 22 `g e mrzl `g =862: ’Pgsthelkhl `gi _r. Olivhiig―. Gxtrmå`l `gi ’_phrhtumih st―, Kugvm Lrigïgs, =>7>, mrtåouil chrem`l Jls. Bmrtngt, rgprlùoh`l plr im ’Shg `'Lutrg -Plebg― `g =7 emrzl `g =862, píd. 20=. =4>

=0> | V í d h k m

`g


=86?

Im oleukhomohÿk, rgimthvm m im lbrm `g gxogism chimktrlphm m qug sg `g`hoÿ gi _r. Mbm`g Drhemu`, gstmbm chrem`m: ’Ngremkl Clurom`g, cmiigoh`l gk Omgk.― Khkdukl `g ils mshstgktgs, olk im smivg`m` `gi vgkgrmbig smogr`ltg, olklohÿ kh pl`åm olklogr, quhgrg gi mutlr `g gsm oleukhomohÿk, mukqug èi nubhgrm pmsm`l, nmog trghktm mýls, midúk thgepl gk Mvhdklk, quhgrg su eètl`l.― _usorhbhgrlk gi hkclreg ils ehgebrls `gi drupl qug mshsthgrlk m im sgshÿk: Plurshgr, `hrgotlr jubhim`l `gi Bmkol `g Crmkohm1 Rlussgi, emgstrl `g eúshom `gi 7>º1 @legkmon, tgkhgktg `gi 7>º1 @mvh`, kgdlohmktg1 Brgelk`, Omkugi, _rms. Plurshgr, Rlussgi, @mvh`, Brgelk`. Juktl mi hkclreg vgkåm gi shduhgktg mtgstm`l: ’Xl, mbmjl chrem`l, Drhemu`, pm`rg, `hrgotlr-cuk`m`lr `gi Hksthtutl `g ils gkcgrels `g ils ÿrdmkls vlomigs, slr`ls-eu`ls, dmdls y khýls mklremhs gk Mvhdklk, ogrthchol im mbsliutm gxmothtu` `g tl`l il qug mrrhbm gs rgcgrh`l. @gbl `gohr, gk tgsthelkhl `g im vgr`m`, qug gstmbm igjls `g gspgrmr sgegjmktg emkhcgstmohÿk, `g im oumi oleprgk`l tl`m im heplrtmkohm, mi puktl `g vhstm `g im rgmih`m` `gi Gsphrhthsel, `g qug sly cgrvlrlsl m`gptl. Kl tgkdl im eís pgqugým ù`m gk gi `goimrmr púbihomegktg. Mvhdklk, =4 `g mbrhi `g =>88. (chrem`l) Drhemu`, pm`rg.― @g =>8? m =86= tgkåmels, gk gi Drupl `g Gstu`hls Vsåquhols `g Plurs, trgs sgýlrms, eè`huks `g trmksg, tl`ms pgrtgkgohgktgs m im burdugshm, y ouyl olkoursl grm mbsliutmegktg `gshktgrgssm`l. Hkclregs gstgkldríchols, qug clremk `hvgrsls vliúegkgs, pgrehtgk olepmrmr ils `hsoursls prlkukohm`ls, ims oleukhomohlkgslbtgkh`ms olk il muxhihl `g sus cmouitm`gs, y oleprlbmr, m euonls mýls `g `hstmkohm, ukm pgrcgotm h`gkth`m` `g omríotgr y `g lphkhlkgs gk rgimohÿk om`m ukl `g ils Gspårhtus qug sg oleukhombmk. Iugdl qug sg prlùog im lbsourh`m`g, ils eè`huks shgktgk im hkciugkohm emdkèthom `g ils hkvhshbigs. Gk gi prhegr drm`l `gi trmksg, gstmk`l múk `gsphgrtls, giils vgk uk drupl olepigtl `g Gspårhtus clremrsg mtrís `g ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs y `gsorhbgk ims mpmrhä÷gs1 lygk y trmksehtgk ims hk`homohlkgs, ils pg`h`ls `g gsls Gspårhtus, y plr su igkdumjg, plr ohgrtms pmrthouimrh`m`gs `g im chshlklehm l `g im mothtu`, ils mshstgktgs cíohiegktg rgolklogk pmrhgktgs y mehdls cmiigoh`ls. @gktrl gk plol sg mogktúm gi trmksg, gi eè`hue m`lregog, im hkolrplrmohÿk sg vgrhchom. Gk kugstrl drupl gi pl`gr ciuå`hol `g ils Gspårhtus-duåm grm suchohgktg pmrm mkuimrplr olepigtl im pgrslkmih`m` `gi sgkshthvl y gvhtmr oumiquhgr hktgrvgkohÿk `g im subolksohêkohm. Olel euonl, sg pu`l lbsgrvmr midukms vgogs gk uk `g ils sgkshthvls, im _rm. @., ukm hktgrcgrgkohm `g pgrslkmih`m`gs, oumk`lgi trmksg kl grm prlcuk`l. Omsh shgeprg ims hkolrplrmohlkgs sg suog`gk. @gs`g qug im plssgssïl gs olepigtm, sg nmog im iuz, y `gspuès, oumk`l gi Gspårhtu sg rgthrm, sg nmog m `hsehkuhrim pmrm cmohihtmr im moohÿk ciuå`hom `g ils hkvhshbigs y gi hkdrgsl `g uk kugvl emkhcgstmktg. Om`m eè`hue shrvg nmbhtumiegktg `g ÿrdmkl m trgs Gspårhtus `hcgrgktgs, gk ukm ehsem sgshÿk. Ehgktrms im hkolrplrmohÿk sg prlùog gk uk `g ils eè`huks, ils ltrls `gsomksmk1 midukms vgogs ims hkolrplrmohlkgs slk sheuitíkgms. @híildls, `hsoushlkgs sg trmbmk gktlkogs gktrg `hvgrsls Gspårhtus y gi prgsh`gktg `gi drupl. Gsms olkvgrsmohlkgs gktrg oumtrl pgrslkms, trgs `g ims oumigs pgrtgkgogk mi euk`l `g ils Gspårhtus, slk `g ims qug eís vhvmegktg heprgshlkmk.

=08 | V í d h k m


=86?

Gk dgkgrmi, slk ils Gspårhtus-duåm qug prhegrl sg emkhchgstmk, `mk`l olksgjls, hkstruoohlkgs, rgpmsm`ms `g iÿdhom y `g drmk`gzm, slbrg ils prlbigems `g im vh`m y `gi `gsthkl. _g suog`gk g`spuès olkvgrsmohlkgs olk Gspårhtus egkls gigvm`ls, midukls `g ilsoumigs vhvhgrlk gktrg kl`ls y pmrthohpmrlk `g kugstrls trmbmjls. Gsogkms pmtèthoms sg prlùogk. G_ uk pm`rg, ukm em`rg, qug vhgkgk gxlrtmr sus nhjls, prgsgktgs m im rgukhÿk. _lk mehdls `g m`geís-túeuil, qug kls `gsphgrtmk rgolr`mä÷gs `g hkcmkohm, rgigebrme sgrvhohls prgstm`ls, cmitms olegth`ms. @gsorhbgk sus olk`hohlkgs `g vh`m gk gi Gspmohl, nmbimk `g ims migdråms y `g ils sucrhehgktls elrmigs, gxpgrhegktm`ls trms im eugrtg, olksgougkohms hkgvhtmbigs `g su olkùotm gk im Phgrrm. Olel igoohlkgs vhvms `g olsms, pmiphtmktgs `g olilrgm`l y elvhehgktl, gsms gxpmkshlkgs, gsms olkchss÷gs kls `gjmbmk prlcuk`megktg olkelvh`ls. Euonms vgogs sg trmbmrlk `hsoushlkgs uk tmktl vggegktgs gktrg Gspårhtus. @ls pliåthols oèigbrgs, m`vgrsmrhls `goimrm`ls gk im Phgrrm, olkthkumbm k im nlsthihzmr-sg plr im blom `g kugstrls eè`huks, olk mrrlubls lrmtÿrhls, ukm `hmièothom ogrrm`m, mrduegktls `g trhbukm y `g prgtÿrhl, uk olkjuktl `g `honls omrmotgråsthols y mogrm`ls qug olksthtuåmk ltrms tmktms prugbms `g h`gkth`m`. Wk ùgil `g dmkm, gktrg ukl `g kugstrls Duåms y uk Gspårhtu lbsgsslr, mebls hkorustm`ls, miomkzmbm ouiehkâkohms vgr`m`grmegktg èphoms. Gsms gsogkms, `g ukm hktgksh`m` `g vh`m y `g gxprgshÿk olel sh kl pug`g vgr gk tgmtrl midukl, `gjmrlk gk kugstrm egelrhm hk`gièvghs rgolr`mä÷gs. @ls Gspårhtus msuegk eís pmrthouimregktg im `hrgoohÿk `gi drupl y sg emkhchgstmk gk tl`ms ims sgshlkgs: gi Gspårhtu Mzui=48 y Jgrðkhel. Gi Gspårhtu Mzui gs ukm gkth`m` cgegkhkm `g lr`gk mssmz gigvm`m. Oumk`l mkhem gi lrdmkhsel `g im eè`hue, pgrslkm tåeh`m y `g el`gstm hkstruoohÿk, ims iåkgms `gi sgebimktg m`quhgrgk ukm gxprgshÿk sgríchom, im vlz sg nmog gxtrgem`megktg ùiog y egil`hlsm, gi igkdumjg rgvhstg clrem plèthom g hrrgprggksåvgi. ukl `gmtgstme, ils mshstgktgs, su pmrtg, `hrhdg giim m`vgrtgkohms, olksgjls, rgimthvls m su olkùotm prhvm`m,Om`m ils oumigs múk miplr prhegr gkougktrl, pgrcgotl olklohehgktl `gi omríotgr y `g im vh`m åkthem `g mqugiils m quhèk slk `hrhdh`ls. Molktgog crgougktgegktg qug pgrslkms vgkh`ms plr prhegrm vgz m kugstrms rgukhlkgs, y `gsolkloh`m s `g im eè`hue, rgohbåmk olksgjls, pmimbrms `g mkhemohÿkl `g ogksurm, mprlphm`ms m su gstm`l elrmi y m suyls eís sgorgtls pgksmehgktls. Gsms m`vgrtgkohms, lbsourms pmrm ils ltrls luvhktgs, grmk shgeprg oimrms y plshthvms pmrm ils hktgrgsm`ls. X kl grm ukl `g ils eís pgqugýls mtrmothvls `g tmigs emkhcgstmohlkgs gsg mrtg qug gepigmbm gi GspårhtuMzui gk nmbimr, `gimktg `gtl`ls, ims olsms åkthems y louitms, `g el`l m gvhtmr oumiquhgr hk`hsorhäïl, nmohèk`lsg pgrcgotmegktg oimrl pmrm im pgrslkm mivgjm`m. Im slihohtu` y im prltgoohÿk `gi Gspårhtu Mzui sg gxtgk`åmk m tl`ls ils ehgebrls `gi drupl y sg pmtgktmrlk euonms vgogs gk gi `lehkhl `g ils ngonls. Smrhls `g gktrg kl`ls, prgeh`ls plr sgrhms `hchouitm`gs, olksgduhels vgkogrims, drmohms m im moohÿk prlvh`gkohmi `g gsg Gspårhtu, qug, gk ils omsls eís egihk`rlsls y gk gi elegktl lplrtukl, smbåm nmogr surdhr uk slolrrl, prlvlomr ukm hktgrvgkohÿk hkgspgrm`m. _us hkstruoohlkgs sg rgchgrgk dgkgrmiegktg m im cmehihm y m im gùomohÿk `g ils khýls. ’Im Prhbukg Vsyonhqug―, `g emrzl `g =866, rgprlùjl ukm `g gsms oleukhomohlkgs, qug rgsueg gk tèrehkls gigvm`ls gi eètl`l `g kugstrl duåm. Gi Gspårhtu Mzui vg, gk ukm prlcuk`m rgclrem `g im gùomohÿk `g im hkcmkohm y `g im eloh`m`g, gi vgr`m`grl rgeg`hl m ils emigs `gi prgsgktg y m ils pgihdrls qug megkmzmk im slohg`m` el`grkm. Jgrðkhel sg oleukhom plr im ehsem eè`hue1 pgrl il olktrmstg gktrg ils `ls Gspårhtus gs cimdrmktg. Jgrðkhel, qug cug uk mpÿstlil y uk eírthr, sg olksgrvÿ lrm`lr y olebmthgktg1 su pmimbrm gs vhbrmktg, su dgstl mepihl y `lehkm`lr. _g gxprgsm plr pgrhl`ls hkohshvls, gk tèrehkls gsoldh`ls. _u gkgrdåm gs tmi qug mdltm ríph`megktg gi sgkshthvl, `g sugrtg qug khshgeprg pug`g tgrehkmr sus `hsoursls, plr =48

Mså `gklehkm`l plrqug ils eè`huks il vgk shgeprg gkvlitl gk uk vèu mzui.

=76 | V í d h k m


=86?

cmitm `g cugrzm ciuå`hom. Èi `hrhdg eís gspgohmiegktg ils gstu`hls chilsÿchols `gi drupl. Kuegrlsms gxhstgkohms, pmsm`ms gk gi shigkohl `g ils oimustrls y gktrg im plghrm `g ims bhbihltgoms, ig pgrehthgrlk moueuimr tgslrls `g olklohehgktls y ig heprhehgrlk emylr vhdlr mi pgksmehgktl. Ils shdils il vugiomk hegrsl gk im hkvgsthdmohÿk, gk gi gstu`hl, gk im eg`htmäïl. Ims pgrogpohlkgs eís kåth`ms y ims heprgshlkgs `g im vh`m `gi Gspmohl vhkhgrlk m olepigtmr su ohgkohm, ym `g så tmk gxtgksm. Vlr gsl, qug mepihtu` gk sus mprgohmohlkgs, qug nmbhih`m` gk `hshpmr ims olktrm`hoohlkgs y rgsuehr gk iåkgms sÿbrhms y oimrms ims eís trmksogk`gktgs igygs `g im vh`m y `gi Wkhvgrsl! X tl`l gsl plr im blom `g ukm plbrg sgýlrm, `g dgstls tåeh`ls g hkstruoohÿk gigegktmi! @gbgrgels gxmehkmr, m prlpÿshtl `g gslscgkÿegkls, im lbjgäïl nmbhtumi qug igs gs ngonm, gs `gohr, `g sgr prlùotls `g im subolksohêkohm `gi eè`hue, `g ims pgrslkmih`m`gs sgouk`mrhms orgm`ms plr ukm `hvhshÿk tgeplrmi `g im olkohgkohm klremi, olel il prgtgk`gk ils _rs. Vhgrrg Jmkgt y Cilurkly<. Gsm tglråm kl pl`råm rgshsthr m uk gxmegk mtgktl `g ils ngonls. G_ prgohsmegktg gk ils cgkÿegkls `g hkolrplrmohÿk qug eís plshthvm sg rgvgim im h`gkth`m` `g ils Gspårhtus, oumk`l gi trmksg gs prlcuk`l y olepigtm im plsgshÿk `g mqugiils slbrg gi sgkshthvl. Vlr sus mothtu`gs, sus dgstls, sus milouä÷gs, gi Gspårhtu sg eugstrm tmi oumi grm mquå gk im Phgrrm. Ils qug il olklohgrlk ùrmktg su gxhstgkohm nuemkm il rgolklogk gk ilouohlkgs cmehihmrgs, gk ehi `gtmiigs psholiÿdhols qug gsompmk mi mkíihshs. Gi ehsel molktgog olk ims hk`hvhùmih`m`gs qug vhvhgrlk gk èploms rgeltms. Gk kugstrl drupl, ils Gspårhtus-duåm sg oleukhombmk plr gi ÿrdmkl `gi eè`hue eís el`gstl. Ltrm sgýlrm, `g emkgrms gigdmktgs, grm prgcgrh`m, pmrm im hkolrplrmohÿk, plr Gspårhtus `g lr`gk hkcgrhlr. _g låm ukm vgk`g`lrm `g igduebrgs nmbimr, blom, gi lohlsm, omiïl `g pmås mgkolktmrkls qug gsm sgýlrm jmeís nubl gstm`l. Wkmgrm vginltm igvhmkm `hsolrrhm gk plr ukm su vgrbhmdge lsgukplkåm mkg`ltms gkdrmäm`ms. Prms gsl, uk smorhstïl `g vlz mrrmstrm`m qug sg prgsgktmbm l múk uk mkthdul prlourm`lr qug, plr gi ÿrdmkl `g im prlphm eè`hue, `goåm mi emrh`l `g giim, gk tlkl vggegktg, ùrms vgr`m`gs. =>6 Gi omríotgr `g om`m ukl `g gsls Gspårhtus y `g ltrls euonls sg emktuvl y mchreÿ gk su lrhdhkmih`m`, shk im eåkhem mitgrmohÿk, m trmvès `g uk pgrhl`l `g shgtg mýls. @g gsl `mk tgsthelkhl kugstrms motms. M im vgz kls cug `m`l molepmýmr ils prldrgsls drmùmigs `g ukl `g giils. _lchm, im vgk`g`lrm `g igduebrgs, qug drmohms m su bugkm-dmkmy m im prltgoohÿk `g kugstrls Duåms olkshduhÿ gkegk`mrsg g hkstruhr- sh, nmstm qug pmrm giim slkÿ im nlrm `g im rggkomrkmäïl. _u vugitm m im vh`m tgrrgstrg cug olk mktgimohÿk mkukohm`m y kl`ls pu`hels lbsgrvmrig ims cmsgs `lilrlsms. Olksuem`l gsg motl, _lchm kukom eís rgmpmrgohÿ gk kugstrms sgshlkgs.

_h mnå gstík pgrslkmih`m`gs sgouk`mrhms `gi eè`hue, olel gxpihomr qug sgmk gk tmk drmk`g kúegrl y rgvhstmk mspgotls y klebrgs tmk `hcgrgktgs< Gk kugstrl drupl sg olktmbmk plr `gogkms ils Gspårhtus qug sg oleukhombmk. Gk om`m sgshÿk, tgkåmels qug sghs m lonl, `g ils oumigs `ls l trgs pmrm om`m eè`hue. M eg`h`m qug om`m ukl `g giils sg prgsgktmbm, omebhmbm im chshlklehm `gi sgkshthvl, im gxprgshÿk `g ims cghä÷gs sg el`hchombm. Vlr im hkcigxhÿk `g im vlz, plr gi igkdumjg y mothtu`, im pgrslkmih`m` hkvhshbig sg rgvgimbm, mktgs `g tgkgr `mtl gi klebrg. Gsls Gspårhtus kl sg emkhcgstmbmk tl`ls sgduh`megktg. Midukls sÿil rgmpmrgoåmk trms imrdms musgkohms, pgrl shgeprg olk im ehsem lrhdhkmih`m` `g omríotgr, olk im ehsem hktgksm rgmih`m` `g vh`m y `g moohÿk.. Olel gxpihomr plr im subolksohêkohm, l `lbig pgrslkmih`m`, gsm vmrhg`m` `g pgrslkmjgs qug, `gi smorhstïl mi Gspårhtu Mzui, rgprgsgktmk tl`ls ils thpls `g im drm`mäïl jgrírquhom `gi euk`l hkvhshbig, `gs`g =>6

Sgr ’Rgsgknm `gi Olkdrgsl Gspårhtm y Gsphrhtumihstm― , `g =866 . Hkclreg slbrg ils trmbmjls `gi drupl `g Plurs.

=7= | V í d h k m


=86?

gi brutl nmstm gi íkdgi, tl`ms ims clrems `gi mvhitmegktl, `g im eg`hlorh`m`g l `g im gigvmohÿk1 `g uk im`l, pl`gr, blk`m`, smbgr, pgkgtrmohÿk `g ims olsms1 `g ltrl, cimqugzm, hdklrmkohm, drlssgrhm, ehsgrhm elrmi< Gsls Gspårhtus lbsgrvmk, ukls pmrm olk ils ltrls, im mothtu` qug olkvhgkg m su plshohÿk. Pl`ls, plr gjgepil, eugstrmk prlkukohm`m `gcgrêkohm m ils Gspårhtus-duåm. @g giils kl nmbimk shkl olk rgspgtl1 y gs shgeprg gk uk tlkl olkelvh`l y supihomktg qug _lchm sg rgolehgk`m m im prltgoohÿk `g im ’`mem mzui―. Kl sg trmtm `g pgrslkmjgs hiusÿrhms, `g ihbrgs cmktmsems subolksohgktgs. Gsls Gspårhtus vhvgk y motúmk olel nlebrgs. _us lphkhlkgs, sus pgrogpohlkgs slk `hcgrgktgs. Ims `hvgrdgkohms slk m vgogs omtgdÿrhoms1 `hsoushlkgs vggegktgs y gkmelrm`ms sg trmbmk gktrg giils1 surdgk hkoh`gktgs `rmeíthols y m gsl vhgkgk m hktgromimrsg ehi prugbms `g h`gkth`m` qug `hshpmk ims ù`ms eís tgkmzgs y lbihdmk m im olkvhoohÿk. _h im pgrslkmih`m` sgouk`mrhm pug`g gkdgk`rmr sgegjmktgs olktrmstgs, mkhemr tmk vmrhm`ms orgmohlkgs, cugrzm gs rgolklogr qug giim uitrmpmsm gk tmigktl, gk dgkhl, ims eís prl`hdhlsms olkogpohlkgs `gi pgksmehgktl klremi. Vrlùog lbrms-prhems m im dmkm y shk gscugrzl1 gs `g eís plrtgktlsm `g ims gxpihomohlkgs qug sg pug`m `mr `gi cgkÿegkl1 prgsupugstm plr gi slbrgkmturmi. X gs prgohsl qug kugstrls olktrm`htlrgs sg shgktmk vgr`m`grmegktg gk gxtrgels mpurls, pmrm imkzmr emkl `g tglråm tmk olktrmrhm m ims gxhdgkohms `g ukm oråthom sgksmtm y `g ukm rhdurlsm ohgkohm, y rgourrhr m ukm nhpÿtgshs tmk cmktísthom quïl hkvgrlssåehi, ehgktrms qug im tglråm gspårhtm gxpihom ils ngonls eg`hmktg igygs kmturmigs, shepigs y oimrms.. * Gstu`hgels eís `g ogrom gsmtglråm `g im subolksohêkohm, `g qug hkoh`gktgegktg mombmels `g nmbimr, y olk im oumi orggk ohgrtls pshoÿildls pl`gr gxpihomr ils cgkÿegkls `gi trmksg y `g im hkolrplrmohÿk. Ils _rs. Vhgrrg Jmkgt,=>= M. Bhkgt, Pmhkg, Rhblt y Cilurkly orggk qug ukm ohsïl sg prlùog gk im olkohgkohm `g ils sgkshthvls m`lregoh`ls y qug `g mnå rgsuitm ukm sgduk`m pgrslkmih`m`, `gsolkloh`m `g im pgrslkm klremi, y olk im oumi sg rgimohlkmk tl`ls ils cgkÿegkls. Ig `hgrlk giils ils eís `hvgrsls klebrgs: hkolksohgktg, subolksohêkohm, olkohgkohm subihehkmi, pgrslkmih`m` sgouk`mrhm, gto. Gsm nhpÿtgshs sgrvhråm pmrm gxpihomr im emylr pmrtg `g ims mklemihms lbsgrvm`ms gk nhstèrhoms, gkils omsls `g sudgrgkohm, mså olel ils `hcgrgktgs mspgotls `gi slkmebuihsel y tl`ms ims vmrhmohlkgs `g im pgrslkmih`m`. Im ukh`m` `gi ’ylolksohgktg― kl pmsmråm `g ukm hiushÿk. Gstg sgråm susogtåvgi `g `gsmdrgdmohÿk gk ohgrtls omsls pmtliÿdhols, y pgrslkmih`m`gs `hsthkduh`ms, hkolksohgktgs l `ltm`ms `g subolksohêkohm, hdklrík`lsg rgoåprlomegktg, pl`råmk surdhr gk gi gstm`l `g sugýl y emkhcgstmrsg m im rgvgihm ukm `g im ltrm. Mså sg gxpihområmk ils ngonls gspårhtms. Ils eè`huks sgråmk sÿil nhstèrhols, kgurÿthols, pmrthouimregktg prg`hsplstls, plr su gstm`l chshliÿdhol, im tmigs ohs÷gs `g im pgrslkmih`m`.=>2 Lbsgrvgels mktgs `g tl`l,

=>=

Sgr V. Jmkgt, ’I'mutlemthseg psyonlildhqug―, pmsshe1 M. Bhkgt, ’Igs mitèrmthlks `g im pgrslkkmihtè―1 Pn. C ilurkly, ’@gs Hk`gs m im im pimkîtg Emrs―1 Pmikg, ’@g i‘hktgiihdgkog―, tlel H, píd. =31 Rhblt, ’Igs emim`hgs `g im pgrslkkmihtè―, píd. =67. =>2 Ils trmbmjls `g ils el`grkls chshlildhstm s, @r. I uys, Cgrrhgr, Brlom, gto., `gelstrmrlk qug om`m lr`gk `g sgksmohlkgs, vh slk, mu`hohÿk, lilr, gto., sg ilomihzm gk ukm pmrtg gspgohmi `gi ogrgbrl. Lrm, gs gi omsl `g prgduktmrsg olel pl`gk gsms `hvgrsms sgksmohlkgs hr m im búsqug`m ukms `g ims ltrms, rgukhr -sh, moueuimrsg, pmrm gsplktíkgmegktg olksthtuhr y nmogr brltmr, shk im eís pgqugým hkoub moohÿk, ukm sgduk`m pgrslkmih`m` qug thgkg sus dlstls prlphls, sus cmktmshms, shk omríotgr, y qug, sÿil gegrsm, iigdm m uthihzmrsg, shk gstu`hl, shk mprgk`hzm`l, `g gsg olepihom`l lrdmkhsel qug gs gi ogrgbrl y tl`l gi ougrpl cåshol, m nmogr usl `g im pmimbrm y `g im emkl, gk im gsorhturm, olk gktgrl `gsgebmrmäl. Mnå gstí, olel il `hjgrlk D. @gimkkg (’Rgongrongs sur im eg`huekhtè―, píds. =3 y 32) y Masmalc (’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel―), kh eís kh egkls qug ‟ vgr`m`grl slbrgkmturmihsel. X slk pshoÿildls emtgrhmihstms qug k ils lcgrtmk gsg omsh ehimdrl olel ukm

=72 | V í d h k m


=86?

gxpihomohÿk!

=7? | V í d h k m


=86?

=>? olk gi @r. Dgigy, qug im nhstgrhm y im kgurlsg km`m gxpihomk. Vlr ltrl im`l, ils eè`huks kl slk nhstèrhols. Gi @r. Nl`dslk y Eygrs mtgstme qug ims _rms. Vhpgr y Pnlepslk dlzmk pgrcgotm smiu`. Gi prlcgslr Cilurkly, qug gs eè`hol, `hog im ehsem olsm `g Ngigkm _ehtn. Khkdukm sgými `g nhstgrhm sg emkhchgstm gk gsms trgs oèigbrgs eè`huks. M Im egklr hk`hsplshäïl gk giims, mi olktrmrhl, ils cgkÿegkls `hsehkuygk `g hktgksh`m`, ogsmk `g prlùohrsg. Im ehsem `goimrmohÿk pug`l yl nmogr gk rgimohÿk m ils sgkshthvls `g trmksg qug plr euonl thgepl clremrlk pmrtg `g kugstrl drupl. _lbrg gsg puktl ims olepmrmohlkgs qug kugstrls m`vgrsmrhls busomk gstmbigogr slk grrÿkgms y su mrduegktmäïl gs olepigtmegktg cmiim. Ims pgrslkmih`m`gs chothohms qug giils prlvlomk, plr eg`hl `g sudgrgkohms plst nhpkÿthoms, gk ims nhstèrhoms, thgkgk sÿil ukm vmomktg sgegjmkzm olk ims emkhcgstmohlkgs `g pgrslkmih`m`gs gk gi trmksg. Gk rgimohÿk m gstms, kl pmsmk `g hepgrcghtms olphms, `g `hcuehkm`ms y igjmkms hehtmohlkgs.

Gk gi trmksg, im gkth`m` psåquhom, gi miem, sg rgvgim plr `hsthkduh`m mothvh`m` `gi cukohlkmehgktl lrdíkhol, plr pmrthouimr mouh`m`g `g ims cmouitm`gs. Oumk`l gs olepigtm im gxtgrhlrhzmäïl, gi Gspårhtu `gi eè`hue pug`g motumr slbrg gi ougrpl m`lregoh`l olk eís gchomohm qug gk gi gstm`l `g vhdhihm y `g hdumi emkgrm qug uk Gspårhtu gxtrmýl. Gi ogrgbrl kl gs gktlkogs, olel gk gi gstm`l klremi, uk hkstruegktl elvh`l `hrgotmegktg plr gi miem, pgrl uk rgogptlr qug giim moohlkm `g cugrm.. G_ il qug rgsuitm `g kuegrlsms lbsgrvmohlkgs. Gi _r. Orlewgii Smrigy, hkdgkhgrl-jgcg `g ils Pgièdrmcls `g Drmk Brgtmým, gk su tgsthelkhl mktg im olehshÿk `g hktgrrldmtlrhl `g im _lohg`m` @hmièothom, mogrom `g su gsplsm qug gs eè`hue `g trmksg, rgchgrg gi shduhgktg ngonl: =>0 ’Im _rm. Smrigy, m`lregoh`m, eg `hog: Mnlrm kl slk ils Gspårhtus qug ls nmbimk1 sly yl ehsem, y eg shrvl `g eh ougrpl `g hdumi emkgrm qug il nmogk ils Gspårhtus oumk`l nmbimk plr eh blom.― Eygrs, gk su hkclreg mi Olkdrgsl `g Vsholildåm, =866,=>7 nmog im shduhgktg `goimrmohÿk m prlpÿshtl `g ils trmksgs `g im _rm. Pnlepslk: ’Ils `hotm`ls slk, gksu emylråm, trmksehth`ls eg`hmktg gi lrdmkhsel `gi eè`hue, plr Gspårhtus qug gk gsg elegktl il hkciuèkohmk l sg mplssme `g gsg lrdmkhsel. Midukls slk `hrgotmegktg olinh`ls gkgi euk`lhkvhshbig plrsu prlphl Gspårhtu y plr èitrmksehth`ls.― Wkm olsm gvh`gktg pmrm gi pshoÿildl rgcigjm`l gs qug euy plol kls olklogels múk. Nmy gk kl`ls prlcuk`h`m`gs iigkms `g ehstgrhl, qug m vgogs sg gktrgmbrge y ouym vhshÿk kls pgrturbm. Wk euk`l gktgrl mnå rgsh`g, euk`l `g hktuhä÷gs, `g msphrmohlkgs, `g sgksmohlkgs, ouyl lrhdgk kls gs `gsolkloh`m, y qug pmrgog prlvgkdmk `g uk pmsm`l `hstmktg1 egsoim `g m`quhshohlkgs pgrslkmigs, `g ngrg`htmrhg`m`gs psåquhoms y mtmvhsels ètkhols, vgsthdhls `g ims gxhstgkohms rgolrrh`ms gk im suogshÿk `g ils thgepls, tl`l gsl gstí drmbm`l gk ils rgclinls mbsoðk`htls `gi ’yl―.

=>?

Gi @r. Dgigy, gk su lbrm ’I'ètrg subolksohgkt―, Cèihx Miomk, g`htlr, mså sg gxprgsm: ’Im nhstgrhm y im kgurlpmthm prgsgktmk såktlems hkolkstmktgs, qug vmråmk shk omusm l bmjl im hkciugkohm `g eúithpig s omusms ‟ mkgstgshm, nhpgrgstgshm , olktrmturm ‟ qug sg suog`gk y gsompmk m t l`m prgvhshÿk `g thgepl y gxtgkshÿk. Mi puktl `g vhstm gxpihomthvl, hdklrm -sh olepigtmegktg il qug slk.― =>0 ’Rgplrt lk _phrhtumihse―, píd. =74, ohtm`l plr D. @gimkkg, Gi miem gs Hkelrtmi―, 2ª Vmrtg, omp. H . =>7 Sgr ’Rgsgknm `gi HS Olkdrgsl `g Vsholildåm―, pídhkm ==?.

=70 | V í d h k m


=86?

Im olkohgkohm, gk gi gstm`l klremi, gs tåeh`m1 gk gi`g `gsprgk`hegktl gs vmstm y prlcuk`m. Kl nmy, shk gebmrdl, `ls olkohgkohms, `g hdumi emkgrm qug kl nmygk kl`ls `ls gkth`m`gs. G_ shgeprg giehsel sgr, im ehsem pgrslkmih`m` vhstm bmjl `ls mspgotls `hcgrgktgs. Im pgremkgkohm y ukh`m` `gi ’yl― olksohgktg slk `gelstrm`ms plr uk ngonl bhgk olkloh`l1 ehgktrms kugstrl ougrpl cåshol hkogsmktgegktg sg rgkugvm, im olkohgkohm y im egelrhm pgrshstgk gk kl`ls, m trmvès `g ims ciuotumohlkgs `g im emtgrhm. G_ vgr`m` qug im olkohgkohm klremi kl olksgrvm tl`ms ims heprgshlkgs rgoldh`ms plr ils sgkth`ls. Euonms sgksmohlkgs y olklohehgktls qug`mk, gk im mpmrhgkohm, livh`m`ls1 pgrl slk rgmiegktg mrquhvm`ls gk im olkohgkohm prlcuk`m. Vug`gk rgssurdhr plr uk gscugrzl hktgigotumi, bmjl gi hkciuxl `g ukm gelohÿk, l múk gk gi sugýl y, gk dgkgrmi, gk tl`ls ils gstm`ls qug prlvlomk gi `gspgrtmr `g ims cmouitm`gs m`lregoh`ms. Gk gi gstm`l `g gxtgrhlrhzmäïl tltmi, gsg `gsphgrtg gs olepigtl. Gi Gspårhtu rgm`quhrg, olk im pigkhtu` `g sus cmouitm`gs imtgktgs, `g sus olklohehgktls y rgolr`mä÷gs, ukm ihbgrtm` y ukm gkgrdåm `g moohÿk mepihchom`ms. Miomkzm su emxheue `g vhbrmohlkgs y pug`g rgolksthtuhr su pmsm`l. Nmy, plr il tmktl, `ls ÿr`gkgs `g ngonls gk gi trmksg y gs prgohsl ils `hsthkduås olk ouh`m`l: `g gktrm`m im hktgrvgkohÿk `g ils `gsgkomrkm`ls, y `gspuès ils ltrls omsls,gk qug gi eè`hue, bmjl gi hkciuxl emdkèthol `g suyl duåm gsphrhtumi, shrgolksthtuh gk ukm `g sus mktgrhlrgs gxhstgkohms. Gk gi omsl `g Ngigkm _ehtn, qug gi _r. Cilurkly, prlcgslr `g Vsholildåm `g im Wkhvgrsh`m` `g Dhkgbrm, gstu`hÿ ùrmktg oumtrl mýls, im eè`hue gk trmksg rgprlùog ims gsogkms `g ukm `g sus gxhstgkohms, pmsm`m gk im Hk`hm, gi shdil ^HH. Gk gsg gstm`l, sg shrvg crgougktgegktg `g tèrehkls smksoråthols, igkdum qug giim hdklrm gk gi gstm`l klremi. _uehkhstrm, mogrom `g pgrslkmjgs nhstÿrhols `g im Hk`hm, hk`homohlkgs plshthvms, heplshbigs `g nmiimr gk lbrm midukm usumi, y ouym olkchremohÿk, trms euonms hkvgsthdmohlkgs, gi prlcgslr `gsoubrg gk ukm lbrm `g Emriîs, nhstlrhm`lr plol olkloh`l y gktgrmegktg cugrm `gi miomkog `g im sgkshthvm. Gstm, gk ims cmsgs `gi trmksg, msueg mothtu` qug gkigvm g heprgshlkm. Ng mnå il qug m rgspgtl `hog gi _r. Cilurkly:=>3 ’Nmy gk tl`l su sgr, gk im gxprgshÿk `g im chshlklehm, gk ils elvhehgktls, gk gi thebrg `g im vlz, oumk`l nmbim l omktm gk nhkù, ukm drmohm hk`ligktg, ukl mbmk`lkl, ukm ùizurm egimkoÿihom, midukm olsm `g gkomktm`lr y iâkduh`l qug olrrgsplk`g emrmvhiilsmegktg mi omríotgr `gi Lrhgktg. Pl`m im eåehom `g Ngigkm, tmk `hcgrgktg, y gsg nmbig gxÿthol thgkgk tmi ouknl `g lrhdhkmih`m`, prlphl, kmturmi, qug sg iigdm m prgduktmr olk gstupgcmäïl `lk`g vhgkg m gsm nhjm `g ims rhbghrms `gi Igegk, shk gùomohÿk mrtåsthom kh olklohehgktls gspgohmigs `gi Lrhgktg, ukm pgrcghäïl `g `gsgepgýl qug im egjlr motrhz kl miomkzmråm shkl m im ougstm `g tmr`m`ls gstu`hls l `g imrdm pgremkgkohm gk ils eírdgkgs `gi Dmkdgs.― Gk quggxpgrhgkohms, sg rgchgrg m tl`ms im gsorhturm y mi qug igkdumjg gi _r. Cilurkly gk susqug hkvgsthdmohlkgs pmrmgi ims ims phstms pu`lnhkùs, `gsoubrhr grmk ’cmisms―,mým`g y ph`gqug, mi igotlr ’il `hspgksg `g plregklrhzmr sus hksuogssls―. Pl`ms gsms gxpgrhgkohms, shk gebmrdl‟ `hog èi ‟ il hkùjgrlk m ’`hvgrthrsg―. Prms gi qug, olkoiuyg rgonmzmk`l im tglråm `g ils Gspårhtus, pmrm vgr gk ils cgkÿegkls gspårhtms úkhomegktg ukm orgmohÿk, ukl emkgjl `g im olkohgkohm ’subihehkmi―.

=>3

Pn. Cilurkly ‟ ’@gs Hk`gs m im im pimkî tg Emrs―, p08?. 24= y 242 .

=77 | V í d h k m


=86?

=>4 Lbsgrvgels qug ims olkoiushlkgs `gi _r. Cilurkly gstík gk olktrm`hoohÿk olk ils ngonls lbsgrvm`ls. Gk gi trmksg, im _rtm. _ehtn vg euonms vgogs suyl Duåm, Iglpli`l, m su im`l, y ig lyg im vlz. Èi thgkg dmkm prlphm y prlog`g olel gkthgk`g, euonms vgogs gstmbigohèk`lsg iuonm gktrg giils. Im _rtm. _ehtn `hsoutg1 rgshstg, mi qugrgr èi tlemr plsgshÿk `g su lrdmkhsel. X oumk`l, m pgsmr `g sus gscugrzls, gstm sg nmog olepigtm, tl`m su pgrslkm sg trmksclrem1 sg omebhm im vlz1 gs m `g uk nlebrg, igktm y drmvg, `g prlkúkohm htmihmkm1 gi mspgotl sg ig nmog emjgstlsl. Oumk`l Iglpli`l sg mpl`grm `g im emkl `g Ngigkm, pmrm m nmogr gsorhbhr, im gsorhturm gs gktgrmegktg `hvgrsm, y im lrtldrmcåm gs m `g gi shdil ^SHHH, èplom gk qug èi vhvhÿ gk im Phgrrm. Eís múk: èi ’hktgrvhgkg olkstmktgegktg gk su vh`m `g el`l sgkshbig y omsh cåshol, kl `gjmk`l emrdgk m im eís pgqugým ù`m―.

]uhgrgk uk gjgepil< Gk ukm sgshÿk, gi Gspårhtu Iglpli`l igvmktm im eè`hue olk im mielcm`m gk qug rgplsm, shk gi olkoursl `g khkdukl `g ils mshstgktgs. Ng mnå mnå uk cgkÿegkl `g igvhtmäïl pgrcgotmegktg omrmotgrhzm`l y qug kl sgråm iåohtl mtrhbuhr mi ’subihehkmi―, pugs qug gxhdg im hktgrvgkohÿk `g ukm cugrzm y `g mdgktg gxtgrhlr. Ohgrtmegktg, kh tl`l gs `g cíohi gxpihomohÿk gk ils cgkÿegkls `g qug im _rtm. _ehtn gs gi clol. Gk su omsl, ouepig rgolklogril, slk mbuk`mktgs ims `hchouitm`gs, y cmotlrgs `hvgrsls pmrgog hktgrvgkdmk. _g kltm uk gktrgimämegktl `g ngonls gspårhtms y `g ngonls `g mkhehsel, `g prlùotls `g im subolksohêkohm hktgromim`ls olk hktgrvgkohlkgs `g Hktgihdgkohms gxtgrhlrgs y supgr-nuemkms, qug olepihomk shkduimregktg gi prlbigem. @g gsg olkjuktl uk tmktl olkcusl sè `gstmomk, shk gebmrdl, prugbms `g h`gkth`m`, oimrms, kåth`ms, plshthvms, olel, plr gjgepil: im emkhcgstmohÿk `g Jlïl, gi omvluqughrl, ouym pgrslkmih`m` sg rgvgim olk pmrthouimrh`m`gs olkvhkogktgs1 m `g gi ourm Burkhgr y m `g gi såk`hol Onmuelktgt, cmiigoh`ls nmog ogrom `g eg`hl ouym gsorhturm y chrem im eè`hue lùoggk mutleíthomegktg y slk rgolkloh`ms, `gspuès `g shdil, mvgrhdumä÷gs, gxmotmegktg hdumigs m ims qugrgpr chdurmk drmk kúegrl `g tgkgr qug kmohehgktls, bl`ms y ÿbhtls, qug clremk ils mronhvls `g im Oleukm `g Ongssgkmz, `lk`g im _rtm. _ehtn kukom gstuvl. _lels iigvm`ls m orggr qug gk gsm eè`hue im cugrzm psåquhom gs euonms vgogs hksuchohgktg, ims cmsgs `gi trmksg gxtrgem`megktg `gshdumigs y crgougktg `gspgrtmril `g im prlphm pgrslkmih`m`. @g mnå, pgrl, kl sg shdug qug ils ngonls lbsgrvm`ls sg pug`mk gxpihomr, olel il prgtgk`gråm gi _r. Cilurkly, plr gi egomkhsel `g ims cmouitm`gs `g im egelrhm mslohm`ms mipl`gr `g hemdhkmäïl `g im subolksohêkohm. M`geís `g gsl, gi prlcgslr, gk su `hsplshohÿk `g ’`hvgrthrsg―, tgk`rí eís `g uk dlipg mtrmå`l Gspårhtus dminlcghrls m gsms sgshlkgs, gk qug ‟ `hog èi ‟ ’råmsg bmstmktg―. Ils ehsthchom`lrgs slk pmrm rgogmr gk omsls tmigs. X gs mnå qug sg oleprgk`g im uthih`m` `g ims rgdims qug hk`homels: ukh`m` y gigvmohÿk `g pgksmehgktl `g ils mshstgktgs, olel eg`hl `g cmohihtmr im moohÿk `g ils mdgktgs gxtgrhlrgs. Rgår, judugtgmr, hktgrruephr m tl`l hkstmktg, hktgrrldmr cugrm `g prlpÿshtl, tl`l gsl olksthtuyg pèshems olk`hohlkgs pmrm gxpgrhgkohms sgrhms. Kl gs omsl hksuim`l il `g Ngigkm _ehtn. Wk eè`hue `g kugstrl drupl rgprlùjl `hvgrsms vgogs, gk trmksg, bmjl im hkciugkohm `gi Gspårhtu-duåm, gsogkms `g suvh`m mktgrhlr. Wk emdkgthzm`lr, mepmrm`l plr im moohÿk louitm `g ils Gspårhtus prltgotlrgs, pug`g tmebhèk prlvlomr gsls cgkÿegkls gk ohgrtls sgkshthvls.

=>4

Pn. Cilurkly ‟ ’@gs Hk`gs m im im pimkîtg Emrs―, pídhkms 3>, 8> , 88, =66, ==3 y pmsshe.

=73 | V í d h k m


=86?

Cgrkmk`gz Olimvh`m, prgsh`gktg `gi Drupl `g Gstu`hls Vsåquhols `g Bmrogilkm, lbtuvl rgsuitm`ls qug orggels `gbgr sgýmimr. Ng mnå il qug im tmi rgspgtl olkstm gk gi hkclreg `g ils `gigdm`ls gspmýligs mi Olkdrgsl Gspårhtm, `g =866:=>> ’Emdkgthzm`l gi eè`hue gk gi eís mitl drm`l, C. Olimvh`m ig lr`gkÿ qug `hjgrm il qug nmbåm ngonl gk im våspgrm, gk im mktgvèspgrm, ukm sgemkm, uk egs, uk mýl mktgs, y il nhzl suogshvmegktg rgouimr nmstm m im hkcmkohm, qug gxpihoÿ gk tl`ms sus pmrthouimrh`m`gs. Hepgih`l shgeprg plr im ehsem dmkm, gi eè`hue rgchrhÿ su vh`m gk gi Gspmohl, su eugrtg gk im úithem gkomrkmäïl y, olkthkumegktg gstheuim`l, iigdÿ nmstm oumtrl gkomrkmä÷gs, `g eís mkthdum `g ims oumigs grm ukm gxhstgkohm gktgrmegktg smivmjg. Om`m gxhstgkohm, ims cghä÷gs `gi eè`hue omebhmbmk `g gxprgshÿk. Vmrm sgr rgsthtuh`l m su gstm`l nmbhtumi, cug drmùmiegktg rgolkùzh`l nmstm su prgsgktg gkomrkmäïl y `gspgrtm`l gksgduh`m.―. Gk uk lbjgthvl `g vgrhchomohÿk, gi gxpgrhegktm`lr nhzl emdkgthzmr gi sgkshthvl plr ltrm pgrslkm y sudgrhrig qug sus mktgrhlrgs kmrrmthvms grmk cmisms. M pgsmr `g gsm sudgrgkohm, gi eè`hue rgprlùjl im sgrhg `g oumtrl gxhstgkohms, olel mktgs il nubg ngonl. Gstgvm Emrmtm, prgsh`gktg `g im Wkhÿk Gspårhtm `g Omtmiuknm, `goimrm nmbgr lbtgkh`l mkíildls rgsuitm`ls, plr ils ehsels prlogsls, gk su gsplsm, gk gstm`l `g trmksg. Gsms gxpgrhgkohms pl`råmk sgr euithpihom`ms y lbtgk`råmels mså kuegrlsls gigegktls `g ogrtgzm slbrg gi ngonl `g ims gxhstgkohms mktgrhlrgs `gi miem1 giims, shk gebmrdl, gxhdgk drmk pru`gkohm. Gi gxpgrhegktm`lr `gbg gsoldgr sgkshthvls qug sgmk `ltm`ls `g euonm sgkshbhih`m` y bhgk `gsmrrliim`ls. @gbg sgr mshsth`l plr uk Gspårhtu bmstmktg pl`grlsl pmrm migjmr tl`ms ims hkciugkohms gxtrmýms, tl`ms ims omusms `g pgrturbmohÿk, y prgsgrvmr gi eè`hue `g plshbigs mooh`gktgs. * Rgomphtuigels. Im tglråm `g im subolksohêkohm gs vgr`m`grm gk gi sgkth`l `g qug kugstrm olkohgkohm pigkm gs eís gxtgksm qug kugstrm olkohgkohm klremi. @g giim gegrdg gk ils gstm`ls slkmebúihols, `lehkm -m y m uitrmpmsm, shk `g giim jmeís sgpmrmrsg. Im tglråm `g im subolksohêkohm gs cmism prgtgk`grsg sg olksh`grg gstm oÿel sgduk`m olkohgkohm mutÿklem, olel `lbig pgrslkmih`m`. Kl nmy gk kl`ls `ls sgms qug olgxhstmk, hdklrík`lsg. Im pgrslkmih`m`, im olkohgkohm, gs ukm. Il qug shepigegktg molktgog gs qug giim sg prgsgktm bmjl `ls mspgotls `hcgrgktgs: lrm, ùrmktg im vh`m emtgrhmi, gk ils rgstrhotls iåehtgs `gi ougrpl cåshol, olk ukm egelrhm y cmouitm`gs ohrouksorhtms1 lrm, ùrmktg im vh`m psåquhom, gk im pigkhtu` `g sus m`quhshohlkgs hktgigotumigs y `g sus rgolr`mä÷gs. Gk gsg omsl, oleprgk`g tl`ms ims cmsgs `g su pmsm`l y ims pug`g nmogr rgvhvhr. Pl`ms ims tglråms `g ils _rs. Vhgrrg Jmkgt, Bhkgt, Pmhkg, Rhblt, gto., mshgktmk slbrg mpmrhgkohms vmkms. Il ’yl― kl sg crmohlkm. Ims cmouitm`gs gxtrmlr`hkmrhms, rgvgim`ms gk gi trmksg, olkvgrdgk, mi olktrmrhl, gk gi sgkth`l `g ukm ukh`m` tmktl eís drmk`hlsm ehgktrms eís olepigtm gs im gxtgrhlrhzmäïl.. Hkcgihzegktg im shtumohÿk kh shgeprg gs oimrm, kh gi `gsprgk`hegktl suchohgktg. M vgogs sg prlùogk ukms gspgohgs `g hktgromimäïl, `g ciujl y rgciuxl vhbrmtÿrhl gktrg ims omusms motumktgs, qug nmogk =>>

’Rgsgknm `gi Olkdrgsl Gspårhtm y Gsphrhtumih stm―, `g =866, píds. ?08 y ?76.

=74 | V í d h k m


=86?

lbsourl y olkcusl gi cgkÿegkl. G_ prhkohpmiegktg gi omsl oumk`l sg emkhchgstmk `hvgrsms pgrslkmih`m`gs hkvhshbigs y khkdukm `g giims thgkg im cugrzm kh im dmkm kgogsmrhms pmrm migjmr ils elthvls `g grrlr. Ims omusms gk moohÿk pug`gk olkcuk`hrsg gk ils gstm`ls slkmebúihols pmrohmigs g hkolepigtls. Nmy, shk gebmrdl, uk gstm`l supgrhlr, gk qug gi Gspårhtu sg prgsgktm gk tl`l su pl`gr vhtmi, gk su pgkgtrmohÿk åkthem `g ims olsms. _g pug`g gktlkogs mshsthr m cgkÿegkls rgmiegktg drmk`hlsls. Vmrm ils lbtgkgr, pgrl, gs prgohsl prlog`gr `g el`l eís sgrhl `gi qugil nmogk ils pshoÿildls’nåimrgs y brhkomin÷gs―.. _lk `g gsm lr`gk ims emkhcgstmohlkgs `g Dglrdg Vginme, Rlbgrt Nysilp y, prhkohpmiegktg, ims `g Hepgrmtlr, `g Jgrðkhel y `gi Gspårhtu Mzui. Gk giims, ims sgýmig s omrmotgråsthoms, ims prugbms `g h`gkth`m` slk mbuk`mktgs1 khkdukm ù`m pl`råm gxhsthr. Gi ehsel molktgog gk ils omsls gk qug kuegrlsms pgrslkmih`m`gs, prgsgktmk`l drmk vmrhg`m` `g omrmotgrgs y lphkhlkgs, sg suog`gk olk prgohshÿk y rgduimrh`m` gk gi ougrpl `g uk eè`hue y nmogk lår, plr im ehsem blom, lrm gi igkdumjg eís trhvhmi, lrm gi igkdumjg sgigtm y gigvm`m, gxprgsmk`l klbigs y `gihom`ls sgkthehgktls, mprgohmohlkgs tmk prlcuk`ms qug gxtmshme tl`l gi mu`htlrhl. Ims emkhcgstmohlkgs `g Gspårhtus `gsvgkturm`ls, qug vhgkgk, duhm`ls plr miems olepmshvms, rgcgrhrkls sus sucrhehgktls, sus `lilrgs y mcihoohlkgs, busomr gksgýmkzms y olkclrtl, kl slk tmebhèk heplsturms `gi subihehkmi. Pgkgels m gsg prlpÿshtl euonms vgogs lbsgrvm`l uk ngonl: im hkciugkohm ciuå`hom `g ils Gspårhtus hkcgrhlrgs hkolel`m ils eè`huks, igs omusm hk`hsplshä÷gs ùrmktg gi trmksg y vhligktls `lilrgs `g ombgzm mi `gspgrtmr, m puktl `g rgoimemr gi `gsihdmegktl hkeg`hmtl plr eg`hl `g pmsgsemdkèthols. Gk ils ehsels sgkshthvls, mi olktrmrhl, olk ltrms gkth`m`gs gigvm`ms, olel, plr gjgepil, gi Gspårhtu Mzui, gi trmksg gs ùiog, im hkciugkohm bgkèchom, gi eè`hue `gsphgrtm bmjl heprgshÿk `g trmkquhim, olel smturm`l `g ukm mteÿscgrm `g pmz y `g sgrgkh`m`g.. Ims tglråms `g im subolksohêkohm y `g im `lbig pgrslkmih`m` slk hepltgktgs pmrm gxpihomr gsls ngonls. Gi subolksohgktg gs shepigegktg uk gstm`l `g im egelrhm, ouyms ompms prlcuk`ms, shigkohlsms gk im vh`m klremi, `gsphgrtmk y vhbrmk ùrmktg im gxtgrhlrhzmäïl. G_ il qug `geugstrmk ils omsls `g rgolksthtuhäïl `g ims vh`ms mktgrhlrgs gk ils eè`huks. Nmy gk gsl emdkåchol lbjgtl `g gstu`hl, pmrm iigdmrsg mi olklohehgktl `gi sgr y `g ims igygs `g su gvliuohÿk. Mnå gkolktrmels im prugbm `g qug il ’yl― olksohgktg kl gs ukm orgmohÿk gsplktâkgm, pgrl olksthtuyÿ su hk`hvhùmih`m`g eg`hmktg suogshvms m`quhshohlkgs, m trmvès `g imrdm sgrhg `g gxhstgkohms. Kl tgkhgk`l gi lrdmkhsel cåsholmotumi olktrhbuh`l pmrm mid ukms `g gsms m`quhshohlkgs, gs gvh`gktg qug kl pl`råmgi Gspårhtu sgr olksh`grm`l im rgsuitmktg `g gsg lrdmkhsel, pugs qug gxhsthÿ mktgs `g gstg y ig slbrgvhvhrí.. Mså sg `g `grhvm im tglråm gspårhtm, gksg tl`m su iÿdhom y gspigk`lr, `g uk olkjuktl `g ngonls hk`hvhsåvgi, qug sÿil giim gs ompmz gxpihomr. Gi miem gk giils rgvgim, hk`gpgk`hgktg `gi ougrpl, gk su pgrslkmih`m` gk su ’gdl― igktmegktg olksthtuh`l m trmvès `g ils thgepls, olk gi muxhihl `g emtgrhmigs qug olksgrvm imtgktgs gk så ehsem, y ouym plsgshÿk rgm`quhrg gk gi gstm`l `g `gsprgk`hegktl: mså gk gi sugýl, olel gk gi trmksg, l plr lomshÿk `g im eugrtg. ^^ - Mpmrhä÷gs y

Emtgrhmihzmä÷gs `g Gspårhtus.

_lk ils cgkÿegkls `g mpmrhäïl y emtgrhmihzmäïl ils qug eís vhvmegktg heprgshlkmk ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs. Gk ims emkhcgstmohlkgs `g qug prgog`gktgegktg kls loupmels, gi Gspårhtu motúm plr =7> | V í d h k m


=86?

eg`hl

=78 | V í d h k m


=86?

`g lbjgtls emtgrhmigs l `g lrdmkhsels gxtrmýls. Smels mnlrm mprgohí -il `hrgotmegktg gk moohÿk. Oðksohl `g qug gktrg ims prugbms `g su supgrvhvgkohm khkdukm gs eís olkvhkogktg qug su vh`m tgrrgstrg, vm m busomr gi Gspårhtu rgolksthtuhr gsm clrem plr eg`hl `g ils gigegktls ciuå`hols y `g im cugrzm vhtmi nmurh`ls gk ils mshstgktgs. Gk ohgrtms sgshlkgs, gk im prgsgkohm `g eè`huks `ltm`ls `g olksh`grmbig cugrzm psåquhom, sg vgk clremr emkls, rlstrls, bustls y ehsel ougrpls gktgrls, qug thgkgk tl`ms ims mpmrhgkohms `g vh`m: omilr, tmkdhbhih`m`g, elvhehgktl. Gsms emkls kls tlomk, kls momrhohmk l bmtgk1 omebhmk `g iudmr ils lbjgtls y nmogk vhbrmr ils hkstruegktls `g eúshom1 gsls rlstrls sg mkhemk y nmbimk1 gsls ougrpls sg eugvgk y pmsgmk plr gktrg ils mshstgktgs. _g pug`g mdmrrmrils, pmipí-ils1 `gspuès, giils sg `gsvmkgogk gk uk rgpgktg, pmsmk`l `gi gstm`l sÿih`l mi ciuå`hol, `gspu ès `g gcåegrm ùrmohÿk. Mså olel ils cgkÿegkls `g hkolrplrmohÿk kls hkhohmk gk ims igygs prlcuk`ms `g im Vsholildåm, im rgolksthtuhäïl `g ims clrems `g Gspårhtus vm m cmehihmrhzmrkls olk ils gstm`ls egkls olkloh`ls `g im emtgrhm. Elstrmk`l- kls qug moohÿk pug`g im dmkm gjgrogr slbrg ils heplk`grívghs, giim kls nmrí pgkgtrmr gk ils eís åkthels sgorgtls `g im Orgmohÿk, l, mktgs, `g im rgklvmohÿk pgrpgtum `gi Wkhvgrsl. _mbgels qug gi ciuh`l ukhvgrsmi, l ciuh`l oÿsehol gtèrgl, rgprgsgktm gi gstm`l eís shepig `g im emtgrhm1 su suthigzm gs tmi qug gsompm m tl`l mkíihshs. X, shk gebmrdl, `g gsg ciuh`l prlog`gk, eg`hmktg olk`gksmä÷gs drmùmigs, tl`ls ils ougrpls sÿih`ls y pgsm`ls qug olksthtuygk im bmsg `g im emtgrhm tgrrgstrg. Gsls ougrpls kl slk tmk `gksls, tmk olepmotls olel pmrgogk. Olk im emylr cmohih`mìls mtrmvhgsmk ils ciuh`ls, mså olel ils prlphls Gspårhtus. Gstls, plr im olkogktrmohÿk `g im dmkm, sgouk`m`ls plr im cugrzm psåquhom, ils pug`gk `gsmdrgdmr, `hslohmrigs ils Mså gigegktls, rgsthtuym mi ciuå`hol, `gspuès trmksplrtmrils y ils rgolksthtuhr gk su prhehthvl gstm`l. sg gxpihomils gicgkÿegkl `ggstm`l ils trmksplrtgs. Rgolrrhgk`l suogshvls drm`ls `g su rmrgcmäïl, im emtgrhm pmsm `gi sÿih`l mi iåquh`l, `gspuès mi gstm`l dmsglsl, y chkmiegktg mi gstm`l `g ciuh`l. Ils ougrpls eís ùrls pug`gk mså vlivgr mi gstm`l gtèrgl g hkvhshbig. Gk sgkth`l hkvgrsl, gi ciuh`l eís suthi sg pug`g drmùmiegktg olkvgrthr gk ougrpl tmkdhbig y lpmol. Pl`m im Kmturmigzm kls eugstrm gi gkom`gkmehgktl `g ims trmksclremohlkgs qug olkùogk im emtgrhm, `gi ètgr eís purl mi eís drlsgrl gstm`l cåshol. M eg`h`m qug sg rmrgcmz y sg nmog eís suthi, im emtgrhm m`quhgrg kugvms prlphg`m`gs, pltgkohms `g hktgksh`m` prldrgshvm. @g gsl kls suehkhstrmk gjgepils ils gxpilshvls, ims rm`hmohlkgs `g ohgrtms substmkohms, gi pl`gr `g pgkgtrmohÿk `g ils rmyls omtÿ`hols, im moohÿk im drmk `hstmkohm `g ims lk`ms ngrtzhmkms. Vlr giils slels iigvm`ls m olksh`grmr gi ètgr oÿsehol gi eg`hl gk qug im emtgrhm y im gkgrdåm sg olkcuk`gk, gi drmk clol `g ims mothvh`m`gs `hkíehoms, im cugktg `g ims hkmdltmbigs cugrzms qug im dmkm `hvhkm hepuism y `lk`g sg gxpmk`gk, gk lk`ms hkogsmktgs, ims mrelkåms `g im vh`m y `gi pgksmehgktl gtgrkl. Vugs bhgk, ‟ y mquå vm im ougsthÿk m`quhrhr mepihtu` hkgspgrm`m ‟ im moohÿk gjgroh`m plr gi pl`gr orgm`lr slbrg gi ciuh`l ukhvgrsmi pmrm gkdgk`rmr shstgems `g euk`ls, vmels `g kugvl gkolktrí -im gk uk pimk eís el`gstl, shk gebmrdl slegth`m im igygs h`èkthoms, gk im moohÿk `gi Gspårhtu m rgolksthtuhr ims clrems trmkshtlrhms qug gstmbigogrík, m ils ljls `g ils nlebrgs, su gxhstgkohm g h`gkth`m`. Ims prlphms kgbuilsh`m`gs, mdrgdm`ls `g emtgrhm oÿsehom olk`gksm`m, dgregks `g euk`ls, y qug gk im prlcuk`h`m` `g ils gspmohls kls eugstrmk ils tgigsolphls, vmk m rgmpmrgogr gk im prhegrm cmsg `g ims emtgrhmihzmä÷gs `g Gspårhtus. G_ mså qug im gxpgrhegktmohÿk gspårhtm olkùog m ims eís vmstms olksgougkohms. Im moohÿk `gi Gspårhtu slbrg im emtgrhm kls pug`g nmogr oleprgk`gr `g qug el`l sg gimblrmk ils mstrls y sg olksuem im lbrm dhdmktgsom `gi Olsel. =36 | V í d h k m


=86?

