El Ejercito de Chile en Visperas a La GdP.una Vision de Las Tropas 1866-1879.Valentina-Verbal

HO HGËSNK\D LH NEKOH HA ZÆ^YHSM^ LH OM BXHSSM LHO YMNÆJKND. XAM ZK^KÞA LH OM^ \SDYM^ (=5::-=52;) “ZMOHA\KAM ZHSCMO ^\DN@FH[HS

EK^\DSKM >;: K^Â 92=;-92=; A· = - 39=< P=>8-=:8V

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HO HGËSNK\D HGËSNK \D LH NEKOH HA ZÆ^YHSM^ LH OM BXHSSM LHO L HO YMNÆJKND. YMNÆJKND. XAM ZK^KÞA LH OM^ \SDYM^ \SDYM^ (=5::-=52;) NEKOH‛^ MSF[ DA \EH HZH DJ \EH YMNKJKN RMS7 M ZKHR JSDF \EH \SDDY^

Zmohatka Zmohatkamm Zhrcmo Zhrcmo ^tdn`fhyhr Xakvhrsklml Zkým lho Fmr, Nekoh. vmohvhrcmoIbfmko.ndf

Shsufha

Hsth mrtænuod mcdrlm ua thfm pdnd hstulkmld pdr om ekstdrkdbrmjæm7 om vklm lho Hgërnktd lh Nekoh hatrh om Buhrrm nda Hspmým (=5:8-=5::) y om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd (=52;-=55<). \khah pdr dc ghtd rhspdalhr rhspdalhr m om prhbuatm lh sk hstm hatklml nmstrhash, lhslh om phrsphntkvm lh su ldtmnkþa lh trdpms, sh prhpmrþ fkoktmrfkoktmrfhath pmrm ho shbuald lh tmohs ndaffikntds. Mlhfís lho Hgërnktd fksfd, sh rhvksm om hvdounkþa lh oms trdpms ha om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo. Ydr ÷otkfd, sh hscdzm ho prdnhsd lh rhnoutmfkhatd m ndfkhazds lh =52;. ^h pomathm quh, lhslh om phrsphntkvm lh oms trdpms, Nekoh ad sh prhpmrþ pmrm uam buhrrm hsphnæ﬍nm, hsphnæ﬍nm, ha ndatrm lho Yhr÷ y Cdokvkm. Muaquh sæ, ndfd pmæs, emcræm lhsmrrdoomld ua hxpmaskdaksfd kfpoænktd “hndaþfknd y sdnkmo“ ha Matdjmbmstm. Matdjmbmstm.

Ymomcrms nomvh7 Hgërnktd lh Nekoh, Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd, Ymnæ﬍nd, prhpmrmnkþa fkoktmr, ldtmnkþa lh trdpms.

Mcstrmnt

\eks mrtknoh uapmn`s m tehfh rmrhoy stulkhl ka ekstdrkdbrmpey0 ekstdrkdbrmpey0 teh okjh dj teh Nekohma mrfy lurkab teh Nekanem Ksomals Rmr (=5:8-=5::) mal teh Rmr dj teh Ymnk﬍n (=52;-=55<). Jkrst, teh dcghntkvh ks td maswhr quhstkdas mcdut teks fkoktmry cdly uskab teh phrsphntkvh dj trddp lkstrkcutkda. ^hndal, teks stuly mamoyzhs nemabhs dj teh mrfy‛s trddps wkteka teh Amtkdamo Bumrl. Omstoy, Omstoy, teh rhnruktfhat prdnhss ka teh chbkaakab dj =52; ks mosd dutokahl. Cmshl da teh phrsphntkvh dj teh trddps, Nekoh lkl adt prhpmrh jdr m sphnk﬍n wmr mbmkast Yhru mal Cdokvkm. Edwhvhr ms m nduatry, kfpoknkt lhvhodpfhat dj ma hxpmaskdaksf “cdte hndadfkn mal sdnkmo“ hxksthl ka Matdjmbmstm.

@hywdrls7 Nekohma Nekoh ma Mrfy, Ymnk﬍n Rmr, Rmr, fkoktmry fkok tmry trmkakab, trddp‛s strhabte.

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KA\SDLXNNKÞA Om ekstdrkm fkoktmr mntumo ad sh rhlunh m om amrrmnkþa y hxpoknmnkþa lh buhrrms y cmtmooms, skad quh hs funed fís mfpokm y ndfpohgm. Ha hjhntd, puhlha lkstkabukrsh ha hoom vmrkms oæahms lh kavhstkbmnkþa, v. br., om ekstdrkm fkoktmr pdoætknm (quh sh rh﬍hrh m om mntumnkþa lh ods fkoktmrhs ha ho mndathnhr pdoætknd), om ekstdrkm fkoktmr sdnkmo (quh trmtm msphntds sdnkmohs lh om vklm lh ods fkoktmrhs), om ekstdrkm lh om thnadodbæm fkoktmr (quh hstulkm oms mrfms, oms jdrtk﬍nmnkdahs, htn.), om fkoktmrkm ekstþrknm (quh mamokzm uakjdrfhs, cmalhrms, fhlmooms, htn.), oms ckdbrmjæms lh fkoktmrhs, y, pdr nkhrtd, om ekstdrkm lh oms buhrrms y cmtmooms =. \dlms \dlms hstms írhms tkhaha ua puatd lh rhjhrhankm ha tdrad mo numo bkrma, d ema lh bkrmr7 om vklm lh ods hgërnktds. Ha hsth shatkld, tdlmvæm sda hsnmsds ods trmcmgds quh sh lhlknma m hstulkmr ho mndathnhr lho Hgërnktd lh Nekoh ha tkhfpds lh pmz. Om fmydræm lh oms dcrms lh ekstdrkm fkoktmr lh Nekoh sh rh﬍hrh m om ekstdrkm d nrþaknm lh oms buhrrms y cmtmooms, nda fmydr d fhadr maíoksks hstrmtëbknd y tíntknd 3. Hstd sh lhch, ha ad pdnm fhlklm, m om nkrnuastmankm lh quh, emstm emnh ad funed funed tkhfpd mtrís, om ekstdrkm fkoktmr hstmcm, nmsk hxnouskvmfhath, hxnouskvmfhath, ha fmads lh fkoktmrhs y ad lh ekstdrkmldrhs prdpkmfhath tmohs. [ thakhald ua ﬍a hfkahathfhath phlmbþbknd7 ho hstulkd lh oms buhrrms y cmtmooms lho pmsmld skhfprh sh em hstkfmld ndfd uam ÷tko ehrrmfkhatm pmrm ods prdjhskdamohs lh oms mrfms, puhstd quh ‟hs ua mrth quh supdah om mlquksknkþa lh uam hxphrkhankm‖>. [ sk ckha, nktmald m Sdchrtd Mrmankckm Nomvho, ‟ods hgërnktds sda pmrm ndfcmtkr, pdr od quh sh lhch kajhrkr, hatdanhs, quh om ekstdrkm fkoktmr ha ÷otkfd tërfkad lhch shr mnhrnm lh om cmtmoom‖<, ad emy quh dovklmr quh akabuam cmtmoom sh kfprdvksm, skad quh rhqukhrh lh uam hstrunturm y lh uam prhpmrmnkþa. Lh meæ quh pmrm hathalhr ho lhshavdovkfkhatd lh ua hgërnktd ha uam buhrrm, rhsuotm jualmfhatmo mnulkr m om drbmakzmnkþa kastktunkdamo y prhpmrmnkþa fkoktmr lho fksfd ha tkhfpds lh pmz.

=

3

>

<

Sdlræbuhz Zhomsnd, Ehraía, ‟Om ekstdrkm fkoktmr y om buhrrm nkvko hspmýdom7 uam mprdxkfmnkþa nrætknm m sus juhaths‖. ^tvlkm ekstþrknm ndathfpdríahm . Zdo. 3<. 399:. pp. 8; y :9. \mfckëa auhstrd trmcmgd7 Zhrcmo, Zmohatkam, ‟Om ekstdrkm fkoktmr, rdfpkhald prhguknkds‖. Maumrkd lh om Mnmlhfkm lh Ekstdrkm Fkoktmr lh Nekoh . A¹ 32. 39=>. pp. =>3-=<9. Ydr hghfpod7 \ëoohz, Kalmoknkd, Ekstdrkm fkoktmr lh Nekoh7 =839-=55>. Lds Zdo÷fhahs. ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm y Oktdbrmjæm Cmonhoos y Næm., =;<:0 y \drd Lívkom, Mbustæa, ^æathsks ekstþrknd- fkoktmr lh Nekoh . ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo Xakvhrsktmrkm, =;2:. Mrmankckm Nomvho, Sdchrtd, ‟Ho ndanhptd lh Ekstdrkm Fkoktmr‖. Yrkfhrm Gdramlm lh Ekstdrkm Fkoktmr. ^kbods UZKK-UKU . ^matkmbd, Nhatrd lh hstulkds h kavhstkbmnkdahs fkoktmrhs (NH^KF) “ Lhpmrtmfhatd lh Ekstdrkm Fkoktmr lho Hgërnktd lh Nekoh, 399<, p. 35. Kcæl., p. =3.


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Om fmthrkm lh hsth mrtænuod hs ho Hgërnktd lh Nekoh ha ua phrædld lh hatrhbuhrrms7 hatrh ho tërfkad lh om Buhrrm nda Hspmým (=5:8-=5::) y ho ndfkhazd lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd (=52;-=55<). [ su dcghtkvd hs rhspdalhr m om prhbuatm lh sk hstm kastktunkþa, lhslh om phrsphntkvm lh su ldtmnkþa lh trdpms, sh prhpmrþ pmrm om shbualm lh lknems buhrrms. Hs kfpdrtmath mnomrmr od skbukhath7 mo emcomr lh prhpmrmnkþa fkoktmr lh Nekoh pmrm om Buhrrm lho 2;, ndfd tmfckëa sh oh ndadnh, ad ads rhjhrkfds m quh hsth pmæs hstmcm d ad ha cuha pkh pmrm hsh u dtrd ndaffikntd skfkomr, skad mo ehned fís ndanrhtd lh sk, ha tërfkads lh om ldtmnkþa lh trdpms lh su Hgërnktd, pomak﬍nþ d ad om fhankdamlm ounem mrfmlm ha ndatrm lho Yhr÷ y Cdokvkm. Auhstrm phrsphntkvm hs, císknmfhath, om rhjhrhath m oms trdpms, muaquh ad sdod, ndfd vhrhfds, ha tërfkads hstrkntmfhath numatktmtkvds. Kbumofhath, y ad ndastktuyhald ho hajdquh prkankpmo lh hsth trmcmgd, skad skhald ua hohfhatd mnnhsdrkd, ha om ndanouskþa lh hsth trmcmgd emrhfds rhjhrhankm mo hstmld kastktunkdamo lh Nekoh ndfd ua jmntdr kfpdrtmath kfpdrtmath pmrm om vkntdrkm ﬍amo.

Mlhfís, ndasklërhsh quh pmrm lkounklmr lh fmahrm kathbrmo ho prdcohfm lh sk Nekoh pomak﬍nþ d ad om Buhrrm lho 2; hs ahnhsmrkd mnulkr m ua ndaguatd fís mfpokd lh jmntdrhs d hohfhatds lh guknkd0 hohfhatds quh hsnmpma mo ífcktd lh od hstrkntmfhath fkoktmr y quh, pdr hghfpod, sh rhomnkdama nda od pdoætknd, lkpodfítknd, hndaþfknd, htn. Ha hsth shatkld, trmaqukokzm smchr quh hstds msphntds ema skld su﬍nkhathfhath trmtmlds pdr om ekstdrkdbrmjæm. Ydr hghfpod, sda funems oms dcrms quh, lhslh ho omld lh Nekoh, ema hstulkmld prdjusmfhath ods mathnhlhaths lkpodfítknds lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd8. Ad sh puhlh lhnkr od fksfd, ha nmfckd, nda rhomnkþa m ods mathnhlhaths quh pdlhfds nmok﬍nmr lh fkoktmrhs . Hsth mrtænuod sh lkvklh ha trhs pmrths. Om prkfhrm, rhjhrklm mo Hgërnktd fksfd0 y om shbualm, m om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo quh jdrfmcm uam juhrzm ndfpohfhatmrkm ndfpohfhatmrkm lho prkfhrd. Ha mfcds nmsds, sh vhría oms nmatklmlhs lh pomzms rhnoutmlms. Yhrd tmfckëa sh ndasklhrmría dtrds hohfhatds, m smchr7 ho pdrnhatmgh quh lknems nmatklmlhs rhprhshatmcma nda rhomnkþa m om pdcomnkþa tdtmo lho pmæs, ods prdcohfms lho habmaneh, oms ucknmnkdahs bhdbrí﬍nms, htn. Xam thrnhrm pmrth, trmtmrí crhvhfhath ho rhnoutmfkhatd m ndfkhazds lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd. Ad sda funems oms dcrms quh, lh fmahrm lkrhntm, mcdrlma om fmthrkm mquæ hstulkmlm. Xa trmcmgd quh em shrvkld lh puatd lh pmrtklm y quh hs ho quh fís sh

8

Zëmash, pdr hghfpod7 Hankam, Jrmanksnd Matdakd, Oms rhomnkdahs hatrh Nekoh y Cdokvkm (=5<=- =;:>) . ^matkmbd Hlktdrkmo Amsnkfhatd, =;:>0 Sæds Bmoomrld, Ndarmld, Nekoh y Cdokvkm lh﬍aha sus jrdathrms . ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo Malrës Chood, =;:>.

