Elektronik 1 - MEGEP - Temel Elektronik 2

_.H. KľFFľ DĜ ľ_ľK AMBMLF@Ĝ @

KDGD^

(KDXFDBÌ D Ĝľ_ľK ZD ÚĜQD_ľK XľX_DKľLľL GÖÇFDLO ľQ ľFKDXľ ^QEIDXľ)

KE_EQFT MQMÇFMQ _DBLEFEIľXľ

_DKDF DFDB_Q ľB ZD DFDB_QEL DFDB_QELľB-1

MLBMQM 1>>7

K`ff` D ĕ`t`k AmbmlfĽĕĽ tmrmj Ľloml gdf`ŕ t`r`fdl keoöffdr2 







 

_mf`k vd _dra`yd Burufu AmŕbmlfĽĕĽlĽl >1.>:.1>>: tmr`c vd 1:0 smyĽfĽ Bmrmr Ľ `fd elmyfmlml, Kdsfdb` vd _dbl`b D ĕ`t`k Ebuf vd Burukfmr Ľlom bmodkdf` efmrmb ymygĽlfm ŕtĽr Ľfml ?1 mfm fmll vd =0 =011 om omfm fm m` m`tt çd çdrç rçdv dvdd úĕ rdt`k pregrm pregrmkfmr kfmr Ľlom mkmçfml mkm çfmlml ml kds kdsfdb fdb`` ydt ydtdrf drf`bf `bfdr` dr` bmz bmzmlo mloĽrk rkmy mymm yú yúld ldf`b f`b gd gdf` f`ŕt`r`fk`ŕ úĕ rdt`k kmtdrymffdrò`r (Odrs (Odrs Letfmr Ľ oĽr). r). Keoöffdr, a`r Keoöffdr, a`rdyf dyfdrd drd kds kdsfdb fdb`` ydt ydtdrf` drf`bb bmz bmzmlo mloĽrk rkmb mb vd a` a`rd rdys ysdf df úĕrdlkdyd rdcadrf`b dtkdb mkmhĽyfm úĕ rdlkd kmtdrymf` efmrmb cmzĽrfmlkĽŕ, odldlkdb vd gdf` ŕt`r `r`f `fk kdb öz özdr drdd Kd Kdsf sfdb db`` vd _d _dbbl` l`bb Dĕ`t `t`k `k Eb Ebuf uf vd Bu Buru ruk kfm fmr r Ľlom uygufmlkmym amŕ fmlkĽŕtĽr. Keo Keoöf öffd fdrr td tdbl blef efei ei`b `b gd gdf` f`ŕkdf dfddrd pm pmrrmf mfdf df ef efmr mrmb mb,, mk mkmç mçfm fmlm lmll ydtd ydtdrf rf``ĕ ` bmzmloĽrkmb beŕufu `fd d ĕ`t`k ú ĕrdt`k sĽrmsĽlom gdf`ŕt`r`fda`f`r t`r`fda`f`r vd ymp ĽfkmsĽ úldr`fdl odĕ `ŕ`bf`bfdr Ambmlf AmbmlfĽbtm `fg`f` a`r`kd a`fo`r`f`r. Úrgöl vd ymygĽl dĕ `t`k burukfmr Ľ, ` ŕfdtkd fdtkdfdr fdr vd bdlo` bdlo`ld bdlo`ld kdsfd kdsfdb` b` ydtdrf`b ydtd rf`b bmzmlkmb `stdydl a`rdyfdr keoöffdrd `ltdrldt özdr`lodl ufmŕ Ľfma`f`rfdr. Ams ĽfkĽŕ keoöffdr, dĕ `t`k burukfmr Ľlom úĕrdlh`fdrd öhrdts`z efmrmb om ĕĽ tĽfĽr. Keoöffdrr c`ç Keoöffd c`ça`r a`r ŕdb db`fo `fodd t`h t`hmr mr`` mk mkmç mçfm fm bu buffm ffmllĽfmk mkmz mz vd öh öhrd rdtt bmr ŕĽ ŕĽfĽ ĕĽlom smtĽfmkmz.

ľÇľLODB ľFDQ MÇ@BFMKMFMQ ........................ ................................. ...................... ......................... ...................................... ...................................... ........................ ....................`` ........`` GľQ ľŜ ................................. ..................... .......................... ..................... ..................... .......................... ....................................... ................................... ................= .......= ľŜ ......................... ÚĜQDLKD JMMFľ PD_ľ -=............ -= ........................ ...................................... ....................................... ...................... ..................... ........................ ................. .....88 =. DFDB_QEL DFDB_QELľB ODZQD DFDKMLFMQ@ ......................... ................................................... ....................................... ........................8 ...........8 =.=. O`rdlçfdr.......................... O`rdlçfdr.................................. ..................... .......................... ..................... ..................... .......................... ......................................8 .........................8 =.1. O`yetfmr ......................... ................................. ..................... .......................... ....................................... ..................................... ....................... ........................7 ............7 =.8. Belomlsmtúrfdr............ Belomlsmtúrfdr ......................... ....................................... ....................................... ......................... ......................... ...................... .................. ......... == =.?. _rmls`stúrfdr ......................... ................................................... ....................................... .......................... ......................... ..................... ...................... .............=4 =4 =.4. _rmlsjerkmtúrfdr .......................... ................................... ..................... ......................... ...................... ..................... ......................... .........................=3 ........=3 =.:. Qefdfdr ......................... .................................. ..................... ......................... ...................... ..................... ......................... ...................... ..................... .................. ...... 1= =.7. _r`stúrfdr............................ _r`stúrfdr.................................... ..................... .......................... ...................... ..................... ...................................... .................................. ........1? 1? =.3. Dltdgrd (_ökfdŕ`b) Odvrd............ Odvrd ......................... ....................................... ....................................... ......................... ......................... ............... 1: TPGTFMKM JMMFľ PD_ľ......................... ................................................... ....................................... .......................... ......................... ................. .....17 17 ÚFÇKD ZD ODĜDQFDLOľQKD........................... QKD................................... ..................... .......................... ....................................8> .......................8> ÚĜQDLKD JMMFľ PD_ľ -1............ -1 ........................ ...................................... ....................................... ...................... ..................... ........................ ............... ... 8= 1. ÇD Ŝľ_F ľ DFDB_QELľB ODZQDFDQ............ ODZQDFDQ ......................... ....................................... ....................................... ..........................8= .............8= 1.=. Jfmŕúr Odvrds` ........................ ................................. ..................... ......................... ...................... ...................... ......................... ............................ ................8= 8= 1.1. Pöröydl @ŕĽb Odvrds` ........................ ................................. ...................... ......................... ...................................... ...................................... .............. 81 1.8. X`rdl Odvrds`................................ Odvrds`........................................... ........................ ....................................... ....................................... ..................... ............... ....... 88 1.?. ^mrb Xdlsúrö............ Xdlsúrö......................... ....................................... ....................................... .......................... ......................... ..................... ...................... .............88 88 1.4. Gdr` Z`tds Tymr Ľ Odvrds`............ Odvrds` ......................... ...................... ...................... ......................... ..................... ...................... ........................ ........... 84 1.:. Ymkml MymrfĽ _mvml FmkamsĽ Odvrds` ( ľç Myo Ľlfmtkm YmkmlfmyĽ hĽ sĽ) .................... ....................8: 8: 1.7. Mfmrk Odvrdfdr` ......................... ................................. ..................... .......................... ....................................... ..................................... .................... .........83 83 1.7.=. @ŕĽbfĽ ľbmz X`stdk` vd BuffmlĽfml Dfdkmlfmr................................ Dfdkmlfmr............................................. ....................... .......... 83 1.7.1. CĽrsĽz MfmrkĽ.......................... .................................................... ...................................... ......................... .......................... ...................... ............ ... 80 1.3. Qdgöfátúr Odvrdfdr`............. Odvrdfdr` .......................... ..................... ..................... .......................... ..................... ..................... .......................... ................... ...... ?> 1.3.=. Ams`t, Mymrf Ľ Qdgöfátúr................................ Qdgöfátúr............................................. .......................... ...................... ..................... .................... ........ ?> 1.3.1. Xma`t Xma`t Qdgöfátúr (F1>>)............. (F1>>) .......................... ...................... ..................... ......................... ...................... ..................... .................. ...... ?> 1.3.8. 73>: ľfd : Zeftfub Qdgöfátúr........... Qdgöfátúr........................ ....................................... ....................................... ..................... ............... ....... ?= TPGTFMKM JMMFľ PD_ľ......................... ................................................... ....................................... .......................... ......................... ................. .....?1 ?1 KEOÖF ODĜDQFDLOľQKD ......................... ................................................... ....................................... .......................... ......................... ................. .....?8 ?8 BMPLMBÇM .......................... ................................... ..................... ......................... ...................... ..................... ......................... ............................ ........................ ............... ?:

`

MÇ@BFMKMFMQ MÇ@BFMKMFMQ BEO

411DD>>>0

MFML

Keterfu Mrmçfmr _dblefei`s` MfmlĽ

OMF/KDXFDB

Eteket`v MfmlĽ _ök Omffmr

KEOÖ KEOÖFÖ FÖL L MO@ MO@

_dkd dkdf Dfdb Dfdbtr tr`b `b vd Dfdb fdbtre trel`b‘ l`b‘11

KEOÖFÖL _ML@K@

Dfdbtre trel`b odvrd vd odvr dvrd dfd dfdkmlfmr fmr Ľl Ľl ympĽs ĽlĽ, úzdff` zdff`bf bfdr dr`l `l`, `, gúrd gúrdvf vfdr dr``l` vd beltr beltref effdr fdr`l` `l` `çdr `çdrdl dl úĕ rdt`k kmtdrymffdrò`r.

XÖQD

?>/81

ÚL BEŜTF

_dkdf Dfdbtr`b Dfdbtr`b vd Dfdbtrel`b = keoöfölö amŕmrkĽŕ efkmb

PD_DQFľB

_dkdf dfdbtr`b vd dfdbtrel`b `ŕ fdkfdr`l` ympkmb

Gdldf Mkmç _dkdf dkdf dfdb dfdbtr` tr`bb a`fg` a`fg`fd fdr` r`ld ld smc` smc`pp efmh efmhmb mb vd mrmç mrmç özdr` özdr`lod lod dfdbtr` dfdbtr`bb odvrdfd odvrdfdr`l r`l`l `l mr Ľzmfmr ĽlĽ tdŕc`s c`s dtkd dtkdod od gdrd gdrdbf bf`` mft mft ympĽ yĽ bmzmlmhmbsĽl Ľz.

Mkmçfmr KEOÖFÖL MKMH@

DĜľ_ľ K ÚĜ QD_ľK EQ_MKFMQ@ ZD OELML@KFMQ@ ÚFÇKD ZD ODĜ DQFDLOľ QKD

=. Dfdbtr Dfdbtrel` el`bb odvrd odvrd dfdkmlfm dfdkmlfmr r Ľ lĽl belt beltre refö fölö lö dfdbt dfdbtr` r`bb vd dfdbtr dfdbtrel` el`bb odvrd odvrd dfdkmlf dfdkmlfmr mr Ľ bmtmfegfmr Ľlm vd stml stmlom omrt rt odĕdrfdr`ld uygul ympma`fdhdbs`l`z. 1. Çdŕ`tf` tf` dfdb fdbtrel rel`b odvrdfd dfdr`, odvrd dfdkmlfmr Ľ lĽ bmtmfegfmr Ľlm vd stmlomrt odĕ drfdr`ld uygul burma`fdhdbs`l`z. Dfdb Dfdbtr tr`b `b vd dfdbt dfdbtre rel`b l`b odvr odvrdd dfdkm dfdkmlf lfmr mr Ľ, odld odldyy pmle pmlefm fmr r Ľ, mvekdtrd mvekdtrd vd fmaermtumr. fmaermtumr. Cdr Cdr jmmf jmmf`y `ydt dt selu selullom úfçk úfçkdd vd odĕdrfdlo` drfdlo`rkd rkd serufm serufmr r Ľ uygufmlmrmb ú ĕrdlh` bdlo`l` beltref dodhdbt`r.

``

GľQ ľŜ ľŜ GľQ ľŜ Xdvg`f` Úĕ rdlh`, Gdf`ŕ`k vd odĕ`ŕ `k a`fg` vd d ĕ`t`kfd efkmbtmoĽr. ľç`lod aufulou ĕukuz yözyĽf a`f`k`l vd tdblefei`l`l c`ç ourkmoml `fdrfdo`ĕ ` vd gdf`ŕt`ĕ ` a`r yözyĽ foĽr. Cdr tdblefei`b tdblefei`b gdf`ŕkd tök `lsmlf Ľĕm rdjmc beljer vd c Ľz bmzmloĽrkĽŕt Ľr. PmŕmkĽl cdr mfml Ľlm vd cdr yúlöld g`rk`ŕ efml tdblefei`, tdblefei`, `lsmleĕ fulm sulufkuŕ úldkf` a`rdr l`kdtt`r. Xm ĕfĽb sdbtúrölodl ufm ŕĽk sdbtúröld, `fdt`ŕ`k sdbtúrölodl smvulkm smlmy` vd eteket`v sdbtúrö efkmb özdrd a`rçeb sdbtúröl dl úldkf` ulsuru ourukulomoĽr. Eteket`v tdblefei`s` sel yĽffmrom çeb aöyöb gdf`ŕkdfdr gústdrk` ŕt`r. Úzdff`bfd dfdbtr`b vd dfdbtrel`b mfmlfmr Ľlomb` `fdrfdkdfdr, tök dloöstròd vd eteket`v sdbtúrölod od dfdbtr`b vd dfdbtrel`b odvrd dfdkmlfmr Ľl Ľl buffmlĽfkmsĽlĽ zerulfu b ĽfkĽŕ tĽr. Eteket`vod úzdff`bfd beljer vd gövdlf`b s`tdkfdr`l` vd keter pdrjerkmlsĽl Ľ mrt Ľr ĽhĽ jmmf`ydtfdro jmmf`ydtfdrodd aufulufkms aufulufkmsĽ vd au belu belufm fmrom rom dfdb dfdbtr tr`b `b vd dfdbt dfdbtrel rel``ĕ `l aöyö aöyöbb befm befmyf yfĽbfmr sm ĕfmkmsĽ, au kdsfdb omfĽ lĽ myr ĽhmfĽbfĽ a`r belukm gdt`rk`ŕt`r. Au keoöfo keoöfodd amcsdo` amcsdo`fdl fdl belufm belufmr, r, o`rdlç o`rdlçfdr fdr,, o`yetf o`yetfmr, mr, belomls belomlsmtú mtúrfd rfdr, r, trmls` trmls`ste sterfmr rfmr,, trmlsje trmlsjerkm rkmtúr túrfdr, fdr, rúfdfd rúfdfdr, r, tr`stúr tr`stúrfdr, fdr, dltdgr dltdgrdfd dfdrr vd aulfmr aulfmr Ľl buff buffml mlĽfkmsĽyfm yfm dfod dfod do`f do`fdl dl odvrdfdr dfdbtr`bfd vd dfdbtrel`bfd çmfĽŕml tök h`cmzfmrom çeb s Ľb buffmlĽfkmbtmo Ľr. Au om `lsml ym ŕmkĽ lĽ çeb befmyfmŕtĽrml, ` ŕfdkfdr` c ĽzfmloĽ rml, zmkml bmzmloĽrml a`r efmyoĽr. Úzdf Úzdff` f`bbfd sel sel yĽ ffmro ffmromm ördt ördt`f `fdl dl mrmçf mrmçfmro mromm vd ördt` ördt`k k kdrb kdrbdz dzfdr fdr`lo `lodd reae reaetf tfmr mr Ľl buffml ĽfkmsĽ, tök ` ŕfdr`l a`fg`smymr odstdbf` ympĽfkmsĽ vd ördt`fdl eteket`vod tök s`stdkfdr`l (còref (còref`b`b-plúkmt` plúkmt`b, b, kdbml` kdbml`bb vs.) vs.) dfdbtr dfdbtr`b `b vd dfdbtrel`b dfdbtrel`b beltref beltreffö fö efkms efkmsĽ ldod ldodl` l` `fd `fd au keoöf, ŕ`ko` vd gdfdhdb yĽffmr `ç`l çeb úldkf` efmhmbt Ľr. X`zfdr gdfdhdĕ `l tdk`lmtĽ vd _H odvfdt`l`l odvmkf ĽfĽĕĽl Ľ smĕfmymhmb lds`ffdr efmrmb mrm ŕtĽr ĽhĽ efmhmb, a`fg` vd tdblefei`y` dfod dodhdb elu `lsmlfĽĕm sulmhmb a`rdr a`rdyfdr efmrmb bdlo`l`z` ydt` ŕt`rkdf`s`l`z. A`r öfbdl`l df`lodb` dl úldkf` bmylmb vd tdk`lmt elul smc`p efou ĕu mb ĽffĽ, ydtdldbf`, a`f`lçf` vd çmfĽŕ bml gdlç lds`ffdro`r. Gdf`ŕ`k`l vd od ĕ`ŕ `k`l yĽfkmz adbç`fdr` efmrmb `fdr`yd, tdblefei`yd vd a`f`kd oeĕru…

=

1

ÚĜQDLKD JMMFľPD_ľ ‘= ÚĜQDLKD JMMFľPD_ľ-= MKMÇ MKMÇ Dfdbt Dfdbtre rel` l`bb odvr odvrdd dfdkm dfdkmlf lfmr mr Ľl Ľl belt beltre refö fölö, lö, bmtm bmtmfeg fegfmr fmr Ľlom lom adf` adf`rt rt`f `fdl dl stml stmlom omrt rt od ĕdrfdr`ld uygul efmrmb ympma`fdhdbt`r.