Gk im emylr pmrtg `g ims sgshlkgs, sg `hsthkdugk, mi olehgkzl, oliels kgbuilsls gk clrem `g nugvl1 `gspuès, ihst÷gs ciuå`hols brhiimktgs, qug sg `gsprgk`gk, quhgrg `g ims pmrg`gs y `gi slminl, quhgrg `g ims prlphms pgrslkms, sg mvliueme plol m plol, sg mimrdmk y sg nmogk clrems gspgotrmhs. Ims emtgrhmihzmä÷gs slk hkchkhtmegktgdrmùm`ms. Ils Gspårhtus olk`gksme sus clrems `g el`l m sgr `g gktrm`m pgrohbh`ls plr ils eè`huks vh`gktgs. Gstls `gsorhbgk im chshlklehm `g ils emkhcgstmktgs y il qug =>8 `gsorhbgk gs `gspuès olkchrem`l plr im cltldrmcåm, tmktl m im oimrh`m` `gi `åm olel m im iuz `gi emdkgshl. _g smbg qug im pimom sgkshbig gs eís heprgsshlkívgi qug gi ljl nuemkl. Gk uk drm`l supgrhlr im emtgrhmihzmäïl sg olepigtm1 gi Gspårhtu sg nmog vhshbig pmrm tl`ls1 sg `gjm pgsg1 sus ehgebrls pug`gk `gjmr heprgshlkgsy eli`gs, gk substmkohms piísthoms. Gk tl`l gsl im chsomihzmohÿk `gbg sgr euy rhdurlsm. G_ prgohsl prgsgrvmrsg ouh`m`lsmegktg `g tl`ms ims omusms `g grrlr l hiushÿk. Olkvhgkg plr gsl rgourrhr, tmktl ouíktl plshbig, m ils mpmrmtls rgdhstrm`lrgs y m im cltldrmcåm. Sgmels, gk prhegr iudmr, ils omsls gk qug cug plshbig olksgduhr gk im pimom ims heídgkgs `g Gspårhtus, hkvhshbigs pmrm ils mshstgktgs. _h nmk sh`l olegth`ls kuegrlsls mbusls y crmu`gs, gk gsm lr`gk `g ngonls slk mbuk`mktgs, gk olepgksmohÿk, ims gxpgrhgkohms y ils tgsthelkhls sgrhls. Gi mom`èehol hkdiès Russgi Tmiimog, gxpgrhegktmk`l gk su prlphm omsm, olk pgrslkm `g su cmehihm, lbtuvl ukm cltldrmcåm `gi Gspårhtu `g su em`rg, gk qug uk `gsvål `gi imbhl olksthtuåm ukm prugbm olkvhkogktg `g h`gkth`m`. Gi eè`hue vh`gktg nmbåm `gsorhtl im mpmrhäïl mktgs `g tgrehkm`m m ’plsg―, y sg vgrhchoÿ qug grm gxmotm im `gsorhpohÿk. =86 Gi phktlr Phsslt, oèigbrg plr ims hiustrmohlkgs `g su ’Sh`m `g Jgsus―, lbtuvl ukm prugbm qug kl gs egkls mèhrmbig: im cltldrmcåm `g uk drupl olepugstl `gi ougrpl cåshol y `gi ougrpl ciuå`hol `gi eè`hue, =8= `gspigdm`l, sheuitíkgmegktg, olk m `g uk Gspårhtu `gsgkomrkm`l y il `gi gxpgrhegktm`lr. Mkíildms oleprlbmohlkgs cugrlk ngonms plr ils @lotlrgs Pnlepslk y Elrlkh, plr ils prlcgslrgs Blutigrlv y Rlssh-Vmdklkh y plr gi _r. Bgmtthg, `g Brhstli. Pl`ls giils m`lptmrlk ims eís ehkuohlsms prgomuohlkgs. Vug`g- iggrsg gk ’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel―, `g Masmalc, omp. H, im kmrrmthvm ehkuohlsm `g ims gxpgrhgkohms `gi _r. Bgmtthg. Gk im prhegrm sgrhg `g gsms gxpgrhgkohms, ukm clrem nuemkm sg `hsgýÿ gk im pimom m im `èohem lotmvm gxplshohÿk. Eís tmr`g, gi @r. Pnlepslk sg mslohÿ m ims hkvgsthdmohlkgs y sg lbtuvl ukm sgrhg `g ombgzms, pgrchigs y clrems nuemkms, mi olehgkzl vmomktgs, `gspuès om`m vgz eís `hsthkduh`ms, tl`ms ims oumigs nmbåmk sh`l prgvhmegktg `gsorhtms plr gi eè`hue gk trmksg. M vgogs sg lpgrmbm m ims lsourms. Mquå gstí il qug `hog Masmalc:=82 ’Gk gsms gxpgrhgkohms kls nmiimels gk prgsgkohm, kl `g shepig mpmrhä÷gs iuehklsms, pgrl `g olk`gksmä÷gs `g ukm olrrgotm emtgrhm, hkvhshbig m kugstrm vhstm, y qug l gs `g så ehsem iuehklsm l rgcigjm gk im pimom cltldríchom ils rmyls `g iuz, m im moohÿk `g ils oumigs kugstrm rgthkm gs hksgksåvgi. ]ug sg =>8

Masmalc ‟ ’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. H. M. Russgi Tmiimog ‟ ’Igs Ehrmoigs gt ig El`grkg _phrhtumihseg―, píd. 277. ’Rgvug Vmrhshgksg―, jukhl `g =>88. =82 Masmalc, lb. oht., omp. H. =86 =8=

=3= | V í d h k m


=86?

trmtm mquå `g ukm olrrgotm emtgrhm, il prugbm gi ngonl `g qug lrm gs tmk plol oleprheg qug `gjm vgr m trmvès `g ims clrems `g ims pgrslkms prgsgktgs, lrm gs tmk `gksm qug oubrg im hemdgk `g ils mshstgktgs. Gk uk `g ils omsls im clrem mpmrgoh`m gs kgdrm.― Olel sg vg, Masmalc orgg olk klsltrls qug sg kl pl`råmk gxpihomr gsms emkhcgstmohlkgs shk im gxhstgkohm `g uk ciuh`l, l ètgr, substmkohm emkhpuim`m plr sgrgs hktgihdgktgs hkvhshbigs. G_ il qug heprheg mi cgkÿegkl ‟ phgksm èi ‟ uk `lbig omríotgr, m im vgz emtgrhmi, gk gi gstrhotl sgkth`l `g im pmimbrm, g hktgigotumi, plr im hktgrvgkohÿk `g ukm dmkm qugtrmbmjm mrthchohmiegktg gsm emtgrhm hkvhshbig, olk `gtgrehkm`l chk. Eueigr, cltÿdrmcl prlcgshlkmi, lbtgkåm gk ims pimoms ims heídgkgs `g pgrslkms cmiigoh`ms. Hktgktmrme-ig uk prlogsl plr `lil, pgrl kl pu`l sgr `gsoubhgrtm crmu`g midukm y gi cltÿdrmcl dmkÿ im ougsthÿk. Kl slimegktg gi hktgrrldmtlrhl ju`hohmi gstmbigohÿ gi ngonl `g im prlùoohÿk, gk ims pimoms, `g chdurms nuemkms hkvhshbigs m im vhstm `gsmrem`m, olel tmebhèk `log tgsthdls `goimrmrlk nmbgr rgolkloh`l gk gsms chdurms ims heídgkgs `g pmrhgktgs suyls ym cmiigoh`ls. Eís múk: ohkol tgsthdls, gktrg ims oumigs gi drmk jugz Gèlk`s, `gpushgrlk qug nmbåmk sh`l prlùoh`ms, y cugrlk rgolkloh`ms, heídgkgs `g pgrslkms qug gk vh`m kukom sg nmbåmk cltldrmchm`l.=8? _g lbtuvl ehsel, gk gi omsl`gi _gýlr Brlkslk Eurrmy,=80 im gcådhg `g pgrslkms cmiigoh`ms, gk im musgkohm `g tl`m tgsthdl qug ims nubhgrm olkloh`l gk im Phgrrm.. _g olkshduhÿ cltldrmchmr ims suogshvms cmsgs `g ukm emtgrhmihzmäïl. Gk eh pl`gr olksgrvl ukm sgrhg `g rgprlùoohlkgs, qug `gbl m im dgkthigzm `gi _r. Sliph, `hrgotlr `gi ’Sgsshiil―, `g Rlem, ouym hktgdrh`m` gstí plr gkohem `g oumiquhgr slspgonm. Rgprgsgktmk ims mpmrhä÷gs drmùmigs `g im clrem `g uk Gspårhtu, euonl vmdm m im prhegrm gxplshohÿk, `gspuès om`m vgz eís olk`gksm`m y, plr úithel, vhshbig pmrm gi eè`hue, mi thgepl qug heprgshlkm im pimom cltldríchom. * Rgolr`gels mnlrm midukls `g ils omsls gk qug im mpmrhäïl gs sheuitíkgmegktg vhshbig pmrm tl`ls ils mshstgktgs y pmrm gi eè`hue, il qug nmog heplshbig oumiquhgr gquåvlol. Gi Gspårhtu emtgrhmihzm`l nm tl`ms ims mpmrhgkohms `g uk sgr nuemkl1 sg eugvg y mk`m, olkvgrsmohÿk olk ims pgrslkms prgsgktgs y, trms nmbgr pmrthohpm`l midukls elegktls `g su vh`m, sg `gsvmkgog igktmegktg, cúk`gsg, plr mså `gohr, m sus vhstms. G_ `g gktrm`m gi omsl `g Amthg Ahkd, clrem cgegkhkm qug ùrmktg midukls mýls sg emkhcgstÿ gk omsm `g _hr Thiihme Orllags, `g im _lohg`m` Rgmi `g Ilk`rgs, y `g qug ym tuvhels gksgjl `g nmbimr.=87 Smrhms vgogs sg nm busom`l hkshkumr qug T. Orllags sg nmbåm rgtrmtm`l `g sus mchremohlkgs. Lrm, ng mnå il qug `goåm èi, m prlpÿshtl `g gsls cgkÿegkls, gk su `hsoursl gk gi Olkdrgsl pmrm gi m`hmktmegktl `g ims ohgkohms (Brhthsn Msslohmthlk), rgmihzm`l gk Brhstli, gk =>8>, y `gi oumi grm prgsh`gktg: ’Prghktm mýls sg pmsmrlk, `gspuès qug pubihquè ims kmrrmthvms `g gxpgrhgkohms tgk`hgktgs m `gelstrmr qug, cugrm `g kugstrls olklohehgktls ohgktåchols, gxhstg ukm cugrzm pugstm gk moohÿk plr

=8?

Masmalc, lb. oht., omp. H. Å`ge, Hbh`ge. Sgr Ièlk @gkhs, ’Prms im Eugrtg―, omp. ^H^1 Thiihme Orllags, ’Rgongrongs sur ig _ omp. H, B. =80 =87

phrhtumihseg―, pmsshe, y Masmalc, lb. oht.,

=36 | V í d h k m


=86?

ukm hktgihdgkohm qug `hchgrg `g im hktgihdgkohm oleúk m tl`ls ils elrtmigs. Km`m tgkdl qug rgtrmtmr1 emktgkdl ehs lbsgrvmohlkgs ym pubihom`ms. Vug`l múk mým`hrigs ltrms euonms.― Im _rm. Cilrgkog Emrrymt, mutlrm `g drmk`g klebrm`m, hksgrtÿ, gk ukm `g sus lbrms,=83 ukm `gsorhpohÿk ehkuohlsm `g ims sgshlkgs `g Orllags, `g qug grm `g ims eís mssåùms tgsthdls. Ng mnå mquå uk crmdegktl: ’Mshstå `hvgrsms vgogs m ims hkvgsthdmohlkgs ngonms plr gi _gýlr Orllags, pmrm olkvgkogrsg `g im gxhstgkohm `g im mpmrhäïl. Sh em`ghxms lsourms `g Cilrgkog Olla gspmrsms gk gi sugil, `gimktg `g im olrthkm, m im vhstm `g tl`ls ils mshstgktgs, ehgktrms Amthg pmsgmbm y olkvgrsmbm olk klsltrls. Sh, gk vmrhms lomshlkgs, Cilrgkog y Amthg, mi phg ukm `g im ltrm, `g sugrtg qug kl pug`l tgkgr im eåkhem ù`m `g qug grmk `ls hk`hvhùmih`m`gs `hsthkduh`ms... Gk gi olrrgr `g ukm sgshÿk, sg ph`hÿ im Amthg qug sg `gsemtgrhmihzmssg gk pigkm iuz. Olkshkthÿ gk slegtgrsg m im prugbm, mukqug kls `hjgrm gksgduh`m qug ig nmbåmels ngonl euy mpgkms. Cug gkolstmr-sh m im pmrg` `gi smiÿk, olk ils brmzls gxtgk`h`ls gk oruz. _g gkogk`hgrlk trgs phols `g dms. Gi gcgotl prlùoh`l gk Amthg cug tgrråchol. Im vgkhels múk ùrmktg uk sgduk`l sÿil1 `gspuès, giim sg `gsvmkgohÿ igktmegktg. Kl pug`l egjlr olepmrmr su gxthkohÿk qug im ukm euýgom `g ogrm `grrgtgk`l-sh mi omilr `g uk brmsgrl. @g gktrm`m, ils `ls im`ls `gi rlstrl, vmplrhzm`ls y olkcusls, pmrgoåm gktrgk ukl gk gi ltrl1 ils ljls sg nuk`åmk gk ims ÿrbhtms1 im kmrhz `gsmpmrgohÿ y im crlktg sg `gsnhzl. Ils ehgebrls y gi vgsth`l tuvhgrlk im ehsem sugrtg1 hbm tl`l omygk`l gk im miclebrm, olel ukm o lhsm qug `gselrlkm. M Im iuz `g ils trgs phols `g dms, ehríbmels chjmegktg pmrm gi iudmr qug Amthg Ahkd nmbåm loupm`l.― Rgprlùohels gsms `gsorhpohlkgs m chk `g elstrmr gi drmk pl`gr `g `gsmdrgdmohÿk qug gjgrog im iuz slbrg ims orgmohlkgs ciuå`homs tgeplrmigs y im kgogsh`m` `g ims sgshlkgs lbsourms, gk ohgrtls omsls, m pgsmr `g ils hkolkvgkhgktgs qug prgsgktmk. M gsg rgspgtl, gi _r. Omehiig Cimeemrhlk gstmbigog im shduhgktg olepmrmohÿk, gsorhbhgk`l gk im ’Rgvug― `g =863: ’Mquå gstí, gk uk crmsol y gk vliuegk hdumi, ukm egzoim `g nh`rÿdgkl y oilrl. _h qugrèhs qug im egzoim sg olksgrvg, gs prgohsl ‟ sgm l kl `g vugstrl mdrm`l ‟ qug gi crmsol pgremkgzom gk im lbsourh`m`g. Pmi gs im igy. Ehgktrms miiå qug`mr, giim sg olksgrvmrí. _h, shk gebmrdl, elvh`l plr ukm cmktmshm pugrhi, gxplkdíhs gsm egzoim m im moohÿk `g im iuz, ukm vhligktm gxpilshÿk sg nmrí súbhtmegktg lår1 gi nh`rÿdgkl y gi oilrl nmbrík `gsmpmrgoh`l y gkolktrmrèhs gk gi crmsol kugvm substmkohm: gi íoh`l oilrå`rhol. X, olk mohgrtl, olkoiuhrèhs: im lbsourh`m`g rgspgtm ils `ls gigegktls1 im iuz ils mkhquhim.― Ltrl omsl oèigbrg, qug rgúkg ils egjlrgs gigegktls `g ogrtgzm, ims eís olkoiu`gktgs prugbms, =84 gs im mpmrhäïl `g Gstgim Ihvgrelrg, cmiigoh`m, m su emrh`l, gi bmkqugrl Ihvgrelrg, gk Kugvm Xlra, `g =>3= m =>33, gk ?>> sgshlkgs, `hrhdh`ms plr uk ltrl Gspårhtu qug m så múk sg `gshdkmbm plr gi klebrg `g @r. Crmkaihk. Gi cgkÿegkl sg olepigtm olk ukm sgrhg `g prugbms `g omríotgr pgrshstgktg. Wkls ohgk `hotm`ls slk gsorhtls plr Gstgim, bmjl ims vhstms `g su emrh`l, gk tmrjgtms trmå`ms y emrom`ls plr èi. Drmohms m ukm iuz ehstgrhlsm qug gkvlivåm gi cmktmsem, gi _r. Ihvgrelrg rgolkloåm im emkl, ims cghä÷gs, ils ljls, im crlktg, ils =83 =84

Ci. Emrrymt ‟ ’Ig Elk`g `gs G sprhts―, =>80, trmùoohÿk `gi ’Ngt Plgalesthd Igvgk―, Wtrgo nt, mdlstl `g =8 Sgr Masmalc, ’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. HS.

62.

=3= | V í d h k m


=86?

ombgiils `g im gsorgvgktg. ’_u chshlklehm ‟ `hog èi ‟ grm `g ukm bgiigzm slbrg-nuemkm y eg ehrmbm olk hkgcívgi gxprgshÿk `g cgihoh`m`.― Gsls ngonls slk mkthduls y ym nmk sh`l euonms vgogs rgimtm`ls. Kl pl`åmels, shk gebmrdl, `ghxí -ils livh`m`ls, gk rmzÿk `g su heplrtmkohm y `g im gxtgksm rgpgroushÿk qug sg igs nm `m`l. Smels m prgsgktmr ltrls eís rgohgktgs. Xm kl sg trmtm sÿil `g clrems hksuim`ms qug im pmrgogk, pgrl `g drupls `g Gspårhtus emtgrhmihzm`ls, om`m ukl `g ils oumigs olksthtuyg ukm hk`hvhùmih`m`g `hsthkduh`m `gi eè`hue. Clrems, `g olepighäïl y `hegkshlkgs `hcgrgktgs, sg eugstrmk m im vgz, sg lrdmkhzmk drmùmiegktg im gxpgksms `g ukm emsm ciuå`hom kgbuilsm y, plr chk, sg `hsugivgk `g rgpgktg, trms tgkgr hktgrvhkhgk`l midukls hkstmktgs gk ils trmbmjls y gk ims olkvgrsmohlkgs `g ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs. Gi @r. Vmui Dhbhgr, `hrgotlr `gi Hksthtutl Vmstgur, `g Kugvm Xlra, prgsgktÿ mi Olkdrgsl `g Vsholildåm `g =8> Vmrås, gk =866, gxtgksm egelrhm mogrom `g ims ’emtgrhmihzmä÷gs `g cmktmsems―, lbtgkh`ms plr èi gk su prlphl imblrmtlrhl, gk im prgsgkohm `g ils prgpmrm`lrgs qug il muxhihmk nmbhtumiegktg gk sus trmbmjls `g bhlildåm. Euonms sgýlrms `g su cmehihm mshståmk, m`geís `g gsl, m gsms gxpgrhgkohms. Pgkåmk plr drmvmegk gspgohmi vhdhimr im eè`hue, _rm. _mielk, gxmehkmrig ils vgsth`ls, kgdrls shgeprg, ehgktrms qug ils cmktmsems mpmrgoåmk `g bimkol.. Cugrlk tlem`ms tl`ms ims prgomuohlkgs. _g gepigmbm ukm jmuim egtíihom, ouh`m`lsmegktg ogrrm`m, olk pugrtm `g nhgrrl prgsm plr uk omk`m`l. @urmktg ims sgshlkgs, im eè`hue grm olkoiuh`m gk gsm jmuim, ouym iimvg gi @r. Dhbhgr olksgrvmbm gk su pl`gr. Vlr gxogsl `g prgomuohÿk, sg pgdmbm uk sgiil plstmi crmkoès gk gi lrhchohl `gi omk`m`l. Im jmuim grm olepigtm`m olk uk dmbhkgtg clrem`l `g omrthkms. Ltrms vgogs, sÿil gi dmbhkgtg grm uthihzm`l, shk im jmuim.. Kuegrlsms sgshlkgs sg gcgotumrlk gk gsms olk`hohlkgs, `g ims oumigs slimegktg ukm rgimtmrgels, plrqug rgsueg tl`ms ims ltrms.=88 Gi `åm =6 `g juihl `g =>>8 im eè`hue, _rm. _mielk, gs olilom`m gk gi dmbhkgtg y memrrm`m m im shiim. Ig pmsmk, m`geís `g gsl, ukm ohktm gk vugitm `gi ougiil, chjm`m plr uk kl`l ohrúrdhol. Ims gxtrgeh`m`gs `g im ohktm pmsmk plr `ls lrhchohls mbhgrtls gk gi clrrl `gi dmbhkgtg y slk memrrm`ms ukm m im ltrm plr uk `lbig kl`l euy mprgtm`l, euy igjls `gi miomkog `g im eè`hue, qug gstí vgsth`m `g kgdrl. _g `hsehkuyÿ im iuz1 pgrl sg `hsthkduåmk ils lbjgtls. Mpmrhä÷gs hkolepigtms `g brmzls, bustls y cmogs sg prlùogk m prhkohphl. Clrems gktgrms, vgsth`ms `g bimkol, igs suog`gk. _us olepighä÷gs vmråmk, `gs`g ukm clrem `g khýl, im pgqugým Emu`y, m ils cmktmsems `g gigvm`m gstmturm. Shgkgk `gspuès clrems cgegkhkms, `gidm`ms y elkms, ehgktrms qug im eè`hue gs pgrslkm `g sus ohkqùgktm mýls, bhgk kutrh`m. Gktrg mqugiims, mpmrgog ukm chdurm emsouihkm, mitm y bmrbm`m. G_ Giimk, uk Gspårhtu `g vlz cugrtg, qug `hstrhbuyg vhdlrlsls mpgrtls `g emkls m ils mshstgktgs. Gsm emkl, mprgtm`m pgim `gi @r. Dhbhgr, sg `hsugivg plol m plol bmjl im prgshÿk rgohbh`m. Pmigs mpmrhä÷gs sg clremk m im vhstm `g ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs. _g `hsthkdug mi olehgkzl uk puktl kgbuilsl, brhiimktg y eÿbhi, qug sg`himtm y prlilkdm gk clrem `g oliuekm1 `gspuès gs ukm P. Gstg sg omebhm gk uk pgrchi `g sgýlrm, oubhgrtl olk uk vèu, y plr chk ukm gkomktm`lrm chdurm `g eläm, gsbgitm y `gihom`m, sg gsblzm, sh olk`gksm. Vmsgm plrgktrg ils mshstgktgs, smiu`m, mprhgtm ims emkls qug sg gxthgk`gk =8>

’Rgsgknm lchohmi `gi HS Olkdrgsl Hktgrkmohlkmi `g Vsholildåm―, Vmrås, Cèihx Miomk, g`htlr, =86=, gxtgksl gk ’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonhqugs―, `gi @r. @mrhgux, cgbrgrl `g =86=. =88 ’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonhqugs―, emrol-mbrhi `g =86=.

píd. 347, rgprlùoh`l Hk

=32 | V í d h k m


=86?

pmrm giim, trms gi qug im mpmrhäïl sg `gselrlkm olel uk omsthiil `g omrtms. Vlr uk elegktl múk sg `hsthkdug ukm ombgzm elkm qug gegrdg `gi slminl y gksgduh`m tl`l `gsmpmrgog. Gk gi ehsel hkstmktg, gi @r. Dhbhgr pmipm im eè`hue, qug sg olksgrvm gk su iudmr, memrrm`m, gk gi dmbhkgtg. _g `m tl`m im cugrzm m im iuz1 ims ohktms slk gxmehkm`ms1 gstík hktmotms y gs prgohsl midúk thgepl pmrm `gsmtmrims. Gsms clrems sg eugvgk y nmbimk. @mk ils klebrgs: Bimkong, Ièihm, Eushquhtm, gto. Gstm úithem tlom ukm duhtmrrm gièotrhom. Pl`ms olkvgrsmk olk ils mshstgktgs1 sus vlogs sg nmogk lår gk tl`ls ils puktls `g im smim. Gk oumktl m ils tgjh`ls `g qug sg vhstgk ims mpmrhä÷gs, giims ehsems mchremk ils prlùoås olk gi olkoursl `g gigegktls quhtm`ls m ims rlpms `gi eè`hue, pmrohmiegktg `gsemtgrhmihzm`ms. Gk ukm sgshÿk, gi Gspårhtu Ièihm clrem olk ukl slpil, m ils ljls `g ils mshstgktgs, uk tgjh`l igvg `g dmzg bimkom, qug sg gxthgk`g plol m plol y tgrehkm plr oubrhr tl`ms ims pgrslkms prgsgktgs. G_ uk gjgepil `g orgmohÿk plr im dmkm, qug vhgkg m olkchremr il qug `goåmels gk gi olehgkzl `g gstg ompåtuil. @lk`g vhgkgk gsms mpmrhä÷gs, y ouíi gs su kmturmigzm< Gi @r. Dhbhgr vm m `goårklsil: ’Ils cmktmsems, gkougstm`ls, `goimrmrlk tl`ls sgr gkth`m`gs, pgrslkmih`m`gs `hsthkduh`ms `gi eè`hue, Gspårhtus `gsgkomrkm`ls, qug vhvhgrlk gk im Phgrrm, y ouym ehshÿk gs `gelstrmrkls im gxhstgkohm `g im ltrm vh`m.― Wkm pmrthouimrh`m`, gktrg ltrms, vm m `gelstrmrkls qug gsls Gspårhtus thgkgk tl`l gi omríotgr nuemkl. ’Ims clrems ‟ `hog Dhbhgr ‟ sg eugstrmk m prhkohphl euy tåeh`ms y gs prgohsl omptmrigs im olkchmkzm.―. Im h`gkth`m` `g ukl `g gsls Gspårhtus cug plshthvmegktg gstmbigoh`m: ‟ m `g Bimkong, cmiigoh`m pmrhgktm `g `ls sgýlrms qug mshståmk m ims sgshlkgs1 giim grm slbrhkm `g ukm y prhem `g ltrm. Mebms pu`hgrlk mbrmzmrim rgpgth`ms vgogs y olkvgrsmr olk giim gk crmkoès, igkdum qug im eè`hue kl oleprgk`g. Gi @r. Dhbhgr kltÿ qug ims emkhcgstmohlkgs vmrhmbmk `g hktgksh`m`, gk im prlplrohÿk `gi ’vliuegk `g cugrzms― suehkhstrm`l m ils Gspårhtus plr im eè`hue, y sg prlùoåmk, olk clreg gi omsl, im emylr l eís pgqugým `hstmkohm `g im jmuim l `gi dmbhkgtg `lk`g gstmbm im eè`hue sgktm`m. Gk gi `goursl `g ukmsgshÿk lourrhÿ uk ngonl slrprgk`gktg. Im eè`hue, gk trmksg, olkoiuh`m gk im jmuim, cug gkolktrm`m `gi im`l `g cugrm, mi tgrehkmr `g ims gxpgrhgkohms. _gdúk ims gxpihomohlkgs `m`ms plr gi Gspårhtu Giimk, im pugrtm `g im jmuim nmbåm sh`l `gsemtgrhmihzm`m g hkeg`hmtmegktg rgolksthtuå`m plr mdgktgs hkvhshbigs.266 G_ gsg uk omsl kltmbig `g `gsmdrgdmohÿk y rgolksthtuhäïl `g im emtgrhm, qug olkvgkåm sgýmimr. * Ltrls tgsthelkhls, kl egkls heplrtmktgs, cugrlk olihdh`ls plr gi Olkdrgsl Gsphrhtumihstm `g Vmrås, gk =866. Gk im sgshÿk `g 2? `g sgpthgebrg, gi @r. Bmyli, gx-dlbgrkm`lr `gi @mnlegy, sgkm`lry prgsh`gktg `gi Olksgjl Dgkgrmi `g ims Bloms `gi Rÿ`mkl, gxpuslolk oimrh`m` ils cgkÿegkls `g mpmrhä÷gs lbsgrvm`ls, `g =º `g gkgrl `g =>88 m 3 `g sgpthgebrg `g=866, gk ukm quhktm `g Mihsomeps, gk Mrigs.26= Shshtmels, trms gsl, gi ogegktgrhl rlemkl `g Mihsomeps (Omepls Giåsgls), `lk`g sg mihkgmk, gktrg ils tghxls y tgrgbhktls, bmjl gi iåeph`l ohgil `g im Vrlvgkäm, gxtgksms chims `g smroÿcmdls mkthduls. Sgkhels im sgpuiturm `g Mogiim, `g quhgk vm m trmtmrsg, y iggels im shduhgktg hksorhpohÿk: ’Eh nhjm Mogiim, eugrtm m ils =4 mýls, gk im prlphm klong `g su klhvm`l.― Cug gk ukm quhk tm prÿjhem, olkstruh`m olk phg`rms tueuimrgs, 266 26=

’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonhqugs―, emrol-mbrhi `g =86=. Sgr ’Rgsgknm `gi Olkdrgsl Gspårhtm y Gsphrhtumihstm― , `g =866, píds. 20= y shduhgktgs. Igyemrhg, g`htlr.

=3? | V í d h k m


=86?

qug sg nhohgrlk ims gxpgrhgkohms `gi @r. Bmyli, gk prgsgkohm `g gehkgktgs pgrslkmjgs, olel gi miomi`g `g ims Bloms `gi Rÿ`mkl, uk dgkgrmi `g @hvhshÿk, gi drmk plgtm Ehstrmi, mutlr `g im ’Ehrghiig―, `lotlrgs gk Eg`hohkm, mbldm`ls, gto. Ils cgkÿegkls olegkzmrlk plr ils elvhehgktls `g pgsm`m egsm, qug dhrmbm gk im smim olk drmk ruh`l. _g vugiomk `gspuès `ls dilbls iuehklsls ohroukvmdmr y sg rgcigjgk gk ils gspgjls, il qug `gelstrmbm su pgrcgotm lbjgthvh`m`. Gi @r. Bmyli tuvl im h`gm `g gvlomr gi Gspårhtu Mogiim, im jlvgk rlemkm, eugrtm gi thgepl `g ils Mktlkhkls. Mpmrgohÿ ukm iimem, qug sg`hrhdåm pmrm èi y ig pluslu gk im ombgzm. Olk giim olkvgrsÿ olel sg il nhohgrm olk ukm pgrslkm vhvm, y m iimem sg mdhtmbm `g el`l hktgihdgktg. _g vgåmk, m vgogs, nmstm `hgz m `log iimems, qug pmrgoåmk hktgihdgktgs g hiuehkmbmk tl`m im smim.. ’Gstmråmels miuohkm`ls<― ‟ hktgrrldm gi @r. Bmyli. ’Èrmels, midukms vgogs, `hgohkugvg, y orgl qug gs `hcåohi miuohkmrsg uk vhgjl olilkhmi olel yl.― Eís tmr`g, gk Gyduhîrgs, Mogiim sg nhzl vhshbig y `hl ukm heprgshÿk `gi rlstrl gk pmrmchkm, kl gk oðkomvl, olel molstuebrmk sgr ils eli`gs, pgrl gk rgihgvg. _g prlùjgrlk `gspuès trmksplrtgs, iiuvhms `g pètmims `g rlsm, `g nljms `g chdughrm y ilurl, qug iigkmbmk ils blishiils `gi kmrrm`lr. Cug `hotm`l uk plgem gk h`hlem prlvgkämi y `gscgrh`ms egil`åms gk uk bmk`lihe, shk olktmotl mpmrgktg. Ils eè`huks, pgrslkms higtrm`ms, lbtuvhgrlk cgkÿegkls `g gsorhturm gk drhgdl. Ltrms vgogs sg prlùjgrlk gcgotls cåshols `g drmk gkgrdåm. Wkl `g ils eè`huks cug prlygotm`l gk gi mhrg, m ukm miturm `g oumtrl egtrls, g nhzl m omgr slbrg im egsm, shk km`m sucrhr. 262 ‟ cugrlk rl`gm`ms `g tl`ms ims prgomuohlkgs ’Ehs gxpgrhgkohms ‟ `hjl gi @r. Bmyli gk su egelrhmi plshbigs. Nmy gk Crmkohm ukm olsm clreh`ívgi, uk tgrrhbig elkstrul, qug egtg ehg`l m ils crmkogsgs y qug sg iimem rh`åouil. M uk vhgjlolilkhmi olel yl pgrehthrèhs qug gi mcrlktg. Gstly olkvgkoh`l `g qug tgkdl rmzÿk y kl `gbl tgkgr ehg`l `g `gohr im vgr`m`.―.

* Gk gi olrrgr `g ils mýls `g =86= y `g =862, tl`m im prgksm htmihmkm sg loupÿ olk ukm sgrhg `g sgshlkgs `m`ms plr im eè`hue Gusíphm Vmim`hkl, gk gi Oårouil Ehkgrvm, gk Dêklvm, gk prgsgkohm `g ils prlcgslrgs Ilebrlsl, Elrsèiih y C. Vlrrl y `gi mrdutl gsorhtlr, olkloh`l gk tl`m im pgkåksuim, gxtrgem`megktg gsoèpthol mogrom `gi Gsphrhthsel, M. Smsmiil,`hrgotlr `gi ’_hdil ^H^―. @hgz sgshlkgs sg gcgotumrlk. Prms kuegrlsls cgkÿegkls cåshols y vmrhls omsls `g igvhtmäïl,26? sg clremrlk mpmrhä÷gs. Ng mnå olel gi _r. Smsmiil ims `gsorhbg gk su pgrhÿ`hol.260 ’Gi cgkÿegkl ùrm thgepl `gemshm`l imrdl, pmrm qug pug`m sgr mtrhbuh`l m im miuohkmäïl, pmrohmi l oligothvm. Vlr ohem `g im ombgzm `gi eè`hue sg eugstrm ukm emkl bimkom, gk uk dgstl `g m`hÿs m tl`ls ils mshstgktgs. Vmrm cmvlrgogr gi `gsmrrliil `gi cgkÿegkl, sg blrrm im iuz, qug heph`g im emtgrhmihzmäïl. _hgktl hkeg`hmtmegktg mtrís `g eå gi hkùbhtívgi olktmotl `g ukm pgrslkm1 `ls brmzls eg ohýgk olk tgrkurm y mcgotl1 `ls eïlzhknms `èbghs, prlplrohlkm`ms m im emkl gktrgvhstm, eg tlemk im ombgzm, momrhohík`lim, ukm iuz ehstgrhlsm eg lcusom y rgohbl imrdls y rgpgth`ls bgsls, lå`ls plr tl`ls. _ÿil pug`g sgr ehcmiigoh`l nhjl Kmi`hkl1 y mnlrm qug 262

’Rgsgknm `gi Olkdrgsl Gspårhtm y Gsphrhtumih stm―, `g =866, píds. 26? y 260. Sgr omp. ^SHH. 260 ’_golil ^H^―, `g Dgklvm, mrtåouils `g 2= m 27 `g jukhl `g =86=. 26?

=30 | V í d h k m


=86?

sh gkohgk`g ukm vgim, ukm shiugtm sg `hsgým m eh im`l, rgprgsgktmk`l gxmotmegktg ims cghä÷gs `g eh khýl cmiigoh`l1 gsm clrem pgremkgog hkeÿvhi ùrmktg midukls sgduk`ls. Im oumrtm sgshÿk kls eugstrm gi cgkÿegkl gk su puktl ouiehkmktg. Kmi`hkl mpmrgog kugvmegktg. M prhkohphl, uk tmr`m`l mbrmzl, ùrmktg gi oumi shgktl im clrem `g uk euonmonl, `gidm`m, oleprhehreg1 `gspuès, ukm euithtu` `g bgsls, pgrohbh`ls plr tl`ls, y pmimbrms gk `hmigotl dgklvês ‟ gi eè`hue sÿil nmbim gi kmplihtmkl ‟ qug tl`ls lygk y qug thgkgk uk thebrg pmrthouimr slbrg qug kl eg pug`l gkdmýmr: ’Vmpm ehl! pmpm ehl!― hktgromim`ms `g gxoimemohÿk `g migdråm: ’gi @hl!― @g rgpgktg, gi olktmotl olk il Hkvhshbig ‟ tmk vhshbig, shk gebmrdl ‟ pmrgog qugrgr `gsvmkgogrsg1 olel qug sg vm gvmplrmr1 `gspuès, kugvl mbrmzl. Rgohbl trgs imrdls y gkmelrm`ls bgsls, y im vlz eg `hog: ’Gstls slk pmrm emeí.― Ils hkvhtmk m gkogk`gr `g kugvl im iâepm`m gièotrhom1 y, olel sh il Hkvhshbig kls quhshgrm `mr ukm `grrm`ghrm prugbm `g su prgsgkohm, uk cgkÿegkl, gktrgvhstl gk prgog`gktg sgshÿk plr gi prlcgslr Ilebrlsl, sg rgkugvm. Vgrohbhels tl`ls ukm clrem nuemkm, `g pgrcgotm sgegjmkzm olk im ym `gshdkm`m, mbrhr ils brmzls y ogýhreg. Wkm `g sus emkls eg tlem im emkl `grgonm, ehgktrms olk im hzquhgr`m sgdurl shgeprg gi eè`hue, qug, olel tl`ls pu`hels ogrthchomrkls, gstmbm rgoihkm`l gk im shiim, gk nhpklsg prlcuk`m.― Gk ohgrtms klongs slk eúithpigs ims mpmrhä÷gs. Vgrchigs hk`hsthktl s, olktlrkls `g ombgzms, slebrms lbsourms sg `hsgýmk gk uk clk`l gsomsmegktg hiuehkm`l1 cmktmsems bimkols, `g gxtrgem tgkuh`m`g, sgeugstrmk gk ils iudmrgs lsourls `g im smim. Gi prlcgslr Elrsèiih rgolklog im slebrm `g su chinhknm, eugrtm m ils lkog mýls. _r. vlz Blzzmkl ukm `gihom`m emkl `gukeujgr gi mprgtmr, gi momrhohmr1 `ls brmzls`gig M`geísohýgk gi ougiil.GiWkm `èbhi,shgktg pgrl `hsthkduh`m, prlkukohm klebrg qug gs pmrm èi ’ukm rgvgimohÿk túeuil―. @urmktg tl`l gsg thgepl, gi eè`hue, `gsphgrtl, dheg, `hrhdg súpihoms m sus mehdls hkvhshbigs y igs ph`g slolrrl. _us sucrhehgktls iigdmk nmstm tmi puktl, qug gs prgohsl suspgk`gr ims gxpgrhgkohms. Gk gi oursl `g ukm sgshÿk `hrhdh`m plr gi @r. Elrsèiih, prlcgslr `g Vsholildåm gk im Wkhvgrsh`m` `g Dêklvm, ùrmktg im oumi gi eè`hue, trms ehkuohlsl gxmegk `g suyms vhstgs, cug memrrm`l gk ukm omem, ohkol clrems emtgrhmihzm`ms mpmrgohgrlk gk eg`hm-iuz. Im úithem grm m `g ukm sgýlrm, gkvlitm gk dmzg trmkspmrgktg y trmygk`l gk ils brmzls ukm orhmkohknm. Ltrm chdurm `g eläm, ouym slebrm prlygotm`m plr im iuz `gi dms sg `hsgýmbmgk im pmrg`, smiu`ÿ, y im slebrmmolepmýÿ tl`ls ils elvhehgktls `g im clrem.267 _g trmbÿ vhvm plièehom gktrg vmrhls pgrhÿ`hols mogrom `g gsms gxpgrhgkohms. Gk ukm `g sus rèpihoms, mså sg gxprgsmbm gi prlcgslr Elrsèiih: ’@goimrl qug gi Gsphrhthsel egrgog sgr pigkmegktg gstu`hm`l plr ils smbhls y, plr eh pmrtg, olkchgsl qug gk èi orgl gktgrmegktg. Xl, gi emtgrhmihstm lbsthkm`l1 yl, gi hktrèph`l `hrgotlr `g uk pgrhÿ`hol hktrmkshdgktg y plshthvhstm, prgtgk`gråmk nmogreg pmsmr plr våothem `g ukm miuohkmäïl l plr kgÿchtl orèùil
267

’Rgvug `gs Ètu`gs Vsyonhqugs―, sgpthgebrg `g =862, Víd. 230.

=37 | V í d h k m


=86?

Oèsmr Ilebrlsl, chkmiegktg, gi oèigbrg prlcgslr `g im Wkhvgrsh`m` `g Purhe, gk su lbrm ’Nhpklthsel y Gsphrhthsel― (trmùoohÿk Rlsshdkgux), gk gi ompåtuil hkthtuim`l ’Cmktmsems―, trms rgimtmr ims mpmrhä÷gs lbtgkh`ms gk gi oursl `g ims sgshlkgs `g Gusíphm, plr Smsmiil y Elrsèiih, mså sg gxprgsm: ’Lbtuvg yl prlphl ukm bhgk olelvg`lrm mpmrhäïl. Cug gk Dêklvm, gk =>>2. Gusíphm kl pmrgoåm, gk gsg elegktl, gk olk`hohlkgs `g prlùohr drmk olsm. Vh`hèk`lig mi olehgkzl qug nhohgrm elvgrsg gk pigkm iuz uk pgsm`l thktghrl, lbjgtlu-eg gk tlkl vuidmr: ’@g qug shrvgk tmigs khknmrhms< Xl sly ompmz `g nmogrtg vgr tu em`rg.― Vlol `gspuès, gk im eg`hm lbsourh`m`g prlùoh`m plr ukm iâepm`m `g vh`rhls gkomrkm`ls, vh `gstmomrsg `g im olrthkm ukm shiugtm, gkvlitm gk uk vèu y `g bhgk pgqugým gstmturm, olel il grm eh plbrg em`rg. Nhzl gi dhrl olepigtl gk nmdl m im egsm y sg `gtuvl mi phg `g eå, slkrhgk`l y `hrhdhèk`leg pmimbrms qug ils ltrls låmk, pgrl qug, m olksgougkohm `g eh slr`grm, kl pu`g pgrohbhr. Gxtrgem`megktg olkelvh`l, ig ph`l qug rgphtm, y giim `hog: ’Oèsmr, nhil ehl―, il qug, olkchgsl, eg slrprgk`g bmstmktg, plrqug `g prgcgrgkohm molstuebrmbm giim `gohr, gk su igkdum vgkgzhmkm: ’ehl chli―. @gspuès m eh pg`h`l nmog kugvmegktg gi dhrl gk nmdl m im egsm y eg gkvåm uk bgsl. Gk gsg elegktl, Gusíphm gstmbm bhgk oldg plr sus `ls vgohkls y, mi `geís, su gstmturm gxog`g plr il egkls `hgz ogktåegtrls m im `g eh em`rg, qug eg nhzl m mpmrgogr múk, egkls `hsthkduh`m, gkvhík`leg bgsls y nmbiík`leg gk lonl sgshlkgs eís, ils mýls `g =863 y =864, gk Ehiík y Purhe.― Emssmrl, `g Vmigrel, gk ukm sgshÿk, m 23 `g klvhgebrg `g =863, gk Ehiík, vhl mpmrgogr su nhjl, qug il tleÿ mepihmegktg gk ils brmzls y il mbrmzÿ. * Xm kl thgkgk ougktm m ims mpmrhä÷gs y emtgrhmihzmä÷gs `g Gspårhtus. Nmk sh`l lbsgrvm`ms gk tl`ls ils pmåsgs plr kuegrlsls gxpgrhegktm`lrgs. Gk Plurs, pu`g yl múk lbsgrvmr ukm `g giims, qug `gsorhbå gk eh ihbrl ’Orhsthmkhsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. H^. Gk gsg omsl, im clrem grm vmomktg y slebråm1 kl omehkmbm, `gsihzmbm plr gi sugil. M vgogs, shk gebmrdl, ims mpmrhä÷gs rgvhstgk tl`ls ils omrmotgrgs `g ukm bgiigzm h`gmi. 263 Gi _r. Dglrd Imrsgk, gk ukm omrtm `hrhdh`m mi ’Gal―, pgrhÿ`hol qug sg pubihom gk _ugohm, `gsorhbg im mpmrhäïl `g su gsplsm Mkm, cmiigoh`m m 20 `g emrzl `g =>88. Gi cgkÿegkl lourrhÿ gk Bgriåk, gk =86=, gk prgsgkohm `g im Vrhkogsm Amrm`jm, `g im Olk`gssm `g Elitag y ltrms pgrslkms. _g rg`motÿ uk egelrhmi, qug cug chrem`l plr tl`ls ils mshstgktgs. Gi _r. Imrsgk mså sg gxprgsm:

’_g mbrhgrlk ims olrthkms, `gjmk`l vgr uk gspgotíouil emrmvhiilsl. Sgkhels gigdmktg eujgr, vgsth`m `g prlegth`m, olk imrdl vèu bimkol qug ig omåm `g im ombgzm m ils phgs1 pgrl qug vèu! Vmrgoåm `g mèrgls rmyls gktlkogs iuehklsls.vhvm. X olel yl grm ig rgolkloåm cghä÷gs! eg olkùoåmtgjh`l mi mitmr gsm eujgr, Olel ngrelsm,ims olk gi vèuNmog slbrg`log ils mýls ombgiils kgdrls y im gstrgiim brhiimktg mi mitl `g im ombgzm! Lå gk tlrkl m eå gxoimemohlkgs `g mslebrl. Ehs ljls sg olksgrvmrlk chjls gk gi m`lrm`l rlstrl, nmstm qug `g kugvl ogrrmrme-sh ims olrthkms. Wk elegktl `gspuès rgmpmrgohÿ giim, tmi olel molstuebrmbm gstmr gk kugstrm omsm1 omehkÿ nmstm eís ogrom `g eå y igvmktÿ ils brmzls gxtgk`h`ls. Ils ombgiils kgdrls clrembmk `g eís bgiim 263

Sgr ’Rgvug _ohgkthchqug gt Elrmig ù _phrhthseg―, emyl `g =86=, píd. 342.

=33 | V í d h k m


=86?

eliùrm gk tlrkl m su rlstrl1 gstmbm olk ils brmzls `gsku`ls y tgkåm gi gsbgitl ougrpl gkvlitl gk uk imrdl vgsth`l `g uk bimkol `g khgvg. Chtmvm-eg olk sus ljls iuehklsls1 yl nmoåm m gkolktrmr su mothtu` y su gxprgshÿk mcgtulsm1 grm eh eujgr vhvm1 pgrl im mpmrhäïl tltmi tgkåm ukl bgiigzm y ukm mrelkåm shkduimrgs, uk olkjuktl h`gmihzm`l, qug uk sgr `g im Phgrrm kl plsgg. Eureurè su klebrg. Gi sgkthehgktl `g ukm cgihoh`m` hkgxprheåvgi sg mpl`grmbm `g eå. Giim `gsihzÿ shigkohlsmegktg nmstm mi dmbhkgtg, ouyms olrthkms sg ogrrmrme `g kugvl. Im smim gstmbm bhgk hiuehkm`m1 ils mshstgktgs sg olksgrvmrlk sgrhls y trmkquhils1 gi eè`hue pgremkgohÿ vhshbig gk su plitrlkm, mi im`l y ùrmktg tl`l gi thgepl `g im mpmrhäïl.― Im pg`h`l `gi _r. Imrsgk, ig cug `gjm`l uk pg`mzl `gi vèu, qug èi múk olksgrvm gk su pl`gr. ’Gsg vèu ‟ `hog èi ‟ `g uk tgjh`l `gihom`l, cug ur`h`l olk emtgrhm hdumi m im qug gepigm gi Gspårhtu pmrm nmogrsg vhshbig y thgkg su lrhdgk gk ims rm`hmohlkgs `gi ougrpl nuemkl.― * Gk su oråthom m ils cgkÿegkls `g mpmrhäïl, rgourrgk omsh shgeprg ils `gtrmtlrgs `gi Gsphrhthsel m im tglråm `g im miuohkmäïl. G_ ukm gxpihomohÿk, plr hdumi, oÿel`m y vmomktg, y mktgs ukm pmimbrm nugom, `gsthkm`m m `hsheuimr im pgkurhm `g mrduegktls `g olktrm`htlrgs gkmpurls. Olkvgk`råm mktgs `g tl`l `gchkhr prgohsmegktg il qug gs miuohkmäïl. G_ ‟ `hogk ‟ ukm mbgrrmäïl `g ils sgkth`ls. Vgrl gi omepl `g kugstrms pgrogpohlkgs gs tmk ihehtm`l, tmktms olsms gk im Kmturmigzm gsompmk m kugstrls sgkth`ls hepgrcghtls, qug kukom smbgels, gk ils omsls olktrlvgrth`ls, sh kl sg trmtm `g lbjgtls pgrohbh`ls plr sgkth`ls eís suths, eís chitrm`ls qug ils `g im dgkgrmih`m` `g ils nlebrgs. Olel vgkhels, drmk kúegrl `g emkhcgstmohlkgs gspårhtms sg bmsm gk cltldrmcåms l eli`gs, qug, olkchremk`l su mutgkthoh`m`g, gxoiuygk tl`m plshbhih`m` `g hiushÿk. Masmalc lbtuvl cltldrmcåms `g ukm clrem `g Gspårhtu emtgrhmihzm`m, qug mepmrmbm gk ils brmzls gi eè`hue Gdihktlk, hegrsl gk prlcuk`l trmksg y gk uk gstm`l `g olepigtl gsdltmegktl. Pl`ls ils mshstgktgs `hsthkduåmk im mpmrhäïl, `g gigvm`m gstmturm, `g bmrbm kgdrm y pgkgtrmktg ehrmr.264 Gk omsm `g im _rm. `fGspèrmkog, gk Dltgkburdl, sg lbtuvhgrlk, gk =>84, kuegrlsms cltldrmcåms `g 26> Gspårhtus, gk im prgsgkohm `g Masmalc y `g ltrls gxpgrhegktm`lrgs. Eli`gs `g ehgebrls emtgrhmihzm`ls slk lbtgkh`ls gk pmrmchkm `grrgth`m, eli`gs slbrg ils oumigs gs, gksgduh`m, phsm`l uk el`gil gk dgssl, qug rgprlùog gk rgihgvg, olk pgrcgotm gxmothtu`, tl`ms ims pmrthouimrh`m`gs mkmtÿehoms `g im clrem. Ims emkls, eli`gm`ms plr gsg prlogsl, kl thgkgk rgimohÿk midukm olk ims `g ils eè`huks. Gi prlcgslr `g Dglildåm @gktlk ims lbtuvl `g tmemýls `hcgrgktgs, `gs`g emkls gxog`åmk ims ims `hegkshlkgs `g emkls nuemkms, nmstm `g`ls `g orhmkohknms. Oleldhdmktgsoms eg`h`m `gqug chsomihzmohÿk, gxpgrhgkohms cugrlk ngonms gk ukm omjm ogrrm`m m im iimvg y imorm`m, prgvhmegktg gxmehkm`m plr tl`ls ils msshst gktgs. Im lpgrmohÿk sg gcgotuÿ gk pigkm iuz, gstmk`l gi eè`hue olkstmktgegktg vhdhim`l, y ils hkclregs cugrlk

264

Sgr ’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. =, HS, `. Sgr X. `'Gspèrmkog, ’Gk gi Vmås `g ims _lebrms―, Igyemrhg, g`htlr, =>88, olk cltldrmcåms `g ils Gspårhtus Ighim, Hlimk`m, X -Mk-Miiå, gto., 26>

=34 | V í d h k m


=86?

píds. 277, ?=6 y ?=2 y prgcmohl `g Masm alc.

=3> | V í d h k m


=86?

chrem`ls plr ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs, gktrg ils oumigs sg nmiimbmk gi prlcgslr @gktlk, gi @r. Dmr`kgr, gi Olrlkgi Olpg, Gpgs _mrdgkt, ihtgrmtl bhgk olkloh`l kls Gstm`ls Wkh`ls, gto.268 H`èkthoms gxpgrhgkohms cugrlk ngonms olk gi ehsel rgsuitm`l plr gi _r. Rghegrs, `g Emkongstgr, shgk`l im ombgzm y ims emkls `gi eè`hue prgk`h`ms gk uk smol `g chiÿ, memrrm`l gk im ohkturm. Ils mdgktgs louitls slk vhshbigs mi thgepl qug gi eè`hue. Gk ukm sgshÿk, cugrlk sheuitíkgmegktg vhstls gstg úithel y oumtrl clrems emtgrhmihzm`ms, tgkhgk`l om`m ukm im chshlklehm y sgýmigs pmrthouimrgs qug m `hsthkduåmk `g ims ltrms chdurms. _g prgsgktmbmk m ils mshstgktgs, `gspuès `g im lpgrmohÿk `g im eli`mdge, y ils hkvhtmbmk m rgthrmr giils ehsels ils dumktgs `g pmrmchkm `g sus emkls y ils rgvgsthehgktls `g sus phgs emtgrhmihzm`ls. 2=6

Pl`l crmu`g sg nmog mi `geís heplshbig plr gi ngonl `g qug, gstmk`l im pmrmchkm m ngrvhr, kl nmbråm emkl nuemkm qug ig pu`hgrm tligrmr im gxogshvm tgepgrmturm, olel kl pl`råm hdumiegktg rgthrmrsg `gi eli`g, shk qugbrmrig l, plr il egkls, gstrlpgmrig im clrem, `gihom`m y gxtrgem`megktg qugbrm`häm, ehgktrms im emkl louitm pmrgog `gsemtgrhmihzmr-sh gk gi prlphl eli`g. Grkgstl Blzzmkl, gk ’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonhqugs―, `g gkgrl `g =8=6, pubihoÿ uk gxtrmotl `g ims sgshlkgs lrdmkhzm`ms gk =>8? olk im _rm. `'Gspèrmkog, gk Klrugdm, plr uk drupl `g gehkgktgs gxpgrhegktm`lrgs, ims oumigs cugrlk gcgotum`ms gk im rgsh`gkohm `gi prlcgslr X. Gk omsh tl`ms sg prgsgktÿ im clrem `g ’Kgcgktgs―. Grm ukm clrem `g eujgr gxtrgem`megktg bgiim1 sg elstrmbm m im iuz mi thgepl qug im eè`hue, ’`gsphgrtm y sgktm`m olk ils ltrls gxpgrhegktm`lrgs cugrm `gi dmbhkgtg―. _g emtgrhmihzmbm gk eg`hl `gi oårouil y sg prgstmbm, lrm m sgr cltldrmchm`m, lrm m gsorhbhr gk giomkngknl `g ukl `g ils mshstgktgs, lrm m suehkhstrmr gi el`gil `g su prlphm emkl, hegrdhk`l-m gk pmrmchkm ihqugcghtm. Gsm úithem gxpgrhgkohm gs mså kmrrm`m gk gi ’`hmrhl― `g im Bmrlkgsm Vgyrlk: ’Gi igvg ruh`l prlùoh`l plr im emkl m buogmr gk gi iåquh`l y sgr `g èi rgthrm`m olkthkuÿ ùrmktg midukls ehkutls, m im slebrm `g ims olrthkms, pgrehthèk`lkls `hvhsmr olepigtmegktg im clrem bimkom hkoihkm`m pmrm gi rgohphgktg. @gspuès, ’Kgcgktgs― rgtleÿ im mothtu` grgotm y sg vlivhÿ pmrm kl`ls, ehrmk`l gk nmdl, nmstm qug `gsoubrhÿ gi _r. C. sgktm`l mtrís `g uk ltrl gxpgrhegktm`lr, qug il louitmbm gk pmrtg. _g `hrhdhÿ gktlkogs m èi, suspgksm gk gi mhrg, busomk`l gktrgdmrig uk lbjgtl. ’Giim eg gktrgdm uk blom`l `g ogrm!― gxoimeÿ èi1 pgrl hkeg`hmtmegktg kltmk`l: ’Kl1 gs gi el`gil `g su emkl, oubhgrtm nmstm mi puýl1 im emkl sg `hsugivg gk gi hktgrhlr `gi eli`g.― Ehgktrms èi nmbimbm múk, im clrem `gsihzmbm trmkquhimegktg pmrm gi dmbhkgtg, `gjmk`l gk ims emkls `gi _r. C. gi el`gil `g pmrmchkm. Pgkåmels, chkmiegktg, lbtgkh`l gi tmk `gsgm`l cgkÿegkl! Pgrehkm`m im sgshÿk, cug gxmehkm`l gi eli`g: gxtgrhlregktg pmrgoåm hkclreg, dimkùilsl, clrem`l plr uk drmk kúegrl `g ompms supgrpugstms `g pmrmchkm, gk ouyl hktgrhlr kltmbm- sh im heprgshÿk `g tl`ls ils `g`ls `g emkl euonåshel pgqugým. Cuhels gi `åm shduhgktg iigvmrim m uk el`gim`lr, m chk `g `mrkls im rgprlùoohÿk hktgrhlr gk dgssl.Pmi cug su gstupgcmäïl y m `g sus lbrgrls, qug olksh`grmrlk mqugi lbjgtl olel lbrm `g ngonhogrm. Gjgoutm`l gi trmbmjl, pu`hels gktlkogs mèhrmr ukm emkl euy pgqugým y olepigtm nmstm mi puýl1 tl`ms ims ehkúohms `g ims uýms y `g im phgi mpmrgoåmk: ils `g`ls sg prgsgktmbmk ourvm`ls plr clrem tmi qug sgråm heplshbig m ukm emkl nuemkm sgr rgthrm`m shk qugbrmr gi el`gil.―

268 2=6

Sgr Masmalc, lb. oht., omp. =, @. Sgr Masmalc, lb. oht., omp. H, @, H.

=38 | V í d h k m


=86?

Ims emtgrhmihzmä÷gs `g ehgebrls ciuå`hols pl`gk midukms vgogs gxpihomrsg plr uk `gs`lbimehgktl pmrohmi 2== `gi lrdmkhsel `gi eè`hue. Masmalc lbtuvl uk eli`g `gi phg `g im clrem `gspigdm`m `g Gdihktlk. Cug hdumiegktg oleprlbm`l qug ims emkls gxtgrkmihzm`ms `g Gusíphm Vmim`hkl `gjmbmk heprgshlkgs, im `hstmkohm, gk substmkohms piísthoms. @g gsls ngonls orgygrlk ohgrtms pgrslkms pl`gr `gùohr qug ims mpmrhä÷gs `g cmktmsems kl pmsmk `g `gs`lbimehgktls `gi eè`hue. Gsm gxpihomohÿk gs hkmèhshbig, pugs qug, olel vgkhels, gk prgsgkohm `g uk úkhol eè`hue pu`hgrlk olktmrsg nmstm ohkol l sghs Gspårhtus emtgrhmihzm`ls, `g sgxl `hcgrgktg, midukls `g ils oumigs nmbimbmk igkdums gxtrmýms, `gsolkloh`ms `gi sgkshthvl. Múk gkils omsls `g mpmrhä÷gs hksuim`ms, ims clrems emtgrhmihzm`ms `hchgrgk tltmiegktg `gi eè`hue, cåshom g hktgigotumiegktg, olel il `geugstrmk ils ngonls ohtm`ls. Masmalc gs hkùoh`l m orggr qug gsms clrems kl slk rgprlùoohlkgs `g ims qug rgvgståmk ils Gspårhtus gk su gxhstgkohm tgrrgstrg1 slk mktgs clrems `g cmktmshm, orgm`ms plr ils mdgktgs hkvhshbigs, kl olkoiuh`ls gk gsms clrems, shkl mkheík`lims gxtgrhlregktg. Gsm gxpihomohÿk, mi qug èi `hog, ig tgk`råm sh`lehkhstrm`m plr ils Gspårhtus.2=2 Gsm tglråm, sh gs mpihombig m ils cgkÿegkls `g Dltgkburdl, kl pmrgog pl`gr nmogrsg gxtgkshvm m tl`ls ils omsls `g emtgrhmihzmäïl, olel, plr gjgepil, m ils ngonls lbsgrvm`ls plr Orllags, Tmiimog, D hbhgr, gto. _h, olk gcgotl, pug`g gi Gspårhtu orgmr clrems emtgrhmigs qug slk shepigs heídgkgs, pug`g tmebhèk olk`gksmr su prlphl gkvlivgktg, m puktl `gi nmogr vhshbig. Gi cgkÿegkl `g ims emtgrhmihzmä÷gs sg gxpihom `g el`l rmohlkmi y smthscmotlrhl plr gi cukohlkmehgktl `gi pgrhspårhtl. Gsg gkvlitÿrhl ciuå`hol `gi miem gs olel uk `hbujl, ukliigdmr gsblzl, gk qug im emtgrhm sg hkolrplrm, sh olk`gksm, plr suogshvms moueuimohlkgs `g ims elièouims, nmstm im rgolksthtuhr uk lrdmkhsel nuemkl. Mså, olk Amthg Ahkd gi Gspårhtu emtgrhmihzm`l gs ukm eujgr tgrrgstrg1 rgsphrm, su olrmzÿk pmiphtm1 plsgg tl`ls ils omrmotgrgs chshliÿdhols `g ukm pgrslkm vhvm.2=? Gk ils eli`gs gk pmrmchkm lbtgkh`ls plr Zlgiikgr, @gktlu, gto., eli`gs l heprgshlkgs `g emkls, phgs y rlstrls, ims eís pgqugýms pmrthouimrh`m`gs `g im phgi, `g ils nugsls, `g ils tgk`÷gs, slk rgprlùoh`ls olk rhdurlsm gxmothtu`. Ils @rs. Khonlis y Crhgsg lbtuvhgrlk, gk im prgsgkohm `g `log tgsthdls, gi eli`g `g emkl `g khýl, olk ukm sgými pmrthouimr, ukm ihdgrm `gclreh`m`g, qug pgrehthÿ m ukm sgýlrm prgsgktg rgolklogr im emkl `g su nhjm, eugrtm m ils ohkol mýls `g g`m`.2=0 Kl sg `gbg olkoiuhr `g mnå qug gi Gspårhtu olksgrvg, gk gi Gspmohl, ims hepgrcghä÷gs cåshoms l ims euthimä÷gs `g su ougrpl tgrrgstrg. _gråm uk grrlr ormssl, pugs qug gi tgsthelkhl ukíkheg `g ils `gsgkomrkm`ls kls hk`hom gxmotmegktg gi olktrmrhl. Gk gi M`geís, jmeís gi pgrhspårhtl gs euthim`l l gkcgrel:. 2=7

’Oumk`l gi Gspårhtu sgpgrhsphrhtumi, quhgrg emtgrhmihzmr ‟ `hog D.gi@gimkkg gs el`hchomohlkgs drmohms m plkgrqug kugvmegktg gk moohÿk gi egomkhsel y gstg rgolksthtuh ougrpl olk‟ ims nubg sucrh`l ùrmktg im pgremkgkohm `gi Gspårhtu gk im Phgrrm.―

2==

Masmalc, lb. oht., omp. H, @, HH. Sgr Masmalc, lb. oht., omp. H, y prgcíohl `gi ihbrl ’Gk gi Vm`rgs `g ims _lebrms―. 2=? Sgr Cilrgkog Emrrymt, ’Gi Euk`l `g ils Gspårhtus―, =>80 y T. Orllags, ’Rgongrongs sur ig _phrhtumiåseg―, mpêk`hog. 2=0 Masmalc, lb. oht., omp. H, @, HH. 2=7 ’Rgvug _ohgkthchqug gt Elrmig ù _phrhthseg―, mbrhi `g =8 67. 2=2

=46 | V í d h k m


=86?

Im shduhgktg kmrrmthvm, trmksehth`m mi pgrhÿ`hol ’Cmots― plr gi _r. Jmegs K. _ngremk, `g Rueclrt (Rnl`g Hsimk`), y rgprlùoh`m gk ’Ihdnt― `g =>>7, píd. 2?7, gs uk kugvl gjgepil `g im igy `g olksgrvmohÿk `g ims clrems gvlivh`ms plr gi sgr ùrmktg su pmsmjg mquå gk im Phgrrm:. ’Gstuvg, gk eh eloh`m`g, gktrg ils mýls `g =>?7 y =>?8, gk ims hsims `gi Vmohchol, y nmbåm hk`ådgkms m blr`l `g kugstrl kmvål, olk ils oumigs olksgduå mprgk`gr pgrcgotmegktg im igkdum qug nmbimbmk. Eís tmr`g, m 2? `g cgbrgrl `g =>>?, mshstå m ukm sgshÿk gk omsm `g ils _rs. Miigks, gk Vrlvh`gkohm (Rnl`g Hsimk`), ùrmktg im oumi sg emtgrhmihzÿ uk hk`ådgkm `g ims hsims `gi Vmoåchol: il rgolkloå plr im `gsorhpohÿk qug nhzl `g im omå`m qug nmbåm `mtl `g im pmvgsm`m y `g im oumi nubg rgsuitm`l olktuk`hr-sh gk im rl`hiim, qug qug`ÿ nhkonm`l. Gk im miu`h`m sgshÿk, oliloÿ èi im emkl gk im rl`hiim, qug prgsgktmbm, emtgrhmihzm`l, im ehsem tuegcmäïl y rhjgzm vgrhchom`ms plr lomshÿk `gi mooh`gktg y qug kl eís ogsmrlk. M blr`l ig iimeíbmels Bhiihg Emrrymt.― * Ils gigegktls `g ims emtgrhmihzmä÷gs ‟ `hjhels kl`ls ‟ slk tgeplrmiegktg nmurh`ls gk ils eè`huks y gk ims ltrms pgrslkms prgsgktgs. _us rm`hmohlkgs, sus gciúvhls, slk olk`gksm`ls plr im dmkm `g ils Gspårhtus, hkhohmiegktg gk oliels iuehklsls1 `gspuès, m eg`h`m qug muegktm im olk`gksmäïl, im clrem sg `hsgým, sg nmog om`m vgz eís vhshbig. Gsg cgkÿegkl gs shgeprg, gk ims sgshlkgs, molepmým`l `g sgksmohÿk `g crål, hk`hohl `g `hspêk`hl `g cugrzm y `g omilr ‟ kl shgk`l omilr y iuz, olel sg smbg, shkl el`ls vhbrmtÿrhls, eís l egkls hktgksls, `g im ehsem substmkohm `hkíehom, gk uk pgrhl`l ukhclreg `g thgepl. Gk ils eè`huks, gsg `hspêk`hl gs olksh`grmbig y sg trmùog plr `hcgrgkohms `g pgsl euy sgkshbigs. T. Orllags il vgrhchoÿ ùrmktg ims emtgrhmihzmä÷gs `g Amthg Ahkd, plr eg`hl `g bmimkzms eukh`ms `g mpmrmtls rgdhstrm`lrgs. M gsg rgspgtl, `hog im _rm. Ci. Emrrymt: ’Sh Cilrgkog Olla gk ukm bmimkzm gspgohmiegktg cmbrhom`m plr gi _r. Orllags1 giim gstmbm mtrís `g im olrthkm, ehgktrms gi chgi pgremkgoåm m im vhstm. Gk gsms olk`hohlkgs, im eè`hue, qug pgsmbm >6 ihbrms gk gi gstm`l klremi, mousmbm sÿil 06, `gs`g qug im clrem `g Amthg gstuvhgrm olepigtmegktg emtgrhmihzm`m.― Gk ims gxpgrhgkohms `g ils _rs. Mrestrlkd y Rghegrs, ngonms gk Ihvgrplli olk gi olkoursl `g ils eè`huks Ehss Tll` y Cmhrimeb, sg prlog`hÿ m im pgsmdge `g ils eè`huks y `g ims clrems mpmrgoh`ms, y sg pu`l 2=3 vgrhchomr qug gi pgsl pgr`h`l plr ims sgkshthvms sg gkolktrmbm gk ims mpmrhä÷gs emtgrhmihzm`ms. @urmktg tl`l gi thgepl gk qug ùrmk gsls cgkÿegkls ils eè`huks gstík buogm`ls gk trmksg prlcuk`l, sgegjmktg m im eugrtg. _us ougrpls egkdumk, ils vgsth`ls ciltmk gk tlrkl m giils1 im phgi pgk`g ciíoh`m y vmoåm y clrem vgr`m`grls smols.2=4 Ils ltrls mshstgktgs sucrgk tmebhèk `hsehkuohÿk `g cugrzm y `g vh`m. Gi _r. Imrsgk il sgýmim, `gspuès `g im mpmrhäïl `g su eujgr:2=> ’Xl `gbl nmbgr olktrhbuh`l pmrm su emtgrhmihzmäïl, plrqug gi `åm shduhgktg gstmbm bmstmktg cmthdm`l1 tgkåm ils ljlsmelrthdum`ls1 ils ombgiils y im bmrbm gstmbmk uk plol gebrmkqugoh`ls1 gvh`gktg qug euonm cugrzm cåshom egnmbåm sh`l subtrmå`m. Gk plols `åms rgm`quhrhu eh ougrplil 2=3 2=4 2=>

Masmalc, lb. oht., omp. H, HS, y. Sgr Olk`gssm Tmonteghstgr, ’Ig _phrhthseg gt im Pnèlslpnhg, píd. =8, Igyemrhg, g`htlr. ’Rgvug _ohgkthchqu g gt Elrmig ù _phrhthseg―, emyl `g =8 6=, píd. 342.