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mnhrnm mo prhshath mrtænuod hs ho lh Nmrods Brhz, pucoknmld ha ho Cdohtæa lh om ha =;>8, quh mcmrnm tdld ho phrædld rhpucoknmMnmlhfkm Nekoham lh om Ekstdrkm ha ad, muaquh m trmvës lh ua maíoksks ha hxnhsd ndanksd:. Brhz cusnmcm rhjutmr ho mrbufhatd, hsphnkmofhath cdokvkmad2, quh m﬍rfm quh auhstrd pmæs lhsmrrdooþ, ha ods mýds mathrkdrhs m om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd, uam ndastmath y sksthfítknm prhpmrmnkþa fkoktmr, drkhatmlm m hxpmalkrsh emnkm ho adrth, thrrktdrkd lhokchrmlmfhath ndlknkmld pdr sus hadrfhs rkquhzms amturmohs, pmrtknuomrfhath smoktrhrms. M﬍rfmcm Brhz7

‟^k ods pucoknkstms lho Motkpomad ha vhz lh omazmr om brmtuktm mnusmnkþa lh prhpmrmnkþa cëoknm su﬍nkhath pdr auhstrm shrhaklml pmrm mbrhlkr ad ym m ua vhnkad, skad m lds, euckhsha thakld shrhaklml pmrm rhvksmr ods ldnufhatds maumohs lh auhstrd Fkaksthrkd lh Buhrrm y Fmrkam, ad sh emcræma mtrhvkld m prhthalhr jualmr mrtk﬍nkdsmfhath uam tma mtrhvklm ndfd kagustm mprhnkmnkþa. Mooæ hstía m om lkspdsknkþa lh numoqukhrm hsms Fhfdrkms, ha nuyms píbkams ho ohntdr handatrmrí lds ehneds quh oomfma juhrthfhath om mthankþa, m smchr7 =) quh maumofhath, sh hsjdrzmcma ods fkakstrds lho rmfd, ha prdcmr mo Ndabrhsd Amnkdamo quh ods hjhntkvds rhmohs hrma hrma kajhrkdrhs m ods hjhntkvds mutdrkzmlds pdr ohyhs hxprhsms. 3) quh hsds fksfds fkakstrds (mua numald funems vhnhs hrma fkoktmrhs lh motm brmlumnkþa) ad dpdaæma akab÷a kandavhakhath numald mo shr ahnhsmrkd emnhr hndadfæms ha om mlfkakstrmnkþa p÷coknm sh rhnurrkhsh, ha prkfhr oubmr, m om shnnkþa buhrrm y fmrkam lho prhsupuhstd amnkdamo. ^h smnrk﬍nmcma msæ kabhaths nmatklmlhs, nuyd bmstd rhprhshatmcm pmrm ho pmæs om trmaqukoklml, pdr hghfpod lh oms rhbkdahs surhýms, mfmbmlms pdr ods kalkds mrmunmads, htn.‖ 5 : 2

Lh sþod 35 píbkams, ndasklhrmald quh mlhfís mcdrlm od rhomtkvd m mrfmfhatds y tmatd lho Hgërnktd ndfd lh om Fmrkam. ^h rh﬍hrh, ndfd hghfpod lh su mshrtd, m Hlumrld Lkhz lh Fhlkam, quh ha uam dcrm suym lh =;=; sdsthaæm od skbukhath7 ‟―^h ndfprhalh, pdr od fksfd, quh ua mýd lhspuës Nekoh euckhsh ahbdnkmld nda Cdokvkm ho pmntd lh oæfkths lh =52<, rhndadnkhald uam vhz fís, ndfd oæfkth hatrh mfcms rhp÷coknms, ho pmrmohod lho brmld 3< ym ﬍gmld ha ho trmtmld lh =5:: y suprkfkhald om kagustm h kandavhakhath ndfuaklml lh lhrhneds sdcrh ods fhtmohs, muaquh fmathakëaldom sdcrh ho bumad. Amlm phrlæm nda hood, vhankhald ha nmfckd om lhsnda﬍mazm lho vhnkad, m qukha oh crkalmcm pruhcm lh mfkstml y bmamald ho tkhfpd ahnhsmrkd pmrm prhpmrmr su hgërnktd y sus rhnursds emstm om dnmskþa prdpknkm ha quh ho trkuajd lh sus mrfms oh lkhrm om pdshskþa lho thrrktdrkd ndlknkmld ‛‖. Nktmld pdr Brhz, Nmrods, ‟Om supuhstm prhpmrmnkþa fkoktmr lh Nekoh pmrm om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd‖. Cdohtæa lh om Mnmlhfkm Nekoham lh om Ekstdrkm . A· 8. =;>8. p. ==3.

5

Kcæl., p. ==>.


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Ho fmthrkmo ldnufhatmo utkokzmld ha hsth trmcmgd hs lkvhrsd, lk vhrsd, phrd císknmfhath sh rhlunh m lds tkpds7 oms fhfdrkms lho Fkaksthrkd lh Buhrrm y oms adrfms gurælknms lh drlha fkoktmr, fkoktmr, lkntmlms lurmath auhstrd phrædld. Mfcds tkpds lh ldnufhatds phrfktha dcthahr uam brma nmatklml lh lmtds ndanrhtds, hsphnæ﬍nmfhath hstmlæstknds. ^ka hfcmrbd, sh em hvktmld rhlunkr ho msuatd m fhrms nkjrms, cusnmald mamokzmroms ha ho ndathxtd ekstþrknd ha quh sh kashrtma0 kathrprhtíaldoms y ndthgíaldoms nda dtrms rhmoklmlhs nda oms quh sh ndahntma lh fmahrm vkvm. M dcghtd lh brm﬍nmr y ndasdoklmr oms m﬍rfmnkdahs rhmokzmlms, sh mýmlha mobuads numlrds, numatktmtkvds y numoktmtkvds. [ pmrm jmnkoktmr om ohnturm lh ods ldnufhatds, sh em mntumokzmld su drtdbrmjæm mo tkhfpd prhshath.

LD\MNKÞA LH \SDYM^ HA HO HGËSNK\D Ad sda funems oms dcrms quh, ha tërfkads hstmlæstknds, trmtma om ldtmnkþa lho Hgërnktd lh Nekoh ha ho phrædld ndfpohtd lh =5::-=52;. =5::-=52;. Xam lh hstms hxnhpnkdahs hs ho mrtænuod lh Nmrods Brhz, rhjhrkld ha om katrdlunnkþa lh hsth trmcmgd. ^hrbkd Zkoomodcds rhkthrm, ha auhstrm ëpdnm y rh﬍rkëaldod, ho fksfd puatd lh vkstm lh Brhz7 ‟Ha jdrfm sdsthaklm om ekstdrkdbrmjæm phrumam y cdokvkmam ema moulkld ska fmydr maíoksks m om pdoætknm mrfmfhatkstm mrfmfhatkstm lh Nekoh maths lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd. Hs uam m﬍rfmnkþa quh amlkh em ndfprdcmld, mnhptmlm ndfd kalulmcoh y mgham m tdlm lksnuskþa. Om thalhankm mrfmfhatkstm ad shræm fís quh om ndashnuhankm lh ods pomahs hxpmaskvds, prhpmrmlds ha om sdfcrm y quh lhcæma nuofkamr nda ho zmrpmzd lh =52;. Hstm nuhstkþa hs lh hsms vhrlmlhs kandanusms, quh trmasjdrfmlms trmasjdrfmlms ha fktds y ohyhalms ad mlfktha pruhcm ha ndatrm pdrquh sda pmrth lh om ahnhsklml ndohntkvm‖;. Nda ho dcghtd lh lhthrfkamr od fís ﬍hofhath quh shm pdskcoh oms nkjrms lh trdpms ha ho fmrnd lh auhstrd phrædld (=5::-=52;), ehfds mnulkld m lds juhaths prkankpmohs7 m) fhfdrkms maumohs lho Fkaksthrkd lh Buhrrm (utkokzmlms pdr ho fksfd Brhz), y c) ohyhs phrkþlknms quh mutdrkzma om juhrzm lho Hgërnktd phrfmahath. Om prkfhrm lh hstms juhaths mndstufcrm m ndatrmstmr oms juhrzms mutdrkzmlms nda oms hjhntkvmfhath hxksthaths, kanousd ha tërfkads lh su lkstrkcunkþa ha oms lkstkatms uaklmlhs lho Hgërnktd7 rhbkfkhatds rhbkfkhatds y cmtmoodahs.

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Zkoomodcds, ^hrbkd, Nekoh-Yhr÷7 od quh ads uah y ads shpmrm . ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo Xakvhrsktmrkm, 399<, p. ==<.

=<9 / E K ^ \ D S K M > ; :

Numlrd =.

Ldtmnkþa lho Hgërnktd lh Nekoh (=5::-=52;)=9

Mýd =5:: =5:2 =5:5 =5:; =529 =52= =523 =52> =52< =528 =52: =522 =525 =52;

== Juhrzm Mýd mutdrkzmlm Juhrzm Juhrzm mutdrkzmhjhntkvm lm==

>.95 >.95> =5::> =5:2 8.9=5 =5:5 8.=<9 =5:; 8.=2: =529 >.;=: =52= >.8=: >.8=: =523 >.82> =52> >.82> =52< >.>=: =528 >.>=: >.=33 =52: =522 =525 =52;

2.89< >.22: >.298 <.3;9 <.8=; >.;=: >.8=: >.=2= >.=<> >.=88 >.=:8 >.=32 3.<<9 3.<99=3

>.95>

8.9=5 8.=<9 8.=2: >.;=: >.8=: >.8=: >.82> >.82> >.>=: >.>=: >.=33

Juhrzm hjhntkvm

2.89< >.22: >.298 <.3;9 <.8=; >.;=: >.8=: >.=2= >.=<> >.=88 >.=:8 >.=32 3.<<9 3.<9 9=3

Juhath7 Fhfdrkms lho Fkaksthrkd lh Buhrrm prhshatmlms mo Ndabrhsd Amnkdamo . ^matkmbd, lkvhrsms kfprhatms, =5::-=5590 y Zmrms, Gdsë Matdakd, Shndpkomnkþa lh Ohyhs, Þrlhahs, Lhnrhtds ûprhfds y Nkrnuomrhs ndanhrakhaths mo Hgërnktd, lhslh hahrd lh =5:: m lknkhfcrh lh =529. \dfd KZ. ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm Amnkdamo, =52=.

Xa prkfhr msphntd m mamokzmr hs om Buhrrm nda Hspmým (=5:8-=5::). Om ohy quh hstmcohnkþ om lhnomrmnkþa lh buhrrm m Hspmým, lh jhnem 3< lh shptkhfcrh lh =5:8, mutdrkzþ mo Yrhsklhath lh om Shp÷coknm, ha su mrtænuod 3·, ‟pmrm quh mufhath oms juhrzms lh fmr y tkhrrm emstm quh od nrhyhsh ahnhsmrkd‖ =>. Hstm lkspdsknkþa hxpoknm ho adtmcoh mufhatd lh juhrzms hjhntkvms lh =5:: (2.89< pomzms) nda rhsphntd mo mýd mathrkdr (3.2;:). Ndfd ckha sh smch, om pmrtknkpmnkþa lh Nekoh ha om Buhrrm nda Hspmým dchlhnkþ mo shatkfkhatd mfhrknmakstm rhkamath ha hsh hatdanhs =<. Ho =< lh mcrko lh

=9 == =3 => =<

Homcdrmnkþa lh om mutdrm. Ods nmskoohrds ha comand sh hxpoknma pdr om jmotm lh kajdrfmnkþa ha cmsh m juhaths prkfmrkms y shnualmrkms. Ho trmcmgd lh Brhz tmfckëa ods lhgm ha comand. Hstm nkjrm hs om hxksthath mo fdfhatd lho kaknkd lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd, ad om quh sh odbrm rhnoutmr lurmath ho mýd 2;. Mabuktm, Sknmrld, Ohyhs prdfuobmlms ha Nekoh lhslh =5=9 emstm =;=5. \dfd KK. ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm, Oktdbrmjæm y Hanumlhramnkþa Cmrnhodam, =;=3, p. 39:. Ymrm hsth ndaffikntd, vëmsh7 Ndurnhooh ^hahuko, G. B., Mbrhskþa lh Hspmým ndatrm Nekoh . ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm lho Jhrrdnmrrko, =5::. Lhslh om phrsphntkvm amvmo (om Buhrrm nda Hspmým sh lkd prkankpmofhath ha ho fmr), vëmsh7 Juhazmoklm Cmlh, Sdlrkbd, Om Mrfmlm lh Nekoh. Lhslh om mocdrmlm mo ^hsquknhathamrkd (=5=>-=;:5). Lhslh om okchrmnkþa lh Nekodë (=53:) emstm ho ﬍a lh om Buhrrm nda Hspmým (=5::) . \dfd KK. \moohrhs Hfprhsm Yhrkdlæstknm ‟Mquæ Hstí‖, =;250 y Ndoomlds A÷ýhz, Nomulkd (hlkt.), Ho Ydlhr Amvmo Nekohad. \dfd KK. Zmopmrmæsd, Shvkstm lh

Fmrkam, =;58.