MQMŜ_@QKM

MQMŜ_@QKM 

Dfdbtrel`b Dfdbtrel`b odvrd dfdkmlfmr dfdkmlfmr ĽlĽ l çdŕ `tfdr`l `tfdr`l`, `, ebufulu ebufuluzom zom aufulml aufulml dfdbtr` dfdbtr`bb vd dfdbtrel` dfdbtrel`bb aúfökf aúfökfdr dr`lo `lodl dl vdym vdym dfdbtr dfdbtrel` el`bb pmrçmf pmrçmfmr mr smt smtĽfml ydrfdr ydrfdrodl odl tdk`l tdk`l dodrdb dodrdb `lhdfdy `lhdfdy`p `p ympĽsĽ cmbb Ľlom a`fg a`fg`` do`l` do`l`l`z l`z.. Mrm MrmŕtĽrkmlĽl selu seluçf çfmr mr ĽlĽ mrbmom ŕfmr ĽlĽzfm pmyfm ŕĽl Ľz.

=. DFDB_QELľB ODZQD DFDKMLFMQ@ =.=. O`rdlçfdr Gúrdv` 9 Dfdbtr`b vd dfdbtrel`b odvrdfdr`lod, odvrdodl gdçdl mb ĽkĽ sĽl Ľrfmkmb vd a`r gdr`f`k oö ŕkds` kds` kdyoml kdyomlmm gdt`rk gdt`rkdb db özdrd özdrd `kmf `kmf do`fk do`fk``ŕ efml dfdkmlfmrm dfdkmlfmrm odl`r. odl`r. O`rdlçfdr O`rdlçfdr aöyöb "Q" cmrj` `fd gústdr`f`r vd Q;T / @ jerköfö `fd cdsmpfmlĽr. A`r`k` eck‐our. Dfdbtrel`b odvrdfdrod o`rdlç buffml Ľrbdl o`rdlh`l eck efmrmb odĕ dr`ld vd wmtt efmrmb göhöld o`bbmt do`fkd do`fkdfò` fò`r. r. O`rdlç O`rdlçfdr fdr MH vdym vdym OH gdr`f`k gdr`f`kfdro fdrodd myl` myl` úzdff` úzdff`ĕ` gústdr`rfd gústdr`rfdr. r. A`r dfdbtrel`b odvrdod buffml Ľfml o`rdlçfdr`l gúrölököld úrldb Ŝ Ŝdb`f =.=‐ od gústdr`fk` ŕt`r.

Ŝdb`f =.=

Pmp ĽsĽ 9 O`rdlçfdr ympĽfoĽbfmr Ľ kmoodfdrd gúrd =. Bmrael o`rdlçfdr9 Bmrael vd pfmst`b rdç`ldodl ymp ĽfĽr. 1. _dff` o`rdlçfdr9 êrsdfdl özdr`ld tdf smr Ľfmrmb ympĽ fĽr. Pöbsdb mb Ľ k `fdtdl ydrfdrod buffmlĽfĽr 8. J`fk o`rdlçfdr9 ľb` t`ptd ymp ĽfĽr. Aulfmr2 bmrael j`fk vd kdtmf j`fko`r. ?. Hdrkdt o`rdlçfdr9 o`rdlçfdr9 Xdrmk`b gúvodl`l çeb yöbsdb sĽhmbf Ľbtm bmraelfmlkmsĽ `fd dfod do`f`r.

O`rdlç Çd ŕ`tfdr`9 Xma`t vd mymrf Ľ efkmb özdrd `b` gruam myr Ľ fĽr. 8

=.1‐ od çdŕ`tf` o`rdlç sdkaeffdr` gúröfkdbtdo`r. Xdkaeffdr`9 M ŕmĕĽomb` ŕdb`f =.1‐

Xma`t

Od ĕ`ŕbdl Ŝdb`f =.1

êtmls`ydkdtrd

O`rdlçfdr`l `l `b` úldkf` úldkf` bmrmbtdr`st bmrmbtdr`st``ĕ ` vmroĽr . Aulfmroml Aulfmroml a`r` O`rdlçfdr`l O`rdlçfdr`l Bmrmbtdr`st` Bmrmbtdr`st`ĕ `9 O`rdlçfdr o`rdlh`l ek`b odĕdr`, o`ĕ dr` `sd o`rdlh`l göhö efmrmb tml ĽkfmlĽr. ^`ymsmom çeb gdl`ŕ a`r ydfpmzdod çdŕ`tf` ek`b odĕdrfdrd smc`p o`rdlçfdr aufulkmbtmoĽr. A`r o`rdlh`l ek`b od ĕdr`, e o`rdlh`l dfdbtr`b mb Ľ kĽlm gústdro` ĕ` zerfub odkdbt`r. Dfdbtr`b vdym vdym dfdb dfdbtr trel el`b `b odvr odvrdf dfdr dr`l `lod od >.>= >.>= eck' eck'om omll a`rb a`rbmç mç kdgm dgm eck‐ eck‐mm bmom bmomrr o`rd o`rdlç lçfd fdr r buffml Ľfma`fkdbtdo`r.

O`rdlh`l Ek`b Od ĕdr`l`l BmtfmrĽ = B`fe B`fe eck eck (= b K) K) ; =>>> K = Kdgm eck (= KK) ; =>>> bK; = >>> >>> K

O`rdlç Qdlb BeofmrĽ O`rdlçfdr`l `b` úldkf` bmrmbtdr`st`ĕ` efou ĕu omcm úlhd adf`rt`fk`ŕ t`. Au bmrmbtdr`st bmrmbtdr`st`bfdr9 `bfdr9  

O`rdlh`l ek`b odĕdr`, O`rd O`rdlh lh`l `l göhö göhö,, efmr efmrmb mb tml tmlĽkfmlĽr vd odvrdo rdod buffmlĽfmhmb fmhmb o`rdlçf o`rdlçfdr` dr`ll sdç`k`l sdç`k`lod od au aöyöbf aöyöbföbf öbfdr dr o`bbmt o`bbmtdd mfĽl Ľr. Ŝ`ko` `ko` au aöyöbf aöyöbföbf öbfdrod drodll ek`b ek`b odĕ dr` `lhdfdydf`k.

O`rdlh`l ek`b odĕdr` ym özdrfdr`lod oe ĕruoml oeĕruym rmbmkfm ymzĽfĽ r. Ŝdb`f =.8‐ td gúröfoö ĕö gà` ym om rdlb beofmr Ľ mrmhĽfĽĕĽyfm adf`rt`f`r.

Ŝdb`f =.8

O`ĕdr a`r grup o`rdlçfdrod `sd (gdldff`bfd >.=14 vd >.14 wmttf Ľb o`rdlçfdrod), ek`b od ĕdr, o`rdlh`l özdr`lodb` rdlb amltfmr Ľyfm `jmod do`f`r. Gdldff`bfd, o`rdlçfdr`l özdr`lod ? tmld rdlb amlo Ľ aufulur. Au amltfmr Ľl sefoml öç tmlds` o`rdlh`l ek`b od ĕdr`l`, dl smĕomb` amlt `sd o`rdlh`l tefdrmlsĽl Ľ vdr`r. Mŕ mĕĽomb` ŕ db`f =.?‐ td o`rdlh`l özdr`lod aufulml rdlb amltfmr Ľ vd Ŝdb`f =.4‐ td od rdlb amltfmr Ľl Ľl bmr ŕĽ ŕĽfĽ bfmr Ľ efml smy Ľfmr Ľ gúröfkdbtdo`r. ?

O`rdlç özdr`lodb` rdlb amltfmrĽ9

Ŝ db`f =.?

Ŝdb`f =.4

4

Let9 O`rdlçtd tefdrmls odĕdr` % `fd `jmod do`f`r. O`rdlh`l ek`b od ĕ dr`l`l çdvrd ŕmrtfmr Ľlm gúrd mrtkms Ľ vdym mzmfkms Ľ odkdbt`r. o`rdlç özdr`lodb` özdr`lodb` rdlb omĕĽ fĽkĽ b ĽrkĽzĽ-b ĽrkĽzĽ-bmcvdrdlg`-gököŕ efml o`rdlh`l Úrldb9 A`r o`rdlç tdks`f dtt`ĕ ` o`rdlç odĕ dr` ldo`r5

Hdvmp9 B ĽrkĽzĽ(1), B ĽrkĽzĽ(1), Bmcvdrdlg`(=) efouĕu `ç`l2 11x=>;11> eck‐our. Xel rdlb beoulul om gököŕ efouĕu `ç`l tefdrmlsĽ %=> efur. Xeluç efmrmb 11> K %½=>‐our. O`rdlç Beltrefö9 Mlmfeg Mvekdtrd `fd o`rdlç beltrefö ympmrbdl9 =. Úfçöfdhdb Úfçöfdhdb o`rdlh`l o`rdlh`l tmck`l` tmck`l` odĕdr`ld gúrd mvekdtrdl`l sbmfmsĽ sdç`f`r. 1. Mvekdt Mvekdtrdl` rdl`ll bmafes bmafesulu ulull uçfmr Ľ a`rfdŕt`r`fdrdb úfçö mfdt`l`l s Ľj Ľrfmkm rfmkm mymr mymr Ľ ympĽfĽr. 8. Mvek Mvekdt dtrdl rdl`l `l bmaf bmafes esul ulul ul uçfm uçfmr r Ľ Ŝdb`f db`f =.:‐ =.:‐ omb` omb` gà` gà` o`rd o`rdlh lh`l `l uçfm uçfmr r Ľlm odĕo`r`fdrdb sbmfmoml odĕdr ebulur (Ebulml au odĕdr o`rdlç özdr`lodb` odĕdr vdym vdym rdlb rdlb amlt amltfmr fmr Ľ lĽl smyĽsmf smf odĕdr` dr` `fd bmr ŕĽ p oe ĕrufuĕu beltre beltreff ŕĽfmŕtĽr ĽfĽ p do`fda`f`r.). Mlmfeg úfçö mfdtfdr`lod sbmfm özdr`lod o`rdlç odĕdr` ebulurbdl àrdl`l smĕ tmrmjtmb` aúfgdod efkmsĽ lm o`bbmt o`bbmt do`f`r do`f`r.. Ŝmydt mydt Mvekdt Mvekdtrdl rdl`l `l bmafesu bmafesu o`rdlç o`rdlç uçfmr uçfmr Ľlm od ĕo`r`fo`ĕ` zmkml zmkml àrd àrd sef sef tmrm tmrmjtm jtm bmf bmfĽyer yer vd çeb çeb mz cmrdb cmrdbdt dt do`ye do`yerr `sd `sd Mvek Mvekdtr dtrdo dodd uygu uygull sbmfm sbmfm sdç`fkdk` ŕ odkdbt`r.

Ŝ db`f =.:

:

=.1. O`yetfmr O`yetfmr9 O`yet tdb yúld dfdbtr`b mb Ľk ĽlĽ `fdtdl a`r odvrd dfdkmlĽo Ľr. O`yetul ^ butaulm "Mlet", L butaulm om "Bmtet" moĽ vdr`f`r. Gdldff`bfd M.H. mb Ľ kĽ OH mb Ľkm oúlöŕtörk törkdb db `ç`l `ç`l Oeĕ ruftk ruftkmm odvr odvrdf dfdr dr`lo `lodd buffm buffmllĽfĽr. O`yet L t`p` kmood `fd ^ t`p` kmoodl`l a`rfdŕ `k`lodl efuŕur. Au kmoodfdr `fb a`rfd ŕt`r`fo` ĕ`lod ^ t`p` kmoododb` eyub eyubfm fmrfm rfm L t`p` t`p` kmoo kmoodo dodb db`` dfdb dfdbtre trelf lfmr mr `b` `b` kmoo kmoodl dl`l `l a`rfdŕ`k lebt lebtms msĽ lom lom aufu aufuŕmrmb mrmb a`ra a`ra`r `rfd fdr` r`l` l` lútr lútrfd fdrr vd aurmom "Lútr" a`r aúfgd efuŕ turufur. Au lútr aúfgd, bmfml o`ĕ dr dfdb dfdbtr trel el vd eyub eyubfm fmr r Ľl a`rf a`rfddŕ kds` kds`ld ld dlgdf dlgdf efur efur.. Pmlomb` ŕdb`f db`f =.7‐ =.7‐od od o`ye o`yetul tul sdka sdkaefö efö vd lútr lútr aúfg aúfgdd gústdr`fk`ŕ t`r. Ŝ db`f =.7

O`yetul Oe ĕru vd _drs êfmr`zmsyelu Oe ĕru êfmrkm9 Mlet uhulm göç bmylmĕĽl Ľl pez`t`j butau, bmtet uhulm om göç bmylmĕĽ lĽl ldgmt`j ldgmt`j butau amĕfmloĽĕĽlom ^ t`p` kmoododb` eyubfmr göç bmylmĕĽ lĽl pez`t`j butau tmrmj Ľloml, L t`p` kmoodod kmoododb` b` dfdbtre dfdbtrelfm lfmrr om göç bmylm bmylmĕĽ lĽl ldgmt` ldgmt`j j butau tmrmj Ľloml `t`f`r. Au smydod mrmomb` lútr aúfgd yĽb ĽfkĽ ŕ efur vd bmylmĕĽ l ldgmt`j butauloml pez`t`j butaulm oeĕru a`r dfdbtrel mb Ľ ŕĽ am ŕfmr. Pml` o`yet `fdt`kd gdçk`ŕt`r. Jmbmt o`yet lútr aúfökölö mŕ kmb `ç`l o`yet özdr`lod >.: Zeftfub a`r gdr`f`k oö ŕökö kdyo kdyoml mlmm gdf` gdf`r. r. Au gdr` gdr`f` f`k k oöŕ ökö X`f`syu X`f`syukfu kfu o`yetfmrom >.: Zeft, Gdrkmlyuk o`yetfmrom `sd >.1 Zefttur. Zefttur. Au gdr`f`k gdr`f`kdd o`yetu o`yetull "Dŕ`b Gdr`f`k`" mo Ľ vdr`f vdr`f`r. `r. O`ye O`yett özdr` özdr`lo lodd jmzf jmzfmm mb Ľk gdç`r` gdç`r`fo` fo`ĕ `lod o`yet o`yet zmrm zmrmrr gúrö gúröpp aezu aezufm fma`f a`f`r. `r. Au ldod ldodlf lfdd o`ye o`yett özdr`lodl gdçdl mb Ľ kĽl oöŕöröfkds` `ç`l Ŝdb`f‐=.3 odb` odvrdyd a`r od sdr` o`rdlç amĕ fmlkĽŕtĽr. ľodmf o`yettm au gdr`f`k oöŕ ökö vd sĽ zĽlt Ľ mb Ľk Ľ yebtur.

7

Ŝdb`f =.3

O`yet etuul bmtet mtet uhul uhulmm göç _drs _drs êfm êfmrk rkmm9 O`y bmylmĕĽ lĽl pez`t`j butau, mlet uhulm om göç bmylmĕĽ lĽl ldgm ldgmt` t`jj buta butauu amĕfmloĽ ĕĽlom lom `sd `sd L t`p t`p` kmood moodod odbb` dfdbtrelfmr göç bmylmĕĽl Ľl ldgmt`j butau tmrmj Ľloml ^ t`p` kmoododb` eyubfmrom göç bmylmĕĽl Ľl pez`t`j butau tmrmj Ľlom lom çdb` çdb`f` f`r. r. Au ouru ouruk kom ertm ertmom omb` b` lútr lútr aúfg aúfgdd gdl`ŕfdr, yml` o`yet ymf ĽtĽkm gdçk`ŕ efur.

Ŝdb`f =.0

Çdŕ `tfdr` vd Xdkaeffdr` Ydldr dr o`yet o`yetfm fmrr lerk lerkmf mf = - Ydldr O`yet9 Ydl o`yetfmr Ľl odf`lkd gdr`f`k` lebtms Ľloml jmyomfml jmyomfmlĽfmrmb ympĽfkĽŕ tĽr. Ydldr o`yet oeĕru pefmrkmom pefmrkmom lerkmf o`yet gà`, tdrs pefmrkmom `sd Ydldr o`yetm uygufmlml gdr`f`k "Ydldr ZeftmiĽ " 'lĽl mft Ľlom `sd ymfĽ tĽkm gdçdr. Jmbmt au veftmiĽl özdr özdr`l `ldd çĽb ĽfoĽĕĽlom lom Ydldr Ydldr o`ye o`yetul tul özdr özdr`l `ldd oöŕdl gdr`f`k zdldr veftmiĽlom sma`t bmfĽ r. Özdr`lodl gdçd gdçdll mb Ľk odĕ`ŕ bdl bdl efma` efma`f` f`r. r. Ydld Ydldro rodl dl mrtm mrtm bmfm bmfmll gdr`f gdr`f`k `k `sd zdld zdldrd rd sdr` sdr` amĕfĽ efml o`rdlh o`rdlh`l `l özdr`l özdr`ldd oöŕdr. Ydldr Ydldr o`yetf o`yetfmr mr veftm veftmiiĽ adff adff`` a`r a`r odĕ drod sma`t sma`t tutk tutkmb mb `ç`l `ç`l yml` ml` rdg rdgöfd öfd odv odvrdfd rdfdr` r`lo lodd buffm uffmllĽfĽr. Pmlomb` Ŝdb`f =.=>‐om zdldr o`yetul s`kgds` vd tdrs pefmrkmym bmr ŕĽ ŕĽ tdpb`s` gúröfkdbtdo`r.