=46 | V í d h k m


=86?

vhdlr klremi1 pgrl gsl hk`hom qug ims pgrslkms `ltm`ms `g pl`grgs eg`húkhols `gbgk tlemr sus prgomuohlkgs.― Im _rm. Cilrgkog Emrrymt `gsorhbg ukm sgshÿk qug sg gcgotuÿ, gi `åm 7 `g sgpthgebrg `g =>>0, gk prgsgkohm `g ils Olrlkgigs _tgwmrt y Igmk, `gi _r. y `g im _rm. Russgii-@mvhgs, `gi _r. Elrdmk y `g giim prlphm, gk im oumi ils Gspårhtus elstrmrlk m ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs `g qug el`l prlog`åmk m chk `g lrdmkhzmr pmrm så ehsels uk ougrpl im gxpgksms `gi eè`hue:2=8 ’Gdihktlk sg prgsgktÿ `g gktrm`m gktrg kl`ls, gk trmksg olepigtl. Gktrÿ `g ouil, olk ils ljls ogrrm`ls, im rgsphrmohÿk lcgdmktg, pmrgohgk`l `gbmthrsg olktrm im cugrzm qug gi hepgihu pmrm kugstrl im`l. Wkm vgz mnå, sg mplyÿ m ukm shiim y vgkhels m smihrig `g im hinmrdm hzquhgr`mukm gspgohg `g vmplr, emsm kgvlgktm olel tmbmol. _us phgrkms gstmbmk hiuehkm`ms plr oimr÷gs qug ims rgolrråmk gk tl`ls ils sgkth`ls. Wk vèubimkol sg ig gxtgk`åm plr im ombgzm y pgims nlebrls. Im emsm vmplrlsm hbm muegktmk`l shgeprg y im lprgssïl `gi eè`hue nmoåm -sh eís hktgksm, ehgktrms emkls hkvhshbigs, rgthrík`lig `g im hinmrdm ciÿouils `g ukm gspgohg `g dmzg euy igvg, ils moueuimbmk gk gi sugil, gk ompms supgrpugstms. Molepmýíbmels olk mivlrläm`m mtgkohÿk ils prldrgsls `g gsg trmbmjl. @g rgpgktg sg gvmplrlu im emsm y gk uk mbrhr y ogrrmr `g ljls uk Gspårhtu pgrcgotmegktg clrem`l mpmrgohÿ mi im`l `g Gdihktlk. Km`hg pl`råm `gohr `lk`g kh olel sg nmiimbm èi gktrg kl`ls1 pgrl mnå gstmbm. Gdihktlk sg `gjÿ omgr gk gi slminl.― Kl slimegktg slk ngonms olksh`grmbigs mbslrohlkgs `gi ougrpl `gi eè`hue, pgrl gk ohgrtls omsls gs gstg slegth`l m im `gsmdrgdmohÿk tltmi. Gk ims gxpgrhgkohms `hrhdh`ms plr Masmalc, gk omsm `g im _rm. `'Gspèrmkog, gk Dltgkburdl, cug lbsgrvm`m ukm olsmGktgrmegktg slrprgk`gktg. Gi ougrpl `gi eè`hue, mhsim`lplr gk uk gi dmbhkgtg lsourl, nmbåm pmrohmiegktg `gsmpmrgoh`l. `gsmdrgdm`m y ngonm hkvhshbig pl`gr ehstgrhlsl, im pmrtg hkcgrhlr `gi ougrpl nmbåm sgrvh`l m ims emtgrhmihzmä÷gs `g ils Gspårhtus Mkm, Hlimk`m y Ighim. _us gigegktls nmbåmk sh`l trmkscuk`h`ls tgeplrmiegktg gk ims clrems gspgotrmhs, pmrm gksgduh`m vlivgr m su prhehthvl gstm`l, nmbhgk`l olksgrvm`ltl`ms sus prlphg`m`gs y shk qug `g gsl gi eè`hue nubhgrm tgkh`l olkohgkohm.226 Ngonl sgegjmktg cug rgdhstrm`l plr gi OlrlkgiLioltt, gk olk`hohlkgs `g chsomihzmohÿk qug nmoåmk heplshbig tl`l crmu`g.22= Im eè`hue, _rm. Oleptlk, m quhgk nmbåmk quhtm`l ils brhkols `g ims lrgjms, cug memrrm`m m ukm shiim olk iåkgm euy cugrtg, gkchm`m gk ils lrhchohls `g ils ilbls `g ims lrgjms y imorm`m gk gi gspmi`mr `g im shiim, shgk`l heprgsl gk gi imorg gi shkgtg pgrslkmi `gi olrlkgi. M`geís `g gsl, im shiim cug chjm`m mi slminl plr eg`hl `g uk bmrbmktg y ogrm. Gi Gspårhtu `g ukm khým, Amthg Brhka, mpmrgohÿ vgsth`l `g bimkol, ohrouiÿ plr im smim y tloÿ `hvgrsms pgrslkms. Hkvhtm`l m `gjmrsg pgsg, sg prgstÿ `g bugkl drm`l y gi pgsl vgrhchom`l cug `g 44 ihbrms hkdigsms: ’Vgkgtrè gk gi dmbhkgtg ‟ `hog gi olrlkgi ‟ ehgktrms im khým gstmbm gk im smim1 kl gkolktrè im eè`hue1 im shiim gstmbm vmoåm1 gk giim kl nmbåm khkdukm gspgohg `g ougrpl. Hkvhtè gktlkogs im khým m nmogrsg eís igvg, sh cugrm plshbig, y subhr `g kugvl mi prmtl `g im bmimkzm. _u pgsl nmbåm bmjm`l m 78 ihbrms. Giim rgmpmrgohÿ múk, sg `hrhdhÿ `g ukl m ltrl gspgotm`lr, sg sgktÿ gk ims rl`hiims `g im _rm. Nmr`y y, chkmiegktg, sg prgstÿ m ukm `grrm`ghrm pgsmdge, qug kl mousÿ 2=8 226 22=

’Rgvug _ohgkthchqu g gt Elrmig ù _phrhthseg―, mdlstl `g =862, píd. 84. Prmùoohÿk `gi @r. @usmrt. X. `'Gspèrmkog, ’Gk gi Vmås `g ims _lebrms―, Igyemrhg, g`htlr. Sgr Olrlkgi N. I. Lioltt, ’Ogks `g i'Mutrg Elk`g― (Vglpig crle tng ltngr wlri`), =>47.

=4= | V í d h k m


=86?

eís `g 72 ihbrms, mukqug, `gi olehgkzl mi chk `g gsms lpgrmohlkgs, khkdúk omebhl sg nubhgrm lpgrm`l gk im mpmrhgkohm `g su clremolrplrmi. Gcgotum`m gsm úithem pgsmdge, gi Gspårhtu kl nhzl m mpmrgogr. Vgkgtrè olk im iâepm`m gk gi dmbhkgtg y gkolktrè im eè`hue tmi olel m nmbåm `gjm`l gk gi olehgkzl `g im sgshÿk, memrrm`m olk ims iåkgms y ils shkgtgs `g imorg hktmotls. Olkthkumbm sgktm`m, olk im ombgzm gkolstm`m m ukm `g ims pmrg`gs1 su omrkg, píih`m, tgkåm im crhmi`m` `gi eírelrg1 olk ims puphims rgvhrm`ms bmjl ils pírpm`ls, im crlktg oubhgrtm `g su`lr crål, gstmbm shk puisl y omsh shk rgsphrmohÿk. Vgremkgohÿ vghktg ehkutls gk omtmigpshm1 `gspuès im vh`m ig cug plol m plol rgdrgsmk`l mi ougrpl y giim vlivhÿ m su gstm`l klremi1 olilom`m gk gi prmtl `g im bmimkzm, pgsÿ =2= ihbrms.― Gi vgkgrmbig Mrog`hmdl Oliigy, rgotlr `g _tloatlk, gcgotuÿ, gk 3 `g lotubrg `g =867, ukm olkcgrgkohm rgimthvm mi Gsphrhthsel, ùrmktg im sgemkm `gi Olkdrgsl `g im Hdigshm Mkdihomkm. Gsm olkcgrgkohm nhzl drmk ruelr gk Drmk Brgtmým1 cug, gksgduh`m, pubihom`m gk brlonurm y orggels hktgrgsmktg rgprlùohr- sg ils shduhgktgs pmsmjgs. Gk giim `hog gi mutlr: ’Mquå gstí uk gxtrmotl `g eh `hmrhl, gk 2> `g `hohgebrg `g =>44. 222 Èrmels ohkol rgukh`ls gsm klong, olk kugstrl gehkgktg eè`hue,22? gk eh mplsgktl, 22, Bgrkmr` _trggt, Russgi _qumrg, gk Ilk`rgs. Im prhegrm clrem nuemkm mklremi qug gk gsm lomshÿk sg prgsgktÿ cug m `g uk khýl, hdumi m im `g oumiquhgr khýl hkdiès `g sghs l shgtg mýls. Gsm pgqugým pgrslkmih`m`,m im vhstm `g tl`ls (trgs phols `g dms gstmbmk bhgk mogsls), sg rgolksthtuhu `gimktg `g kl`ls.. Vmrm kl rgpgthr tmktms vgogs, shk kgogsh`m`, olel sg prlùogk gsms emrmvhiims, `hrè ukm vgz plr tl`ms qug im mpmrhäïl `g kugstrls mehdls psåquhols sg lpgrm `gi shduhgktg el`l: yl eg olksgrvmbm nmbhtumiegktg mi im`l `gi eè`hue gk trmksg, mepmrík`lil olk gi brmzl hzquhgr`l, `g el`l m msgdurmreg ims egjlrgs olk`hohlkgs plshbigs pmrm lbsgrvmr il qug sg pmsmbm. Oumk`l gstíbmels m im gspgrm `g ukm emtgrhmihzmäïl (y, m vgogs, `g rgpgktg, shk khkdukm gxpgotmthvm `gi drmk`g pmrtl psåquhol), vgåmels gigvmrsg, olel `gi tubl `g ukm omi`ghrm, m trmvès `g im rlpm kgdrm `gi eè`hue y uk plol mbmjl `g su pgonl hzquhgr`l, uk chimegktl vmplrlsl, qug pgremkgoåm sÿil vhshbig, gstmk`l m ukm l `ls puidm`ms `gi ougrpl `g kugstrl mehdl. Gktlkogs gsg chimegktl olksthtuåm plol m plol ukm gspgohg `g khgbim, `lk`g smidmk kugstrls vhshtmktgs psåquhols, uthihzík`lsg mpmrgktgegktg `g gsg vmplr ciuå`hol pmrm clremr ims mepihms rlupmdgks bimkoms gk qug sg gkvlivåmk... Lrm, im clrem hkcmkthi qug, `g el`l mklremi, sg nmiimbm gk kugstrm prgsgkohm, vgsth`m `g bimkol y olk ihk`ls ombgiils `g lrl, tgkåm tl`ms ims mothtu`gs prlphms `g uk khýl nuemkl1 bmtåm olk ims eïlzhknms, im blom pmrm qug om`m `g kl`ls bghjmssg, nmbimbm `g el`l hkcmkthi, olkmprlxhembm uk igvg rgogil. Gi eè`hue, olel ukukl ngremkl eís im vhgjl, ig `mbm hkstruoohlkgs y il emk`mbm mquå, miiå, iigvmr tmi y tmi olsm `g uk im`l m ltrl `gi mplsgktl ‟ il qug gi khýl nmoåm olk pgrcgotm kmturmih`m`g. Mprlxheík`lsg, chkmiegktg, olk sgkohiigz y olkchmkzm, `gi mutlr `g su gxhstgkohm elegktâkgm, im elkm orhmturm cug plr èi rgmbslrvh`m y `gsmpmrgohÿ, cuk`hèk`lsg kugvmegktg gk gi ougrpl `g kugstrl mehdl.

222 22?

Sgr ’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonhqugs―, gkgrl `g =863. Gi eè`hue grm gi @r. E lkoa, pmstlr bmthstm. Sgr D. @gimkkg, ’Igs Mppmrhthlks `gs Shvmkts gt `gs Elrts―, vliuegk HH, píd.

72=.

=42 | V í d h k m


=86?

Ploÿ `gspuès im vgz mi gdhpohl, kugstrl mehdl ’gi Emng`h―. Gi olilr `g im phgi brlkzgm`m qug prgsgktmbm kugstrl vhshtmktg mklremi, qug yl olksgduåm gxmehkmr `g ogrom olk ukm igktg, m trmvès `g im oumi ig lbsgrvmbm ehkuohlsmegktg im omrkg, ims uýms, ims emkls pgqugýms, ils phgs, ils tlbhiils, ils brmzls y ims phgrkms trhdughrms y ombgiu`ms, im elvhih`m` `g ims cghä÷gs, gk qug, `g oumk`l gk oumk`l, brhiimbm ukm gxprgshÿk `g gschkdg1 im kmrhz prlkukohm`m, gi olktlrkl dgkgrmi `gi sgebimktg, gi pgrchi rgduimr, ils ljls kgdrls, gi ehrmr pgkgtrmktg, kl, pgrl, shk bgkgvligkohm, ils ombgiils kgdrls, ihsls y oleprh`ls, olk gi bhdl`g y im bmrbm imrdls y omå`ls, ils ehgebrls kgrvu`ls y eusouilsls1 im drmk gstmturm, `g eís `g `ls egtrls, tl`l gsl eg olkchrembm gk ims prhegrms heprgshlkgs `g qug ’gi Emng`h― grm uk lrhgktmi, pgrl kl `g im Hk`hm kh `gi Gxtrgel Lrhgktg. Eh gxmegk, ngonl olk tl`l gi vmdmr gk gsm lomshÿk, cug euonms vgogs rgpgth`l y yl tgkåm olkohgkohm `g im drmohm qug kugstrl mehdl ehstgrhlsl nmiimbm gk eh heplrtukm y ehkuohlsm hkspgoohÿk `g su rlbustm pgrslkm cåshol-psåquhom. Xl kl rgthrmråm, pmrm sgr mrzlbhspl `g Omktuírhm, ukm úkhom pmimbrm `gi qug gsorhbå mogrom `g olsms vhstms y mkltm`ms, plr prhegrm vgz, nmy imrdls mýls y slbrg ims oumigs eg`htè gk shigkohl ùrmktg vghkthlonl mýls. Mchrel im vgrmoh`m`g `g gsms olsms, gepgýmk`l eh pmimbrm `g oigrdyemk, y plr giim pusg gk rhgsdl eh plshohÿk goigshísthom y eh cuturl prlcgshlkmi.― M ims emtgrhmihzmä÷gs `g Gspårhtus sg vhgkgk midukms vgogs mým`hr orgmohlkgs gsplktâkgms `g pimktms, trmksplrtgs `g cilrgs y crutls. Gi `åm 2> `g jukhl `g =>86, bmjl ims vhstms `g Masmalc y `gi prlcgslr Blutigrlv, gk omsm `g im _rm. `fGspèrmkog, gk Dltgkburdl, uk iårhl `lrm`l, `g sghs phgs `g miturm, cug prlùoh`l plr gi Gspårhtu Hlimk`m. Muxhihm`l plr ils mshstgktgs, gsg Gspårhtu `gplshtÿ mrgkm, thgrrm y mdum gk uk vmsl, qug gksgduh`m oubrhÿ olk gi vèu. Gstg sg gigvÿ igktmegktg, hepgih`l `g el`l olkthkul plr uk lbjgtl hkvhshbig1 y oumk`l Hlimk`m rgthrÿ gi vèu sg vhl mpmrgogr ukm ihk`m pimktm oubhgrtm `g cilrgs, qug gxnmimbmk pgkgtrmktg mrlem. Gsg iårhl `lrm`l sg olksgrvÿ ùrmktg ukm sgemkm gktgrm, trms gi qug `gsmpmrgohÿ ehstgrhlsmegktg olel tgkåm vhkhgk`l.220 * Mombmels `g vgr ils Gspårhtus gk moohÿk, orgmk`l lbjgtlsy cilrgs. @g hdumi emkgrm lpgrmk giils gk im clremohÿk `g ims vhstgs, olstuebrgs y m`lrkls qug mpmrgogk. Gsg ngonl, `g elstrmrsg vgsth`ls ils Gspårhtus, nm prlvlom`l kuegrlsms lbjgä÷gs, m qug ouepig rgsplk`gr. Rgolr`gels mktgs `g tl`l, olel prhkohphl, qug im dmkm y gi pgksmehgktl slk orgm`lrgs. Gk ims mpmrhä÷gs, ym vgkhels olel im emtgrhm suthi lbg`gog m sus egklrgs hkciuxls. Wk Gspårhtu pug`g motumr slbrg ils ciuh`ls y prgstmrigs clrems y prlphg`m`gs m`goum`ms mi chk qug nmym gk vhstm. Gk gi `lehkhl tgrrgstrg, gsm moohÿk ym sg rgvgim gk ims príothoms `gi Emdkgthsel. Gi nlebrg, `ltm`l `gi pl`gr `g ourmr, trmksehtg, plr im dmkm, m ils gciúvhls qug `g èi gemkme y, plr gxtgkshÿk, mi mdum y m olrrgotls lbjgtls emtgrhmigs, olel pmkls, egtmigs, gto., prlphg`m`gs ourmthvms. Ils cgkÿegkls `gi Nhpklthsel y `g im 220

X. `'Gspèrmkog, ’Gk gi Vmås `g ims _lebrms―, omp. ^^HHH, olk Vrgcíohl `g Masmalc.

=4? | V í d h k m


=86?

sudgrgkohm kls eugstrmk, bmjl ltrms clrems, im mpihomohÿk `g gsm ehsem igy. Eg`hmktg im sudgrgkohm prlvlomk- sh, gk gi lrdmkhsel `g sgkshthvls m`lregoh`ls, prlcuk`ms el`hchomohlkgs1 sg pug`g nmogr mpmrgzomk l ohomtrhzmrge onmdms, gsthdems, qugemùrms, rgduimr ohgrtms cukohlkgs olel im ohrouimohÿk, ims sgorgä÷gs, gto., qug gk gi gstm`l klremi gsompmk m im moohÿk `g im dmkm. Omsls nmy gk qug uk gxpgrhegktm`lr, sudhrhgk`l im sgkshthvls qug uk sgiil plstmi, ukm lbrghrm, slk vgshomtÿrhls, trmksehtg plr gi pgksmehgktl m gsls hklcgkshvls lbjgtls ukm cugrzm qug nmog geplimr im phgi y prlùohr sgrlsh`m`gs. Ltrls nmk prlvlom`l, plr shepig lr`gk, ngelrrmdhms outâkgms.227 Vlr im sudgrgkohm, qug gs prhkohpmiegktg uk motl `g im dmkm, sg nm olksgduh`l kl slimegktg heprgshlkmr sgkshthvls, pgrl tmebhèk omusmrigs vgr`m`grms pgrturbmohlkgs, plr im hkdgstm `g iåquh`ls mkÿ`hkls m qug sg prgstmk prlphg`m`gs klohvms. G_ mså qug sg prlvlom im gebrhmduês olk mdum purm. Olsm eís drmvg: nhohgrlk mbslrbgr m uk sgkshthvl uk vgkgkl hemdhkmrhl y gsg vgkgkl, m pgsmr `g ukm sudgrgkohm olktrmrhm omsh hkeg`hmtm, prlùjl `gsÿr`gkgs chshliÿdhoms qug plr euonl thgepl ig mrruhkmrlk im smiu`. Gi egelrhmi `g gsm gxpgrhgkohm gxhstg gk gi _mipgtrhîrg.223 M gsls gjgepils ouepig mým`hr ims heprgshlkgs gxpgrhegktm`ms plr sgýlrms gebmrmzm`ms y qug sg trmùogk, gk gi ougrpl `gi nhjl gk dgstmäïl, plr tmrms, emkonms, `gclremohlk gs. Im hkciugkohm `g gsms gelohlkgs m vgogs gs vhvåsshem. Gi @lotlr Dlu`mr`, gk ukm oleukhomohÿk m im _lohg`m` `g Gstu`hls Vsåquhols `g Emrsgiim,224 rgchgrg ils shduhgktgs ngonls: ’Wk nlebrg ouitl, smih`l `g ukm `g kugstrms drmk`gs cmouitm`gs, cug lpgrm`l, gk su hkcmkohm, `g uk `lbig puidmr `g om`m im`l, qug sheuimbm ukm pmtm `g orustíogl, y grm mtrhbuh`l mi ngonl `g nmbgr sh`l su em`rg, ùrmktg gi gebmrmzl, trhkom`m cugrtgegktg gk im emkl plr ukm imdlstm. Ltrm em`rg, vhvmegktg heprgshlkm`m m im vhstm `g ukm omrrmkom `g cugktg, `hl m im iuz uk cgtl ouym ombgzm tgkåm ukm gxtrmým sgegjmkzm `g cghä÷gs olk gsm omrrmkom.― Omsl kltmbig gs gi shduhgktg, pubihom`l plr gi ’Emthk―, `g =º `g jukhl `g =863: ’Wkm jlvgk `g =8 mýls, Iuåsm Ehrbgi, nmbåm vhvh`l euy thgepl olk uk euonmonl iimem`l Vg`rl Onmuvhk, `g 24 mýls `g g`m`, qug tgkåm plr miouknm ’gi Pmtum`l―. Gsg hk`hvhùl grm oèigbrg gk ukm zlkm gspgohmi `g Elktpmrkmssg plr im emdkåchom sgrhg `g tmtumdgks qug ig lrkmvm gi ougrpl. Bgbgrrïl y vhligktl, èi bmtåm gk im memktg, qug kl lsmbm mbmk`lkmril olk rgogil `g sus rgprgsmihms. Nmy ukls quhkog egsgs Vg`rl Onmuvhk cug prgk`h`l m olksgougkohm `g uk rlbl y olk`gkm`l m midukls egsgs `g prhshÿk. Iuåsm Ehrbgi mprlvgonÿ im lomshÿk pmrm nuhr. @gchkhthvmegktg rgsugitm m mbmk`lkmr im gxhstgkohm vgrdlknlsm qug nmbåm iigvm`l, vhkl m vhvhr gk gi bmrrhl Vhopus, `lk`g trmbÿ olklohehgktl olk uk nlkrm`l trmbmjm`lr, Jlïl Bmrrmu, qug im `gsplslu. Wk `åm shkthÿ giim qug kl tmr`mrhm m sgr em`rg. Wk rgogil, shk gebmrdl, m msmitmbm:. ‟ Ehrm ‟ rgphthÿ vmrhms vgogs mi emrh`l ‟, yl tgkdl ehg`l `g qug mqugi hk`hvhùl, qug mbusÿ `g im hkgxpgrhgkohm `g eh eloh`m`g, eg vgkdm uk `åm busomr. Pgel plr th y plr eå, plrqug gi ’Pmtum`l― gs tgrrhbig gk sus vgkdmkzms.

227

Bhkgt y Cgrrè, ’Gi Emdkgthsel mkhemi―, píds., =03 y shduhgktgs. @r. Bgmukhs, ’Ig _lekmebuihseg prlvlquè―, pídh gk ims 20 y shduhgktgs. ’Rgvug `g i'Nypklthseg―, `hohgebrg `g =>>4, píd. =>?1 mbrhi `g =>88, píd. 28>1 jukhl `g =>86, píd. ?3=. Sgr tmebhèk gk gi ’Vrldrîs Eè`homi―, == y => `g lotubrg `g =>86, uk omsl `g ohmklsg plr sudgrgkohm. 223 Sgr ’Jlurkmi ù Emdkèthseg―, =86=, pmim d. 7?. 224 ’Buiigthk `g im _lohètè `gs Gtu`gs Vsyonhqugs `g Emrsgiiig―, gkgrl `g =86?, píd. =4.

=40 | V í d h k m


=86?

J. Bmrrmu sg gsclrzmbm plr trmkquhihzmrim, pgrl vmkmegktg. M Im klong, im plbrg euonmonm vgåm gk sugýl gi mkthdul memktg y `gspgrtmbm trêeuim. Wkm emýmkm `hjl mi emrh`l: ‟ Puvg gstm klong uk sugýl nlrrhbig: eg pmrgoåm qug gi ’Pmtum`l― gstmbm miiå. Xl mombmbm `g `mr m im iuz kugstrl nhjl1 èi il mprgtmbm gk ils brmzls y ig `hsgýmbm gk gi ougrpl tl`ms ims tmtumdgks qug gk så ehsel trmg. ‟ Pú gstís ilom, eh plbrg mehdm ‟ rgsplk`hÿ Jlïl Bmrrmu ‟. Livh`m gsg nlebrg. Xl tg msgdurl qug èi jmeís tg nmrí m nmiimr.. Lrm, mygr `g emýmkm, Iuåsm Ehrbgi `hl m im iuz uk nhjl. Hemdåkgsg il gspmktl `g ils qug m mshståmk, vhgk`l gk gi ougrpl `gi khýl mkonms emkonms mzuim`ms gk qug cíohiegktg sg rgolkloåmk ils trmzls `g igtrms y `hbujls. Gk gi pgonl sg kltmbm `hsthktmegktg uk olrmzÿk mtrmvgsm`l plr uk puknmi.― Gk su ihbrl ’Im Zlkg Crlkthîrg― (píd. =?=) gi _gýlr _mdg rgchgrg `ls ltrls ngonls: ’Gk Htmihm, uk eurohèimdl pgkgtrÿ, gsvlmämk`l, gk ukm smim `g bmhig y ims sgýlrms hkvhrthgrlk, busomk`l gkxltí-il olk ils pmýugils1 gi eåsgrl mkhemigjl sg `gjÿ omgr gk gi nlebrl `gsku`l `g ukm `g ims sgýlrms, qug tuvl ukl `gsemyl. Vlol thgepl `gspuès gsm sgýlrm `hl m im iuz ukm nhjm, qug trmåm gk gi nlebrl im hemdgk pgrcgotm `g uk eurohèimdl olk ims mims gxtgk`h`ms. Km`m cmitmbm: ils plr ils ohkzgktls, ims dmrrms, gi nlohol. Im khým, trms eläm, kukom sg pu`l `goltmr. Ims heprgshlkgs `èbhigs, `gs`g qug pgrùrge, prlùogk gi ehsel rgsuitm`l qug ims súbhtms y vhligktms. Ihèbmuit rgchgrg qug uk vhknmtghrl sg msgegjmbm `g el`l slrprgk`gktg m im gstmtum `gi smktl pm`rlghrl `g su mi`gm, qug gxhståm gk im hdigshm. @urmktg gi gebmrmzl su em`rg nmbåm tgkh`l im h`gm chjm `g qug gi nhjl sg pmrgogråm olk gi smktl.― Gk gi sgr nuemkl, olel sg vg, gi pgksmehgktl y im dmkm hkciuygk prlcuk`megktg slbrg gi lrdmkhsel y sus cukohlkgs. Gk ltrls omsls kugstrl pgksmehgktl pug`g m`quhrhr bmstmktg hktgksh`m` pmrm orgmr clrems g heídgkgs susogtåvghs `g heprgshlkmr pimoms cltldríchoms. _lk kuegrlsls ils gjgepils. Masmalc rgchgrg22> qug gk gi oursl `g gxpgrhgkohms cltldríchoms ngonms gk olepmýåm `g Eueigr y `gi @lotlr Onhi`, gk =>32, cug lbtgkh`m gk ukm pimom im hemdgk `g ukm sgýlrm qug `gsgmbm mr`hgktgegktg mpmrgogr olk ukm duhtmrrm gièotrhom gk ils brmzls. Im clrem `gsgm`m mpmrgohÿ. @gs`g gktlkogs sg nmk euithpihom`l gsls omsls. Gk ims gxpgrhgkohms `g sudgrgkohm, sg thgkgk euonms vgogs orgm`l plr gi pgksmehgktl lbjgtls qug pmrm ils sgkshthvls plsgåmk ukm gxhstgkohm rgmi y gstmbmk slegth`ls m ims igygs `g im ÿpthom. Kl gs múk kgogsmrhl qug im moohÿk sgm vlihthvm. Euonms vgogs, olel gk ils omsls `g gebmrmzl qug hk`homels, gi pgksmehgktl gs hkolksohgktg y kh plr gsl `gjm `g prlùohr gcgotls euonåshel sgkshbigs slbrg im emtgrhm. Gi ehsel sg `m olk ils vhvls gxtgrkmihzm`ls qug mpmrgogk im `hstmkohm. Bmstm qug su pgksmehgktl sg nmym chjm`l gk ukm pgrslkm musgktg pmrm qug su clrem surjm `gimktg `g giim, m puktl `g sgr cíohiegktg rgolkloh`m. _h gi nlebrg pug`g egktmiegktg lpgrmr tmigs gcgotls, qug rgsuitm`l kl lbtgk`rí gi Gspårhtu, `gsgebmrmäm`l `g tl`l lbstíouil omrkmi, èi ouyl pgksmehgktl vhbrm olk hktgksh`m` supgrhlr< 22>

Masmalc, ’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. H.

=47 | V í d h k m


=86?

Kl slimegktg gi Gspårhtu `lehkm ils gigegktls suths `g im emtgrhm, `g el`l m heprgshlkmr im pimom sgkshbig y ils ÿrdmkls `g ils vh`gktgs, pgrl gk ims mpmrhä÷gs vhshbigs pmrm tl`ls pug`g múk prlùohr, plr im moohÿk `g im dmkm, ims clrems qug rgvhsthÿ y ils trmjls qug usÿ gk im Phgrrm y qug ig pgrehtgk nmogrsg rgolklogr. Gsg gs, olk gcgotl, gi lbjgthvl gsgkohmi `g tmigs emkhcgstmohlkgs. @g mnå ims rlupmdgks, vhstgs, mrems y moogslrhls olk qug sg prgsgktmk ims mpmrhä÷gs. Omsh shgeprg gsls moogslrhls kl thgkgk olkshstgkohm kh ùrmohÿk. Vug`g, shk gebmrdl, molktgogr qug gi Gspårhtu olkogktrg bmstmktg cugrzm pmrm olk`gksmr lbjgtls, m puktl `g ils nmogr tmkdhbigs y ùrm`grls. Ohgrtls Gspårhtus pug`gk el`hchomr su mspgotl, olk cmohih`m` prl`hdhlsm, m ils ljls ehsel `g ils mshstgktgs. Mquå gstí uk omsl qug pmrgog `mr rmzÿk m im nhpÿtgshs `g Masmalc, nmy plolegkohlkm`m. Rgchgrg gi _r. Brmagtt228 qug gk ukm sgshÿk `g emtgrhmihzmäïl cug vhstl mpmrgogr gi Gspårhtu `g uk eläl mitl, `hohèk`lsg ngremkl `g ukm sgýlrm qug èi molepmýmbm. Gstm lbsgrvÿ qug gi kl pl`åm rgolklogr, plrqug sÿil il vugiom khýl. Vlol m plol im chdurm cug `hsehkuygk`l `g gstmturm, nmstm miomkzmr m `g gi khýl qug im sgýlrm nubg olkloh`l. Rgolr`gels tmebhèk gi omsl `g Gem Nmr`hkdg, sgýmim`l plr gi_r. Olivhiig1 mpmrgohÿ giim olk gi vgsth`l `g 2?6 rghkm `g ims cm`ms, qug nubg trmå`l euy thgepl mktgs, gk su eloh`m`g. Gk gsg omsl, olel gk midukls ltrls, im mpmrhäïl pmrgog kl sgr eís qug shepig hemdgk egktmi gxtgrkmihzm`m plr gi Gspårhtu, qug m`quhgrg bmstmktg olkshstgkohm emtgrhmi pmrm sgr pgrohbh`m plr ils sgkth`ls. M vgogs ils Gspårhtus heprhegk m ims clrems qug rgvhstgk gi eís gkomktm`lr mspgotl. Rlbgrt @mig Lwgk, 2?= ehkhstrl `g Gstm`ls Wkh`ls gk im Olrtg `g Kípligs, gk su lbrm ’Rgdhÿk gk Ihtådhl―, `gsorhbg im mpmrhäïl `g ukm clrem cgegkhkm: ’_uyl brhiil grm olepmrmbig mi `g im khgvg rgohgktg hiuehkm`m plr uk rmyl `g _li, nmohgk`l molr`mr il qug cug gsorhtl slbrg vhstgs `g iuz `g Orhstl, gk im trmkschdurmäïl, l múk il brhiil `gi eírelrg `g Vmrls, gi eís purl y gi eís rgohgktgegktg tmiim`l, bmjl gi jmtl `g vhvm iuz.― Kl sg pl`råm olepmrmr im emkhcgstmohlkgs `g gstg dèkgrl ims mpmrhä÷gs, `honms ’ehrmouilsms―, `g vhrdgks, `g íkdgigs y smktls, qug mnå gktlkogs gkolktrmråmk gxpihomohÿk rmohlkmi< * Gk rgsuegk, sg pug`g `gohr qug ils el`ls `g moohÿk `gi Gspårhtu vmråmk olkclreg ils rgoursls cmouitm`ls plr gi eg`hl gk qug èi lpgrm. Ils cgkÿegkls `g emtgrhmihzmäïl `gbgk sgr oimshchom`ls gk trgs ÿr`gkgs: @g gktrm`m, ils omsls gk qug gi `lbig `gi eè`hue gxtgrkmihzm`l gs uthihzm`l y el`hchom`l plr gi Gspårhtu, m puktl `g rgprlùohr gi mspgotl qug tgkåm gstg gk im Phgrrm y múk ils trmzls`g su chshlklehm. Gi Gspårhtu, plr gcgotl `g im dmkm, sg rgcigjm, sg cltldrmcåm gk im clrem ciuå`hom `gi eè`hue1 gs ukm trmkschdurmäïl eís l egkls olepigtm, olkclreg gi pl`gr `gi emkhcgstmktg. Vlr gsl, gk ohgrtms gxpgrhgkohms, im mpmrhäïl tgk`rí midukm sgegjmkzm olk gi eè`hue. 228 2?6 2?=

D. @gimkkg, ’Gi miem gs Hkelrtmi―, ?ª Vmrtg, omp. HS. ’Rgvug _ohgkthchqu g gt Elrmig ù _phrhthseg―, `hohgebrg `g =862, píd. ?7?. ’Rgvug _ohgkthchqu g gt Elrmig ù _phrhthseg―, sgpthgebrg `g =862, píd. =>4.

=43 | V í d h k m


=86?

Klutrls omsls gi Gspårhtu, olk gi muxhihl `g ils ciuh`ls mebhgktgs, orgm clrems tgeplrmigs qug mkhem y `hrhdg `g cugrm, shk hkolrplrmrsg, olel il lbsgrvÿ Masmalc. Nmy, chkmiegktg, omsls, eís kuegrlsls, gk qug gi Gspårhtu olk`gksm y emtgrhmihzm su prlphl gkvlitÿrhl ciuå`hol, `g clrem m rgmpmrgogr tmi olel grm gk su prgog`gktg gxhstgkohm tgrrgstrg. Im emtgrhmihzmäïl sgråm mså ukm gspgohg `g rggkomrkmäïl gcåegrm. Gi pmpgi `g ils eè`huks `hchgrg gsgkohmiegktg olkclreg ils omsls. Giils pmsmk plr tl`ls ils drm`ls `gi trmksg, gk olkslkmkohm olk ims mbslrohlkgs qug igs `gbgk sgr ngonms. M vgogs ehsel, olel gk ims _rms. `'Gspèrmkog y Oleptlk, im mbslrohÿk gs tltmi. Klutrms ohroukstmkohms ils Gspårhtus trmgk olkshdl omsh tl`ls ils gigegktls `g im emtgrhmihzmäïl y gi eè`hue sg olksgrvm `gsphgrtl. Gi gstu`hl `g ims cugrzms gk moohÿk gk gsls cgkÿegkls `geugstrm qug gchomogs muxhihmrgs pug`gk sgr im eúshom y ims gsquhkms. _us vhbrmohlkgs mreÿkhoms cmohihtmk im olebhkmohÿk `g ils ciuh`ls. Gk sgkth`l lpugstl, ngels vgrhchom`l im `gscmvlrmbig hkciugkohm `g im iuz1 gstm prlùog uk gcgotl `hsslivgktg slbrg ils ciuh`ls gk gimblrmohÿk y gxhdg uk gepigl eís olksh`grmbig `g cugrzm psåquhom. @g mnå im kgogsh`m` `g ims sgshlkgs lbsourms, plr il egkls gk imstgktmthvms hkhohmigs. Pl`ls ouíktls nmk lbsgrvm`l im Kmturmigzm smbgk qug ims lk`ms iuehklsms pgrturbmk im clremohÿk `gi sgr gk su pgrhl`l `g dgstmäïl. Pl`l dèregk, tl`l ougrpl, sgm vgdgtmi, mkhemi l nuemkl, `gbg olksthtuhr- sh gk ims thkhgbims, mktgs `g mpmrgogr m im iuz `gi `åm. Im cltldrmcåm gs drmohms m lpgrmr gk olk`hohlkgs mkí ildms. Im rgprlùoohÿk `g ims heídgkgs rgquhgrg im lbsourh`m`g. Gi ehsel molktgog olk ims clremohlkgs tgeplrmigs `g Gspårhtus. Vlr gsl gs plr il qug sg m`lptmk dmbhkgtgs lsourls gk ims smims `g gxpgrhgkohms, pmrm cmohihtmr ims emtgrhmihzmä÷gs. M vgogs, pgrl, oumk`l im cugrzm gs suchohgktg, sg vg gi cgkÿegkl prlùohrsg gkeg`hl `g ils mshstgktgs. Pl`ms gstms lbsgrvmohlkgs slk ohgktåchomegktg olkchrem`ms plr ims gxpgrhgkohms `g im tgigdrmchm shk nhil. _gdúk ukm oleukhomohÿk `gi _r. Emrolkh m im _lohg`m` Rgmi `g Ilk`rgs, gstí vgrhchom`l qug ims lk`ms ngrtzhmkms sg trmksehtgk egjlr m im klong qug `g `åm1 gi kmogr `gi _li prlùog drmk pgrturbmohÿk gk ims trmksehshlkgs. G_ mså qug gi Gsphrhthsel, trms nmbgrkls crmkqugm`l gi vmstl hepgrhl `g ims cugrzms y `g ils gigegktls hkvhshbigs `g im Kmturmigzm, kls hkhohm gk ims igygs qug rhdgk sus prlcuk`ms mrelkåms. G_ plr gi gstu`hl `g sus cgkÿegkls qug im emtgrhm, gk su eís rmrgcghtl gstm`l, sh kls prgsgktm olel uk euk`l suthi gk qug sg heprhegk ils pgksmehgktls y ils motls. M im vgz giim olksthtuyg hkegksl `gpÿshtl `g gkgrdåms qug, vhkhgk`l m mým`hrsg m ims gkgrdåms psåquhoms, gkdgk`rmk im cugrzm plr gxogigkohm, gi pl`gr orgm`lr `g qug gemkm gi Wkhvgrsl gk sus gtgrkms y vmrhmbigs emkhcgstmohlkgs.

^^H -

H`gkth`m` `g ils Gspårhtus

Mombmels `g vgr, plr im gxplshohÿk `g ils ngonls gspårhtms nmstm mnlrm ngonm, qug im supgrvhvgkohm gstí mepihmegktg `gelstrm`m. Ltrm tglråm, im kl sgr m `g im hktgrvgkohÿk `g ils slbrgvhvls, sgråm ompmz `g gxpihomr gi olkjuktl `g ils cgkÿegkls, gk sus vmrhm`ms clrems. Mic. Russgi Tmiimog il `hjl: ’Gi Gsphrhthsel gstí tmk bhgk `gelstrm`l olel im igy `g drmvhtmäïl.― X T. Orllags rgpgtåm: ’Gi Gsphrhthsel gstí ohgktåchomegktg `gelstrm`l.―

=44 | V í d h k m


=86?

Mi puktl `g vhstm lbjgthvl l gxtgrhlr, ims prugbms suehkhstrm`ms plr ims mpmrhä÷gs y emtgrhmihzmä÷gs kl pug`gk `gjmr ù`m midukm. _hk gebmrdl, gk im lr`gk subjgthvm, gk gi qug olkogrkg m ils ltrls el`ls `g emkhcgstmohlkgs, subshstg ukm `hchouitm`: m `g lbtgkgr `g ils Gspårhtus, gk kúegrl suchohgktg pmrm smthscmogr m ils gsoèpthols gxhdgktgs, prugbms `g h`gkth`m`, hk`homohlkgs prgohsms, qug ils mshstgktgs kl olklzomk y qug sgmk eís tmr`g vgrhchombmhs. Lbjgtm-sg euonms vgogs m ils gspårhtms qug ims oleukhomohlkgs, gk su olkjuktl, prgsgktmk uk omríotgr euy ihbrg, slk `gsthtuh`ms `g hk`homohlkgs, rgvgimohlkgs y ngonls bhgk `gchkh`ls, susogtåvghs `g gstmbigogr im h`gkth`m` `g ils emkhcgstmktgs g heplkgr im olkvhoohÿk m ils hkvgsthdm`lrgs. Ohgrtmegktg, kl gs plshbig `gsolklogr gsms `hchouitm`gs. Giims slk hkngrgktgs m im prlphm kmturmigzm `g ims olsms y m ims `hcgrgkohms `g eg`hl. Ils sgrgs qug vhvgk gk uk ehsel pimk, olel ils nlebrgs, `ltm`ls `g ils ehsels sgkth`ls, oleukhomk gktrg så plr `hcgrgktgs prlogsls, qug slk ltrls tmktls gigegktls `g ogrtgzm. Gsls `hcgrgktgs el`ls `g lbsgrvmohÿk y vgrhchomohÿk uthihzmbigs gk gi níbhtmt nuemkl, kl`ls il qugrråmels nmogr gxtgkshvls mi `lehkhl ìl Hkvhshbig, y gxhdhels `g sus nmbhtmktgs emkhcgstmohlkgs mssmz prlbmtlrhms, `g ukm prgohshÿk hdumi m ims qug msgdurmk kugstrm olkvhoohÿk gk im lr`gk cåshom. Lrm, ng mnå mnå ukm olsm omsh hrrgmihzívgi. Gi nmbhtmktg `gi pimk hkvhshbig thgkg qug vgkogr euonls lbstíouils pmrm oleukhomrsg. Ils eg`hls `g qug `hsplkg pmrm gsoimrgogrkls y pgrsum`hr slk rgstrhotls. Èi kl sg pug`g emkhcgstmr shk eè`hue y gi eè`hue, hkolksohgktgegktg, hktrlùog omsh shgeprg ukm pmrtg `g så múk, `g su egktmih`m`, gk ims emkhcgstmohlkgs. Gi Gspårhtu qug quhgrg gxprgsmr su pgksmehgktl sg shrvg `g ÿrdmkls gxtrmýls, gxpgrhegktm drmk`g gebmäl. G_ sgegjmktg m ukm pgrslkm qug olkvgrsmrm olk klsltrls gk ukm shtumohÿk euy hkoðel`m qug m prhvmrm `gi usl `g sus cmouitm`gs. G_gkohm, prgohsl m su rgspgtl, clreuimr prgduktms oimrms, elstrmr pmohgkohm, bgkgvli m chkolkùohrsg `g lbtgkgr`hsorgtmegktg smthscmotlrhls rgsuitm`ls. ’Ehs omrls mehdls ‟ `goåm Dglrdg Vginme im Nl`gslk y Nmrt 2?2 ‟ kl eg olksh`grèhs olk íkhel `g oråthols. Gsclrzmrkls plr trmksehthrls kugstrls pgksmehgktls, eg`hmktg gi lrdmkhsel `g oumiquhgr eè`hue, gs oÿel sg hktgktmrm subhr plr gi trlkol `g ukírbli nugol.― Rlbgrt Nysilp il rgphtg m su nhjl:2?? ’Pl`ms ims olsms sg eg prgsgktmk olk tmktm oimrh`m`, y oumk`l vgkdl mquå pmrm ims gxprgsíhs, Jmegs, kl pug`l!― Il qug `goåmk ils Gspårhtus `g im _rm. Vhpgr, il mchrembm il Duåm `g kugstrl drupl gk gstls tèrehkls: ’Gk gi Gspmohl, tl`l gs pmrm kl`ls mepihl, `gsgebmrmäm`l, cíohi. Oumk`l bmjmels m im Phgrrm tl`l sg rgstrhkdg, sh megsquhknm.― Ltrm lbjgäïl gs gstm: gk im emylr pmrtg `g ils omsls `g h`gkth`m` sgýmim`ls, ils ngonls y ims prugbms, plr eg`hl `g ils oumigs sg olkshduhÿ `gtgrehkmr olk ogrtgzm im pgrslkmih`m` `g ils emkhcgstmktgs, slk `g kmturmigzm oleúk, m vgogs múk trhvhmi. Lrm, im gxpgrhgkohm nm `gelstrm`l qug gs omsh shgeprg heplshbig prlog`gr `g ltrl el`l. Ims pmrthouimrh`m`gs, olksh`grm`ms cråvlims y vuidmrgs, pmrgog olksthtuymk prgohsmegktg ils eg`hls eís sgdurls pmrm chremrsg juåzl mogrom `g ils mutlrgs `g ils cgkÿegkls. Olk gi chk `g olepmrmohÿk y `g oråthom, gi prlcgslr Nysilp nhzl gstmbigogr ukm iåkgm tgigdríchom gktrg `ls `g ils g`hchohls `g im Wkhvgrsh`m` `g Oliúebhm, `hstmktgs `g 766 phgs, y plstlu gk ims gxtrgeh`m`gs `ls tgigdrmchstms prlcgshlkmigs, plr ouyl hktgreè`hl `gbåmk hktgriloutlrgs `gsolkloh`ls oleukhomr gktrg så y gstmbigogr su h`gkth`m`. Gk gsms olk`hohlkgs, qug sg mprlxhemk `g ims `g im eg`hukh`m`g ‟ vmihgk`l mnå m 2?2 2??

’Vrlogg`hkds― `g im B.V.R., rgprlùoh`l s plr E. _mdg, ’Em `meg Vhpgr―, píds. 20? y 20 0. Å`ge, Hbh`ge.

=4> | V í d h k m


=86?

`hstmkohm plr im `hcgrgkohm `g pimk ‟, gi prlcgslr pu`l rgolklogr ouíktl grm `hcåohi `gtgrehkmr im h`gkthchomohÿk `g el`l prlbmtlrhl. Gi rgsuitm`l kl grm miomkzm`l gk im emylråm `g ims vgogs shkl eg`hmktg ims eís vuidmrgs hk`homohlkgs y kmrrmthvms shk heplrtmkohm. Ils prlogsls gepigm`ls plr ils oleukhomktgs ‟ olkstmtÿ gi prlcgslr, ‟ grmk mbsliutmegktg ils ehsels qug ils m`lptm`ls plr ils Gspårhtus gk gi omsl `g im _rm. Vhpgr. M prlpÿshtl `g ims `hchouitm`gs gkolktrm`ms plr ils lpgrm`lrgs,gi _r. Nysilp mså sg gxprgsm:2?0 ’Ehgktrms molepmýmbm gsms gxpgrhgkohms, eg iimeÿ im mtgkohÿk gstg ngonl, qug sg lbsgrvm hdumiegktg oumk`l sÿil `hsplkgels `g thgepl ihehtm`l pmrm oleukhomr plr tgièclkl: tl`m im mtgkohÿk `gi oleukhomktg gstí olkogktrm`m gk gi `gsgl `g gsoldgr hkoh`gktgs bhgk omrmotgråsthols pmrm im h`gkthchomohÿk plr uk mehdl pmrthouimr. X olel, pmrm gsoldgr, sg vg urdh`l plr gi thgepl, gk su gspårhtu sg trmbm uk olkcihotl hktgrgsmktg y sg prlùog ukm olkcushÿk qug tl`m dgktg pug`g plr så ehsem mprgohmr, `gs`g qug sg mpihqug m nmogr ukm gigoohÿk `g hkoh`gktgs olk gsg chk. Vl`gels chdurmrkls `g hdumi el`l m im shtumohÿk `g uk Gspårhtu `gsgkomrkm`l qug `hsplkg `g midukls ehkutls pmrm `mr su oleukhomohÿk, y qug iuonm prlbmbigegktg olk gklregs `hchouitm`gs `g qug kl pl`gels nmogr h`gm.― Gi prlcgslr Nysilp gs uk lbsgrvm`lr egtÿ`hol y sligrtg. Ouepig, shk gebmrdl, sgýmimr qug èi sÿil gstu`hÿ nmstm mnlrm uk omsl hksuim`l ‟ il `g im _rm. Vhpgr. Wkm gxpgrhegktmohÿk `g trghktm mýls nm `gelstrm`l qug, m pgsmr `g ims `hchouitm`gs hkngrgktgs m tl`l dèkgrl oleukhomohlkmi gspårhtm, ims prugbms `g h`gkth`m` slk euy eís mbuk`mktgs `gi qug dgkgrmiegktg sg orgg. Gk ohgrtms rgukhlkgs prhvm`ms, slk `hmrhmegktg suehkhstrm`ms prugbms `g im supgrvhvgkohm `g ils qug kls cugrlk omrls1 gsms prugbms, shk gebmrdl, slk omsh Gktrg shgeprg dumr`m`ms ouh`m`lsmegktg, sgy rgchgrgk m im vh`m åkthem `g ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs. gstls, euonls rgoghme ims oråthoms plrqug elr`mzgs kl quhgrgk gxplkgr m ims vhstms `g hk`hcgrgktgs, `g gsoèpthols eltgjm`lrgs, ils eís smdrm`ls sgkthehgktls, ils sgorgtls eís åkthels `g su olrmzÿk. Euonms vgogs Gspårhtus `gsolkloh`ls `g ils mshstgktgs vhgkgk m `mr oleukhomohlkgs `hrhdh`ms m sus pmrhgktgs múk vhvls, oleukhomohlkgs qug olkthgkgk, kl rmrl, omrmotgråsthols lrhdhkmigs, prugbms hrrgcutívghs. Gsms emkhcgstmohlkgs, shk gebmrdl, pgremkgogk hdklrm`ms gk su emylr pmrtg. Rgoghme-sh ils smromsels `g smbhls supgrchohmigs y ims prgvgkohlkgs `gi vuidl, shgeprg prlktl m rgonmzmr ngonls qug uitrmpmsmk im ÿrbhtm `g ils olklohehgktls usumigs. @g mnå rgsuitm qug ims eís pgrgeptÿrhms emkhcgstmohlkgs rmrmegktg iigdmk mi olklohehgktl `gi púbihol. Gk gi ehsel sgkth`l sg kltm gxtrgem ohroukspgäïl y drmk rgsgrvm `g im pmrtg `g ils Gspårhtus gk ims rgukhlkgs crmkqugm`ms m tl`ls. G_ prhkohpmiegktg gk im hktheh`m`g `g im cmehihm y `g midukls mehdls qug sg rgúkgk ils egjlrgs gigegktls pmrm lbtgkgr bugkms prugbms. Cmohihtm`m plr im mcghäïl y mrelkåm `g ils pgksmehgktls, im olkchmkzm rgoåprlom sg gstmbigog y olk giim im shkogrh`m` y m shk-ogrgelkhm. Gi Gspårhtu gkougktrm uk olkjuktl `g olk`hohlkgs ciuå`homs qug msgdurmk m im trmksehshÿk `g su pgksmehgktl tl`m im oimrh`m` y prgohshÿk kgogsmrhms pmrm iigvmr im olkvhoohÿk mi íkhel `g ilsmshstgktgs. Ils Gspårhtus m`gimktm`ls kl sg prgstmk `g bugkl drm`l m kugstrms gxhdgkohms. _us oleukhomohlkgs thgkgk shgeprg uk omríotgr elrmi g hepgsslmi1 su pgksmehgktl pmhrm `gemshm`l mitl, plr gkohem `g ims gscgrms `g im hk`hvhùmih`m`g, pmrm qug igs kl sgm pgklsl mnå bmjmr. Gk su emylråm, tuvhgrlk giils gk im Phgrrm gxhstgkohms `g smorhchohls, slplrtmrlk vh`ms `lilrlsms ‟ olk`hohlkgs `g su prlphm gigvmohÿk1 ‟ kl igs dustm, oumk`l m så múk miu`gk, `g lrkmr-sh olk sus tåtuils `g egrgohegktl. Vmrm olkvgkogr ils gsoèpthols, imkzmk emkl `g ltrls rgoursls1 prgchgrgk hktrlùohr gk kugstrms sgshlkgs Gspårhtus eís 2?0

Gxpgrhgkohms `gi _r. Nysilp. Prmùoohÿk `gi @r. Mu`mhs. ’Rgvug _ohgktåchqug gt Elrmig ù _phrhthseg―, `hohgebrg `g

=862, píd.

=48 | V í d h k m


=86?

24=.

=>6 | V í d h k m


=86?

mtrmsm`ls, hk`hvhùmih`m`gs qug gk im Phgrrm olklogels y qug, plr su lrhdhkmih`m`, su el`l `g nmbimr, `g dgsthouimr, `g pgksmr, kls suehkhstrmrík prugbms smthscmotlrhms. Mså prlog`åmk ils Duåms `g kugstrl drupl. Bmjl su `hrgoohÿk, Gspårhtus mssmz vuidmrgs, pgrl mkhem`ls `g bugkms hktgkohlkgs ‟ ukm vgk`g`lrm `g igduebrgs, uk ngrrgrl `g mi`gm, ukm vginltm tmdmrgim ‟ y ltrls múk, cmiigoh`ls pmrhgktgs `g ehgebrls `gi drupl, sg emkhcgstmbmk, gk gi trmksg, plr sgýmigs omrmotgråsthoms g hkhehtívghs. _u h`gkth`m` sg gstmbigoåm plr olksh`grmbig vmrhg`m` `g plregklrgs, `g hkoh`gktgs `leèsthols1 pgrl, sh grmk `g hkùbhtívgi hktgrès pmrm ils qug ils nmbåmk olkloh`l, sgråmk olksh`grm`ls cmsth`hlsls plr ltrls y mså kl olkvgk`råm sgmk trmå`ls m púbihol. Im euithpihoh`m` y rgpgthohÿk olth`hmkm `g ils pgqugkhkls ngonls `g qug sg oleplkg ukm gxhstgkohm, mukqug heplshbigs `g rgprlùohr y mkmihzmr, tgrehkmk plr heprgshlkmr ils eís rgcrmtírhls y trhukcmr `g ims eís tgkmzgs ù`ms. Pl`ls ils `åms, gk euonls drupls sg lbthgkg im rgvgimohÿk `g klebrgs, cgonms, ngonls `gsolkloh`ls y eís tmr`g oleprlbm`ls1 pgrl kl pug`gk sgr `hvuidm`ls, plrqug hktgrgsmk pgrslkms múk vhvms, qug kl mutlrhzmk su pubihomohÿk. L slk múk rgvgimohlkgs ohgktåchoms qug sg lbthgkgk, olel ims qug rgimtm Masmalc, gk gi omsl `gi _r. Bmrams, `g Kgwomstig,2?7 rgvgimohlkgs euonl plr gkohem `g im ompmoh`m` `gisgkshthvl. 2?3 Ltrms vgogs slk cgkÿegkls `g gsorhturm, olel ils qug sgýmiÿ gi ehsel mutlr, y chrems mutèkthoms `g pgrslkmih`m`gs qug gi eè`hue jmeís vugiom, olel, plr gjgepil, ims `gi ourm Burkhgr y `gi såk`hol 2?4 Onmuelktgt, cmiigoh`ls nmbåm eg`hl shdil, lbtgkh`ms plr Ngigkm _ehtn, `g Dhkgbrm. Gi prlcgslr Cilurkly ims mtrhbuyg m uk `gspgrtmr `g im subolksohêkohm `gi sgkshthvl1 gs gsm, olel vgkhels, ukm tglråm ’m` nlo―, euy oÿel`m pmrm gxpihomr il qug sg kl oleprgk`g, l kl sg quhgrg oleprgk`gr.

Gk ’_phrht H`gkthty―, _tmhktlk Elsgs rgimtm kltmbigs ngonls `g h`gkth`m`, lbtgkh`ls plrdèkgrl im eg`hukh`m`g gsorgvgktg y bmsm`ls gk tgsthelkhls lchohmigs. @goimrm plsggr ukls ohgk omsls `g gsg y euonls gxpgrhegktm`lrgs pl`råmk `gohr ltrl tmktl. 2?> Gktrg gsls kuegrlsls cgkÿegkls, sg pug`g rgolr`mr gi omsl ohtm`l plr gi ’Ihdnt―, `g 24 `g emyl `g =>88, y `gbh`l m im eg`hukh`m`g `g Ers. Bgsshg Russgii-@mvhgs, `g Ilk`rgs:. ’Wk pg`h`l `g prugbm `g h`gkth`m`, clreuim`l plr pgrslkms olkgotm`ms m im Olrtg `g Shgkm, nmbåm sh`l gk`grgzm`l m im miu`h`m sgýlrm. Ims prgduktms gstmbmk olkoiuh`ms gk uk gkvlivgktg imorm`l, qug sg olksgrvÿ hktmotl. Prms midukls `åms `g hkvgsthdmohlkgs, il Duåm `gi eè`hue vlivhÿ olk ohkol Gspårhtus gxtrmýls, qug `hotmrlk ukm rgspugstm gk h`hlem `gsolkloh`l. Ngonl gi gxmegk, rgolklohgrlk ils hktgriloutlrgs qug gsm igkdum grm gi mkthdul emdhmr, h`hlem úkhomegktg olkloh`l `g midukls gru`htls. Im rgspugstm gstmbm chrem`m plr ohkol pgrslkmjgs qug nmbåmk vhvh`l `ls shdils mktgs y grmk ehgebrls cmiigoh`ls `g im cmehihm núkdmrm qug nubg slihohtm`l gsg tgsthelkhl.― Mquå prugbm,pubiho eís holkoiu`gktg gk’_phrhtumihse, su shepihoh`m`g qug gstrgphtlsms emkhcgstmohlkgs. `g im gstí lbrm ltrm `g Tmtslk, stm megrhomkl, hts pngklegk gs―, Kugvm Xlra, =>>6: G_ gxtrmå`m ’Tmtslk nmbåm rgohbh`l ukm oleukhomohÿk chrem`m plr su mehdl gi Dgkgrmi Pn. Rhvgrs. _gdúk im olstuebrg hkdigsm, gi dgkgrmi mpusgrm ims hkhohmigs `g sus klebrgs prlphls, gktrg ims oumigs 2?7

’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. HHH, 0. Å`ge, Hbh`ge, omp. HS, B, HHH. Sgr D. @ gimkkg, ’Hkvgsthdmohl kgs slbrg im e g`hukh`m`g―, píd. 03?. 2?> Sgr _tmhktlk Elsgs, ’Gksgýmkzms Gsphrhtumih stms―, píds. 2= y shduhgktgs, y tmebhèk I. @gkhs, ’Gi Vrlbigem `gi _gr, `gi @gsthkl y `g im @lilr―. 2?3 2?4

=>6 | V í d h k m


=86?

chdurmbm uk T. Lrm, khkdukl `g sus klebrgs prlphls mèhtåm gsm hkhohmi. Vlr gsorúpuil y rgspgtl m im vgr`m`, Tmtslk nmbåm pubihom`l gsm chrem shk el`hchomohÿk, pgrl m `hsdustl y kl shk midukm `gsolkchmkzm, qug ohgrtls plregklrgs `g im ehsshvm pmrgoåm `gbmk `hshpmr. Ils olktrm`htlrgs `g im prgksm kl pgr`hgrlk im lomshÿk `g `gkukohmr gi grrlr, egthgk`l m rh`åouil gsg Gspårhtu qug kl smbåm gi prlphl klebrg. _hk gebmrdl, gk gi oursl `g ltrm sgshÿk gi ehsel Gspårhtu olkchreÿgsm hkhohmi, `hohgk`l qug su em`rg `mråm im gxpihomohÿk. Im em`rg, gkougstm`m, rgsplk`hÿ qug gi T grm uk gkdmýl. Iugdl, shk gebmrdl, hktgrvhkl gi Gspårhtu y `hjl: ’Eh em`rg, tú nmiims shkduimr qug yl chreg uk T1 mougr`m- tg, shk gebmrdl, `g qug gk eh hkcmkohm yl grm tmk hrrhtm`häl qug ehs omemrm`ms eg iimembmk Tmsp (vgspm). Gsg mpgih`l eg qug`ÿ1 yl il nmbåm m`lptm`l yolk èi chrembm ehs oleplshohlkgs. Kltm gk ehs oum`grkls y gk ehs ihbrls gsolimrgs, y gk giils il gkolktrmrís.― Mså sg nhzl y sg vgrhchoÿ im gxmothtu` `gi qug mchrembm gi Gspårhtu.― Im ’Rgvhstm `g Gstu`hls Vsholiÿdhols―, `g Bmrogilkm (sgpthgebrg `g =866), pubihoÿ gi shduhgktg omsl `g h`gkth`m`, molepmým`l `g `louegktls oleprlbmtÿrhls: ’Prgs pgrslkms, uk prlcgslr `g Emtgeíthom, uk eè`hol yuk goigshísthol, nmbåmk pg`h`l mi _r. _gdúk Lihvgr, eè`hue`gshktgrgssm`l, qug igs suehkhstrmrm prugbms `g im rgmih`m` `g ils Gspårhtus. @gspuès `g uk hkstmktg `g rgolinhegktl, im emkl `gi eè`hue trmzÿ egoíkhomegktg ims shduhgktgs pmimbrms: ’Hsh`lrm, 76 mýls `g g`m`, kmoh`m gk _mk _gbmsthmk, eugrtm m ?= `g emrzl `g =>461 eligsthm, oíkogr hktgsthkmi1 `gjÿ trgs nhjls1 sus klebrgs y g`m`gs: V., =7 mýls1 O., =8 mýls1 E., 27 mýls.― Vlr gsms pmrthouimrh`m`gs, ukl `g ils mshstgktgs rgolklohÿ gi Gspårhtu `g su em`rg. _lrprgk`h`l y olkelvh`l, prgduktÿ sg tgkåm midukls olksgjls m `mrig. Gi eè`hue rgtleÿ gi iíphz1 olk drmk`g gstupgcmäïl, shk gebmrdl, trmzÿ, gk midukls ehkutls, gi rgtrmtl `g ukm pgrslkm qug ig grm `gsolkloh`m y gk gi oumi cug rgolkloh`l gi Gspårhtu Hsh`lrm, qug gk vh`m jmeís nubg olksgkth`l gk cltldrmchmrsg. Gi eè`hue kukom nubg mprgk`h`l `hbujl, kh smbåm `hsgýmr. Pl`ls ils mshstgktgs `goimrmrlk qug kl nmbåmk pgksm`l gk olsm midukm `gi qug cugrm gsorhtl, y qug kl pl`åm nmbgr gk mqugiil uk cgkÿegkl `g sudgrgkohm kh `g igoturm `gi pgksmehgktl.― Gi _r. D. Lwgk, m su turkl, gsorhbhÿ gi shduhgktg gk gi ’_phrhtumi Rgolr`―: ’Nmog `log mýls, olktmbm yl gktrg ehs mehdls åkthels uk sgkm`lr plr Omihclrkhm, euy olkloh`l, gi @r. Aklx, qug grm `hrgotlr `g uk prÿspgrl bmkol gk _. Jlsè. Vgksm`lr prlcuk`l, grm tmebhèk uk `goh`h`l pmrth`mrhl `g ims tglråms emtgrhmihstms. _hkthgk`l mprlxhemrsg gi tèrehkl `g su vh`m, nmbimbm euonms vgogs `gi sugýl gtgrkl. Wk `åm ig `hjl yl: ’Nmdmels uk pmotl, `lotlr: sh gk gi M`geís ls shktíhs vhvhr, nmrèhs tl`l gi plshbig plr oleukhomreg gstms shepigs pmimbrms: Shvl múk.― Prms su eugrtg, gstmk`l olkehdl uk bugkl eè`hue, ihephè ukm mr`ÿshm, ig olilquè uk iíphz y gkolstgh gk im supgrchohg hkcgrhlr `g im egsm. Låels gi rmkdgr `gi iíphz gsorhbhgk`l gk im mr `ÿshm y, mi rgthrmrim, gkolktrmels gsorhturms ims shduhgktgs iåkgms: ’Mehdl Lwgk, mukqug nmym vhstl olepigtmegktg `gselrlkm`ms ims mkthdums h`gms qug tgkåm slbrg im vh`m cuturm, eg cug mdrm`mbig, il olkchgsl, tmi `gshiusïl1 eg shgktl cgihz, eh mehdl, gk pl`grig `gohr: Shvl múk. _hgeprg su mehdl T. Aklx.― Im gsorhturm grm `g tmi el`l hdumi m im `gi `gsgkomrkm`l qug cug rgolkloh`m mutèkthom plr gi pgrslkmi `gi bmkol plr èi `hrhdh`l gk vh`m.―

=>= | V í d h k m


=86?