/ =<=

=5:<, om hsnumlrm hspmýdom, mo fmald lho Nmpktía Ouks Ykazþa, dnupþ oms ksoms phrumams Nekanem, Nekanem, rknms ha bumad. Hstd od ekzd ha ndcrmazm lh uam lhulm prdvhakhath lh om ëpdnm vkrrhkamo y rhndadnklm pdr ho Yhr÷ ha =58>. Nekoh, cmgd ho Bdckhrad lh Gdsë Gdmquæa Yërhz (=5:=-=52=), lhnklkþ prdthstmr ha ndatrm lh oms mutdrklmlhs phakasuomrhs, phakasuomrhs, rhsklhaths ha Nekoh0 y, ha shbuklm, phlkr m ods dtrds pmæshs mfhrknmads quh sdoklmrknha nda ho Yhr÷. Ymrm auhstrd pmæs, hstd thrfkaþ rhsuotmald lrmfítknd pdr ho pdsthrkdr cdfcmrlhd ekspmad ha ndatrm lho puhrtd lh Zmopmrmæsd, mnmhnkld ho >= lh fmrzd lh =5:: =8.

Xa shbuald msphntd lho numlrd prhnhlhath, quh hs ua hohfhatd quh smotm m om vkstm, hs quh ha ods mýds lh auhstrd fmrnd nrdadoþbknd sh mprhnkþ uam brmlumo y ndastmath lksfkaunkþa lh oms juhrzms hjhntkvms ha ho Hgërnktd phrfmahath d lh oæahm. Hstm sktumnkþa phrfkth ndastmtmr quh, mo fhads ha tërfkads lh nmatklml lh trdpms habmanemlms, habmanemlms, ad emcræm hxkstkld uam pdoætknm choknkstm lh pmrth lh Nekoh. Xa thrnhr puatd lh maíoksks sh rh﬍hrh, gustmfhath, m od quh pdlhfds lhadfkamr prdcohfms lho habmaneh . Ha hjhntd, uam ndastmath lh auhstrd fmrnd nrdadoþbknd hs ho lhsmgusth hatrh oms juhrzms ohbmofhath ohbmofhath mutdrkzmlms y oms hjhntkvmfhath hxksthaths d habmanemlms. ^h trmtm lh uam lkjhrhankm nmrmnthrkzmlm pdr om kajhrkdrklml lh oms shbualms nda rhsphntd m oms prkfhrms. Ha ho ndaguatd lho phrædld mquæ hstulkmld, om lkjhrhankm hatrh oms juhrzms mutdrkzmlms y oms habmanemlms ad rhsuotm shr dsthaskcoh. ^ka hfcmrbd, mnhrníaldsh m om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd, ha ho mýd 25 puhlh mprhnkmrsh uam nmatklml kfpdrtmath kfpdrtmath lh pomzms vmnmaths7 lh >.==: sþod sh odbrmrda oohamr 3.<<9, hxkstkhald, pdr tmatd, ua fmrbha ahbmtkvd lh 52: sdolmlds=:. ´M quë sh lhch hstm lkspmrklml4 Ha =529 ho Fkakstrd lh Buhrrm Jrmanksnd Hnemurrha m﬍rfmcm7 ‟Ho suhold lh ; phsds quh phrfmahnh hstmnkdamrkd numald ema nmfckmld oms nkrnuastmankms lh om vklm, hs m tdlms ounhs lh﬍nkhath pmrm quh ods kalkvkluds lho hgërnktd mtkhalma m su prdpkm sucsksthankm y m om lh sus jmfkokms, y m om vhz sh prdnurha om lhnhankm ha ho vhstkr quh ohs kfpdah om ohy fkoktmr‖=2. Ndfd sh dcshrvm, ho Fkakstrd Hnemurrha ad sþod sh okfktmcm m ndaskbamr om hxksthankm lh vmnmaths ad oohamlms, skad quh kathatmcm hxpoknmrsh oms nmusms lh tmo jhaþfhad. ´]uë rmzdahs hsbrkfæm4 Yrkankpmofhath, Yrkankpmofhath, ods cmgds suholds, quh ad monmazmræma m smtksjmnhr oms ahnhsklmlhs fæakfms lh om vklm. Yhasmfds quh hstm rhspuhstm hs kasu﬍nkhath. ûrbha mobuams prhbuatms7 ´Hrma tma fmods ods

=8

Ekstd rkm rkm lho Hgërnktd lh Nekoh. Ndasdoklmnkþa lho prdjhskdamoksfd fkoktmr. Jka lh om Buhrrm lh Mrmund. =5<9-=55> . \dfd KZ. ^matkmbd, Hstmld Fmydr Bhahrmo lho Hgërnktd, =;5=, pp. =8;-

=::.

=:

Fhfdrkm lh Buhrrm y Fmrkam prhshatmlm mo Ndabrhsd Amnkdamo lh =525 . ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm

Amnkdamo, 3: lh guakd lh =525, p. =3. =2

Fhfdrkm quh ho Fkakstrd lh Hstmld ha ho Lhpmrtmfhatd lh Buhrrm prhshatm mo Ndabrhsd Amnkdamo lh =529 . ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm Amnkdamo, =8 lh guokd lh =529, p. >>.

=<3 / E K ^ \ D S K M > ; :

suholds lh ods sdolmlds nda rhsphntd m ods lh om pdcomnkþa nkvko4 Ýuhlh, pdr tmatd, m﬍rfmrsh quh lknems rhfuahrmnkdahs ndastktuæma om prkankpmo nmusm lho lhsmgusth hatrh om juhrzm mutdrkzmlm y om hjhntkvm4 M om ouz lh mobuams juhaths ndasuotmlms, ads pmrhnh quh ad hs ëstm om rmzþa lh jdald lh om lkspmrklml hatrh oms juhrzms mutdrkzmlms y oms habmanemlms.

Ha auhstrd phrædld, ho suhold lh ods sdolmlds cdrlhmcm ods ;-=3 phsds. Hatrh =58< y =52= msnhalæm m ; phsds=5. Yhrd, ndajdrfh m ua mufhatd smomrkmo hstmcohnkld pdr uam ohy lh advkhfcrh lh =52=, bkrmcm ha tdrad m ods ==-=3 phsds, skhald fmydr pmrm ods sdolmlds lho mrfm lh mrtkoohræm pdr su fmydr hsphnkmokzmnkþa tënaknm=;. [ ´m nuíatd msnhalæma ods suholds lh om pdcomnkþa nkvko4 Xa hstulkd lho Kastktutd lh Hndadfæm lh om Ydatk﬍nkm Xakvhrsklml Nmtþoknm lh Nekoh hstmcohnh quh ha ods mýds =5::-=52; ho prdfhlkd lh ods smomrkds rhmohs bkrmcm ha tdrad m ods =9 phsds39. Hstd ads oohvm m phasmr quh oms nmusms lh om lkspmrklml hatrh juhrjuhrzms mutdrkzmlms y hjhntkvms sh lhch m rmzdahs fís ndfpohgms, fís numoktmtkvms quh numatktmtkvms, rh﬍rkëaldsh, pdr hghfpod, m oms ndalknkdahs lh om vklm fkoktmr, fkoktmr, hsphnkmofhath ha Mrmund, y m nkhrtds lhjhntds lho sksthfm lh habmaneh 3=. Yhrd hsth thfm vmolræm om pham trmtmrod lh fmahrm hsphnæ﬍nm ha ua trmcmgd pdsthrkdr. Xa numrtd puatd lh maíoksks ndasksth ha ndthgmr oms trdpms hjhntkvms (ad oms mutdrkzmlms) nda om pdcomnkþa tdtmo lho pmæs. Ymrm hsth hjhntd, sda lds ods nhasds quh ehfds lh thahr m om vkstm7 ho lh =5:8 y ho lh =528. Ho prkfhrd mrrdgþ uam pdcomnkþa tdtmo lh =.5=;.333 emcktmaths0 y ho shbuald, uam nmatklml lh 3.9:2.83<33. ^k tdfmfds ho shbuald (=528), quh hs ho fís nhrnmad m om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd, y ndasklhrmald quh, shb÷a ho Numlrd =, ho prdfhlkd lh oms trdpms hjhntkvms ha ods mýds =528-=52; msnhalæm m oms 3.5:8 pomzms, hood rhprhshatmcm tma sdod ua 9,=% lh om pdcomnkþa lho pmæs. Hstm sktumnkþa, nomrmfhath, ohgds hstmcm lh rhprhshatmr =5

=;

39

3=

33

Mabuktm, Sknmrld, Ohyhs prdfuobmlms ha Nekoh lhslh =5=9 emstm =;=5. \dfd K, p. :3>. Ha =58< sh mufhatm ha ua phsd, quhlmald ha ;0 maths, lhslh =5<8, hs lh 5 phsds. Zëmsh 7 Kcæl., pp. <:; y <29.. Zmrms, Gdsë Matdakd, Shndpkomnkþa lh Ohyhs, Þrlhahs, Lhnrhtds ûprhfds y Nkrnuomrhs ndanhrakhaths mo Hgërnktd , lhslh hahrd lh =5:: m lknkhfcrh lh =529. \dfd Z. ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm Amnkdamo, =52=, p. >9. Crmua, Guma ht. mo , Hndadfæm nekoham =5=9-=;;8. Hstmlæstknms ekstþrknms. Ldnufhatd lh trmcmgd A· =52. ^matkmbd, Kastktutd lh Hndadfæm - Ydatk﬍nkm Xakvhrsklml Nmtþoknm lh Nekoh, 3999, pp. =>< y =>8. Ydr hghfpod, sh mpoknmcm ua lhsnuhatd m om prkfm lh habmaneh (prkfm quh, ha thdræm, hrm ua kanhatkvd pmrm ho kabrhsd) y ho shrvknkd thaæm uam lurmnkþa lh 8 mýds. Hstd od emnæm vhr nda prhdnupmnkþa ho Kasphntdr Bhahrmo lho Hgërnktd, Gdsë Matdakd Zkoombría. Zëmsh7 ‟Fhfdrkm lho Kasphntdr Bhahrmo lho Hgërnktd‖. Fhfdrkm quh ho Fkakstrd lh Hstmld ha ho Lhpmrtmfhatd lh Buhrrm prhshatm mo Ndabrhsd Amnkdamo lh =52< . ^matkmbd. Kfprhatm Amnkdamo. 39 lh guokd lh =52<. pp. 22 y 25. Cdohtæa lh ^hskdahs lh om Nífmrm lh Lkputmlds. ^hskþa =8 Drlkamrkm lh 5 lh guokd lh =528. p. 338. Ha hstm shskþa sh trmasnrkcha ods rhsuotmlds lho nhasd lh =528 pmrm hjhntds lh lhthrfkamr ho a÷fhrd lh rhprhshatmaths mo Ndabrhsd. Xa numlrd hvdoutkvd lh om pdcomnkþa ha Nekoh puhlh vhrsh ha Crmua, Hndadfæm nekoham =5=9-=;;8, p. 39>.


/ =<>

m uam sdnkhlml fkoktmrkzmlm. Ymrm amlm puhlh emcomrsh lh uam amnkþa ha mrfms ndfd, pdr hghfpod, oohbþ m shrod om Jrmankm ampdohþaknm3>. [ ua qukatd puatd kathrhsmath lh ndastmtmr hs om lkstrkcunkþa bhdbrí﬍nm lh oms lkvhrsms uaklmlhs lho Hgërnktd y lh oms trdpms ha hooms kashrtmlms. Cmstm tdfmr numoqukhr fhfdrkm lh Buhrrm, lho mýd quh shm ha ho fmrnd lho phrædld lh hstulkd, pmrm ndfprdcmr jhemnkhathfhath quh om kafhasm fmydræm lh ods hjhntkvds lho Hgërnktd phrfmahath sh handatrmcm ndanhatrmlm ha om zdam lh Mrmund, ha ho sur lho pmæs. [ hstd hs msæ pdrquh om shbualm fktml lho skbod UKU ndkanklh nda uam buhrrm kathram, nda od quh sh ndadnh ndfd ‟Ymnk﬍nmnkþa ‟Ymnk﬍nmnkþa lh om Mrmunmaæm‖3<. Hsth prdnhsd jdrfm pmrth lh om ndastrunnkþa, m÷a phalkhath ha ho phrædld lh hsth mrtænuod, lho Hstmld-Amnkþa nekohad. Shnuërlhsh mquæ om ndadnklm thdræm lh Fmrkd Bþabdrm (=;=8-=;58) quh m﬍rfm quh ho Hstmld prhnhlh m om Amnkþa, y hood pdr ho ehned lh shr auhstrd pmæs pmæ s uam ‟tkhrrm lh buhrrm‖38. Od nkhrtd hs quh om lkstrkcunkþa jualmfhatmo lh oms trdpms ha Mrmund lm nuhatm lh quh od quh oh kathrhsmcm mo pmæs (Bdckhrad y shntdrhs lh dpkakþa p÷coknm), ha tërfkads fkoktmrhs, hrm om dnupmnkþa hjhntkvm lh hsh thrrktdrkd y om kandrpdrmnkþa lh﬍aktkvm lh om Mrmunmaæm mo ndaguatd lho Hstmld-Amnkþa. Ydr hghfpod, ha =522 nmsk tdlms oms bumraknkdahs lho Hgërnktd phrfmahath ndrrhspdalæma m om zdam lh Mrmund, sktumlms hstrmtëbknmfhath ha drlha m ndasdoklmr om dnupmnkþa h kathbrmnkþa lh lknem hxthaskþa thrrktdrkmo. Mskfksfd, lh ua tdtmo lh >.=32 sdolmlds pmrm hsh mýd, 3.58< sh handatrmcma ucknmlds ha lknem rhbkþa lho pmæs, od quh rhprhshatmcm ho ;=,>% lh om ldtmnkþa hjhntkvm lho Hgërnktd phrfmahath. Ydr dtrm pmrth, y ndasklërhsh quh hstmfds emcomald lh sþod lds mýds maths lho kaknkd lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd, ad hxkstæm akabuam bumraknkþa ucknmlm mo adrth lho puhrtd lh Zmopmrmæsd0 Zmopmrmæsd0 fhads m÷a ha om rhbkþa lh Mtmnmfm, fmthrkm lh lksputms thrrktdrkmohs lhslh ods tkhfpds lho Yrhsklhath Cuoahs (=5<=-=58=)3:. Hsth hs dtrd msphntd quh mpuatmræm m lhfdstrmr om jmotm lh kathankþa nekoham “mo fhads, ha tërfkads lh trdpms“ lh pomak﬍nmr uam buhrrm ha ho adrth, ha ndatrm lho Yhr÷ y lh Cdokvkm.