1 - _uldf O`yet9 Xmj s`f`syuk vd Gdrkmlyuk kmoodfdr`ld omcm jmzfm bmtb Ľ kmoods` bmtĽfmrmb `kmf do`fk do`fkdb dbtd tdo`r o`r.. _uldf _uldf o`yet o`yetfm fmrr tdrs tdrs pefm pefmrk rkmm mft mftĽlom çmfĽŕĽr. Özdr`ld uygufmlml gdr`f`k adff` a`r sdv`ydyd ufmŕ mlm mlm bmom bmomrr mb Ľk sdv`yd sdv`yds` s` mrtmrm mrtmrmbb `fdrfd `fdrfdr. r. Gdr`f` Gdr`f`k k adff` a`r sdv`ydyd ufmŕtĽbtml selrmom özdr`lodl gdçdl mb Ľkom oö ŕöŕ gúrö gúröfö för. r. _ul _uldf o`yet `yetfm fmrr au oöŕöŕ gústdro`ĕ ` aúfgd `ç`lod, yöbsdb jrdbmlsfĽ odvrdfdrod vd es`fmtúrfdrod buffml ĽfĽrfmr. _uldf o`yetul sdkaefö Ŝdb`f =.==‐od gúröfkdbtdo`r.

3

Ŝ db`f =.=>

Ŝ db`f =.==

8 - Zmr`bmp O`yet9 Zmr`bmp o`yet, uçfmr Ľlm vdr`fdl gdr`f`kd ermlfm bmpms`td odĕ `ŕt`rdl a`r mymrf Ľ belomlsmtúroör vd tdrs pefmrkm mftĽlom çmf ĽŕĽr. Au dfdkm dkml tdfdv`zy `zyel vd rmo rmoyefmr fmr Ľl etekmt`b mrmkmfmr Ľlom buffmlĽfĽr. Ŝdb`f =.=1

? - Ŝetb` (Xhcettby) O`yet O`yet9 Lerkmf o`yetfmr çeb çeb yöbsd öbsdbb jrdb jrdbml mlsf sfmr mroom özdr özdr``ld uyg uygufml ufmlmml gdr`f`k`l yúl odĕ` ŕt`rkds`ld bmr ŕĽ ŕĽfĽb vdrdkdz. Pml` `fdtbdl `fdtbdl ouruko ourukoml ml ymfĽtbml tbml ouru ourukm km vdym vdym ymf ymfĽtbml ouru ouruk koml oml `fdt `fdtbbdl ouru ouruk km gdçdk dçdkdz dz.. Au cĽzfĽ odĕ `ŕ`kfdrd `kfdrd hdvmp hdvmp vdrda` vdrda`fk fkds` ds` `ç`l `ç`l ŕetb` o`yetfmr o`yetfmr `kmf do`fk`ŕ t`r. Ŝetb` o`yetfmr lerkmf o`yetul l vd p kmood moodfd fdr` r`l` l`ll a`rfd `rfdŕ`k yözdy`l`l pfmt`lfd bmpfmlkmsĽloml kdyomlm gdfk dfk`ŕ t`r. `r. A`rfdŕ `k yözd yözdy` y` pfmt` pfmt`lf lfdd bmpf bmpfml mlmr mrmb mb ertmo ertmomb mb`` lútr lútr aúfg aúfgdd `lhdft`fk`ŕ vd vd mbĽ kĽl lútr aúfgdy` mŕkmsĽ befmyfmŕ tĽr ĽfkĽŕtĽr.

Ŝdb`f =.=8

ymymll a`r a`r o`ye o`yett 4 - Fdo O`yet9 Fdo, ŕĽb ymym töröoör. Pdŕ`f, b ĽrkĽzĽ, smr Ľ vd kmv` efkmb özdrd ? çdŕ`t rdlb sdçdldĕ ` vmroĽr. Ŝdb`f =.=?

: - Jete O`yet9 Jete o`yetfmr tdrs pefmrkm mftĽlom buffmlĽfĽr. Oeĕ ru pefmrkmom pefmrkmom lerkmf lerkmf o`yetfmr o`yetfmr gà` `fdtbdl, tdrs pefmrkmom `sd l vd p kmoodfdr`l`l a`rfdŕ`k yözdy`l yözdy`ldd ĽŕĽb oöŕ dld dld bmom bmomrr ymf ymfĽtbmlo Ľr. Jete Jete o`ye o`yett tdfd tdfdv` v`zy zyel el vdym vdym köz`b öz`b sdtf sdtfdr dr`l `l`l `l bukmlom mfĽhĽfmr Ľlom buffmlĽfĽr.

Ŝdb`f =.=4

Mvekdtrd trd `fd `fd vdym vdym a`r a`r amtm amtmry rymm vd a`r a`r fmka fmkamo moml ml jmyom jmyomfml fmlĽ fmrmb O`yet Beltrefö9 Beltrefö9 Mvekd ympĽf Ľr. A`f`lo` ĕ` gà` o`yetfmr tdb yúlod mb Ľk gdç`rdl odvrd dfdkmlfmr ĽoĽr. Amtmrym vd fmkam `fd `fd ymp Ľfml fml o`ye o`yett belt beltre refö fölö löll ymp ympĽfĽŕĽ mŕ mĕĽomb` Ŝdb`f db`f =.=: =.=:‐om ‐omb` b` odvr odvrdd ŕdkmsĽlom gústdr`fk`ŕt`r. MŕmĕĽ omb` odvrd amĕ fmltĽs Ľ ympĽfoĽĕĽ zmkml odvrdodb` fmkam ymlĽyer vd o`yet uçfmr Ľ tdrs çdvr`fo`ĕ`lod od fmkam súlöyer `sd o`yet smĕfmkoĽr. Ŝ mydt fmkam ymlkmym odvmk do`yer `sd o`yet mr ĽzmfĽoĽr. Myr Ľhm amĕ fmltĽ ympĽfĽrbdl o`yet özdr`lodb` ŕdr`t, a`zd e uhul ldgmt`j uç efou ĕu cmbb Ľ lom a`fg` vdr`r.

0

Ŝ db`f =.=:

O`yetull kumyd kumydlds lds`, `, dsmstm dsmstm Mvekd Mvekdtrdl trdl`l `l `ç`lodb `ç`lodb`` p`f Mvekdt Mvekdtrd rd `fd O`yet O`yet Beltre Beltrefö9 fö9 O`yetu veftmi Ľloml loml ymrmr ymrmrfml fmlmr mrmb mb oeĕru pefm pefmrk rkmo momm `fdt `fdt`k `k`, `, tdrs tdrs pefm pefmrk rkmo momm bds` bds`k` k` smĕfmy Ľ p p sm ĕfmymkmoĽĕĽlĽ l adf`rfdlkdsò`r. Kumydld Mvekdtrdl`l K bmodkds`lod vd mŕmĕĽom ` ŕfdk sötululom gústdr`fdl amsmkmbfmr tmb`p do`fdrdb ympĽfĽr. Ertmym çĽbml seluçfmr a`zd e o`yetul ouruku cmbb Ľlom a`fg` vdr`r. Let9 Úfçök ympkmoml úlhd, úfçö mfdt`l`l àrds` sĽj Ľrm mymrfmlkmfĽ oĽr. Úfçö mfdt`l`l uçfmr Ľ o`ye o`yetm tm amĕfml Ľrbdl rbdl úfçö úfçö mfdt mfdt`` `çdr `çdr`s `s`l `lod odb` b` p`f` p`f`ll cmlg cmlg`` buta butaul ulul ul cmlg cmlg`` uhm uhm gdfo gdfo``ĕ` adf`rfdlkdfò`r. Mlmfeg (àrdf`) (àrd f`) úfçö úf çö mfdtfdr`lod buffmlĽfml p`f`l dbs`(-) uhulul, b ĽrkĽzĽ rdlbf` mrt Ľ(+) uhm am ĕfĽ efouĕu ulutufkmkmfĽ oĽr.

ľŜFDK

ÚFÇÖFDL (K)

MLE_ (+) ,BM_E_ ( - )

Q

Xmĕfmk

MLE_ MLE_ (-) ,BM_E_ ,BM_E_ (+)

∜

Xmĕfmk

MLE_ (+) ,BM_E_ ( - )

E

BĽsm Odvrd(mr ĽzmfĽ)

MLE_ MLE_ (+) (+) ,BM_E_ ,BM_E_ (-)

∜

MçĽb Odvrd(mr ĽzmfĽ)

=>

XELTÇ

Ŝ db`f =.=7

=.8. Belomlsmtúrfdr _mlĽkĽ9 Bmr ŕ ĽfĽbfĽ `b` `fdtbdl vd aulfmr Ľl mrmsĽlom aufulml a`r ymfĽ tbml kmoododl efu ŕml vd dfdbtr`b yöbö odpe doda`fkd ydtdldĕ`ld smc`p odvrd dfdkmlfmr Ľlm belomlsmtúr odl`r. Belomlsmtúröl dfdbtr`b yöbö odpe doda`fkd ydtdldĕ` "bmpms`td" efmrmb mofmloĽr ĽfĽr vd au yöbö odpe doda`fkds` `ç`l cmr`h` a`r gdr`f`k bmylmĕĽ tmrmj Ľloml adsfdlkds` gdrdb`r. Belomlsmtúröl PmpĽsĽ vd Xdkaeffdr`

Ŝ db`f =.=39 Belomlsmtúröl ympĽsĽ

db`f=.=3‐od gúröfoö gúröfoö ĕö gà` gà` belo beloml mlsmt smtúr, úr, `b` `b` `fdtb `fdtbdl dl pfmb pfmbmm vd aulf aulfmr mr Ľl mrms mrmsĽ lom Ŝdb`f=.=3‐od aufulml a`r ymfĽtbml tmambmoml efu ŕkmbtmoĽr. PmfĽtbml kmoodyd O ľDFDB_Q ľB kmood kmood od odl`fkdbtdo`r. db`f =.=0‐ =.=0‐om om dfdb dfdbtre trel` l`bb odvrd odvrdfd fdro rodd buff buffml mlĽfml beloml belomlsmt smtúrf úrfdro drodl dl amzĽ úrldbfdr Ŝdb`f gúröfkdbtdo`r.

==

Ŝ db`f =.=09 Od ĕ`ŕ`b belomlsmtúr úrldbfdr`

Belomlsmtúrfdrod bmpms`td a`r`k` Jmrmo' o Ľr. A`r belomlsmtúr uçfmr Ľlm = veftfub gdr`f`k uygufmloĽ ĕĽlom lom e belom elomls lsmt mtúúr özdr özdr`l `lod od = bufe ufelfub lfub a`r a`r dfdb fdbtr`b tr`b yöbö öbö efu efuŕuyersm belomlsmtúröl bmpms`tds` = Jmrmo odkdbt`r. Jmrmo, çeb aöyöb a`r a`r`k efouĕu `ç`l uygufmkmom Jmrmo' Ľl msbmtfmr Ľ efml k`bre jmrmo (´J), (´ J), lmle jmrmo jmrmo (lJ) vd p`be jmrmo (pJ) buffmlĽfĽr. MŕmĕĽom Jmrmo'Ľl msbmtfmr Ľ gúröfkdbtdo`r. = Jmrmo ; =.>>>.>>> ´J ; => :´J ; =>0 lJ; =>=1 pJ = ´J ; =>8 lJ ; =>: pJ; => 8 pJ

Belomlsmtúr Xdkaeffdr`9 MŕmĕĽomb` Ŝdb`f =.1>‐od od ĕ`ŕ `b t`p belomlsmtúrfdrd m`t sdkaeffdr gúröfkdbtdo`r.

Ŝdb`f =.1>9 Belomlsmtúr sdkaeffdr`

Belomlsmtúr Çd ŕ`tfdr` belomlsmt smtúrf úrfdro drod, d, çeb `lhd `lhd `b` `fdtbd `fdtbdll fdvcm fdvcm vd m- K`bm Be Belomls lomlsmtúrfd mtúrfdr9 r9 K`bm beloml aulfmr Ľl mrmsĽlom ymfĽtbml efmrmb k`bm buffmlĽfkĽŕtĽ r. K`bm belomlsmtúrfdr gdldff`bfd 4> p`be jmrmo `fd 4>> p`be jmrmo mrmsĽlom böçöb bmpms`tdfdr` dfod dtkdb `ç`l `kmf do`f`r. belomlsmtú mtúrfd rfdrod rod `b` `fdtbd `fdtbdll pfmbm pfmbm vd aulfmr aulfmr Ľl a- BmĕĽt Belomlsmtúrfdr Belomlsmtúrfdr99 BmĕĽt belomls mrmsĽlom ymf Ľtbml efmrmb bm ĕĽt buffmlĽfkĽŕtĽr. ľfdtbdl kmoodfdr vd aulfmr Ľl mrmsĽlomb` báĕĽt çeb çeb `lhd `lhd efup efup a`r a`r s`f` s`f`lo lo`r `r`b `b ymp ympĽ efuŕturk turkmb mb özdrd özdrd a`ra a`ra`r `r`` özdr özdr`l `ldd smr smr ĽfkĽŕtĽr. BáĕĽt belomlsmtúrfdrod oĽŕ bma efmrmb gdldff`bfd pfmst`b buffmlĽfĽr. BáĕĽ t belomlsmtúrfdr gdldff`bfd ertm aöyöbföbtd bmpms`tdfdr`l dfod do`fkds`lod buffmlĽfĽr. Úrldĕ`l2 >.>>4 `fd= k`bre jmrmo mrmsĽlomb` bmpms`tdfdr, báĕĽt belomlsmtúrfdrfd dfod do`f`r. =1

h- Xdrmk`b Belomlsmtúrfdr9 Au belomlsmtúrfdrod o`dfdbtr`b kmood efmrmb sdrmk`b buffml ĽfĽr. Myl Ľ k`btmr bmpms`td sdrmk`b belomlsmtúrfdrod, báĕĽt belomlsmtúrd belomlsmtúrd gúrd çeb omcm böçöb böçöb aeyutfm aeyutfmrom rom dfod dfod do`fda do`fda`f` `f`r. r. Xdrmk Xdrmk`b `b beloml belomlsmtú smtúrfd rfdr, r, j`z`b` j`z`b` efmrmb efmrmb töp vdym vdym o`sb a`ç`k`lod `kmf do`f`r. O`sb a`ç`k`lodb` sdrmk`b belomlsmtúrfdr "kdrh`kdb belomlsmtúr" efmrmb om mofmlo Ľr ĽfkmbtmoĽr. belomlsmt smtúrf úrfdro drod, d, sma`t sma`t kdtmf kdtmf pfmbmf pfmbmfmr mr o- Odĕ`ŕ bdl Belomlsmtúrfdr Belomlsmtúrfdr99 Odĕ `ŕbdl beloml reteru, oúlda`fdl a`ç`kod ymtmbfmlkĽ ŕ kdtmf pfmbmfmr `sd stmteru efuŕturur. A`r k`f tmrmj Ľloml oúloöröfdl stmter, reteru efuŕturml pfmbmfmr Ľl mrmsĽlm tmrmb a`ç`k`lod gdçdrdb bmpms`tdy` efu ŕturur. Odĕ `ŕbdl belomlsmtúrfdrod bmr ŕĽ ŕĽfĽbfĽ pfmbmfmr mrmsĽlomb` cmvm, o`dfdbtr`b kmood efmrmb gúrdv ympmr. Odĕ`ŕbdl belomlsmtúrod stmter `fd reteru efuŕ turml fdvcmfmr tmk `ç` `çd gdçt`bfdr`lod beloml belomlsmtú smtúröl röl bmpms` bmpms`tds tds`` kmx`kuk kmx`kuk odĕdr`l dr`ldd ufm ufmŕĽ r, fdvcmf fdvcmfmr mr a`ra`r a`ra`rfdr fdr`lod `lodll tmkmkd tmkmkdll myr Ľ foĽĕĽlom `sd belomlsmtúröl bmpms`tds` k`l`kuk odĕdr`ld `ldr. Dfdbtref`t`b `b belomlsmtúr belomlsmtúrfdrod fdrod ms`t dr`y`ĕ `ld adlzdy adlzdydl dl a`r Dfdbtref`t`b Dfdbtref`t`b Belomlsmtúrfdr9 Belomlsmtúrfdr9 Dfdbtref`t dfdbtref`t`b kmoodl`l dko`r`fo`ĕ ` adz, ymfĽtbml kmood efmrmb buffmlĽfĽr. Au ymf ĽtbmlĽl `b` ymlĽlomb` mfök`lyuk pfmbmfmr om belomlsmtúröl `fdtbdl b ĽsĽkfmr ĽoĽr. Au pfmbmfmroml a`r tmlds` tmlds` oeĕ ruom ruomll oeĕruym ruym beloml belomlsmtú smtúröl röl oĽŕ bmaĽ lm amĕ fĽo Ľr. Dfdbtref`t` Dfdbtref`t`bb belomlsmtúrfd belomlsmtúrfdr r aöyöb bmpms`td odĕ drfdr`l` smĕfmkmb özdrd `kmf do`f`r. _`p`b bmpms`td od ĕdrfdr` = k`bre jmrmo `fd 1>>> k`bre jmrmo mrms Ľlomo Ľr. Dfdbtref`t`b belomlsmtúrfdrod bmpms`td vd belomlsmtúrd uygufmlma`fdhdb kmbs`kuk gdr`f`k gdr`f`k`` odĕdr` dr` ymz ymzĽfĽoĽr. Beloml Belomlsmt smtúrd úrd özdr`l özdr`lod od ymzĽfĽ gdr`f`k gdr`f`k odĕdr`lodl dr`lodl omcm omcm aöyöb aöyöb gdr`f`k uygufmlkmkmfĽo Ľr.

Ŝ db`f =.1=

=8

Belomlsmtúröl Od ĕdr`l`l Ebulkms Ľ

Ŝ db`f =.11

O`sb a`ç`k`lodb` amzĽ sdrmk`b belomlsmtúrfdrod özdrfdr`lodb` `fb `b` rmbmk bmpms`td od ĕdr`l`l `fb `b` rmbmkĽl Ľ, öçölhö rmbmk `sd `fb `b` rmbmkĽl ymlĽlm belufmhmb s Ľj Ľr k`btmr k`btmr ĽlĽ vdr`r. Au belomlsmtúrfdrod seluç p`be jmrmo efmrmb aufulur.