Gi cgkÿegkl `g hkolrplrmohÿk thgkg `mtl iudmr m eúithpigs ngonls `g h`gkth`m`. Gk ims emkhcgstmohlkgs `g qug gs hkstruegktl im _rm. Vhpgr, sg pug`g oleprlbmr `g eís pgrcgotm ukh`m` `g omríotgr y `g olkohgkohm gk ils emkhcgstmktgs, pmrthouimregktg kls Duåms l Gspårhtus-chsomigs. Khkdukl `g giils pug`g sgr olksh`grm`l ukm pgrslkmih`m` sgouk`mrhm `gi eè`hue1 tl`ls sg prgsgktmk olel hk`hvhùmih`m`gs mutÿklems `ltm`ms `g drmk hktgksh`m` `g vh`m, `g shkogrh`m` y `g rgmih`m`.. M pgsmr `g ims `hchouitm`gs qug m vgogs gkougktrmk pmrm emkhcgstmrsg, ims pgrslkmih`m`gs `g D. Vginme y Rlbgrt Nysilp slk `g ims eís rhdurlsmegktg `gihkgm`ms y jmeís sg olktrm`hogk.2?8 Gi rgotlr `g im Wkhvgrsh`m`, Lihvgr Il`dg, gk ils vliúegkgs ^HH y ^HHH `g ils ’Vrlogg`hkds―, ohtm hdumiegktg euonls omsls `g h`gkth`m` plr èi lbtgkh`ls eg`hmktg im cmouitm` `g im _rm. Vhpgr. Wkl `g sus tåls, cmiigoh`l vghktg mýls mktgs, rgchgrg pmrthouimrh`m`gs `g su eloh`m`g, olepigtmegktg livh`m`ms `g tl`ls ils ehgebrls supgrvhvhgktgs `g im cmehihm1 kl cug plshbig vgrhchomrims shkl trms tmr`m`m y ehkuohlsm hkvgsthdmohÿk. _u chkm`l sldrl vhkl m hk`homrigplregklrgs gxmotls `g su eugrtg, lourrh`m gk olk`hohlkgs olelvg`lrms, ohtmk`l klebrgs y cgonms, gktgrmegktg blrrm`ls `g im egelrhm `g èi, Il`dg. Egkohlkm gstg múk ltrms kltmbigs sgýmigs `g h`gkth`m` prlvgkhgktgs `g vmrhls `g sus mehdlscmiigoh`ls. Gi rgvgrgk`l Ehklt-_mvmdg, oèigbrg lrm`lr kls Gstm`ls Wkh`ls, ohtm uk olkelvg`lr omsl `g h`gkthchomohÿk, qug `hspgksm olegktmrhls.206 Gk gi oursl `g ukm `g ims sgshlkgs olk im _rm. Vhpgr, ukm pgrslkmih`m`, qug sg mchrembm su nhjl, sg prgsgktÿ, kl tgkhèk`lil jmeís gi eè`hue olkloh`l. ’Vmpí ‟ `hjl olk mkshg`m` ‟, yl `gsgmråm qug, shk tmr`m, cugrm mi mplsgktl qug yl loupmbm. Mbrg eh dmvgtm y, gktrg ils kuegrlsls pmpgigs qug miií gstík, gkolktrmrís ukl qug tg ph`l `gstruyms hkeg`hmtmegktg.― Mukqug sgegjmktg pg`h`l pmrgohgrm hkgxpihoívgi mi rgvgrgk`l Ehklt-_mvmdg, pmrm quhgk su nhjl kukom nubl tgkh`l sgorgtl midukl, sg gkomehkÿ èi pmrm im omiig Jly, gk Blstlk, úithel `lehohihl `gi chkm`l, pgkgtrÿ gk gi mplsgktl, qug kukom vugiom, y `hl búsqug`m gk im dmvgtm hk`hom`m. Gk giim rgmiegktg gkolktrÿ `louegktls `g drmk heplrtmkohm, qug gi eläl plr olsm midukm `g gstg euk`l nmråm púbihols y qug pigkmegktg justhchombmk im mkshg`m` emkhcgstm`m gk im oleukhomohÿk. Gi ngonl shduhgktg lourrhÿ gk _. Vmuil, Brmshi, gk omsm `gi @r. Il. Sh`hdmi, rgsh`gktg m im mimeg`m `gi Prhukcl kº 2, olk su cmehihm, olepugstm `g su gsplsm, `ls nhjls y su vhgjl pm`rg. _u em`rg nubg cmiigoh`l nmbåm trgs egsgs: 20= Gi eè`hue grm ukm rmpmrhduhknm gspmýlim `g =2 mýls, mogptm olel orgm`m, gk im rgpmrthäïl `g gehdrmktgs, gi ehsel `åm gk qug mombmbm `g iigdmr. Kl olkloåm ukm úkhom pmimbrm gk plrtuduès, kukom vugiom im ohu`m` kh olkloåm gi `lotlr. Wk mehdl `g im cmehihm, gi @r. Gùmr`l _hivm, qug smbåm gspmýli, nmbimk`l im rmpmrhduhknm, tuvl gsplktíkgmegktg gk miduklsolk hkstmktgs, omyÿ gk slkmebuihsel prlcuk`l. im h`gm `g im emdkgthzmr. _g `gjÿ giim m`lregogr y, Mchrembm gstmr vhgk`lsu pm`rg, qug ig nmbimbm y ig `goåm gstmr prgsgktg ukm sgýlrm mkohmkm, qug tgkåm ukm oleukhomohÿk m trmksehthr mi @r. Sh`hdmi. Nhzl ukm `gsorhpohÿk tmk gxmotm `g gsm sgýlrm qug tl`ls `g im cmehihm rgolklohgrlk im cmiigoh`m em`rg `gi `lotlr. 2?8 206 20=

Sgr ’Vrlogg`hkds―, vlis. ^HH, ^HHH, ^HS y ^S ( rgsueh`l gk gi omp. ^H^, Prmksg g hkolrplrmohlkgs) píds. =38 y shduhgktg s. Sgr ’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonhqugs―, `g =8 `g mbrhi `g =8=6 . Olkclreg ’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonhqugs―, `g =3 `g mbrhi `g =8=6.

=>2 | V í d h k m


=86?

Gi Gspårhtu lr`gkÿm su nhjl qug cugrm m su oumrtl (gk qug km`hg nubg pgkgtrm`l trms su `gsgkomrkmäïl), qug quhtmrm `g uk blishiil olsh`l `gi vgsth`l `g sg`m kgdrm, olidm`l m im pmrg`, im oumktåm `g 47$666 y m gktrgdmrm m su emrh`l. Gi @r. Sh`hdmi, trms rgcigjmr uk elegktl, sg rgslivhÿ m pgkgtrmr, gk olepmýåm `gi @r. Gùmr`l _hivm y `g ltrms tgsthdls, gk gi mplsgktl, il qug sÿil olk `hchouitm` olkshduhÿ, plr gstmr gkcgrrujm`m im cgonmùrm, y gkolktrÿ ims olsms tmigs ouíigs oÿel ig nmbåmk sh`l hk`hom`ms. Vlr su pmrtg, gi _r. Shogktg Plrkmrl nmog ohroukstmkohm`m kmrrmthvm `g ims shkduim rh`m`gs `gi Gspårhtu ’Bmoomim―, 202 ouyms prugbms `g h`gkth`m` cugrlk `g cíohi vgrhchomohÿk. Nmbåm sh`l èi olrrgotlr, oumk`l gk im Phgrrm, y grm uk nlebrg jlvhmi, euy gsphrhtulsl y `hssliutl, omih`m`gs qug sg rgcigjmbmk gk ims oleukhomohlkgs, ims oumigs, shk gebmrdl, prgsgktmbmk, m pgsmr `g gsl, uk rgmi hktgrès mi puktl `g vhstm gxpgrhegktmi, gk rmzÿk `g ims prugbms `g h`gkth`m` suehkhstrm`ms bmjl ims eís vmrhm`ms clrems y nmstm eg`hmktg gsplktâkgms emtgrhmihzmä÷gs. Gktrg ims kuegrlsms gxpgrhgkohms ngonms olk ’Bmoomim― gi _r. Shogktg Plrkmrl ohtm `g eís heprgsshvm `g tl`ms: ’Eh pm`rg gstmbm drmvgegktg gkcgrel `g ukm tgrrhbig mcgoäïl gk ils brðkquhls, m olksgougkohm `g ukm hkciugkzm mpgkms trmtm`m. Nmbåmk sh`l iimem`ls ils eís hiustrgs eè`hols1 ukls kls tlrturmbmk gi olrmzÿk olk ils eís cukgstls prlkÿsthols1 ltrls gk ils rgmkhemvme olk pmimbrms `g gspgrmkzm. Pl`ls kugstrls ouh`m`ls sg olkogktrmbmk gk olksgrvmr im vh`m m kugstrl omrl gkcgrel. Gk gsms `lilrlsms rgolr`mä÷gs ’Bmoomim― tuvl su pmrtg. Wkm klong, gk eg`hl `gi `gsâkhel qug trmkstlrkm gi miem y gi ogrgbrl, qug kls nmog pgksmr gk gi heplshbig, pmrm mdmrrmrkls m tl`m gspgrmkzm, pg`hels im ’Bmoomim― qug kls pushgrm gk oleukhomohÿk olk gi Gspårhtu `g ukl `g ils eís kltmbigs eè`hols y èi kls rgsplk`hÿ qug hbm m smthscmogrkls hkeg`hmtmegktg. Vlol `gspuès, olk gcgotl, ims pmkom`ms gk im egshknm kls m`vhrthgrlk `g qug sg nmiimbm prgsgktg uk Gspårhtu. Ig prgduktmels gi klebrg1 rgsplk`hÿ ‟ ’@leêkhol Oltudkl!― ’Bmoomim― nubg ngonl ukm ÿpthem gigoohÿk... Vg`hels mi Gspårhtu Oltudkl uqg gxmehkmrm kugstrl pm`rg y kls `hjgrm im vgr`m`, cugrm ouíi cugrm. Eh pm`rg gstmbm ùrehgk`l1 gk gsg elegktl `gspgrtÿ olk uk sgkthehgktl `g `hsdustl y gk ils rgprggk`gu, plrqug ‟ `goåm ‟ il nmbåmels smou`h`l1 y múk slkligktl, shk kltmr qug km`hg gstmbm m su im`l, olkthkuÿ im mèlgstmr-kls `g gstmril vliomk`l y rgvhrmk`l, m bmthrig gk gi pgonl y gk im gspmi`m. Gvh`gktgegktg, gi gxmegk sg gcgotumbm y kl`ls tgebiíbmels1 gi olrmzÿk kls bmtåm olk vhligkohm, tgkåmels gi gspårhtu suspgksl. Iugdl im egshknm nhzl uk igvg elvhehgktl1Oleprgk`gels, hktgrrldmels mkshlsls: ukm úkhom, nlrrhbig pmimbrmgksgduh`m kls cug `honm gk rgspugstm: ’Rgshdkmohÿk!― y quhkog `åms `gspuès sg oubråm `g iutl kugstrm omsm.― Gi @r. Eluthk, prgsh`gktg `g im _lohg`m` `g Gstu`hls `g ils Cgkÿegkls Vsåquhols, `g Vmrås, oleukhoÿ m im ’Rgvug _ohgkthchqug gt Elrmig― (emrzl `g =86=) gi shduhgktg ngonl:

202

Sgr ’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonhqugs―, emyl `g =8=6. Omsls `g

h`gkth`m` olih dh`ls plr gi _r. Blzzmkl.

=>? | V í d h k m


=86?

’Gk =>>0, gk Emrsgiim, ùrmktg im gph`gehm `g oÿigrm, mshstå m ils úithels elegktls `g ukm `g ehs pmrhgktms, qug cug molegth`m y suouebhÿ `gktrl `g midukms nlrms. Mktgs `g elrhr, oumk`l ym kl pl`åm eís nmbimr, eg quhsl oleukhomr midukm olsm qug yl orgåm heplrtmktg, m juzdmr plr sus dgstls `g `gsgspgrmohÿk. Nmohgk`l, plr chk, uk `grrm`ghrl gscugrzl, giim mrthouiÿ `ls vgogs im pmimbrm ’gspgjl―, hk`homk`l olk im emkl il qug lrkmvm gi cldïl `g su oumrtl. _u emrh`l, gi _r. J., gstmbm gk gi emr, gk gsm lomshÿk. Hkclrem`l `gi lourrh`l, gk su rgdrgsl, y smbhgk`l qug im cmiigoh`m tgkåm im emkhm `g gsolk`gr gi `hkgrl uk plol plr tl`m pmrtg, kl vmohiÿ gk rgthrmr im pmrtg plstgrhlr `gi gspgjl, pgrl shk rgsuitm`l. ]uhkog egsgs eís tmr`g, mshsthgk`l yl m ukm sgshÿk gk omsm `g im _rm. @gohus @gl, gk Mvhdklk, m im omiig `g ils Egrom`lrgs, y gstmk`l gsm sgýlrm gk trmksg, gi Gspårhtu `g im _rm. J. eg `hrhdhÿ im pmimbrm plr su blom, iimeík`leg plr eh klebrg prlphl, qug gi eè`hue ohgrtmegktg kl olkloåm: ’Iuohmkl, vgkdl m `gohrtg il qug tg kl pu`g nmogr mktgs `g eh eugrtg. Xl nmbåm olilom`l ukl thtuil `g 766 crmkols `g im Olepmýåm Crmhsshkgt gktrg gi vh`rhl y gi clk`l `gi gspgjl qug gstí gk im olohkm. Eh emrh`l vm m omebhmrsg y vgk`gr, tmi vgz, gsg lbjgtl. G_ prgohsl il prgvgkås `g gsl.― Gsorhbå mi _r. J., qug `hl im kgogsmrhm búsqug`m, y nmiiÿ gi tåtuil gk gi iudmr hk`hom`l.― Oimrm Dmihonlu, gk su ihbrl ’_luvgkhgrs gt Vrlbiîegs _phrhtgs―, rgchgrg (píds. 26> y shduhgktgs) qug, nmbhgk`l gvlom`l Bggtnlvgk,, ph`hÿ mi Gspårhtu qug sg nmbåm emkhcgstm`l gk klebrg `gi oèigbrg oleplshtlr qug ig`g gsg ukm prugbm `gh`gkth`m`, egkohlkmk`l ukngonl `g su vh`m, qug kh giim olklohgrm kh im _rtm. R., qug mshståm m im sgshÿk. Gi Gspårhtu rgsplk`hÿ: ’@g bugkl drm`l, y vhgkg m sgr: tuvg gk eh vh`m uk drmk melr y ukm prlcuk`m mèhrmohÿk: gi melr plr im Juihtm, im mèhrmohÿk plr Kmpligïl. _htms, cug pmrm èi qug olepusg im _hkclkhm ngrÿhom.― Gsms `ls mssgrä÷gs, qug im _rtm. R. y Oimrm D. hdklrmbmk, slk gxmotms. Bggtnlvgk kl sg omsÿ, pgrl gstuvl euonls mýls gkmelrm`l plr im _rtm.Júihm `g Duhoohmr`h, qug cug`gsplsm`m, eís tmr`g, plr gi Olk`g `g Dmiigkbgrd.. _g smbg hdumiegktg qug Bggtnlvgk nmbåm sh`l uk mèhrm`lr `gi dgkhl `g Kmpligïl H, gk quhgk vgåm uk nèrlg rgpubihomkl (sho) `ltm`l `g ims emylrgs vhrtu`gs pmtrhÿthoms. Oumk`l olegkzÿ m gsorhbhr im ’_hkclkhm ngrÿhom―, tgkohlkmvm `mrig gi klebrg `g ’Blkmpmrtg― y prgtgk`åm `g`homrim mi prhegrl oðksui `g im Rgpúbihom Crmkogsm. Pgkåm ym gsorhtl im `g`homtÿrhm, oumk`l uk `åm ukl `g sus mehdls vhkl m mkukohmrig qug gi prhegrl oðksui mombmbm `g nmogrsg prloimemr gepgrm`lr. Bggtnlvgk gxoimeÿ: ’Lrm, pugs! gs uk mebhohlsl olel tl`ls.― X, gk iudmr im shepig `gklehkmohÿk ’Blkmpmrtg―, pusl gstm ltrm: ’_hkclkhm grlhom pgr cgstgddhmrg hi slvvgkhrg ùk`g drmk`'ulel―. Ohgrtls Gspårhtus rgvgimk su h`gkth`m`, gk gi trmksg, plr uk igkdumjg olkvgkohlkmi, hdklrm`m plr gi eè`hue. Pmi gs gi omsl `gi Gspårhtu Clurom`g, qug sg oleukhoÿ olk gi mbm`g Drhemu`, gk Mvhdklk, gk =>88, plr eg`hl `g sgýmigs usm`ms gktrg ils slr`ls-eu`ls, y sgdúk uk eètl`l gspgohmi `g qug cugrm èi il

=>0 | V í d h k m


=86?

hkvgktlr. Im emkhcgstmohÿk sg prlùjl gk ukm rgukhÿk gk qug sÿil gsg goigshísthol ig pl`åm oleprgk`gr gi sgkth`l.20? Masmalc200 ohtm uk omsl mkíildl. Gi Gspårhtu `g ukm sgýlrm cmiigoh`m, qug gk vh`m cugrm slr`m y omebhm, trmksehthÿ m su emrh`l, plr hktgreè`hl `g im eè`hue _rm. Olrwhk, gk _hrmousm (GG.WW.), ukm oleukhomohÿk eg`hmktg gi micmbgtl `g ilsslr`ls-eu`ls: ’Grm olelvg`lrm im gsogkm: gi emrh`l sg olksgrvmbm `gimktg `g im eè`hue gk trmksg y `hrhdåm m su eujgr `hvgrsms prgduktms, plr sgýmigs, y gstm rgsplk`åm m sus pgksmehgktls `g hdumi emkgrm, plr hktgreè`hl `g uk lrdmkhsel gxtrmýl, `g ukm pgrslkm qug kukom nubg prmothom`l gsg el`l `g olkvgrsmohÿk.― Ltrls Gspårhtus, våothems `g mooh`gktgs, duåmk ims pgrslkms hkouebh`ms `g gkolktrmrigs ils ougrpls: Pgkhgk`l slälbrm`l uk bmrol gk gi pugrtl `g Mrdgi, gk =>87, uk nlebrg sg mnldÿ y kl cug plshbig gkolktrmrig gi om`ívgr. Gi Olemk`mktg Oluregs, `g im Emrhkm `g Dugrrm, mshsthgk`l gk mqugiim ohu`m` m ukm rgukhÿk gspårhtm, nhzl gvlomr gi mnldm`l. Gstg mou`hu m im gvlomäïl, sg hkolrplrÿ gk gi eè`hue, qug omebhÿ `g vlz y `g mothtu`, g nhzl ukm kmrrmohÿk gk gstg sgkth`l: ’Oumk`l gi bmrol slälbrlu, yl gstmbm gk im gsomigrm y omå1 eh phgrkm `grgonm gkchlu plr gktrg `ls trmvhgsms y gi brmzl `g pmimkom `gi omsol eg prlùjl ukm crmoturm `g im phgrkm qug eg heph`hÿ `g `gsvgkohinmr-eg. Nmk `g nmiimr prgk`h`l eh ougrpl 207 gk im gsomigrm, oumk`l plkdmk `g kugvl gi bmrol m ciltmr. G_ hkúthi busomril klutrl iudmr―. Ims emkhcgstmohlkgs plr im egsm kl slk egkls mbuk`mktgs gk prugbms `g h`gkth`m`. Gi Olemk`mktg V. Emrthk (`g ngonl @muvhi), gk sus ’Kltms mkthdums―, 203 rgchgrg gi shduhgktg ngonl qug suog`hÿ gk gi sgkl `g im cmehihm `g su eujgr, gk im hsim `g im Rgukhÿk, gk =>36, y gs olkchrem`l plr ils tgsthelkhls `g vmrhls `g sus pmrhgktgs: ’Wkm tmr`g gk qug gstmbm rgukh`m im cmehihm B. gk tlrkl m ukm egsm, gk gi drmk smiÿk, gk pigkm iuz, uk Gspårhtu ph`hÿ qug iimemrmk gi _r. M. B., mbugil `g eh eujgr (im oumi múk kl grm kmoh`m), m chk `g trmksehthrig ukm oleukhomohÿk euy heplrtmktg. Gi _r. M. B. cuembm trmkquhimegktg su omonhebl, gk gi mipgk`rg, pgksmk`l gk sus pimktmohlkgs `g omým, gk su cíbrhom, eís qug gk ils Gspårhtus, gk ils oumigs kl orgåm. Il iimemrlk gktlkogs plr im sgduk`m vgz: ’Shk`g, eh qugrh`l pm`rg, gi Gspårhtu ls gspgrm, pmrm `gohrls su klebrg.― ‟ ’@ghxmh-eg gk pmz, ehs nhjls, olk gsms brhkom`ghrms.― Chkmiegktg, ukm `g sus nhjms ig vhkl supihomr qug cugrm mi smiÿk ‟ ’Smels miií, eh nhjm, vgr il qug tu Gspårhtu quhgrg `g eå.― X gi gxogigktg nlebrg sg mprlxheÿ `g im egsm, qug tl`ls sus nhjls rl`gmbmk, prlkukohmk`l im cÿreuim ‟ ’Gspårhtu, qug eg quhgrgs tú<― y il Hkvhshbig `hotÿ: ‟ ’Eh omrl _r. B., yl sly gi Omphtík Rèdkhgr1 m bugk sgdurl ls rgolr`íhs `g qug omrduè vugstrm úithem `g mzúomr gi vgighrl ‟Bugygs nmog ‟`ls egsgs. Eg `g mvgim gi `åmqug (gxmotm,pmrth`m im cgonm), gstíhs gk molr`m`l<― ’_å. X Rludg, gktlkogs<― ’Gktlkogs, yl nhog vgkdl `gohrls vugstrl vgighrl Bugygs Rludg sg pgr`hÿ tltmiegktg, olk im tgepgstm`, gk ils pgýmsols `g _helk's Bmy, gk gi ombl `g im Bugkm Gspgrmkzm, nmog `hgz `åms. Xl y tl`ls ehs emrhkgrls pgrgogels y eh miem kl pl`åm mbmk`lkmr ims lk`ms, slbrg ims oumigs ygrrm `gs`g 20?

Sgr 2ª Vmrtg, omp. ^H^. ’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. HS, B, H. 207 ’Rgsgknm `gi HS Olkdrgsl Hktgrkmohlkmi `g Vsholildåm ―, hkclreg `gi @r. Vmsomi, píd. 4=6, y ’Iltus Bigu―, 24 `g lotubrg `g =866, píd. 244. 203 ’Rgvug _phrhtg―, gkgrl y cgbrgrl `g =86?. 200

=>7 | V í d h k m


=86?

mqugi `åm. Kl qug`mrè trmkquhil shkl trms nmbgrls msgdurm`l qug nhohels tl`l pmrm smivmr gi kmvål1 shk gebmrdl gi emr gstmbm euy gkompgim`l y im dmkm `g @hls sg ouepihÿ.― ‟ ’_h gi motl gs vgr`m`grl ‟ rgsplk`hÿ gi _r. B. ‟ il qug yl eís `gpilrl gs vugstrm eugrtg y m `g vugstrls brmvls emrhkgrls1 pgrl, nmstm prugbm `g il olktrmrhl, eg pgrehtå ù`mr `g im vgrmoh`m`g `g gsm trhstg kugvm. _h ls mnldmstghs, olel pl`èhs gstmr mnå gk gsm egsm<― ‟ ’X, shk gebmrdl, im vgr`m` vgr`m`grm ‟ `hotÿ im egsm, mdhtík`lim y bmthgk`l olk uk phg ríph`megktg1 ‟ vgrèhs, eh omrl _r. B., qug gi mrem`lr `g Kmktgs ls olkchremrí im klthohm `g mquå m oumtrl egsgs. M`hÿs, _r. B.1 pmssmh bhgk, vlsltrls y vugstrm cmehihm.― ‟ ’X prgohsmegktg oumtrl egsgs trms gsg `åm ‟ `goåm gi qugrh`l mbugil `g eh eujgr, olktík`leg gsm nhstlrhm trghktm y ohkol mýls eís tmr`g ‟ plrqug gk gsm èplom kl tgkåmels olel nly ils vmplrgs qug kls iigvmk gi olrrgl `ls vgogs plr egs, im pèr`h`m `gi kmvål Bugygs Rludg, `g su gquhpmdge y `gi brmvl Omphtík Rèdkhgr, il qug cug rgmiegktg olkchrem`l.― ’]ug rgsplk`gr m gsl<― ‟ mým`åm chilsÿchomegktg gi qugrh`l vhgjl.― Wk ltrl omsl `gelkstrmthvl gs gi shduhgktg, mtgstm`l plr T. _tgm` y rgprlùoh`l plr im ’Rgvug _ohgkthchqug gt Elrmig ù _phrhthseg―, `g gkgrl `g =860:. ’@urmktg sgemkms y egsgs mktgs `g im eugrtg `g eh ngremkl, olkvgrsíbmels mogrom `g im oleuknïl `g ils Gspårhtus, oumk`l ohgrtm emýmkm eg ph`hÿ èi qug ig `g gsg uk pg`mzl `g vmjhiim `g bmrrl, pgkm y thktm. Nhzl `ls emroms im thktm gk uk `g ils im`ls y ukm gk gi ltrl1 qugbrmk`l gksgduh`m gk `ls gi crmdegktl `g bmrrl, eg `hl ukl `g ils pg`mzls, rgolegk`ík`leg qug il dumr`mrm olkimouh`m`l plol thgepltrms `gspuès gsolk`hÿ gi `lk`g ltrl gk iudmr Eg slimegktg `g èi olkloh`l, gk hktgkohÿky `g vgkhreg, su eugrtg, rgvgimr sg uk nmiimbm. sgråm gktlkogs plshbig olepmrmril, il qug prlbmråm tgkgr èi vhkhgk`l m oleukhomrsg, shk eh hktgrvgkohÿk egktmi, pugs qug yl hdklrmråm olepigtmegktg gi gsolk`htg `gi lbjgtl. Prms su eugrtg y `g vmrhms tgktmthvms, kls sgktmels, yl y eh em`rg, m im egsm, y ng mnå qug, plr gi micmbgtl sligtrm`l, kls cug `honl: ’Gi pg`mzl `g vmjhiim gstí gk eh lchohkm, bmjl gi tlemnmwa. ‟ Bgkjm―.204 Cuh m su lchohkm, qug trms su eugrtg sg olksgrvmbm ogrrm`l, gkolktrè gi crmdegktl gk ougsthÿk gk gi iudmr hk`hom`l y, mprlxheík`lil `gi qug nmbåm dumr`m`l, vh qug ils `ls sg mjustmbmk pgrcgotmegktg y qug ims sgýmigs olk qug nmbåmk sh`l emrom`ls olkolr`mbmk gk mbsliutl. Egkohlkmrè múk ltrl hkoh`gktg, qug thgkg pmrm eå tmktl vmilr olel gi prg-ohtm`l. Eh ngremkl eg gsorhbhÿ ukm omrtm, gk im ehsem lomshÿk gk qug eg nmbåm `m`l gi crmdegktl `g vmjhiim, imorlu- m y eg `hjl qug kl m igygrm, plrqug eg hk`hområm su olktgkh`l. Cug múk plr gi eètl`l micmbèthol `g pmkom`ms olk im egsm qug vhkg m smbgr gi olktgkh`l `g im omrtm, qug rgzmbm mså: ’Júihm! prlog`g bhgk y sè cgihz! ‟ Bgkjm―. Grm gxmotl: ims pmimbrms `g im omrtm nmbåmk sh`l gsms. Kl tgkdl im eåkhem ngshtmäïl gk chremr eh klebrg, plrqug sÿil `hdl im vgr`m`.―. Im cltldrmcåm `g ils Gspårhtus suehkhstrm tmebhèk su olkthkdgktg `g prugbms. ’Im Rgvug―, `g =7 `g gkgrl `g =868, pubihom uk mrtåouil `gi ehsel T. P. _tgm`, hkthtuim`l ’Olel oleukhomr olk gi M`geís<―, `gi oumi gxtrmgels gi trmel rgcgrgktg m im cltldrmcåm `g ils hkvhshbigs, qug mså olehgkzm:

204

Mbrgvhmturm `g Bgkjmehe.

=>3 | V í d h k m


=86?

’Eg mprgsurl m `gsmremr gi igotlr gsoèpthol, mèhthgk`l qug km`m gs eís cíohi qug mùitgrmr cltldrmcåms `g gsg dèkgrl, y mým`hrè qug uk prgsth`hdhtm`lr pug`g shgeprg gkdmýmr gi lbsgrvm`lr `gsolkchm`l y vhdhimktg.. Ims onmpms `g qug eg shrvl, plr eå múk rgvgim`ms y qug, mi `geís, slk emrom`ms, suehkhstrmråmk midukm dmrmktåm olktrm ils crmu`gs. Vgrl, sg orgl gk im mutgkthoh`m`g `g ims cltldrmcåms, gs plrqug eg chrel gk mrduegktls `gelkstrmthvls `g ltrm lr`gk. Im prugbm `g mutgkthoh`m`g `g im cltldrmcåm `g uk Gspårhtu olkshstg mktgs `g tl`l gk im gjgouohÿk `g uk rgtrmtl pgrcgotmegktg rgolkngoåvgi `g im pgrslkm cmiigoh`m plr uk cltÿdrmcl qug km`m mbsliutmegktg sgpm `g im gxhstgkohm `g gsm pgrslkm y, gksgduh`m, gk gi ngonl `g kl sgr pgrohbh`m clrem midukm vhshbig plr gi lpgrm`lr l plr quhgk mshstg m im lpgrmohÿk. Pmigs cltldrmcåms cugrlk plr eå lbtgkh`ms, kl ukm, eís rgpgth`ms vgogs. Rgcgrhrè mnlrm úkhomegktg uk omsl. Gi cltÿdrmcl, ouym eg`hukh`m`g pgrehtg cltldrmchmr il Hkvhshbig, gs uk mrthstm ym vhgjl y shk hkstruoohÿk, pmrthouimrh`m` qug il heph`g múk, gk `m`ms ohroukstmkohms, `g loupmrsg vgktmjlsmegktg `g su prlcgshÿk. G_ oimrhvh`gktg y, olel plr eh pmrtg il `g klehkmrgh, oimrhmu`hgktg. @urmktg im úithem dugrrm `g ils Blgrs, cuh pg`hrig ukm sgshÿk, ourhlsl qug gstmbm `g smbgr il qug hråm m pmsmrsg. Mpgkms eg nmbåm sgktm`l gkcrgktg `gi bugkl vhgjl, eg `hjl èi: ‟ Puvg ltrl `åm ukm turrm. Wk vhgjl Blgr vhkl m eh tmiigr1 trmåm ukm omrmbhkm y suyl ehrg cgrlz eg omusÿ olrrgotl ehg`l. ’Pg vm mukqug ‟ ig `hjl yl1 ‟ kl eg dustmk mrems `g cugdl.― Èi sg cug1 pgrl vlivhÿ y gstí mnå. Gktrÿ olk vlsegoê1 kl trmg im omrmbhkm y su ehrmr ym kl gs tmk cgrlz. @gbl olksgkthr qug qug`g< ‟ Ohgrtmegktg ‟ rgsplk`å ‟. Juzdm qug il pl`rí cltldrmchmr< ‟ Kl sè ‟ `hjl gi vhgjl ‟1 pug`l gxpgrhegktmr. Eg sgktè `gimktg `g im lbjgthvm y gi lpgrm`lr gepuknlu gi lbturm`lr. Xl km`m pl`åm vgr1 mktgs, shk gebmrdl, `g im gxplshohÿk `g im onmpm, hktgrrlduè gi cltÿdrmcl: ‟ Vugs qug klutrl `åm ig nmbiÿ, pl`rí nmbimrigmnlrm kugvmegktg < ‟ @gogrtl1 èi gstí shgeprg mtrís `g vlsegoê.. ‟ Èi ig rgsplk`grí, sh gi hktgrrldmr< ‟ Kl sè, vmels m vgr.. ‟ Vrgdúktgig gi klebrg. Gi cltÿdrmcl tuvl gi dgstl `g nmogr ukm prgduktm egktmi y gspgrmr im rgspugstm. G hkeg`hmtmegktg: ‟ @hog èi qug sg iimem Vhgt Bltnm.

=>4 | V í d h k m


=86?

‟ Vhgt Bltnm< ‟ lbjgtgh gk uk tlkl `g ù`m. ‟ Olklzol Chihpg, Iuås, Orhsthmkl y kl sè oumktls ltrls Bltnm, pgrl kukom lå nmbimr `g gsg Vhgt. ‟ @hog èi qug gs su klebrg ‟ rgpihoÿ, tghelsl, gi vhgjl. Oumk`l rgvgiÿ im onmpm, vh, `g phg, mtrís `g eå, uk rmpmdïl bmrbm`l, qug tmktl pl`råm sgr uk blgr olel uk eujhoa. Kl `hjl ukm pmimbrm1 pgrl gspgrè nmstm gi chk `g im dugrrm y, oumk`l iigdÿ Ilk`rgs gi Dgkgrmi Bltnm, ig gkvhè im cltldrmcåm plr hktgreè`hl `gi _r. Chsongr, motumi prhegr-ehkhstrl `gi Gstm`l Ihbrg `g Lrmkdg. Gi `åm shduhgktg, gi _r. Tgssgis, `gigdm`l `g uk ltrl Gstm`l, vhkl m busomreg. ‟ @lk`g lbtuvl gi sgýlr gstm cltldrmcåm qug `hl mi _r. Chsongr< Ig kmrrè chgiegktg olel sg nmiimbm giim gk eh pl`gr. Egkglu im ombgzm: ‟ Kl orgl gk miems `gi ltrl euk`l1 pgrl `ådmeg sgrhmegktg `g `lk`g ig vhkl gsg rgtrmtl. Mqugi nlebrg jmeís olklohÿ Thiihme _tgm`1 kukom phsÿ m Hkdimtgrrm. ‟ Ig `hjl oÿel il lbtuvg ‟ hkshstå yl ‟ y gi sgýlr pug`g kl orggreg1 pgrl plr què sg eugstrm mså tmk mèhrm`l< ‟ Vlrqug mquginlebrg ‟ `hjl ‟ gs ukl `gehs pmrhgktgs1 tgkdl gk eh omsm su rgtrmtl. ‟ Nubhstg @gbh`l! ‟ gxoimeè. ‟ G_ eugrtl< ‟ Cug gi prhegr olemk`mktg blgr qug eurhÿ gk gi ogrol `g Ahebgrigy... Vgtrus Bltnm ‟ mým`hÿ ‟ pgrl, pmrm mbrgvhmr, gi mpgih`ívmels Vhgt. Olksgrvl gsm cltldrmcåm gk eh pl`gr1 cug hdumiegktg h`gkthchom`m plr ltrls `gigdm`ls `g ils Gstm`ls Ihbrgs, qug tmebhèk nmbåmk olkloh`l Vhgt Bltnm. Lrm, gsl kl sg gxpihom plr im tgigpmthm kh ombg mèhthr im nhpÿtgshs `g crmu`g. Cug plr egrl momsl qug pg`å mi cltÿdrmcl vgrhchqug sh gi Gspårhtu `mråm gi klebrg. Km`hg gk Hkdimtgrrm, tmktl ouíktl pu`g ogrthchomreg, smbåm qug gxhståm Vhgt Bltnm.― Gk vmrhms ohroukstmkohms, Gspårhtus `gsgkomrkm`ls olktrhbuygk olk sus hk`homohlkgs pmrm im rgduimrhzmäïl `g sus kgdlohls tgrrgstrgs1 myu`mk m gkolktrmr tgstmegktls louitls l gxtrmvhm`ls.. Gi @r. Oyrhmx, gk su brlonurm ’@hg Ignrg Slk Dghst―, rgchgrg uk ngonl `g gsg dèkgrl gk qug èi prlphl tleÿ pmrtg: ’Wk euonmonl `g Bmithelrg, iimem`l Rlbgrt, nmbåm sh`l gùom`l plr ukm `g sus tåms, rhom, ogihbmtírhm, qug, nmbhèk`lil m`lptm`l, nubg ngonl `mrig ukm hkstruoohÿk olepigtm y il nmbåm omsm`l. _g nubl Ngonl èi pm`rg `g cmehihm, oumk`l su tåm cmiigohÿ súbhtmegktg. Kl sg ig nmiiÿ tgstmegktl midukl y ils pmrhgktgs hktgrgsm`ls trmtmrlk `g gxoiuhr `g im ngrgkohm gi _r. Rlbgrt. Gstg, gxtrgem`megktg pgrpigxl, cug, plr hk`homohÿk `g midukls mehdls, olksuitmr im _rm. Elrhii, eè`hue m im tgst, qug gvloÿ im tåm cmiigoh`m. Rgvgiÿ gktlkogs gsg Gspårhtu qug gi tgstmegktl gstmbm dumr`m`l gk uk mremrhl `g rlpm bimkom, gk gi phsl supgrhlr `g su vhvgk`m. _ÿil trms rgegxh`l tl`l gi olktgkh`l `gi mremrhl cug qug sg nmiiÿ, gk uk phg `g eg`hm, gi `louegktl, tmi ouíi cugrm `gsorhtl. =>> | V í d h k m


=86?

Km`hg gk gi euk`l, y gi eè`hue egkls qug ltrm pgrslkm, pl`åm tgkgr im eåkhem h`gm `g tmi gsolk`htg. _ÿil gi Gspårhtu `g im tåm gstmbm gk gi omsl `g suehkhstrmr mqugiim kh `homohÿk.― Masmalc kmrrm uk ngonl sgegjmktg, gxtrmå`l `g ils ’Vrlogg`hkds―, vli. ^SH, píd. ?7?. Gi Vråkohpg `g _myk-Thttdgkstghk-Bgrigsblurd lbtuvl `gi Dgkgrmi Bmrïl `g Alrcc, eugrtl nmbåm midukls egsgs, ukm oleukhomohÿk gsplktâkgm, gk im oumi ig `gtgrehkmbm qug rgvgimrm m su cmehihm gi iudmr gk qug, plr gkgehstm`, nmbåmk gsolk`h`l su tgstmegktl. Gsg `louegktl cug `gsoubhgrtl gk gi iudmr hk`hom`l plr gi Gspårhtu.20> M gsls ngonls mým`hrgels `ls omsls `g h`gkth`m`, pubihom`ls plr X. Blzzmkl gk ’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonhqugs― `g gkgrl `g =8=6, y qug olkshsthgrlk gk gsorhtls l olkvgrsmohlkgs gk igkdums `gsolkloh`ms plr gi eè`hue. Cug gi prhegrl rgcgrh`l plr Eygrs gk su lbrm slbrg im ’Olkohgkohm subihehkmi― (’Vrlogg`hkds lc tng _.V.R.―, vli. H^, píd. =20) y gs olkogrkgktg m uk gphsl`hl `g gsorhturm lbtgkh`m plr hktgreè`hl `g ukm khým `g == mýls, nhjm `gi _r. Nudn Juklr Brlwk, qug il pubihoÿ gk uk ihbrl hkthtuim`l ’Png Nliy Prutn―. Eygrs olklohÿ pgrslkmiegktg gi kmrrm`lr y msgdurm su pgrcgotm shkogrh`m`. Rgprlùohels im kmrrmthvm `g gstg úithel: ’Vmsgmk`l uk `åm olk eh eujgr, gkolktrè uk kgdrl qug yl kl olkloåm, pgrl qug hkeg`hmtmegktg eg pmrgohÿ uk omcrg, gk rmzÿk `g ils mkonls lrhchohls qug prgsgktmbm gk ims lrgjms, olstuebrg pgouihmrm m gsm rmzm. Prms gi tgkgr gkougstm`l gk su igkdum kmthvm, il qug nubhstg `gbh`l il slrprgk`hÿ, il hkvhtè m vgkhr kugstrm omsm y ig `h eh `hrgoohÿk. _g prgsgktÿ èi justmegktg gk im lomshÿk gk qug nmoåmels gxpgrhgkohms eg`húkhoms. @hjl mi orgm`l qug il nhohgrm gktrmr y prgduktè sh kl gstmråmk prgsgktgs Gspårhtus mehdls suyls. Im emkl `g eh nhjm gsorhbhÿ, gk rgspugstm, vmrhls klebrgs omcrgs, qug yl igå pmrm gi kgdrl lår y qug èi r golkngogu, emkhcgstmk`l drmk`g gspmktl. Vrgduktè gktlkogs sg tmigs mehdls tgkåmk midukm olsm m `gohr mi kgdrl g hkeg`hmtmegktg cug gsorhtm gk igkdum omcrg ukm crmsg gk qug nmbåm pmimbrms qug yl kl olkloåm. Ims igå m eh vhshtmktg, qug igs oleprgk`hÿ pgrcgotmegktg im shdkhchomohÿk, gxogptl m `g ukm úkhom pmimbrm. Hktgktè nmogril gktgk`grim, prlkukohík`lim `g vmrhls el`ls, pgrl vmkmegktg. @g rgpgktg, im emkl `g eh nhjm gsorhbhÿ: ’@m uk gstmil olk im igkdum.― Eg rgolr`è gktlkogs `g uk omrmotgråsthol gstmil qug `gbg nmbhtumiegktg molepmýmr im igtrm t, gk im igkdum omcrg, y prlkukohè im pmimbrm olkclreg gi eètl`l hk`hom`l, olkshduhgk`l nmogreg oleprgk`gr hkeg`hmtmegktg. Eg ouepig sgýmimr qug eh nhjm khkdukm pmimbrm olklog `gi omcrg, nmbhgk`l kmoh`l mýls trms nmbgr yl `gjm`l mqugiims rgdhlkgs. Vrgduktè quhèk grm gi sujgtl qug`hrhdåm im emkl `g eh nhjm, shgk`l dgkgrmiegktg gi mrtg `g gsorhbhr hdklrm`m plr ils omcrgs, y eg cug rgsplk`h`l qug gi `hotm`l cugrm gsorhtl plr uk vhgjl mehdl eål, N. _., im pg`h`l `g ils mehdls `gi kgdrl. Lrm, N. _., pgrslkm ouitm y `g plshohÿk, nmbimbm gi omcrg, nmbhgk`l imrdl thgepl gk Kmvh`m`. Gk gigvm`m gsg elegktl gxpihquè m ehpgrcgotmegktg vhshtmktg qug ils Gspårhtus `g sus rgsh`h`l mehdls gstmbmk prgsgktgs, il qug pmrgohÿ mtgrrmril.― Gi Ehkhstrl Vigkhpltgkohírhl `g im _grbhm gk Ilk`rgs, _r. Ong`l Ehjmtlvhon, gsorhbhÿ gi shduhgktg mi `hrgotlr `gi ’Ihdnt― (=86>, píd. =?3) 20>

Masmalc ‟ ’Mkhehsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. HS, B, S.

=>8 | V í d h k m


=86?

’Kl sly gspårhtm, pgrl eg gkougktrl prgohsmegktg gk gi omehkl qug olkùog m gsm orggkohm, y cuh mtrmå`l drmohms m ukm gxpgrhgkohm pgrslkmi, qug juzdl `g eh `gbgr nmogr púbihom. (Mnå rgchgrg èi qug vmrhls gspårhtms núkdmrls ig gsorhbhgrlk, ph`hèk`lig busomrm gk Ilk`rgs midúk eè`hue bhgk olksh`grm`l, m chk `g, shgk`l plshbig, gktrmr gk rgimohÿk olk uk mkthdul slbgrmkl sgrbhl y olksuitmril slbrg `gtgrehkm`l msuktl.) M gsg thgepl gxmotmegktg ‟ olkthkúm èi ‟ eh eujgr nmbåm `honl oumiquhgr olsm mogrom `g uk _r. Smkdl, `ltm`l, mi qug sg `goåm, `g kltmbigs cmouitm`gs eg`húkhoms,y plr gsg elthvl il cuh busomr. Kukom il nmbåm vhstl y, plr su im`l, èi tmebhèk kukom eg vugiom. Khkdukm rmzÿk nmy pmrm suplkgrsg qug èi tgkåm hkclremohlkgs m eh rgspgtl, l qug ims nubhgrm m`hvhkm`l. M eh prgduktm, sh eg pl`råm plr gk rgimohÿk olk gi Gspårhtu gk qug yl pgksmbm, rgsplk`hÿ el`gstmegktg qug m vgogs grm bhgk suog`h`l, pgrl kh shgeprg, y qug ltrms euonms, mi olktrmrhl, sg emkhcgstmbmk Gspårhtus kl `gsgm`ls plr gi olksuigktg. Gksgduh`m sg `goimrÿ m eh `hsplshohÿk, rgolegk`ík`leg qug olkogktrmrm gi pgksmehgktl gk gi Gspårhtu qug yl `gsgmbm. Gk plol m`lregohÿ gi _r. Smkdl y olegkzÿ: ’Gstí mquå gi Gspårhtu `g uk eläl qug pmrgog euy mcihtl plr nmbimrig, pgrl sg gxprgsm gk ukm igkdum qug yl kl olklzol.― Gi slbgrmkl sgrbhl, gk quhgk nmbåm yl olkogktrm`l gi pgksmehgktl, nubg cmiigoh`l ym emùrl gk =>761 yl gstmbm, shk gebmrdl, ourhlsl `g smbgr quhèk sgråm gsg jlvgk Gspårhtu mcihtl plr nmbimreg y pg`å mi eè`hue qug rgphthgrm mi egkls ukm pmimbrm prlkukohm`m plr im gkth`m` prgsgktg, mi qug rgsplk`hÿ qug il hktgktmråm. Mså `hohgk`l, hkoihkÿ gi bustlpmrm im pmrg` gkcrgktg `g im oumi gstmbm sgktm`l, gkukm mothtu` `g quhgk sg plkg m gsouonmr. G hkeg`hmtmegktg, olk gxtrgem slrprgsm pmrm eå, olegkzÿ m prlkukohmr igktmegktg gk igkdum sgrbhm: phnhtg elyly eh emtgrh Kmtmihyh `g im yg elihe `g im eh lprlsth―, ouym trmùoohÿk gs: ’Pg’Elihe ph`l gi vms cmvlr `g gsorhbhr em`rg Kmtíihm, `hohèk`lig qug hepilrl su pgr`ÿk.― Oleprgk`å kmturmiegktg qug sg trmtmbm `gi Gspårhtu `gi jlvgk Rgy Migxmk`rg. Vg`å gktlkogs mi _r. Smkdl qug ig `gsorhbhgrm im mpmrhgkohm, y èi ihstmegktg: ’Ln! gs nlrrhbig! _u ougrpl gstí orhvm`l oÿel qug `g puknmim`ms!―. _h tuvhgrm ltrm prugbm sgr kgogsmrhm pmrm olkvgkogreg `g im h`gkth`m` `gi Gspårhtu oleukhomktg, bmstmbm m qug gksgduh`m eg `hl gi _r. Smkdl, mým`hgk`l: ’Gi Gspårhtu ig `gsgm `gohr qug `gpilrm memrdmegktg kl nmbgr sgduh`l su olksgjl gk il qug rgspgotm m im grgäïl `g uk olrrgotl elkuegktl y m ims eg`h`ms plihohmigs m m`lptmr gk gi omsl.― _g rgcgråm gsl m uk olksgjl olkch`gkohmi qug yl nmbåm `mtl mi Rgy Migxmk`rg, `ls mýls mktgs `g su mssmssåkhl, y qug gk im lomshÿk èi juzdmbm hktgepgsthvl, sÿil pu`hgk`l m suyl vgr sgr pugstl gk príothom gk gi olehgkzl `g =860. @gbl mým`hr qug gi _r. Smkdl rgphthÿ ims pmimbrms sgrbhms `g uk el`l bhgk omrmotgråsthol, prlkukohík`lims shimbm plr såimbm y olegkzmk`l plr im úithem `g om`m pmimbrm, pmrm vlivgr m im prhegrm. Olel `ly pubihoh`m` mi ngonl gk gi hktgrès `g im vgr`m`, kl ngshtl gk chremr eh klebrg olk im hk`homohÿk `g eh omrdl. ‟ (Chrem`l) Ong`l Ehjmtlvhon, Ehkhstrl Vigkhpltgkohírhl `g im _grbhm gk im Olrtg `g _mhkt-Jmegs1 ?, Rgònhccg-dmr`gks, _.T., Ilk`rgs.― Gi _r. @. Nleg, chkmiegktg, gk ’Ihcg mk` Ehsshlk― (píds. =8 m 22), `gsorhbg uk olkjuktl `g prugbms `g h`gkth`m`, lbtgkh`ms plr im eg`hukh`m`g vh`gktg y mu`hthvm, qug juzdmels `gbgr mquå rgprlùohr:208

208

Sgr tmebhèk: ’Ig Eè`hue @. Nleg―, plr Iluhs Dmr`y, pídhkms 4> y >=.

=86 | V í d h k m


=86?

’Mi thgepl gk qug yl nmbhtmbm _prhkdchgi` (Emss), cuh molegth`l `g drmvg gkcgreg`m` qug eg rgtuvl gk gi igonl plr midúk thgepl. Wk `åm, gk gi elegktl gk qug gi eè`hol mombmbm `g rgthrmrsg, vhkl uk Gspårhtu oleukhomrsg olkehdl y eg trmksehthÿ gstm `gtgrehkmohÿk: ’Sms m tlemr gstm tmr`g gi trgk pmrm Nmrtclr`1 sg trmtm `g msuktl heplrtmktg pmrm gi prldrgsl `g im omusm. Kl `hsoutms1 cmzg shepigegktg il qug tg `gohels.― @h pmrtg eh cmehihm `g gsm gxtrmým lr`gk y, m pgsmr `g eh gstm`l `g cimqugzm, tleè gi trgk, hdklrmk`l olepigtmegktg il qug hbm m nmogr y oumi gi chk `g tmi vhmjg. Iigdm`l im Nmrtclr`, cuh mblr`m`l plr uk `gsolkloh`l, qug eg `hjl: ’Kl tuvg lomshÿk `gi vgr shkl ukm vgz1 shk gebmrdl, orgl kl gstmr gkdmým`l: gs gi _r. Nleg, kl gs vgr`m`<― Rgsplk`å mchremthvmegktg, mým`hgk`l qug iigdmbm im Nmrtclr`, shk smbgr mbsliutmegktg il qug mnå qugråmk `g eå. ’X gxtrmlr`hkmrhl! ‟ rgpihoÿ eh hktgriloutlr ‟ yl vgkåm m tlemr justmegktg gi trgk pmrm hr m busomril gk _prhkdchgi`.― Eg gxpihoÿ gktlkogs qug ukm heplrtmktg cmehihm, euy olkloh`m, eg emk`mbm hkvhtmr m vhshtmrim y prgstmrig eh olkoursl, gk ims hkvgsthdmohlkgs qug `gsgmbm nmogr gk ougsthÿk `g Gsphrhthsel. Gi chk `gi vhmjg olegkzmbm, plr il tmktl, m gsblzmr- sg1 pgrl gi ehstgrhl olkthkumbm hepgkgtrmbig gk oumktl miprlsgduhehgktl `g gsm mvgkturm. Wk mdrm`mbig trmygotl gk omrrumdge kls olkùjl ríph`megktg m kugstrl `gsthkl. Gi ùgýl `g im omsm, _r. Tmr` Ongkgy, gstmbm justmegktg m im pugrtm y eg `hl im bhgkvgkh`m, `hohgk`l qug gi eís og`l qug gspgrmbm vgreg iigdug grm gi `åm shduhgktg. Mi pgkgtrmr gk gi vgståbuil, eg mtrmjl im mtgkohÿk gi crucru `g pgsm`l vgsth`l `g sg`m. Rgpmrmohÿk gk tlrkl m eå y qug`l slrprgk`h`l `g kl vgr pgrslkm midukm1 iugdl, shk gebmrdl, pmsmels m ukl `g ils smilkgs, y kl eg prgloupè eís olk gi hkoh`gktg. Vlol `gspuès `hvhsè gk gi vgståbuil ukm sgýlrm mkohmkm, bmhxhknm, trmjmk`l uk vgsth`l `g sg`m gkolrpm`m, ohkzgktm, y qug pmrgoåm euy mtmrgcm`m. Mnå gstmbm im gxpihomohÿk `gi ehstgrhl: yl nubg lå`l, shk m vgr, gsm pgrslkm qug mk`mbm plr im omsm, `g ukl pmrm ltrl im`l. Nmbhèk`lsg ngonl kugvmegktg lår gi crucru `g im sg`m, y nmbhèk`lil gi _r. Ongkgy kltm`l mi thgepl qug yl, eg prgduktÿ èi `lk`g pl`råm prlvgkhrgsg ruh`l: ’Ln! ‟ rgsplk`å ‟ gs `gi vgsth`l `g sg`m ohkzgktm `g mqugiim sgýlrm mkohmkm qug gstí miiå gk gi vgståbuil.]uhèk gs gsm pgrslkm<― Im mpmrhäïl grm tmk `hsthkduh`m, olk gcgotl, qug yl kl tgkåm im eís pgqugým ù`m `g qug mqugiim sgýlrm cugrm ukm orhmturm `g omrkg y nugsl.. Iigdmk`l gk gsg elegktl gi rgstl `g im cmehihm, ims prgsgktmohlkgs heph`hgrlk gi _r. Ongkgy `g rgsplk`greg, y km`m eís pu`g sgpm gk im lomshÿk1 nmbhgk`l sh`l, shk gebmrdl, sgrvh`l im ogkm, mèhrè- eg `g kl vgr m im egsm im sgýlrm `gi vgsth`l `g sg`m: mduälu-eg im ourhlsh`m` y gsm pgrslkm sg nhzl `gs`g gktlkogs pmrm eå uk elthvl `g prgloupmohÿk. Oumk`l im slohg`m` sg rgthrÿ `g im smim `g ogkm, nhog m lår gi rlämdmr `gi vgsth`l `g sg`m. Km`m vgåm, pgrl lå `hsthktmegktg ukm vlz qug `goåm: ’Gstly mblrrgoh`m plr nmbgr olilom`l uk mtmú` slbrg gi eål1 kl quhgrl qug miií il `gjgk qug`mr.― Pgkhgk`l oleukhom`l mi jgcg `g im cmehihm y su eujgr gi gxtrmýl rgom`l, giils sg ehrmrlk olk slrprgsm1 `gspuès gi _r. Ongkgy, qugbrmk`l gi shigkohl, eg `hjl qug ’rgolkloåm pgrcgotmegktg mqugi vgsth`l,su olilr y múk im omih`m` `g im sg`m gkolrpm`m1 pgrl, ‟ mým`hÿ ‟ im rgcgrgkohm mi mtmú` olilom`l slbrg gi suyl gs mbsur`m y grrÿkgm.― Gsm rgspugstm eg `gjÿ pgrpigxl1 kl smbåm ym il qug `gohr, tmktl eís qug mktgs `g im oleukhomohÿk yl kl nmbåm slspgonm`lqug sg trmtmbm `g ukm `gsgkomrkm`m1 kl olkloåm

=8= | V í d h k m


=86?

múk ims rgimohlkgs `g cmehihm l `g mehstm` qug pu`hgrmk gxhsthr gktrg im vhgjm `mem y ils Ongkgy. Wkm nlrm eís tmr`g, lå `g rgpgktg im ehsem vlz, prlcgrhk`l gxmotmegktg ims ehsems pmimbrms, pgrl mým`hgk`l: ’M`geís `g gsl, _gtn kl tgkåm gi `grgonl `g olrtmr gsg írbli.― Pgkhgk`l `mtl pmrtg `g gsg kugvl rgom`l mi _r. Ongkgy, qug`ÿ èi euy mprgkshvl. ’Nmy gk tl`l gsl ‟ `hjl èi ‟ midukm olsm bmstmktg shkduimr1 eh ngremkl _gtn nhzl olrtmr uk írbli qug gkoubråm im vhstm `g im mkthdum vhvgk`m y kl`ls shgeprg cuhels`g lphkhÿk qug im pgrslkm qug ig `hog gstmr nmbimk`lkl nmbråm olksgkth`l gk `grrhbmrge-gk im, sh múk pgrtgkgohgrm m gstg euk`l. Gk oumktl mi rgstl `gi mvhsl, kl thgkg shquhgrm slebrm `g bugkl-sgksl.―. Nmbhèk`leg sh`l `m`l, m im klong, im ehsem oleukhomohÿk plr im tgrogrm vgz, eg mrrhgsduè `g kugvl m uk `gsegkth`l clremi, gk gi qug sg rgcgråm mi mtmú`. Gstmbm bmjl heprgshÿk euy mcihthvm, oumk`l eg rgthrè pmrm eh oumrtl. Kukom tgkåm yl rgohbh`l oleukhomohÿk cmism, y múk mèhthgk`l im pgrcgotm vgrmoh`m`g `gi ngonl mrdùh`l, sgegjmktg hkshstêkohm, `g im pmrtg `g uk Gspårhtu `gsgkomrkm`l, gk kl qugrgr qug cugrm uk ltrl mtmú` olilom`l slbrg gi suyl, eg pmrgoåm mbsliutmegktg rh`åouim. Vlr im emýmkm gxpusg mi _r. Ongkgy eh prlcuk`m olktrmrhg`m`g1 èi eg rgsplk`hÿ qug ’tgkåm tmebhèk olk gsl drmk`g pgsmr, pgrl qug hbm m prlbmreg qug gsg Gspårhtu ‟ sg grm `g ngonl quhgk prgtgk`åm sgr ‟ gstmbm olepigtmegktg gkdmým`l. Smels mi jmzhdl `g kugstrm cmehihm ‟ `hjl èi ‟ y vgrí qug, mukqug il quhshèrmels, kl sgråm plshbig olilomr uk mtmú` gkohem `g su.―. Iigdm`ls mi ogegktgrhl, cuhels busomr gi olvghrl qug tgkåm im iimvg `gi jmzhdl. Gk gi elegktl gk qug hbm m mbrhr im pugrtm, èi pmrgohÿ rgcigjmr y `hjl olk uk mhrg uk tmktl gebmrmäm`l, `hrhdhèk`lsg mi _r. Ongkgy: ’@gbl prgvgkhrls, sgýlr, `g qug, olel qug`mbm justmegktg uk pgqugýl gspmohl plr gkohem `g im _rm. ***, olilquè mnå gi pgqugkhkl cèrgtrl `gi nhjl `g I.. Orgl qug gsl kl thgkg heplrtmkohm, pgrl tmi vgz yl nubhgrm ngonl egjlr mvhsík`lls. G_ sÿil `gs`g mygr qug èi mnå gstí.― Jmeís livh`mrè gi ehrmr qug eg imkzÿ gi _r. Ongkgy, mi gxoimemr, vlivhèk`lsg pmrm eå: ’Eh @hls! G_ gktlkogs vgr`m`!― Gk gsm ehsem klong tuvhels ukm kugvm emkhcgstmohÿk `gi Gspårhtu, qug vhkl m `gohrkls: ’Kl orgmk qug yl olkgotg im eåkhem heplrtmkohm mi cèrgtrl olilom`l slbrg gi eål1 pl`råmk mnå mphimr ukm phríeh`g `g mtmú`gs, qug gsl eg sgråm pgrcgotmegktg hk`hcgrgktg. Eh úkhol chk grm prlbmrigs ukm vgz plr tl`ms eh h`gkth`m` y ils hkùohr m im mbsliutm olkvhoohÿk `g qug sly shgeprg uk sgr vhvl y `ltm`l `g rmzÿk, im ehsem X. qug shgeprg cuh. Cug gsg gi chkhtl elthvl qug eg iigvÿ m prlog`gr oÿel il nhog.― * Pl`ls ils ngonls qug mombmels `g ohtmr gstík rgvgsth`ls `g ims dmrmktåms kgogsmrhms pmrm msgdurmr -igs im mutgkthoh`m`g. Gk su emylråm, cugrlk giils slegth`ls m im eís rhdurlsm oråthom. Vl`råmels nmbgr mým`h`l euonls ltrls omsls sgegjmktgs, sh gi pimk `g gstg trmbmjl kl kls hepushgrm iåehtgs rgstrhotls. Gk rgsuegk, pl`gels `gohr qug slk olphlsms ims prugbms `g im supgrvhvgkohm pmrm mqugiils qug ims busomk `g íkhel shkogrl, olk hktgihdgkohm y pgrsgvgrmkäm. Mså, im klohÿk `g hkelrtmih`m` sg `gstmom plol m

=82 | V í d h k m


=86?

plol `g ims slebrms moueuim`ms plr ils slchsems y kgdmohlkgs, y gi miem nuemkm sg mchrem gk su hepgrgog`lurm rgmih`m`. Gi Wkhvgrsl hkchkhtl vhgkg m sgr kugstrm gtgrkm pmtrhm. Im vmstm pgrspgothvm `g ils thgepls sg `gspigdm m kugstrls ljls olel gi omepl `g kugstrls trmbmjls, `g kugstrls gstu`hls y prldrgsls. X oumk`l gstm ogrtgzm pgkgtrÿ gk kugstrl gspårhtu, khkdúk `gscmigohegktl kh tgelr kls pl`g eís mombruknmr, kh gk gstm vh`m kh gk ims hkolktmbigs vh`ms qug gk ils olepgig gi `gsthkl m rgolrrgr..