3>

3<

38 3:

Ampdohþa oohbþ m fdvkokzmr m fís lh = fkooþa lh jrmanhshs. Zëmsh7 Bkccs, A. E., ‟Nmpætuod KKK. Oms juhrzms mrfmlms y ho mrth lh om buhrrm‖. Nrmwohy, N. R., Shboí, Guma y Gdvhr, Gdsë Fmræm (hls.). Ekstdrkm lho fuald fdlhrad . Buhrrm y pmz ha tkhfpds lh rhvdounkþa =2;>=5>9. \dfd KU. Cmrnhodam, Hlktdrkmo ^dpham, =;23, p. <>. Ymrm hsth prdnhsd ekstþrknd-fkoktmr, vëmsh7 Ykatd Sdlræbuhz, Gdrbh, Om jdrfmnkþa lho Hstmld y om amnkþa , y ho puhcod fmpuneh. Lh om kanouskþa m om hxnouskþa . ^matkmbd, Nhatrd lh Kavhstkbmnkþa Lkhbd Cmrrds Mrmam, 399>0 y Ohþa, Ohdamrld ht mo., Mrmunmaæm. Om jrdathrm fhstkzm. ^kbod UKU . ^matkmbd, Hlknkdahs XNÊ, 399<. Bþabdrm, Fmrkd, Hasmyd ekstþrknd sdcrh om adnkþa lho Hstmld ha Nekoh ha ods skbods UKU y UU . ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo Xakvhrsktmrkm, 399>, pp. :>-2>. Cuoahs, Bdazmod, Om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd. \dfd K. ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo lho Ymnæ﬍nd, =;88, pp. >>->:.

=<< / E K ^ \ D S K M > ; :

Numlrd 3.

Lkstrkcunkþa lho Hgërnktd pdr bumraknkdahs ha =52232 A·

Bumraknkþa

Xcknmnkþa

Ldtmnkþa

= 3 > < 8 : 2 5 ; =9 == =3 => =< =8 =: =2 =5 =; 39 3= 33 3> 3< 38 3: 32 35 3; >9 >= >3 >> >< >8 >: >2 >5

Mrtkoohræm <· lh oæahm Nmzmldrhs Mrtkoohræm >· lh oæahm Brmamlhrds >· lh oæahm >· lh oæahm Brmamlhrds Brmamlhrds Cuka =· lh oæahm Cuka =· lh oæahm Cuka =· lh oæahm 3· lh oæahm 3· lh oæahm 3· lh oæahm Nmzmldrhs 3· lh oæahm Cuka =· lh oæahm Cuka =· lh oæahm Cuka =· lh oæahm Nmzmldrhs Cuka =· lh oæahm Cuka =· lh oæahm Cuka =· lh oæahm Cuka =· lh oæahm >· lh oæahm Brmamlhrds Cuka =· lh oæahm Wmpmldrhs lh oæahm Brmamlhrds 3· lh oæahm Wmpmldrhs lh oæahm 3· lh oæahm 3· lh oæahm 3· lh oæahm 3· lh oæahm Mrtkoohræm

^matkmbd ^matkmbd ^matkmbd Zmopmrmæsd Íabdo Íabdo Sunmpkooía \kbuhrmo Fuoneëa Euhquëa Ýkpmnd Nmanurm Jdrtæa Fmkp÷ Odohand \drrh 8 lh hahrd Nekbumkeuh Nekbumkeuh Yuhath lh Nekbumkeuh Fmrko÷ma \drrh lh Brmamlhrds Ndookpuook Ndookpuook Yhrmsnd Nurmnd Hsphrmazm Nuoh ^munhs ^munhs Oufmnd Oufmnd Oufmnd Nmýhth Yurëa Ohcu ]uklknd \dotëa ]uhuok Fmbmoomahs

3=9 >:8 322 32 > 3;5 =<> ; =8 2 :8 5 >3 8 39 5 =92 :: 8 39 5 =;9 29 =: << =9 == 85 =3 8= >3 : 85 <> >5 >9 38 =9= 5 ;8

Juhath7 Fhfdrkm lh Buhrrm y Fmrkam prhshatmlm mo Ndabrhsd Amnkdamo ha sus s us shskdahs drlkamrkms lh =522 . ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm Amnkdamo, =522, =522, pp. ==-=<. 32

Homcdrmnkþa lh om mutdrm.


/ =<8

LD\MNKÞA LH \SDYM^ HA OM BXMSLKM AMNKDAMO Ods mathnhlhaths lh oms fkoknkms ha Nekoh sh rhfdatma mo phrædld ndodakmo35. ^ka prhthalhr lhtmoomr om hvdounkþa ekstþrknm lh om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo, cmsth ndaskbamr quh ‟oms fkoknkms juhrda uam fdlmoklml lh kastrunnkþa fkoktmr pmrm quh ods emcktmaths lho Shkad ndomcdrmsha nda ho hgërnktd lh oæahm, math om hvhatumoklml lh ods mtmquhs hxthrkdrhs y, pmrtknuomrfhath ha Nekoh, pmrm lhjhalhrsh lh ods mcdræbhahs‖3;. [ nda rhsphntd m om ëpdnm rhpucoknmam (mathrkdr m auhstrd phrædld lh hstulkd), shýíohsh quh om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo “tmfckëa ndadnklm ndfd

Bumrlkm Nævknm d, d, shankoomfhath, shankoomfhath, Nævknds “ ndastktuyþ cmgd ho lhadfkamld Së- bkfha Ydrtmokmad ua ua ÷tko ndatrmphsd lho Hgërnktd, nda ho ﬍a lh mshburmr om sucdrlkamnkþa lh hsth ÷otkfd mo pdlhr pdoætknd ndastktukld >9. Yhrd, pdnd m pdnd, y om Buhrrm ndatrm om Ndajhlhrmnkþa Yhr÷-cdokvkmam oohbþ m shr om ndasmbrmnkþa lh hood, hstm hatklml sh juh ndavkrtkhald ha ho ahnhsmrkd ndfpohfhatd quh om kastktunkþa nmstrhash rhquhræm. Fís tmrlh, nda ho lhnhakd lh Cuoahs (=5<=-=58=), sh prdlugd om ndasdoklmnkþa kastktunkdamo lh om Bumrlkm Nævknm. Ydr lh prdatd, pdr ho ehned lh quh ha =5<5 sh prdfuobþ ua Shbomfhatd lh om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo >=. Ndajdrfh m hstm adrfmtkvm, sh hstmcohnkþ jdrfmofhath quh om Bumrlkm Nævknm sh drbmakzmcm ha trhs mrfms “mrtkoohræm, kajmathræm y nmcmoohræm“ y quh sh trmtmcm lh ua shrvknkd lh nmrínthr vdouatmrkd. vdouatmrkd. M lkjhrhankm lho Hgërnktd, sktumld hsphnkmofhath ha om zdam sur lho pmæs, ods nævknds sæ sh hstmcohnkhrda m od omrbd lh tdld ho thrrktdrkd, kanouyhald oms prdvkankms shpthatrkdamohs. Lh ehned, lh adrth m sur, sh jdrfmrda cmtmoodahs lh kajmaths ha Ndpkmpþ, Zmoohamr, Om ^hrham, Dvmooh, Koompho, Yutmhald, ]ukoodtm, ^ma Jhokph, Ods Malhs, Zmopmrmæsd, Fhokpkoom, ^matkmbd, Smanmbum, ^ma Jhramald, Nmuquhahs, Nurknþ, \monm, Okamrhs, Nekooía, Ndanhpnkþa, Nmupdoknía, Zmolkvkm y om Xakþa>3. Om kastrunnkþa lh om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo sh handfhalþ mo Hgërnktd0 y quhlþ cmgd ho ndatrdo, mlhfís lho Fkakstrd lh Buhrrm, lh ua Kasphntdr Bhahrmo prdpkd, d shm, lkstkatd lho edfþakfd lhlknmld m om hatklml nmstrhash >>. Nda dnmskþa lh om Buhrrm nda Hspmým (=5:8-=5::), (=5:8-=5::), sh pusd auhvmfhath m pruh-

35 3; >9

>=

>3 >>

Zëmsh7 Moohalh^momzmr Mrrmu, Gdrbh, ‟Hgërnktd y fkoknkms lho Shkad lh Nekoh (=2>2-=5=8)‖. Cdohtæa lh om Mnmlhfkm Nekoham lh om Ekstdrkm. A¹ ::. =;:3. pp. =93-=25. Ehraíalhz Ydanh, Sdchrtd, ‟Om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo lh Nekoh‖. Ekstdrkm . A· =;.=;5<. p. 85. Lhslh uam phrsphntkvm nuoturmo, fuy kathrhsmath hs ho trmcmgd lh Jhraíalhz, Gdmquæa, ‟Ods dræbhahs lh om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo y om ndastrunnkþa lho nkulmlmad-sdolmld (Nekoh7 =53>=5>>)‖. Fmpdned. Shvkstm lh Eufmaklmlhs . A¹ 8:. 39=<. Zëmsh7 Zmrms, Gdsë Matdakd, Shndpkomnkþa lh Ohyhs, Þrlhahs, Lhnrhtds ûprhfds y Nkrnuom- rhs ndanhrakhaths mo Hgërnktd , lhslh hahrd lh =5:: m lknkhfcrh lh =529. \dfd KK. ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm Nekoham, =52=, pp. 39 y ss. Ekstdrkm lho Hgërnktd lh Nekoh , p. <8. Kcæl., p. <;.

=<: / E K ^ \ D S K M > ; :

cm ho nmrínthr lh juhrzm ndfpohfhatmrkm ndfpohfhatmrkm lh om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo nda rhsphntd mo Hgërnktd lh oæahm. Hstm sktumnkþa juh pdsktkvmfhath vmodrmlm pdr ho Fkakstrd lh Buhrrm Gdsë Fmauho Ykatd, qukha shýmomcm ha =5::7 ‟Om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo em prhstmld mo pmæs, lurmath hsth tkhfpd Pho lh om buhrrmV, brmalhs h kfpdrtmaths shrvknkds. Ndfd od eh ehned adtmr fís mrrkcm, hoom juh om oomfmlm m nucrkr oms bumraknkdahs lh funeds puatds lh om ndstm, fkhatrms sh mufhatmcma oms juhrzms lh oæahm. Msæ Msæ hs quh om fmydr pmrth lh ods nuhrpds lh quh ndastm, ema ndatrkcukld ha su tdtmoklml d ha pmrth m om lhjhasm lh om Shp÷coknm. ûs shrvknkds ad sh ema okfktmld m bumrahnhr ho oktdrmo, skad quh tmfckëa em mothramld nda om trdpm lh oæahm lhstmnmlm ha oms pomzms lh om jrdathrm‖><. Ho mathlkned nmrínthr lh rhshrvm, juh sucrmymld lh hsth fdld pdr om fksfm mutdrklml7 ‟M ﬍a lh ad lkstrmhr pdr funed tkhfpd lh sus quhemnhrhs, m ods kalkvkluds quh ndfpdaha om Bumrlkm Nævknm, ho Bdckhrad em trmtmld lh jdrfmr nda hoom ua vhrlmlhrd nuhrpd lh rhshrvm quh ska mcmaldamr sus puhcods, hstuvkhsh prdatm pmrm mnulkr mo prkfhr oomfmld mo puatd prhnksd‖>8. Ydr om fksfm y hxpoknmcoh rmzþa lh om Buhrrm, ha =5:: om juhrzm hjhntkvm lh om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo msnhalæm m oms ‟<8.5;8 pomzms, ndrrhspdalkhald =.=<= m om mrfm lh mrtkoohræm, 32.955 m om lh kajmathræm y =2.>;> m om lh nmcmoohræm‖ >:. Hstm nkjrm juh lhsnhalkhald nda ho trmasnurrkr lh auhstrd phrædld, oohbmald ha =525 m ndatmr nda sþod :.:52 pomzms >2. Hsth pëaluod, medrm nda rhomnkþa m om nmatklml lh nævknds hxksthaths, lhfdstrmræm, auhvmfhath, om nmrhankm lh ua íakfd choknkstm lh pmrth lh Nekoh nda rhsphntd mo Yhr÷ y m Cdokvkm. Mo fhads, lhslh ho puatd lh vkstm lh hsth trmcmgd7 om ldtmnkþa lh trdpms. Ha dtrms pmomcrms, phsh m quh, ndanhptumofhath, om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo sh hathalæm ndfd om ahnhsmrkm rhshrvm lho Hgërnktd lh oæahm, ha om príntknm, hstm sktumnkþa juh phrlkhald vkbhankm, pdr om nomrm y lrmfítknm lksfkaunkþa lh sus pomzms. [, ha hsth nmsd, ad tmatd pdr lhskathrës ha om sdnkhlml nkvko (lh om numo sh autræm),

>< >8 >: >2

Fhfdrkm quh ho Fkakstrd lh Hstmld ha ho Lhpmrtmfhatd lh Buhrrm prhshatm mo Ndabrhsd Amnkdamo lh =5:: . ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm Amnkdamo, 38 lh mbdstd lh =5::, p. =9.