Ŝ db`f =.18

Belomlsmtúrfdr`l rfdr`l gövdl`rf`f`b gövdl`rf`f`b kumydlds` kumydlds` Belomls Belomlsmtúr mtúröl öl Xmĕ fmkfĽb Beltrefö eltrefö99 Belomlsmtú Mvekdtrdl`l K bmodkds`lod ympĽ fĽr. PmpĽfml `ŕ fdk dsmstm, úfçö mfdt`l`l `ç`lodb` p`f veftmiĽ `fd, belomlsmtúröl ŕmri do`f`p do`fkdo`ĕ `l`l tdsp`tò`r. Kumydldodl úlhd belomlsmtúröl aeŕ efou ĕ uloml dk`l efulkmfĽo Ľr.

Úfçöfdl Xeluç K9 E

∜ Q

9

B Ľsm Odvrd (Mr ĽzmfĽ) MçĽb Odvrd (Mr ĽzmfĽ) efma`f`yer Ŝmri (Lerkmf) Ŝ db`f =.1?

=?

=.?. _rmls`stúrfdr _rmls`stúr _rmls`stúr ymr Ľ `fdtbdl `fdtbdl kmfzdkdodl kmfzdkdodl ympĽfkĽŕ dfdbtrel`b dfdbtrel`b odvrd dfdkmlĽo Ľr. Cdr ld bmom bmomrr o`yet o`yetul ul ymp ymp ĽsĽlm adlz adlzds dsdd od çmf çmfĽŕ kmsĽ vd jelbs`yelfm jelbs`yelfmr r Ľ o`yet o`yettml tml çeb jmrbf jmrbfĽ oĽr. _rmls`stúr `b` dbfdkf` öç aúfgdf` a`r odvrd dfdkmlĽ efup `b` t`pt`r. Aulfmr2 ^L^ vd L^L t`p` trmlstúrfdrò`r.

m)

^L^

_`p`

^L L^ t`p` _rmls`stúr9 ^ trml trmls` s`st stúúrfdr rfdr ^, L vd ^ t`p t`p` ymr Ľ `fdtbdlfdr`l`l a`rfdŕkds`l kds`lodl odl kdyoml kdyomlmm gdfk` gdfk`ŕ t`r. Ŝdb`f db`f =.14‐o =.14‐odd gúröfoöĕ ö gà` à` = lefu efu bmylm mylmĕĽl (+) (+) buta butaul ulom omb` b` eyubfmr dk`tdrodb` eyubfmr Ľ adyzd oeĕ ru `tdr vd au eyubfmr Ľ l ymbfm ymbfmŕĽb %= '` adyz adyz özdr` özdr`lo lodl dl = lefu lefu bmylmĕĽl (-) buta butaul ulm, m, gdr` gdr` bmfm bmfmllĽ `sd beffdb beffdbtúr túr özdr özdr`l `lod odll 1 lefu lefu bmyl bmylmmĕĽl (-) butaulm ulm oeĕ ru cmrdbdt dodrfdr. Adyz `fd dk`tdr mrmsĽ loml oefmŕ ml mb Ľk çeb çeb böçö böçöb, b, beff beffdb dbtú túrr `fd `fd dk`t dk`tdr dr mrms mrmsĽloml oefmŕml mb Ľk `sd aöyöbtör. Ŝdb`f =.14‐td ^L^ t`p` trmls`stúröl sdkaefö vd `çympĽsĽ gúröfkdbtdo`r

Ŝ db`f =.14

L^L t`p` a) L^L _`p` `p` _rmls`stúr9 túr9 L^ trml trmls` s`st stúúrfdr rfdr L, ^ vd L t`p t`p` ymr Ľ `fdtbdlfdr`l`l a`rfdŕkds`l kds`lodl odl kdyoml kdyomlmm gdfk` gdfk`ŕ t`r. Ŝdb`f =.1:‐om =.1:‐om gúröfoöĕ ö gà` à` = lefu lefu bmy bmylmĕĽl (-) buta butaul ulomb omb`` dfdbtrelfmr dk`tdrodb` dfdbtrelfmr Ľ adyzd oeĕru `tdr vd au dfdbtrelfmr dfdbtrelfmr Ľl ymbfmŕ Ľb %= '` adyz özdr`lodl = lefu bmylmĕĽl (+) butaulm, gdr` bmfml Ľ `sd beffdbtúr özdr özdr`l `lod odll 1 lefu lefu bmyl bmylmmĕĽl (+) butau taulm oeĕ ru cmrdb cmrdbdt dt dodr dodr.. Adyz Adyz `fd dk`td dk`tdrr mrms mrmsĽloml loml oefm oefmŕ ml mb Ľk çeb çeb böçö böçöb, b, beff beffdb dbtú túrr `fd `fd dk`t dk`tdr dr mrms mrmsĽloml oefmŕml mb Ľk `sd aöyöbtör. Ŝdb`f =.1:‐om L^L t`p` trmls`s trmls`stúr túröl öl sdkaef sdkaeföö vd `çymp `çympĽsĽ , Ŝdb`f db`f =.17 =.17,, 13, 13, 10‐om om trmls`stúrfdrd m`t oĽŕ gúrölökfdr vdr`fk`ŕt`r.

Ŝ db`f =.1:

Ŝ db`f =.17 Ŝdb`f =.13

=4

Ŝdb`f =.10

_rmls`stúröl oeĕ ru çmfĽ ŕma`fkds` ym om `fdt`kd gdçda`fkds` `ç`l oeĕ ru yúlod (pefmrkm) gdr`f`k uygufmlkms uygufmlkms Ľ gdrdb`r. Aulul `ç`l trmls`stúröl dk`tdr vd adyz` oeĕ ru, befdbtúrö `sd tdrs pefmrkm ymp ĽfkmfĽ oĽr.

Ŝ db`f =.8>

_rmls`stúröl Xm ĕfmkfĽb Beltrefö vd _`p`l`l Beltreffö Gdrdb Gdrdb h`ls`l h`ls`l`l `l adf`rfd adf`rfdlkd lkds`lo s`lodd gdrdbs gdrdbsdd kumydl kumydlds` ds`lod lod dsms, dsms, a`r Mvekd Mvekdtrdl` trdl`ll K bmodkds`lod, `ç`lodb` p`f veftmiĽloml ymrmrfmlmrmb trmls`stúröl dk`tdr, adyz vd beffdbtúr uçfmr Ľlm oeĕ ru vdym vdym tdrs tdrs pefmrk pefmrkmm uygu uygufm fmkm kmb, b, oeĕru pefmr pefmrkm kmom om oöŕöb a`r a`r o`rd o`rdlç lç tdrs tdrs pefmrkmom `sd çeb yöbsdb a`r o`rdlç gúzfdldhdĕ `l` a`fkdbt`r. _`p` vd uçfmr Ľl Ľl ld efouĕ u a`f`lkdydl a`r trmls`stúröl úlhd adyz uhulul adf`rfdlkds` gdrdb`r.

Ŝ db`f =.8=

Mvek Mvekdt dtrd rd gdrk gdrkml mlyu yuk k o`ye o`yetf tfmr mr `ç`l `ç`l QS=, QS=, s`f` s`f`sy syuk uk trml trmls` s`st stúr úrfd fdr` r` `ç`l `ç`l QS=> QS=> bmodkds`lod bmfàrd do`fkdfò`r. Mlmfeg Mvekdtrdl`l Mvekdtrdl`l b Ľ rkĽzĽ tdst uhu dbs`, s`ymc tdst uhu mrtĽ butup ourukulom LE_9 Mlmfeg efou ĕ u ulutufkmkmf ĽoĽ r. =:



_rmls`stúröl uçuhuloml a`r`s`ld Mvekdtrdl`l Mvekdtrdl`l b Ľrk ĽzĽ uhu, o`ĕdr `b`s`ld s`ymc uhu sĽrm `fd od ĕo`r`f`r. Ŝmydt b ĽrkĽzĽ uç sma`t tutufurbdl o`ĕ dr uçfmr Ľl cdr `b`s`lod od àrd mfçmb o`rdlç gústdr`yersm sma`t tutufml uç adyz uhuour. MylĽ zmkmlom adyz`l ldgmt`j o` ĕdr uçfmr Ľl pez`t`j efouĕulu, oefmyĽ sĽyfm trmls`ster öl ^L^ t`p` efouĕ u tdsp`t do`fk`ŕ efulur.



Mvekdtrdl`l b ĽrkĽzĽ uhu cdrcmlg` a`r uçtm sma`t tutufup o` ĕdr uhu trmls`stúröl o` ĕdr `b` uhulm s Ľrm `fd odĕ o`r`fo`ĕ`lod úfçö mfdt`l`l àrds` mfçmb o`rdlç tmrmj Ľlm smpĽyersm úfçö mfdt`l`l s`ymc uhulu trmls`stúröl cdrcmlg` a`r uhulm sma`t tutup o` ĕdr `b` uhm b ĽrkĽzĽ tdst bmafesu s Ľrm `fd odĕ o`r`f`r. ľb` uhm od ĕo`r`fo`ĕ `lod àrdod smpkm efkuyer `sd2 úfçö mfdt`l`l s`ymc s`ymc uhulu uhulu trmls` trmls`stú stúröl röl o`ĕdr a`r a`r uhul uhulmm sma`t sma`tfd fdy` y`pp b ĽrkĽzĽy Ľ o`ĕ dr `b` uhm sĽrm `fd od ĕo`r`fdrdb cdr `b` uçtm om mfçmb o`rdlç gústdrdhdb ouruk mrml Ľ r. X`ymc bmafe a`r uçtm sma` sma`t, t, b ĽrkĽzĽ o`ĕ dr uçfm çfmrm odĕ o`r`fo`ĕ`lod `lod mfçm mfçmbb o`rdl o`rdlçç ebul ebuluy uyer ersm sm s`ym s`ymccĽl sma` sma`tt tutufou ĕu uç adyz vd trmls`stúr L^L t`p` trmls`stúroör.

_rmls`stúröl adyz uhulu tdsp`t _rmls`stúröl _rmls`stúröl Dk`tdr Dk`tdr vd Befdbtúr TçfmrĽlĽ _dsp`t Dtkdb 9 _rmls`stúröl dodrbdl sma`t tutufml uhul cmr`h`lodb` uçfmrm mvekdtrdl`l o` ĕdr uhu sĽ rm `fd odĕo`r`f`yer vd cdr `b` uçtm om mfçmb o`rdlç mrmlĽyerou. Au `ŕfdk ympĽfĽrbdl `b` uhul cmlg`s`lod omcm mz a`r o`rdlç od ĕ dr` ebuluyersm befdbtúr uhu au uç efkmbtmoĽr. O`ĕdr uç `sd dk`tdr efmhmbtĽ r. _rmls`stúröl uçfmr Ľ tdsp`t do`fo`btdl selrm mŕmĕĽom tmafeomb` `ŕ fdk amsmkmbfmr Ľ tmb`p do`fdrdb do`fdrdb trmls`stúröl trmls`stúröl sm ĕfmk efup efkmoĽĕĽ cmbb Ľlom a`fg` do`l`f`r. ÚFÇÖFDL K ODĜDQFDQ ľ AMĜFML_@ (+)ADPY, (-)DKľ _DQ

L^L

^L^

A`r bmç yöz

A`r bmç yöz a`l XMĜFMK

(+)ADPY,(-)BEFFDB_ÚQ

A`r bmç yöz

A`r bmç yöz a`l

(-)ADPY, (+)DKľ _DQ

A`r bmç yöz a`l

A`r bmç yöz

(-)ADPY,(+)BEFFDB_ÚQ

A`r bmç yöz a`l

A`r bmç yöz

_rmls`s _rmls`sttúröl úröl h`ls`l h`ls`ldd gúrd gúrd hdtvdfo hdtvdfodb` db` K odĕ drfd drfdr` r` tdsp` tdsp`tt do`f do`f`r `rsd sd,, smĕfmk fmk efou efouĕu seluhulm vmr ĽfĽr. Úfçökfdr`l cdrcmlg` a`r`lod > K dfod do`f`rsd b Ľ sm odvrd, ∜ K `sd mçĽb odvrdy` adf`rfdr.

=7

AmzĽ _rmls`stúrfdr`l Bmtmfeg Odĕ drfdr`l` Gústdrdl Úrldb _mafe DFDKML LTKMQMX@

AH=>7 AH=>7M AH=>7A AH=>3 AH=>3M AH=>3A AH=>3H AH=:> AH=:>-: AH=:>-=> AH=:>-=:

_ÖQ

L^L L^L L^L L^L L^L L^L L^L ^L^ ^L^ ^L^ ^L^

^kmx (kW)

Tkmx (Z)

@kmx (kM)

8>> 8>> 8>> 8>> 8>> 8>> 8>> 74> 74> 74> 74>

?4 ?4 ?4 1> 1> 1> 1> ?> ?> ?> ?>

1>> 1>> 1>> 1>> 1>> 1>> 1>> =>>> =>>> =>>> =>>>

@h‐odbmzmlç K`l Kmx kM

=14 =14 1?> =14 =14 1?> ?4> ?> ?> :8 =>>

4>> 4>> 4>> 0>> 1:> 4>> 0>> ?>> =>> =:> 14>

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 =>> =>> =>> =>>

Toey Th @h Z kM

>,1 >,1 >,1 >,1 >,1 >,1 >,1 6= 6= 6= 6=

=> => => => => => => =>> =>>> =>> =>>> =>> =>>> =>> =>>>

Göröft ö (oA)

Jkmx (Kcz)

B ĽfĽj

=> => => => => => => -

=4> =4> =4> =4> =4> =4> =4> 4> 4> 4> 4>

@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @@ @@ @@ @@

=.4. _rmlsjerkmtúrfdr Pmp Ľfmr Ľ _rmlsjerkmtúrfdr `lhd, úzdf s`f`sf` smçmfmroml efuŕ ml bmpmfĽ a`r kmlydt`b gúvod `fd aulul aulu l özdr`ld ymfĽtĽfkĽŕ `fdtbdlfdrd `fdtbdlfdrd smr Ľfml smrgĽfmroml efuŕur. ur. Dl ams`t ams`t ŕdb`fod `b` smrgĽ aufulur. Au smrgĽfmroml a`r`ld ^Q ľKDQ (a`r`lh` odvrd) o` ĕdr`ld `sd XDBELODQ ( `b`lh` odvrd) odvrd) moĽ vdr`f` vdr`f`r. r. ^r`kd ^r`kdrr vd sdbelod sdbelodrr smrg smrgĽfmr Ľl Ľl a`ra`r a`ra`rfdr fdr`ld `ld dfdbtr dfdbtr`bs `bsdf df a`r amĕ fmltĽs Ľ yebtur.

Çmf Ľŕkm ^rdlsà` _rmlsjerkmtú _rmlsjerkmtúröl röl pr`kdr pr`kdr smrgĽs Ľlm mftdrl mftdrlmt` mt`jj a`r gdr`f`k gdr`f`k uygufml uygufmlooĽĕĽlom, lom, au smrg smrgĽ od ĕ`ŕ bdl a`r kmlydt`b mfml efu ŕturur. Au mfml, özdr`lod sdbelodr smrgĽs ĽlĽl om aufulou ĕu kmlydt`b odk`r lövd özdr`lod odvrds`l` tmkmkfmr. ^r`kdrd uygufmlml mftdrlmt`j gdr`f`k`l zmkmlm am ĕf Ľ efmrmb cdr ml yúl vd ŕòodt` odĕ `ŕt`ĕ `lodl efuŕturou ĕu kmlydt`b mfmlĽlom cdr ml yúlö vd ŕòodt` odĕ `ŕ`r. Au mfmlĽl sdbelodr smrgĽfmr ĽlĽ bdskds` `fd smrgĽfmrom mftdrlmt`j a`r gdr`f`k `loöbfdl`r. _rmlsjerkmtúrfdr`l pr`kdr smrgĽfmr Ľlm oeĕru gdr`f`k uygufmloĽ ĕĽlom gdld a`r kmlydt`b mfml kdyomlm gdf`r. Mlhmb au kmlydt`b mfml, sma`t a`r mfmloĽr.Au mfmlĽl yúlö vd ŕòodt` od ĕ`ŕ kdydhdĕ `lodl sdbelodr smrgĽfmr Ľlom a`r (dfdbtre keter buvvdt`) dkb `loöbfdkds` súz belusu efkmz.