=8? | V í d h k m


Pgrogrm Vmrtg - Drmk`gzms y Ehsg rgåms `g im Eg`hukh`m`g ^^HH -

Vríothom y Vgihdrls `g im Eg`hukh`m`g

Prms nmbgr imrdl thgepl `gkgdm`l im rgmih`m` `g ils cgkÿegkls gspårhtms, kuegrlsls olktrm`htlrgs, subjudm`ls plr im gvh`gkohm, omebhmrlk mnlrm `g tíothom y mchremk: _å, gi Gsphrhthsel gs vgr`m`grl, pgrl su príothom gs hkäm`m `g pgihdrls.. Kl sg pug`g olktgstmr qug gi Gsphrhthsel lcgrtg pgihdrls m ils hepru`gktgs qug, shk gstu`hls prgvhls, shk prgpmrl, shk eètl`l kh prltgoohÿk gchomz, sg gktrgdmk m ims hkvgsthdmohlkgs louitms. Nmohgk`l `g im gxpgrhegktmohÿk uk pmssmtgepl, ukm cråvlim `hvgrsïl, mtrmgk ils gigegktls hkcgrhlrgs `gi euk`l hkvhshbig, `g ouyms hkciugkohms cmtmiegktg pm`gogk. Gsls pgihdrls, shk gebmrdl, nmk sh`l euy gxmdgrm`ls. Gk tl`ms ims olsms nmy prgomuohlkgs m m`lptmr. Im Cåshom, im ]uåehom y im Eg`hohkm gxhdgk tmebhèk prlilkdm`ls gstu`hls y gi hdklrmktg qug prgtgk`hgrm emkhpuimr substmkohm quåehoms, gxpilshvls l tÿxhols, plk`råm gk rhgsdl im smiu` y im prlphm vh`m. Kl nmy ukm sÿil olsm, olkclreg gi usl qug `g giim nmdmels, qug kl sgm bugkm l emim. G_ shgeprg hkjustl`gstmomr gi im`l emil `g ims príothoms gspårhtms, shk sgýmimr ils bgkgchohls qug `g giims rgsuitmk y qug slbrgpujme olksh`grmbigegktg ils mbusls y ims `gogpohlkgs. Khkdúk prldrgsl, khkdúk `gsoubrhehgktl sg gcgotúm shk pgihdrls. _h km`hg tuvhgrm, `gs`g gi lrhdgk `g ils thgepls, lsm`l mvgkturmrsg gk gi Loèmkl, plrqug im kmvgdmohÿk gs mrrhgsdm`m, qug tgk`råm `g mnå rgsuitm`l< Im Nuemkh`m`, crmdegktm`m gk `hvgrsms cmehihms, pgremkgogråm hksuim`m gk ils olkthkgktgs y nmbråm pgr`h`l tl`l gi prlvgonl qug mucgrg `g ils vhmjgs y pgreutms. Gi euk`l hkvhshbig gs tmebhèk uk vmstl y prlcuk`l loèmkl sgebrm`l `g gsolinls, pgrl rgpigtl `g vh`m y `g rhqugzm. Vlr `gtrís `g im olrthkm `gi m`geís-túeuil sg mdhtmk euithtu`gs hkolktmbigs qug tgkgels hktgrès gk olklogr, plrqug slk `gplshtírhms `gi sgorgtl `g kugstrl prlphl cuturl. @g mnå im kgogsh`m` `g gstu`hmr, `g gxpilrmr gsg euk`l hkvhshbig y plk`grmr-sg ims cugrzms, ils hkgxmuråvghs rgoursls qug olkthgkg,rgoursls mi phg `g ils oumigs ils `g im Phgrrm pmrgogrík uk `åm bhgk rgstrhotls. Oumk`l múk, mi `geís, gk ils `gshktgrgssgels `gi euk`l hkvhshbig, kh plr gsl èi sg `gshktgrgssmrhm `g kl`ls. _u moohÿk slbrg im Nuemkh`m` gs olkstmktg. Gstmels slegth`ls m sus hkciugkohms y sudgrgkohms. ]ugrgr hdklrmril gs olksgrvmrsg hkgreg `gimktg `g gsg euk`l, ehgktrms qug plr uk gstu`hl egtÿ`hol mprgk`gels mtrmgr ims imsemims cugrzms bgkcmzgjms, ils slolrrls, bugkms èi olkoiuyg1 mprgk`gels mm rgpgihr hkciugkohms, m rgmoohlkmr olktrmimsgiims plr imhkciugkohms dmkm y plrqug im pigdmrhm. Pl`l `gpgk`g `gi el`l `g gepigl y `g im `hrgoohÿk `m`m m kugstrms cugrzms egktmigs. X ouíktls emigs nmy, ouyl lrhdgk kls gsompm, plrqug qugrgels hdklrmr gsms olsms, emigs qug pl`råmk sgr gvhtm`ls plr uk gstu`hl prlcuk`hzm`l y olksohgkohlsl `gi euk`l hkvhshbig!

=80 | V í d h k m


=86?

hktgihdgkohm y su olkohgkohm. G_ prgohsl qug sgpmels miomkzmr uk gstm`l elrmi qug kls plkdm mi mbrhdl `g tl`m mdrgshÿk `g ims hk`hvhùmih`m`gs hkcgrhlrgs. _hk gsl, im prgsgkohm `g kugstrls Duåms sgrí hepltgktg pmrm gk ils smivmdumr`mr. Mi olktrmrhl, im iuz qug gk tlrkl m kl`ls prlygotmk m trmhohlkmrí ils Gspårhtus `gi mbhsel, olel im iâepm`m mogsm gk im mepih`ïl `g im klong mtrmg ims cmigkms, ils píjmrls kloturkls, tl`ls ils mim`ls nmbhtmktgs `g im thkhgbim. ]ugbrgels `g ims lbsgss÷gs1 ng mnå mquå midukls gjgepils: Gi eè`hue Chihpg Rmk`lkg, `hog ’Im Eg`hukhtæ―, `g Rlem,27? nm sh`l bimkol `g ims turbuigkohms `g uk Gspårhtu `gshdkm`l plr gi klebrg `g ’ulel cuh―, qug sg nm gsclrzm`l vmrhms vgogs pmrm onmcmril, ùrmktg im klong, bmjl ukm phim `g eÿvhigs, qug sg `hvhgrtg gk trmksplrtmrig pmrm gi igonl. Gk pigkm sgshÿk, èi sg mpl`grm vhligktmegktg `g Rmk`lkg y il thrm mi sugil, olk rhgsdl `gi emtmr. Nmstm mnlrm kl cug plshbig `gsgebmrmämr gi eè`hue `g gsg pgihdrlsl vhshtmktg. Gk olepgksmohÿk, im rgvhstm ’Iuz y Wkhÿk―, `g Bmrogilkm (`hohgebrg `g =862), rgchgrg qug ukm hkclrtukm`m em`rg `g cmehihm hepgih`m mi orhegk olktrm su emrh`l plr ukm hkciugkohm louitm, molegth`m `g moogsl `g curlr, pmrm ouym `gbgimäïl grmk `g tl`l hepltgktgs ils rgoursls lr`hkmrhls, cug ourm`m gk `ls egsgs, drmohms m im gvlomäïl y olkvgrshÿk `gi Gspårhtu lbsgsslr, eg`hmktg im pgrsumsïl y im pigdmrhm. G_ gvh`gktg qug mkíildls rgsuitm`ls sgråmk lbtgkh`ls, gk euonls omsls, olk gi gepigl `g ils ehsels prlogsls. Gk su emylråm, ils Gspårhtus qug hktgrvhgkgk gk ils cgkÿegkls `g omsms mpgkms-mslebrm`ms pug`gk sgr oimshchom`ls gktrg ils lbsgsslrgs. Gi gspgotrl `g Smigkog-gk-Brhg (=>83), qug `grrhbmvm ils eÿvhigs gk im omsm `gi _r. Igbîdgu, y ouym vlz sg nmoåm lår `gs`g im bl`gdm nmstm gi sÿtïl, hkjurhmk`l ils nmbhtmktgs, gxpmk`hèk`lsg gk pmimbrms drlsgrms y gxprgshlkgs hk`golrlsms, gs gi thpl `g gsls emkhcgstmktgs `g bmjm omtgdlråm. Gi ’Vsyonhsong _tu`hgk―, `g mdlstl `g =>8=, rgdhstrm uk omsl mkíildl. Wkm plbrg eujgr `g Dlgphkdgk, `g 76 mýls `g g`m`, grm pgrsgduh`m plr gi Gspårhtu `g su emrh`l qug, trms m nmbgr mbmk`lkm`l, musgktmk`l-sh pmrm m Meèrhom y iigvmk`l olkshdl ltrm eujgr, nubg msgshkm`l su memktg y nubg suhoh`m`l- sh gksgduh`m. Vrlùoåm vmrhm`ls y olkthkuls ruh`ls gk su oumrtl g hepg`åm `g `lrehr ils ilomtírhls vgohkls. Giim il rgolkloåm plr im vlz1 y tuvl qug omebhmr vmrhms vgogs `g `lehohihl, pgrl hkúthiegktg. Gi Gspårhtu m tl`m pmrtg m molepmýmbm. _g egtåm-ig gk im omemùrmktg im klong, im gepujmbm olk vhligkohm y ig gsthrmbm gi ombgiil. Wkm lomshÿk im qugeÿ tmk vhvmegktg qug ùrmktg =7 `åms giim olksgrvÿ im sgými `g im qugemùrm. Gsls emils Gspårhtus slk, gk dgkgrmi, sÿil hdklrmktgs y sg pug`g ils olkùoås mi omehkl `gi bhgk plr im ùizurm, pmohgkohm y pgrsumsïl. Pmebhèk ils nmy pgrvgrsls, gkùrgoh`ls y múk pgihdrlsls, qug sg kl olksgduhråm hepukgegktg mcrlktmr, shk gstmrsg eukh`l `g dmkm, `g cg y `g elrmih`m`g. Olkvhgkg il rgpgtås: im igy `g mkmildåm rgduim tl`msolkclreg ims olsmsimgkkmturmigzm gi `lehkhl`g`gi hkvhshbigpgksmehgktls . Kugstrls olktmotls olk gi ciuh`ls, euk`l uitrmtgrrgstrg vmråmk mi hkchkhtl, kugstrls y `g kugstrls qug olksthtuygk pl`grlsls åeïs pmrm il mså olel pmrm gi emi. Eg`hmktg èi pl`gels mslohmr- kls mi qug nmy `g egjlr l `g pglr gk gi M`geís y prlvlomr gk tlrkl m kl`ls ims emkhcgstmohlkgs eís subihegsl ils eís rgpuishvls cgkÿegkls.

27?

Rgprlùoh`l plr gi ’_phrhtumihseg El`grkg―, Vmrås, =86?, píd.

74.

=83 | V í d h k m


=86?

Ohtgels múk gstls `ls hktgrgsmktgs omsls `g lbsgssïl, qug cug plshbig nmogr ogsmr eg`hmktg prlogsls `hcgrgktgs, nmbhgk`l sh`l il prhegrl pubiho m`l gk ’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonhqugs―, `g gkgrl `g =8==, y mtgstm`l plr gi _r. X. Emdkhk, prlcgslr `g im Gsougim `g Emdkgthsel:. ’Wkm sgýlrm, egkls emi eläm, qug pm`goåm `lilrgs `g ombgzm `g lrhdgk kgurmstêkhom, mi chk `g midukls mýls mdrmvm`ms olk ukm lbsgssïl `g suhoh`hl, vhkl m olksuitmreg. Gi ehkuohlsl gxmegk qug ig nhog rgvgiÿ uk lrdmkhsel gxgktl `g oumiquhgr tmrm cåshom. Gi im`l psåquhol, mi olktrmrhl, `gjmbm euy m `gsgmr: gelthvl, gxtrmvmdmktg, cíohiegktg sudgsthlkívgi. Im gkcgrem mousmbm olk hkshstêkohm ukm lprgssïl ’gkiluqugog`lrm―, `goåm giim, slbrg im kuom, molepmým`m `g ukm sgksmohÿk `g pgsl, m vgogs hktligrmbig, slbrg ils nlebrls1 gk gsms sg sgktåm msmitm`m`g uk `gsgl omsh hrrgshståvgi `g emtmrsg.. Gk gi oursl `g imrdm olkvgrsmohÿk eg rgvgiÿ giim qug, mktgs `g su bl`m, nmbåm sh`l rgqugstm`m plr uk lchohmi, m quhgk membm, pgrl olk quhgk cugrm, plr elthvls `g cmehihm, hepg`h`m `g omsmrsg. Nubg Cmiigoh`l gstg midúk thgepl `gspuès, y im brgvg trmel nubg olegkzm`l giim m sgkthr gsm lbsgssïl `g mombmr olk im vh`m. Mnå gstmbm hkù`mbigegktg gi lrhdgk `g im h`gm lbsh`gktg, y uk trmtmehgktl psholtgríphol sg heplkåm. Smrhms sgshlkgs, gk gstm`l `g vhdhihm, cugrlk gcgotum`ms shk èxhtl1 nhog gksgduh`m gxpgrhgkohms `g rggùomäïl gk im nhpklsg ’emdkèthom― y kl lbtuvg egjlrm midukm1 sudgrgkohms hepgrmthvms gk gi sugýl ’nhpkÿthol― tmeplol prlùjgrlk rgsuitm`l mprgohívgi. @goh`å gktlkogs, olk mkuêkohm `gi emrh`l, pgrl shk qug il suphgrm im gkcgrem, lpgrmr olk gi olkoursl `g plr ukm im eè`hue gstu`hmk`l nmog midúk thgepl qug `g euonms vgogs igegpgrehtåm nubg slrprgk`h`l khth`gzyl`gvgkåm ims pgrogpohlkgs vhsumigs qug su y`lk ’vh`gktg― `gsorhbhreg. Kl rgvgiè m im eè`hue ukm úkhom pmimbrm `g im shtumohÿk y sÿil trms nmbgr m`lregoh`l im gkcgrem gs qug m olilquè gk su prgsgkohm. Im prgvhkg `g qug ig kl nmråm prgduktm midukm y qug, plr su pmrtg, sh ihehtmrm m `gsorhbhr gi eís shepigegktg plshbig il qug su `lk `g vhstm psåquhom ig `gjmrm vgr. Pmk `gprhsm cug trmå`m mi phg `g im gkcgrem, m`lregoh`m gk ukm plitrlkm, `gsorhbhÿ uk sgr qug pmrgoåm ’mdmrrm`l― m im gspmi`m `g im pmohgktg. _hk `gjmr pgrohbhr eh slrprgsm, gk gi hktgrès qug `gspgrtmbm gsm lbsgrvmohÿk, pg`å m im vh`gktg qug hk`homrm im plshohÿk gxmotm `gi sgr hkvhshbigpmrm eå. ’Olk im emkl `grgonm ‟ `hjl ‟ èi mprhgtm im kuom `g im gkcgrem y olk im hzquhgr`m louitm im prlphm crlktg.― @gspuès, lcgdmktg `g oleläïl, gxoimeÿ: ’G_ uk suhoh`m y quhgrg qug giim vmym m rgukårsgig.― M eh pg`h`l, ig `gsorhbhÿ im chshlklehm, im gxprgshÿk: ’uk ehrmr shkduimregktg gxtrmýl.― Vu`hels gksgduh`m, yl y im eè`hue, olkvgrsmr olk gsm pgrslkmih`m`. Imrdm y gxtgkumktg cug eh olkvgrsmohÿk, nmstm qug vhkg m gxpgrhegktmr ukl mihvhl y ukm vgr`m`grm smthscmoohÿk, mi smbgr plr im eè`hue qug ehs mrduegktls nmbåmk olkvgkoh`l gi ’gspgotrl― y qug, tlom`l `g olepmshÿk, èi prlegtåm `gjmr su våothem gk pmz. _ÿil `ls nlrms trms tgkgr im eè`hue sg rgthrm`l cug plshbig `gspgrtmr im pmohgktg. Kl ig rgvgiè ukm úkhom pmimbrm `g im gxpgrhgkohm, qug giim `gbåm shgeprg hdklrmr. Mi `gspg`hrsg, eg `hjl giim: ’Eg shgktl nly euy mihvhm`m.― @ls `åms `gspuès vlivhÿ m vhshtmreg: im trmksclremohÿk grm vhshbig. _u mothtu`, gxprgshÿk chshlkðehom, emkgrm `g vgsthrsg, tl`l `gkltmbm olepigtl omebhl gk sus pgksmehgktls1 sus kmturmigs `hsplshohlkgs, su jlvhmih`m`g y eg dustm plr ils mrtgs ig nmbåmk vugitl `g uk `åm pmrm gi ltrl. _u emrh`l ym kl m rgolkloåm, tmk brusom cugrm im trmkshohÿk.. =84 | V í d h k m


=86?

Prms im miu`h`m gxpgrhgkohm, im jlvgk sgýlrm kl eís nhzl m sgkthr im lprgssïl gk im kuom, kh im sgksmohÿk cåshom `g pgsl gk ils nlebrls, kh im lbsgssïl psåquhom `g suhoh`hl1 su smiu`, gk tl`ls ils sgkth`ls, sg nhzl nmstm nly pgrcgotm. Wkm `hsorgtm hkvgsthdmohÿk eg pgrehthÿ smbgr qug gi lchohmi gk ougsthÿk kl nubg eugrtl `g chgbrg hkcgoohlsm, olel il orgåmk ims pgrslkms `g sus rgimohlkgs, pgrl qug èi sg tgkåm rgmiegktg suhoh`m`l olk uk thrl gk im ombgzm. Pmebhèk su omríotgr qug`ÿ mvgrhdum`l sgr gxmotmegktg il qug nubg `gsorhtl im eè`hue, mså olel gi ehrmr ’gxtrmýl―, gxpihom`l plr uk ihdgrl gstrmbhsel.― Gi sgduk`l omsl vhgkg rgimtm`l gk im ’Iuog y Lebrm―, `g gkgrl `g =867. Gkrhol Omrrgrms `gsorhbhÿ ils olkcihotls `g hkciugkohm qug sg prlùoåmk, gk ims sgshlkgs rgmihzm`ms olk gi eè`hue Vlihth, gktrg gi Gspårhtu prltgotlr Rmeuzzh y gi lbsgsslr _pmvgktl: ’Eg rgougr`l `g qug ukm klong, gk im lbsourh`m`g, nmiiík`leg slil `gimktg `g èi, plrqug ehs olepmýgrls `g gstu`hl nmbåmk nuh`l mpmvlrm`ls, tuvg qug gepgýmreg olk gi eè`hue, `g quhèk _pmvgktl sg nmbåm mpl`grm`l, gk ukm trgegk`m iuonm, gk qug eg cug prgohsl rgourrhr m tl`m im cugrzm `g qug sly `ltm`l. Juzduè olkvgkhgktg gxplkgr tl`l gsl, m chk `g elstrmr m ils kgÿchtls qug gi Gsphrhthsel kl gs olsm qug sg `gbg tlemr olel brhkom`ghrm, pugs qug pug`g momrrgmr olksgougkohms, y pmrm elstrmr m ils prlcgslrgs `g im gsougim emtgrhmihstm quïl igjls gstík `g ims hklcgkshvms pgrslkmih`m`gs sgouk`mrhms `g Bhkgt y V. Jmkg gsms pgrslkmih`m`gs eg`húkhoms l, plr egjlr `gohr, gspårhtms, ompmogs `g prlùohr ils suprmohtm`ls cgkÿegkls, shk olktmr vmrhls ltrls, olel ils rgpgth`ls urrls `g mkhemigs qug nmstm gk im omiig sg låmk, ils msslbhls mdu`ls, ims vhligktms gxpilshlkgs qug sg prlùoåmk gk ukm omsm `gsmbhtm`m, vgohkm `g kugstrm, gto. Gi shstgem qug nmbåmels m`lptm`l y im mssåùm olimblrmohÿk `g Rmeuzzh, qug sg gsclrzmbm `g uk im`l plr omiemr _pmvgktl y, `gi ltrl, plr slstgkgr gi eè`hue, emtgrhmihzík`lsg m im klong gk su oumrtl y `hrhdhèk`lig pmimbrms `g olkclrtl, mi thgepl qug ig trmkscuk`hm bugkls ciuh`ls, gsm tíothom ‟ `gohels ‟ kl tmr`lu m nmogr sgkthr sus bgkèchols gcgotls. Vlol m plol, _pmvgktl sg el`hchoÿ, mså gk gi elrmi olel gk sus emkhcgstmohlkgs cåshoms. Mbmk`lkÿ gi prhegr klebrg pmrm m`lptmr il `g Oèsmr y vhkl m nmogrsg, olk drmk smthscmoohÿk pmrm kl`ls, ukl `g kugstrls eís omrls mehdls hkvhshbigs. Pmi vgz gk brgvg nmym lomshÿk `g gxplkgr m ehs mssåùls igotlrgs olel sg gcgotuÿ gsm drmùmi trmksclremohÿk, qug kls olstÿ drmk trmbmjl, pgrl `g qug cuhels slbgjmegktg rgolepgksm`ls.― Vlr què eg`hls sg pug`g prgsgrvmr ils eè`huks `g ils pgihdrls `g im lbsgssïl< Rl`gík`lils `g ukm mteÿscgrm `g pmz, `g rgolinhegktl, `g slssgdl elrmi, clremk`l, plr im ukhÿk `g ims dmkms, gi mktgpm rl `g cugrzms emdkèthoms. Gi eè`hue `gbg sgkthrsg mepmrm`l, prltgdh`l. G_ prgohsl tmeplol `gsourmr `g im pigdmrhm. Ils pgksmehgktls slk cugrzms, tmktl eís pl`grlsms ehgktrms eís purls y gigvm`ls sgmk giils. Im pigdmrhm, muxhihm`m plr im ukhÿk `g ims dmkms, lplkg ukm bmrrgrm ciuå`hom hkmogssåvgi m ims gkth`m`gs hkcgrhlrgs. @gbg, plr su im`l, gi eè`hue rgshsthr plr im dmkm y plr gi pgksmehgktl m tl`m tgktmthvm `g lbsgssïl y ihbgrmrsg `g ims `lehkmä÷gs slspgonlsms. G_ eís cíohi prgvgkhr qug rgeg`hmr. Ils omsls `g hkolrplrmohÿk, =8> | V í d h k m


=86?

prhkohpmiegktg, lcgrtmk pgihdrls. Vlr gsl, kl `gbg gi eè`hue mbmk`lkmr su lrdmkhsel m ltrms gkth`m`gs shkl bmjl im vhdhimkohm y chsomihzmohÿk `g ukl Duåm gsoimrgoh`l. G_ uk grrlr y uk mbusl orggr qug gi eè`hue `gbg sgr shgeprg pmshvl y, shk rgsgrvm, subehssl m ims hkciugkohms mebhgktgs. Gi eè`hue kl gs uk pmohgktg sgrvhi olel ils sgkshthvls gkcgrels qug shrvgk m ims gxpgrhgkohms `g ohgrtls gspgohmihstms1 gs uk ehsshlkírhl, ouym olkohgkohm y dmkm jmeís sg `gbgk mkhquhimr, pgrl gjgrogrsg juhohlsmegktg y sÿil ourvmrsg, olkvhotmegktg y `gspuès `g gxmegk, m im `hrgoohÿk louitm qug ig gs heprgsm. Oumk`l ims hkciugkohms qug shgktg ig pmrgogk emims y `gdgkgrgk gk lbsgssïl, kl il `gbg ngshtmr gk omebhmr `g eg`hl, l plr il egkls migjmr `g så ims pgrslkms qug sg ig mchdurg cmvlrgzomk l mtrmhdmk gsms hkciugkohms. Migjík`lsg ims omusms `g lbsgssïl, sg gvhtmk m im vgz ims omusms `g gkcgreg`m`. _lk ils ciuh`ls hepurls qug mitgrmk im smiu` `g ils eè`huks y igs pgrturbmk y `gprhege ims eís bgiims cmouitm`gs. Gk ils cgkÿegkls `g hkolrplrmohÿkeuonms vgogs sg mbusm `gi emdkgthsel nuemkl. _ÿil im moohÿk `g uk nlebrg `g bhgk, `g níbhtls purls y gigvm`ls pgksmehgktls, pug`g sgr mèhth`m. Gi eè`hue, gk tl`ms ims ohroukstmkohms, `gbg olilomrsg bmjl im prltgoohÿk `g suyl duåm gsphrhtumi, qug, sh cugrm gigvm`l y gkèrdhol, ig smbrí `gsvhmr tl`ls ils gigegktls `g pgrturbmohÿk, tl`ls ils elthvls `g sucrhehgktl. Gk suem, ils emils Gspårhtus sÿil gjgrogk gk kl`ls im hkciugkohm qug igs qugrmels pgrehthr. Oumk`l nmy rgth`ïl `g im elrmi, purgzm `g olrmzÿk, dmkm chreg, slk hkcrutåcgrls sus gscugrzls. * Wkm gchomz prltgoohÿk louitm, vgkåmels `hohgk`l, gs im olk`hohÿk gsgkohmi `g bugk èxhtl gk gi `lehkhl `g im gxpgrhegktmohÿk. Khkdúk drupl m pl`råm `hspgksmr. Ils ngonls eugstrmk y tl`ls ils eè`huks qug nmk pubihom`l sus heprgshlkgs y egelrhms gi mtgstme. Im _rm. `'Gspèrmkog `g`hom su ihbrl, ’Gk gi Vmås `g ims _lebrms―, m suyl duåm gsphrhtumi, Nueeur _tmcclr`, ’ouym emkl `hrgotlrm, mukqug hkvhshbig, y ils smbhls olksgjls cugrlk suyl mepmrl y olkclrtl gk im trmvgsshm `g im vh`m―. Im _rm. Vhpgr, gkcimqugoh`m y m`lgktm`m plr gi olktmotl `g Gspårhtushkcgrhlrgs, `gbhÿ su rgstmbgigohegktl y im bugkm `hrgoohÿk `g sus trmbmjls m im gkèrdhom y vhdlrlsm hktgrvgkohÿk `g ils Gspårhtus Hepgrmtlr, @lotlr y Rgotlr. Drmohms m giils, `g olkcusms qug grmk, ims gxpgrhgkohms `gktrl gk plol sg nhohgrlk oimrms, olkvhkogktgs.270 _g pl`råmk euithpihomr gsls gjgepils. Miimk Amr`go olksthtuyÿ im @lotrhkm Gspårhtm olk gi muxhihl `g rgvgimohlkgs gemkm`ms `g Gspårhtus supgrhlrgs. Gk kugstrl prlphl drupl cug, drmohms m im hkciugkohm `g Gspårhtus gigvm`ls, qug lbtuvhels ils emdkåchols cgkÿegkls rgimtm`ls pídhkms mtrís. G_ vgr`m` qug sÿil mi ombl `g imrdl pgrhl`l `g gxpgotmäïl y `g pgrsgvgrmktgs gksmyls gs qug kls cugprgstm`l gsg olkoursl. Gk gsm lr`gk `g ngonls sg lbthgkg il qug sg supl egrgogr plr ukm pmohgkohm pugstm plr euonl thgepl m im prugbm y plr uk `gshktgrgssg mbsliutl. Gk im gxpgrhegktmohÿk monmel-kls gk prgsgkohm `g Hktgihdgkohms gxtrmýms, `g Dmkms qug euonms vgogs slbrgpujme im kugstrm y plol sg hkquhgtmk olk kugstrms gxhdgkohms y omprhonls. Giims pgrsorutme kugstrl clrl åkthel y gs prgohsl smbgr omptmrigs im olkchmkzm y il mepmrl, eg`hmktg hktgkohlkgs purms y dgkgrlsls prlpÿshtls. 270

Sgr 2ª Vmrtg, omp. ^H^

=88 | V í d h k m


=86?

Gsm prltgoohÿk, qug pmhrmvm slbrg kugstrl drupl y pgrshsthÿ plr tl`l gi thgepl gk qug kls olksgrvmels ukh`ls `g olrmzÿk y gk pgksmehgktl, yl nmbåm gkolktrm`l shgeprg gk eh thrloåkhl `g olkcgrgkohstm, y eg shgktl cgihz gk gi pl`gr tgsthchomr mquå, mdrm`gohèk`lim, `g íkhel shkogrl y olkelvh`l, m gsls klbigs mehdls `gi Gspmohl, ouym mshstgkohm eg nmsh`l tmk prgohlsm gk ils elegktls mrrhgsdm`ls. Eís `g uk dlipg, gk im lomshÿk `g olepmrgogr mktg uk púbihol `gsorgktg, omsh nlsthi, y `g nmbgr qug gxpimkmr, `gimktg `g smims rgpigtms, msuktls mssmz olktrlvgrth`ls, eg gkolktrè gk ims eís `gscmvlrmbigs olk`hohlkgs cåshoms. X `g om`m vgz tmebhèk, m eh hkstmktg iimemehgktl, vgkåmk ils eåls duåm s hkvhshbigs rgsthtuhreg ims cugrzms hk`hspgksmbigs mi `gsgepgýl `g eh tmrgm. _g vg quïl kgogsmrhm gs gk ims sgshlkgs im prltgoohÿk `g ukl duåm sgrhl, vmigrlsl, gsoimrgoh`l. Oumk`l il duåm gs hkmptl ims `hchouitm`gs sg euithpihomk y slk kuegrlsms ims ehsthchomä÷gs. Ils Gspårhtus igvhmkls sg hehsouge olk ils Gspårhtus `g kugstrm cmehihm, ouyms emkhcgstmohlkgs pgrturbmk. Hktrusls, `g ukm hepru`êkohm rgvlitmktg, sg hkshkúmk m vgogs gk ims rgukhlkgs. Gi prlcgslr Cmiolegr, gk su ’Vnèkleèkldrmpnhg―,277 rgchgrg uk omsl gk qug ’im emkhcgstmohlkgs phm`lsms suog`hÿ uk igkdumjg åephm `hotm`m plr pmkom`ms `g im egsm y `hrhdh`m m trgs sgýlrms y ukm elohknm. Grm gi igkdumjg `g uk sgr hepu`gktg y mbjgtl y gs heplshbig trmksorgvê-im―. Im em`rg `gi prlcgslr y ils ltrls mshstgktgs qug`mrlk sgrhmegktg mblrrgoh`ls. Im moohÿk `g Gspårhtus emihdkls y `g bmjm oimsg kl imkzm úkhomegktg gi rh`åouil y gi `gsorè`htl slbrg kugstrm omusm, `g giim migjmk`l ims pgrslkms gsorupuilsms y bhgk gùom`ms1 hepgig múk ils eè`huks mi crmu`g y, olk gi thgepl, vhgkg m olrrlepgrigs gi sgksl y im `hdkh`m`. Olehgkzmk ils mshstgktgs rhgk`l y `hvhrthèk`lsg olkvhshtmktgs, ims rgspugstms oåkhoms l gxtrmvmdmktgs `g gsls sg Gspårhtus1 mtrmgk1 gsls hkoðel`ls m quhèk mså mbrg im pugrtm, vugivgk, mdmrrmkpgrl, m ilsplr quggsl igsmúk, `mk ils moogsl y sgy nmogk, kl rmrl, tgehbigs lbsgsslrgs. * Gi Gsphrhthsel, plr ukls olksh`grm`l pgihdrlsl, plr ltrls vuidmr y pugrhi, omsh sÿil gs olkloh`l plr gi pugbil bmjl sus mspgotls hkcgrhlrgs. _lk ils cgkÿegkls eís emtgrhmigs qug mtrmgk, `g prgcgrgkohm, im mtgkohÿk y prlvlomk mprgohmohlkgs `gscmvlrmbigs. Gsg gstm`l `g olsms gs `gbh`l m ils tglrhstms y vuidmrhzm`lrgs qug, vhgk`l gk gi Gsphrhthsel ukm ohgkohm purmegktg gxpgrhegktmi, `gsourme l rgpgige plr shstgem, midukms vgogs olk `gs`èe, ils eg`hls `g ouithvl y gigvmohÿk egktmi hk`hspgksmbigs pmrm prlùohrsg emkhcgstmohlkgs vgr`m`grmegktg heplkgktgs gktrg gi gstm`l cåshol vhbrmtÿrhl `g ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs y il `g ils Gspårhtus susogtåvghs `g prlùohr cgkÿegkls `g drmk miomkog, y km`m sg nmog gk gi sgkth`l `g mtgkumr gsms `hcgrgkohms. @g mnå im pgkurhm `g mitms emkhcgstmohlkgs olepmrm`ms m im mbuk`mkohm `g ils cgkÿegkls vuidmrgs. Gi rgsuitm`l gs kls qug mousmk hkolktmbigs oråthols,slbrg sÿil ngonls olklohgk`l `g im ukm ougsthÿk su `gemshm`l cmz thgrrm mepihm. -im-thgrrm, olkstmktgegktg `g g`hchomr egzquhkls `lotrhkm Eís cmehihmrhzm`ls olk gi mspgotl trmksogk`gktmi `gi Gsphrhthsel, rgolklogråmk qug km`m gxmdgrmels1 mi olktrmrhl, kls ngels olksgrvm`l mbmjl `g im vgr`m`. Oumigsquhgrm qug sgmk ims rgiutâkohms `g ils tgÿrhols plshthvhstms y ’mktheåsthols―, clrälsl sgrí tgkgr gk ougktm ims hk`homohlkgs `gils nlebrgs olepgtgktgs, shk il qug vgk`råm m nmogrsg `gi Gsphrhthsel eåsgrm ohgkohm, iigkm `g lbsourh`m`gs y pgihdrlsm pmrm ils hkvgsthdm`lrgs. 277

Rgprlùoh`l plr im ’Rgvug _phrhtg―, =862, píd. 404.

266 | V í d h k m


=86?

Gi melr `g im ohgkohm kl bmstm, `hjl gi prlcgslr Cmiolegr1 gs hk`hspgksmbig im ohgkohm `gi melr. Gk ils cgkÿegkls kl tgkgels qug nmbgrkls úkhomegktg olk gigegktls cåshols, pgrl olk mdgktgs gsphrhtumigs, olk gkth`m`gs elrmigs, qug, olel kl`ls, phgksmk, memk y sucrgk. Gk ims prlcuk`h`m`gs hkvhshbigs, im hkegksm jgrmrquåm `g ims miems sg `gspigdm, `g ims eís lbsourms m ims eís rm`hlsms. @g kl`ls `gpgk`g mtrmgr ukms y migjmr ims ltrms. Gi úkhol eg`hl olkshstg gk orgmr gk kl`ls, plr kugstrls pgksmehgktls y motls, uk clol hrrm`hm`lr `g iuz y `g purgzm. Pl`m oleuknïl gs lbrm `gi pgksmehgktl. Gi pgksmehgktl gs im prlphm gssêkohm `g im vh`m gsphrhtumi. G_ cugrzm qug vhbrm olk hktgksh`m` orgohgktg, m eg`h`m qug gi miem sg gigvm, `gi sgr hkcgrhlr mi Gspårhtu purl y `gi Gspårhtu purl nmstm @hls. Ims vhbrmohlkgs `gi pgksmehgktl sg prlpmdmk m trmvès `gi gspmohl y slbrg kl`ls mtrmgk pgksmehgktls y vhbrmohlkgs shehimrgs. _h oleprgk`hèrmels im kmturmigzm y im gxtgkshÿk `g gsm cugrzm kl mihegktmråmels shkl mitls y klbigs pgksmehgktls. Vgrl gi nlebrg sg hdklrm múk, olel hdklrm im hkegksm ompmoh`m` `g gsg pgksmehgktl orgm`lr y cgouk`l qug gk èi `lrehtm y olk gi oumi pl`råm rgklvmr gieuk`l. Gk kugstrm cimqugzm g hkolksohêkohm, mtrmgels gk im emylr pmrtg `g ims vgogs Gspårhtus emils, ouyms sudgrgkohms kls pgrturbmk. G_ mså qug im oleukhomohÿk gsphrhtumi, m olksgougkohm`g kugstrm hkcgrhlrh`m`g, sh lbsourgog y `gsvhrtum1 ciuh`ls olrrleph`ls sg gspmrogk plr im Phgrrm y im iuonm gktrg gi bhgk y gi emi sg gepgým gk gi euk`l louitl olel gk gi euk`l emtgrhmi. Gk im mtrmoohÿk `g ils pgksmehgktls y `g ims miems olkshstg åktgdrmegktg im igy `g ims emkhcgstmohlkgs psåquhoms. Pl`l gs mchkh`m`g y mkmildåm Gk il Hkvhshbig. Hkvgsthdm`lrgs qug slk`mhs gi sgd rg`l `g ims thkhgbims, gigvmh bhgk mitl, pugs, ils pgksmehgktls, m chk `g mtrmgr ils dgkhls hksphrm`lrgs, ims cugrzms `gi bhgk y `gi bgiil. Gigvmh-ils, kl slimegktg gkims nlrms `g gstu`hly gxpgrhgkohms, pgrl crgougktgegktg, m tl`ms ims nlrms `gi `åm, olel uk gjgrohohl rgdgkgrm`lr y smiutmr. Kl livh`èhs qug slk gsls pgksmehgktls qug vmk igktmegktg gtgrkhzmk`l y purhchomk`l kugstrl sgr, gkdrmk`gohgk`l kugstrms cmouitm`gs y nmohèk`lkls mptls m gxpgrhegktmr ims eís `gihom`ms sgksmohlkgs, cugktg `g kugstrm cgihoh`m` cuturm. * Gi prlbigem `g im eg`hukh`m`g nm pgremkgoh`l lbsourl g hkoleprggk`h`l pmrm im emylråm `g ils psholildhstms y tgÿildls `g kugstrm èplom. Gi pmsm`l plsgåm m gsg rgspgtl iúoh`ms klohlkgs, y múk gk im G`m` Eg`hm midukls nlebrgs, ngrg`grls `g im smbhùråm mkthdum, mprgohmrlk olk justgzm gsm ougsthÿk. Gi shdil ^HH, Emheðkh`gs, gi `lotl rmbhkl ju`ål `g Oÿr`lvm, `hsoåpuil `g Mvgrrnlgs, hksphrík`lsg gk ims `lotrhkms `g im Ombmim, rgsueåm gk gstls tèrehkls im igy `g im eg`hukh`m`g: ’Gi Gspårhtu pmhrm slbrg im Nuemkh`m`, nmstm gkolktrmr gi iudmr `g su vhvh`m. Kh tl`m kmturmigzm ig gs sÿil plusm y pgremkgog gk `gbg gi nlebrg pru`gktg, slk y gsoimrgoh`l. ]uhgkquhgrm qugprlphohm1 msphrg msuimsiuznlkrms `gi subiheg olegrohl olksmdrmrsg m pgrcgoohlkmr su kmturmigzm, plr `gktrl olel plr cugrm. Mehdl `g im slig`m`, iigvm olkshdl ils ihbrls smdrm`ls, miiå prlilkdm sus vhdhihms y eg`htmä÷gs, smohm su miem `g ohgkohm y `g vhrtu`. _us oleh`ms slk rgduim`ms1 su oleh`m y bgbh`m gsoldh`ms, m chk `g qug gk su ougrpl sm`hly gk su omrkg olkvgkhgktgegktg rgklvm`m nmym ukm smkdrg dgkgrlsm. Gktlkogs gstí tl`l ihstl: gi cugrtg, gi prgomvh`l, gi smbhl sgrí prlcgtm l `gs`g qug gi Gspårhtu il gkougktrg gk su omehkl.―273

273

’@ux ùbhtmkthue gt `hrgotlr pgrpigxlrue―. (Ig Duh`g `gs Gdmrès). Prm. Eukoa, tlel H,

píd. ?2>.

26= | V í d h k m


=86?

Phgkg, pugs, gi nlebrg qug slegtgrsg m ukm olepigjm prgpmrmohÿk y lbsgrvmr ukm rgdim `g olkùotm, pmrm gk så `gsmrrliimr gi prgohlsl `lk `g im eg`hukh`m`g. G_ kgogsmrhm pmrm gsl im ouiturm sheuitíkgm `g im hktgihdgkohm, `g im eg`htmäïl, `gi rgolinhegktl y `gi `gsprgk`hegktl `g ims nuemkms olsms. Gi Gspårhtu hksphrm`lr `gtgstm gi ruh`l: ’@hls kl nmbhtm gi tueuitl―, `hog im Gsorhturm. Wk prlvgrbhl írmbg il rgphtg: ’Gi ruh`l gs `g ils nlebrgs1 gi shigkohl gs `g @hls.―. ’G_ prgohsl pgrcgoohlkmrsg plr `gktrl y plr cugrm―, mchrem gi smbhl ju`ål. Ims olepmýåms vuidmrgs slk, olk gcgotl, klohvms m im eg`hukh`m`g, gk rmzÿk `g ils ciuh`ls hepurls qug sg `gsprgk`gk `g ims pgrslkms vhohlsms y sg m`mptmk m kugstrls, pmrm ils kgutrmihzmr. G_ prgohsl tmebhèk vgimr plr gi ougrpl: ’Egks smkm hk olrplrg smkl.― Ims pmshlkgs omrkmhs mtrmgk ils Gspårhtus `g imsoåvhm1 gi eè`hue qug m giims sg mbmk`lkm mvhitm su prgohlsl `lk y tgrehkm pgr`hèk`lil. Km`m gkcimqugog tmktl ims mitms cmouitm`gs olel gktrgdmrsg mi melr sgksumi, qug gkgrvm gi ougrpl y pgrturbm ims iåeph`ms cugktgs `g hksphrmohÿk. @g hdumi emkgrm qug gi imdl eís purl y eís prlcuk`l, oumk`l il mdhtm im tgepgstm`, qug ig rgvlivg gi il`l y il nmog subhr m im supgrchohg, ogsm `g rgcigjmr gi mzui `gi ohgil y gi gspigk`lr `g ims gstrgiims, mså tmebhèk gi miem `gi eè`hue, turbm`m plr hepurls elvhehgktls, sg nmog hkmptm pmrm rgprlùohr ims vhshlkgs `gi M`geís. Nmy gk ims åkthems prlcuk`h`m`gs, gk ils rgogssls hdklrm`ls `g tl`m olkohgkohm, uk puktl ehstgrhlsl plr `lk`g om`m ukl `g kl`ls sg åktgdrm Gk il Hkvhshbig, gk gi `hvhkl. Gsg puktl qug ouepig `gsoubrhr, mepihmr, gkdrmk`gogr1 gs gsm hkcrmolksohêkohm qug `gsphgrtm gk gi trmksg, olel uk euk`l m`lregoh`l, y pmtgktm gi sgorgtl `g ims vh`ms mktgrhlrgs `gi miem. G_ im drmk igy `g im psholildåm gspårhtm, ukhgk`l y olkohihmk`l, gk gi cgkÿegkl eg`húkhol, im moohÿk `gi Gspårhtu y im ihbgrtm` `gi nlebrg1 gs gi ÿsouil ehstgrhlsl rgsuitmktg `g im cushÿk `g `ls euk`ls gk gsg crídhi y gcåegrl sgr qug slels kl`ls1 gs ukl `g ils eís klbigs prhvhigdhls, ukm `g ims drmk`gzms eís rgmigs `g kugstrm kmturmigzm. _ubihegs `gbgrgs y gxtgksms rgsplksmbhih`m`gs momrrgm gi mitm eg`hukh`m`g. ’Euonl sg pg`hrí m quhèk euy rgohbhÿ.― Ils eè`huks slk `g gsg kúegrl. _u quhknïl `g ogrtgzm gs emylr qug il`g ils ltrls nlebrgs, pugs qug vhvgk plr mkthohpmohÿk gk gi `lehkhl ìl Hkvhshbig, mi oumi ils prgk`g uk imzl om`m vgz eís mprgtm`l. Wk pru`gktg gjgrohohl `g sus cmouitm`gs ils gigvmrí m ims gscgrms iuehklsms `gi M`geís y mnå igs prgpmrm su cuturm shtumohÿk. @gi puktl `g vhstm cåshol, kl gs egkls smiutmr gsg gjgrohohl. Gi eè`hue sg bmým, sh rgtgepgrm gk uk loèmkl `g gciúvhls emdkèthols qug ig `mk pl`gr y cugrzm.. Gk olepgksmohÿk, thgkg qug ouepihr hepgrhlsls `gbms y kl `gbg livh`mr qug sus cmouitm`gs ig kl slk ltlrdm`ms pmrm så ehsel, pgrl pmrm gi bhgk `g sus sgegjmktgs y pmrm gi sgrvhohl `g im vgr`m`. G_ ukm `g ims eís klbigs tmrgms qug pug`mk ombgr m ukm miem gk gstg euk`l. Vmrm m `gsgepgýmr, `gbg gi eè`hue mogptmr tl`ms ims prugbms, smbgr pgr`lkmr tl`ms ims lcgksms, livh`mr tl`ms ims hkjurhms. _u `gsthkl sgrí, tmi vgz, tlrturm`l, pgrl gs gi eís bgiil plrqug olkùog m ims ouiehkâkohms `g im gsphrhtumih`m`g. Gk gi rgolrrh`l gxtgksåsshel `g im Nhstlrhm, im vh`m `g ils emylrgs eè`huks y prlcgtms ig lcgrtm gi gjgepil `gi smorhchohl y `g im mbkgdmäïl.

^^HHH -

Nhpÿtgshs y Lbjgä÷gs.

Gk ougsthÿk `g Gsphrhthsel, slk kuegrlsms ims lbjgä÷gs y tglråms m`vgrsms. Ims ngels, gk su emylr pmrtg, gxmehkm`l gk gi oursl `g gstg shdil. Sgkhels, plr gjgepil, qug im tglråm `g ims miuohkmä÷gs gs hksustgktívgi trms im lbtgkohÿk `g cltldrmcåms `g ims mpmrhä÷gs, `g ils eli`gs gk pmrmchkm, `g ils cgkÿegkls `g gsorhturm y chrem, rgolkngoh`megktg mutèkthoms, `g slbrgvhvls. Im tglråm `g im subolksohêkohm, tmebhèk `gklehkm`m hkolksohgktg l olkohgkohm subihehkmi, cug rgcutm`m gk ils ompåtuils ^SHHH y ^H^, m prlpÿshtl `g im drmchm eg`húkhom y `g ims hkolrplrmohlkgs. Olrrgotl gs qug tmebhèk m mpihomk m ils cgkÿegkls 262 | V í d h k m


=86?

prlùoh`ls olk im egsm, gxprgsmegktg gk oumktl m ils ngonls `g thptlildhm lbtgkh`ls plr Shotlr Nudl gk su prlphm omsm y qug rgcgrhels gk gi ompåtuil ^SHHH. Kl plolsslk ils oråthols rgcrmtírhls m mèhthr gk ils vgrsls `hotm`ls plr im egsm ltrmolsm eís qug hkolksohgktgs prlùoohlkgs `gi drmk`g vmtg. Mqugiils vgrsls, `hogk, slk `g cmoturm h`èkthom mim `g èi1 ils mkhem im ehsem vhdlrlsm hksphrmohÿk. Im hksuchohgkohm, shk gebmrdl, `g sgegjmktg gxpihomohÿk qug`m `gelstrm`m plr gi mkíihshs `g ils ngonls. Shotlr Nudl jmeís sg sgktmbm m im egsm. Olkcgsmbm kl pl`gr heprlvhsmr, gk vgrsl, ehgktrms qug ils Gspårhtus pg`åmk qug ils hktgrrldmrmk `g gsg el`l y `g gsg el`l rgsplk`åmk hkeg`hmtmegktg, shk ngshtmäïl kh pmusm `g egelrhm. Oumk`l uk `åm, mkuhk`l m sus `gsgls, prgpmrm `g mktgemkl ukm prgduktm gk`grgzm`m mi Gspårhtu Elihîrg, gstg geu`gog1 im ’_lebrm `gi _gpuiorl― gs qug rgsplk`g gk tèrehkls morgs, olksthtuygk`lmogrbm igoohÿk pmrm gi plgtm, qug sg rgthrm `g im smim hk`hdkm`l olk gi `gsgebmrmäl `g ils Gspårhtus. Vl`åm Shotlr Nudl sgr m im vgz olksohgktg g hkolksohgktg y motumr gxtrmpgsslmiegktg shk gi qugrgr< Gi hkolksohgktg, qug m så múk sg hdklrm, kl pug`g sgr uk `gtgrehkmthvl `g moohÿk. Lrm, tl`ls ils cgkÿegkls gspårhtms rgprgsgktmk clrems `g mothvh`m` rgduim`ms plr im olkohgkohm, gk qug kl sg pug`gk mslohmr `ls prhkohphls lpugstls, im moohÿk y im hkmäïl. Vrgtgk`gril, kl sgråm egkls qug rgsbmimr gk gi mbsur`l! Gi ehsel molktgoåm m ils mshstgktgs. Khkdukl `g giils eg`htmbm `g prlvlomr gi sugýl y, mså pugs, gi `gs`lbimehgktl. Km`hg prgvgåm ims rgspugstms `g im egsm. Pl`ls mdumr`mbmk mkshlsls ims crmsgs qug hråm m `hotmr. Gi gspgrm`l grm, Elihîrg, qug Shotlr Nudl mombmbm `g hktgrrldmr. _h gi hkolksohgktg `gi plgtm, gstheuim`l plr gsm gxpgotmthvm, tuvhgrm qug hktgrvgkhr, im rgspugstm `gi drmk`g smtårhol gs qug nmbråm vgkh`l. Lrm, olel`gprhegktgs il `hjhels, im ’_lebrm `gi _gpuiorl―, gk jmeís uk igkdumjg íspgrlohgrtmegkt y sligekg, qugm sg emkhcgstÿ gk cug, tèrehkls qug Shotlr Nudl, gk su lrduiil, sg molr`mråm g `g så múk `hrhdhr gk prgsgkohm `g tgsthdls.. Kh slimegktg gk vgrsl giehstgrhlsl Gspårhtu sg gxprgsm. _u prlsm gs tmebhèk emdkåchom y mustgrm, olel sg 274 pug`g mjuhzmr plr gstg crmdegktl, `hotm`l plr im egsm gk ltrm sgshÿk: ’@hogs tú, hepru`gktg: im slebrm `gi sgpuiorl gepigm gi igkdumjg nuemkl1 sg shrvg `g pmimbrms, egtíclrms, chdurms y egkthrms, pmrm `gohr im vgr`m`1 im slebrm `gi sgpuiorl kl gs uk sheuimorl, thgkgs rmzÿk1 yl sly ukm rgmih`m`. _h `gsohgk`l m nmbimr vugstrm midmrmvhm, gs plrqug slhs ihehtm`ls. Im pmimbrm gs gi drhinïl `gi Gspårhtu1 im hemdgk gs im dlihinm `gi pgksmehgktl1 vugstrl igkdumjg gs uk ruh`l gkcghxm`l gk uk `hoohlkmrhl1 eh igkdum prlphm gs im hegksh`m`g, gs gi loèmkl, gs gi tucïl1 eh bhbihltgom olkthgkg ehiilkgs `g gstrgiims, ehiilkgs `g pimkgtms y `g olkstgimohlkgs. Gi hkchkhtl gs gi ihbrl suprgel y @hls gs gi igotlr gtgrkl. Mnlrm, sg quhgrgs qug tg quhgbrm eh igkdumjg, subg mi _hkmh y eg lhrís gk ils rgiíepmdls1 subg mi Omivírhl y eg vgrís gk rgspimk`lrgs1 `gsohgk`g mi túeuil y nms `g sgkthreg gk im oigegkohm.―. Ng mnå uk ngonl, mi `geís, qug `geugstrm quïl hepltgktg gs im tglråm `g im subolksohêkohm pmrm gxpihomr ils cgkÿegkls lbtgkh`ls gk omsm `g Shotlr Nudl. Gi ’Dmuilhs―, `g =6 `g gkgrl `g =863, pubihoÿ, bmjl im gpådrmcg ’Gi omkngknl `g uk emtgrhmihstm―, uk trmel `g ims egelrhms `gi _r. X. Biue, `g qug `gstmomels im shduhgktg mkg`ltm:

274

Hksgrtl gk gi ’Dmuilhs―, `g =º y 2 `g jukhl `g =864.

26? | V í d h k m


=86?

’Shotlr Nudl olkcgsmbm orggr chregegktg gk gi Gsphrhthsel y olksgrvÿ gsm orggkohm nmstm m im eugrtg. _us `ls nhjls, mså olel sus drmk`gs mehdls Mudustl Smoqugrhg y Vmuil Emurhog gk èi tmebhèk orgmk. Smoqugrhg eg rgchrhÿ ukm olsm gxtrmlr`hkmrhm: Ohgrtm klong `g Hkvhgrkl, gk Dugrkgsgy, sg nmoåmk ims gxpgrhgkohms `g egsm dhrmtlrhm. Gstmbmk prgsgktgs gi drmk plgtm, sus `ls nhjls y Smoqugrhg. Omrils Nudl gs qug sgrvåm `g eè`hue1 hktgrrldmbm im egsm y oleukhombm ims rgspugstms lbtgkh`ms. @g rgpgktg, `hl uk drhtl `g `lilrlsm slrprgsm. ‟ ’Ln! ‟ gxoimeÿ ‟ Ils Gspårhtus eg `mk ukm nlrrhbig klthohm: im _rm. @g Dhrmr`hk mombm `g cmiigogr gk gstg elegktl.― Olksuitmrlk gi rgilj: grmk =6 nlrms. Im _rm. @g Dhrmr`hk, justmegktg gk gsm emýmkm, nubg gsorhtl oleukhomk`l qug prgtgk`åm pmsmr midukls `åms gk Dugrkgsgy olk su drmk mehdl Nudl y grm, plr il tmktl, gspgrm`m su vhshtm. Gi `åm shduhgktg iigdÿ ukm omrtm mkukohmk`l gi cmigohegktl `g im _rm. @g Dhrmr`hk. Km`hg il pl`råm smbgr gk Dugrkgsgy, `lk`g gi tgièdrmcl m gsg thgepl kl cukohlkmbm. Omrils Nudl il hdklrmbm, olel tl`ls, y ‟ olsm ourhlsm ‟ im _rm. @g Dhrmr`hk nubg cmiigoh`l olk gcgotl gk im våspgrm, m ims =6 nlrms. Gsm nhstlrhm shgeprg eg heprgshlkÿ shkduimregktg, plrqug grm `hcåohi plkgrig gk ù`m im vgrmoh`m`g, olk tgsthdls sgegjmktgs.― Im tglråm `g im subolksohêkohm `gbg sgr olksh`grm`m sgrhmegktg, pugs qug olktrhbuyg pmrm im moimrmohÿk `g drmk kúegrl `g omsls psåquhols1 nhzl prldrgsmr im ohgkohm `gi _gr, plkhgk`l gk gvh`gkohm ils mspgotls louitls `g kugstrm kmturmigzm, g nhzl eís cíohi y plshthvm im oimshchomohÿk `g ils ngonls. _ÿil gs, shk gebmrdl, mpihombig m olrrgotls cgkÿegkls `g mkhehsel, gs `gohr, `g gxtgrhlrhzmä ïl `g ils vhvls, m ils omsls, plr gjgepil, `g rgklvmohÿk `g im egelrhm. Kl pl`råm gxpihomr ils ngonls `g lr`gk cåshom g hktgigotumi, tl`l qug olksthtuyg gi Gsphrhthsel purl. Im hktgrvgkohÿk `g ils slbrgvhvls gs im sliuohÿk eís shepig, eís iÿdhom, m qug egjlr sg m`mptm mi olkjuktl `g gsls ngonls. Kl `mk ims Gkth`m`gs qug sg emkhchgstmk ltrm gxpihomohÿk y su tgsthelkhl gs ukhvgrsmi. Nmstm ils prlphls grrlrgs qug olegtgk kl `gjmk `g olksthtuhr gigegktls `g ogrtgzm1 plrqug il qug kl gxhstg kl pug`g `gjmr vgsthdhl subolksohgktg y sgr olkloh`l plr gi eè`hue l plr ils mshstgktgs. C. Eygrs, gk su emdkåchol ihbrl ’Im Vgrslkmih`m` Nuemkm―, `hl ukm `gchkhohÿk eg im dhstrmi `g im subolksohêkohm. Prms èi, shk gebmrdl, euonls smbhls mbusmrlk `g gsm tglråm, nmohèk`lim gxtgkshvm m ngonls gk qug gs olepigtmegktg hkmèhshbig. Gk im heplshbhih`m` gk qug sg gkougktrmk `g gxpihomr ils cgkÿegkls gspårhtms, rgourrgk im nhpÿtgshs qug `g el`l midukl sg m`mptmk m im rgmih`m` `g ims olsms. 27> Gi rgohgktg ihbrl `gi _r. Pn. Cilurkly, ’Gspårhtus y Eè`huks―, gs bhgk omrmotgråsthol gk tmi sgkth`l. Gk èi

gkcghxlu gi mutlr `g ngonls olinh`ls gk ukmhktmotm hkvgsthdmohÿk hkclremthvm qug geprgk`hÿ. Ims gxpihomohlkgs qug ogktgkmrgs `m slk `g pmselsm crmdhih`m` y `gjmk im hktgrprgtmohÿk gspårhtm, qug prgtgk`gk `gstruhr. _u h`gm prgolkogbh`m gs gvh`gktg, slbrg tl`l oumk`l busom rgimohlkmr olk ils cgkÿegkls `g hkolksohêkohm uk omsl vuidmråsshsel `g piídhl (píd. ?06). _gýmigels, múk, gi omsl Busomrigt (píd. ?78). _g trmtm `g ukm sgýlrm (olk gsg klebrg), qug slýÿ gk Vmrås, gi `åm =6 `g `hohgebrg `g =>>?, qug im _rm. Khtonhklcc, rgsh`gktg gk Amzmk (Rushm), `gjmråm gi `åm =4 gi Hksthtutl qug `hrhdåm, y gsl olk ohgrtms pmrthouimrh`m`gs qug hk`hombmk im h`gm `g eugrtg. Gsorhbg, 27>

Vmrås, Chsonbmongr, g`htlr, =8==.

260 | V í d h k m


=86?

rgimtmk`l gsg sugýl, m im _rm. Elrmthgc, tmebhèk rgsh`gktg gk Amzmk. Gstm ig rgsplk`g qug im hk`hom`m pgrslkm nubg `gjm`l rgmiegktg su Hksthtutl gi `åm =4, pgrl gk gi gstm`l `g om`ívgr, nmbhgk`l suouebh`l gk trgs `åms, vhthem`m plr im `hctgrhm. Gi _r. Cilurkly vg gk gsl uk omsl tåphol `g tgigpmthm! Im _rm. Elrmthgc, gstmk`l rgimohlkm`m olk ims `ls ltrms pgrslkms, qug mpgkms sg olkloåmk, pgrohbhÿ subolksohgktgegktg, gi `åm =6, ils prhegrls såktlems `g im eligsthm `g im _rm. Khtonhklcc y trmksehthÿ hkvliuktmrhmegktg gsms pgrogpohlkgs m im _rm. Busomrigt! Mnå gstí uk gjgepil `g ims gxpihomohlkgs `gi _r. Cilurkly! _h gs plol mèhshbig sgegjmktg nhpÿtgshs, oumi sgrí, plr im tgigpmthm l im subolksohêkohm, im gxpihomohÿk plshbig `gi omsl k¶ =7, gk qug im _rtm. _lchm _., `gbhgk`l gkolktrmrsg gk Emygks olk gi pmstlr N., pmrm nmogr ukm gxoursïl olk èi y sus pgkshlkhstms, rgohbg plr im egsm, =6 `åms mktgs `g im omtístrlcg gk qug gi pmstlr y ukm `g sus `hsoåpuims pgr`hgrlk im vh`m, gi shduhgktg mvhsl: ’_lchm kl `gbg hr im Emygks1 olrrgråm pgihdrl `g vh`m―< L múk im gxpihomohÿk `gi omsl kº 2> (prgvhshÿk `g eugrtg m olksgougkohm `g ukm omå`m `g bhohoigtm, olk midukms sgemkms `g mkthohpmohÿk)< X cíohi mi `geís, gk gsm oligtâkgm, gk qug tmktms pgrslkms `g bugkm-cg oleukhomrlk ils eís kltmbigs ngonls `g sus gxpgrhgkohms, gkolktrmr uk kúegrl rgduimr `g cgkÿegkls `g ils oumigs gi _r. Cilurkly kh hktgktm múk `mr gxpihomohÿk. Vug`gk ohtmrsg plr gjgepil: gi omsl kº 234 (oleukhomohÿk mkukohmk`l gi mssmssåkhl `g _m`h Omrklt, mktgs qug cugrm olkloh`l)1 gi omsl k¶ =86, gk qug gi mvhsl `g mitgrmohÿk gk uk prldrmem `g vhmjg gs `g ogrom molepmým`l plr im iigdm`m `g ukm omrtm olk im klthohm `g ukm heprgvhstm gkcgreg`m`, qug trmkstlrkm tl`ls ils pimkgs `g vhmjg1 gi omsl kº =8=, gk qug gs lbtgkh`m im rg`moohÿk `g ukm tmrjgtm plstmi, qug km`hg nmbåm prgvhmegktg igå`l1 gi omsl kº ?64, gk qug sg nmog miushÿk, gk im musgkohm `g im pgrslkm hktgrgsm`m, m ngonls åkthels qug slimegktg giim y su cmiigoh`l emrh`l olkloåmk. Gi omsl k¶ ?22 gs hdumiegktg hkgxpihoívgi plr ils prlogsls tmk `gi mdrm`l `gi _r. Cilurkly. Im kmrrm`lrm rgohbhÿ ohgrtl `åm ukm oleukhomohÿk `g uk _r. Emrthkli, cmiigoh`l gk Mustrmihm gk gi elegktl gk qug gebmrombm `g rgdrgsl m Gurlpm. ’Gsg nlebrg, ouym gxhstgkohm yl hdklrmbm ‟ `hog giim ‟ eg nhzl ukm mcihtm olkchssïl, qug eg hkouebhm `g trmksehthr su eujgr. Nmbåm plol thgepl qug yl prmothombm im gsorhturm eg`húkhom y, kl olklohgk`l im sgýlrm gk ougsthÿk, eg mbstuvg `g m busomr. Shgk`l qug yl kl hbm, gi ehsel Emrthkli `hl ukm oleukhomohÿk múk eís hkshstgktg m eh mehdm N., qug olkloåm im _rm. Emrthkli y olk giim cug nmbgr, iigvmk`l ils `ls egksmjgs. Grm tl`l ohgrtl, y ims `ls olkchss÷gs gsoimrgoåmk gi elthvl `g motls nmstm gktlkogs hkoleprggk`h`ls pmrm im cmehihm.― Im tíothom `gi _r. Cilurkly olkshstg, m`geís `g tl`l, gk mbmcmr gk ukm prlcushÿk `g nmbgr tèokho ils y prgtgkshlsls ils gigegktls prlbmtlrhls qug sg `gstmomk `g im gxpgrhegktmohÿk: orhptlekèshm, olepigjls gelthvls subymogktgs, ompms nhpkÿh`gs, gto. Vlr gsm clrem gs qug shgeprg im Ohgkohm lbsourgogu ims vgr`m`gs prhemrhms y ils drmk`gs prlbigems `g im vh`m y `gi `gsthkl. Bmjl gsg puktl `g vhstm, kl gs giim egkls rgsplksmbig qug im lrtl`lxhm rgihdhlsm plr gi `gpilrívgi gstm`l egktmi `g kugstrls `åms y plr ims trgegk`ms olksgougkohms qug `g èi rgsuitmk. Mi ombl `g shdils `g prg`leåkhl rgihdhlsl y `g trmbmjl ohgktåchol, im Nuemkh`m` múk gstí m im busom `gi omehkl qug plr gi Gsphrhthsel ig gs oimrmegktg hk`hom`l. Cugrzm gs, shk gebmrdl, rgolklogr qug gi _r. Cilurkly heprheg m sus mrduegktls ukm pgrcgotm olrtgshm. Im el`grmäïl `g su igkdumjg, gi tmigktl `g lbsgrvmohÿky `g mkíihshs, qug gk tl`m ohroukstmkohm pmtgktm, il nmogk gehkgktgegktg shepíthol. Nmy múk lomshlkgs gk qug pmrgog hkoihkmrsg m ims prlbmbhih`m`gs gsphråthoms, `gjmk`l gsompmr ukm olkchssïl olel gstm: ’G_ plshbig qug, gktrg ils ngonls, midukls nmym mutèkthols, gs `gohr, qug nmymk lrhdgk gspårhtm1 pgrl kl eg gkomrdl `g gsm gigoohÿk.― _g shgktg qug èi gs tlinh`l plr olksh`grmohlkgs `g lr`gk pgrslkmi. _u ihbrl tgk`rí pmrm kl`ls im vgktmjm `g mtrmgr drmk kúegrl `g hkvgsthdm`lrgs pmrm kugstrls gstu`hls, plrqug gi mutlr hkshstg euonms vgogs gk gi

267 | V í d h k m


=86?