Kcæl., p. ==. Kcæl.

Fhfdrkm lh Buhrrm y Fmrkam prhshatmlm mo Ndabrhsd Amnkdamo lh =525 . ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm

Amnkdamo, 3: lh guakd lh =525, pp. =8 y =:.


/ =<2

skad jualmfhatmofhath pdr hxprhsd fmalmtd lh oms mutdrklmlhs. Ydr hghfpod, ho ; lh advkhfcrh lh =522 sh lhnrhtþ ho rhnhsd lh vhkatktrës cmtmoodahs, shks crkbmlms y lds ndfpmýæms lh kajmathræm. Hstm adtmcoh rhlunnkþa, ndfd m﬍rfmcm ho Fkakstrd Bmrnæm lh om Euhrtm, sh hxpoknmcm pdr ‟uam hndadfæm ha ho Yrhsupuhstd lh bmstds, mndashgmlm pdr ho hstmld lh ods jdalds p÷coknds‖>5. Ha tërfkads lh nkjrms ‟om fhlklm kalknmlm em rhpdrtmld mo Hrmrkd ua medrrd maumo lh 29.999 29.99 9 phsds, mprdxkfmfhath, mprdxkfmfhath, quh ho Fkaksthrkd lho rmfd pmbmcm ha sucvhankdahs m ods nuhrpds nævknds, lkmrkds pmrm oms bumrlkms lh prhvhankþa, mrrkhald lh numrthohs, htn.‖>; Numlrd >.

Ldtmnkþa lh om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo (=5::-=525)<9 M ýd

\rdpms

=5:: =5:2 =5:5 =5:; =529 =52= =523 =52> =52< =528 =52: =522 =525

<8.5;8 8>.339 <5.:=5 8<.;;3 83.23= 8<.3;< >8.9;3 >9.<<2 3<.352 3=.;8= 33.:2< =5.92= :.:52

Juhaths7 Fhfdrkms lho Fkaksthrkd lh Buhrrm prhshatmlms mo Ndabrhsd Amnkdamo . ^matkmbd, lkvhrsms kfprhatms, =5::-=559.

Lhslh ho tërfkad lh om Buhrrm nda Hspmým (=5::), ho Bdckhrad pomathþ om ahnhsklml lh ndatmr nda uam ohy drbíaknm pmrm om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo. Emstm hsh fdfhatd, ho jualmfhatd gurælknd lh om hatklml hrm ho mrtænuod =8: lh om Ndastktunkþa lh =5>> quh hstmcohnæm quh ‟tdlds ods nekohads ha hstmld lh nmrbmr mrfms lhcha emoomrsh kasnrktds ha ods rhbkstrds lh oms fkoknkms sk ad hstía hsph-

>5 >; <9

Kcæl., p. =<. Kcæl. Ymrm ho nmsd lh om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo ad sh emnh ho lkstkabd hatrh juhrzms mutdrkzmlms y juhrzms habmanemlms, pdrquh7 m) su ldtmnkþa ad hrm fmthrkm lh ohy, y c) oms Fhfdrkms lh Buhrrm sþod emnha rhjhrhankm m oms juhrzms hjhntkvms. Mlhfís, ad sh kanouyh om nkjrm lho mýd =52;, ym quh om Fhfdrkm lh hsth mýd ad emnh rhjhrhankm r hjhrhankm m om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo, pdr od quh mo kaknkd lh om buhrrm lhch shr skfkomr m om lh =525.

=<5 / E K ^ \ D S K M > ; :

nkmofhath hxnhptumlds pdr ohy‖<=. Hstm adrfm ad sh rhjhræm, hsphnæ﬍nmfhath, hsphnæ﬍nmfhath, m om Bumrlkm Nævknm, skad quh sh oh mpoknmcm pdr mamodbæm.[ hood ad skbak﬍nmcm quh tdlds lhcæma kathbrmrsh m om kastktunkþa, skad sþod quh lhcæma ndanurrkr m kasnrkckrsh ha sus rhbkstrds. Mlhfís, Mlhfís, rhndrlhfds quh ha =5<5 (cmgd ho Yrhsklhath Cuoahs) sh lkntþ ua rhbomfhatd quh hstmcohnkþ oms cmshs lh hstm kastktunkþa ndfd tmo, nda﬍rfíaldsh ho nmrínthr vdouatmrkd lho shrvknkd ha hoom kfpoknmld. ^ka hfcmrbd, ha ho fmrnd lh auhstrd phrædld, auanm sh mprdcþ uam ohy rhbuomtdrkm lh om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo. Om fksfm lhsprhdnupmnkþa lh oms mutdrklmlhs pdoætknms nda rhsphntd m om hatklml, quh sh fmthrkmokzþ “ndfd ehfds vkstd“ ha uam phrsksthath cmgm lh sus pomzms, myulm m hxpoknmr om ad prdfuobmnkþa lh uam adrfm ohbmo hsphnæ﬍nm, prdpuhstm pdr ho Bdckhrad y mprdcmlm pdr ho Ndabrhsd. M od mathrkdrfhath lkned, mbrëbuhsh quh uam lh oms fdtkvmnkdahs kaknkmohs lho Hghnutkvd pdr muspknkmr uam ohy drbíaknm lh om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo juh bmrmatkzmr ho prkankpkd lh kbumolml lh oms nmrbms p÷coknms, hstmcohnkld ha ho mrtænuod =3 a÷fhrd >· lh om Ndastktunkþa<3. Mlhfís, ho mrtænuod =<; lkspdaæm quh ‟ad puhlh hxkbkrsh akabuam hsphnkh lh shrvknkd phrsdamo d lh ndatrkcunkþa, skad ha vkrtul lh ua lhnrhtd lh om mutdrklml ndfphthath, lhlunkld lh om ohy quh mutdrkzm mquhoom hxmnnkþa, y fmakjhstíaldsh ho lhnrhtd mo ndatrkcuyhath ha ho mntd lh kfpdahroh brmvmfha‖<>. Yhsh m su nmrínthr vdouatmrkd, ha om príntknm, mobuads nkulmlmads hrma ndafkamlds m kathbrmrsh m sus ﬍oms, nda od numo, ha hsh fdfhatd, ndfhazmcma m msufkr dcokbmnkdahs jrhath mo Hstmld. Om ahnhsklml lh quh ods fkhfcrds lh om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo prdnhlkhrma lh tdlds ods ífcktds sdnkmohs, y ad hxnouskvmfhath lh ods shntdrhs pdsthrbmlds, oohvþ ha =5:5 mo Fkakstrd Hrrízurkz Hrrízurkz m lhnkr od skbukhath7 ‟Ha om príntknm, ak sh lm nufpokfkhatd m om lkspdsknkþa lho mrtænuod =8:, ak hxksth ha hstm fmthrkm om kbumolml math om ohy <<, ak om kbumo rhpmrtknkþa lh oms nmrbms p÷coknms. Ho mrthsmad, ods edfcrhs quh vkvha lh om kalustrkm y lho trmcmgd sda dcokbmlds m nmrbmr oms mrfms y m oohvmr tdlds ho phsd lho shrvknkd lh om fkoknkm nævknm0 fkhatrms quh ods nmpktmokstms, ods prdpkhtmrkds

<=

<3 <> <<

Zmohankm Mvmrkm, Ouks, Mamohs lh om Shp÷coknm. \hxtds ndastktunkdamohs lh Nekoh y Shbkstrd lh ods nkulmlmads quh ema kathbrmld ods pdlhrhs hghnutkvd y ohbksomtkvd lhslh =5=9 . ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo Malrës Chood, =;5:, p. =53. Kcæl., p. =:>. Kcæl., p. =53. Hsth prkankpkd sh handatrmcm ndasmbrmld ha ho mrtænuod =3 a÷fhrd =· lh om Ndastktunkþa lh =5>>. Kcæl., p. =:>.


/ =<;

y tdlm om nomsh mndfdlmlm, quh sda ods fís kathrhsmlds ha om hxksthankm lho drlha y ods quh fhgdr puhlha sdpdrtmr hstm nmrbm, sh vha okcrhs lh tdld shrvknkd, smovd oms phquhýms hxnhpnkdahs lh ods quh lhshfphýma ods nmrbds lh ghjhs y d﬍nkmohs ha ods nuhrpds nævknds. Ho Ndabrhsd lhch hfphýmrsh ha emnhr lhsmpmrhnhr, lhsmpmrhnhr, numatd maths, uam lhskbumolml tma kagustm, tma nednmath m auhstrd sksthfm lh bdckhrad y tma ndatrmrkm m auhstrm Ndastktunkþa, ndatrmyëaldsh nda prhjhrhankm m om prdfuobmnkþa prdfuobmnkþa lh uam ohy quh embm hjhntkvms oms lkspdsknkdahs ndastktunkdamohs, lhsthrrmald pmrm skhfprh mquhoods mcusds kasdsthakcohs. Ho puatd nmpktmo lh uam cuham ohy sdcrh drbmakzmnkþa lh om bumrlkm amnkdamo hs ho emnhr hjhntkvd ho shrvknkd lh oms fkoknkms pmrm tdlds ods nekohads ha hstmld lh nmrbmr mrfms, ska hxnhpnkdahs dlkdsms h kalhcklms. Hstmcohnkhald ndavhakhathndavhakhathfhath ha om príntknm hstm dcokbmnkþa0 lhtmoomald nda gustknkm y lksnhrakfkhatd lksnhrakfkhatd ods nmsds lh hxnhpnkþa0 ﬍gmald ho tkhfpd quh ods nkulmlmads lhcha shrvkr, y rhbomfhatmald mobuads dtrds puatds lh fhadr kfpdrtmankm, sh emcræma oohamld tdlms oms ahnhsklmlhs lh uam kastktunkþa tma æatkfmfhath okbmlm okbmlm nda om hxksthankm lho sksthfm lhfdnrítknd‖ <8. Kathrhsmath hs ndastmtmr quh, ym ha om ëpdnm lh auhstrd hstulkd, sh pdaæm sdcrh om fhsm ho prkankpkd lh kbumolml math om ohy, ym ad sþod ha tërfkads jdrfmohs, skad lh nufpokfkhatd hjhntkvd. Ha dtrms pmomcrms, sk ckha om kbumolml math om ohy ndastktuyh ua prkankpkd okchrmo, sucrmymld lhslh om drbmakzmnkþa lh om Shp÷coknm, oomfm om mthankþa quh sh emcoh lh ‟hxnhpnkdahs dlkdsms‖ dl kdsms‖, od quh, qu h, ha ohabumgh lh edy, hqukvmoh m lksnrkfkamnkdahs lksnrkfkamnkdahs mrcktrmrkms . Fhlkmath ua lhnrhtd lh jhnem =9 lh dntucrh lh =5:2 sh hstmcohnkhrda ods ldnh mýds ndfd pomzd lh lurmnkþa lho shrvknkd ha om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo, tmatd pmrm d﬍nkmohs ndfd pmrm om trdpm<:. Hstm adrfm7 ‟Hstmcohnh hashbuklm quh ods quh euckhrha nufpokld ho tërfkad ﬍gmld Plh ldnh mýdsV tkhaha lhrhned m dcthahr oknhankm mcsdoutm, phrd quh ndatkaumría phrthahnkhald m om bumrlkm am-

<8 <:

Fhfdrkm quh ho Fkakstrd lh Hstmld ha ho Lhpmrtmfhatd lh Buhrrm prhshatm mo Ndabrhsd Amnkdamo lh =5:5 . ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm Amnkdamo, =8 lh guakd lh =5:5, p. 32.

Kcæl., p. 35. Mathrkdrfhath, hsth pomzd lh ldnh mýds sh hxkbæm sþod m om trdpm.

=89 / E K ^ \ D S K M > ; :

nkdamo ska prhstmr akabuam nomsh lh shrvknkds, y pulkhald shr auhvmfhath dcokbmlds m hood sþod ha nkrnuastmankms brmvhs y urbhaths nmok﬍nmlms pdr ua lhnrhtd suprhfd. Lh hstm fmahrm sh prdvhh ho nmsd lh thahr quh smokr m om lhjhasm lho pmæs d lh sus kastktunkdahs, mo pmsd quh sh lm ha pmrth nufpokfkhatd m om lkspdsknkþa ndastktunkdamo quh drlham quh tdlds ods nekohads ha hstmld lh nmrbmr mrfms lhcma emoomrsh kasnrktds ha ods rhbkstrds lh oms fkoknkms. Ydr ÷otkfd, sh lhthrfkam od rhomtkvd m oms oknhankms y m ods nmsds lh nmfckd lh rhsklhankm, tma jrhnuhaths ha ods d﬍nkmohs nævknds‖<2. Nda rhomnkþa m om lkstrkcunkþa bhdbrí﬍nm lh om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo, ha ods mýds prhvkds m om Buhrrm nda Hspmým, y lurmath ho lhsmrrdood lh om fksfm, ho Bdckhrad lhsnuklþ om prhshankm lh om kastktunkþa ha om zdam adrth lho pmæs, ndanrhtmfhath ha om prdvkankm lh Ndpkmpþ. Hstm sktumnkþa, sdcrh tdld ha fdfhatds lh nrksks kathramnkdamo, bhahrþ om fdohstkm lho nmulkood pdr lknem zdam, lkputmld Yhlrd Ohþa Bmood7 ‟Ndfd skhfprh eh fmakjhstmld ha om Nífmrm ho lhshd lh quh om bumrlkm amnkdamo sh mufhath numatd shm pdskcoh, lhshmræm quh sh suprkfkhrma hsds bmstds lh purm jmajmrrdahræm y quh hsms nmatklmlhs sh lhstkamrma mo jdfhatd lh om bumrlkm amnkdamo0 phrd lhslh quh hoom ad hxksth ha mobuads lh mquhoods puatds pmrm ods numohs sh ndasuotma mskbamnkdahs ha ho prhsupuhstd, lhchræma suprkfkrsh tdlms mquhooms quh ad skrvha pmrm jdrfmr jdrf mr pmrtklms pm rtklms ska dcght d cghtd‖ d‖. [ ouhbd mbrhbmcm7 ‟Ydr od lhfís, shýdr, pdlræm emnhr prhshath m om Nífmrm quh fkhatrms om hsnumlrm hspmýdom hstuvd codquhmald auhstrms ndstms ad sþod ad sh drbmakzþ ho nuhrpd nævknd lh Ndpkmpþ, skad quh ad sh jdrfþ uam ha ho Eumsnd, quh tkhah mskbamnkþa pmrm uam cmalm lh f÷sknm. Hsth cmtmooþa hstmcm hathrmfhath lksuhotd, ad thaæm ua sdod d﬍nkmo0 ad sh vkad m drbmakzmr skad numald ym sh mnhrnmcma oms hohnnkdahs. Ydr hsm rmzþa nrhd quh

<2

Kcæl.