Ŝ db`f =.81

=3

_rmlsjerkmtúrfdr`l XĽlĽjfmlo ĽrĽfkmsĽ =. ÇmfĽŕkm prdlsà`ld gúrd m. Xma` Xma`tt mb ĽkfĽ a. Xma`t gdr`f`kf` 1. Xmrg Ľ ourukfmrĽlm gúrd m. PmfĽt ĽfkĽŕ smrg ĽfĽ a. Ete trmlsjerkmtúrfdr 8. Xeĕutuhu h`ls`ld gúrd m. Cmvm Cmvm `fd seĕutkm a. Pmĕ `fd se ĕ utkm h. Xu `fd `fd seĕ utkm ?. Xmrg Ľ t`pfdr`ld gúrd m. X`f`lo X`f`lo`r`b `r`b smrg smrgĽ a. O`f`kf` smrg Ľ 4. Buffml Ľŕ mkmçfmrĽ lm gúrd m. Göç trmlsj trmlsjerk erkmtúr mtúrfdr fdr`` a. Úfçö trmlsjerkmtúrfdr` h. Çd ŕ`tf` mygĽt vd kmb`ldfdrod buffmlĽ fml trmlsjerkmtúrfdr :. Xeĕ utkm ŕdbf`ld gúrd m. Buru Buru trmlsj trmlsjerk erkmtúr mtúrfdr fdr a. Pmĕ fĽ trmlsjerkmtúrfdr 7. ÇmfĽŕkm prdlsà`ld gúrd m. Xma` Xma`tt mb ĽkfĽ a. Xma`t gdr`f`kf` 3. Xmrg Ľ ourukfmrĽlm gúrd m. PmfĽt ĽfkĽŕ smrg ĽfĽ a. Ete trmlsjerkmtúrfdr 0. Xeĕutuhu h`ls`ld gúrd m. Cmvm Cmvm `fd `fd seĕutkm a. Pmĕ `fd se ĕ utkm h. Xu `fd `fd seĕ utkm =>. Xmrg Ľ t`pfdr`ld gúrd m. X`f`lo X`f`lo`r`b `r`b smrg smrgĽ a. O`f`kf` smrg Ľ ==. Buffml Ľŕ mkmçfmrĽ lm gúrd m. Göç trmlsj trmlsjerk erkmtúr mtúrfdr fdr`` a. Úfçö trmlsjerkmtúrfdr` h. Çd ŕ`tf` mygĽt vd kmb`ldfdrod buffmlĽ fml trmlsjerkmtúrfdr =1. Xeĕ utkm ŕdbf`ld gúrd m. Buru Buru trmlsj trmlsjerkm erkmtúrf túrfdr dr a. Pmĕ fĽ trmlsjerkmtúrfdr dadbd vdym vdym dfod dfod aufulm aufulmll dldri` dldri` tmrmj tmrmj Ľlm am ĕfmlml fmlml smrg smrgĽfmrm _rmlsjerkmtúr _rmlsjerkmtúröl öl TçfmrĽ9 Ŝdadbd pr`kdr, buffml Ľfmhmb tmrmj Ľl smrg Ľfmr Ľlm om sdbelodr smrgĽfmr odl`r. =0

^r`kdr smrgĽfmrom adff` a`r jrdbmlsfm odĕ `ŕdl mftdrlmt`j mb Ľ k, gúvod özdr`lod odĕ `ŕdl a`r kmlydt`b mfml kdyomlm gdt`r`r. Au mfml dtb`s` `fd sdbelodr smrgĽ fmrom smr Ľk smyĽsĽ vd `fdtbdl`l bds`t mfml Ľlm amĕ fĽ efml a`r dfdbtr`b mb ĽkĽ `loöbfdlkds`ld sdadp efur. ^r`kdrod MH‐ l`l a`r mftdrlmlsĽlĽ l mb Ľk yúlölöl tmk tdrs` efmhmb yúlod sdbelodr smrg ĽsĽlom mb Ľk yúlö yúlö adf`r`r adf`r`r..

Ŝ db`f =.88

_rmlsjerkmtúröl smĕ fmoĽĕĽ bmylmb `fd çmfĽŕml mfĽhĽ lĽl _rmlsjerkmtúrfdr`l Beltreffdr`9 _rmlsjerkmtúröl vdr`ks vdr`ks`z `z çmfĽŕkmsĽ vdym vdym c`ç c`ç çmf çmfĽŕkmkmsĽ trmlsjer trmlsjerkmt kmtúr úr yúlölo yúlölodl dl a`r mr ĽzmlĽ l efo efouĕu ŕ öpcds`l` oeĕurursm ŕu sĽrmyĽ tmb`p dodrdb trmlsjerkmtúröl beltrefö ympĽfkmsĽ gdrdb`r. =. _rmls _rmlsjer jerkm kmtú túröl röl sdbel sdbelod odrr uçfm uçfmr r Ľlomb lomb`` MH gdr`f dr`f`k `k`l `l MH veftk eftkdt dtrd rd `fd úfçö úfçök kö ympĽfkmfĽo Ľr. Ŝmydt c`ça`r odĕdrod gdr`f`k ebulkuyersm trmlsjerkmtúröl dfdbtr`b mb ĽkĽ `fd `fg`s` bds`fkdf` vd smrgĽ fmr Ľl bepubfub beltrefö ympĽfkmfĽ oĽr.

Ŝdb`f =.8?

1. ^r`kdr Xmrg ĽfmrĽl Bepubfub Beltrefö9 Eck kdtrdy` Q x => ourukulom `bdl pr`kdr uçfmrm am ĕfĽ efml j` ŕ vdym amĕfmlt Ľ bmafefmr Ľloml odĕdr` úfçöför. Úfçö mfdt`lod c`ça`r od ĕdr ebulkuyersm ebulkuyersm j`ŕ vd bmafe trmlsjerkmtúr uhulm bmomr beltref do`fkdfò`r. XmrgĽ `fd gúvod mrmsĽlom kutfmbm selsuz o`rdlç gúröfkdfò`r. 8. _rmlsje Eck kdtrd dtrd Q x = beluk elukul ulom om `bdl `bdl _rmlsjerkm rkmtúr túr Xdbelo Xdbelodr dr Odvrd Odvrd Beltre Beltrefö fö9 Eck sdbelod sdbelod r smrgĽ uçfmr Ľlm od ĕo`r`p odĕ dr ebulur. 1>

Au beltr beltreff effdro drodd vd úfçk úfçkdfd dfdro rodd `std `stdld ldll odĕdrfdr drfdr`l `l çeb mft mftĽ lom lom ebul ebulml ml odĕdrfdrd rmstfml Ľyersm smrgĽfmr Ľl b Ľsm odvrd efou ĕulu mlfmkmb kökböloör. Gdrdĕ `lodl çeb yöbsdb vdym selsuz od ĕ drfdr `sd smrgĽfmrom bepubfub vdym tdkmssĽzfĽb efouĕulu gústdr`r. Mr ĽzmfĽ trmlsjerkmtúrfdr ydl`fdr`yfd odĕ`ŕ t`r`fkds` gdrdb`r.

=.:. Qefdfdr Qúfdfdr Qúfdfdr dfdbtrekdb dfdbtrekdbml`b ml`b odvrd dfdkmlfmr dfdkmlfmr Ľ efup dfdbtrel`ĕ `l ymlĽ sĽ rm dfdbtr`bç`fd dfdbtr`bç`fdr r tmrmj Ľloml om çeb buffmlĽfkmbtmo Ľr. Qefdfdr oöŕ öb a`r veftmi vd mb Ľk buffmlmrmb omcm yöbsdb a`r veftmi vd mb ĽkĽ beltref dtkdk`z` smĕfmr

ÇmfĽ ŕkm

Dfdbtre kĽ blmtĽ s úzdff`ĕ`lodl ^rdl rdlsà sà`9 Df jmyomfm jmyomfmlmr lmrmb mb ympĽ fkĽŕ tĽr. Kmly Kmlydt dt`b `b a`r a`r kdtmf dtmf lövd lövdl` l`ll çdv çdvrds` rds`ld ld tdf smr smr Ľfmr fmrmb dfdbtre tre kĽ blmtĽ s dfod do`f`r (Ŝdb`f=.84).

Ŝdb`f =.84

u tdfd aea`l odr`z. Lövdl`l çdvrds`lodb` aea`ld a`r dldri` bmylm ĕĽ amĕ fmyĽ p p dldri` vdr`rsdb, aea`l`l `ç`lodb` lövd kĽ blmtĽ s gà` kmlydt`b mfml efuŕturur Ŝdb`f=.87).

Ŝdb`f =.8:

Ŝdb`f =.87

Qúfdfdr od au prdls`pfd çmfĽŕĽrfmr. Lövdl`l bmr ŕĽ ŕĽsĽ lm a`r beltmb keltd do`fk`ŕ t`r. úfdl`l úfdl`l aea`l` aea`l` dldri` dldri`fdl fdlo` o`ĕ ` zmk zmkml lövd lövdod od efuŕml kmlydt`b mfml Ľ beltmĕĽ çdbdr vd beltmb mpmlĽr. Aúyfdhd aea`ld uygufmoĽ ĕĽkĽ z böçöb `r mb Ľk `fd rúfdl`l beltm ĕĽlm am ĕfmymhmĕĽ kĽz aöyöb a`r yöbö çmfĽ ŕtĽr Ľ p p ourourma`f`r`z (Ŝdb`f=.83). MŕmĕĽ om ŕdb`f =.80‐om úrldb a`r rúfdfdr`l oĽ ŕ gúrölöŕö gúröfkdbtdo`r. Ŝ db`f =.83

1=

Ŝ db`f =.80

úfdfdr buffml buffmlĽfo Ľbfmr Ľ mkmhm mkmhm gúrd gúrd odĕ `ŕ`b mb Ľk bmpms` bmpms`tds tds`lo `lodd vd odĕ` ŕ`b beltmb smyĽsĽlom ördt`f`rfdr. ördt`f`rfdr. Çeb odĕ` ŕ`b b ĽfĽ jtm rúfd kdvhuttur. kdvhuttur. BuffmlĽfo ĕĽ mkmhm gúrd rúfd `ç`lod a`rodl jmzfm beltmb efma`f`r. Aea`l dldri`fdl`lhd beltmbfmr Ľl cdps` a`rodl çdbdr. Qúfdfdr ŕ efmrmb gdldfod mŕ mĕĽomb` ŕdb`fod gúröfoöĕ ö gà` gústdr`f`r. Cdr rúfd `b` ŕdkmt`b efmrmb b ĽsĽkoml efu ŕur. Aulfmr9 

Qúfdl`l aea`l`



Qúfdl`l beltmbfmr Ľ

rúfd çdbk çdbkdo dodl dl úlhd úlhd odĕdl uhu, uhu,"LE" "H" beltm ĕĽl ertmb uhu "LH" beltm ĕĽl rúfd beltm ĕĽl çdbt`btdl selrm od ĕdl uhulu `jmod dodr.

Qúfdl`l Úfçökfdr` Qúfd, o`rdlç tdsp`t` ympĽfmrmb vdym rúfd dldri` adsfdkd uçfmr Ľlm veftmi uygufmlmrmb beltref do`fda`f`r. Qúfdfdr od beltmb uçfmr Ľloml zmkml `çdr`s`lod mŕĽr Ľ mb Ľk çdb`fo`ĕ`lod kdkd ympkm vdym ebs`tfdlkd ebs`tfdlkd gà` ourukfmr ertmym ç Ľbma`f`r. Au ouruk rúfdl`l `ŕfdv`k ydr`ld gdt`rkds`l` dlgdffdr.

O`rdlç _dsp`t` PmpĽfmrmb Úfçök =. Úfçö mfdt` eck kdtrd bmodkds`ld bmodkds`ld mfĽl Ľr. 1. Úfçö Úfçö mfdt`l mfdt`l`l `l prepfm prepfmr r Ľ rúfdl`l aea`l uçfmr Ľlm ŕdb`fodb` gà` am ĕfml Ľr. 11

Ŝ db`f =.?>

8. Aurmom Aurmom o`rdlç o`rdlç odĕ` ŕ`k` gúzfdl`r. ?. Xmĕfmk efml Ľl rúfdl`l adff` a`r odĕdrod o`rdlç gústdrkds` gdrdb`r. Mlhmb rúfdl`l h`ls`ld gúrd au odĕ drfdr jmrbfĽ efma`f`r. 4. Dĕdr úfçö mfdt`lod rúfdl`l o`rdlh` çeb yöbsdb o`rdlç gústdr`yersm (Kdgm eck kdrtda kdrtdads` ds`lod lod)) yml` yml` úfçö úfçö mfdt`l mfdt`lodl odl selsuz selsuz odĕdr gúrö gúröfö förs rsdd rúfd rúfd mçĽb odvr odvrdd efkuŕ tur. :. Dĕdr úfçö mfdt`lod sĽj Ľr eck ebulursm, rúfd aea`lfdr`l aea`lfdr`lod od b Ľsm odvrd lmro Ľr. 7. Pubmr ubmr Ľomb` ` ŕfdkfdr seluhulom rúfd mr ĽzmfĽ efouĕ u mlfmŕĽfĽrsm, rúfd ydl`s` `fd odĕ `ŕt`r`fkdfò`r.

Gdr`f`k Tygufmymrmb PmpĽfml Úfçök =. Qúfd Qúfdl` l`ll h`ls h`ls`l `ldd amĕfĽ efmrmb efmrmb rúfdl`l rúfdl`l aea`l aea`l uçfmr uçfmr Ľlm MH vdym dym OH gdr`f dr`f`k `k uygufmlma`f`r. 1. Dĕdr veftm veftmii uygu uygufm fmlo loĽĕĽlom rúfdl` rúfdl`ll beltmb beltmbfmr fmr Ľ bmpmlĽyers yersmm rúfd rúfd smĕfmkoĽr. Qúfdl`l beltmbfmr Ľ lĽl bmpmlĽ p p bmpmlkmoĽĕĽ, ouymhmĕĽl Ľz kdbml`b a`r sds `fd vdym beltmb uçfmr Ľlm am ĕfmlmhmb a`r úfçö mfdt`yfd mlfmŕ Ľfma`f`r. 8. Beltmb Beltmbfmr fmr bmpmlk bmpmlkĽyersm rúfd mr ĽzmfĽo Ľr. Pdl`s` `fd od ĕ`ŕ t`r`fkdfò`r.

18

=.7. _r`stúrfdr ^L^L yözdy a`rfdŕkdf` ymr Ľ `fdtbdl dfdkmlfmroĽr. Çeb böçöb tdt`bfdkd mb Ľk vd gdr`f`kfdr` `fd belt beltre reff do`f do`fda da`f `f`r. `r. _db yúlfö yúlfö mb Ľk gdç`ŕ`ld `ld `z`l `z`l vdr`rfdr. vdr`rfdr. Beltreffö Beltreffö o`yet om odl`fda`f`r. odl`fda`f`r. Mlmctmrfmkm Mlmctmrfmkm sörds`l`l çeb b Ľsm (sml`ydl`l =/=>>>'` bmomr) efkmsĽ, sördbf` sördbf` beltref beltref gdr`f`k`ld gdr`f`k`ld `ct`ymç `ct`ymç ouykmkms ouykmkmsĽ efukfu úzdff`bfdro`r . Ŝdb`f =.?=

Mlet uhulm pez`t`j, bmtet uhulm ldgmt`j gdr`f`k gdfo`ĕ`lod `fdt`kd gdçkdyd cmz ĽroĽr. Gdyt uhulm uygufmlml böçöb a`r pez`t`j omrad gdr`f`k` vdym OH gdr`f`k `fd `fdtbdl efur. OH gdr`f`k`lod `fdtbdl efoubfmr Ľlom gdyt gdr`f`kfdr` bds`fsd omc` `fdt`kod bmfkmym odvmk dodr. Ourourkmb `ç`l `sd mlet mb Ľk ĽlĽ bdskd, mlet-bmtet uçfmr ĽlĽ b Ľsm odvrd dtkd vd mlet- bmtet uçfmr Ľlm tdrs pefmrkm vdrdrdb ourourkm yúltdkfdr` buffmlĽfĽr.

Mvekdtrd `fd _r`stúr‐ öl XmĕfmkfĽb Beltrefö9 Xmĕfmk a`r tr`stúröl M-B uçfmr Ľ vd G-M uçfmr Ľ mrmsĽ cdr `b` yúlod od úfçö mfdt` özdr`lod selsuz o`rdlç gústdrkds` gdrdb`r.

Ŝ db`f =.?19 _r`stúröl M-B uçfmrĽ mrmsĽ cdr `b` yúlodl od selsuz o`rdlç gústdrkds`

Ŝ db`f =.?8

1?

_r`stúröl G-B uçfmr Ľ oeĕru pefmr`zd do`fo` ĕ`lod böçöb o`rdlç, tdrs pefmrkm do`fo`ĕ`lod `sd selsuz o`rdlç gústdrkds` gdrdb`r.

Ŝ db`f =.??

_r`stúröl Tç _dsp`t` Úfçö mfdt`l`l s`ymc preau tr`stúr mymbfmr Ľloml a`r`ld sma`t tutufur. O` ĕdr prea tr`stúröl cdr `b` mymĕĽlm od ĕo`r`f`r. Xmpkm efmlm bmomr, sma`t tutufml uç od ĕ`ŕ t`r`fdrdb úfçö tdbrmrfmlĽr. Xmpkm efou ĕu mlom s`ymc prea tr`stúröl gdyt uhulu, b ĽrkĽzĽ prea `sd bmtet uhulu gústdr`r. Aeŕ tm bmfml uç `sd tr`stúröl mlet uhuour.

Ŝdb`f =.?4

_`p

_drs Gdr`f`k Z

Ertmfmkm ľ fdt`k Mb ĽkĽ M

Kmx _dpd Mb ĽkĽ M

AQS?? AQS?4 AQS?: AQS?7 AQS?3 AQS?0 A_=4= _@H=>1O

8> :> =>> 1>> 8>> ?>> ?>> ?>>

>,? >,? >,? >,? >,? >,? 7,4 8,1

: : : : : : =>> 8>

_utkm _dt`bfdkd Mb ĽkĽ Mb Ľk Ľ kM kM 8 8 8 8 8 8 1> 3

1> 1> 1> 1> 1> 1> =4 4

Oeyuk Gdr`f`k` Z M =.4 =.4 =.4 =.4 =.4 =.4 =.74 =.7

AmzĽ _r`stúrfdr`l Bmtmfeg Odĕdrfdr`l` Gústdrdl Úrldb _mafe 14

= = = = = = 18 4

^mbdt @ @ @ @ @ @ @@ @@

=.3. Dltdgrd (_ökfdŕ`b) Odvrd _mlĽk9 A`r ymr Ľ `fdtbdl kmoodl`l `ç`ld vdym özdr`ld, bmtĽ vd gúzdldbs`z ourukomb`, çeb böçöb böçöb dfdk dfdkml mlfmr fmr Ľl, a`r a`r grup grup cmf`l cmf`lod od a`ç` a`ç`kf kfdl dlo` o`r` r`f` f`pp uygu uygull a`r a`r ŕdb`fod db`fod a`ra`r`ld a`ra`r`ld am ĕfmlkmsĽ surdt`yfd efu ŕturufkuŕ tökfdŕ`b a`r odvrdo`r. Odvrdl`l mlm ympĽsĽ efuŕturufoubtml selrm, cmr`h` amĕfmlt Ľ uçfmr Ľ oĽŕmr Ľom bmfmhmb bmfmhmb db`fod, ^MHBMG ^MHBMGD D (^db`h) (^db`h) odl`fdl odl`fdl beruyu beruyuhu hu kmcjmz kmcjmzmm `ç`ld `ç`ld ydrfd ydrfdŕt`r` t`r`f`r f`r.. MŕmĕĽom a`r a`r ŕ db`fod, dltdgrdl`l oĽŕtml gúrölö ŕö gúröfkdbtdo`r (Ŝdb`f =.?:).