`gbgr qug m ils smbhls g hktgigotumigs sg heplkg `g slk`mr ils eúithpigs prlbigems qug im gxpgrhegktmohÿk cåshom vhgkg m plkgr gk clol. * Ngels hk`hom`l ils pgihdrls rgmigs qug lcgrtm im príothom `g im eg`hukh`m`g. Pmebhèk ils nmy hemdhkmrhls, hkvgktm`ls plr eg dustm y gstrgphtlsmegktg mprgdlm`ls plr ils m`vgrsmrhls `gi Gsphrhthsel, `mk`l lrhdgk m `ls tglråms prhkohpmigs, qug plr su turkl gxmehkmrgels: m `g ims imrvms, l gigegktmhs, y m `g ils `gelkhls. Ims emkhcgstmohlkgs gspårhtms, `hogk olth`hmkmegktg ohgrtms rgvhstms omtÿihoms,278 oumk`l kl prlvhgkgk olksohgktg l hkolksohgktgegktg `gi eè`hue l `g ils mshstgktgs, slk lbrm `gi `gelkhl. Gkolktrmels mnå gi mrduegktl nmbhtumi `g im Hdigshm, gi prhkohpmi hkstruegktl `g su `lehkmäïl, qug ig pgrehtg rgshsthr m tl`ms ims hkklvmohlkgs, emktgkhgk`l bmjl gi tgrrlr gi rgbmýl `g ils chgigs y msgdurmk`l su hepgrhl m trmvès `g ils shdils. Múk oumk`l ils Gspårhtus kls nmbimk `g @hls, `g pigdmrhm, `g vhrtu` y smorhchohl, ouepig vgr gk gsl im hktgrvgkohÿk `gi `gelkhl ‟ `hogk ils tgÿildls ‟, plrqug _mtmkís, gi pm`rg `g im egkthrm, smbg rgvgsthr tl`ms ims clrems, gepigmr tl`ls ils igkdumjgs, suehkhstrmr tl`ms ims prugbms1 y oumk`l orggels gstmr gk prgsgkohm `g ims miems `g kugstrls pmrhgktgs y mehdls, `g ukm gsplsm l `g uk nhjl cmiigoh`ls, gs múk gi drmk`g heplstlr qug sg `hscrmzm pmrm gkdmýmrkls. _g nm vhstl ‟ mchremk giils ‟ gi Gspårhtu `gi emi rgvgsthr ims eís `lilrlsms mpmrhgkohms, múk m `g Shrdge y `g ils smktls, pmrm egjlr ildrmr ils orgygktgs. G_ il qug mssgvgrm gi Oðkgdl Brgttgs gk im ’Rgvug ù Elk`g Hkvhshbig―, `g =7 `g cgbrgrl `g =862, `gspuès `g uk gstu`hl `g Elksgýlr Eèrho mogrom `g ims emtgrhmihzmä÷gs `g cmktmsems:. ’Ils rgsuitm`ls ‟ `hog èi ‟ eg pmrgog olkoiuymk m cmvlr `g im lphkhÿk qug slsthgkg sgr tl`l `hmbÿihol gk ims mpmrhä÷gs `g Phiiy. _h slk vgr`m`grms gstms `gùoohlkgs, gs gi `hmbil qug miiå sg prgsgktm bmjl im clrem mpmrgktg `g im smktm Shrdge, y rgohbg ils nlegkmjgs `hrhdh`ls m im em`rg `g @hls.― Lbjgtme ltrls oråthols qug gk sus rgimohlkgs olk gi euk`l hkvhshbig gi nlebrg kl oleukhom slimegktg olk ims miems `g ils eugrtls, pgrl tmebhèk olk hiusÿrhms mpmrhgkohms `g miems, olk imrvms, clrems ciuå`homs mkhem`ms plr ukm sugrtg `g vhbrmohÿk gxphrmktg `gi pgksmehgktl `g ils `gcuktls. Vlr ltrl im`l, `hogk giils, gs olk`gkívgi, gs omsh smorhièdhl gvlomr ims miems `g ils eugrtls, plrqug gstms, mbmk`lkmk`l im Phgrrm, subgk m ims rgdhlkgs supgrhlrgs y tl`m vugivg mquå mbmjl gs uk olkstrmkdhegktl, uk sucrhehgktl pmrm giims. ’Gi eètl`l gspårhtm ‟ `hog uk tgÿslcl kltmbig ‟ lcgrtm gi drmk hkolkvgkhgktg `g sgr prgju`hohmi m ils eugrtls, ouym gvliuohÿk gstlrbm.― Sgkhels, olk gjgepils kuegrlsls y prugbms `g h`gkth`m`, qug im nhpÿtgshs `g ims imrvms kl gs `g el`l midúk justhchoívgi1 ils ngonls `geugstrmk mi olktrmrhl qug gs olk miems `g nlebrgs, ltrlrm gxhstgktgs gk im Phgrrm, qug olkcmbuimels gk ims emkhcgstmohlkgs, pugs qug prgsgktmk uk omríotgr gsgkohmiegktg nuemkl. Im moohÿk `g ils emkhcgstmktgs gs nuemkm, oleltmebhèk il slk ils `hbujls, im gsorhturm y gi igkdumjg `g qug sg shrvgk. Ils cgkÿegkls hktgigotumigs qug prlùogk trmgk gi ouknl `g imsh`gms, `g ils sgkthehgktls, `g ims 278

Sgr, gktrg ltrms, m ’Rgvug ù Elk`g Hkvhshbig―, `g Elksgýlr Eèrho, ’I'Gonl ù Egrvghiigux―, `gi _r. Dmstïl Eèry, y im rgohgktg brlonurm `g uk `lotlr gk igtrms, `g Ihïl, slbrg gi ’Gsphrhthsel―, mprlbm`m plr gi omr`gkmi -mrzlbhspl `g Ihïl. Ihbrgråm

263 | V í d h k m


=86?

Omtÿihol, =0, omiig `g im Mbm`åm, Vmrås, =8==.

264 | V í d h k m


=86?

gelohlkgs, gk ukm pmimbrm, `g tl`l qug olksthtuyg im trmem `g kugstrm prlphm gxhstgkohm . @g tl`ms ims ÿr`gkgs pug`gk sgr sus emkhcgstmohlkgs, `gs`g gi trhvhmi nmstm gi subiheg, y gs il qug hdumiegktg omrmotgrhzm ims slohg`m`gs nuemkms. Ims clrems `g ils cmktmsems qug sg prgsgktmk emtgrhmihzm`ls, ims cltldrmcåms lbtgkh`ms, slk `g sgrgs sgegjmktgs m kl`ls y kukom `g `gelkhls, gigegktmigs l imrvms. Mýí`msg m gsl tl`ls ils ngonls y pmrthouimrh`m`gs olk omríotgr plshthvl tgk`hgktg m gstmbigogr qug ils emkhcgstmktgs vhvhgrlk gktrg ims dgkgrmohlkgs nuemkms, yim ogrtgzm sg heplkg `g qug im hktgrvgkohÿk mtrhbuh`m m ils `gelkhls y m ims imrvms gk ils cgkÿegkls gspårhtms kl gs eís qug gi prlùotl `g uk `gsvmrhl `g im hemdhkmäïl. Gk oumktl m im sgduk`m lbjgäïl, kl thgkg emylr olkshstgkohm. Olel pl`råmk sgr olk`gkmbmhs gsms oleukn÷gs `gi Ohgil olk im Phgrrm, `g im oumi smig gi miem nuemkm gsoimrgoh`m, olkclrtm`m, gkigvm`m plr tl`ms ims gxlrtmä÷gs, plr tl`ms ims hksphrmohlkgs qug ig vhgkgk `gi Mitl< Ims príothoms gspårhtms nmk olkslim`l y rgmkhem`l euonms orhmturms olebmih`ms bmjl im prugbm `g im orhbm1 nmk rgsthtuh`l im pmz m ils mcihtls, prlbík`ligs qug mqugiils qug juzdmbmk pgr`h`ls gstík sÿil louitls plr midúk thgepl m sus vhstms. X qug hkciugkohm elrmi gjgrog gk tl`m kugstrm vh`m gi pgksmehgktl `g qug sgms omrls, sgrgs hkvhshbigs kls molepmýmk y lbsgrvmk, gxmehkmk y mprgohmk kugstrls motls, y qug kugstrls bhgk-mem`ls gstík euonms vgogs ogrom `g kl`ls, mslohík`lsg m kugstrls gscugrzls pmrm gi bhgk, rgdlzhjmk`l-sh olk kugstrms migdråms, olk kugstrls prldrgsls, y gktrhstgogk`l-sh olk kugstrls `gscmigohegktls, olel mepmrík`lkls gk ims shtumohlkgs `hcåohigs! ]uhèk nmbrí qug, nmbhgk`l pgr`h`l uk gktg omrl, pug`m pgremkgogr hk`hcgrgktg m gsg pgksmehgktl< Igjls `g gstlrbmr im gvliuohÿk `g ims miems `gsgkomrkm`ms, smbgels, mi olktrmrhl, qug kugstrls iimem`ls m cmvlrgogk gk ihbrgs euonls omsls.mKl sg trmtm hkshkumr.G_Ils Gspårhtus slk y vhgkgk kl`ls sh gsl`gigsgvlomä÷gs mdrm`m. Mihepgrhlsms, `geís, qugolel gs gkilsåprgtgk`gråmk ehsem im gvlomäïl< im crídhi pmimbrm nuemkm gksmhmk`l-sh gk mrthouimr gi igkdumjg subiheg `gi pgksmehgktl1 gs gi bmibuohmr `gi miem qug gktrm gk im oleuknïl `hvhkm y ukhvgrsmi!. Im gxpgrhgkohm tl`ls ils `åms il `geugstrm: drmohms m ils olksgjls `g ils nuemkls, euonms miems lbsourgoh`ms y mtrmsm`ms nmk pl`h`l rgolklogrsg y lrhgktmrsg gk su kugvm gxhstgkohm. Gk im emylr pmrtg, ils emtgrhmihstms pmsmk plr gi cgkÿegkl `g im eugrtg shk gi pgrohbhr. Orggk múk pmrthohpmr `g im vh`m tgrrgstrg, euonl thgepl trms nmbgr cmiigoh`l. Ils Gspårhtus gigvm`ls kl thgkgk moohÿk slbrg giils, gk vhrtu` `g ims `hcgrgkohms `g `gksh`m` ciuå`hom, ehgktrms qug ims gvlomä÷gs, ims m`vgrtgkohms, ims gxpihomohlkgs qug giils rgohbgk gk ils drupls gspårhtms ils mrrmkomk `g su tlrplr, `g su gstm`l `g hkolksohêkohm, y igs cmohihtmk gi surtl, gk vgz `g gi gstlrbmr. Vmrm kl`ls, olel pmrm ils `gsgkomrkm`ls, im oleuknïl `g ims `ls nuemkh`m`gs gs smiutmr, oumk`l sg gcgotúm gk olk`hohlkgs sgrhms. G_ ukm gksgýmkzm eutum ehkhstrm`l plr ils Gspårhtus m`gimktm`ls `g mebls pimkls, vhsmk`l gsoimrgogr, olkslimr y elrmihzmr ims miems slcrg`lrms l mtrmsm`ms `g ils `ls euk`ls. Ims tglråms `g ils louithstms y tgÿslcls tmk justms gk gi qug sg rgchgrg m im igy `gi Omrem, l `g ims rggkomrkmä÷gs, oimu`home plr olepigtl mi puktl `g qug kls loupmels. Mpmrtmk`l gi hkvgsthdm`lr `gi eètl`l gxpgrhegktmi, pmrm gi olkoiuhr gk gi `lehkhl `g im egtmcåshom purm, giims suprhehgrlk im úkhom bmsg plshthvm `g tl`m im vgr`m`grm chilslcåm. Drmohms m ims prugbms gxpgrhegktmigs gs qug im hkelrtmih`m`, egrl olkogptl nmstm mnlrm, vmdm gspgrmkzm `gi gspårhtu nuemkl, sg nmog ukm rgmih`m` pmiphtmktg. X olk giim, euonms miems gsoèpthoms y `gshiu`h`ms sg shgktgk rgvhvhr gk cmz `g ils `gsthkls qug igs slk pmtgktm`ls. Igjls `g ims `gprgohmr, sgpmels, olksgduhktgegktg, nmogr justhohm m gsms príothoms gspårhtms qug thgkgk gkxudm`l tmktms iídrhems, omiem`l tmktls `lilrgs y prlygotm`l tmk mbuk`mktgs oimrh`m`gs gk im klong `g ims hktgihdgkohms. 26> | V í d h k m


=86?

* Slivmels m im tglråm `gi `gelkhl y olksh`grgels ukm ougsthÿk: sh gi Gspårhtu emihdkl, olel prgtgk`gk ils tgÿildls, thgkgk im cmohih`m` `g rgprlùohr tl`ms ims clrems, tl`ms ims chdurms, rgvgimr ims olsms louitms, prlcgrhr ims eís subihegs milouä÷gs1 sh kls gksgým gi bhgk, im omrh`m`, gi melr, sg pug`g hdumiegktg mtrhbuhrig ims mpmrhä÷gs egkohlkm`ms gk ils ihbrls smktls, orggr qug cug èi quhgkgs nmbiÿ m Elhsès, m ils ltrls prlcgtms y mi prlphl Orhstl, y qug tl`m moohÿk gsphrhtumi louitm gs lbrm suym. Gi `hmbil, tl`l smbhgk`l y pu`hgk`l, hkoiusl nmogr smbhl y vhrtulsl gi Gspårhtu, pug`g euy bhgk nmbgr msueh`l gi pmpgi `g duåm rgihdhlsl y, bmjl gi píihl `g im Hdigshm, gk ils olkùohr m im pgr`hohÿk. Im Nhstlrhm, olk gcgotl, kls `geugstrm olk hrrgcrmdívgi iÿdhom qug kh shgeprg im Hdigshm cug hksphrm`m plr @hls. Gk euonms ohroukstmkohms, susmotls thgkgk gstm`l gk mbsliutmolktrm`hoohÿk olk ils mtrhbutls `g qug gk ils mprmz rgvgsthr im `hvhk`m`g. Im Hdigshm gs uk írbli olilssmi, ouyls crutls kh shgeprg cugrlk ils egjlrgs, y gi `hmbil ‟ pugs qug gs tmk níbhi ‟ pug`g euy bhgk nmbgrsg mbrhdm`l m su slebrm. _h `gbgels mèhthr, olk ils tgÿildls, qug gk tl`ls ils thgepls y iudmrgs tgkdm @hls pgrehth`l ims eís l`hlsms crmu`gs, gi euk`l sg kls prgsgktmrí olel hkegksm heplsturm y khkdukm sgdurh`m` tgk`rgels qug kl sgr gkdmým`ls: tmktl plr im Hdigshm olel plr gi Gsphrhthsel. Im Hdigshm ‟ giim prlphm il rgolklog ‟ sÿil plsgg, rgimthvmegktg mi qug `gklehkm ’slbrgkmturmi `hmbÿihol l `hvhkl―, uk orhtgrhl `g ogrtgzm purmegktg elrmi.236 X què, olk tmk rgstrhotms bmsgs `g mprgohmohÿk, `mtl gi tmigktl `g hehtmohÿk qug mtrhbuyg mi gkgehdl `gi dèkgrl nuemkl, qug orè`htl m giim prlphm pl`gels olkog`gr gk tl`ms ims emtgrhms< G_ mså qug gi mrduegktl `gi `gelkhl, olel mrem `g `ls duegs, sg pug`g vlivgr olktrm mqugiils qug il clrjmrlk. Ombg, shk gebmrdl, prgduktmr sh `g ngonl nmbråm tmemým nmbhih`m` `g im pmrtg `gi `hmbil gk prlog`gr olel kugstrls olktrm`htlrgs il prgtgk`gk. Gk ims sgshlkgs gspårhtms, il vgråmels olkvgkzm `g im supgrvhvgkohm `gi miem y `g im rgsplksmbhih`m` `g ils motls m hk`hvhùls emtgrhmihstms1 ihbgrmr `g im ù`m ils gsoèpthols, y `g im kgdmohÿk y `g tl`ms sus olksgougkohms, `gohr m vgogs ùrms vgr`m`gs im pgrslkms `gsrgdrm`ms y lbihdmrims m omgr gk så y lrhgktmrsg gk gi sgkth`l `gi bhgk. @lk`g gstmråm, pugs, gk tl`l gsl im vgktmjm pmrm _mtmkís< Kl `gbgråm, mi olktrmrhl, gi pmpgi `gi Gspårhtu `g ims thkhgbims olkshsthr gk molrlä lmr gk sus tgk`gkohms ils emtgrhmihstms, ils mtgls, ils gsoèpthols y ils hk`hvhùls sgksumhs< G_ vgr`m`grmegktg pugrhi mtrhbuhr mi `gelkhl im gksgýmkzm elrmi qug gk ils prl`hdmihzme ils Gspårhtus gigvm`ls. Orggr qug _mtmkís sg gsclrog plr `gsvhmr ils nlebrgs `gi emi, ehgktrms qug, `gjík`lils rgsbmimr plr gi `goihvg `g ims pmshlkgs, sg nmråmk cmtmiegktg prgsm suym1 orggr qug pug`g gksgýmrils m memr, m lrmr, m sgrvhr m @hls, m puktl `g `hotmrigs pigdmrhms, gs mtrhbuhrig uk prlog`hehgktl rh`åouil gxtrgem`megktg hkgptl. _h gi `hmbil gs níbhi, pug`gk heputmrig ims rgspugstms hkdgkums, drlsgrms, hkhktgihdgktgs, gk ilsm oårouils `lk`g sg gxpgrhegktm shk orhtgrhl< X ims emkhcgstmohlkgs lbsogkms! Kl slk lbtgkh`ms mktgs prlphms migjmrkls `gi qug m mtrmgrkls pmrm èi< Ehgktrms qug, mèhthgk`l im hktgrvgkohÿk `g Gspårhtus`g tl`ms ims ÿr`gkgs, `gs`g `g eís bmjm m im eís gigvm`m, tl`l sg gxpihom rmohlkmiegktg. Ils Gspårhtus emicmzgjls kl slk `g kmturmigzm `hmbÿihom, pgrl `gkmturmigzm shepigegktg nuemkm.

236

Sgr ils emkumigs `g Pglildhm, plr gjgepil: Blkmi, ’Hksthtut. Pngli.―, tlel H, píd. 801 ’Prmot. `g Rgvgimthlkg―, gk qug slk gxpugstls ils prhkohpmigs omrmotgrgs `gi slbrgkmturmi `hmbÿihol.

268 | V í d h k m


=86?

Kl nmy gk im Phgrrm, gkomrkm`ms gktrg kl`ls, miems pgrvgrsms, qug sg pl`råmk olksh`grmr `gelkhls< Slivhgk`l mi Gspmohl, gsms miems olkthkúmk m prlog`gr `g hdumi emkgrm, nmstm qug vgkdmk m sgr rgdgkgrm`ms plr ims prlvmä÷gs, subjudm`ms plr ils sucrhehgktls. M ils hkvgsthdm`lrgs pru`gktgs olephtg plkgrsg gk dumr`hm olktrm gsls gktgs cukgstls y rgmoohlkmr olktrm su hkciugkohm. Gk im emylr pmrtg `g ils oårouils `g gxpgrhegktmohÿk, gk iudmr `g prlog`gr olk omutgim y rgspgtl, sg `gsprgohmk ils olksgjls `g ils qug kls prgog`hgrlk gk gi omehkl `g ims hkvgsthdmohlkgs. Olk hktgepgsthvms gxhdgkohms y el`ls hkolkvgkhgktgs, rgpgige-sh ims hkciugkohms mreÿkhoms y sg mtrmgk hk`hvhùmih`m`gs pgrvgrsms y Gspårhtus mtrmsm`ls. @g mnå tmktms `gogpohlkgs, hkolgrêkohms, lbsgss÷gs, qug nmk ngonl orggr gk im gxhstgkohm `g ils `gelkhls y imkzm`l slbrg ohgrtl ’gsphrhthsel― `g bmjm oimsg gi rh`åouil y gi `gsorè`htl. * Im tglråm `gi `gelkhl, gk rgsuegk, kh gs plshthvm kh ohgktåchom. G_ uk mrduegktl oÿel`l, qug sg prgstm m ims gxpiltmohlkgs, pgrehtg rgonmzmr tl`ms ims prugbms, tl`ls ils omsls `g h`gkth`m`, y nmogr tíbum rmsm `g ils eís mutlrhzm`ls tgsthelkhls1 plol olkoiu`gktg, shk gebmrdl, y mbsliutmegktg gk olktrm`hoohÿk olk im kmturmigzm `g ils ngonls. Im orggkohm gk gi `gelkhl y gk gi hkchgrkl nm sh`l olebmth`m olk mrduegktls `g tmi el`l pgrgeptÿrhls qug omusm mèhrmohÿk vgr hktgihdgkohms gsoimrgoh`ms múk nly m m`lptmr. Olel sh kl oleprgk`g qug lplkhgk`l hkogsmktgegktg _mtmkís m @hls, mtrhbuyèk`lsg-ig slbrg gi euk`l y slbrg ims miems uk pl`gr qug, `åm m `åm, muegktm, sg `hsehkuyg pmrmigimegktg gi hepgrhl `g @hls, megsquhknm-sh su pl`gr, sg mkhquhim su mutlrh`m`, sg plkg gk ù`m im smbhùråm, im blk`m`, im smkh`m` `gi Orgm`lr< @hls, shgk`l justl y bugkl, olel il `goimrm im gksgýmkzm omtÿihom, kl pug`g nmbgr orgm`l uk sgr `ltm`l `g tl`m im ohgkohm `gi emi, `g tl`m sugrtg `g sgùoohÿk, y nmbgrig olkog`h`l pl`gr mbsliutl slbrg gi nlebrg hkgreg y `èbhi.. L _mtmkís gs gtgrkl, l kl il gs. _h il gs, @hls kl gs úkhol1 nmy `ls `hlsgs ‟ il `gi bhgk y il `gi emi. L gktlkogs _mtmkís gs ukm orhmturm `g @hls, g hkeg`hmtmegktg m @hls ombg im rgsplksmbhih`m` `g tl`l gi emi plr èi prmothom`l1 plrqug, mi orgmril, olklohÿ, vhl tl`ms ims olksgougkohms `g su lbrm. X gi hkchgrkl plbim`l `g im hkegksm emylråm `g ims miems, vltm`ms plr su cimqugzm lrhdhkmi mi pgom`l y m im olk`gkm, gs im lbrm `g @hls, prlùotl `g su dmkm y plr èi prgvhstm! Pmigs slk ims olksgougkohms `g im tglråm `g _mtmkís y `gi hkchgrkl. G_ `g mèhrmr qug nmym prlùoh`l tmktls emtgrhmihstms y mtgls< X gs gk klebrg `g Orhstl, `g sus gksgýmkzms `g melr, `g omrh`m` y `g pgr`ÿk qug sg prgolkhzmk tmigs `lotrhkms! Eís olkclreg mi vgr`m`grl gspårhtu `g ims Gsorhturms kl sgrí gsm rgvgimohÿk gspårhtm, qug kls prgsgktm, `gspuès `gi rgsomtg y im rgpmrmäïl `g sus ouipms, gk gxhstgkohms `g prlvmä÷gs, ims miems m prlsgduhr su msogksl m ims rgdhlkgs `g im iuz< Mså il `hjl gi mpÿstlil: ’@hls kl quhgrg qug nlebrg midukl pgrgzom, pgrl qug tl`ls sg olkvhgrtmk m im pgkhtgkohm.―23= Il qug sg iimemk `gelkhls, olel vgkhels, slk shepigegktg Gspårhtus hkcgrhlrgs, múk prlpgksls mi emi, slegth`ls, shk gebmrdl, olel tl`ms ims miems, m im igy `gi prldrgsl. Kl nmy `hvgrsms omtgdlråms `g miems,.

23=

HH Vg`rl, ?:8.

2=6 | V í d h k m


=86?

`gsthkm`ms ukms m im cgihoh`m` y ltrms m im `gsdrmohm gtgrkm. Pl`ms sg gigvmk plr gi trmbmjl, plr gi gstu`hl y plr gi sucrhehgktl. Im ukh`m` pgrcgotm y im mrelkåm rghkmk gk gi Wkhvgrsl. Ogsgels, pugs, `g prlcmkmr im h`gm `g @hls olk gsms olkogpohlkgs hk`hdkms `g im drmk`gzmy `g im blk`m` hkchkhtms1 sgpmels `gspljmrim `g ims `gsdrmohm`ms pmshlkgs nuemkms qug sg ig mtrhbuygk. Olk gsl im Rgihdhÿk dmkmrí prgsthdhl. Vlkhèk`lim gk mrelkåm olk ils prldrgsls `gi gspårhtu nuemkl, sg ig `mrí emylr vhtmih`m`g. Mogkmr olk gi gspgotrl `g _mtmkís y tl`m im cmktmsemdlrhm `gi hkchgrkl, gk ukm èplom gk qug im Nuemkh`m` ym kl orgg gk ils ehtls olk qug im gebmimrme gk im hkcmkohm, gs pgrpgtrmr uk mkmorlkhsel, gs gxplkgrsg m prlvlomr im rhsm. _mtmkís kl msustm eís km`hg. X ils qug eís `g èi nmbimk slk, tmi vgz, ils qug gk èi egkls orggk.232 _g pug`g gxpilrmr gi gsvmgohegktl `g ukm quhegrm rgk`lsm, `g qug plr euonl thgepl sg mbusÿ, y slitmr m ils oumtrl vhgktls ils gols `g su qugjm. @gimktg, shk gebmrdl, `g tmigs rgorhehkmä÷gs, prlphms `g ltrm g`m`, gi pgksm`lr `gshktgrgssm`l slkråg y pmsm m`gimktg. Xm kl orggels gk uk @hls olièrhol y vgkdmthvl, pgrl gk uk @hls `g justhohm y `g hkchkhtm ehsgrhoÿr`hm. Gi Jglví smkduhkírhl y tgrrhbig nhzl su èplom. Gi hkchgrkl hepimombig sg ogrrÿ pmrm shgeprg. @gi Ohgil m im Phgrrm `gsohgk`g mnlrm, olk im kugvm rgvgimohÿk, gi igkhthvl pmrm tl`ls ils `lilrgs, gi pgr`ÿk pmrm tl`ms ims cimqugzms, gi rgsomtg pmrm tl`ls ils oråegkgs, eg`hmktg gi mrrgpgk`hegktl y im gxphmäïl..

^^HS -

Mbusls `g im Eg`hukh`m`g

Gk im prhegrm lr`gk `g ils mbusls qug `gbgels sgýmimr, ouepig olilomr ils crmu`gs, ims sheuimohlkgs. Ils crmu`gs l slk olksohgktgs y vlihthvms, l hkolksohgktgs. Gk gstg úithel omsl slk prlvlom`ms quhgrg plr im moohÿk `g Gspårhtus emicmzgjls, quhgrg plr sudgrgkohms slbrg ils eè`huks gjgroh`ms plr ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs y mshstgktgs. Ils crmu`gs olksohgktgs prlvhgkgk lrm `g cmisls eè`huks, lrm `g eè`huks vgr`m`grls, pgrl pèrch`ls, qug nmk ngonl `g su cmouitmùkm cugktg `g prlvgktls emtgrhmigs. @gsolklohgk`lim klbigzm y im heplrtmkohm `g su ehshÿk, plr kmturmigzm prgohlsm, giils im trmksclremk gk uk eg`hl `g gxpiltmohÿk y kl trgph`me, oumk`l cmiim gi cgkÿegkl, gk gi sheuimr olk mrthcåohls. Ils cmisls eè`huks sg gkougktrmk uk plol plr tl`m pmrtg. Wkls kl pmsmk `g pèshels cmrshstms qug sg `hvhgrtgk m im ougstm `gi vuidmonl y m så ehsels sg trmhohlkmk prlktl l tmr`g. Ltrls nmy, hkùstrhlsls, níbhigs, pmrm ils oumigs gi Gsphrhthsel gs sÿil ukm egromkohm1 sg gsclrzmk plr hehtmr ims emkhcgstmohlkgs, tgkhgk`l gk msgstm gi ildrl im mucgrhr. Euonls nmk sh`l `gsemsomrm`ls gk pigkm sgshÿk1 midukls ym cugrlk 23?`g ruh`lsls prlogsls. Gk gsm lr`gk `g ngonls, nmk sh`l prgsgkohm`ms ims eís olinh`ls gkcmiomtrums. ims emiims mu`mohlsms Olrrgotls hk`hvhùls, mbusmk`l `g im bugkm-cg `g ils qug ils olksuitmk, kl nmk ngshtm`l gk

232

Gk gi prlphl sgkl `g ims hdigshms gi Gsphrhthsel thgkg sus m`g ptls. Im V. Imolr`mhrg, im V. Igbruk, `gi Lrmtÿrhl, ils mbm`gs Vlusshk, Igomku, Emrluzgmu, gi vgkgrmk`l mbm`g Drhemu`, im V. Emronmi, y olk giils drmk kúegrl `g pmstlrgs (vgr ’Orhsthmkhsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. SHH), gkxgrdmrme gk ims emkhcgstmohlkgs `g ils Gspårhtus uk motl `g im dmkm `hvhkm, gjgrohèk`lsg plr ukm kugvm clrem, pmrm gigvmr gi pgksmehgktl nuemkl plr gkohem `g ims rgdhlkgs emtgrhmigs. 23? Gi ’Bmkkgr lc Ihdnt―, `g Blstlk, `g 7 `g mdlstl `g =>88, mkukohm tgkgr -sg `gsoubhgrtl im trmem `g ukm vmstm mslohmohÿk gktrg ohgrtls eè`huks prlcgshlkmigs, pmrm gxpiltmohÿk `gi púbihol gsphrhtumihstm. Gsm mslohmohÿk `hrhdhÿ m t l`ls ils eè`huks `g mqugiim kmturmigzm ukm ohrouimr, lcgrtmk`l ukm sgrhg `g mpmrmtls `gsthkm`ls m hehtmr ims emkhcgstmohlkgs gspårhtms, olk hk`homohlkgs `g ils prgohls, `g = m 7 `ÿimrgs ―.

2=6 | V í d h k m


=86?

prlcmkmr ils eís smdrm`ls sgkthehgktls y nmogr slspgonms ukm ohgkohm y `lotrhkms qug pug`gk sgr uk eg`hl `g rgdgkgrmohÿk. Gk im emylråm `g ims vgogs, slk `gsthtuh`ls `gi sgkthehgktl `g su rgsplksmbhih`m`1 pgrl gk im vh`m `g m`geís-túeuil bhgk `gsmdrm`mbigs slrprgk`h`ms igs gstík rgsgrvm`ms. G_ hkomiouiívgi gi pgrjuhohl plr gsls gspgrtmin÷gs omusm`l m im vgr`m`. Olk sus mrthcåohls nmk migjm`l euonls pgksm`lrgs `gi gstu`hl sgrhl `gi Gsphrhthsel. Vlr gsl gs `gbgr `g tl`l nlebrg `g bhgk `gsemsomrí-ils, ils gxpusl m im egrgoh`m gxgormäïl. Gi `gsprgohl gk gstg euk`l, gi rgelrsl y im vgrdùgkzm gk gi ltrl ‟ ng mnå il qug ils gspgrm. Vlrqug, kl`ls il smbgels, tl`l sg pmdm: gi emi rgomh shgeprg slbrg mqugi qug il prmothom. Kl nmy olsm eís vhi, eís `gsprgzåvgi, qug bmthr elkg`m slb rg ils `lilrgs mjgkls, sheuimr, m hktgromebhl `g `hkgrl, ils mehdls, ils gktgs omrls qug iilrmels, nmogr `g im prlphm eugrtg ukm gspgouimohÿk `gsbrhm`m, uk lbjgtl `g cmishchomohÿk.. Gi Gsphrhthsel kl pug`g sgr rgsplksmbhihzm`l plr tmigs emkgjls. Gi mbusl l hehtmohÿk `g ukm olsm km`m pug`g nmogr prgjuidmr olktrm im prlphm olsm. Kl vgels crgougktgegktg hehtm`ls ils cgkÿegkls `g Cåshom plr ils prgsth`hdhtm`lrgs< X qug prlvgkdm gsl olktrm im vgr`m`grm Ohgkohm< Km`m. Gi hkvgsthdm`lr hktgihdgktg `gbg gstmr prgomvh`l y nmogr olkstmktg usl `g su rmzÿk. _h nmy midukls imblrmtlrhls gk qug, m prgtgxtl `g emkhcgstmohlkgs, sg prmothom uk l`hlsl tríchol, kuegrlsls oårouils gxhstgk, olepugstls `g pgrslkms ouyl omríotgr, plshohÿk y nlklrmbhih`m`g olksthtuygk ltrms tmktms dmrmktåms `g shkogrh`m`, hkmogssåvghs, gk tmigs olk`hohlkgs, m oumiquhgr slspgonm `g onmrimtmkhsel.. * _g nm `m`l gi ngonl ‟ lbsgrvgels ‟ `g ohgrtls eè`huks, `ltm`ls `g kltmbigs cmouitm`gs, kl nmymk vmohim`l gk egzoimr, gk ims sgshlkgs qug rgmihzmk, ims sheuimohlkgs olk ils ngonls rgmigs, vhsmk`l muegktmr ils prlvgktls l im cmem qug `hscrutmk. Vrgduktmrík tmi vgz plr què mkuge ils `gsgkomrkm`ls m prgstmr su olkoursl m hk`hvhùls `g tmi sugrtg hk`hdkls. Im rgspugstm gs cíohi. Gsls Gspårhtus, gk su vhvl `gsgl `g emkhcgstmrsg m ils qug gk im Phgrrm memrlk, gkolktrmk`l gk tmigs eè`huks ils gigegktls kgogsmrhls pmrm emtgrhmihzmrsg, nmohèk`lsg vhshbigs, y, mså, `geugstrgk im prlphm supgrvhvgkohm, kl ngshtmk gk uthihzmr ils eg`hls qug sg igs lcgrtmk, kl lbstmktg im hk`hdkh`m`g `g ils hktgreg`hmrhls. Cug il qug suog`hÿ gk =863, =864 y =86>, gk gi oursl `g sgshlkgs gcgotum`ms gk Vmrås plr uk eè`hue gxtrmkjgrl, `g qug ym nmbiè gk gi prgcíohl `g gstm lbrm. Gi `åm => `g jukhl `g =86>, gk omsm `gi _r. @mvh`, gk gi Bluigvmr` `gs Bmthdkliigs, gstmk`l sgktm`l gi eè`hue cugrm `gi dmbhkgtg `g emtgrhmihzmä÷gs, m im eg`hm-iuz, gk gi oårouil `g ils mshstgktgs, cug vhstl clremrsg uk brmzl, qug pmrgoåm surdhr `g uk íkduil `g im smim. @gsorhbhÿ uk elvhehgktl ohrouimr y vhkl m tlomrkls im ombgzm, m eå y mi rgvgrgk`l Bgkgzgon, pmstlr prltgstmktg, sgktm`l mi phg `g eå. @gi slminl smihÿ uk cmktmsem vmplrlsl, qug sg grdugu m im vhstm `g tl`ls, y ukm vlz sg nhzl lår, prlcgrhk`l uk klebrg bhgk olkloh`l. Gksgduh`m sg cug mbmhxmk`l y sg `hshpÿ drmùmiegktg gk gi slminl. Gi eè`hue, bhgk `gsphgrtl, sgýmimbm gsls cgkÿegkls, mi thgepl qug sg prlùoåmk gk iudmrgs `g im smim qug kl nmbråm pl`h`l miomkzmr. Gk im sgshÿk `g =2 `g juihl, gk omsm `g im _rm. Olrkèiy, gstmbm yl olilom`l mim gktrm`m `gi dmbhkgtg, crgktg m im mpgrturm `g ims olrthkms. Wk Gspårhtu, olk gstmturm `g khýl, `gsprgohmk`l gsm mpgrturm, mtrmvgsÿ il 2== | V í d h k m


=86?

pmkl, m eh hzquhgr`m, juktl mi _r. @gbrus, sgktm`l mtrís `g eå,y prlkukohÿ gstms pmimbrms: ’Emrhm, Rlsm―, y gksgduh`m: ’pmpí, emeí!― Ploÿ gi _r. @gbrus, y su ihk`l brmzl rlihäl cug vhstl mimrdmrsg plr ohem `g su y `g eh ombgzm. Gi _r. y im _rm. @gbrus qug`mrlk olkvgkoh`ls `g nmbgr vhstl im mpmrhäïl `g su prlphm nhjm, cmiigoh`m gk Smigkog, m 0 `g klvhgebrg `g =862, m quhèk eg rgcgrå gk ’Gi Vrlbigem `gi _gr, `gi @gsthkl, y `gi @lilr―. Gk sgegjmktg omsl, kls pmrgohÿ heplshbig im sheuimohÿk, pugs qug gi eè`hue jmeís nmbåm vhstl im khým.. Im mutgkthoh`m`g `g gsls cgkÿegkls gs hkolktgstívgi, plr nmbgr sh`l prlùoh`ls gk gxogigktgs olk`hohlkgs `g vgrhchomohÿk. Gi ehsel ym sh kl `hl plstgrhlregktg. Iugdl qug gi eè`hue sg louitmbm mtrís `g ims olrthkms y sg nmoåm im lbsourh`m`g, sg låmk ruh`ls shdkhchomthvls. Gk gi oursl `g == sgshlkgs m qug mshstå, pu`g m`quhrhr im ogrtgzm `g qug gi eè`hue sg `gsku`mbm, quhtmbm ils zmpmtls y phktmbm gi rlstrl, pmrm sheuimr ims mpmrhä÷gs. Gk ukm `g ims sgshlkgs, gcgotum`m gk omsm `g im _rm. Kogddgrmtn, m im omiig Ehitlk, `ls sgýlrms cmvlrmbigegktg olilom`ms pmrm bhgk lbsgrvmr, gstmk`l yl sgktm`l eís `hstmktg, vugiomk `hsthktmegktg gi eè`hue `gsku`m`l, mdmonm`l y, `gspuès, gxtgk`h`l gk gi slminl, im grdugr-sh plol m plol pmrm igvmktmr im dmzg ciltmktg qug ig sgrvåm pmrm hehtmr ils cmktmsems. Ims miu`h`ms sgýlrms, ukm `g ims oumigs grm im _rm. Kogddgrmtn, eg oleukhomrlk sgpmrm`megktg sus heprgshlkgs, qug olkolr`mbmk, mktgs `g olkvgrsmr mogrom `gi ngonl lbsgrvm`l. Gi `åm 8 `g sgpthgebrg, gi _r. @rubmy, gspårhtm åktgdrl y olkvhotl, mi `gsnmogr gi dmbhkgtg `g emtgrhmihzmä÷gs, gi `åm shduhgktg mi `g ukm sgshÿk gcgotum`m gk su omsm, gkolktrÿ uk rgtminl `g chiÿ `g sg`m, euonåshel qug pmrgoåm `gspigdm`l l mrrmkom`l `g ukhk, pg`mzl @åms `gspuès, gkgsim uk sg`g `g im _lohg`m` `gchkl, Gstu` hls Vsåquhols, gk gi mrrmbmi`g `g _mhkt-Emrt oldhÿemylr. gk ims ehsems olk`hohlk trmpl kgdrl, euy oleprh`l, cugrtgegktg heprgdkm`l `g uk lilr `g rlsm y sâ k`mil olebhkm`ls, qug sg nmoåm sgkthr gk ohgrtls elegktls gk ims sgshlkgs y qug gi eè`hue prgtgk`åm sgr prlvgkhgktg `g ils Gspårhtus. 230 Eís `g vghktg tgsthdls, gk rgsuegk, vgrhchomrlk ils crmu`gs, gk sgshlkgs uitgrhlrgs. Gi oleprlehsl clremi qug nmbåmk tlem`l `g lbsgrvmr im klremthvm cug il qug úkhomegktg ims heph`hÿ`g `gsemsomrmr gi ouipmbig. Pgkhgk`l ils ’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonhqugs― `gkukohm`l tmigs mrthcåohls, juzduè `gbgr m eh turkl hktgrvgkhr, pmrm smivmr kugstrms rgsplksmbhih`m`gs y m `g ukm omusm oleprlegth`m plr gsms `hvuidmohlkgs, 237 olk il qug pu`l qug`mr gi púbihol gktgrm`l `g qug ils gspårhtms kl sg `gjmk iu`hbrhmr y smbgk `hsogrkhr im vgr`m` `g im heplsturm. @gkukohmr, olk gcgotl, ils crmu`gs, `lk`gquhgrm qug sg prlùzomk, gs gi eg`hl eís sgdurl `g nmogr `gsmolrlälmr sus mutlrgs. Vrlog`hgk`l oÿel il nhog, `gsgepgýè ukm tmrgm hkdrmtm, pgrl kgogsmrhm, qug eg vmihÿ im mprlbmohÿk `g ims pgrslkms nlkgstms. _h, `g uk im`l, cuh bimkol `g oråthoms emièvlims, `gi ltrl rgohbå gigvm`ls y omilrlsls mpimusls. Wk gehkgktg pshquhstm,qug loupm smihgktg plshohÿk gk im emdhstrmturm, eg gsorhbg m tmi rgspgtl: ’Vmrås, > `g mbrhi `g =8=6. Mèhrè vugstrl olrmjg gk gi hkoh`gktg E., plrqug m`hvhkl ouíktl `gbèhs nmbgr sucrh`l, shgk`l drmohms m prltgstmr.. 230 237

Sh`g ’Rgvug _phrhtg―, cgbrgrl y mbrhi `g =866. ’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonhqugs―, `hohgebrg `g =86>.

2=2 | V í d h k m


=86?

Nhohstghs bhgk y ls rgvgimstghs eís ukm vgz gi nlebrg shkogrl y nlkrm`l qug `g ngonl slhs. _è qug ohgrtls drupls qug`mrlk uk tmktl `gsolktgktgs olk vlsltrls, pgrl ouepihstghs uk `gbgr, gxpgihk`l ’ils egrom`lrgs `gi tgepil―. Il qug imkzm gi `gsprgstådhl gk gi elvhehgktl `g qug slhs ukl `g ils eís rgspgtmbmhs jgcgs gs justmegktg im ogdugrm `g ohgrtls drupls qug, olk su hk`hcgrgkohm plr im shkogrh`m` `g ils cgkÿegkls, cmvlrgogk ils eè`huks crmuùigktls y ils qug sg rgjubhime olk tmigs crmu`gs. Gk gi qug eg `hog pgrslkmiegktg rgspgtl, gstly olk vlsltrls. @gs`g ims prhegrms sgshlkgs eg cug pmtgktg gi crmu`g `g E., y oleprgk`å cíohiegktg sus prlogsls, qug slk drlsgrls. Km`m mrthouiè púbihomegktg, gk mtgkohÿk m ims pgrslkms qug eg moldåmk gk su omsm, nmbhèk`leg, mi `geís, E. prlegth`l sgshlkgs sgrhms. Vgrl kl ouepihÿ im prlegsm.―. Olel gpåildl `g gsls ngonls, ils gspårhtms, rgukh`ls gk gi Olkdrgsl Hktgrkmohlkmi `g Brusgims, gk emyl `g =8=6, mprlbmrlk im shduhgktg elohÿk: ’Gi Olkdrgsl Gspårhtm `g Brusgims, heprgshlkm`l olk ils crmu`gs kuegrlsls y rgpgth`ms qug sg thgkgk prlùzh`l.kms sgshlkgs gcgotum`ms, gk im lbsourh`m`g, plr eè`huks prlcgshlkmigs, heprgshlkm`l olk gi pgrjuhohl elrmi qug mså omusmk m im @lotrhkm: Hkvhtm ils drupls `g gstu`hls y ils gxpgrhegktm`lrgs qug busomk ils ngonls `g lr`gk cåshom, ils trmksplrtgs y ils cgkÿegkls `g emtgrhmihzmäïl, im sÿil mèhtmk sgshlkgs lbsourms l m im eg`hmiuz gk olk`hohlkgs `g rhdurlsm vgrhchomohÿk1 Rgolehgk`m gspgohmiegktg, qug sgmk ims emkls y ils phgs `g ils eè`huks sgdurls plr `ls mshstgktgs gxpgrhegktm`ls, ehgktrms ùrmr im sgshÿk, l qug sgm mhsim`l gi eè`hue plr eg`hl `g uk nhil tgksl y shk sliuohÿk `g olkthkuh`m`1 l múk, qug sgm èi egth`l gk ukm jmuim ouh`m`lsmegktg ogrrm`m y ouym iimvg qug`g gk pl`gr `g ukm pgrslkm `g olkchmkzm1. Ims sgshlkgs m im eg`hm-iuz slk euonåshel prgcgrhbigs, plr sgr ils cgkÿegkls vgrhchom`lsplr tl`ls ils mshstgktgs. Olk gsl `gbg olktgktmrsg uk eè`hue bhgk `ltm`l, ehgktrms qug sg nmog slspgonlsl oumk`l gxhdg im lbsourh`m`g, mukqug gstm muegktg im cugrzm cåshom, plrqug pug`g nmogr rgogmr qug `g giim sg mprlvgong pmrm crmu`mr, il qug nm lourrh`l gk ohgrtls omsls. Ouepig smthscmogrsg olk rgsuitm`ls eís pgqugýls, shk gebmrdl eís sgdurls1 Gi Olkdrgsl `hrhdg, m`geís `g gsl, ukm hkstmktg gxlrtmäïl m ils eè`huks nlkgstls y `gshktgrgssm`ls. Igs ph`g qug hktgkshchqugk il ogil plr ims bugkms sgrvhr ukm vgr`m` smdrm`m, vgr`m` oleprlegth`m plr `gsbrhm`ls sheuim`lrgs, y igs rgougr`m qug, sh gi crmu`g momrrgm ukm justm y sgvgrm rgprlvmäïl, im `g`homohÿk y im shkogrh`m`, mi olktrmrhl, igs drmkjghme im gsthem y gi rgolklohehgktl `g kugstrms tl`ls, msåorggkohms olel imgk mshstgkohm `g ims gigvm`ms Hktgihdgkohms hkvhshbigs, qug vgimk plr gi prldrgsl `g gstg euk`l.― Nmy ‟ `hjhels ‟ crmu`gs hkolksohgktgs, qug sg gxpihomk plr im sudgrgkohm. Ils eè`huks slk gxtrgem`megktg sgkshbigs m im moohÿk sudgsthvm, tmktl `g ils vhvls olel `g ils `gsgkomrkm`ls.233 Gi gstm`l `g gspårhtu `g ims pgrslkms qug tlemk pmrtg gk ims gxpgrhgkohms rgmoohlkm slbrg giils y gjgrog ukm hkciugkohm qug ils eè`huks kl `hsthkdugk, pgrl qug gs m vgogs olksh`grmbig. 233

Gsm moohÿk ym kl gs omsh olktgstm`m gk ils oårouils hktgigotumigs supgrhlrgs. ’Im ohgkohm lchohmi ‟ `hog gi prlcgslr Cmiolegr ‟ gksgým motumiegktg qug uk sgkshthvl pug`g gkdmýmr plr sudgrgkohm egktmi prlvgkhgktg `g lutrge.― (Vnèkleèkldrmpnhg―, plr gi prlcgslr Cmiolegr.) Sgr ’Rgvug _phrhtg―, =86?, píd. =4?.

2=? | V í d h k m


=86?

Eè`huks pgrcgotmegktg nlkgstls y `gshktgrgssm`ls olkchgsmk qug slk hepgih`ls mi crmu`g, gk ohgrtls eg`hls, plr ukm cugrzm louitm. Gk im emylr pmrtg, rgshstgk im tmigs sudgrgkohms, prgcgrhråmk rgkukohmr mi gjgrohohl `g sus cmouitm`gs m `gjmrsg mrrmstrmr plr gsg rgsvmim`lurl. Midukls og`gk m gsms hkciugkohms1 y uk elegktl `g cimqugzm bmstmrí pmrm igvmktmr ù`ms slbrg tl`ms ims gxpgrhgkohms gk qug nmymk chdurm`l. Ohgrtls crmu`gs, vgrhchom`ms olk `hvgrsls eè`huks, pug`gk sgr mtrhbuh`ms im sudgrgkohms gxtgrhlrgs, quhgrg nuemkms, quhgrg gspårhtms. M vgogs olhkoh`gk y sg olebhkmk ims `ls hkciugkohms. Ils gsoèpthols emihktgkohlkm`ls slk sgouk`m`ls plr muxhihmrgs `gi M`geís. X gktlkogs gi pl`gr sudgsthvl sgrí tmktl eís hrrgshståvgi ehgktrms eís heprgsshlkívgi sgm gi eè`hue y gstè eís prlcuk`megktg hegrsl gk gi trmksg g hksuchohgktgegktg prltgdh`l. _g vg m qug pgihdrls gstí gstg gxpugstl1 gk ohgrtms sgshlkgs, mpgkms olksthtuh`ms, mpgkms `hrhdh`ms, pug`g nmogrsg våothem `g ims cugrzms gxtgrhlrgs olebhkm`ms. Kl grm gsg gi omsl `gi eè`hue E., `g qug mombmels `g nmbimr y qug olkshdl trmåm gi chiÿ y ils ltrls lbjgtls kgogsmrhls m ims sheuimohlkgs. Im prgeg`htmäïl grm gk èi gvh`gktg1 ils mrthcåohls grmk omiouim`ls, prgvhmegktg prgpmrm`ls. Molktgog qug gi eè`hue, prhkohpmiegktg gi eè`hue gsorgvgktg, sg sudgsthlkm m så ehsel y, gk uk hepuisl mutleíthol, gsorhbg oleukhomohlkgs qug mbushvmegktg mtrhbuyg m Gspårhtus `gsgkomrkm`ls. Gsm mutlsudgrgkohm gs ukm gspgohg `g hkùoohÿk `gi ’gdl― klremi mi ’gdl― subolksohgktg, qug kl gs uk sgr `hsthkduh`l, olel vgkhels prgog`gktgegktg, pgrl ukm el`mih`m` eís gxtgksm `g im pgrslkmih`m`. Gk gsg omsl, olk `g eís pgrcgotm bugkm-cg, gi eè`hue rgsplk`g m sus prlphms prgduktms1 gxtgrkmihzm sus pgksmehgktls louitls, sus prlphls rmohloåkhls, ils prlùotls `g ukm vh`m psåquhom eís hktgksm y prlcuk`m. Miimk Amr`go, @mvhs, Nu`slk Puttig, Masmalc, gto., sg loupmrlk gk sus lbrms `g gsm omtgdlråm `g eè`huks, 234

qug gi _r. @gimkkg `gklehkm ’mutlemthstms―. @hog èi: ’Gi mutlemthsel `g im gsorhturm, gi livh`l hkeg`hmtl `g ims h`gms gkukohm`ms, qug hkoutg gk gi gsorgvgktg im hiushÿk `g gstmr bmjlim hkciugkohm `g ukm dmkm gxtrmým, im pgrslkhchomäïl `g ims h`gms, ims klohlkgs qug ymogk gk im egelrhm imtgktg, ims heprgshlkgs sgkslrhmhs hkolksohgktgs, tl`ls gsls ngonls sg oleprgk`gk y thgkgk su gxpihomohÿk gk omusms rgolkloh`ms gk gi gstu`hl eís olepigtl `g im hktgihdgkohm nuemkm, y `g el`l midukl suplkgk im kgogsh`m` `g hktgrvgkohÿk `g ils Gspårhtus.― Im orgùih`m`g hihehtm`m y im musgkohm `g tl`l prhkohphl gigegktmi `g vgrhchomohÿk, qug prg`lehkmk gk ohgrtls eg`hls, cmvlrgogk y mihegktmk gsls mbusls. Nmy, gk `hvgrsls pmåsgs, drupls gspårhtms hkdgkuls, gk qug psgu`leè`huks mutleíthols gsorhbgk gxtgksms giuoubrmä÷gs bmjl im hksphrmohÿk `g _mktl Mktðkhl `g Víùm, `g _. Jlsè, `g Shrdge. L múk gk giils sg hkolrplrmk _ÿormtgs y Emlegt, qug gk igkdumjg vuidmr vhgkgk m `goimrmr ehi mbsur`ls m luvhktgs gxtmshm`ls, prlnhbhèk`ligs iggr g hkstruhrsg,m chk `g ils subtrmhr m tl`m hkciugkohm gsoimrgoh`m, m tl`m mvgrhdumäïl sgrhm. Gk tmigs eg`hls, ym kl thgkgk ougktm ims ehsthchomä÷gs. Olkloå uk jmr`hkgrl olrmjlsl qug, m olksgjl `g uk Gspårhtu, hbm m omvmr, m im eg`hmklong, gk ukm omsm `g omepl `gshgrtm, uk gklreg mdujgrl, m im busom `g uk hemdhkmrhl tgslrl. Wkm sgýlrm `g 77 mýls, euy `gvltm, gsplsm `g uk lchohmi rgclrem`l, iigvmbm im hkdgkuh`m`g m puktl `g prgpmrmr gi gkxlvmi `g uk khýl qug giim `gbåm `mr m im iuz, y qug sgråm im rggkomrkmäïl `g Orhstl ‟ `goåmk sus hkstruotlrgs hkvhshbigs. Wkls vgk plr tl`m pmrtg im hktgrvgkohÿk `g ils Gspårhtus, hkoiusl gk ils ngonls eís trhvhmigs. Ltrls olksuitmk ils hkvhshbigs slbrg ims eís pgqugýms pmrthouimrh`m`gs `g im vh`m, slbrg sus kgdlohls olegrohmigs y sus lpgrmohlkgs gk im Blism..

234

Dmbrhgi @gimkkg ‟ ’Hkvgsthdmohlkgs slbrg im eg`hukh`m`g―, píd. =>7.

2=0 | V í d h k m


=86?

_g mtrhbuygk dgkgrmiegktg gsms mbgrrmä÷gs m Gspårhtus gebustgrls. M bugk sgdurl, ims ehsthchomä÷gs `g m`geís-túeuil slk crgougktgs1 sg gxpihomk cíohiegktg plr gi ngonl `g prgduktmrsg euonms vgogs m ils Gspårhtus olsms qug giils kl pug`gk l kl quhgrgk `gohr. Nmogk `gi Gsphrhthsel uk eg`hl `g m`hvhknmäïl y mtrmgk, olk gsl, Gspårhtus igvhmkls. Kl rmrl, shk gebmrdl, ombg m im sudgrgkohm egktmi ukm drmk pmrtg gk tmigs gebustgs. Vlr gsl gs plr il qug gk gi `lehkhl mrrhgsdm`l, y tmktms vgogs lbsourl,`g im gxpgrhegktmohÿk, ouepig gxmehkmr, mkmihzmr ims olsms olk sgrgkl orhtgrhl y gxtrgem ohroukspgäïl, y sÿil mèhthr il qug sg prgsgktm olk uk omríotgr `g mutgkthoh`m`g pgrcgotmegktg `gchkh`l. Kugstrl olklohehgktl `g ims olk`hohlkgs `g im vh`m cuturm, olel gi prlphl Gsphrhthsel, mshgktm slbrg ils cgkÿegkls eg`húkhols. Olkvhgkg gstu`hmr sgrhmegktg gstls y gihehkmr hkcigxhbigegktg tl`l il qug kl trmhdm gi ouknl `g uk lrhdgk gxtrm-nuemkm. G_ prgohsl kl susthtuhr, m prgtgxtl `g prldrgsl, im hkorgùih`m`g shstgeíthom plr ukm ohgdm olkchmkzm, plr ukm orgùih`m`g rh`åouim, pgrl sgpmrmr olk ouh`m`l gi rgmi `gi chothohl. @g gsl gstí `gpgk`hgk`l gi cuturl `gi Gsphrhthsel. Mblr`gels mnlrm ukm ougsthÿk gxtrgem`megktg `gihom`m: m `g im eg`hukh`m`g prlcgshlkmi. Vug`g im eg`hukh`m`g sgr rgtrhbuå`m< l `gbg sgr gjgroh`m olk `gshktgrgssg mbsliutl< Kltgels mktgs `g tl`l qug im cmouitm` eg`húkhom gs, plr kmturmigzm, vmrhmbig, hkolkstmktg, hktgrehtgktg. Kl gstmk`l ils Gspårhtus m ims ÿr`gkgs kh m im egroê `g ils omprhonls `g km`hg, kukom sg gstí `g mktgemkl sgdurl `gi rgsuitm`l `g ims sgshlkgs. Vug`g gi eè`hue gstmr hk`hsplstl, mpgkms prgpmrm`l, y im mshstgkohm mpgkms olepugstm, mi puktl `g vhstm psåquhol. Vlr ltrl im`l, im prltgoohÿk `g ils Gspårhtus m`gimktm`ls kl sg olkclrem el`lmmidukl olk gsg ngonl `gisgshlkgs, Gsphrhthsel m prgoh l chjm`l. Vlr gsl,`gogpohlkgs. gi eè`hue prlcgs hlkmi, mqugi qug sg`g nmbhtuÿ vhvhr `gi prlùotl `g ims gstí gxpugstl im euonms Olel nmrí èi `hkgrl `g ukm olsm ouym prlùoohÿk jmeís gs olrrgotm< Olel smthscmrí ils ourhlsls, oumk`l ils Gspårhtus kl mthgk`mk m su iimem`l< Kl sgrí hktgktm`l, mktgs l `gspuès, oumk`l sgmk kuegrlsls ils mshstgktgs y sgùtlrm im pgrspgothvm `g im dmkmkohm, m prlvlomr crmuùigktmegktg ils cgkÿegkls< Mqugi qug ukm vgz rgsbmiÿ plr gsg `goihvg `hcåohiegktg olksgduhrí vlivgr mtrís. G_ iigvm`l m gepigmr nmbhtumiegktg gi crmu`g y omg plol m plol gk gi eís `gsbrmdm`l onmrimtmkhsel. Ils `gigdm`ls megrhomkls mi Olkdrgsl Gspårhtm `g =866, gk Vmrås, gktrg ltrls, im _rm. M``h-Bmilu, `goimrmrlk qug eg`hukh`m`g prlcgshlkmi y ils gebustgs m qug `m gksgjl nmk sh`l nmog midukls mýls elthvl `g rgtrldrm`mäïl y `gsorè`htl pmrm gi Gsphrhthsel kls Gstm`ls Wkh`ls. Im egjlr dmrmktåm `g shkogrh`m` qug pl`g uk eè`hue lcgrtmr gs gi `gshktgrgssg. G_ tmebhèk gi eg`hl eís sgdurl `g lbtgkgr gi muxhihl `gi Mitl. Vmrm olksgrvmr su prgsthdhl elrmi, pmrm prlùohr crutls `g vgr`m`, `gbg im eg`hukh`m`g sgr prmothom`m olk gigvmohÿk y `gsprgk`hegktl, shk il qug sg nmog ukm cugktg `g mbusls, hkstruegktl `g olktrm`hoohÿk y `gslr`gk, `g qug sg uthihzmrík ims gkth`m`gs emicmzgjms. Gi eè`hue vgkmi gs olel gi emi smogr`ltg, qug hktrlùog gk gi smktumrhl sus pmshlkgs gdlåsthoms y sus hktgrgsgs emtgrhmigs. Im olepmrmohÿk kl gs `gsthtuh`m `g prlphg`m`, plrqug tmebhèk im eg`hukh`m`g gs ukm gspgohg `g smogr`ÿohl. Pl`l sgr nuemkl `hsthkduh`l olk gsg `lk `gbg prgpmrmrsg pmrm nmogr smorhchohl `g suyl rgplsl, `g sus hktgrgsgs y múk `g su cgihoh`m` tgrrgstrg1 pgrl, mså prlog`hgk`l, lbtgk`rí im smthscmoohÿk `g su prlphm olkohgkohm y sg mprlxhemrí `g suyls duåms gsphrhtumigs. Egrom`gjmr olk im eg`hukh`m`ggs `hsplkgr`g ukm olsm `g qug sg kl gs ùgýl1gs mbusmr `g im bugkmdmkm `g ils eugrtls, ils pusl mi sgrvhohl `g ukm lbrm hk`hdkm `g giils y `gsvhmr gi Gsphrhthsel `g su chk prlvh`gkohmi. 2=7 | V í d h k m


=86?

G_ prgcgrhbig pmrm gi eè`hue busomr klutrm pmrtg ils eg`hls `g subshstgkohm y sÿil olksmdrmr m ims sgshlkgs gi thgepl qug qug`mrig `hsplkhbig. Olk gsl dmkmrí gk gsthem y olksh`grmohÿk. Ouepig, shk gebmrdl, rgolklogr qug eè`huks púbihols y rgeukgrm`ls nmk prgstm`l rgmigs sgrvhohls. Ims pgrslkms qug sÿil `hsplkgk `g el`gstls rgoursls pgoukhírhls kh shgeprg pug`gk mtgk`grm ims hkvhtmohlkgs `g ils smbhls, musgktmr-sh, geprgk`gr vhmjgs, olel il gxhdg gi hktgrès `g im omusm qug shrvgk. M gsg rgspgtl, _tmhktlk Elsgs, qug cug uk gxpgrhegktm`lr olksohgkohlsl y uk gxogigktg jugz gk tmi emtgrhm, `hog gi shduhgktg:23> ’Midukls `g gktrg ils eè`huks púbihols kl vgk eís qug ils ildrls im mucgrhr y kh shgeprg rgouimk `gimktg `g ils crmu`gs pmrm miomkzmr sus chkgs. Euonls nmy, shk gebmrdl, `g ils oumigs sÿil sg pug`g `gohr bhgk y qug slk euonåshel úthigs. Kugvg vgogs slbrg `hgz, ils qug gk tmk drmk`g kúegrl m giils sg `hrhdgk, hkompmogs `g oleprgk`gr y molepmýmr ukm gxpgrhgkohm ohgktåchom, úkhomegktg gxhdgk qug gk pmdl `g ils `hgz crmkols qug pmdmk sg igs `è im prugbm `g im hkelrtmih`m`. Im euithtu` mdltm ríph`megktg ims cmouitm`gs `gi eè`hue qug, pmrm kl nmogr chmsol, og`g m im tgktmäïl `g rgourrhr mi crmu`g. M pgsmr `g gsms `gtgstmbmhs olk`hohlkgs, qug`è euonms vgogs mèhrm`l `g ils rgsuitm`ls lbtgkh`ls y `g ims emdkåchoms prugbms suehkhstrm`ms― ]ug `gùohr `g tl`l gsl< G_ qug nmym ukm justm eg`h`m, qug gi eè`hue olksohgkohlsl, gsoimrgoh`l mogrom `gi vmilr `g su ehshÿk, pug`g cíohiegktg lbsgrvmr. _h, gk ohgrtls omsls, gs drmohms m mogptmr ukm hk`gekhzmohÿk plr gi thgepl olksueh`l y ims gxours÷gs gcgotum`ms, qug sèmil gk iåehtgs `g kl oleprlegtgr su `hdkh`m` gk gstg euk`l y su shtumohÿk gk gi ltrl. Gi usl `g im eg`hukh`m`g `gbg sgr shgeprg uk motl drmvg y rgihdhlsl, rg`hel `g tl`l omríotgr egromkthi, `g tl`l qug m pug`m megsquhknmr y `gprhehr..

^^S -

Gi Emrthrliÿdhl `g ils Eè`huks

Gi eè`hue ‟ kls `hjhels ‟ gs euonms vgogs ukm våothem, y omsh shgeprg gsm våothem gs ukm eujgr. Im G`m` Eg`hm m nmbåm omihchom`l `g ngonhogrm y im qugembm. Im Ohgkohm motumi, egkls bírbmrm, sg olktgktm gk `gprheh-im, mpihoík`lig gi gpåtgtl `g nhstèrhom l `g onmrimtï.. Gk gi lrhdgk `gi el`grkl Gsphrhtumihsel, `ls elohknms, Omtmrhkm y Emrdmrh`m Clx, cugrlk ims prhegrms m tgsthchomr ims emkhcgstmohlkgs, m rgohbhr gi egksmjg rgvgim`lrm `g im hkelrtmih`m`. _u tgsthelkhl cug im sgými `g ukm pgrsgouohÿk vhligktm. Gsogkms `g sgivmdgrhm sg `gsgkrlime, tgepgstm`gs `g megkmzms g hkjurhms sg `gsgkom`gkmk gk tlrkl m im cmehihm Clx, il qug kl m nubg hepg`h`l `g prlsgduhr su ehshÿk y mcrlktmr ims msmebigms eísnlsthigs. Oumk`l sg nmogk kgogsmrhms drmk`gs `g`homohlkgs pmrm rgolkùzhr im Nuemkh`m` mi omehkl `g sus `gsthkls, gs gk im eujgr qug giims sg gkougktrmk euonms vgogs. Il qug `gohels `g ims ngremkms Clx, sg pl`råm `gohr `g ils eè`huks eís kltmbigs. Jlmkm `'Mro cug qugem`m vhvm, plr kl nmbgr qugrh`l rgkgdmr ims mpmrhä÷gs y vlogs qug pgrohbåm. X kl tgrehkm olk giim gi emrthrliÿdhol `g im eujgr eè`hue. Gk olktrmplshohÿk m midukms qug sg nmk `gjm`l sgùohr plr ims vgktmjms emtgrhmigs y rgourrh`l mi crmu`g, oumktms ltrms kl nmk smorhchom`l im prlphm smiu` y oleprlegth`l im gxhstgkohm plr im omusm `g im vgr`m`!

23>

_tmhktlk Elsgs (`g ngonl Lxlk), ’_phrht H`gkthty―. ’Rgvug _ohgkthchqug gt Elrmig―, gkgrl `g =866, píd. ?84.

2=3 | V í d h k m


=86?