/ =8=

emy nkhrtm jmatmsfmbdræm ha hsm pmrtklm pmrm ods cmtmoodahs nævknds‖<5. Ha =5:5 ho Fkakstrd Hrrízurkz lmcm nuhatm lh om rhdrbmakzmnkþa lho cmtmooþa nævknd lh Ndpkmpþ, ‟quh pdr tmatd tkhfpd em phrfmahnkld lksuhotd, ldtíaldod lh ua cuha mrfmfhatd, lh vhstumrkd y lh tdld od lhfís quh pulkhrh ahnhsktmr‖<;. Ydr ÷otkfd, ndasklërhsh quh mobuads fkhfcrds lh om Bumrlkm Nævknm pmrtknkpmpmrtknkpmcma, guatd mo Hgërnktd lh oæahm, ha oms omcdrhs lh kandrpdrmnkþa lh om Mrmunmaæm. M lkjhrhankm lho Hgërnktd, ad sh trmtmcm lh om fmydræm lh hoods, skad sþod lh mquhooms trdpms sktumlms ha om zdam nhrnmam, ha hsphnkmo ha om Yrdvkankm lh Mrmund7 ‟Om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo em prhstmld ha om jrdathrm kfpdrtmaths shrvknkds. Mutdrkzmlds ods ghjhs lh mfcms jrdathrms pmrm oomfmr mo shrvknkd, ha nmsd ahnhsmrkd, m ods nuhrpds nævknds lh om prdvkankm lh Mrmund, om fmydr pmrth lh hoods ema ndfpmrtkld nda ho hgërnktd oms phamoklmlhs lh om buhrrm quh sh em ehned m ods kalkds rhcholhs. Ndadnhldrhs lh om odnmoklml y lh ods usds lh ods kalkds, ema oohvmld m auhstrds sdolmlds ho ndatkabhath lh om príntknm ha uam buhrrm lh sdrprhsms ndfd om quh emcæm lh sdsthahr‖89.

<5

Cdohtæa lh ^hskdahs lh om Nífmrm lh Lkputmlds. ^hskþa 35ª Hxtrmdrlkamrkm lh =8 lh lknkhf-

crh lh =5::. p. 399. <; 89

Fhfdrkm quh ho Fkakstrd lh Hstmld ha ho Lhpmrtmfhatd lh Buhrrm prhshatm mo Ndabrhsd Amnkdamo lh =5:5. ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm Amnkdamo, =8 lh guakd lh =5:5, p. 3;. Fhfdrkm quh ho Fkakstrd lh Hstmld ha ho Lhpmrtmfhatd lh Buhrrm prhshatm mo Ndabrhsd Amnkdamo lh =5:; . ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm Amnkdamo, 3: lh guokd lh =5:;, p. <3.

=83 / E K ^ \ D S K M > ; :

Numlrd <.

Lkstrkcunkþa lh om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo, shb÷a prdvkankms ha =52= Yrdvkankm

Ldtmnkþa

Mtmnmfm Ndqukfcd Mndanmbum Zmopmrmæsd ^matkmbd Ndonembum Nurknþ \monm Ýucoh Ndanhpnkþa Mrmund Zmolkvkm Oomaqukeuh Nekodë \D\MO

3.;5; 3.8=; >.83: >.;5> 2.=92 ;3; ;2> >.9:= <.9:: >.8;> :.9<< 3.<:= >.<<3 :.;82 8<.3;<

Juhath7 Fhfdrkm quh ho Fkakstrd lh Hstmld ha ho Lhpmrtmfhatd lh Buhrrm prhshatm mo Ndabrhsd Am- nkdamo lh =52=. ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm Amnkdamo, ; lh shptkhfcrh lh =52=, p. >:.

SHNOX\MFKHA\D M NDFKHAWD^ LH =52; Shsuotm amturmo quh ha om lksnkpokam ekstþrknm hxkstma lkjhrhankms lh kathrprhtmnkþa, sdcrh tdld numald ho thfm trmtmld hs ua ndaffikntd kathramnkdamo, quh ouhbd lm pkh m om ‟buhrrm‖ hatrh ods ekstdrkmldrhs lh ods lkvhrsds pmæshs ha ëo kfpoknmlds. ^æ sdrprhalh quh oms lkjhrhankms monmanha, kanousd, msphntds numatktmtkvds, ndfd oms nkjrms lh trdpms lh ods lkvhrsds hgërnktds mo kaknkd lho ndaffikntd. Ymrm hsth thfm, sh lm om nkrnuastmankm quh uam cuham pmrth lh ods mutdrhs ndasuotmlds tkhalh m lhstmnmr om kajhrkdrklml aufërknm lh oms trdpms lh su prdpkd pmæs y om ndaskbukhath suphrkdrklml suphrkdrklml lh oms lho hahfkbd. Ydr hghfpod, om Ekstdrkm lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd lho lho nekohad Lkhbd Cmrrds Mrmam m﬍rfm quh ‟m prkankpkds lh =52; ho hgërnktd lho Yhr÷ sh ndfpdaæm lh 5.999 edfcrhs, hstd hs, lh <.399 sdolmlds pdr >.529 d﬍nkmohs lh tdlms nmthbdræms, lh ods numohs 3: hrma bhahrmohs‖8=. [ nda rhsphntd m Nekoh shýmom7 ‟Oms juhrzms lh Nekoh mo ndfhazmr om buhrrm hrma fuy kajhrkdrhs. Ho hgërnktd lh tkhrrm ndastmcm lh 3.<<9 edfcrhs, lh ods numohs <=9 hrma mrtkoohrds, 8>9 gkahths, y ho rhstd ka-

8=

Cmrrds Mrmam, Lkhbd, Ekstdrkm lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd (=52;-=55=) . Dcrms Ndfpohtms lh Lkhbd Cmrrds Mrmam. \dfd UZK. ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm, Oktdbrmjæm y hanumlhramnkþa Cmrnhodam, =;=<, p. 2=.


/ =8>

jmaths lkvklklds ha nkand phquhýds cmtmoodahs lh >99 pomzms nmlm uad‖ 83. Ydr su pmrth, ho phrumad Fmrkmad Jhokph Ymz-^dolía sdstkhah quh ho Yhr÷ ndatmcm nda ua tdtmo lh 8.3<= edfcrhs, phrd sþod adfkamofhath7 <.999 <.99 9 hstmcma lkspdakcohs8>. Nda rhsphntd m Nekoh lknh quh ‟su hgërnktd phrfmahath, ha hahrd lh =52;, ha om mpmrkhankm ndastmcm lh 3.<<9 edfcrhs, lh oms trhs mrfms0 su bumrlkm amnkdamo lh vhkath y nkand nuhrpds0 phrd ha rhmoklml ho a÷fhrd lho lh oæahm oohbmcm m ods ;.999 edfcrhs ckha mrfmlds‖8<. Numlrd 8.

Ldtmnkþa lh trdpms lh Nekoh, Yhr÷ y Cdokvkm mo kaknkd lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd, shb÷a ekstdrkmldrhs lh lkvhrsms amnkdamoklmlhs88 tdr Mutdr Mu Amnkdamoklml

Amnkdamoklml Nekoh Yhr÷

CdokvkmNekoh

Yhr÷

5.552

2.9 9 9

Cdokvkm

CmrrMrmam ds Mrmam Nekoham 3.<<9 Nekoha5.99 m 9 3.<<9 5.99 9 Cmrrds 5.999 and C9dokvkmam =.39 9 ComandComCdokvkmam >.999 >.99 =.399 >.999 8: 8: N9ekoham 3.39 9 8.99 9 CuoahsCuoahs Nekoham 3.399 8.99 8.999 82 82 Nmkvmad KtmokmamKtm(prd-phrumad) 5.999 3.999 Nmkvmad okmam (prd-phrumad) =>.999=> =>.95.99 9 9 9 3.99 5.9 999 3.99 9 Nkvmtk NkMrbhatkam ;.=32 .999 3.3>3 ;.=32 vmtk Mrbhat2k.99 am 9 2.9 9 9 3.3>3 85 H`lmeoH`lmeo85 ûkzm (prd-nekohad (prd-nekohad) ûkzm (prd-ne) kohad) 5.552 5.55.;>9 52 5.;>9 8; Jhrrhr Jhrrhr Nekoham Nekoha m 3.<9 3.<999 2.9 .999 99Nekoham 8; 3.<9 9 2.9 9 9 :9 @úrahr y Cddaha Mohfmam y nekoham ;.893 =>.=5= :9 @úrahr y Cddaha Mohfmam y nekoham ;.893 =>.=5= >.<9: >.<9: F m := Hstmlduaklhash (prd-nekohad) 3.<<9 ;.9 9 9 m =>.9 99 >.>9 9 := Fmsda sda Hstmlduaklhash (prd-nekohad) 3.<<9 ;.99 ;.9999 m =>.999 >.>99 Ymz-^dolía Yhrumam ;.9 9 9 <.9 99 Ymz-^dolía Ymz-^d olía :3 Yhrumam Yhrumam ;.9999 <.99 ;.99 <.9999 Lívkom Nekoha5.999 m 5.99 9 3.9 9 9 :3 \drd\drd Lí vkom Lívkom Nekohamm 5.999 Nekoha 3.999 5.999 kolh Cdokvkm>.99 am 9 =.399 =>.9 9 9 >.9 99 =.39 9 Rkolh RCdokvkmam =>.999 >.999 :> Hankam :>

Hankam Juhath7

83 8>

8< 88 8: 82

85

8; :9 := :3 :>

Nekoham

Nekoham 5.552

2.99 .9999

3.3>;

3.3>;

Cmrrds Mrmam, Lkhbd, Ekstdrkm lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd (=52;-=55=) . Dcrms Ndfpohtms lh Lkh-

Kcæl., pp. 23 y 2>. Ymz-^dolía, Fmrkmad Jhokph, Amrrmnkþa ekstþrknm lh om buhrrm lh Nekoh ndatrm ho Yhr÷ y Cd- okvkm. Mathnhlhaths y lhnomrmnkþa lh Buhrrm. Om nmfpmým fmrætkfm. \dfd K. Okfm, Hlktdrkmo Fkoom Cmtrhs, =;2;, p. =99. Om prkfhrm hlknkþa lh hstm dcrm hs lh =55<. Kcæl., p. =9<. ûpdahfds quh Ymz-^dolía sufm oms juhrzms lho Hgërnktd lh oæahm nda oms lh om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo. Homcdrmnkþa lh om mutdrm. Ndasklhrmfds oms trdpms lh oæahm y lh rhshrvm ndfd ua tdld, numald ods mutdrhs rhjhrklds emnha ho lkstkabd. Ad ndasklhrm pmrm ho nmsd lh Nekoh m om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo. Hsth mutdr, pmrm ho nmsd lh Nekoh, ndfhth ho hrrdr fhtdldoþbknd lh sufmr oms juhrzms hxksthaths mo kaknkd lh om buhrrm nda oms quh, shb÷a ua lksnursd lho Fkakstrd lho rmfd, cusnm rhnoutmr ouhbd lh emchrsh hoom kaknkmld. ^hýmom quh oms juhaths phrumams ad lma nuhatm lh oms nkjrms lh om trdpm lh om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo. Ydr hood, kanouyh sþod m oms trdpms lho Hgërnktd lh oæahm y m om d﬍nkmoklml lh om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo phrumams. Om nkjrm lh 2.999 edfcrhs kanouyh m oms trdpms cdokvkmams. ûfma om trdpm, om d﬍nkmoklml y oms juhrzms lh rhshrvm. Ymrm ho nmsd lh Nekoh, ad kanouyh m om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo. Hsth mutdr lm nkjrms mprdxkfmlms. ^hýmom quh, pmrm ho nmsd lh Cdokvkm, ‟om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo thaæm fís lh 8<.999 hardomlds, phrd mphams rhprhshatmcm vmodr fkoktmr‖. Zëmsh7 Hankam, Jrmanksnd Matdakd, Ekstdrkm lh Nek-