Ŝ db`f =.?:

Kucmjmzmfmr, çeĕ ulfubfm o`boúrtgdl vdym s`f`lo`r`b a`ç`kf` efup kdtmf, sdrmk`b vdym pfmst`b kmfzdkdodl ymp ĽfĽr vd dltdgrdyd m`t a`fg` aurmom `jmod do`f`r. Am ĕfmlt Ľ uçfmr Ľ ym sebdtd g`rdhdb a`ç`kod vd p`l efmrmb tml Ľkfmlml ŕdb`fod oözdlfdl`r vdym fdc`kf` amĕ fmltĽ ympĽfmhmb a`r a`ç`kod tdf ŕ dbf`lodo`r.

Ŝdb`f =.?7‐od 444 o`yd a`f`ldl dltdgrdl`l mymb am ĕfmlt ĽsĽ gúröfkdbtdo`r. Dltdgrd özdr`lod aufulml eyub, lebtm `ŕ mrdt` vdym oöz ç`zg` östd gdfdhdb ŕ db`fod dltdgrd tutufou ĕu zmkml sef tmrmjtml am ŕfmkmb özdrd mymb lukmrmfmr Ľ smmt`l tdrs yúlöld oeĕ ru sĽrmfmlkmbtmo Ľr ( Ŝdb`f =.?7). Au burmf aötöl dltdgrdfdr `ç`l gdçdrfò`r.

Ŝdb`f =.?79 Ld 444 Dltdgrdl`l mymb amĕfmlt ĽfmrĽ

1:

TPGTFMKM JMMF ľ PD_ľ TPGTFMKM JMMF ľ PD_ľ ľŕfdk AmsmkmbfmrĽ



O`rdlçfdr 

O`rdlç rdlb yerukfmyĽl Ľz vd adf`rt`l`z.

beofmrĽ l Ľ a`r`kfdr`l`

  



Mvekd ekdtrd trd `fd çdŕ `tf` `tf` o`rd o`rdlç lç od ĕdrfdr`l` ebuyuluz. 

_rmlsjerkmtúr 



_rml _rmlsj sjerk erkmtúr mtúröl öl sdkae sdkaeföl fölöö adf`rfdy`p `ct`ymhm gúrd trmje sdç`k` ymp ĽlĽz.





uçfmrĽ l Ľ



_rmlsjerkmtúr adf`rfdy`l`z.



Mvekdtrd `fd pr`kdr vd sdbe sdbelo lodr dr odvr odvrdd úfçö úfçök kfdr` fdr`l` l` ympĽl Ľz.

Qúfdfdr 



 

Mvek Mvekdtr dtrdd `fd `fd rúfd rúfdfd fdr` r`ll odvr odvrdd beltr eltref effd fdr` r`ll` ympĽ p p aea`l od ĕdr`l` úfçölöz.

Belomlsmtúrfdr 



Belomlsmtúr Belomlsmtúrfdr`l fdr`l sdkaeffdr`l` sdkaeffdr`l` vd a`r`kfdr`l` adf`rt`l`z. Belomlsmtúrfdr`l s ĽlĽjfmloĽr Ľ fkmsĽl Ľ ympĽl Ľz (`ŕmrdt vd sdkaeffdrd gúrd).





Úldr`fdr

Ebufulu Ebufuluzul zul dfdbt`b dfdbt`b vd dfdbtrel` dfdbtrel`bb aúfökö aúfökö fmaermtumrfmr Ľ loml loml vdym vdym dfdb dfdbtr trel el`b `b pmrç pmrçmm smtm smtmll ydrfd ydrfdro rodl dl çdŕ `tf` `tf` o`rd o`rdlç lçfd fdrr tdk` tdk`ll do`l`z. Qdlb betfmr Ľ lm ambmrmb ambmrmb o`rdlçfdr`l o`rdlçfdr`l bmç eck efou ĕulu smptmy ĽlĽz. Fmaermtumroml Mvekdtrdy` tdk`l do`l`z. Úfçö mfdt`l mfdt`l`` uygul uygul sbmf sbmfmym mym mfĽl Ľz vd prep uçfmr Ľl Ľ odĕo`rdrdb s Ľj Ľrfmkm mymr ĽlĽ ymp ĽlĽ z. O`rd O`rdlh lh`l `l uçfm uçfmr r Ľlm odĕo`rd o`rdrd rdbb úfçö úfçök kö gdrçdbfdŕ t`r`r`l`z. Au odĕ drfdr` bmyododrdb vd o`rdlç özdr`lod aufulml rdlb betfmr Ľ ``ffd bmr ŕĽfmŕtĽrmrmb úfçök odĕdr`l` oeĕ rufmyĽl Ľz. _rmlsjerkmtúröl sdkaefölö Jmmf`ydt-=‐odb` a`fg` smyjmsĽlm ambm ambmrm rmbb adf` adf`rf rfdy dy`l `l`z `z vd ç`z`l`z. _rmje sdç`k` `ç`l a`fg` smyjmsĽ lomb` trmlsjerkmtúrfdr`l sĽl ĽjfmloĽr ĽfkmsĽ a`fg`fdrodl ymrmrfmlmrmb tdsp` t dsp`tt do`l`z. Dfdb Dfdbtr tr`b `b vd dfdb dfdbtr trel el`b `b pmrç pmrçmf mfmr mr smtm smtmll `ŕ ydrfdr`lodl a`r trmlsjerkmtúr tdk`l dodrdb vd a`fg` smyjms Ľlom lomb` a`fg a`fg`f `fdr droodl jmyomfmlmrmb uçfmr ĽlĽ tdsp`t dtkdĕ d çmfĽŕĽ Ľŕ ĽlĽz. Gdrdb`rsd au beluom ú ĕrdtkdl`l`zodl ymro Ľk mfĽl Ľz. _rmlsjerkmtúröl uçfmr ĽlĽ tdsp`t do`l`z Eck Eck kdtrd dtrdyy` eck eck bmodk modkds ds`l `ldd mfmr mfmrmb mb bepubfub beltrefölö ympĽ lĽz. Ebuf Ebuful uluz uzul ul dfdb dfdbtr trel el`b `b aúfö aúfök kölod ölodll ú ĕrdtkdl`l`z mrmhĽfĽĕĽ `fd a`r modt refd tdk`l do`l`z. do`l`z. Mvekdt Mvekdtrd rd `fd odvrd odvrd beltre beltrefölö fölö vd aea`l od ĕdr`l` `l` Jmmf`ydt =‐odb` db` a`fg `fg` smyjms Ľlom lom b` úfçkd úfçkd `fd `fd `fg`f `fg`f`` a`fg a`fg`fd `fdro rodl dl jmyomfmlmrmb ymp ĽlĽz. A`fg` smyjmsĽlomb` belufmrĽ loml jmyomfmlmrmb belomlsmtúröl a`r`k`l`, mst vd öst bmtfmr ĽlĽ ymzĽl Ľz vd sdkaeffölö ç`z`l`z. Jmmf Jmmf`y `ydt dt =‐odb =‐odb`` a`fg a`fg``fdrod fdrodll ymrmr ymrmrfml fmlmr mrmb mb belomlsmtúrfdr`l `ŕ mrdt vd sdkaeffdr`ld gúrd sĽ lĽjfmloĽr Ľ fkmsĽl Ľ ympĽlĽz. 17

 

Mvekd Mvekdtrd trd `fd belomls belomlsmtú mtúrfd rfdr`l r`l od ĕdrfd drfdr`l r`l`` úfçöp úfçöp mr ĽzmfĽ efup efkmo ĽĕĽl Ľ adf`rfdy`l`z.

O`yetfmr 



O`yetfmr Ľl adf`rfdy`l`z.

sdkaeffdr`l`



Mvekdtrd ymroĽkĽ `fd o`yetfmr Ľl uçfmr Ľl Ľ adf`rfdy`l`z.



O`yetfmr Ľl mr ĽzmfĽ efup efkmo ĽĕĽl Ľ adf`rfdy`l`z.

_rmls`sterfmr 



 

_rmls`sterfmr Ľl t`p`l`, sdkaeffölö adf`rfdy`l`z. 



_rml _rmls` s`sstúr túrfdr` fdr` bmtm mtmfeg fegomb omb` od ĕdrfdr` `fd bmr ŕĽ ŕĽfmŕ tĽr Ľl Ľz.



_rmls`sterfmr Ľl mvekdtrd `fd mr ĽzmfĽ eeffup efkmoĽĕĽl Ľ adf`rfdy`l`z.

_r`stúrfdr 

 





_r`s _r`stú túrf rfdr dr`l `l sdka sdkaef effd fdr` r`l` l` mymbuçfmr Ľl Ľ adf`rfdy`l`z.

vd

Bmtmfeg odĕdr`l` adf`rfdy`l`z. Mv Mvekd ekdtrd trd ympĽl Ľz.



`fd

 

úfçö fçökfdr`l`

Mvekdtrd `fd mr ĽzmfĽ efup efkmo ĽĕĽl Ľ tdst do`l`z.



Mtúfydl Mtúfydl`zo `zodb` db` fmaermt fmaermtumr umroml oml Mvekdt Mvekdtrdy rdy`` tdk` tdk`ll do`l do`l`z `z vd belo beloml mlsm smtú túrö röll odĕdr`l` a`fg` smyjmsĽlm oúldrdb úfçök `ç`l ŕ db`fodl vd tmafeom tmafeomll ymrmrf ymrmrfmlm mlmrmb rmb tdsp`t tdsp`t do`l`z do`l`z vd seluhu ú ĕrdtkdl`zd ymzmrmb rmper do`l`z. Jmmf`yd Jmmf`ydtt =‐odb` =‐odb` Ŝdb`f db`f =.7‐ .7‐ yd amb ambmrmb mrmb o`yetul sdkaefölö ç`z`l`z. Mvekdt Mvekdtrd rd `fd o`yet o`yetul ul uçfmr uçfmr ĽlĽ adf`rfdkdb ç`l ç`l Jmmf Jmmf`y `ydt dt =‐o =‐odb` db` a`fg a`fg`` smy smyjms jmsĽlomb` tmafeomb` `ŕfdk amsmkmbfmr ĽlĽ tmb`p dodrdb smptmyĽl Ľz vd seluçfmr Ľ a`r ydrd bmyodo`l`z.. Úfçök seluçfmr seluçfmr Ľlm ambmrmb o`yetul smĕfmk efup efkmoĽĕĽlĽ tdsp`t do`l`z. Dfdb Dfdbtr tr`b `b vd dfdb dfdbtr trel el`b `b pmrç pmrçmf mfmr mr Ľ smtml ydrf ydrfdro drodl dl a`r a`r modt modt trml trmls` s`st stúr úr mfĽlĽz. A`fg A`fg`` smyjms Ľlomb lomb`` belu belufm fmr r Ľloml loml jmyom jmyomfml fmlmr mrmb mb trmls`stúröl t`p`l` tdsp`t do`l`z. _rmls`stúröl sdkaefölö Ŝdb`f db`f =.14 =.14‘1 ‘1:‐ :‐ ym amb ambmrmb mrmb ç`z`l`z. Dfmkml lukmrms lukmrmsĽ AH=>7 efml a`r trmls`stúr tdk` tdk`ll do`l do`l`z `z vd au trml trmls` s`st stúr úr özdr özdr`l `lod od úfçök úfçökfd fdr` r`l`z l`z`` a`fg a`fg`` smyjm smyjmssĽlom lom aufu aufulm lmll ŕdb`fodl vd tmafeoml ymrmrfmlmrmb úfçökölö ympĽl Ľz. Xeluçfmr Ľ a`r ydrd bmyododrdb aulu a`fg` smyjmsĽlomb` tmafe od ĕdrfd drfdr` r` `fd bmr ŕ ĽfmŕtĽr ĽlĽz vd seluhu yerukfmy Ľl Ľz. _rmls`stúrfdr`l beltreffdr belusulomb` `ŕ fdk amsmkmbfmr Ľl Ľ tmb`p tmb`p dodr dodrdb db tdk tdk`l dtk dtk`ŕ efou ĕuluz uluz trml trmlss`stú `stúrrfdr` fdr`ll mr ĽzmfĽ efup efkmo Ľbfmr ĽlĽ tdsp`t do`l`z. A`fg` A`fg` smyjm smyjmss Ľlom vdr`fdl vdr`fdl tr`stú tr`stúrfd rfdrfd rfd `fg`f` `fg`f` fdk amsmk amsmkmb mbfmr fmr Ľlm gúrd ŕdb`ffdrd vd ` ŕfdk tr`stúröl sdkaefölö ç`z`l`z. Mvek Mvekdt dtrd rd ymro mroĽk Ľyfm Ŝdb`f db`f =.?4 =.?4‐‐tdl tdl ymrmfmlmrmb mymbuçfmr Ľl Ľ tdsp`t do`l`z. AQS? AQS??? t`p` t`p` a`r a`r tr` tr`stú stúr tdk tdk`l do`l` do`l`zz vd Mvek Mvekdt dtrd rdl` l`ll eck eck bmodk modkds ds`l `ldd mfmr mfmrmb mb jmmf`ydt =‐od vdr`fdl belu `fd `fg`f` ` ŕfdkfdr` tmb`p dodrdb úfçökölözö ympĽ lĽz odĕ drfdr` a`r ydrd bmyodo`l`z. Úfçök seluçfmr ĽlĽ a`fg` smyjms Ľlom vdr`fdl bmtmfeg bmtmfeg odĕ drfd drfdr` r` `fd bmr bmr ŕĽ rmrmb mr ĽzmfĽ ŕĽfmŕ tĽrmrmb efup efkmoĽĕĽlĽ tdsp`t do`l`z.

13

Dltdgrdfdr





Çdŕ `tf` dltdgrdfdr`l adf`rfdy`l`z.



Çdŕ `tf` dltdgrdfdr`l dltdgrdfdr`l úfçökfdr`l úfçökfdr`l`` ympĽl Ľz.





Çdŕ `tf` dltdgrdfdr`l tdsp`tfdr`l` ympĽl Ľz.



t`p`l`

mr Ľzm

Dfdb Dfdbtr trel el`b `b kmfz kmfzdk dkdd smtm smtmll cdrc cdrcml mlg` g` a`r a`r ydro ydrodl dl dltdg dltdgrd rd lukm lukmrm rmssĽ 444 444 efml a`r dltdgrd mfĽlĽz. MfoĽĕĽlĽz dltdgr dgrdl`l özdr özdr`l `lod odb` b` cmrj cmrj vd rmbm rmbmkf kfmr mrmm ambm ambmrm rmb b dltdgrdl`l mymb amĕfmlt Ľ uçfmr Ľ tdsp`t do`l`z. Dltdgrd Dltdgrdfdr fdrod od úfçök ympmr ympmrbdl bdl mylĽ beofu ydl` a`r dltdgrd `fd b Ľyms do`fdrdb smĕ fmkfĽ b beltrefölö ympĽlĽ z. Xeluhm ufmŕmkmoĽĕĽysmlĽz ydl`s` `fd odĕ `ŕt`r`l`z.