_h im eg`hukh`m`g psåquhom gs gxgktm `g pgihdrls, olel vgrgels m`gimktg, oumk`l uthihzm`m plr Gspårhtus m`gimktm`ls, gi ehsel sh kl `m olk ims emkhcgstmohlkgs cåshoms, slbrg tl`l olk ims emkhcgstmohlkgs qug, rgpgth`ms y crgougktgs, vhgkgk m lomshlkmr mi sgkshthvl ukm olksh`grmbig pèr`h`m `g cugrzm y `g vhtmih`m`g. Ims ngremkms Clx sg mdltmrlk olk gxpgrhgkohms y sg gxthkduhgrlk gk im ehsgrhm. Im ’Rgvug _phrhtg―, `g mbrhi `g =862, hkclreÿ qug ils `grrm`ghrls ehgebrls `g im cmehihm Clx nmbåmk suouebh`l, gk gkgrl, `g crål y prhvmohlkgs.. Im _rm. Nmuccg, im oèigbrg vh`gktg `g Vrèvlrst, cug trmtm`m olk gi eíxhel rhdlr plr sus prlphls pm`rgs y gxphrÿ m ils 2> mýls, mi chk`g hkolktmbigs trhbuimä÷gs. Im _rm. `'Gspèrmkog pgr`hÿ im smiu`. Prms Nleg, _im`g y Gdihktlk, Gusíphm Vmim`hkl cug mousm`m `g crmu`gs vliuktmrhms. Ohgrtls eè`huks nmk sh`l slegth`ls m tl`ms ims tlrturms elrmigs hemdhkmbigs, y gsl shk gxmegk prgvhl, shk hkvgsthdmohÿk vgr`m`grmegktg sgrhm. Nleg, plr gjgepil, cug lbjgtl `g ims eís pèrch`ms mousmohlkgs, Thiihme Orllags, shk gebmrdl, ig nhzl justhohm, `hohgk`l:238 ’Jmeís lbsgrvè gi eåkhel omsl qug eg pu`hgrm nmogr suplkgr qug èi gkdmýmrm. Grm euy gsorupuilsl y kl `gsmprlbmbm qug sg tlemrmk prgomuohlkgs olktrm gi crmu`g. Euonms vgogs, múk, mktgs `g ukm sgshÿk, eg `goåm èi: ’Vrlog`gh olel sh yl cugrm uk prgsth`hdhtm`lr, `hspugstl m gkdmýmrls1 tlemh tl`ms ims prgomuohlkgs qug m eh rgspgtl pl`íhs hemdhkmr, y kl ls prgloupèhs olk eh melr-prlphl. Ehgktrms eís sgvgrms sgmk gsms prgomuohlkgs, eís gvh`gktg sg nmrí im rgmih`m` `g ils cgkÿegkls.― M pgsmr `g tl`l, mqugiils qug kl olkloåmk im mbsliutm nlkgsth`m` `g Nleg il olksh`grmbmk uk onmrimtïl, y ils qug gk èi orgåmk grmk mrdùh`ls `g ilols y rgputm`ls slspgonlsls.― Gk thgepls eís rgohgktgs, vgkhels ukm eè`hue migemkm pgrsgduh`m olk ukm smknm brutmi y, m pgsmr `g rgspgtmbmhs tgsthelkhls, smorhchom`m m ims gxhdgkohms `g eís tmomknl gspårhtu `g omstm. Vrgtgk`åm -sh, mi qug gk ims eís mitms rug`ms sg mprgdlmvm, ’plkgr ukl crgkl m tl`ms ims emkhcgstmohlkgs `g uk gsphrhtumihsel rgbgi`g m ils `ldems lchohmigs―. Mkm Rltng cug `gtgkh`m y rgoldh`m m im prhshÿk. Im `gtgkohÿk ùrÿ lonl egsgs. @urmktg gsg thgepl, ig eurhgrlk gi emrh`l y im nhjm, shk qug giim pu`hgrm mshsthr m sus úithels elegktls. Vgrehthgrlk- ig úkhomegktg qug cugrm mrrl`hiimr slbrg sus túeuils, egth`m gktrg `ls plihoåms. Chkmiegktg, tgrehkm gi hktgrrldmtlrhl1 sg hkstmurm gi prlogsl.246 Ils tgsthelkhls cmvlrmbigs mciuge: gi prlcgslr Algsshkdgr, gi chiÿildl Ngremk Ghsonmoagr y gi @r. Imkds`lrcc prgsgkohmrme ils ngonls y khkdúk crmu`g olkshduhgrlk `gsoubrhr. Gi _r. Dglrdg _uizgr, prgsh`gktg `g im Olrtg `g Mpgimohÿk `g Zúrhon, mtgstm su olkvhoohÿk gk im hklogkohm `g im _rm. Rltng. Gi prhegr emdhstrm`l `gi omktïl `g Zúrhon, gk im lr`gk ju`hohmi, kl rgoghm gxplkgr m im pubihoh`m` sus orggkohms åkthems, pmrm olk giims bgkgchohmr im mousm`m. Ltrls emdhstrm`ls mchremk im mutgkthoh`m`g `g ils trmksplrtgs `g cilrgs, qug giim lbtgkåm gk pigkm iuz. Gsms tgsthdls vgåmk cilrgs l crutls `gsemtgrhmihzm`ls rgolksthtuhr-sh gk su prgsgkohm, olk`gksmr-sh gk emtgrhm pmipívgi, olel uk ciÿouil `g vmplr qug plol m plol sg trmksclrem y slih`hchom, gk gi gstm`l `g nhgil. Gsls lbjgtls sg elvåmk nlrhzlktmiegktg y ltrms vgogs `gsogk`åmk igktmegktg `gi clrrl `g im smim. Gi `hrgotlr `g im Omsm `g @gtgkohÿk, gk qug giim pmsÿ ils lonl egsgs `g prhshÿk prgvgkthvm, `goimrÿ qug im gksgýmkzm elrmi `mtl m sus `gtgkh`ls kukom sg mprlxheÿ, olel gcgotl prlùoh`l, `g im heprgshÿk omusm`m plr ims olelvg`lrms príothoms, `gi omríotgr eís g`hchomktg, ngonms plr im eè`hue gk trmksg im suyms. 238 246

Sgr M. Grky, ’Mkkmigs `gs _ohgkogs Vsyonhqugs―, y ’Ihdnt―, `g =8 `g gkgrl `g =>87. Sgr, gk oumktl m ims pmrthouimrh`m`gs `gi prlogsl, m ’Rgvug `gs Ètu`gs Vsyonhqugs―, gkgrl `g =86?, píds. =7

y shduhgktgs.

2=4 | V í d h k m


=86?

ngremkms trmksvhm`ms. Mkm Rltng kl pmsmbm, shk gebmrdl, `g ukm shepig eujgr `gi pugbil, shk hkstruoohÿk, shk ouiturm `g gspårhtu.. Prms gkmelrm`ls `gbmtgs, qug ùrmrlk sghs `åms, im ’eè`hue `g cilrgs― cug olk`gkm`m m => egsgs `g prhshÿk. _g gkdmýmk, orgygk`l `gstruhr gi Gsphrhthsel olk tmigs prlogsls. Igjls `g gsl, mi mtrmothvl qug èi gjgrog sg mým`g gi prgsthdhl `g im pgrsgouohÿk. Gi `åm 8 `g lotubrg `g =>3=, gi lbhspl `g Bmrogilkm qugembm, gk im gspimkm`m púbihom, gk gi iudmr `lk`g slk gjgoutm`ls ils orhehkmigs, trgsohgktls vliúegkgs y brlonurms gspårhtms, juzdmk`l mså gst hdemthzmr y mkhquhimr im kugvm `lotrhkm. Gsg mutl-`g-cg prlvloÿ ukm vgr`m`grm rgvugitm gk im lphkhÿk púbihom. Nly, ils gspårhtms sg ougktmk plr ehigs gk im Omphtmi `g im Omtmiuknm. Vlsggk vugitms m vgr, bhbihltgoms, drupls `g gstu`hl y gxpgrhegktmohÿk. Gi elvhehgktl gspårhtm m`quhgrg `åm m `åm emylr heplrtmkohm y gxtgkshÿk gk gsg pmås. * Gk su emylr pmrtg, ils smbhls, eè`hols y pshoÿildls olksh`grmk ils eè`huks olel nhstèrhols, `gsgquhihbrm`ls, gkcgrels, y kl phgr`gk lomshÿk `gi prloimemr. Gstík nmbhtum`ls m gxpgrhegktmr olk sgkshthvls rgthrm`ls `g ils nlsphtmigs y `g ils mshils `g mihgkm`ls, olk midukls kgurÿthols, plr il egkls, y `g ims lbsgrvmohlkgs gcgotum`msgk gsms `gcgotulsms olk`hohlkgs olegtgk gi grrlr `g quhtmr olkoiushlkgs `g lr`gk dgkgrmi. Ohgrtls ihtgrmtls kl slk eís membigs. Gi _r. Júihl Bugygs kl ngshtm gk ehelsgmr tl`ls ils eè`huks olk ils 24= gpåtgtls `g ’onmrimtïgs prgsth`hdhtm`lrgs, gebustgrls `gsgquhihbrm`ls, nhstèrhols―, gto. G_ `g mèhrmr, trms gsl, qug gstls sg rgtrmhme y sÿil `g emim-dmkm sg prgstgk im gxpgrhgkohms `hrhdh`ms plr oråthols `g tmi el`l prgvgkh`ls, plr jugogs tmk plol mtgkohlsls< Im prgsgkohm `g gsls gsoèpthols, olk sus gciúvhls dimohmigs, gs ukm omusm `g hk`hsplshäïl y `g sucrhehgktl pmrm gi eè`hue. Cmitm, gk dgkgrmi, m ils smbhls im blk`m`1 m ils gspårhtms, m ils eè`huks, cmitm gk im emylråm `g ims vgogs im ohgkohm. @lk`g sg gkolktrmrí gi trmzl `g ukhÿk,im iåkgm `g mprlxhemohÿk< Gk gi gstu`hl shkogrl, hepmrohmi, `gshktgrgssm`l! Im ohgkohm eè`hom gstí igjls `g sgr hkcmiåvgi gk sus lphkhlkgs1 `hmdkÿsthols tmk oèigbrgs quïl grrÿkgls il nmk, gk tl`ls ils thgepls, `gelstrm`l. Pgsthelkhls clremigs mtgstme qug ukm vgz eís sg gkdmýÿ giim, olksh`grmk`l m eg`hukh`m`g ukm tmrm. C. Eygrs il `goimrm, gk rgimohÿk m im _rm. Pnlepslk,242 ’Im heprgshÿk gs `g qug slk tmk kmturmigs olel gi sugýl lr`hkmrhl. Im _rm. Pnlepslk orgg qug gsls trmksgs nmk olktrhbuh`l pl`grlsmegktg pmrm rlbustgogrig im smiu`.― Gi _r. Cilurkly, kh suspghtl `g pmrohmih`m`g m cmvlr `g ils eè`huks, rgolklohÿ gi ehsel ngonl m prlpÿshtl `g Ngigkm _ehtn, ouym smiu` kh `g igvg sg mitgrÿ olk gi usl `g sus cmouitm`gs psåquhoms1 gk gsl, mi 24?

olktrmrhl, m gkougktrm pl`grlsl m`juvmktg pmrm gi `gsgepgýl `g su tmrgm olth`hmkm. H`èkthoms lbsgrvmohlkgs nmk sh`l ngonms mogrom `g im _rm. Vhpgr. 240

24=

’Rgvug Bigu―, `g 22 `g emrzl `g =862, ’Im Vsholildåm `gi Eè`hue―. ’Vrlogg`hkds―, _.V.R., cmsoåouil ÎHS. 24? Pn. Cilurkly ‟ ’@gs Hk`gs m im im Vimkîtg Emrs―, pídhkms 0= m 07. 240 Sgr eís mtrís, 2ª Vmrtg, omp. ^H^. 242

2=> | V í d h k m


=86?

Gi _r. J. T. Olivhiig, eè`hue hkdiès euy olkloh`l, plr su pmrtg gi mtgstm: 247 ’G_ eh `gbgr ‟ `hog èi ‟, mi chk `g 27 mýls `g ehshlkgs púbihoms, trmgr shk rgstrhoohlkgs eh tgsthelkhl mogrom `g ils bgkèchols rgsuitm`ls qug eg prlùjl, gk tl`ls ils sgkth`ls, im eg`hukh`m`g, tmi olel m ng gjgroh`l. Iuorgh `g el`l olksh`grmbig, tmktl egktmi olel cåshomegktg, olk gi usl `g gstm cmouitm` y olk gsms gxpgrhgkohms, qug pmrgogk kl rmrl pgihdrlsms, oumk`l kl slk suchohgktgegktg gstu`hm`ms. Ims hk`homohlkgs qug yl rgohbåm `g ehs muxhihmrgs hkvhshbigs grmk bugkms, gigvm`ms y `hdkms gk sus eåkhems pmrthouimrh`m`gs.― Xl prlphl ng trmbm`l olklohehgktl olk drmk kúegrl `g eè`huks gk tl`ms ims rgdhlkgs `g Crmkohm, gk Bèidhom, gk im _uhzm, gk Gspmým, y pu`g shgeprg lbsgrvmr qug gk dgkgrmi dlzmbmk gxogigktg smiu`. _ÿil im eg`hukh`m`g `g gcgotls cåshols, m qug sg prgstm m ims emtgrhmihzmä÷gs `g Gspårhtus y m ils trmksplrtgs, gs qug momrrgm drmk`g `hspêk`hl `g cugrzm y `g vhtmih`m`g. Gsms pèr`h`ms pug`gk sgr olepgksm`ms olk ils slolrrls prgstm`ls plr ils Gspårhtus prltgotlrgs. M vgogs, shk gebmrdl, olel il vgkhels m prlpÿshtl `g ims ngremkms Clx, `g _im`g, Gdihktlk, gto., ims gxhdgkohms `gi púbihol y `g ils smbhls slk tmigs qug gi eè`hue sg mdltm ríph`megktg1 gi mbusl `g ims gxpgrhgkohms igs mitgrm im smiu` y oleprlegtg im vh`m.. Gi eè`hue gs uk hkstruegktl `gihom`l y sgkshbig, `g qug euonls juzdmk pl`gr sgrvhrsg olel `g uk egomkhsel. @g bugkl drm`l il uthihzmråmk olel il nmog gi khýl olk ils judugtgs, qug `gspg`mzm pmrm vgr il qug gk giils sg louitm. Kl sg nm suchohgktgegktg gk olksh`grmohÿk gi trmbmjl `g `gsmrrliil rgoimem`l plr ims cmouitm`gs qug `gsmbrlonme. _g gxhdgk hkeg`hmtmegktg ngonls olkoiu`gktgs y prugbms `g h`gkth`m`. Gi eè`hue, heprgshlkm`l plr ils pgksmehgktls mebhgktgs, sucrg1 trms nmbgr sh`l tlrturm`l elrmiegktgy tgrehkm ùrmktgplr ohgrtl kúegrl `g sgshlkgs, sg `hsdustm `g ukm cmouitm` qug il gxplkg m tmktls `hssmblrgs, sgrgtrmhr. * Ils eè`huks tgk`rík múk plr euonl thgepl qug sucrhr plr im vgr`m`. Ils m`vgrsmrhls `gi Gsphrhthsel olkthkumrík m `hcmeí-ils, m imkzmrigs mousmohlkgs1 busomrík nmogrils pmsmr plr `gsgquhihbrm`ls gkcgrels y plr tl`ls ils eg`hls`gsvhmrils `g su ehkhstgrhl. _mbhgk`l qug gi eè`hue gs im olk`hohÿk ’shkg qum klk― `gi cgkÿegkl, gspgrmk mså omusmr im ruhkm `gi Gsphrhthsel gk sus cuk`megktls. Gk omsl `g kgogsh`m` nmrík surdhr eè`huks gxpilrm`lrgs y chothohls. Ouepig kgutrmihzmr gsm tíothom y, pmrm gsg chk, prltgdgr y mkhemr ils bugkls eè`huks, ogromk`l `g im kgogsmrhm chsomihzmohÿk gi gjgrohohl `g sus cmouitm`gs. Emdkåchom gs su tmrgm, mukqug crgougktgs vgogs `lilrlsm. Ouíktls gscugrzls, ouíktls mýls `g gxpgotmthvm, `g prlvmkäms y `g súpihoms, nmstm iigdmr m rgohbhr y trmksehthr im hksphrmohÿk `gi Mitl! _lk euonms vgogs rgolepgksm`ms úkhomegktg olk im hkjusthohm. Vgrl lbrgrls `g pimk `hvhkl rmsdmrlk im rmkurm y gk èi `gplshtmrlk im sgehiim `lk`g sg nmy `g grdugrim sgmrm `gi cuturl. Omrls eè`huks, curtmh-ls m tl`l `gscmigohegktl. Gigvmh`gimsgsm vhstms plr gkohem `g gstgvhvm euk`l gcåegrl1 mtrmjg kl ils`gsmkheghs1 muxhihls `hvhkls. _upimktmh il ’yl―1 ihbgrtmh-ls mcghäïl `gemshm`l qug sgkthels plr kl`ls ehsels. Shvhr pmrm ltrls ‟ ng mnå tl`l! Phgk`g gi gspårhtu `g smorhchohl. Vrgcgrå olksgrvmr- ls plbrgs m gkrhqugogrls olk ils prlùotls `gi crmu`g y `g im trmhohÿk. Vgremkgogh lbsourls, `g prgcgrgkohm, m trmchomr olk vugstrls pl`grgs. _mbgh sucrhr, plr melr mi bhgk `g tl`ls y pmrm vugstrl prldrgsl pgrslkmi. Im plbrgzm, im lbsourh`m`g y gi sucrhehgktl plsggk su gkomktl, su bgiigzm y emdkhtu`: gs plr gsg eg`hl qug, igktmegktg, m trmvès `g ims dgkgrmohlkgs shigkohlsms, sg moueuimk tgslrls

247

’Ihdnt―, `g 22 `g emrzl `g =862.

2=8 | V í d h k m


=86?

`g pmohgkohm, `g gkgrdåm, `g vhrtu`, y qug gi miem sg `gsprgk`g `g ims vmkh`m`gs emtgrhmigs, sg `gpurm y smkthchom, y m`quhgrg hktrgph`gz pmrm dmidmr ils gsombrlsls ohems. Gk gi `lehkhl `gi Gspårhtu, olel gk gi euk`l cåshol, km`m sg phgr`g, tl`l sg trmksclrem. Pl`l `lilr, tl`l smorhchohl gs uk `gsmbrlinmr `gi sgr. Gi sucrhehgktl gs gi ehstgrhlsl lbrgrl qug trmbmjm gk ims prlcuk`h`m`gs `g kugstrm miem, y trmbmjm plr kugstrm gigvmohÿk. Mpihomk`l gi lå`l, omsh gsouonmrèhs gi ruh`l `g su lbrm. Igebrmh-ls `g ukm olsm: gs gk gi tgrrgkl `gi `lilr qug sg olkstruyg gi g`hchohl `g kugstrls pl`grgs, `g kugstrm vhrtu`, `gkugstrms vhk`lurms migdråms.

^^SH - Im

Eg`hukh`m`g Dilrhlsm

Ils eè`huks `g kugstrl thgepl slk euonms vgogs trmtm`ls olk hkdrmth`ïl, `gsprgohm`ls, pgrsgduh`ls. _h, shk gebmrdl, gk uk dlipg `g vhstm oleprgk`mels im vmstm pgrspgothvm `g im Nhstlrhm, vgrgels qug im eg`hukh`m`g, gk sus vmrhms `gklehkmohlkgs, gs il qug nmy `g eís heplrtmktg gk gi euk`l. Omsh tl`ls ils prhvhigdhm`ls ‟ prlcgtms, vh`gktgs, ehsshlkírhls, egksmjgrls `g melr, `g justhohm y `g vgr`m` ‟ cugrlk eè`huks, gk gi sgkth`l `g qug sg oleukhombmk olk il Hkvhshbig, olk gi hkchkhtl. Bhgk sg pl`råm, bmjl euonls puktls `g vhstm, `gohr qug gi dgkhl gs ukm `g ims clrems `g eg`hukh`m`g. Ils nlebrgs `g dgkhl slk hksphrm`ls, gk im mogpäïl cmtå`hom y trmksogk`gktmi `g gsm pmimbrm. _lk ils hktgreg`hmrhls y egksmjgrls `gi pgksmehgktl supgrhlr. _u ehshÿk gs hepgrmthvm. G_ plr giils qug @hls olkvgrsm olk gi euk`l1 qug hkohtm y mtrmg m så im Nuemkh`m`. _us lbrms slk cmkmhs qug èi gkohgk`g plr im gxtgksm rutm `g ils shdils m cugrm.. @gbgels, plr gsl, olksh`grmrils egrls hkstruegktls, y kl tgk`rík giils `grgonl midukl m kugstrm mèhrmohÿk< Mså kl il gktgk`gels. Gi dgkhl gs mktgs `g tl`l ukm m`quhshohÿk `gi pmsm`l, gi rgsuitm`l `g pmohgktgs gstu`hls sgouimrgs, `g igktm y pgklsm hkhohmohÿk, qug vhkhgrlk m `gsmrrliimr gk gi hk`hvhùl mpthtu`gs hkegksms, ukm prlcuk`m sgkshbhih`m`, qug gi prg`hsp÷g m ims hkciugkohms gigvm`ms. @hls rgsgrvm im iuz úkhomegktg m mqugi qug plr euonl thgepl m busoÿ, ph`hÿ y olk vggeêkohm m `gsgÿ.. _onigdgi, nmbimk`l `g ils dgkhls, clreuim gstm prgduktm ’_lk vgr`m`grmegktg nlebrgs, gsls nlebrgs<― _lk nlebrgs, så, gk tl`l qug thgkgk qug tgrrgstrg, plr sus cimqugzms y pmshlkgs. Vm`gogk tl`ms ims ehsgrhms `g im omrkg, ims ùizurms, ims kgogsh`m`gs, ils `gsgls emtgrhmigs. Il qug, shk gebmrdl, ils nmog eís qug nlebrgs, il qug gk giils olksthtuyg gi dgkhl, gs gsm moueuimohÿk `g ils tgslrls `gi pgksmehgktl, gsm igktm gimblrmohÿk `g im hktgihdgkohm y `gi sgkthehgktl m trmvès `g hkkuegrmbigs gxhstgkohms, tl`l gsl cgouk`m`l plr gi hkciuxl, plr im hksphrmohÿk `gi Mitl, plr ukm mssåùm oleuknïl olk ils pimkgs supgrhlrgs `gi Wkhvgrsl. Gi dgkhl, bmjl ims ehi clrems qug rgvhstg, gs ukm olimblrmohÿk olk il Hkvhshbig, ukm msukohÿk `gi miem nuemkm m im @hvhk`m`g. Ils nlebrgs `g dgkhl, ils smktls, ils prlcgtms, ils drmk`gs plgtms, smbhls, mrthstms, hkvgktlrgs, tl`ls ouíktls thgkgk `himtm`l gi `lehkhl `gi miem, slk gkvhm`ls `gi Ohgil, gxgoutlrgs `g ils `gshdkhls `g @hls gk kugstrl euk`l. Pl`m im chilslcåm `g im Nhstlrhm mnå sg olkoiuyg. Nmbrí gspgotíouil eís bgiil qug gsm hkhktgrruptm om`gkm eg`húkhom qug olkgotm ils shdils gktrg så, olel ims pídhkms `g uk drmk ihbrl `g im vh`m, g hktgdrm tl`ls ils molktgohehgktls, múk ils eís mpmrgktgegktg olktrm`hotlrhls, gk gi pimk mreÿkhol `g sligekg y emjgstlsm ukh`m`< Im gxhstgkohm `g uk nlebrg `g dgkhl gs olel uk ompåtuil vhvl `g gsm drmk`hlsm Båbihm.

226 | V í d h k m


=86?

_urdgk mi olehgkzl ils drmk`gs hkhohm`ls `gi euk`l mkthdul, ils prÿogrgs `gi pgksmehgktl, mqugiils qug vugiomk gi Gspårhtu cuidurmr gk ims ohems l rgvgimrsg gk ils smktumrhls `g im hkhohmohÿk smdrm`m: Lrcgu, Ngregs, Orhskm, Vhtídlrms, Zlrlmstrl, Vimtïl, Elhsès1 ils drmk`gs prlcgtms ngbrgls: Hsmåms, Gzgquhgi, @mkhgi. Sgk`rík eís tmr`g Jlïl Bmthstm, Orhstl y tl`m im piêhm`g mplstÿihom, gi vh`gktg `g Vmtels, nmstm m im gxpilshÿk eg`húkhom `g Vgktgolstgs, qug vm m hiuehkmr gi euk`l, sgdúk im pmimbrm `g Jlgi1 y múk Nhpmthm, im migxmk`rhkm, y Sgig`m, im `ruh`gsm. G_ gk gi mudustl shigkohl `g ims cilrgstms y `g ims elktmýms, plr gi `gsprgk`hegktl `g ims olsms sgkshbigs, gk im pigdmrhm y gk im eg`htmäïl, qug gi prlcgtm, gi vh`gktg y gi hksphrm`l sg prgpmrmk pmrm su tmrgm. Il Hkvhshbig sÿil sg rgvgim mi nlebrg slihtmrhl y rgoldh`l. Vimtïl rgohbg sus hksphrmohlkgs gk im ohem `gi Nhegtl1 Emlegt gk gi elktg Nhrm1 Elhsès gk gi _hkmh. Jgsus gktrm gk oleuknïl olk gi Vm`rg, lrmk`l y gk iídrhems, gk gi elktg `g ils Lihvls. * Gi prlcgthsel gk Hsrmgi, ùrmktg vghktg olksgouthvls shdils, gs ukl `g ils cgkÿegkls trmksogk`gktmhs eís kltmbigs `g im Nhstlrhm. Im oråthom olktgeplríkgm km`m oleprgk`hÿ l chkdhÿ km`m oleprgk`gr gk tmi sgkth`l1 orgyÿ shepihchomr tl`l, rgourrhgk`l m im kgdmohÿk. Im gxgdgsg omtÿihom `gskmturlu gi ngonl, hemdhkmk`l gxpihomr tl`l olk ukm sÿil pmimbrm: gi ehimdrl. X, shk gebmrdl, ltrm gxprgshÿk eís justm m gkolktrÿ, oumk`l `gklehkÿ ils prlcgtms `g ’mrpms vhvms `gi Gspårhtu _mktl―. Mså, gk gsg puktl, olel gk tmktls ltrls, im Ohgkohm y im Rgihdhÿk, mhsim`ms, kl pug`gk ehkhstrmr eís qug hkolepigtms klohlkgs1 sÿil im `lotrhkm gspårhtm, qug shrvg `g trmzl `g ukhÿk gktrg ukm y ltrm, ims pug`g rgolkohihmr. Gi Gsphrhthsel pgkgtrÿ gi ehstgrhl mpmrgktg `g ims olsms1 prlygotm ims oimrh`m`gs `gi M`geís slbrg im tglildhm, qug olepigtm, y slbrg gi gxpgrhegktmihsel, qug gsoimrgog. Im vgr`m` gs qug ils prlcgtms hsrmgiågs slk eè`huks hksphrm`ls1 gstm gs im úkhom `gklehkmohÿk qug igs olkvhgkg, olel vgrgels m`gimktg, olk gjgepils olinh`ls gk im Båbihm. Giils kls `gelstrmrík qug im Nhstlrhm `g Hsrmgi gs gi eís bgiil plgem eg`húkhol, im gplpèhm gsphrhtumihstm plr gxogigkohm. G_ il qug uk `åm hkù`mbigegktg `hrí im gxgdgsg ohgktåchom. X drmohms m giim sg `hshpmrík ims lbsourh`m`gs `g ils Ihbrls smdrm`ls. Pl`l sg gxpihomrí, tl`l, m im vgz, sg nmrí shepig y drmk`g.. Gi lrhdgk `gi prlcgthsel gk Hsrmgi gs sgýmim`m plr heplkgktg emkhcgstmohÿk. Wk `åm, Elhsès gsoldg 46 mkohïgs y ils olilom mirg`g`lr `gi tmbgrkíouil. Jglví rgvgim su prgsgkohm gk ukm kubg1 hkeg`hmtmegktg 243 ims pl`grlsms cmouitm`gs `g Elhsès sg trmksehtgk m ils ltrls y ’giils prlcgthzmrme―. Gi tmbgrkíouil mnå rgprgsgktm uk moueuim`lr l olk`gksm`lr ciuå`hol1 gs uk eg`hl `g gxtgrhlrhzmäïl, olel ils gspgjls `g egtmi brhiimktg1 chjík`lsg gk èi ehrmril, sg prlvlombm gi trmksg. Im emkhcgstmohÿk `g Jglví gk im kubg gs ukm gspgohg `g emtgrhmihzmäïl. Gstm, olel vgkhels, shgeprg olehgkzm plr ukm mdilegrmohÿk kgbuilsm, vmdm m prhkohphl, gk im oumi im mpmrhäïl sg `hsgým y tlem clrem plol m plol. Jglví gs ukl `g ils Gilhe, Gspårhtus prltgotlrgs `gi pugbilju`ål y `g Elhsès gk pmrthouimr. Bmjl im hkciugkohm qug gk gi elegktl gjgrog, ils 243

_gdúk im Gsorhturm, ’prlcgthzmr― kl shdkhchom úkhomegktg prg`gohr l m`hvhkmr, pgrl tmebhèk sgr hepuism`l plr uk Gspårhtu bugkl l emil (=, ’Rgd.―, trm`. Dimhrg, omp. ^SHHH, =6). Gkougktrmk -sg euonms vgogs gstms gxprgshlkgs gk im blom `g ils prlcgtms: ’Gi pgsl `gi _gýlr omyÿ slbrg eå―, l múk: ’Gi Gspårhtu `gi _gýlr gktrÿ gk eå.― Gsls tèrehkls oimrmegktg hk`homk im sgksmohÿk qug prgog`g gi trmksg, mktgs `g sgr gi eè`hue tlem`l plr gi Gspårhtu. X múk: ’Sh, y ng mnå il qug `hjl gi _gknl r―, il qug `gshdkm im eg`hukh`m`g vh`gktg y mu`hthvm sheuitíkgms. ’_h gktrg vlsltrls nmiimrsg midúk prlcgtm, yl ig mpmrgogrè gk vhshÿk.― (’Kúegrls―, omp. ^HH, 3.) ’Vlk`rè gk su blom ims eåms pmimbrms.― (’@gut.―, ^SHHH, =>.) ’Gi gspårhtu eg igvmktÿ y eg iigvÿ ol kshdl.― (’Gzgquhgi―, HHH, =0.) Omsl `g igvhtmäïl qug sg mpihom hdumiegktg mi mpÿstlil Chihpg.

22= | V í d h k m


=86?

Olel kugstrls `åms, im eg`hukh`m`g sg nmiimbm plr hdumi gspmroh`m gk ils `ls sgxls. Nmbåm prlcgtms y prlcgthsms. Ims eís oèigbrgs gktrg gstms slk Emrhm, ngremkm `g Elhs grgs, @gblrmn, Nli`m, Mkm, em`rg `g _meugi, Mbhdmhi, Gstgr, _mrm, Rgbgom y Ju`åtn.

222 | V í d h k m


=86?

pug`ms gsphrhtumigs `g Elhsès sg trmksehthgrlk m ils 46 mkohïgs, olel ils pl`grgs `g Orhstl sg trmksehthgrlk eís tmr`g, pmrohmiegktg, m ils mpÿstlils, gk gi Ogkíouil, y olel nly `åm vgels, gk ohgrtls omsls, im eg`hukh`m`g trmksehthrsg `g ukm pgrslkm im ltrm plr eg`hl `g olktmotl y `g pmsgs.. Mså olehgkzm gi prlcgthsel, l eg`hukh`m`g smdrm`m, gk Hsrmgi. Elhsès, hkhohm`l gk ils ehstgrhls `g Åshs, drmohms m su imrdm pgremkgkohm gk Gdhptl,y slbrg tl`l m olksgougkohm `g sus rgimohlkgs cmehihmhs olksu sldrl Jgtrl, drï-smogr`ltg `g Ngihÿplihs, cug m su turkl gi drmk`g hkhohm`lr psåquhol `g su pugbil, mktgs `g olksthtuhrsg su hkelrtmi igdhsim`lr. @gs`g gktlkogs im eg`hukh`m`g prlcèthom sg nhzl pgremkgktg gk im rmzm ju`mhom, mukqug hktgrehtgktg gk sus emkhcgstmohlkgs. Gstí vhshbigegktg sublr`hkm`m m olrrgotls gstm`ls psholiÿdhols, qug kl slk shgeprg olkstmktgs kh gk ils hk`hvhùls kh gk ils pugbils. Mi thgepl `g ils Jugogs, gi prlcgthsel grm ’olsm rmrm―. Olk _meugi rgmpmrgog, cuidurm olk uk kugvl gspigk`lr. Gk gsm èplom gi gstm`l `g miem `gi pugbil ngbrgl sg prgstmbm egjlr m tmi cgkÿegkl. Gk im vh`m `g ims kmohlkgs nmy pgrhl`ls `g pgrturbmohÿk hktgigotumi y `gprgshÿk elrmi qug lbihdmk gi Gspårhtu m elegktíkgmegktg migjmrsg. Crmkohm tmebhèk nm olkloh`l sus nlrms `g lbsourh`m`g y `g hkogrthùebrg. Nmbhgk`l oleprgk`h`l qug im eg`hukh`m`g trmksogk`gktg gstí sublr`hkm`m m ims `hsplshohlkgs elrmigs `g ils hk`hvhùls y `g ims slohg`m`gs, _meugi hksthtuyÿ gsougims `g prlcgtms, gs `gohr, mdrgehmä÷gs gk qug sus ehgebrls sg hkhohmbmk gk ils ehstgrhls `g im oleukhomohÿk ciuå`hom. Gsms gsougims grmk gstmbigoh`ms gk ohgrtms ohu`m`gs, `g prgcgrgkohm, shk gebmrdl, gk ils vmiigs slihtmrhls l gk ils rgoðkomvls `g ims elktmýms. Gi gstu`hl, im olktgepimäïl `gi hkchkhtl, gk gi shigkohl y bgiigzm `g ims klongs, mi ohkthimr `g ims gstrgiims, l múk m im oimrh`m` `gi `åm, bmjl gi iåeph`l ohgil `gi Lrhgktg, prgpmrm gi `hsoåpuil- prlcgtm pmrm rgohbhr gi hkciuxl `gi Mitl. Im slig`m`g il mtrmg1 m eg`h`m qug sg migjm `g ils nlebrgs y sg hksuim, ukm oleuknïl eís åkthem sg gstmbigog gktrg èi y gi euk`l `g ims cugrzms `hvhkms. Vlr ils `gschim`ghrls prlcuk`ls `g ims elktmýms `g im Ju`èhm, gk ims `gshgrtms omvgrkms `g im om`gkm smivmjg `g Elmb, èi sugým, prgstm lå`l mtgktl m ims ehi vlogs `g gsm Kmturmigzm mustgrm y drmvg qug il rl`gm. G_ qug im Kmturmigzm gktgrm, pgkgtrm`m plr im substmkohm `hvhkm, gs uk eè`hue, gs `gohr, uk hktgreg`hmrhl gktrg gi nlebrg y ils sgrgs supgrhlrgs. Pl`l sg olkgotm gk gi Wkhvgrsl hkegksl1 ukm om`gkm emdkèthom prgk`g gktrg så tl`ls ils sgrgs, ils euk`ls tl`ls. _ÿil kugstrm ohgkohm crmdegktírhm y gi gxogsl `hsslivgktg `gi gspårhtu oråthol cugrlk ompmogs `g `gstruhr gsm emdkåchom såktgshs g hksuimr gi nlebrg el`grkl `gi rgstl `gi Wkhvgrsly `g sus nmrelkhlsls pimkls. 244 Im eúshom `gsgepgýmbm tmebhèk drmk`g pmpgi gk im hkhohmohÿk prlcèthom. G_ smbh`l qug gsg mrtg heprheg gi rhtel gk im gehshÿk ciuå`hom y cmohihtm im moohÿk `g ims gkth`m`gs hkvhshbigs. Im prgpmrmohÿk grm imblrhlsm, `hcåohi gi klvhohm`l. @urmktg ils `ls prhegrls mýls, gi msphrmktg prlcgtm grm shepigegktg eè`hue

pmshvl1 `gspuès, mprgk`åm m nmogrsg y, plr imgrmgxtgrhlrhzmäïl, iggr Gkvgogs il Hkvhshbig ils24>oum`rls, im klrem `g ils molktgohehgktls cuturls.mothvl Gsg gjgrohohl imrdl y sujgtl meuonms m gkdmýls.

244

Sgr, gk oumktl m ims gsougims `g prlcgtms, gi gstu`hl mbuk`mktgegktg `louegktm`l `gi Omr`gkmi Eghdkmk, ’Igs Vrlpnîtgs `'Hsrmgi―, olksh`grmohl kgs prgihehkmrgs, píds. =0 y shduhgktgs, Igolccrg, g`htlr. 24> Gk im vhshÿk prlcèthom ils pimkgs vhsumigs suogshvls slk euonms vgogs hkvgrth`ls, y trmkstlrkm`ms ims igygs `g im pgrspgothvm. G_ il qug nmog tmk lbsourls ils lríouils prlcèthols `g tl`ls ils thgepls, pmrthouimregktg ils lríouils båbihols. Pl`ls ils èxhtls `g im Nhstlrhm gstík prgvhstls plr @hls y drmbm`ls gk su iuz. Im emylr `hchouitm` olkshstg gk ils pl`gr y smbgr iggr1 plrqug gs euy `hcåohi `hsthkduhr gi pmsm`l `gi cuturl gk gsm ríph`m vhshÿk. Vlr gsl gs plr il qug gi lríouil nmbim shgeprg gk

22? | V í d h k m


=86?

gi pmssm` il,

220 | V í d h k m


=86?

Hkciugkohms suogshvms y olktrmrhms sg mplssmvme kl rmrl `g ils prlcgtms. Pmi gs gi gjgepil `g Bmimïl, qug pmrtg pmrm emi`gohr ims trhbus y gs drmohms m prlcgthzmr su dilrhm. Kukom, olel gk gsg gphsl`hl båbihol, cug eís pmtgktg im ùmih`m`g `g ils Gspårhtus hksphrm`lrgs. _grí `hcåohi, m vgogs, `hsthkduhr gk im eg`hukh`m`g, oumiquhgrm qug sgm su kmturmigzm, im pmrtg `gi eè`hue y m `g gi Gspårhtu. @g mnå olktrm`hoohlkgs mpmrgktgs, ukm gspgohg `g iuonm psholiÿdhom åkthem gktrg gi eè`hue y il qug il hksphrm1 gs gi olebmtg shebÿihol `g Jmolb y gi íkdgi1 pgrl gi Gspårhtu shgeprg tgrehkm plr vgkogr y su iuz heprgdkm vhotlrhlsmegktg im egktmih`m` y im dmkm `gi sgkshthvl. Olkvhgkg, shk gebmrdl, kl livh`mr qug gi Gspårhtu, oumk`l gs `g kmturmigzm gigvm`m, jmeís vhligktm gisgkshthvl `g qug sg mpl`grm, rgspgtm su pgrslkmih`m`, su ihbgrtm`, prlog`g shgeprg olk `gihom`gzm y sÿil gepigm im pgrsumsïl. G_ plr gsg elthvl qug om`m prlcgtm, quhgrg sgm drmk`g olel Hsmåms l nuehi`g olel gi pmstlr Meÿs, olksgrvm, gk gi `gsgepgýl `g su ehshÿk, gi igkdumjg nmbhtumi y gi ouknl `g su pgrslkmih`m`. Mså, kugstrls `åms, `ls eè`huks, mi hktgrprgtgk im ehsem rgvgimohÿk, kl sg gxprgsmrík gk ils ehsels tèrehkls kh vgrmkl olk hdumi oimrh`m`. * Om`m pídhkm `g im Båbihm gkolktrmels tgxtls qug mchremk im eg`hukh`m`g bmjl tl`ms sus clrems y gk tl`ls sus drm`ls. Bmjl ils klebrgs `g íkdgigs, `hlsgs, gto., ils Gspårhtus prltgotlrgs `g ils nlebrgs l `g ims 248 kmohlkgs tlemk pmrtg gk tl`ls ils ngonls, hktgrvhgkgk gk tl`ls ils molktgohehgktls. Elhsès gs vh`gktg y mu`hthvl. Èi vg Jglví, gi Gspårhtu prltgotlr `g Hsrmgi, gk im smräm `gi Nlrgb y gk gi _hkmh. Oumk`l sg hkoihkm `gimktg `gi prlphohmtÿrhl `gi mrom `g im mihmkzm, gsouonm vlogs (’Kúe.―, SHH, >8). G_ eè`hue gsorgvgktg oumk`l, bmjl gi `hotm`l `g Gilhe, gsorhbg ims tíbums `g im igy1 eè`hue mothvl, emdkgthzm`lr pl`grlsl, oumk`l olk ukmoâkthol `gsomrdm ciuå`hom`gils ngbrgls`gi rgvlitm`ls gk gi `gshgrtl1 eè`hue hksphrm`l, oumk`l gktlkmcuiehkm su emrmvhiilsl `gspuès im `grrltm Cmrmÿ. Elhsès prgsgktm múk gi dèkgrl gspgohmi `g eg`hukh`m`g ‟ im trmkschdurmäïl iuehklsm ‟ lbsgrvm`m gk ohgrtls cgkÿegkls olktgeplríkgls. Oumk`l èi `gsohgk`g `gi _hkmh, trmg gk im crlktg ukm murèlim `g iuz.. _meugi, ouyl kmohehgktl, olel il `g ils prg`gsthkm`ls, cug prgog`h`l `g lríouils y `g sgýmigs, sg nhzl prlcgtm `gs`g im hkcmkohm. @urehgk`l gk gi tgepil, gs euonms vgogs `gspgrtm`l plr vlogs qug il iimemk, ig nmbimk gk gi shigkohl `g im klong y ig mkukohmk ims olsms cuturms (H, ’Rgygs―, HHH, = m =>).. Gs`rms (ihv. HS, omp. ^HS) rgolksthtuh åktgdrmegktg im Båbihm qug sg nmbåm pgr`h`l, y gsl gk olk`hohlkgs gk qug múk sg pmtgktmk `hcgrgktgs dèkgrls `g eg`hukh`m`g. Im vlz ig `hog:. ’Vrgpmrm ukm drmk plrohÿk `g tmbuhknm y mjuktm-sh olk ohkol gsorhbms gxpg`htls y níbhigs. X yl gkogk`grè gk tu olrmzÿk im iâepm`m `g im hktgihdgkohm, qug kl sg blrrmrí nmstm qug nmyms mombm`l `g gsorhbhr il qug nmyms olegkzm`l. ‟ Eh blom sg mbrhÿ y kl nhzl m ogrrmrsg. @hotè shk ogsmr, klong y `åm. X gi Mitåsshel `hl hktgihdgkohm m ils ohkol nlebrgs qug gstmbmk

múk oumk`l sg trm tg im `gi prgsgktg. Mså im drmk`g gplpèhm nuemkm, olk sus `rmems, sus gphsl`hls tmk eúithpigs y elvh`ls, gstí hksorhtm gk im `hvhkm iuz, `g `lk`g pug`g, olkorgtmk`l -sh, rgcigjmrsg gk gi ogrgbrl `gi vh`gktg. 248 ]uhgrg sgm ukm vlz, ukm iuz, ukm vhshÿk l oumiquhgrm gi utrl cgkÿegkl, gi vh`gktg gxoimem: ’Xl vh @hls, `g omrm m cmz.― (’Dêk.―, ^^^HH, ?6.) Gk gi omp. ^SHHH iggels: ’Gi Gt grkl mpmrgohÿ im Mbrmïl gk gi emylr omilr `gi `åm1 y ng mnå qug trgs nlebrgs mpmrgohgrlk juktl m èi.― Gsls nlebrgs `hsoutgk olk Mbrmïl y molepmým k im Ilt. G_ gvh`gktg qug gi tgxtl quhgrg `gohr nlebrgs `g @hls, l Gspårhtus. ’Sh uk `hls subhr `g im thgrrm―, `hog im phtlkhsm `g Êk`lr im _mui. G_ smbh`l qug sg trmtm `gi Gspårhtu _meugi1 im ù`m gs hkmèhshbig (H, ’Rgygs―, ^^SHH, 4-26). _meugi prg`hog m _mui su eugrtg prÿxhem y m `g sus nhjls, molktgohehgktl qug sg rgmihzÿ.

227 | V í d h k m


=86?

olkehdl, y giils gsorhbhgrlk ims rgvgimohlkgs `g im klong, olsm qug kl oleprgk`åmk. X mså, 2>6 ùrmktg oumrgktm `åms, cugrlk gsorhtls 260 ihbrls.― Jlb tuvl ukm vhshÿk qug gs gi thpl pgrcgotl `g im emtgrhmihzmäïl gspårhtm. Pl`l gi ihbrl `g Jlb gstí rgpigtl `g hiuehkmohlkgs y `g hksphrmohlkgs eg`húkhoms. _u prlphm vh`m, mtlregktm`m `g emils Gspårhtus, gs uk msuktl `ggstu`hls euonåshelsudgsthvls. Im Båbihm egkohlkm omsls crgougktgs `g lbsgssïl, gktrg ltrls, gk _mui, qug gs euonms vgogs subjudm`l plr 2>= uk Gspårhtu olièrhol: ’Gk su miem mbmk`lkm`m, uk Gspårhtu emihdkl sg hktrlùog―. G_ uk cgkÿegkl `g hkolrplrmohÿk pgrcgotmegktg omrmotgrhzm`l. _mui cug mi olehgkzl uk eè`hue ’`gi _gýlr―1 pgrl, m olksgougkohm `g cmitms drmvgs y `g ukm vh`m `gslr`gkm`m, pgr`hÿ su cmouitm` l, mktgs, sg nhzl hkstruegktl `g Gspårhtus hkcgrhlrgs. Gsm pèr`h`m, l mtgkumohÿk `g ils pl`grgs eg`húkhols gs crgougktg kls qug sg `gjmk `lehkmr plr ims pmshlkgs. Im eg`hukh`m`g sg `gprheg y `gsmpmrgog shk omusm mpmrgktg1 pgrl, lr`hkmrhmegktg, plrqug sg el`hchomrlk ims `hsplshohlkgs åkthems `gi eè`hue. Im ehshÿk `g ils prlcgtms, olel m `g ils eè`huks olktgeplríkgls, grm mooh`gktm`m `g ohim`ms. _lk `hdkls `g iggrsg, gk gi ompåtuil ^H `g im Gpåstlim m ils Ngbrgls, ims prugbms, ims nuehinmä÷gs, ils sucrhehgktls plr què pmsmbmk gsls eè`huks hksphrm`ls. Wkm `g ims eís pgklsms tmrgms `g im vh`m `gi prlcgtm grm iuonmr olktrm ils heplstlrgs. _hgeprg nubl, y nmbrí shgeprg, cmisls prlcgtms, gs `gohr, eè`huks hepuism`ls plr Gspårhtus emihdkls. _u lbjgthvl, mi pmrgogr, gs olktrmrhmr im moohÿk `g ils vgr`m`grls prlcgtms, sgebrmr im `hsolr`hm gk sus ogktrls nmbhtumigs. Euonls drupls gspårhtms sg nmk `gslrdmkhzm`l bmjl im hkciugkohm `g ils Gspårhtus hkcgrhlrgs. Vlr gsl gs plr il qug im drmk nmbhih`m` `gi gsphrhtumihstm olkshstg gk momutgimr ils ogktrls olktrm im prgplk`grâkohm `g gsms kgcmstms hkciugkohms, qug sg olepimogk lbsthkm`megktg gk pgrturbmr im moohÿk `g ils ehsshlkírhls `g pmz y `g vgr`m`.. Gk rgsuegk, im lbrm `g ils prlcgtms ngbrgls cug olksh`grmbig. _us prè`homs elkltgåstms y elrmihzm`lrms prgpmrmrlk gi m`vgktl `gi Orhsthmkhsel y im gvliuohÿk rgihdhlsm `g im Nuemkh`m`. Nlebrgs qug prmothombmk im eg`htmäïl, gi rgolinhegktl y im pigdmrhm, ils drmk`gs eè`huks hsrmgiågs smbåmk y gksgýmbmk qug gi olegrohl olk il Hkvhshbig gs uk prhkohphl rgdgkgrm`lr. Giils tgkåmk plr ehshÿk gsphrhtumihzmr im rgihdhÿk `g Elhsès, qug tgk`åm m emtgrhmihzmrsg, `g hdumi emkgrm qug gi Gsphrhthsel olktgeplríkgl thgkg tmebhèk im ehshÿk `g gsphrhtumihzmr im slohg`m` motumi, qug om`m vgz eís sg `hsugivg, y rgolkùzhr ims Hdigshms m ims iåeph`ms trm`hohlkgs `gi Orhsthmkhsel prhehthvl. Ils prlcgtms ngbrgls cugrlk ils olksgjgrls `g ils rgygs `g Hsrmgi, ils vgrbgrm`lrgs `g ils mbusls `g pl`gr, ils olkslim`lrgs `gi pugbil mcihtl y lprheh`l. Olel tl`ls ils nlebrgs `g dgkhl, nmbåmk rgolrrh`l kuegrlsms vh`ms, gxhstgkohms `g trmbmjl, `g hkvgsthdmohÿk pgklsm, qug gk giils nmbåmk `gsmrrliim`l im hktuhäïl prlcuk`m. _u pgkgtrmohÿk imsgk olsms y su emrmvhiilsm pgrsp shepigeg ils crutls `g gkomrkmä÷gs mktgrhlrgs. Nmbhgk`l `g vhvh`l gi pmsm`l `g Hsrmgi, plsgå mhoíohm k ukmgrmk pgrcgotm hktgihktg dgkohm `gi miem `g su kmohlkmih`m`. Mså, Jlïl Bmthstm, qug grm im rggkomrkmäïl `g Gihms, prgpmrÿ gchomzegktg sus ngremkls pmrm im rgvgimohÿk `g Jgsus.. Gi tgem nmbhtumi `g im gksgýmkzm prlcèthol grm mktgs `g tl`l im m`lrmäïl ’gk gspårhtu y vgr`m`―. Ils prlcgtms olebmtåmk gkèrdhomegktg gi clremihsel cmrhsmhol `g im igy y prloimembmk mbhgrtmegktg qug im ohroukohsïl 2>6 2>=

HS, ’Gs`rms―, ^, 0= m 00. ’Rgygs―, ^SH, =0.

223 | V í d h k m


=86?

`gi sgkthehgktl vmiig eís qug m `g im omrkg. Mså tmebhèk kugstrls `åms ils Gspårhtus olk`gkmk ims príothoms emtgrhmigs y gi tåeh`l cmrhsmåsel `g ils cmisls `gvltls, `g tl`ls ouíktls, m prgtgxtl `g rgihdhÿk, susthtuygk ils prgogptls `gi Gvmkdgihl plr supgrsthohlsms príothoms. Im vhrtu`, qug ils vh`gktgs `g Hsrmgi eís rgolegk`mbmk, grm im justhohm. Im pmimbrm justl shdkhchombm gktlkogs gi olkjuktl `g ims vhrtu`gs: ’@mr m @hls il qug gs `g @hls y m ils nlebrgs il qug igs pgrtgkgog.― Vlr tl`m pmrtg sg olksthtuåmk giils ils mbldm`ls `g ils plbrgs, `g gsls `gsgr`m`ls qug gktlkogs grmk iimem`ls ils Gbhlkhe. Prms gi pgom`l `g h`limtråm, gi `gsprgohl `g ils plbrgs y lprgssïl `g ils `èbhigs grm gi eís vhvmegktg prlcihdm`l. Hsmåms, slbrg tl`l, gs gi gilqùgktg `gcgkslr `g ils plbrgs. Gi Egsshms plr èi mkukohm`l gs mqugi qug juzdmrí ils plbrgs olk justhohm (Hsmåms, ^H, 0). G_ prgohsmegktg plr gsg drmk melr m ils nuehi`gs qug ohgrtls rmohlkmihstms el`grkls omihchomrlk ils prlcgtms `g `gemdldls, `g gkmelrm`ls gkgehdls `g tl`m `hkmsthm. Gk im rgmih`m`, trgs drmk`gs rgvgimohlkgs eg`húkhoms `lehkmk im Nhstlrhm. M ils prlcgtms `g Hsrmgi suog`hÿ gi eè`hue `hvhkl, Jgsus. Gi Gsphrhthsel gs im úithem rgvgimohÿk, im `hcushÿk gsphrhtumi mkukohm`m plr Jlgi (HH, 2>, 28), ’oumk`l gi Gspårhtu sg `grrmemrí olel ukm murlrm slbrg gi euk`l, y ils vhgjls sgrík hkstruh`ls plr sugýls y ils emkogbls tgk`rík vhshlkgs―. Gi prlphl Rguss olkougr`m qug, sgdúk gsg lríouil, ’im gcusïl `gi Gspårhtu sgrí tmk mepihm qug im kmohÿk gktgrm sg nmrí uk pugbil `g prlcgtms―. Mså, im moohÿk cåshom `gi M`geís trmksclremrí gi euk`l cuturl gk ukm nuemkh`m` `g vh`gktgs y mu`hthvls. Im eg`hukh`m`g sgrí gi úithel gstm`l `g im rmzm nuemkm gkomehkík`lsg mi tèrehkl `g su `gsthkl. * Molepmýgels gi oursl `g ims g`m`gs y vgrgels im eg`hukh`m`g gxpmk`hrsg gk ils eís `hvgrsls eg`hls, ukhclreg gk su prhkohphl, vmrhm`m mi hkchkhtl gk sus emkhcgstmohlkgs. Im nhstlrhm `g ils prlcgtms `g Hsrmgi sg 2>2 olkoiuyÿ olk im mpmrhäïl `gi nhjl `g Emrhm. Sgkhels klutrl iudmr qug im vh`m `g Orhstl gstí iigkm `g emkhcgstmohlkgs qug nmogk `g èi gi eg`hm`lr plr gxogigkohm. Jgsus cug vh`gktg y uk hksphrm`l, gi emylr `g oumktls il slpil `hvhkl vhvhcholu gk su pmsmjg plr im Phgrrm. Pl`m su pgrslkm y tl`m su gxhstgkohm gstík gkvlitms gk gi ehstgrhl ìl Hkvhshbig. Èi olkvgrsmbm gk gi Pmblr olk Elhsès y Gihms, y igdh÷gs `g miems il mshstgk. _u pgksmehgktl oleprgk`g `ls ukhvgrsls1 su pmimbrm thgkg im ùizurm `g ils euk`ls mkdèihols1 suyl ehrg igg gk gi rgogssl `g ils olrmzlkgs, y olk uk shepig olktmotl èinmog ogsmr gi sucrhehgktl. Gsms emrmvhiilsms cmouitm`gs slk plr èi trmksehth`ms pmrohmiegktg m sus mpÿstlils. X igs `hog: ’Kl ouh`èhs olel l il qug nmvghs `g nmbimr1 plrqug gk mqugiim nlrm ls sgrí hksphrm`l il qug nmvghs `g `gohr. Vlrqug kl(Emtgus, slhs vlsltrls nmbim gk vlsltrls.― ^, =8,ils 26.)qug qugbrèhs, pgrl gi Gspårhtu `g vugstrl Vm`rg gs il qug Prmksourrgk ils shdils1 sg omebhm im gsogkm. M`geís, gk gi Lrhgktg, surdg ltrm heplkgktg chdurm. Gk gi shigkohl `gi `gshgrtl, gsg drmk shigkohl `g ils gspmohls qug oleukhom mi miem ukm sgrgkh`m`g y uk gquhihbrhl omsh km`m olkloh`ls plr nmbhtmktgs `g ims ohu`m`gs, Emlegt, 2>? gi cuk`m`lr `gi Hsime, rg`motm il 2>2 2>?

Ièlk @gkhs ‟ ’Orhsthmkhsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omp. SH. Olrruptgim `g im pmimbrm Elnmeeg`.

224 | V í d h k m


=86?

’Miolrïl―, bmjl gi `hotm`l `g uk Gspårhtu, qug m`lptm, pmrm nmogrsg gsouonmr, gi klebrg y im mpmrhgkohm `gi íkdgi Dmbrhgi.2>0 Èi múk il mchrem gk gi ihbrl smdrm`l `g ils írmbgs: ’Sugstrl olepmtrhltm, ÿ Alrmhonhtms, kl gstí trmksvhm`l, kh cug hiu`h`l. Gi Miolrïl gs ukm rgvgimohÿk qug ig cug ngonm. Cug gi Pgrrhbig quhgk il hkstruyÿ. X èi rgvgiÿ mi shgrvl `g @hls il qug tgkåm m rgvgimrig. Gi olrmzÿk `g Emlegt kl ehgktg1 èi il vhl.―2>7 ’Gi Miolrïl ‟ `hog èi ‟ pgremkgog olel gi eís bgiil elkuegktl `g im igkdum gk qug cug gsorhtl, y km`m vgl qug il hdumig, gk im nhstlrhm rgihdhlsm `g im Nuemkh`m`. G_ il qug gxpihom im hkciugkohm gklreg qug gsg ihbrl nm gjgroh`l slbrg ils írmbgs, qug gstík olkvgkoh`ls `g qug Emlegt, ouym hkstruoohÿk grm ru`hegktmr, kl pl`åm gsorhbhr gsg ihbrl, y qug èi ig cug `hotm`l plr uk íkdgi.― 2>3 _hkduimr olhkoh`gkohm: su ehshÿk olehgkzm olel m `g Jlmkm `'Mro1 sh ig rgvgim eg`hmktg vlogs y vhshlkgs. Olel Jlmkm, tmebhèk èi plr euonl thgepl sg gsquhvmrm1 pgrl gi pl`gr ehstgrhlsl il mrrmstrm olktrm su dmkm y gi nuehi`g olkùotlr `g omegiils sg nmog cuk`m`lr `g ukm rgihdhÿk qug sg gxthgk`g slbrg ukm vmstm rgdhÿk `gi euk`l1 èi orgm åktgdrmegktg uk drmk pugbil y uk drmk hepgrhl.

Mogrom `g sus cmouitm`gs eg`húkhoms mså sg gxprgsm X. Blkkgeîrg:2>4 ’Emlegt omiim `g tmr`g gk tmr`g gk uk gstm`l qug egtåm ehg`l m ils qug gk nmdl sg nmiimbmk. Gk gsls elegktls gk qug su pgrslkmih`m` ig nuåm y èi sg sgktåm subjudm`l plr ukm dmkm eís pl`grlsm qug im suym, subtrmåm-sh m ims vhstms gxtrmýms. Ils ljls, `gsegsurm`megktg mbhgrtls, sg nmoåmk chjls y shk gxprgshÿk1 hkeÿvhi, Emlegt pmrgoåm hkvm`h`l plr uk `gscmigohegktl qug km`m ildrmvm `hshpmr. Gksgduh`m, plol m plol, im hksphrmohÿk ciuåm, y èi gsorhbåm, olk vgrthdhklsmrmph`gz, il qug vlogs ehstgrhlsms ig `hotmbmk.―. Gk im G`m` Eg`hm, egkohlkgels `ls drmk`gs chdurms nhstÿrhoms: Orhstÿvïl Olilebl, gi `gsolbrh`lr `g uk kugvl euk`l, hepgih`l plr ukm lbsgssïl `hvhkm, y Jlmkm `'Mro, qug lbg`gog m sus vlogs. Gk su mvgkturlsm ehshÿk, Olilebl grm duhm`l plr uk dgkhl hkvhshbig. Il trmtmbmk `g vhshlkírhl. Gk ims nlrms `g ims emylrgs `hchouitm`gs, èi gsouonmbm ukm vlz `gsolkloh`m eureurmrig mi lå`l: ’@hls quhgrg qug tu klebrg rgsugkg dilrhlsmegktg m trmvès `gi euk`l1 tg sgrík `m`ms ims iimvgs `g tl`ls gsls pugrtls `gsolkloh`ls `gi loèmkl qug sg olksgrvmk motumiegktgogrrm`ls plr clreh`ívghsom`gkms.―2>> Im vh`m `g Jlmkm `'Mro gstí gk im egelrhm `g tl`ls. _g smbg qug gk tl`ls ils iudmrgs sgrgs hkvhshbigs hksphrmbmk y `hrhdåmk im ngrÿhom vhrdge `g @lerèey. Pl`ls ils èxhtls `g su dilrhlsm gplpèhm slk prgvhmegktg mkukohm`ls. _urdgk mpmrhä÷gs `gimktg `g giim1 vlogs ogigstgs ohohme-ig mi lå`l. Gk giim, im hksphrmohÿk ciuyg olel gi blrbltmr `g ukm tlrrgktg hepgtulsm. Gk eg`hl `g ils olebmtgs, gk ils olksgjls, olel `gimktg `g sus jugogs, plr tl`m pmrtg, gsg khýl `g => mýls olemk`ml rgsplk`g olk sgdurh`m`, olksohgktg `gi subiheg pmpgi qug `gsgepgým, jmeís vmrhmk`l gk im cg kh gk ims pmimbrms, hkqugbrmktmbig múk `gimktg `g ims súpihoms, múk gk cmz `g im eugrtg ‟ hiuehkm`m y olel trmkschdurm`m plr gi oimrïl `g uk ltrl euk`l. Lhdíelsim:

2>0

Sgr Bmrtgigey _mhkt-Nhimhrg, « Emnlegt gt ig Olrmk―, píds. =6? y =7>. ’Miolrïl―, omp. IHHH, = m ==. Prmùoohÿk `g Amshehrsah. 2>3 Omusshk `g Vgrogvmi ‟ ’Gssmh sur i‘Nhstlhrg `gs Mrmbgs―. 2>4 X. Blkkgeîrg ‟ ’I'âeg gt sgs emkhcgstmthlks m im trmvgrs i‘Nhstlhrg―, píd. 2=6. 2>> Rlsgiy `g Ilrdugs ‟ ’Orhstlpng Olileb―, píd, 037. 2>7

22> | V í d h k m


=86?

’Xl mel im Hdigshm y sly bugkm orhsthmkm. Vgrl, gk oumktl m ims lbrms qug ng ngonl y m eh vgkh`m, `gbl olkchmreg mi rgy `gi Ohgil qug eg gkvhÿ. Xl vhkg `g im pmrtg `g @hls y `g ils smktls y smktms `gi pmrmåsl, `g im Hdigshm vhotlrhlsm miií `g ohem y plr su `gtgrehkmohÿk1 im gsm Hdigshm slegtl tl`ls ehs motls y tl`l il qug ng ngonl l plr nmogr.― 2>8 Im vh`m `g Jlmkm `'Mro, olel eè`hue y ehsshlkírhm, sgråm shk pmr gk im Nhstlrhm sh kl nubhgrm nmbh`l mktgs `g giim gi eírthr `gi Omivírhl. _g pug`g plr il egkls `gohr qug km`m sg vhl `g eís mudustl `gs`g ils prhegrls thgepls `gi Orhsthmkhsel. M gsls klebrgs dilrhlsls tgkgels gi `grgonl `g mým`hr ils `g ils drmk`gs plgtms. Prms im eúshom gs im plgsåm ukl `g ils clols eís purls `g im hksphrmohÿk1 prlvlom gi èxtmshs hktgigotumi, qug pgrehtg gktrmr gk oleukhomohÿk olk ims gscgrms supgrhlrgs. Gi plgtm, eís qug ils ltrls nlebrgs, shgktg, mem y sucrg. Gk èi omktmk ims vlogs tl`ms `g im Kmturmigzm. Gi rhtel `g im vh`m hkvhshbig rgduim im om`êkohm `g sus vgrsls. Pl`ls ils drmk`gs plgtms ngrÿhols prhkohphme sus gsquhkms plr ukm hkvlomohÿk m ils `hlsgs l m im eusm1 y ils Gspårhtus hksphrm`lrgs mthgk`gk m im `gprgomäïl. Eureurmk mi lå`l `gi plgtm ehi olsms subihegs, ehi olsms qug sÿil èi gkthgk`g, gktrg ils nhjls `g ils nlebrgs. Nlegrl thgkg gsquhkms qug vhgkgk `g eís mitl qug im Phgrrm. Vimtïl `goåm (’@híildls `gi Hÿk y `gi Egklk―): ’Gi plgtm y gi prlcgtm, pmrm rgohbhr im hksphrmohÿk, `gbgk gktrmr gk uk gstm`l supgrhlr gk qug su nlrhzlktg hktgigotumi sg `himtm g hiuehkm plr ukm iuz eís mitm.― ‟ ’Kl slk ils vh`gktgs, ils prlcgtms l ils plgtms qug nmbimk1 gs @hls qug plr giils quhgbrg.― _gdúk Vhtídlrms (@hld. Imgrtg, SHHH, ?2), ’im hksphrmohÿk gs ukm sudgrgkohm `g ils Gspårhtus qug kls rgvgimk gi cuturl y ims olsms louitms―. Shrdåihl cug plr euonl thgepl olksh`grm`l uk prlcgtm, gk vhrtu` `g su ’Èoildm egsshâkhom `g Vlihlk―. @mktg gs uk eè`hue hkolepmrmbig. _u ’@hvhkm Oleg`hm― gs ukm pgrgdrhkmäïl m trmvès `g ils euk`ls hkvhshbigs. Lzmkme, gi prhkohpmi mutlr omtÿihol qug ym mkmihzÿ gsm lbrm dgkhmi, rgolklog qug su pimk gs phsm`l gk ims drmk`gs iåkgms `g im hkhohmohÿk gk ils ehstgrhls mkthduls, ouyl prhkohphl, olel gs smbh`l, grm im oleuknïl olk gi louitl. G_ plr ils ljls`g su Bgmtrhz, eugrtm, qug Mihdnhgrh vg ’gi gspigk`lr`g im vhvm iuz gtgrkm―, qug hiuehkÿ tl`m su vh`m. Gk eg`hl `g mqugiim slebråm G`m` Eg`hm, su vh`m y su lbrm rgspimk`goge olel ims ohems mipgstrgs oumk`l sg olilrggk `g ils úithels oimr÷gs `gi `åm y ym gi rgstl `g im thgrrm gstí buogm`l gk im slebrm.. Pmssl oleplkg m ils => mýls su plgem omvminghrgsol ’Rgkmu`―, bmjl im hksphrmohÿk `g Mrhlstl, y eís tmr`g, gk =747, su lbrm omphtmi, Jgrusmièk Ihbgrm`m―, vmstm gplpèhm, qug mchrem nmbgr -ig sh`l hdumiegktg hksphrm`m. _nmagspgmrg, Ehitlk y _ngiigy cugrlk tmebhèk hksphrm`ls.