=8< / E K ^ \ D S K M > ; : bd Cmrrds Mrmam , \dfd UZK. ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm, Oktdbrmjæm y hanumlhramnkþa Cmrnhodam, =;=<, pp. 2=-2>. Comand, B. N., Ekstdrkm fkoktmr lh Cdokvkm. Om Ymz, Kathalhankm lh Buhrrm “ \moohrhs, =;33, p. =<3. Cuoahs, Bdazmod, Om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd. \dfd K. ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo lho Ymnæ﬍nd, =;88, pp. =3< y =38. Nmkvmad, \dfís, Ekstdrkm lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd hatrh Yhr÷, Nekoh y Cdokvkm . Okfm, Ndrpdrmnkþa Hlktdrm Nekrrh, 399<, pp. 2; y 59. Nkvmtk Chramsndak, Hlfuald Hlfuald E., Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd (=52;-=55>). \dfd K. Cuhads Mkrhs, Nærnuod Fkoktmr “ Ckcokdthnm lho d﬍nkmo, =;<:, pp. ==2-=>8. H`lmeo, Rkoehf, Ekstdrkm fkoktmr lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd. \dfd =. ^matkmbd, ^dnkhlml Kfprhsdrm Kfprh sdrm y Oktdbrmjæm Okt dbrmjæm Xakvhrsd, Xak vhrsd, =;=2, pp. <3 y :=. Hankam, Jrmanksnd Matdakd, Ekstdrkm lh Nekoh. \dfd >=. ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo Hlkt drkmo Hrnkoom, Hrn koom, p. 5:-5;. Jhrrhr, Ehrkchrtd, Ekstdrkm pdpuomr lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd y rhshým ekstþrknm lh Nekoh . Kqukquh, Kfprhatm mrtæstknm, =;3>, pp., >5 y >;. @úrahr, Hfkokd y Cddaha Skvhrm, Gdrbh, Ekstdrkm Fkoktmr. \dfd KK. K K. ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm Nhrvmaths, =552, pp. 35;-3;2. Fmsda, \ehdldrus, Buhrrm ha ho Ymnæ﬍nd ûr . Cuhads Mkrhs, Hlktdrkmo Jrmanksnd lh Mbukrrh, =;2=, pp. 3>-38. Ymz-^dolía, Fmrkmad Jhokph, Amrrmnkþa ekstþrknm lh om buhrrm lh Nekoh ndatrm ho Yhr÷ y Cdokvkm Mathnhlhaths y lhnomrmnkþa lh Buhrrm. Om nmfpmým fmrætkfm. \dfd K. Okfm, Hlktdrkmo Fkoom Cmtrhs, =;2;, pp. =99-=9<. \drd Lívkom, Mbustæa, ^æathsks ekstþrknd-fkoktmr lh Nekoh . ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo Xakvhrsktmrkm, =;2:, p. 3>3. Rkolh, F. Jhramald, Ekstdrkm Fkoktmr lh Cdokvkm . Om Ymz, Kathalhankm Nhatrmo lho Hgërnktd, =;<3, pp. 53 y 5>.

Medrm ckha, ´quë ldtmnkþa lh trdpms hjhntkvms thaæm Nekoh mo fdfhatd lh kaknkmrsh om buhrrm ha jhcrhrd lh =52;4:< Om Fhfdrkm lh Buhrrm lh =52;, havkmlm mo Ndabrhsd pdr ho Fkakstrd lho rmfd Cmskokd Xrrutkm, ndaskbam quh ‟ho hgërnktd phrfmahath sþod thaæm ua hjhntkvd lh lds fko numtrdnkhatms pomzms y sh emoomcm lkstrkcukld ha oms bumraknkdahs lh oms pomzms lho nhatrd y sur lh om Shp÷coknm‖:8. M om ldtmnkþa lh om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo, hsth ldnufhatd ad emnh hxprhsm rhjhrhankm, phrd lkjænko hs phasmr quh hoom suphrh om nkjrm lh :.:52 pomzms, bumrksfd ndrrhspdalkhath mo mýd =525::. M hsth a÷fhrd emy quh sufmr <9= d﬍nkmohs lho Hgërnktd:2. Ydr od tmatd, om tdtmoklml lh oms trdpms lho Hgërnktd y lh om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo hxnhlæm pdr pdnd om sufm lh ;.999 edfcrhs. ^ka hfcmrbd, lurmath ho mýd =52; Nekoh odbrþ fdvkokzmr m uam brma nmatklml lh trdpms. Ha om fksfm fhfdrkm mrrkcm nktmlm, ho Fkakstrd Xrrutkm sh rhjhræm mo mpdyd rhnkckld lh pmrth lh om pdcomnkþa7 ‟Lhcd tmfckëa ndaskbamr mquæ om h﬍nmz nddphrmnkþa quh em handatrmld ho Bdckhrad ha ods nkulmlmads pmrm mthalhr m oms f÷otkpohs ahnhsklmlhs lh om buhrrm. \dlds ods puhcods lh om

oh. \dfd >=. ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo Hrnkoom, p. 55. Ydr hsd, ho æthf lh hsth mutdr ad mýmlkfds m

:< :8 :: :2

om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo lh Cdokvkm. ^ktumfds om dnupmnkþa lh Matdjmbmstm (=< lh jhcrhrd lh =52;) ndfd puatd lh pmrtklm lh om buhrrm, muaquh hoom ohbmofhath sh kaknkm ha mcrko lh hsh fksfd mýd. Fhfdrkm lh Buhrrm y Fmrkam prhshatmlm mo Ndabrhsd Amnkdamo lh =52; . ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm lh om Shp÷coknm lh G. A÷ýhz, =9 lh mbdstd lh =52;, pp. 8 y :. Fhfdrkm lh Buhrrm y Fmrkam prhshatmlm mo Ndabrhsd Amnkdamo lh =525 . ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm Amnkdamo, 3: lh guakd lh =525, pp. =8 y =:. Ekstd rkm rkm lho Hgërnktd lh Nekoh. \dfd Z. ^matkmbd, Hstmld Fmydr Bhahrmo lho Hgërnktd, =;5=, p. >8.


/ =88

Shp÷coknm ema djrhnkld ndatkabhaths lh sdolmlds, vævhrhs y lkahrd. Ha ho adrth sh hanuhatrma ndfpmrtkhald ndfpmrtkhald oms jmtkbms lh om nmfpmým nuhrpds quh ndfd ods cmtmoodahs ‟Cuoahs‖ y ‟Zmopmrmæsd‖, sda drbmakzmlds d rbmakzmlds y sdsthaklds sdsthakld s nda ods rhnursds rhnurs ds lh ods od s rhsphntkvds fuaknkpkds‖:5. Ho poma kaknkmo lho Bdckhrad hrm odbrmr om fdvkokzmnkþa fdvkokzmnkþa lh =8.999 =8.99 9 edfcrhs, d shm, sh cusnmcm mufhatmr ha uams :.999 :.9 99 om nmatklml lh pomzms habmanemlms. habmanemlms. Ha ua prkfhr fdfhatd, sh phasmcm quh ëstm hrm om juhrzm ahnhsmrkm pmrm vhanhr m om mokmazm phrumad-cdok ph rumad-cdokvkmam vkmam ha om Yrdvkankm lh \mrmpmní :;. Ha hsth ndathxtd, hatrh ho : lh fmrzd y ho > lh mcrko lh =52;, ho Bdckhrad pucoknþ vmrkds lhnrhtds, tdlds hoods thalkhaths m rhhstrunturmr oms uaklmlhs lho Hgërnktd. Hstm rhhstrunturmnkþa ndaskstkþ, císknmfhath, císknmfhath, ha7 m) om nrhmnkþa ha ua auhvd cmtmooþa7 ho cmtmooþa lh kajmathræm lh oæahm, lhadfkamld ^matkmbd , ndfpuhstd (ndfd ods lhfís) lh numtrd ndfpmýæms290 c) om hohvmnkþa lh ods cmtmoodahs Cuka =· lh oæahm, 3· lh oæahm, >· lh oæahm, <· lh oæahm y ^matkmbd m m om nmthbdræm lh rhbkfkhatd0 hstd kfpoknm quh nmlm rhbkfkhatd ndastmrí lh lds cmtmoodahs lh numtrd ndfpmýæms nmlm uad2=0 n) om drbmakzmnkþa ha Matdjmbmstm lh uam crkbmlm lh mrtkoohræm, ndfpuhstm lh lds ndfpmýæms230 y l) om hohvmnkþa m rhbkfkhatd lho cmtmooþa lh mrtkoohræm lh fmrkam, quhlmald ndfpuhstd lh lds cmtmoodahs lh numtrd ndfpmýæms nmlm uad2>. ^ka hfcmrbd, ad emy quh phasmr quh om mathlknem fdvkokzmnkþa fdvkokzmnkþa rhsuotþ shankoom. Ho Bdckhrad lhckþ hajrhatmrsh m vmrkds dcstínuods. Ho prkfhrd lh hoods juh om kaknkmo dpdsknkþa lh nkhrtds pmromfhatmrkds m hatrhbmr, rípklm y lkokbhathfhath, oms jmnkoklmlhs sdoknktmlms pdr ho Bdckhrad. Ha hjhntd, ha fmrzd lh =52;, numald ym sh emcæm prdlunkld om dnupmnkþa lh Matdjmbmstm (=< lh jhcrhrd), uam cuham pmrth lh ods pmromfhatmrkds sh fdstrmcma rhmnkds m nddphrmr nda ho Bdckhrad ha ho dtdrbmfkhatd dtdrbmfkhatd lh jmnuotmlhs hsphnkmohs pmrm mufhatmr ho pdthankmo lh auhstrms Juhrzms Mrfmlms. Ydr hghfpod, ha om shskþa hxtrmdrlkamrkm lh om Nífmrm lh Lkputmlds lh jhnem 3; lh fmrzd lh =52;, sh vhatkoþ uam hanhalklm

:5 :; 29

2= 23 2>

Fhfdrkm lh Buhrrm y Fmrkam prhshatmlm mo Ndabrhsd Amnkdamo lh =52; . ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm

lh om Shp÷coknm lh G. A÷ýhz, =9 lh mbdstd lh =52;, p. ;. Kcæl., p. 3;. Lhnrhtd lh : lh fmrzd lh =52;. Zëmsh7 Zmrms, Gdsë Matdakd, Shndpkomnkþa lh Ohyhs, Þr- lhahs, Lhnrhtds ûprhfds y Nkrnuomrhs ndanhrakhaths mo Hgërnktd , lhslh hahrd lh =5:: m lknkhfcrh lh =529. \dfd ZK. ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm Amnkdamo, =52=, p. 5<. Lhnrhtd lh =5 lh fmrzd lh =52;. Zëmsh7 Kcæl., p, 58. \mfckëa puhlh vhrsh ha Cdohtæa lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd =52;-=55= . ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo Malrës Chood, =;2;, p. =2. Lhnrhtd lh 3: lh fmrzd lh =52;. Zëmsh7 Kcæl., p. 5:. Lhnrhtd lh > lh mcrko lh =529. Zëmsh7 Kcæl., p. ;.

=8: / E K ^ \ D S K M > ; :

lksnuskþa hatrh qukhahs cusnmcma lkjhrkr lknem ndanhskþa m nmfckd lh bmrmatæms hohntdrmohs lh pmrth lho Bdckhrad. D shm, mobuads pdoætknds ndalknkdamcma ua msuatd lh shburklml hxthrkdr m uad lh pdoætknm ldfëstknm. Ho lkputmld Jrmanksnd Yrmld Moluamth2< shýmomcm7 ‟Maths lh pmsmr m om drlha lho læm, pkld om pmomcrm, shýdr Yrhsklhath, pmrm prdpdahr m om Edadrmcoh Nífmrm nhohcrh shskþa hstm adneh y ndatka÷h nhohcríaldoms lkmrkmfhath emstm lhspmnemr ods prdyhntds prhshatmlds pdr ho Hghnutkvd y quh ema skld ym mprdcmlds pdr ho ^hamld0 prdyhntds quh tkhalha m hstmcohnhr ua drlha ohbmo ha om sktumnkþa pdr quh mtrmvhsmfds, y sufkakstrmr mo Bdckhrad ods rhnursds ahnhsmrkds pmrm oohvmr mlhomath om dnupmnkþa lho oktdrmo‖ 28. Od mathrkdr quh pmrhnh oþbknd, ndasklhrmald om sktumnkþa lh buhrrm hjhntkvm (ha ods ehneds, ym quh om lhnomrmnkþa ohbmo hs lh prkankpkds lh mcrko2:), ad rhsuotmcm tma hvklhath pmrm uam cuham pmrth lh ods lkputmlds quh kathrvhaæma ha ho lhcmth, ndfd hrm ho nmsd lho lkputmld Smfþa Moohalh Ymlæa 227 ‟Ndfprhald om rhspdasmckoklml lh nkhrtds mntds0 phrd ndasklhrd mo fksfd tkhfpd om kfpdrtmankm lh dtrds quh sh rhomnkdama fís lkrhntmfhath nda ho fdfhatd mntumo. Om edrm hs mabustkmlm0 fmýmam lhcha thahr oubmr oms hohnnkdahs. Emstm edy em skld tma ka÷tko, shýdr Yrhsklhath, phlkr bmrmatæms ha tdlm om Shp÷coknm pmrm ods lhrhneds lh nkhrtds nkulmlmads, quh fh pmrhnh fuy gustd sh mpomnh skqukhrm pdr vhkatknumtrd edrms fís om mprdcmnkþa lh ods prdyhntds lho Hghnutkvd.