10

ÚFÇKD ZD ODĜDQFDLOľQKD ÚFÇKD ZD ODĜDQFDLOľ QKD

EAIDB_ľJ _DX_FDQ (ÚFÇKD XEQTFMQ@) ĽŕĽlm bmr ŕ Ľ gústdr`fdl zerfuĕ m ld odl`r =. Dfdbtrel Dfdbtrel mb ĽŕĽ odl`r55 M) O`rdlç A) Mb Ľ k H) Gdr`f`k Gdr`f`k O) Ördtdç 1. O`rdlçfdr O`rdlçfdr ympĽfoĽbfmr Ľ kmoodfdrd gúrd lms Ľf sĽl ĽjfmloĽr Ľfkmf ĽoĽr5 PmzĽl Ľz. M) A) H) O) Pmlomb` rds`k ldy`l sdkaeföoör5 M) _r`stúr A) _öldf _öldf o`ye o`yett H) Ydldr Ydldr o`ye o`yett O) FDO 8. Pmp PmpĽfml beltref seluhulom o`yet a`r yúlod mb Ľk gdç`r`yer o`ĕ dr yúlod gdç`rk`yer `sd au o`yet `ç`l ld súyfdlda`f`r5 M) Aeŕ A) Lútr H) Mr ĽzmfĽ O) Xmĕfmk ?. Bmr Bmr ŕ ĽfĽbfĽ `b` `fdtbdl vd aulfmr Ľl mrmsĽlom aufulml a`r ymf Ľtbmloml efuŕ ml vd dfdbtr`b yöbö odpe doda`fkd ydtdldĕ`ld smc`p odvrd dfdkmlfmr Ľlm ld odl`r5 M) Belomlsmtúr A) O`yet O`yet H) O`rdlç O`rdlç O) Úzo`rdlç 4. MŕmĕĽomb`fdrodl cmlg`s` belomlsmtúröl a`r`kò`r5 M) Eck A) Jmrmo Jmrmo H) Bmfer` Bmfer` O) @sĽ :. MŕmĕĽomb`fdrodl cmlg`s` a`r belomlsmtúr çdŕ ò` odĕ `fo`r5 M) Xdrmk`b A) BáĕĽ t H) _mctm _mctm O) K`bm

ODĜDQFDLOľQKD Hdvmpfmr ĽlĽzĽ hdvmp mlmctmrfmr Ľyfm bmr ŕĽ ŕĽfmŕ tĽr Ľ lĽz. PmlfĽŕ hdvmpfmr Ľl Ľz `ç`l jmmf`ydt`l `fg`f` belufmr ĽlĽ tdbrmr do`l`z. 8>

ÚĜQDLKD JMMFľPD_ľ ‘1 ÚĜQDLKD JMMFľPD_ľ-1 MKMÇ Çdŕ`tf` dfdbtrel`b dfdbtrel`b odvrdfdr` odvrdfdr` dfdbtrel`b odvrd dfdkmlfmr dfdkmlfmr ĽlĽ bmtmfegfmr Ľlm vd stmlomrt od ĕdrfdr`ld uygul burma`fdhdbs`l`z.

trel`b odvrd dfdkmlfmrĽlĽ bmtmfegfmrĽlm vd stmlomrt MQM Ŝ_@QKM 

Dfdbtr` Dfdbtr`bb vd Dfdbtrel`b Dfdbtrel`b _dble _dblefei` fei`fdr fdr`` =? lefu lefu Fdc`kfdk Fdc`kfdkdd vd Amsb Ľ Odvrdfdr` Mfml ertmb =>. s ĽlĽj keoöfö keoöfölodb lodb`` a`fg` a`fg` smyjms smyjmsĽlom jmyomfm jmyomfmlmr lmrmb mb vd burkmb burkmb `stdo`ĕ `l`z `l`z odvr odvrdd `ç`l `ç`l gdrd gdrdbf bf`` dfdk dfdkml mlfm fmr r Ľ tdk`l tdk`l dodrdb odvrdl odvrdl`z` `z` buruluz buruluz.. Xeluhulu mrbmom ŕfmr Ľ lĽzm vd úĕrdtkdl`l`zd gústdr`l`l`z.

1. ÇDŜľ_Fľ DFDB_QELľB ODZQDFDQ 1.=. Jfmŕúr Odvrds` Odvrd ŜdkmsĽ

Ŝdb`f 1.=

Odvrdl`l ÇmfĽ ŕkmsĽ Odvrdyd 0 veft gdr`f`k uygufmloĽĕĽlom odvrdo odvrdodb` db` _= vd _1 trmls` trmls`stú stúrfd rfdr`l r`l`l `l mylĽ efkms Ľlm lmzm lmzmrm rmll ymp ympĽsmf smf jmrb jmrbffĽf ĽĕĽ ldodl ldodl`y `yfd fd a`r` a`r` o`ĕdr`lodl dr`lodl úlhd úlhd `fdt`k `fdt`kdd gdçdhdb gdçdhdbt`r t`r.. Úrld ĕ`l _= `fdt`kod efouĕulom H1 belomlsmtúrö belomlsmtúrö _= –`l befdbtúr dk`tdr`lodl dk`tdr`lodl odŕmri efurbdl H= od Q8 özdr`lodl ŕmri efur. Au ourukom fdo ĽŕĽb vdrkdkdbtdo`r. vdrkdkdbtdo`r. H1‐ l`l odŕ mriĽ a`tt`ĕ `lod 8=

H= belomlsmtúrö belomlsmtúrö _1– y` `fdt`kd `fdt`kd gdç`r`r. gdç`r`r. Au ourukom ourukom Q?‐ d sdr` amĕfĽ fdo o`yet vdym 1 veftfub veftfub a`r mkpuf _1‐ l`l özdr`lodl odvrds`l` tmkmkfmymrmb ymlkmym amŕ fmr.

Odvrdod Buffml Ľfml Mrmç vd Gdrdçfdr 1 Modt Modt AH 4?4 _rmls`s _rmls`stú túrr vdym vdym Dŕod ĕdr` _=-_1 =Modt =Modt =Modt =Mod =Modtt 1Mo 1Modt =Mod =Modtt =Mod =Modtt =Modt =Mod =Modtt

Fdo vdym vdym 1 Zeftfu Zeftfubb Mkpuf Mkpuf =K K Çeb _urfu êtms`ydkdtr êtm s`ydkdtrdd ^= ?.7B ?.7B K =/?W O`rdç Q= =>B K =/?W O`rdç-Q1-Q8 =1>K =/?W O`rdç- Q? =>´J =>´J/= /=:Z :Z Belo Beloml mlsm smtú túrr-H= H= >.11´J Bel Belomlsmt smtúr-H r-H1 =>>´ =>>´J/ J/=: =:Z Z Belo Belomls mlsmt mtúrúr-H8 H8

1.1. Pöröydl @ ŕĽb Odvrds` Odvrd ŜdkmsĽ vd ÇmfĽŕkmsĽ

Ŝdb`f 1.1

81

?>=7 smyĽhĽ dltdgrds`l`l, smy Ľk ympma`fkds` `ç`l =8 lefu mym ĕĽ (Hfehb Dlmafd) `fd =4 lefu mym ĕĽl Ľl (Qdsdt) (Qdsdt) adsfdkd adsfdkd gdr`f`k`l`l gdr`f`k`l`l ŕmsd uhulm amĕ fĽ efkms Ľ gdrdb`r. Odvrdod, cdr a`r hfehb hfehb pmfs` pmfs`lo lodd çĽb Ľŕ `fd mbt` mbt`jj cmfd cmfd gdf` gdf`r. r. Dl sel sel pmfs pmfs odvr odvrdy dy`` amŕ fmlgĽç Ľŕfmroml a`r` sĽrm `fd belukulm gdt`rdrdb smyĽk Ľ tdbrmr `fb FDO‐ FDO‐ odl amŕfmt Ľr.

1.8. X`rdl Odvrds` Odvrd ŜdkmsĽ vd ÇmfĽŕkmsĽ

Ŝdb`f 1.8

Ŝdb`fodb` odvrdod a`r`lh` 444, jrdbmlsĽ yöbsdb a`r es`fmtúroör. ÇĽb ĽŕĽ ĽŕĽlom efuŕml s`lymf, `b`lh` 444'`l beltref beltref gdr`f`k`l` gdr`f`k`l` mymrfmr. X`lymf odvmkf odvmkfĽ `l`p çĽbt ĽĕĽ `ç`l odvrd çĽb ĽŕĽ ĽŕĽlom s`rdl sds` ouyufur. ouyufur.

1.?. ^mrb Xdlsúrö Odvrd ŜdkmsĽ vd ÇmfĽŕkmsĽ ^mrb sdlsúrö tmŕ Ľt gdr` v`tdsd tmb ĽfoĽĕĽ mloml `tàmrdl etekmt`b efmrmb çmf Ľŕkmym amŕfmr. Dbe sds s`lymf` prdlsà`ld gúrd çmfĽŕ ml uftrmsel`b sdlsúrfdr dlgdffdrodl ymls Ľyml dbe sds omfgmfmr ĽlĽ mfgĽ fmr vd aulfmr Ľ beltref öl`tds` vmsĽtms Ľyfm odĕdrfdlo`r`r. Dlgdfd efml uzmbf Ľb uymr Ľfmr Ľ cdk gúrsdf gúrsdf cdk od ` ŕ`tsdf efmrmb söröhöyd `fdt`f`r.

88

Ŝdb`f 1.?

Mrmç özdr`lod mrbm tmkpelm keltd do`fk`ŕ efml pmrb p`fet, tm ŕĽtĽ l gövdlf` pmrb dtkds` `ç`l ? modt uftrmsel`b sdlsúrodl adsfdl`r. ^mrb p`fet s`stdk`l`l sdlsúrfdr`, gúzd çmrpkmymhmb a`r ŕdb`fod tmkpelm keltd do`fk`ŕ t`r. MŕmĕĽom Ŝ db`f 1.4‐ td a`r pmrb sdlsúröld m`t pmrçmfmr Ľl tmkmkĽ gúröfkdbtdo`r.

Ŝ db`f 1.4

8?

A`r ^mrb Xdlsúröld M`t Amĕfmlt Ľ Odvrd ŜdkmsĽ

Ŝdb`f 1.:

1.4. Gdr` Z`tds TymrĽ Odvrds` Odvrd ŜdkmsĽ vd ÇmfĽŕkmsĽ

ÇmfĽŕkmsĽ 9 Beltmb mlmctmr Ľ mçĽ b vd mrmç gdr` v`tdsd tmb Ľfo ĽĕĽ zmkml dfdbtr`b mb ĽkĽ

amtmrymoml gdf`r, beltmb mlmctmr Ľ özdr`lodl vd s`gertm pmldf`lodb` s`gertmoml gdçdrdb kö ŕ`rd ufm ŕĽr. Z`tds Z`tds beluku belukulul lul gdr` gdr` ourukom ourukom efkms efkmsĽ, v`tds v`tds butusul butusulomb omb`` köŕ `r`l beltmbfmr beltmbfmr Ľ lĽl a`rfd ŕkds`ld vd oefmy ĽsĽyfm dfdbtr`b mb ĽkĽlĽl gdr` v`tds fmkamfmrm ufm ŕ kmsĽl Ľ smĕfmymhmbtĽr. Aúyfdhd gdr` v`tds fmkamfmr ymlmhmbtĽr. D ĕdr `stdl`rsd gdr` v`tds fmkamfmr Ľl Ľ om pmrmfdf efmrmb sdsf` `bmz (auzzdr) od tmb Ľfma`f`r. fma`f`r. Mŕ mĕĽom aúyfd a`r s`stdk`l ams`tfd ŕt`r`fk` ŕ a`r odvrd ŕdkmsĽ Ŝ db`f 1.7‐ od gúröfkdbtdo`r.

84

Odvrdl`l Ams`t ŜdkmsĽ vd Odvrdod Aufulml Dfdkmlfmr

Ŝ db`f 1.7

1.: 1.:. Ymkm mkml Mym ymrrfĽ _mvm _mvml l Fmk Fmkams amsĽ O Odv dvrd rdss` ( ľç Myo Ľlfmtkm YmkmlfmyĽhĽs Ľ) Odvrd ŜdkmsĽ vd ÇmfĽŕkmsĽ Etekea`ffdrod aufulml `ç myoĽlfmtkm fmkamfmr Ľ (tmvml fmkams Ľ) mrmhĽ l bmpĽfmr Ľloml a`r`l`l mçĽfkmsĽ cmf`lod ymlmr. Bmp ĽlĽl mç ĽfkmsĽ yfm bmpĽ ŕmftdr`, tmvml fmkamsĽlĽl ŕmsdyd tdkmsĽl Ľ smĕfmkmbtmoĽ r. _mvml fmkamfmr Ľ mrmhĽ l tök bmpĽfmr Ľ bmpmlĽlhm súldr. Gdhd bmrmlfĽĕĽlom mrmç bmp Ľfmr Ľl Ľl bmpmtĽfkmsĽloml selrm a`r sörd `ç myo ĽlfmtkmlĽl ymlĽb bmfk bmfkms msĽ, söröhö söröhölöl löl beltmb beltmb mlmctmr mlmctmr ĽlĽ ydrfdŕt`rkds`l t`rkds`l`, `, jmr ŕmftdr`l` mftdr`l` gúrda`fkds gúrda`fkds`l` `l` befmyfmŕtĽr Ľr. efmrmbb => ľç myoĽlfmtkm zmkmlfmyĽhĽ odvrds`, bmp Ľfmr Ľl bmpmtĽfkmsĽloml selrm ymbfm ŕĽ b efmrm ‘ =4 sml`yd bmomr `ç myoĽlfmtkml Ľl çmfĽŕ kmsĽl Ľ, au sörd sördl` l`ll selu selulo lomm om bdlo bdlo`f `f``ĕ`lodl ourkms ĽlĽ smĕ fmkmbtmoĽr.

8:

Ŝdb`f 1.3

Odvrdl`l ÇmfĽ ŕkm ^rdlsà` MrmhĽl bmp Ľfmr Ľloml loml a`r` a`r` mçĽfo ĽĕĽlom, lom, e bmpĽym m`t m`t bmpĽ ŕmftdr` mftdr` bmpmlmr bmpmlmrmb mb tmvml tmvml fmkams ĽlĽl ŕmsdyd `rtàmtfmlmrmb ymlkmsĽlm sdadp efur. MylĽ zmkmlom H = belomlsmtúrö Q = o`rdlh` özdr`lodl çeb b Ľsm a`r sördod (8 sml`yd bmomr) odŕ mri efur. MrmhĽl bmpĽ sĽ bmpmt ĽfoĽĕĽlom, bmpĽ ŕmftdr` mç ĽfĽr vd H=, Q = o`rdlh` vd _Q = '`l Dk`tdr-adyz uhulm sdr` amĕ fmlml Q 1 o`rdlh` özdr`lodl ŕmri efur. _Q = '`l dk`tdr-adyz mrmsĽ mb Ľk mb ĽŕĽ Ľŕ Ľ, _Q ='`l Dk`tdr-beffdbtúr'öl odl omcm aöyöb a`r mb Ľ k gdç`ŕ`ld `z`l vdr`r, au mb Ľk _Q1'l`l adyz uhulu pez`t`j efmrmb pefmr`zd dodr. _Q 1‐1‐l`l adyz-dk`tdr`lo adyz-dk`tdr`lodl dl mb Ľk gdç` ŕ` efuyersm au trmls`stúrod `fdt`kd g`rdr vd tmvml fmkamsĽlĽl özdr`lodl ŕms`fdŕ drdb ymlkmym ymlkmym odvmk dtkds`l` dtkds`l` sm ĕfmr. H= oefulhm, _Q = dk`tdr-adyz mb ĽkĽ bds`f`r, _Q = ymfĽtĽ km g`rdr. OefmyĽs Ľyfm _Q 1 adyz` pefmr`zds` bmfkmz. Au trmls`ster od ymfĽtĽkm g`rdrdb tmvml fmkamsĽl Ľl súlkds`ld sdadp efur. FmkamlĽ l ymlĽb bmfkm sörds`, belomlsmtúr bmpms`tds`, Q = vd Q 1 o`rdlçfdr`l`l od ĕdrfdr`ld am ĕfĽ oĽr. Odvrdodb` DfdkmlfmrĽl Gúrdvfdr` Q = O`rdlç9 Belomlsmtúröl odŕ mriĽl Ľl mrb'fĽ efkmkmsĽl Ľ smĕfmkmb, ŕmri sörds`l` beltref dtkdb (1,1B K =/?W).

Q 1 O`rdlç9 _Q = dk`tdr-adyz mb ĽkĽk beltref dtkdb, ŕmri sörds`l` beltref dtkdb (=,4 B K =/?W).

H= Belomlsmtúr9 BmpĽ ŕ mftdr beltmbfmr ĽlĽl mçĽfkmsĽyfm _Q = dk`tdr- adyz` özdr`lodl vd Q= yefu `fd ŕ mri efkmb (?7´J =:Z. Dfdbtref`t`b). _Q =_rmls`ster9 _Q 1 l`l adyz uçulu pefmr`zd dtkdb. _Q 1_rmls`ster9 Mrmç bmpĽsĽ bmpmloĽĕĽlom `ç myoĽlfmtkm fmkamsĽl Ľl dk`tdr-beffdbtúrö özdr`lodl çmfĽŕ kmsĽ lĽ ymlkmsĽ lĽ) sm ĕfmkmb. 87

1.7. Mfmrk Odvrdfdr` Odvrd ŜdkmsĽ vd ÇmfĽŕkmsĽ Gdldff Gdldff`bfd `bfd @ŕĽ bfĽ vd sdsf` sdsf` `bmz `bmz s`std s`stdkf kfdr` dr` efmr efmrmb mb buff buffml mlĽfkmbtmo Ľr . _mŕĽt dkl` dkl`yd ydtt s`stdkfdr`lod buffmlĽfml `fb úldkf` smvulkm yúltdk`, tm ŕĽttm mfmrk s`stdk`l`l aufulouĕulu `bmz dodl vd b Ľsm mrmfĽ bfmrfm ymlĽ p p súldl a`r FDO o`yettur. Aúyfd a`r s`stdk cĽrsĽzm bmr ŕĽ ŕĽ hmyoĽr ĽhĽ efkmbtm efkmbtm,, cĽrsĽzĽl tmŕ Ľtm köomcmf köomcmfds` ds`l` l` adf`rf adf`rf`` úfçöod úfçöod dlgdffd dlgdffdkdb kdbtdo` tdo`r. r. Aúyfd Aúyfd a`r dfdbtrel`b odvrdl`l ŕdkmsĽ Ŝdb`f 1.0‐ om vdr`fk`ŕ t`r.