2>8

’Vrloîs―, tlel H, píds. =32 m =43.

228 | V í d h k m


=86?

Nmbimk`l `gi drmk `rmemturdl, `hjl Shotlr Nudl: ’Clrbgs, gk gi ourhlsl cmsoåouil olepuism`l plr Tmrburtlk y pgr`h`l plr Dmrrhoa, mchrem qug _nmagspgmrg sg gktrgdmbm m im emdhm y qug gk sus phgzms il 286 qug nmbåm `g bugkl ig grm `hotm`l plr uk Gspårhtu.― Pl`ms ims lbrms dgkhmhs slk plbim`ms `g cmktmsems y `g mpmrhä÷gs: ’Miiå, miiå ‟ `hog Èsquhil,28= nmbimk`l `g ils eugrtls ‟ vlsltrls kl ils vg`gs, pgrl vgl sgrgs.― Gi ehsel molktgog im _nmagspgmrg. _us lbrms prhkohpmigs 282 ‟ ’Nmeigt―, ’Emobgtn―, gto. ‟ olkthgkgk gsogkms oèigbrgs gk qug sg eugvgk mpmrhä÷gs. Ils gspgotrls `gi pm`rg `g Nmeigt y `g Bmkqul, prgk`h`ls mi euk`l emtgrhmi plr gi yudl `gi pmsm`l, sg nmogk vhshbigs g hepgige ils vhvls mi orhegk. Ehitlk nmoåm sus nhjms tlqugk mrpm mktgs `g oleplkgr sus gsquhkms `gi ’Vmrmåsl Vgr`h`l―, plrqug, `goåm èi, im mrelkåm mtrmg ils dgkhls hksphrm`lrgs. Ng mnå il qug `hjl `g _ngiigy su nhstlrhm`lr, Eg`whk: ’Èi slýmbm `gsphgrtl, gk ukm gspgohg `g mbstrmoohÿk igtírdhom qug ig grm nmbhtumi1 y trms om`m moogsl ils ljls ig ohkthimvme, ils imbhls sg mdhtmbmk gk orhspmohlkgs y su vlz tgebimbm `g gelohÿk. Èi gktrmbm gk ukm gspgohg `g slkmebuihsel, ùrmktg gi oumi su igkdumjg grm mktgs `g uk Gspårhtu, l `g uk íkdgi, qug `g uk nlebrg.―28? Dlgtng sg mbgbgrlu mepihmegktg gk ims cugktgs ìl Hkvhshbig. _us rgimohlkgs olk Imvmtgr y im _rm. @ y Aigttgkblrd il nmbåmk hkhohm`l gk ims ohgkohms prlcuk`ms, `g qug om`m ukm `g sus lbrms trmg gi ouknl. Cmustl― gs ukm lbrm eg`húkhom y shebÿihom `g prhegrm lr`gk. Ltrl tmktl sg pug`g `gohr `g Ailpstloa y `g su ’Egsshm`m―, plgem gk qug sg shgktg pgrpmssmr il slpil `gi M`geís. ’Xl olrråm m vgogs m eh gsorhvmkhknm ‟ `hog Dlgtng ‟ shk prgloupmreg gk gk`hrghtmr ukm nljm `g pmpgi qug gstuvhgrm `g trmvès, y gsorhbåm eh phgzm gk vgrsls, `g olehgkzl michk, gk mqugiim plshohÿk, shk egkgmreg. Vmrm gsl, tlembm `g prgcgrgkohm uk iíphz qug egjlr sg prgstmbm m im drmchm, plrqug midukms vgogs eg nmbåm molktgoh`l sgr `gspgrtm`l `g eh slkmebuihsel plèthol plr gi rmkdgr `g im pgkm l ils smiphols `g thktm, y `hstrmgreg, y slclomr gk gi kmsog`lurl eh pgqugým prlùoohÿk.―280 T. Bimag mchrem nmbgr gsorhtl sus plgsåms bmjl im `hrgoohÿk `gi Gspårhtu Ehitlk y rgolklogr qug tl`ms sus lbrms cugrlk hksphrm`ms. Eís prÿxhel m kl`ls, Micrg` `g Eussgt tgkåm vhshlkgs, våm mpmrhä÷gs y låm vlogs. Wkm klong, bmjl ims vgktmkms `gi Iluvrg, gsouonÿ èi gstms pmimbrms: ’Eg msgshkmrlk gk im omiig `g Onmbmkmhs.― Olrrhÿ pmrm miií, y

286

Shotlr Nudl ‟ ’T. _ nmagspgmrg―, píd. 76. Bgrtngilt ‟ ’Iluhs Eèkmr `gt slk oguvrg―, píd. 30. _gdúk ukm tgshs rgohgktg, ims lbrms prhkohpmigs `g _nmagspgmrg `gbgråmk sgr mtrhbuh`ms mi omkohiigr Bmolk. Ltrls oråthols, tlemk`l plr bmsg ims rgimohlkgs `gi omkohiigr olk ils louithstms y ombmihstms `gi thgepl, nmogk `g _nmagspgmrg gi eè`hue `g Bmolk. Olel quhgrg qug sgm, ils ngonls sgýmim`ls kh plr gsl olksgrvmk egkls tl`l su hktgrès y shdkhchomoh ÿk. 28? Cgihx Rmbg ‟ ’Shg `g _ngiigy―. 280 ’Thg ghk _onmcwmkìgr―, `hog Dlgtng, olkclreg im ’Loouit R gvhgw―. 28= 282

2?6 | V í d h k m


=86?

`gpmrlu-sg-ig uk om`ívgr...287 ’@lk`g, pugs, eg olkùog gsm emkl hkvhshbig qug kl quhgrg qug yl eg `gtgkdm<― `goåm èi. 283 Lrm subiheg y purl olel ils íkdgigs, lrm pgrvgrth`l olel uk `gelkhl, Eussgt vhvåm slegth`l m ims eís `hvgrsms hkciugkohms, y èi prlphl il sgýmimbm. @ls tgsthdls `g su vh`m åkthem, Dglrdg _mk` y im _rm. Oligt, `gsorhbhgrlk olk ch`gih`m` gsg mspgotl ehstgrhlsl `gim gxhstgkohm `gi ’nhjl `gi shdil―: ’_å ‟ `goåm èi m Pgrgsm ‟ yl gxpgrhegktl gi cgkÿegkl qug ils tmuemturdls `gklehkmk ’plssgssïl―. @ls Gspårhtus sg nmk mpl`grm`l `g eå.284 Nmy euonls mýls qug tgkdl vhshlkgs y lhdl vlogs. Olel il pl`råm yl plkgr gk ù`m, oumk`l tl`ls ehs sgkth`ls eg il mchremk< Ouíktms vgogs, mi omgr `g im klong, ng vhstl y lå`l gi jlvgk pråkohpg qug eg cug omrl y uk ltrl mehdl eål, ngrh`l gk uk ùgil, gk eh prgsgkohm! Eg pmrgog, gk gi elegktl gk qug gsm oleuknïl sg lpgrm, qug eh gspårhtu sg eg `gsprgk`g `gi ougrpl, pmrm rgsplk`gr m im vlz `g ils Gspårhtus qug eg nmbimk.―28> Im _rm. Oligt olkloåm, ngonm plr gi plgtm, im kmrrmthvm `g trgs mpmrhä÷gs cgegkhkms ‟ orhmturms mem`ms y ym eugrtms ‟ `g qug giim nmog ukm olelvg`lrm `gsorhpohÿk.288 Ig mým`g `hvgrsls omsls `g gxtgrhlrhzmäïl sgegjmktgs m ils `g kugstrls eè`huks olktgeplríkgls. D. _mk` y im _rm. Oligt mchremk qug gi plgtm omåm gk trmksg olk im emylr cmohih`m`. ?66 Èi prlphl nmbim `g slprls cråls, ouym sgksmohÿk nubg gxpgrhegktm`l, y `g súbhtl `gsprgk`hegktl, il qug ig sgråm `hcåohi hemdhkmr. @g gsls ngonls rgsuitm qug M. `g Eussgt `gbåm im hkciugkohms louitms ukm pmrtg, plr il egkls, `gi msogk`gktg qug gjgroåm slbrg sus olktgeplríkgls. Èi cug m im vgz uk plgtm `g gigvm`m hksphrmohÿk y, prlphmegktg nmbimk`l, uk vh`gktg y uk mu`hthvl. Gk tl`ls ils thgepls gsms oleukhomohlkgs suths `g ils Gspårhtus m ils elrtmigs thgkgk vhkhgk`l cgouk`mr gi mrtg y im ihtgrmturm. Ohgrtmegktg, kl olksh`grmels ihtgrmtls gsls mihknm`lrgs `g crmsgs, qug kukom shkthgrlk ils hksphrm`lrgs `gi M`geís. Ils gsorhtlrgs slbrg ils oumigs bmjmk ils gciúvhls supgrhlrgs slk rmrls. G_ prgohsl nmbgr prg`hsplshä÷gs mktgrhlrgs, uk igktl trmbmjl `g mshehimohÿk, pmrm qug im cugrzm hdkltm pug`m motumr gk gi miem `gi pgksm`lr. Gk mqugiils qug, shk gebmrdl, rgúkgk gsms olk`hohlkgs, im hksphrmohÿk sg prgohphtm olel uk jlrrl. Gi pgksmehgktl brltm, lrhdhkmi l vhdlrlsl, y im hkciugkohm plr èi gjgroh`m gs slbgrmkm. Im clrem `g im hksphrmohÿk vmråm olkclreg ims kmturmigzms. Gk midukls, gi ogrgbrl gs olel uk gspgjl qug rgcigjm ims olsms louitms y prlygotm sus hrrm`hmä÷gs slbrg im Nuemkh`m`. Ltrls gsouonmk im drmk vlz ehstgrhlsm, ims pmimbrms gxpihomk gi pmsm`l, gsoimrgogk gi prgsgktg y mkukohmk gi cuturl. Bmjl gi ehieureúrhl clrems il `g Hkvhshbig pgkgtrmqug ils sgkshthvls y sg heplkg: ’Gk Dlgtng ‟ `hog Cimeemrhlk?6= ‟ gk ohgrtls elegktls `g pmshÿk, gsm oleukhomohÿk `g ils Gspårhtus sg rgvgim olk iuehklsm oimrh`m`. Gk ltrls, olel Bmolk, im olkvhoohÿk sg clreÿ igktmegktg olk gsls eåkhels hk`hohls qug gi gstu`hl olth`hmkl `gi nlebrg nmog slbrgssmhr.― 287

’Mkkmigs Vlihthqu gs gt Ihttèrmhrgs―, `g 27 `g juihl y `g 2 2 `g mdlstl `g =>84. Vmui Emrigtlk ‟ ’Wkg Nhstlhrg `'Melur―, =>84, pídhkm =3>. 284 D. _mk` ‟ ’Giig gt Iuå―, ^HH. 28> _rm. Oligt, ’Iuh―, ^^HHH, píds. ?3> y ?38 , y oc. ’Eèimkdgs `g Ihttèrmturg gt `g Orhthqug―. (Olephim ohÿk `g im _rtm. Dmrgim, =>?8.) 288 Å`ge, Hbh`ge, ^^HHH, píds. ?38-?>=. 283

2?= | V í d h k m

Gk il Hkvhshbig ‟ Ièlk ?66

=86?

D. _mk`, ’Giig gt Iuh―, SHHH y ^H. _rm. Oligt, ’Iuh―, SH, SHH y ^^HHH.

2?2 | V í d h k m


=86?

Gk im lbrm `g Rldèrhl Bmolk, ’gi `lotlr mèhrmbig―, ’Lpusg Emjus―, tl`ms ims drmk`gs hkvgkohlkgs `g kugstrl thgepl gstík prlcgthzm`ms y `gsorhtms. Jgrðkhel Omr`mk, gk ’@g Rgrue Smrhgtmtg― (SHHH, ?), sg cgihohtmbm plr tgkgr ils ’`lkgs― qug pgrehtgk omgr gk èxtmshs m im dmkm, vgr lbjgtls gxtrmýls olk ils ljls `gi gspårhtu y sgr hkclrem`l`gi cuturl. _onhiigr `goimrÿ qug suyls eís bgiils pgksmehgktls kl grmk `g su prlphm orgmohÿk1 ig lourråmk tmk ríph`megktg y olk tmi gkgrdåm qug èi tgkåm `hchouitm` gk hkomutmrils olk suchohgktg prgstgzm pmrm ils trmksorgvgr. Ims cmouitm`gs eg`húkhoms `g Geemkugi _wg`gkblrd, gi chiÿslcl sugol, slk mtgstm`ms plr im oèigbrg omrtm `g Amkt m im _rtm. @g Aklbhon. Gk gsm ehsshvm, gi mutlr `g im ’Oråthom `g im rmzÿk purm― rgchgrg qug im _rm. Nmrtgvhiig, vhu`m `gi gebmjm`lr migeík gk Gstloliel, lbtuvl plr hktgreè`hl `gi Bmrïl `g _wg`gkblrd ukm oleukhomohÿk `g su `gcuktl emrh`l, rgimthvm m uk `louegktl prgohlsl qug kl cugrm plshbig gkolktrmr, m pgsmr `g rgpgth`ms búsqug`ms1 gstmbm dumr`m`l gk ukm dmvgtm sgorgtm, ouym gxhstgkohm cug rgvgim`m plr gi cmiigoh`l, y qug sÿil èi olkloåm. Gi hkogk`hl `g Gstloliel, vhstl y `gsorhtl plr _wg`gkblrd m trgsohgktms ehiims `g `hstmkohm, gs tmebhèk ukm prugbm `g im pujmkäm `g sus cmouitm`gs. _g pug`g, plr il tmktl, mèhthr qug ims tglråms plr èi clreuim`ms mogrom `g im vh`m hkvhshbig kl slk prlùotl `g su hemdhkmäïl, pgrl ig cugrlk hksphrm`ms plr vhshlkgs y rgvgimohlkgs. Gk oumktl m im clrem bmjl im oumi èi ims `gsorhbhÿ, kl sg ig `gbg olkgotmr eís qug ukm heplrtmkohm rgimthvm. Pl`ls ils vh`gktgs og`gk m im kgogsh`m`, gk qug sg gkougktrmk, `g trmùohr im pgrogpohÿk qug thgkgk ìl Hkvhshbig olk gi muxhihl `g ims clrems, `g ims heídgkgs, `g ims gxprgshlkgs hepugstms plr su gùomohÿk y cmehihmrgs plr im ehtm` gk qug vhvgk. G_ mså qug, olkclreg gi thgepl y ims imthtu`gs, `mrík m ils nmbhtmktgs `gi ltrl euk`l ils klebrgs `g `hlsgs, íkdgigs, `gelkhls, dgkhls l gspårhtus. Sgmels mnlrm ils drmk`gs gsorhtlrgs `gi shdil ^H^. Onmtgmubrhmk` y su ngremkm Iuoåihm thgkgk hdumi `grgonl m sgr olksh`grm`ls hksphrm`ls: ?62 ’Im prhegrm hksphrmohÿk `gi plgtm, su prhegrm eusm ‟ sg msgdurm ‟ cug su ngremkm Iuoåihm. Kl nmy im eåkhem ù`m `g tgkgr ils mýls pmsm`ls mi phg `g gsm orhmturm slým`lrm y eåsthom, `gjmk`l ukm rmkurm gk gi olrmzÿk `gi eläl, olkelvh`l, olel il rgougr`m èi (Egelrhms `g M`geísPúeuil), plr ils súbhtls `gsmihgktls `g gsm kmturmigzm olkstgrkm`m y gxtíthom. Gsm orhmturm ehstgrhlsm, eg`hl slkâebuim, omsh `ltm`m `g im `lbig vhstm, olel ukm nmbhtmkt y `g ims hsims Nèbrh`ms, mtrmvgsÿ im hkcmkohm `g Onmtgmubrhmk` olel im chdurm `gi `lilr. Prmksehthÿ su plèthom gkcgreg`m` elrmi m gsg ngremkl ym tmk elrthchom`l1 gs mså qug giim gktrm plr ehtm` gk tl`ms ims olkogpohlkgs `gi plgtm. Gk gsg olrl `g bimkoms vhshlkgs... plr tl`m pmrtg m gkolktrmrgels. _us gxtrmýms prg`hoohlkgs kl ig nmbråmk ngonl gktrgvgr gi thpl `g ukm Sgig`m<―

Bmizmo, gk ’Wrsuig Ehrlugt―, ’_èrmpnhtm―, ’Iluhs Imebgrt―, ’Im Vgmu `g Onmdrhk―, gto., tloÿ gk tl`ls ils prlbigems `g im vh`m hkvhshbig, `gi louithsel y `gi emdkgthsel. Pl`ms gsms ougsthlkgs ig grmk cmehihmrgs. Ims trmtmbm olk im oumihchomohÿk `gi vgr`m`grl emgstrl, gk ukm èplom gk qug múk grmk pluquåsshel olkloh`ms. Grm kl slimegktg uk prlcuk`l lbsgrvm`lr, pgrl tmebhèk uk vh`gktg gk im eís gigvm`m mogpäïl `gi tèrehkl.

?6= ?62

O. Cimeemrhlk ‟ ’Gi @gsolkloh`l y ils Vrlbigems Vsåquhols―, omp. SH. ’Nhstlhrg `g im Ihttèrmturg Crmkämhsg―, `g Vgtht `g Juiigvhiig. Mrtåou il `g Gk. @gs Gssmr ts slbrg Onmtgmubrhmk`, tlel SHH, píd. 0.

2?6 | V í d h k m


=86?

G`dmr` ]uhkgt tuvl ims ehsems hktuhä÷gs dgkhmhs, m orggr gk gi _r. Ig`rmhk, oråthol ihtgrmrhl gxtrgem`megktg gsoèpthol, qug mså sg gxprgsmbm gk uk mrtåouil `g im ’I'Èoimhr―, plr lomshÿk `g su ogktgkmrhl, gk =86?: ’Mi thgepl qug gi euk`l vhshbig gi gxtmshmvm, tgkåm èi ils ljls chjls gk gi euk`l hkvhshbig. Cug uk cgrvlrlsl gsphrhtumihstm, olel tl`ls ils `g su dgkgrmohÿk, olel Imemrthkg, Shotlr Nudl, Ehongigt. Orgåm gk im ’ohu`m` hkelrtmi `g ims miems―, gk im pmtrhm `g `lk`g sh kl pug`g sgr prlsorhtl plr nlebrg midukl. Il slpil `g kl-sè-quê pmås suprmtgrrgstrg gk ohgrtl elegktls il gkvugivg y trmksplrtm olel suspgksl gk mims, m ils gspmohls hkchkhtls. Ig`g su `hsoursl mi phg `gi túeuil `g su em`rg, `g su dgkrl Dglrdgs Elurluzh1 qug hkcigxhlkgs `gi Mitl! G_ uk kmbh (prlcgtm), m gigvmrsg plr gkohem `g tl`ls ils smogr`ÿohls y m nmbimr gk klebrg `gi Gtgrkl, olel hkvgrth`l`g ukm ehshÿk `hrgotm.― Imemrthkg, gk ’Jlogihk― y gk im ’Onutg `'uk Mkdg―, y Jgmk Rgykmu`, gk ’Pgrrg gt Ohgi―, pug`gk tmebhèk sgr olksh`grm`ls hksphrm`ls. Imemrthkg gsorhbåm im Mriîs @uclur, pmrm `gcgk`grsg `g ukm ogksurm `g Hkcmkthk: ’Xl tgkdl eh lbjgthvl1 kl slspèonmil èi1 km`hg smbg oumi sgm, gxogptl yl. Eg gigvl gk su `hrgoohÿk, gk im eg`h`m qug il oleplrtm gi thgepl y kl eís `gprhsm. Gsg lbjgthvl gs hepgsslmi y purmegktg `hvhkl. Vgrl tmr`g sgrí `gsvgim`l. Ehgktrms gspgrl, olel quhgrg èi qug yl quhgbrm m ?6? nlebrgs `g omrkg y nugsl gi purl igkdumjg `g ils Gspårhtus<― Ehongigt, gk ohgrtms lomshlkgs, pmrgog gstmr bmjl gi hepgrhl `g midúk pl`gr `gsolkloh`l. Gsoutmh-il nmbimk`l `g su ’Nhstlérg `g im Rèvliuthlk―: ’Kukom, `gs`g eh @lkogiim `g Lrièmks, nmbåm yl sgkth`l sgegjmktg imepgjl `gi Mitl, ukm tmk iuehklsm prlygoohÿk `gi Ohgil... Hklivh`ívghs `åms1 quhèk sly yl pmrm ils nmbgr `gsorhtl< Múk kl sè, kh smbrè jmeís, olel ils pu`g rgprlùohr. Im hkmorg`htívgi cgihoh`m` `g gkolktrmr `g kugvl gsl tmk vhvl, tmk hktgksl, trms sgsgktm mýls, eg nmbåm hktuegsoh`l gi pgonl `g ukm migdråm ngrÿhom.― Hksphrm`l, prgdlghrl ìl Hkvhshbig, kl gs egkls Shotlr Nudl: ’@hls sg emkhchgstm m trmvès `gi pgksmehgktl `gi nlebrg ‟ `hjl èi ‟1 gi plgtm gs smogr`ltg―.?60 Orgåm gk im oleuknïl olk ils eugrtls. _lk olkloh`ms sus sgshlkgs `g Gsphrhthsel gk Jgrsgy, olk im _rm. @g Dhrmr`hk y Mudustl Smoqugrhg, `gsorhtms plr gstg gk sus ’Ehgttgs `g i'Nhstlhrg―, olel slk olkloh`ls ils vgrsls plr èi `hrhdh`ls mi Gspårhtu Elihîrg y ils tgrrhbigegktg hrÿkhols qug im ’_lebrm `gi _gpuiorl― ig `hotmbm olk gi muxhihl `g ils phgs `g urkm ?67

egshknm. M bugk sgdurl, m prlpÿshtl `g ils nlebrgs `g dgkhl, èi rgpgig gsg ’grrlr `g tl`ls ils thgepls, `g prgtgk`gr- `mrsg mi ogrgbrl nuemkl muxhihmrgs gxtgrhlrgs―. _gegjmktg lphkhÿk ‟ Mktrue m`juvmt vmtge ‟ egihk`rm su lrduiil. Vgrl m så ehsel sg olktrm`hrí èi gk euonls omsls. Ièmksg, plr gjgepil, gstls sus vgrsls: ?6? ?60 ?67

’Rgvug Imthkg― y ’Jlurkmi `gs @èbmts―, `g 3 `g sgpthgebrg `g = 86?. Shotlr Nudl ‟ ’Thiihme _nmagspgmrg―, píds. 08 y 76. Sgr 2ª Vmrtg, omp. ^SHH.

2?= | V í d h k m


=86?

’Igs elrts slkt `gs vhvmkts eêiès m im gk ils olebmts. Gt klus sgktlks pmssgr igurs ciîongs hkvhshbigs.―?63 Mi phg `gi túeuil `g Geåihm Vutrlk, prlcgrhm gstms pmimbrms qug sg nhohgrlk oèigbrgs: ’Ils eugrtls slk ils hkvhshbigs, pgrl kl slk ils musgktgs.― Gk im plitrlkm `g ils mktgpmsm`ls, qug sg vgåm gk im smim `g ogkm `g Nmutgvhiig-nlusg, nubg hksorhtl gstms pmimbrms gxprgshvms: Mbsgktgs m`sukt. Kl rgprgsgktm gsl ukm olkstmktg gvlomäïl `g ils qug èi nubg mem`l< Gk tl`ms sus lbrms sg gkougktrmk emdkåchoms hkvlomohlkgs m ims ’vlogs `g im slebrm―, m ims ’vlogs `gi mbhsel―, m ims ’vlogs `gi gspmohl―. Ohgrtmegktg kl prgtgk`gels qug Nudl cugrm eè`hue gk gi sgkth`l rgstrhotl `gi vloíbuil, olel drmk kúegrl `g pgrslkms, mptms m lbtgkgr cgkÿegkls `g eåkhel vmilr. Gsg pujmktg gspårhtu kl pl`åm sgr rgstrhkdh`l mi pmpgi sgouk`mrhl `g hktèrprgtg `g ils pgksmehgktls `g lutrge. ]ugrgels `gohr qug gi M`geís prlygotmbm slbrg èi sus rm`hmohlkgs y mrelkåms, ims oumigs cgouk`mvme su dgkhl y `himtmvme-ig nmstm mi hkchkhtl gi nlrhzlktg `gi pgksmehgktl. Gk Ngkrh Nghkg gsm olimblrmohÿk ìl Hkvhshbig sg trmùog `g el`l sgkshbig. Ng mnå il qug èi `goåm gk gi prgcíohl `g su trmdg`hm ’T. Rmòihcc―: ’Gsorhbå Thiihme Rmòihcc gk Bgriåk, bmjl tåihms, gk ils `grrm`ghrls `åms `g =>2=, ehgktrms gi _li olk sus gkimkdugsoh`ls rmyls hiuehkmbm ils tgonls oubhgrtls `g khgvg y ils írbligs `gspljm`ls `g sus nljms. Gsorhbåm shk hktgrrupohÿk y shk nmogr gkehgk`ms. X, m eg`h`m qug gsorhbåm, eg pmrgoåm lår plr ohem `g im ombgzm ukl oÿel qug rucimr `g mims. Oumk`l rgcgrå gsg ngonl m ehs mehdls, jÿvgkgs plgtms bgrihkgksgs, giils sg gktrglinmrme `g uk el`l shkduimr y eg `goimrmrlk ukíkhegegktg qug, gsorhbhgk`l, km`m `g sgegjmktg m gslnmbåmk jmeís lbsgrvm`l.― Il qug nmy `g eís kltmbig gs qug gsm trmdg`hm gs gktgrmegktg gspårhtm1 gi `gsmrrliil `g im moohÿk y su `gsgkimog pmtgktmk im rgoåprlom hkciugkohm `gi euk`l tgrrgstrg y `gi euk`l `g ils Gspårhtus. Euonls mutlrgs oèigbrgs cugrlk eè`huks shk gi smbgr. Ltrls tuvhgrlk `g gsl olkohgkohm. Vmui M`me, ukl ?64 `g ils eís cgouk`ls gsorhtlrgs olktgeplríkgls, crmkomegktg il olkcgsÿ: ’Cuh uk pl`grlsl eè`hue gsorgvgktg. Im Cugrzm qug eg hksphrmbm tgkåm tmi hktgksh`m` cåshom, qug lbihdmbm gi iíphz m subhr slilplr gi `goihvg `gi pmpgi, qug yl hkoihkmbmolk im emkl olktrmrhmegktg m ims igygs `gi pgsl. Gsm Cugrzm kl slimegktg vgåm gk gi pmsm`l, qug yl hdklrmbm, olel plsgåm im prgsohêkohm `gi cuturl. _us prg`hoohlkgs grmk `g slrprgk`gktg rgmihzmohÿk, vhstl olel, km`m, mbsliutmegktg km`m, eg pl`åm nmogr prgvgrims.― Kh tl`ls thgkgk gsm crmkqugzm, y prgchgrgk `gjmr orggr gk sus eèrhtls pgrslkmigs, pgrl gk dgkgrmi ils drmk`gs dgkhls rgolklogk `g bugkl drm`l qug slk `hrhdh`ls plr Hktgihdgkohms supgrhlrgs. _g gkougktrm gk drmk kúegrl `g gsorhtlrgs olktgeplríkgls gsm gspgohg `g lbsgssïl ìl Hkvhshbig. Nlccemkk, Buiiwgr-Iyttlk, Bmrbgy `'Murgvhiiy, Duy `g Emupmssmkt, gto., m olklohgrlk y gxprgsmrlk gk midukms `g sus lbrms. Vmrthohpmrlk, gk drm`ls `hvgrsls, `g gsm oleuknïl `g ims miems, `g qug surdg `gsvgim`l gi hkegksl ehstgrhl `g im vh`m y `gi gspmohl. ?63 ?64

’Ils eugrtls vhvls slk1 `hvh`gk kugstrms iuonms. X låels shibmr sus cigonms.― ’Ig Jlurkmi―, `g 7 `g mdlstl `g =>8 8.

2?2 | V í d h k m


=86?

* Olel sg vg, gk tl`ls ils `lehkhls `gi mrtg y `gi pgksmehgktl ilsOhgils vhvhchome im Phgrrm. Ils drmk`gs eúshols, ils pråkohpgs `g im mrelkåm, pmrgog tgkdmk gstm`l eís `hrgotmegktg múk bmjl im hkciugkohm `g im eg`hukh`m`g. Kl slimegktg im prgoloh`m`g `g midukls, olel, plr gjgepil, `g Elzmrt, mtgstm, gi prhkohphl `g ims rggkomrkmä÷gs, pgrl tmebhèk nmy, gk im vh`m `g ils oleplshtlrgs oèigbrgs, cgkÿegkls mbsliutmegktg eg`húkhols, qug sgråm `gemshm`l imrdl rgcgrhr mquå. _u nhstlrhm gs `g tl`ls olkloh`m. Sgkhels mtrís (omp. ^HS) qug Elzmrt y Bggtnlvgk `hgrlk tgsthelkhl `g ims hkciugkohms uitrmtgrrgkms qug igs hksphrmbmk gi dgkhl. Ltrl tmktl sg pl`råm `gohr `g Nmy`k, Nmgk`gi, Diuoa, gto. Onlphk tgkåm vhshlkgs qug, m vgogs, il mtgrrhzmbmk. _us eís bgiims oleplshohlkgs ‟ su ’Emronm Cúkgbrg―, sus ’Kloturkls― ‟ cugrlk gsorhtls gk olepigtm lbsourh`m`g. Pl`m im lbrm `g Tmdkgr rgplsm slbrg uk clk`l `g gsphrhtumih`m`g. X gsl tmktl gs gxprgsl gkims pmimbrms `g ’Ilngkdrhk―, `gi ’Pmkknmusgr― y `g ’Vmrshcmi―, olel gk tl`m im prlphm eúshom. Ils nlebrgs hiustrgs nmk sh`l, gk su emylr pmrtg, eè`huks mu`hthvls. Cug mi `gspgrtmr qug, gk im emylråm `g ims vgogs, olepushgrlk sus lbrms. @mktg `gklehkmbm im emýmkm ’im nlrm `hvhkm―, plr sgr mqugiim gk qug sg gxprgsmk ims hksphrmohlkgs `g im klong. Bgiåsshems olsms nmbråm qug `gohr mogrom `g ims rgvgimohlkgs kloturkms ngonms mi dgkhl. Ils mkthduls olkloåmk gi ehstgrhl `g gsm hkhohmohÿk. @goåmk giils: ’Gi `åm gs `g ils nlebrgs1 im klong pgrtgkgkohm m ils `hlsgs.― @urmktg gi sugýl ims miems supgrhlrgs rgelktmk m ims gscgrms subihegs1 buogmk gk ims hrrm`hmä÷gs `gi pgksmehgktl `hvhkl, gk uk loèmkl `g slklrh`m`g, `g nmrelkhlsms vhbrmohlkgs1 mnå `gsoubrgk ils prhkohphls y ims omusms `g im shkclkhm gtgrkm. Crmkohsol `g Msshs y Kho limu `g sg shkthgrlk gk`g gi im èxtmshs, plr hkchkhtm nmbgr gsouonm`l uk gol igjmkl, midukms kltms gspmrsms `g Pligkthkl ils olkohgrtls ogigstgs,hegrsls gs `gohr, lrqugstm `g ims gscgrms. Gi ’Rgquhge― `g Elzmrt kl thgkg ltrl lrhdgk. Midukms nlrms sÿil mktgs `g su `gsprgk`hegktl olrplrmi, gi emgstrl, olk im emkl ym hkvm`h`m plr gi nhgil `g im eugrtg, trmzÿ gsg nhekl cúkgbrg, qug cug im `grrm`ghrm emkhcgstmohÿk `g su dgkhl. Olkvgkåm qug il hiustrg eè`hue, qug ùrmktg tl`m im vh`m nubg pgrohbh`l ims vlogs egil`hlsms `gi Gspmohl, gxphrmrm gk ukm úithem mrelkåm y qug su miem sg gxnmimrm gk uk imegktl slbrg-nuemkl, `g hkgcívghs hkcigxhlkgs, `g qug sÿil slk ompmogs ils drmk`gs hksphrm`ls, mi mslegk gi uebrmi `g ils euk`ls dilrhlsls. Rmcmgi _mkzhl `goåm qug sus eís bgiims lbrms ig nmbåmk sh`l hksphrm`ms y prgsgktm`ms gk ukm gspgohg `g vhshÿk.. @mkkgoagr, gsouitlr migeík, mchrembm qug im h`gm `g Orhstl, ukm lbrm -prhem, ig nmbåm sh`l oleukhom`m plr hksphrmohÿk, gk uk sugýl, trms m tgkgr hkúthiegktg busom`l gk sus nlrms`g gstu`hl.. Mibgrtl @ùrgr vgimbm, ukm klong, y eg`htmbm. ]ugråm phktmr ils oumtrl gvmkdgihstms y, tgkhgk`l rgtlom`l gsbläls, qug kl gxprgsmbmk m suyl dustm gi h`gmi qug thrÿ ils mbrhÿ im vgktmkm y sg pusl m olktgepimr ims gstrgiims. Im eg hksphrmohÿk ig vhkl gkhemdhkmbm, gsg elegktl `gphkoèhs, trhstgzm1 hkvloÿ sus el`gils gsphrhtumigs. Im Iukm prlygotmbm su oimrh`m` gk ils elkuegktls y gk ims mdujms `g ims omtg`rmigs `g Kurgebgrd. X `hjl èi: ’Vgrehthstghs m nlebrgs trmksclremr mnå imsoms `g phg`rm gk olkstruoohlkgs mreÿkhoms, `g emjgstlsms iåkgms. Eg olksgktå trmksplrtmr pmrm im pmktmiim gsls smktls gkvhm`ls qug trmhdl gk gi miem.―. Shl gktlkogs im hdigshm `g _lk _gbmi` mvgreginmr-sh gk cugdl, y kubgs mzuigs clregk uk clk`l gk qug sg `hsgýmbmk ims heplkgktgs chdurms `g ils oumtrl gvmkdgihstms, y gxoimeÿ: ’Ng mnå mnå ils rlstrls qug tgkdl

2?? | V í d h k m


=86?

hkúthiegktg busom`l chjmr!― Kl gs gsg uk omsl `g eg`hukh`m`g, y kl vgels motumiegktg gi ehsel ngonl rgprlùohrsg olk Ngigkm _ehtn, im eè`hue `g Dhkgbrm Euonl nmbåm qug gsorhbhr slbrg im hktgrvgkohÿk `g ims hksphrmohlkgs supgrhlrgs gk gi `lehkhl `gi mrtg. Kl nmbråm tmebhèk im hkciugkohm `gi Mitl gk gsg pl`gr `g im lrmtÿrhm qug subigvm y mrrgbmtm ims euithtu`gs, olel gi vhgktl subigvm ims lk`ms `gi loèmkl< Giim pmrgog emkhcgstmrsg prhkohpmiegktg gk ils lrm`lrgs `g mrrljm`ls surtls qug, gk ohgrtls elegktls, slk oÿel qug suspgksls `g im Phgrrm y trmksplrtm`ls gk plssmktgs mims, l múk gk gsls heprlvhsm`lrgs, `g crmsgs sudgsthvms y slklrl igkdumjg, ouym pmimbrm ciuyg gk mogigrm`ls jlrrls, y qug Oåogrl `gklehkmbm ’im tlrrgktg `gi `hsoursl―. * Gi pl`gr `g ourmr plr gi ehrmr, plr gi tmtl, plr im heplshohÿk `g ims emkls, gs tmebhèk ukm `g ims clrems plr què im moohÿk gsphrhtumi sg nmog sgkthr gk gi euk`l. @hls,cugktg `g vh`m, gs gi prhkohphl `g im smiu` cåshom, `g hdumi emkgrm qug il gs `g im pgrcghäïl elrmi y `g im suprgem bgiigzm. Ohgrtls nlebrgs, plr eg`hl `g im pigdmrhm y `gi gscugrzl emdkèthol, mtrmgk gsg hkciuxl, gsm hrrm`hmäïl `g im cugrzm `hvhkm qug gxpgig ils ciuh`ls hepurls, omusm `g tmktls sucrhehgktls. Gi gspårhtu `g omrh`m` y `g`homohÿk iigvm`m nmstm mi smorhchohl, gi livh`l `g så múk, slk ims olk`hohlkgs kgogsmrhms pmrm m`quhrhr y olksgrvmr gsg pl`gr, ukl `g ils eís mèhrmbigs qug @hls olkog`g mi nlebrg. Gsg `lehkhl, gsm supgrhlrh`m`g `gi gspårhtu slbrg im emtgrhm sg mchrem gk tl`ls ils thgepls. Sgspmshmkl ourm plr im heplshohÿk `g ims emkls uk hkvh`gktg y uk gstrlphm`l.?68 Kl egkls oèigbrgs slk ims ourms `g Mpliðkhl `g Phmkm. Pl`ms slk uitrmpmsm`ms pgims `g Orhstl y sus mpÿstlils, lpgrm`ms gk vhrtu` `g ims ehsems igygs. Ils thgepls el`grkls, plr gi mýl `g =>?6, uk smktl pm`rg bívmrl, gi Vråkohpg `g Nlngkilng, plsgyÿ gsm mèhrmbig cmouitm`. Èi prlog`åm shgeprg eg`hmktg im pigdmrhm y im hkvlomohÿk, y im cmem `g sus ourms rgpgrouthÿ gk tl`m m Gurlpm. Ourmbm ils hkvh`gktgs, slr`ls, eu`ls1 ukm euithtu` `g gkcgrel y monmom`ls, hkogsmktgegktg rgklvm`l, mssg`hmvm-ig im omsm.. Eís rgohgktgegktg, ltrls tmuemturdls mtrmjgrlk im euithtu` `g ils slcrg`lrgs y `gsgkdmkm`ls. Omnmdkgt, Vuysèdur, @u Vltgt, @giguzg y sus `hsoåpuils nhohgrlk prl`hdhls. Múk nly, hkolktmbigs ourm`lrgs, eís l egkls cgihogs, trmtmk olk mshstgkohm `gils Gspårhtus. Gsls shepigs, gsls orgygktgs, slk gkhdems tlrturmktgs pmrm im ohgkohm eè`hom lchohmi, tmk hepltgktg gk cmz `gi `lilr, m pgsmr `g sus lrduiilsms prgtgkshlkgs. Onmrolt, gsg lbsgrvm`lr dgkhmi, gk gi chk `g im vh`m igs rgolklohÿ gi pl`gr. Gk ukm rgvhstm hkdigsm pubihoÿ èi uk gstu`hl qug sg nhzl cmelsl: ’Png cmhtn ngmihkd― ‟ im cg qug ourm. Olk gcgotl, im cg, qug gs `g såehsem ukm cugktg `g vh`m, pug`g bmstmr pmrm rgsthtuhr im smiu`. Ils ngonls il `gelstrmrlk olk gilqùêkohm hrrgcrmdívgi. Gk ils eís `hvgrsls eg`hls, nlebrg `g bhgk ‟ gi ourm `'Mrs, gi _r. Shdkg, uk prltgstmktg `g ims Ogvgkkms, gi pm`rg Jlïl, `g Orlkstm`t, ltrls múk, tmktl gk ils smktumrhls omtÿihols olel kls `gi Hsime l `g im Hk`hm ‟ lbtuvhgrlk plr im pigdmrhm hkkuegrmbigs ourms.

?6> ?68

’Im Vmhx Wkhvgrsgiig―, `g =7 `g klvhgebrg `g =8=6. Píohtl ‟ ’Nhst.―, ihv. HS, omp. >=.

2?0 | V í d h k m


=86?

@geugstrm gsl qug, plr gkohem `g tl`ms ims hdigshms nuemkms, cugrm `g tl`ls ils rhtls, `g tl`ms m s cÿreuims y sgotms, nmy uk clol suprgel qug gi miem pug`g miomkzmr plr ils hepuisls `g im cg, y gk gi oumi vm giim nmurhr cugrzms, muxhihls, iuogs, qug sg kl pug`gk mprgohmr kh oleprgk`gr `gsolklohgk`l @hls y kl qugrhgk`l lrmr. Im ourm emdkèthom kl gxhdg, gk im rgmih`m`, kh pmsgs, kh cÿreuims gspgohmigs, pgrl úkhomegktg gi `gsgl mr`hgktg `g mihvhmr im lutrge, im hkvlomohÿk prlcuk`m y shkogrm `gi miem m @hls, cugktg y prhkohphl `g tl`ms ims cugrzms. @g gsms olksh`grmohlkgs sg `gprggk`g uk ngonl: gs qug pgrpgtumegktg, gk tl`ms ims èploms, thgkg gi euk`l hkvhshbig olimblrm`l olk gi euk`l `g ils elrtmigs, gk èi trmkscuk`hk`l sus msphrmohlkgs y slolrrls. Ils ehimdrls `gi pmsm`l slk ils cgkÿegkls `gi prgsgktg1 sÿil ils klebrgs omebhmk1 ils ngonls gspårhtms slk gtgrkls. Mså, tl`l sg gxpihom, sg gsoimrgog y sg oleprgk`g. Mktg gi hkegksl pmklrmem `gi pmsm`l sg hkoihkm gi pgksm`lr, gepuknmk`l gi cmonl `gi kugvl Gsphrhtumihsel1 y gsm iuz, gk im vmsth`ïl `g ils shdils, im plghrm `g ils `gstrläls, qug im Nhstlrhm rgdhstrÿ, brhiim m sus ljls olel muråcgrms ogktginms. Gi dgkhl ‟ `hjhels ‟ gs ukm eg`hukh`m`g1 ils nlebrgs `g dgkhl slk eè`huks gk drm`ls `hvgrsls y `g vmrhms ÿr`gkgs. Nmy gk gsm cmouitm`, m`geís `g drmk vmrhg`m` `g clrems, drmùmäïl y jgrmrquåm, olel gk tl`ls ils `lehkhls `g im Kmturmigzm y `g im vh`m. Ils nlebrgs `g dgkhl, vliuktmrhm l hkvliuktmrhmegktg, olksohgktgegktg l kl, sg nmiimk gk rgimohÿk olk gi M`geís1 `g èi rgohbgk ils pl`grlsls gciúvhls1 hksphrm`lrgs hkvhshbigs ils mshstgk y olimblrmk gk sus lbrms. Mým`hrè qug gi dgkhl gs ukm eg`hukh`m`g `lilrlsm. Ils drmk`gs eè`huks, olel vgkhels, nmk sh`l ils emylrgs eírthrgs. Im eugrtg `g _ÿormtgs, gi supiåohl `g Jgsus y im nldugrm `g Jlmkm `'Mro slk midukls `g gsls omivírhls rg`gktlrgs qug `lehkmk im Nhstlrhm. Pl`ls ils drmk`gs nlebrgs sucrhgrlk1 cugrlk, sgdúk ukm pmimbrm oèigbrg: ’hiustrgs pgrsgduh`ls―. Pl`l nlebrg qug sg gigvm, sg måsim: y gi nlebrg mhsim`l sucrg1 gs hkoleprggk`h`l. Wk gxogigktg ihbrl m gsorhbhr sgråm il `g ims `gs`honms `gi dgkhl1 gk èi sg vgråm quïl `lilrlsl cug gi `gsthkl `g tl`ls ils Orhstls `g gstg euk`l: Lrcgu, `himogrm`l plr ims bmomktgs1 Elhsès, gktgrrm`l prlbmbigegktg vhvl gk gi Kgbl1 Hsmåms, sgrrm`l plr gi eg`hl `gi ougrpl1 _ÿormtgs, gkvgkgkm`l olk ohoutm1 Olilebl, molrrgktm`l olel emicghtlr1 Pmssl, rgoiuh`l gktrg ilols1 @mktg, grrmk`l m trmvès `g ils gxhihls1 Ehitlk, plbrg olel Jlb y ogd il oÿel Nlegrl1 Ome÷gs, mdlkhzmk`l gk ukm gkxgrdm `g nlsphtmi1 ils drmk`gs hkvgktlrgs: Dmihigu, gkomrogim`l plr im Hkquhshäïl1 _mileïl `g Omus, Bgrkmr`l Vmihssy, Jgkkgr, Vmphk, Cuitlk y tmktls ltrls, rgputm`ls hksgksmtls! Hksgksmtgz subiheg, olel m `g Jgsus, qug Ngrl`gs nhzl olrlkmr `g gsphknls y rgvgsthr olk uk emktl `g púrpurm, gk sgými `g nuemkh`m`. Nmy gk gsg ngonl igygs ehstgrhlsms, olkloh`ms ltrlrm plr ils smbhls, motumiegktg plstgrdm`ms, pgrl qug im ohgkohm gsphrhtumihstm olktgeplríkgm `gbg rgolksthtuhr olk pmohgktg gktrg`g kuegrlsms plrq ug im pukhohÿk `g ils pugbils olkshstg gk rgm`quhrhr mi prgohl `gimblr su su`lr, su smkdrgolktrm`hoohlkgs1 y sus iídrhems, ims vgr`m`gs pgr`h`ms y ims rgvgimohlkgs egklsprgohm`ms. Slivmels, shk gebmrdl, mi gstu`hl psåquhol `gi dgkhl. Gi dgkhl gs ukm eg`hukh`m`g, `g im oumi plsgg mktgs `g tl`l gi omríotgr gsgkohmi, qug gs im hktgrehtêkohm. Wk nlebrg supgrhlr kl il gs jmeís gk gi gstm`l nmbhtumi1 gi subiheg m jmtl olkthkul nmråm rgbgktmr gi ogrgbrl. Ils nlebrgs `g dgkhl thgkgk m vgogs sugtls vuidmrgs. Midukls múk nmy qug kl cugrlk hksphrm`ls eís qug ukm vgz gk im vh`m1 gsorhbhgrlk ukm lbrm hkelrtmi y gksgduh`m rgplsmrlk.

2?7 | V í d h k m


=86?

Kuegrlsls gjgepils il `geugstrmk: im eg`hukh`m`g dgkhmi sg msgegjm m im eg`hukh`m`g `g hkolrplrmohÿk. G_ prgog`h`m `g ukm gspgohg `g trmksg, qug nm sh`l justmegktg `gklehkm`l ’im tlrturm `g im hksphrmohÿk―. Gi egksmjg `hvhkl kl pgkgtrm hepukgegktg gi sgr elrtmi1 sg heplkg-ig `g midukm sugrtg plr im vhligkohm. ?=6 Wkm gspgohg `g chgbrg y uk crêehtl smdrm`l sg mpl`grmk `g mqugi qug gi Gspårhtu vhshtm. Emkhcgstmohlkgs, trmksplrtgs sgegjmktgs m ils qug mdhtmbmk im påthm gk su tråpl`g, mkukohmk im iigdm`m `gi `hls: Goog `hls! Pl`ls ils drmk`gs hksphrm`ls ‟ plgtms, lrm`lrgs, eúshols, mrthstms ‟ nmk gxpgrhegktm`l gsm nhpgrgxohtmäïl shbhihkm,m olksgougkohm `g im oumi iigdmrlk midukls ehsel m elrhr. Rmcmgi sg olksuehÿ gk im cilr `g ils mýls. Nmy jÿvgkgs prg`gsthkm`ls ouyl gkvl ivgktg `gemshm`l crídhikl pu`l slplrtmr im gkgrdåm `g ims hksphrmohlkgs supgr-nuemkms, y qug tlebmrme, iugdl mi mivlrgogr `gi prlphl dgkhl, olel im `gihom`m cilr qug gi prhegr rmyl `g sli thrm eugrtm mi sugil.

?=6

Imemrthkg (’^Hg. Eè`htmthlk, ='Gktnlushmseg―), `gsorhbhÿ gk gspiêk`h`ls vgrsls gsg gstm`l: Mhkst qumk` tú clk`s sur elk âeg, Gktnlushmseg, mhdig vmhkqugur, Mu bruht `g tgs miågs `g cimeeg Jg crèehs `'ukg smhktg nlrrgur1 Jg eg `èbmts slus tg im puhssmkog, Jg cuhs, jg ormhks qug tg im prèsgkog K'mkèmkthssg uk olgur elrtgi, Oleeg uk cgu qug im clu`rg miiueg, ]uh kg s‘ètghkt pius gt olksueg Ig bùongr, ig tgepig gt ='mutgi.

Eís m im i‘gsslr `g im pgksèg I‘hksthkot `gs sgks s‘lpplsg gk vmhk: _lus ig `hgu elk âeg lpprgssèg Blk`ht, s‘èimkog gt bmt elk s ghk. Im clu`rg gk egs vghks ohrouig. Gtlkkè ù cgu quh eg brùig. Jg i‘hrrhtg gk ig ole bmttmkt, Gt im imvg `g elk dèkhg @èblr`g gk tlrrgkts `'nmrelkhg Gt eg olksueg gk s‘èonmppmkt.― @g gstls e mdkåchols vgrsls, qug rgprlùohels gk lrhdhkmi, pmrm pgrehthr m ils igotlrgs mprgohgk tl`m su bgiigzm, pg`hels ihogkohm pmrm lcgrtmr, m ils qug `gsolklzomk gi crmkoès, im shduhgktg `gsolilrm`m hehtmohÿk: Oumk`l mså `g eh miem tg mpl`grms, Íduhim vhotlrhlsm ‟ ÿ gktushmsel! @g tus mims cimemktgs mi ruh`l Xl gstrgegzol `g smdrm`l nlrrlr. Bmjl tu yudl `gbmthreg hktgktl, Nuyl, tgehgk`l qug im prgs gkäm tuym Wk olrmzÿk elrtmi prlktl mkhquhig, Oumi imbmrg`m qug prlùog gi rmyl, ]ug kl sg gxthkdug eís y qug olksueg Mså im phrm olel gi mitmr y gi tgepil. Mi mrrljl, shk gebmrdl, `gi pgksmehgktl, Smkmegktg sg lplkg gi hksthktl `g ils sgkth`ls: Bmjl im lprgssïl `gi `hls puism eh miem Pueuitum-eg gi pgonl im pmiphtmr. _hgktl qug gi rmyl eg rgolrrg ims vgkms. Mtur`h`l olk gi cugdl qug eg mbrmsm, Eís gi mtghl, busomk`l olebmtê -il. X m imvm hepgtulsm `g eh dgkhl Gxtrmvmsm gk tlrrgktgs `g mrelkåm,

2?3 | V í d h k m


=86?

X ehgktrms qug sg gsompm eg olksueg.―

2?4 | V í d h k m


=86?

Im Hdigshm mèhtg gsm `lotrhkm1 gksgým qug `g gktrg sus mutlrgs smdrm`ls midukls slk `hrgotmegktg hksphrm`ls, olel ils prlcgtms, ltrls shepigegktg mshsth`ls. Gsm `hsthkohÿk gktrg im hksphrmohÿk y im mshstgkohm gs pmrm kl`ls rgprgsgktm`m plr ils `hcgrgktgs drm`ls `g ?== im eg`hukh`m`g. Igebrgel-kls m gsg rgspgtl `gi qug gxpushels gk ltrl iudmr. Im Hdigshm cug gspårhtm ùrmktg ils trgs prhegrls shdils. Ims Gpåstlims `g _ïl Vmuil y ils ihbrls `g ils Motls `g ils Mpÿstlils slk emkumigs oiíshols `g eg`hukh`m`g.. Im tglildhm gsoliísthom vhkl turvmr im iåeph`m cugktg `g ims hksphrmohlkgs, hktrlùohgk`l gigegktls `g grrlr gk im emdkåchom såktgshs `g im `lotrhkm nhgríthom `g ims prhegrms èploms orhsthmkms. Im lbrm iimem`m `g @gkhs gi ’Mrglpmdhtm― gs gktgrmegktg heprgdkm`m `g Gsphrhthsel. Gk im vh`m `g ils smktls rgssuem gxubgrmktg im sghvm eg`húkhom `g qug cug smturm`m im prhehthvm Hdigshm plr Orhstl y sus mpÿstlils. Ils olksgjls `g _ïl Vmuil m ils Olråkthlsslk rgolegk`mohlkgs `g uk `hrgotlr drupmi m sus hkhohm`ls. Pleís `g Mquhkl mchrem nmbgr olegktm`l gsms gpåstlims bmjl gi prlphl `hotm`l `gi mpÿstlil1 èi olkvgrsmbm olk uk pgrslkmjg hkvhshbig1 m im klong su ogi`m grm hkuk`m`m plr ukm iuz gxtrmým y su `hsoåpuil Rgdhkmi`l, trgs `åms trms eugrtl, vhkl m `gohrig il qug vugiom gk gi Ohgil. Mibgrtl, gi Ohrmk`g, nmurhm su hkolepmrmbig ohgkohm `g im Kmturmigzm plr eg`hl `g hkcusïl eg`húkhom, ohgkohm qug ig cug rgthrm`m súbhtmegktg, `g hdumi emkgrm qug ig nmbåm sh`l trmksehth`m1 y gk im g`m` `g oumrgktm mýls sg nhzl èi kugvmegktg hdklrmktg olel uk khýl. Jlmquhe `g Cilrm y Jlïl `g Vmrem, sus `hsoåpuils, cugrlk hkstruh`ls plr eg`hl `g vhshlkgs y gsorhbhgrlk, bmjl gi `hotm`l `g uk Gspårhtu, ’Gi Gvmkdgihl Gtgrkl―, qug olkthgkg, gk dèregk, tl`m im rgvgimohÿk `gi cuturl. Ils ’ihttgrmth― `g im Rgkmsogkäm, Emrshihl Chohkl, `g Cilrgkäm1 Vhol `g Ehrmk`lim, Jgrðkhel Omr`mk, Vmrmogisl, Vleplkíohl y gi hkshdkg _mvlkmrlim hegrdhrme gk im eg`hukh`m`g olel gk uk loèmkl gsphrhtumi. Gi shdil ^SHH tuvl tmebhèk sus dilrhlsls hksphrm`ls. Vmsomi tgkåm èxtmshs1 Emigbrmkong gsorhbhÿ, gk im lbsourh`m`g `g ukm ogi`m ogrrm`m, su ’Hkvgsthdmohÿk `g im Sgr`m`―. Gi prlphl @gsomrtgs rgchgrg qug su shstgem dgkhmi `g im ’@u`m Egtÿ`hom― ig cug rgvgim`l plr súbhtm hktuhäïl qug ig mtrmvgsÿ gi pgksmehgktl olk im rmph`gz `g uk rmyl.?=2 Lrm, m im chilslcåm omrtgshmkm, mså lrhuk`m `g ukm gspgohg `g rgvgimohÿk eg`húkhom, gs qug `gbgels im gemkohpmäïl `gi pgksmehgktl el`grkl, im ihbgrmohÿk `gi gspårhtu nuemkl, gkomrogim`l nmbåm shdils gk im clrtmigzm gsoliísthom, vgr`m`grm bmsthinm `gi `gsplthsel mrhstltèihol y elkísthol.. Gsls drmk`gs hiuehkm`ls `gi shdil ^SHH slk ils prgourslrgs `gEgsegr, `g _mhkt-Emrthk, `g _wg`gkblrd, `g im gsougim smk-shelkgmkm y `g tl`ls ils mpÿstlils `g im `lotrhkm nuemkhtmrhm, prgog`hgk`l Miimk Amr`go y im motumi gsougim gsphrhtumihstm, ouyls hkolktmbigs iuzghrls sg vmk gkogk`hgk`l gk tl`ls ils puktls `gi Wkhvgrsl. * Mså, gi cgkÿegkl `g im eg`hukh`m`g sg pmtgktm gk tl`ms ims èploms, lrm cuidurmk`l olk hktgksl brhiil, lrm vgim`l y lbsourgoh`l, olkclreg gi gstm`l `g miem `g ils pugbils, jmeís ogsmk`l `g gkomehkmr. ?==

Sgr ’Orhsthmkhsel y Gsphrhthsel―, omps. HS y S. Sgr sus ’Liåephoms―. Gi _r. M. Cushiè, gk su bhldrmcåm `g @gsomrtgs―, píd. =2 (Mbgtg, g`htlr =>8?), gsorhbg m rgspgtl `gss m hksphrmrík: ’Èi (@gsomrtgs) m olksh`grmbm ukm rgvgimohÿk `gi Gspårhtu `g Sgr `m`g mogrom `gi omehkl qug ig ouepiåm sgduhr. Vlrqug plsgåm im hemdhkmäïl mr`hgktg, ukm gspgohg `g gxmitmäïl hktgrhlr qug hbm, `hog Slitmhrg, nmstm im shkduimrh`m`g. Gk ukm `g suym s kltms, gsorhbhÿ èi rgimthvmegktg nmog gsg `åm `gohshvl, gk sgými `g rgolklohehgktl mi qug olksh`grmbm nmbgr sh`l ukm hksphrmohÿk `hvhkm : ’Mktgs `gi chk `g klvhgebrg hrè im I lrgtg, y pmrm miií sgduhrè, `g Sgkgohm, m phg.― ?=2

2?> | V í d h k m


=86?

im Nuemkh`m` gk su pgrgdrhkmäïl tgrrgstrg. Pl`ms ims drmk`gs lbrms slk nhjms `gi M`geís. Pl`l il qug nmy rgvliuohlkm`l gi euk`l `gi pgksmehgktl, mùzhk`l uk prldrgsl hktgigotumi, kmohÿ `g ukl slpil hksphrm`lr. Gk im jgrmrquåm `g ims hktgihdgkohms gxhstg ukm slih`mrh`m` emdkåchom. Wkls m ils ltrls sg thgkgk ils drmk`gs hksphrm`ls trmksehth`l, m trmvès `gi imrdl rlsírhl `g ils shdils, gi cmrli `g im eg`hukh`m`g rgvgim`lrm y dilrhlsm. Im Nuemkh`m` múk omehkm m im nlidm`m iuz orgpusouimr `g gsms rgvgimohlkgs, m im oimrh`m` `g gsls cugdls mogsls, gk ims gehkêkohms `g im Nhstlrhm, sgouk`m`m plr prg`gsthkm`ls hkstruotlrgs. Gsm pgrspgothvm `g im nhstlrhm dgkgrmi gs olkslim`lrm y drmk`hlsm1 rgvhstg ims el`mih`m`gs y gi omríotgr `g uk `rmem smorlssmktl. @hls gkvåm su pgksmehgktl mi euk`l plr gehsmrhls qug hkogsmktgegktg `gsohgk`gk ils gsomilkgs `g im gsomigrm `g ils sgrgs y vmk m iigvmr m ils nlebrgs im oleukhomohÿk `hvhkm, olel ils mstrls gkvåmk m im Phgrrm, m trmvès `g ims prlcuk`h`m`gs, sus hrrm`hmä÷gs suths. Mså tl`l sg olkgotm gk gi pimk ukhvgrsmi. Ims gscgrms supgrhlrgs prleugvgk im gùomohÿk `g ils euk`ls hkcgrhlrgs. Ils Gspårhtus ogigstgs sg nmogk hkstruotlrgs `g ims Nuemkh`m`gs mtrmsm`ms. Gi msogksl `g ils euk`ls `g prugbm pmrm ils `g rgdgkgrmohÿk gs gi eís bgiil gspgotíouil qug pug`g sgr lcgrtm`l m im mèhrmohÿk `gi pgksm`lr. @gs`g ims eís gigvm`ms y brhiimktgs gscgrms m ims rgdhlkgs eís bmjms y lbsourms, `gs`g ils eís rm`hlsls Gspårhtus m ils nlebrgs eís drlsgrls, gi pgksmehgktl`hvhkl sg prlygotm gk omtmùpms `g iuz, gk ukm gcusïl `g melr.. Olk gsm `lotrhkm l, mktgs, eg`hmktg gsm vhshÿk `g slih`mrh`m` hktgigotumi `g ils sgrgs, oleprgk`gels `g ouíktl slels `gvg`lrgs m kugstrls mktgpmsm`ls gsphrhtumigs, m ils dilrhlsls eè`huks, qug, olk im imblr pgklsåsshel `gi dgkhl, sgebrmrlk il qug cruåels nly, il qug ltrls nmk `g egjlr ouonmrm múk gk gi cuturl. Gsls pgksmehgktls kls `gbgk hksphrmr ukm phg`m` rgolkloh`m m ils eugrtls mudustls qug hepimktmrlk gi prldrgsl gk kugstrl euk`l. Shvhels gk ukm èplom `g pgrturbmohÿk gk qug ym omsh sh kl shgktgk gstms olsms. Vluquåsshels gktrg kugstrls olktgeplríkgls sg gigvmk m gsms ouiehkâkohms, `lk`g, olel `g uk prlelktlrhl, sg `gsolrthkm gi vmstl loèmkl `g ims g`m`gs, gi om`gkohm`l ciujl y rgciuxl `g ils èxhtls. Im Hdigshm, trmksclrem`m gk slohg`m` pliåthom, kl supl mpihomr m ims kgogsh`m`gs elrmigs `g im Nuemkh`m` gsms vgr`m`gs prlcuk`ms y gsms igygs ìl Hkvhshbig. Ils smogr`ltgs slk hepltgktgs pmrm gkomehkmrkls, plrqug giils prlphls livh`mrlk ils tèrehkls smdrm`ls `g im smbhùråm mkthdum y gi sgorgtl `g ils ’ehstgrhls―. Im ohgkohm el`grkm sg gkdliclu nmstm mnlrm gk gi emtgrhmihsel y gk gi plshthvhsel gxpgrhegktmi. Im Wkhvgrsh`m` kl smbg ehkhstrmr, plr im pmimbrm `g ils emgstrls, im gksgýmkzm rgdgkgrm`lr qug rgtgepgrm ims miems y ims prgpmrm pmrm ims drmk`gs iuonms `g im gxhstgkohm. Nmstm ims slohg`m`gs sgorgtms pgr`hgrlk tmebhèk gi sgkth`l `g ims trm`hohlkgs qug justhchombmk su cukohlkmehgktl1 prmothomk múk ils rhtls, pgrl gi miem qug ims vhvhchomvm gehdrÿ pmrm ltrls ohgils. G_ thgepl `g qug uk kugvl hkciuxl rgolrrm gi euk`l y rgsthtuym im vh`m m gsms clrems dmstms, m gsls `gbhihtm`ls gkvlitÿrhls. _ÿil im Ohgkohm y im rgvgimohÿk `g ils Gspårhtus pug`gk `mr m im Nuemkh`m` im gxmotm klohÿk `g sus `gsthkls. Wk hkegksl trmbmjl gk tmi sgkth`l sg rgmihzm motumiegktg1 ukm lbrm olksh`grmbig sg gimblrm. Gi gstu`hl prlcuk`hzm`l y olkstmktg `gi euk`l hkvhshbig, qug il gs tmebhèk `g ims omusms, sgrí gi drmk emkmkthmi, gi `gpÿshtl hkmdltmbig gk qug sg nmk `g mihegktmr gi pgksmehgktl y im vh`m. Im eg`hukh`m`g gs su iimvg. Vlr gsg gstu`hl iigdmrí gi nlebrg m im vgr`m`grm ohgkohm y m im vgr`m`grm orggkohm qug sg kl gxoiuygk 2?8 | V í d h k m


=86?

eutumegktg, pgrl qug sg ukgk pmrm cgouk`mr-sg1 plr èi tmebhèk ukm oleuknïl eís åkthem sg gstmbigogrí gktrg ils vhvls y ils eugrtls, y slolrrls eís mbuk`mktgs ciuhrík `g ils Gspmohls nmstm kl`ls. Gi nlebrg `g emýmkm smbrí oleprgk`gr y bgk`gohr im vh`m1 ogsmrí `g rgogmr im eugrtg. Nmy `g, plr sus gscugrzls, rgmihzmr gk im Phgrrm gi rghkl `g @hls, gs `gohr, `g im pmz y `g im justhohm, y, iigdm`l mi tèrehkl `gi vhmjg, su `grrm`ghrm klong sgrí iuehklsm y trmkquhim olel gi lomsl `g ims olkstgimohlkgs, m im nlrm gk qug ils prhegrls miblrgs emthkmigs sg gsprmhme gk gi nlrhzlktg. - WC ]WG BWGKL ]WG CWG NM_PM Gi CHKMI @G Im IGOPWRM - G_PMRÍ EÍ_ _MBHL

CHK

206 | V í d h k m

En Lo Invisible – Leon Denis (1903)

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