1.7.=. @ŕ ĽbfĽ ľbmz X`stdk` vd BuffmlĽfml Dfdkmlfmr

Ŝ db`f 1.09 Dltdgrdl`l östtdl gúrölö ŕö

Odvrdl`l ÇmfĽ ŕkmsĽ Odvrdyd _f trmls`sterul dbfdlkds`yfd zmkmlfmyĽhĽ dltdgrd LD444, beltmb mlmctmr Ľ mçĽbbdl çmfĽŕ kmz cmfd gdt`r`fda`fkdbtdo`r. LD444 dltdgrds`, 1 o`yet, =4 trmls`ster, 18 o`rdlç vd çeb smyĽom belomlsmtúr belomlsmtúrodl odl efu ŕkuŕtur. tur. Dltd Dltdgr grdd ?.4 ?.4 Zeft Zeft `fd `fd =: Zeft Zeft mrms mrmsĽlom çmfĽŕma`fkdbtdo` ma`fkdbtdo`r. r. 8 Lukmrmf LukmrmfĽ çĽb Ľŕ Ľŕ 83

uçuloml 1>> k`f` mkpdrd bmomr mb Ľk çdb`fda`fkdbtdo`r. Dltdgrd `çdr`s`lod `b` modt gdr`f`k bmr ŕ ĽfmŕtĽrkms Ľ ympml ` ŕfdksdf yöbsdft`h`, a`r jf`p-jfep `fd a`r tmld mfçmb göçfö ç Ľb Ľŕ Ľŕ bmtĽ aufulkmbtmo Ľr. Dltdgrd uçfmr Ľlm ŕdb`fod gúröfoöĕö gà` o`rdlç vd belomlsmtúr am ĕfmlmrmb od ĕ`ŕ t`r`fda`fdl sördfdrfd a`r fdo o`yet ymb Ľ p p súloöröfda`fkdbtdo`r. Beltmb mlmctmr Ľ mçĽfoĽ ĕĽ zmkml amtmrymoml gdfdl +=1 veftfub gdr`f`k O1 o`yeou vd 88B K‐fub K‐fub o`rdlç özdr`lodl _= trmls`stúrölöl adyz`ld dtb` dodrdb elu `fdt`kd gdç`r`r._=‐`l `fdt`kd `fdt`kd gdçkds gdçkds`, `, dltdgrd dltdgrdl` l`ll ? lukmrmf lukmrmfĽ rdsdt rdsdt uhulu uhulu ŕms`fdydrdb dltdgrdy` çmf Ľŕkmz cmfd gdt`r`r. Beltmb mlmctmr Ľ bmpmtĽfoĽĕĽ zmkml( keter çmfĽŕ kmzbdl) _= ymf ĽtĽkomoĽr. ? lukmrmfĽ uç ŕms`fdldkdo` ĕ` `ç`l dltdgrd çmfĽŕkmym amŕ fmr. B ĽrkĽzĽ rdlbf` fdo o`yet sördbf` sö rdbf` efmrmb ymlĽ p p súldrdb mfmrk s`stdk`l`l çmfĽŕ kmym cmzĽr efouĕ ulu `bmz dodr. Odvrdl` Odvrdl`ll ympĽfma`fk fma`fkds` ds` `ç`l `ç`l 444 dltdgr dltdgrds` ds`l`l l`l mymbfm mymbfmr r ĽlĽl a`f`lk a`f`lkds` ds` gdrdb` gdrdb`r. r. Ŝdb`f 1.0od dltdgrdl`l östdl gúrölöŕö vdr`fk` ŕt`r. = lukmrmfĽ mymĕĽl c`zms Ľlom lebtm `ŕ mrdt`, a`r eyub vdym a`r ç`zg` aufulur. Au b ĽsĽ k östd gdfdhdb gdfdhdb ŕ db`fod tutufouĕu zmkml mymb lukmrmfmr Ľ smmt àrds`l`l tdrs`ld oe ĕru sĽrmfmlĽr. Odvrdod buffmlĽfml fdo‐ `l `b` uhu vmroĽr. B Ľ sm efml uhu dbs`, uzul efml uhu `sd mrt ĽoĽ r.

1.7.1. C ĽrsĽz MfmrkĽ Odvrd ŜdkmsĽ

Ŝdb`f 1.=>

Odvrdl`l ÇmfĽŕ kmsĽ9 Odvrdl`l ĽŕĽ Ľŕ Ľb sdlsúrö FOQ a`r eomym g`zfdl`r. Eoml Ľl fmkamsĽ mçĽfoĽĕĽ zmkml vdym df jdldr` gà` h`cmzfmr Ľl ĽŕĽĕĽ FOQ' yd gdfo` ĕ` zmkml FM_HC çĽb ĽŕĽ ĽŕĽ fei`b-= fei`b-= sdv`yd sdv`yds`ld s`ld yöbsdf`r. yöbsdf`r. ^mfs ördtdh ördtdh`l` `l`ll ördtt` ördtt`ĕ` s`ly s`lymf mf `fd `fd au fei` fei`bb-= sdv` sdv`yd yds` s`,, ZD bmpĽs ĽlĽl mçĽfkmsĽlĽ vd çĽb Ľŕ Ľŕ m bmrd omfgm s`lymf`l ufmŕkmsĽl Ľ smĕfmr. Au s`lymf trmlsousdr` `fdt`kd sebmrmb auzzdr'`l bds`b bds`b çmfkmsĽlm sdadp efur. ÇĽb Ľŕ Ľŕ m rúfd amĕ fmlmrmb yöbsdb göçfö s`rdl, fmkam vs. l`l çmf Ľŕ kmsĽ smĕ fmlma`f`r. fmlma`f`r. Odvrd Odvrd rdsdt tuŕu `fd susturufur.

80

1.3. Qdgöfátúr Odvrdfdr` 1.3.=. Ams`t, Mymrf Ľ Qdgöfátúr Odvrd ŜdkmsĽ vd ÇmfĽŕkmsĽ

Ŝ db`f 1.==

Ľŕ gdr`f FK8= FK8=77 Dltd Dltdgr grds ds`, `, çĽb Ľŕ gdr`f`k `k`` =,1Z =,1Z…. …... 8:Z 8:Z mrms mrmsĽlom mymrfml mymrfmlma` ma`fdl fdl rdgöfd rdgöfd dltdgrdsò`r. Pubmr Ľomb` odvrdod Q1 petmls`yekdtrds` `fd o`rdlç odĕ dr` odĕ` ŕt`r`fdrdb FK8=7 dltdgrds`l`l ç Ľb Ľ ŕ gdr`f`k` odĕ `ŕt`r`f`r.

1.3.1. Xma`t Qdgöfátúr (F1>>) Odvrd ŜdkmsĽ vd ÇmfĽŕkmsĽ

Ŝdb`f 1.=1

gdr`f`k `k`` 1,34 1,34Z Z … 8:Z 8:Z mrms mrmsĽ lom mymrfmlma`fd mymrfmlma`fdl, l, pez`t`j pez`t`j ç Ľb Ľŕ F1>>, çĽb Ľŕ Ľŕ gdr`f Ľŕ m smc`p 4 tdrk`lmff` rdgöfd dltdgrdsò`r. Kmbs`kuk 1M çĽ b Ľŕ Ľŕ vdrda`f`r.

?>

1.3.8. 73>: ľfd : Zeftfub Qdgöfátúr Odvrd ŜdkmsĽ vd ÇmfĽŕkmsĽ

Ŝ db`f 1.=8

73>: sdr`s` rdgöfmtúr dltdgrds` `fd ymp Ľfml : veftfub çĽb Ľŕ Ľŕ vdrdl rdgöfmtúr odvrds` Ŝdb`f 1.=8‐td gúröfkdbtdo`r. Odvrdl`l g`r`ŕ gdr`f`k` efml 3veft dltdgrdl`l g`r` ŕ`ld uygufmlo uygufmloĽĕĽlom ertm uçtml(GLO) uçtml(GLO) 1 veftfub veftfub gdr`f`k gdr`f`k ŕmsd do`f`r. Ç Ľb Ľŕ Ľŕ tml tmk : veftfub a`r gdr`f`k dfod do`f`r. 73SS dltdgrdfdr` SS od ĕdr` bmomr ç Ľb Ľŕ Ľŕ gdr`f`k` vdr`r. Mlhmb g`r` ŕ odĕ dr` çĽb Ľŕ Ľŕ odĕ dr`lodl yöbsdb efkmfĽo Ľr.

?=

TPGTFMKM JMMF ľ PD_ľ TPGTFMKM JMMF ľ PD_ľ ľŕfdk AmsmkmbfmrĽ







Dfdbtrel`b amsb ĽfĽ odvrdy` cmzĽrfmyĽlĽz.





Dfdbtrel`b adf`rfdy`l`z.

odvrd

dfdkmlfmr Ľ lĽ







Dfdbtrel`b odvrdy` fdc`kfdy`l`z.



 

 

Dfdbtrel`b odvrdy` çmfĽŕt Ľr Ľl Ľz.



?1

Úldr`fdr Dfdbtrel`b kmfzdkd smtml cdrcmlg` cdrcmlg` a`r ydrodl ympmhmĕĽ lĽz odvrd çdŕ ò`l` od gúz gúz úlöl úlöldd mfmr mfmrmb mb amb amb ĽrfĽ pdrt`lmbs, pr`lt bmfdk, pdròref, tuz rucu vd =kk bmf ĽlfĽ ĕĽlom a`r kmtbmp uhu vd kmtbmp tdk`l do`l`z. Dfdbtr`b Dfdbtr`b vd dfdbtrel`b dfdbtrel`b _dblefei`f _dblefei`fdr` dr` =? Lefu Fdc`kfdkd vd Amsb Ľ Odvrdfdr` Mfml ertmb =>. s Ľl Ľj keoöfölodb` amsb Ľ odvrdfd odvrdfdr` r` cmzĽrfmk rfmkmm belu belusu su `fd `fd `fg` `fg`f` f` a`fg`fdrodl ymrmfml Ľl Ľz. Au Au belu beluom om gdrd gdrdb` b`rs rsdd ebuf ebuful uluz uzul ul Dfdbtr`b tr`b vd Dfdb fdbtrel rel`b aúfökö ú ĕrdtkdlfdr`lodl ymroĽk mfĽ lĽz. Pmpkmb `stdo`ĕ `l`z odvrdl`l dfdkmlfmr ĽlĽ Úĕrdlk rdlkdd Jmmf` Jmmf`yd ydtf tfdr dr`` 1‐odb` odvrdfdrd ambmrmb ç ĽbmrtĽ lĽz. Mtúfydl`zod aufulml fdc`k tmamlhmsĽl Ľ, fdc`k tdf`l` vd fdc`k pmstmsĽl Ľ tdk`l do`l`z. Dfdbtrel`b amsb Ľ odvrds`l` çmfĽŕ ma`fdhdĕ`l`z a`r kmsmym ydrfdŕ t`r`l`z. MçĽb ŕdkmym gúrd odvrd dfdkmlfmr ĽlĽ ydrfdŕ t`rdrdb tdb tdb fdc`kfdy`l`z. fdc`kfdy`l`z. MçĽb ŕ dkmsĽlm gúrd úrd fdc fdc`kfd `kfdk kd `ŕ` a`tk` ŕ a`r a`r odv odvrdy rdyd uyg uygul efmh efmhmb mb ŕ db`fod a`r ördtdç amĕ fmyĽl Ľz. Odvrd çmfĽŕĽyersm serul yebtur. Ŝmydt çmfĽŕ kĽyer `sd odvrd dfdkmlfmr Ľ lĽ mçĽb ŕ dkmym gúrd tdb tdb vd amĕfmltĽ uçfmr Ľ lĽ om o`bb o`bbmt mtdd mfmr mfmrmb mb belt beltre reff do`l`z. Dĕdr çmfĽ ŕkĽyersm úĕ rdtkdl`l`zodl ymroĽk mfĽl Ľz.

KEOÖF ODĜDQFDLOľQKD KEOÖF ODĜDQFDLOľQKD

EAIDB_ľJ _DX_FDQ (ÚFÇKD XEQTFMQ@) =.

Mŕ mĕĽomb`fdrodl cmlg`s` a`r o`rdlç a`r`kò`r5 M) Zeft A) Wmtt H) Mkpdr

O) Eck

1. Bmcvdrd Bmcvdrdlg`lg`-smr smr Ľ-b Ľrk ĽzĽ-gököŕ rdlb betfmr Ľ efml a`r o`rdlh`l smyĽ smf odĕdr`l` aufuluz5 M) =? K %=> A) =?? K %=>> H) =?>> K %=> O) ?=>>>>> K %4

8.

Pubm ubmr Ľom vdr`fdl o`rdlh`l ek`b odĕdr`l` rdlb amltfmr Ľlm ambmrmb tdsp`t do`l`z. M) 11>>K

A) =1>>K

H) 1>>1K

?.

Mŕ mĕĽomb`fdrodl cmlg`s` o`yeoul sdkaeföoör5

4.

Mŕ mĕĽomb`fdrodl cmlg`s` o`yetul butupfmr ĽlĽ l `s`kfdr`lodlo`r5 `s`kfdr`lodlo`r5 M) Dk Dk`t `tdr dr,, Ady Adyz

:.

H) Dk Dk`t `tdr dr,, Befd Befdbbtúr túr O)Mb )Mb Ľ k. Gdr`f`k

A) Mlet Mlet,, Bmte Bmtett

Pubm ubmr Ľomb` sdkaef ldy` `jmod dodr5 M) Dltdgrd

7.

O) 11K

A) _rmlsjerkmtúrö

H) O`yet

O) _rm ls`stúr

Mŕ mĕĽomb`fdrodl cmlg`s` trmlsjerkmtúrod aufulml smrgĽfmr Ľl `s`kfdrò`r5 M) Dloöv` smrgĽsĽ H) ^r`kdr vd Xdbelodr smrgĽ

A) Beffdbtúr smrgĽsĽ O) Qufe smrgĽ

?8

3. Pub Pubmr Ľomb` sdkaef ldy` `jmod dodr5 M) _rmlsjerkmtúrö

A) Mböyö

H) _r`stúrö

O) O`rdlh`

0. Oöŕöb a`r veftmi vd mb Ľk buffmlmrmb omcm yöbsdb a`r veftmi vd mb ĽkĽ beltref dtkdk`z` smĕfmyml odvrd dfdkml Ľlm ld odl`r5 M) Qefd

A) Pöbsdft`h`

H) Qdgöfátúr

O) Dltdgrd

H) Belomlsmtúrö

O)_r` _r`stúrö

=>. Pubmr Ľomb` sdkaef ldy` `jmod dodr5 M) Ydldr o`yetu

A) Fdo o`yetu

==. A`r ymr Ľ `fdtbdl kmoodl`l `ç`ld vdym özdr`ld, bmtĽ vd gúzdldbs`z ourukomb`, çeb böçöb dfdkmlfmr Ľl, a`r grup grup cmf`lo cmf`lodd a`ç`kf a`ç`kfdlo dlo`r` `r`f`p f`p uygul a`r ŕdb`fod db`fod a`ra`r a`ra`r`ld `ld amĕfmlkmsĽ surdt`yfd efuŕ turufkuŕ tökfdŕ`b a`r odvrdyd ld odl`r5 M) Odvrd

A) Dltd grd

H) Bmpms`túr

O) _rmls`stúr

H) =>3´J

O) =>=1´J

=1. = Jmrmo bmç k`bre k`bre jmrmo jmrmo dodr5 dodr5 M) =>: ´J

A) =>0´J

=8. 73SS dltdgrds`lo dltdgrds`lodd SS ldy` `jmod dtkdbtdo`r dtkdbtdo`r55 M) G`r`ŕ gdr`f`k`l` H) G`r`ŕ-ÇĽb Ľŕ Ľŕ gdr`f`k`l`

A) ÇĽ b Ľŕ Ľŕ gdr`f`k`l` O) Dltdgrdl`l sdkaefölö

=?. A`r trmls`stúröl trmls`stúröl ……… ……… vd ……… efkmb efkmb özdrd `b` `b` t`p çdŕò` vmroĽr. =4. Gdr` v`tds köŕ `r`lodl `r`lodl mb m b Ľk mrmç …………………. tmb Ľfo ĽĕĽ zmkml gdçkdbtdo`r.

ODĜDQFDLOľQKD ŕĽfmŕ tĽr Ľ lĽz. PmlfĽŕ hdvmpfmr Ľl Ľz `ç`l jmmf`ydt`l Hdvmpfmr ĽlĽzĽ hdvmp mlmctmrfmr Ľyfm bmr ŕĽ `fg`f` belufmr ĽlĽ tdbrmr do`l`z.

??

HDZM^ MLMC_MQFMQ@ HDZM^ MLMC_MQFMQ@ ÚĜ QDLKD JMMFľPD_ľ ‘ = HDZM^ MLMC_MQ@ M LMC_MQ@ M Bmrael _dff` J`fk Hdrkdt H O M A H

= 1 8 ? 4 : 7

KEOÖF ODĜ DQFDLOľQKD HDZM^ MLMC_MQ@ = 1 8 ? 4 : 7 3 0 => == =1 =8 =? =4

O H M H A O H M M O A M A ^L^- L^L Gdr` v`tds‐d

?4

BMPLMBÇM BMPLMBÇM 

MXFML Kuzmjjdr, Kuzmjjdr, Dyöp Drsml XÖFÖL, Dfdbtrel`b Odvrd BukmlomfmrĽ, @. Ams Ľk, Cmz`rml, =007.



DQXEP Cmsml, Dfdbtr`b vd Ete Dfdbtrel`ĕ` , =00>.



XMFKML XMFKML K. Xmc`r, Xmc`r, Mt`ffm BEHM, Qdhdp Qdhdp MF_@L, MF_@L, Kdckdt Kdckdt ÖFBDQ, ÖFBDQ, Ete Dfdbtr`b Dfdbtrel` ĕ`, K`ff` Dĕ`t`k Ams Ľk Dv`, ľstmlauf, 1>>>.



PMQH@ PMQH@ Bdk Bdkmf, mf, ľfcml fcml PTQ_BTF PTQ_BTFT, T, Ete Dfdbtr Dfdbtrel` el`ĕ `, PÖHD PmyĽ lfmr Ľ, ľstmlauf, =00:.



_DBÚYGDL Droeĕml, Dfdbtrel`b Odldyfdr vd ^reidfdr, ľstmlauf, stmlauf, =001.



www.ea`tdt.gmz`.dou.tr



ddk.oukfup`lmr.dou.tr



cttp9//mr`.hmlbmym.dou.tr



www.dfdbtrel`boölymsĽ .hek



www.smldf.hek.tr



cttp9//mm.aeshc.od

?:

Elektronik 1 - MEGEP - Temel Elektronik 2

Recommend Documents