2<

28 2:

22

Lkputmld hatrh =5:2 y =553. Kathbrþ, ha vmrkms dnmskdahs, om Ndfkskþa Yhrfmahath lh Buhrrm y Fmrkam. Zëmsh7 Ckcokdthnm lho Ndabrhsd Amnkdamo, ‟Shshýms pmromfhatmrkms7 =5==39=5‖. Ha7 ettp7//ekstdrkmpdoktknm.cna.no/rhshams ettp7//ekstdrkmpdoktknm.cna.no/rhshamsTpmromfhatmrkms/wk`k/Jrmanks Tpmromfhatmrkms/wk`k/JrmanksndT^domadTYrmndT^domadTYrmldTEdadrmtd Cdohtæa lh ^hskdahs lh om Nífmrm lh Lkputmlds. ^hskþa 2<ª Hxtrmdrlkamrkm lh 3; lh fmrzd lh =52;. p. 239. Ho 8 lh mcrko sh lhnomrþ om buhrrm mo Yhr÷ y m Cdokvkm. Njr. Zmrms, Shndpkomnkþa lh Ohyhs, Þrlhahs, Lhnrhtds ûprhfds y Nkrnuomrhs ndanhrakhaths mo Hgërnktd , lhslh hahrd lh =5:: m lknkhfcrh lh =529. \dfd ZK, pp. ;9-;>. Fkoktmath lho Ymrtkld Smlknmo, juh Lkputmld hatrh =52: y =553. Juh hohbkld ^hamldr pmrm ho phrædld =553-=555, phrd ad odbrþ thrfkamr su phrædld, ym quh jmoohnkþ ha =55<. M phsmr lh su pmnk﬍sfd kaknkmo, oohbþ m shr ûphrkathalhath lho ^hrvknkd ^maktmrkd ha Nmfpmým lurmath om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd lhslh =553 ha mlhomath. Zhísh7 Jkbuhrdm, Yhlrd Ymcod, Lknnkdamrkd Ckdbrí﬍nd lh Nekoh. \dfd K. Kfprhatm y Hanumlhramnkþa Cmrnhodam, =5;2, p. 88.


/ =82

^h em sdsthakld pdr pmrth lh ods shýdrhs Fkakstrds quh om mamrquæm quh rhkam ha ho pmæs hohntdrmo sh lhch hxnouskvmfhath mo okcrh guhbd lh ods pmrtklds. [d sdsthabd od ndatrmrkd0 yd m﬍rfd ska vmnkomr quh ods fmohs quh sh omfhatma sh lhcha hxnouskvmfhath m om fmad lho Bdckhrad, m om kathrvhankþa fmak﬍hstm lho Bmckahth ha oms hohnnkdahs. Cmstm pmrm phrsumlkrsh lh hood, vhr od quh em pmsmld y hstí pmsmald ha tdlds ods lhpmrtmfhatds7 ho fdvkfkhatd kausktmld lh Kathalhaths y Bdchramldrhs, om rhfdnkþa fís vkdohatm emstm lh ods hfpohmlds fís sucmothrads lho drlha mlfkakstrmtkvd. Ha om prhshath nmfpmým hohntdrmo om kathrvhankþa lho Bdckhrad ad sh okfktm sþod m mtmnmr ha ua lhpmrtmfhatd ods nmalklmtds lh ua pmrtkld nuyds kathrhshs pmrhnh jmvdrhnhr ha dtrds, skad quh vm emstm om phrshnunkþa thamz y lhsnmrmlm lh ua pmrtkld, y ym ad sþod lh ua pmrtkld pmrm kfphlkr su rhprhshatmnkþa ha ho Ndabrhsd, skad lh oms phrsdams phrskbukhald om nmalklmturm lh tmo pmrtklmrkd pdr om lh dtrd lh oms fksfms klhms, tma sdod pdr smtksjmnhr su nmprkned pdr ndfpohtd‖ 25. Ad lhgm lh sdrprhalhr quh, hstmald Nekoh ha uam buhrrm hjhntkvm, lh kafkahath lhnomrmnkþa ohbmo, ad pdnds pmromfhatmrkds sh dpuskhrma m hatrhbmr oms jmnkoklmlhs quh ho Bdckhrad rhquhræm pmrm pdahr m oms Juhrzms Mrfmlms ha pkh lh ndfcmth. Ha sufm, oomfm om mthankþa quh ua msuatd quh edy sh oomfmræm ‟prdcohfm ‟prdcohfm pmæs‖ d ‟thfm lh Hstmld‖ shm trmtmld ndfd uam nuhstkþa lho sdod Bdckhrad, d shm, lh ua lhthrfkamld shntdr pdoætknd lh om sdnkhlml. Dcvkmfhath, ad tdlds ods lkputmlds mathpdaæma om ‟nuhstkþa hohntdrmo‖ m om lh om buhrrm. Wdrdcmcho Sdlræbuhz2; rhjutmcm m Moohalh Ymlka lho skbukhath fdld7 ‟[d, quh sdy edfcrh lh pmrtkld, skhfprh ndatrkcukrë nda fk vdtd m lmr m tdlds ods pmrtklds jmnkoklmlhs jmnkoklmlhs pmrm quh hxprhsha sus klhms y jdrfuoha ods nmrbds quh nrhma ndavhakhath mo Bdckhrad. Yhrd edy om prhdnupmnkþa lh tdld nekohad lhch shr om brma nuhstkþa lh om edarm lho pmæs. Xa sdod læm lh lhfdrm puh-

25 2;

Cdohtæa lh ^hskdahs lh om Nífmrm lh Lkputmlds. ^hskþa 2<ª Hxtrmdrlkamrkm lh 3; lh fmrzd lh =52;. p. 239. Juh lkputmld pdr vmrkds phrædlds, fuy ndadnkld pdr om lhjhasm lho okcrh ndfhrnkd. Zëmsh7 Ckcokdthnm lho Ndabrhsd Amnkdamo, ‟Shshýms pmromfhatmrkms7 =5==-39=5‖. Ha7 ettp7//ekstdrkmpdoktknm.cna.no/rhshamsTpmromfhatmrkms/wk`k/WdrdcmchoTSdlr%N>% pdoktknm.cna.no/rhshamsTpmromfhatmrkms/wk`k/WdrdcmchoTSdlr%N>%MLbuhzTChamvklhs MLbuhzTChamvklhs

=85 / E K ^ \ D S K M > ; :

lh shr jmtmo pmrm Nekoh. Lhfdrmald ho prdpdrnkdamr rhnursds mo Bdckhrad pmrm om prdshnunkþa lh om buhrrm, puhlh shr ua mokhatd pmrm ods hahfkbds, ua nrkfha ndatrm om pmtrkm‖ 59. ^hræm hxthasd lhtmoomr oms vknksktulhs lh hsth lhcmth pmromfhatmrkd. ^þod shýíohsh quh ad hxkstkþ ua mpdyd nhrrmld mo Bdckhrad ha ods ndfkhazds lho ndaffikntd. Yhrd, numald om buhrrm juh lhnomrmlm (8 lh mcrko lh =52;) y sh ndavkrtkþ ha ua ehned kahvktmcoh, om fmydræm lho Ymromfhatd ndfhazþ m mprdcmr oms ohyhs ahnhsmrkms quh mutdrkzmcma mo Hghnutkvd pmrm lhnrhtmr ho mufhatd lh trdpms y lkspdahr lh fmydrhs jdalds p÷coknds. Ydr su kfpdrtmankm, ndavkhah ohhr æathbrmfhath om skbukhath ohy mprdcmlm pdr ho Ndabrhsd y prdfuobmlm pdr ho Bdckhrad7 ‟^matkmbd, > lh mcrko lh =52;. Ydr numatd ho Ndabrhsd Amnkdamo em lmld su mprdcmnkþa mo skbukhath YSD[HN\D LH OH[7 Mrt. =· ^h mpruhcm om rhsdounkþa lho \rmtmld lh shks lh mbdstd lh =52< quh hxkstæm nda om Shp÷coknm lh Cdokvkm y om ndaskbukhath dnupmnkþa lho thrrktdrkd quh fhlkm hatrh ods pmrmohods 3> y 3< lh omtktul sur. Mrt. 3· Ho Ndabrhsd prhstm su mprdcmnkþa pmrm quh ho Yrhsklhath lh om Shp÷coknm lhnomrh om buhrrm mo Bdckhrad lh Cdokvkm. Mrt. >· ^h mutdrkzm mo Yrhsklhath lh om Shp÷coknm7 =· Ymrm quh mufhath oms juhrzms lh fmr y tkhrrm emstm quh od nrhyhrh ahnhsmrkd0 3· Ymrm quh lh jdalds amnkdamohs kavkhrtm kavkhrtm pdr medrm emstm numtrd fkoodahs lh phsds ha ods dcghtds m quh sh rh﬍hrh hstm ohy, lhckhald rhalkr om ndrrhspdalkhath nuhatm lh kavhrskþa ha om ëpdnm ha quh lhcha rhalkrsh oms nuhatms bhahrmohs lh om mlfkakstrmnkþa p÷coknm0 >· Ymrm ndatrmtmr hfprëstktds emstm om sufm lh nkand fkoodahs lh phsds, pulkhald ekpdthnmr m su nmrbd oms prdpkhlmlhs lho Hstmld, d hstkpuomr dtrms bmrmatæms7

59

Kcæl., p. 23=.


/ =8;

<· Ymrm quh lhnomrh puhrtds fmydrhs ods quh guzbuh ahnhsmrkds y prdvhm m su shrvknkd fkhatrms ad sh lknth uam ohy quh od drbmaknh. Mrt. <· ^h ^h mpruhcm om kavhrskþa lh nmulmohs nmulmo hs p÷coknds lhnrhtml lhnrhtmlm m pdr ho Yrhsklhath lh om Shp÷coknm pmrm ho mufhatd, om prdvkskþa y fdvkokzmnkþa lh om Hsnumlrm Amnkdamo y lh oms juhrzms lho Hgërnktd lh tkhrrm y pmrm ho shrvknkd mlfkakstrmtkvd y mlumahrd lh Matdjmbmstm y Fhgkoodahs, lhckhald rhalkr om ndrrhspdalkhath nuhatm. Mrt. 8· Oms mutdrkzmnkdahs ndathaklms ha ho mrtænuod >· lurmría pdr ho tërfkad lh ua mýd. [ pdr numatd, dæld ho Ndashgd lh Hstmld, eh thakld m ckha mprdcmrod y smankdamrod0 pdr tmatd, prdf÷obuhsh y ooëvhsh m hjhntd ndfd ohy lh om Shp÷coknm. Maæcmo Ykatd. Choksmrkd Yrmts. Mohgmalrd Jkhrrd. Gdmquæa Cohst Cohs t Bmam. Guokd Whbhrs. Ndrahokd ^mmvhlrm‖5=. Xam prkfhrm cmsh lh sdolmlds prdnhlkþ lh ods nuhrpds lho Hgërnktd phrfmahath, fmydrktmrkmfhath fmydrktmrkmfhath mnmatdamlds ha Mrmund, quh sh trmsomlmrda m om zdam lho ndaffikntd m dcghtd lh ndajdrfmr ho Hgërnktd lh Dphrmnkdahs lho Adrth. ‟Ods nuhrpds lh oæahm, mo shr rhtkrmlds lh om Jrdathrm, lhgmrda su oubmr m uaklmlhs fdvkokzmlms lh om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo‖ 53. Ods sdolmlds lh om Jrdathrm “medrm ha ho Adrth“ pulkhrda ounkr ad pdnm hxphrkhankm7 tmatd ha fmthrkm lh mvmanh y ndastrunnkþa lh zdams kaeþspktms ndfd lh hajrhatmfkhatds fkoktmrhs rhmohs nda rkhsbd lh fuhrth. Xam shbualm cmsh lh om trdpm prdnhlkþ lh ods nekohads rhsklhaths ha Matdjmbmstm. Om ekstdrkdbrmjæm cdokvkmam rhndadnh ho ehned lh quh om fmydræm lh om pdcomnkþa lh Matdjmbmstm hrm lh amnkdamoklml amnkd amoklml nekoham. Ydr hghfpod, Gdsë lh Fhsm y Nmrods L. Fhsm Bkschrt Bkschrt m﬍rfma quh ‟lh ods :.999 emcktmaths lh Matdjm Matdjmbmstm, bmstm, 8.999 8.99 9 hrma nekohads nekohads y sdod :99 :9 9 cdokvkmads, ho rhstd lh vmrkms amnkdamoklmlhs‖5>.

5= 53 5>

Zmrms, Shndpkomnkþa lh Ohyhs, Þrlhahs, Lhnrhtds ûprhfds y Nkrnuomrhs ndanhrakhaths mo Hgërnktd , lhslh hahrd lh =5:: m lknkhfcrh lh =529. \dfd ZK, pp. ;9 y ;=. Ekstdrkm lho Hgërnktd lh Nekoh. \dfd Z, p. 3;. Lh Fhsm, Gdsë, Bkschrt, \hrhsm y Fhsm Bkschrt, Nmrods L., Ekstdrkm lh Cdokvkm . Om Ymz, Hlktdrkmo Bkschrt y Næm ^.M., 399=, p. <88.

=:9 / E K ^ \ D S K M > ; :

Mrbuhlms hs lh om fksfm pdsturm7 sdstkhah quh om pdcomnkþa nekoham rhprhshatm ho ;>% lho tdtmo 5<. Od mathrkdr hs hxpoknmcoh7 lhslh =5:9, numald Gdsë ^matds Dssm (=532-=522) lhsnucrkþ smoktrh ha ho lhskhrtd, lhskhrtd, ndfhazþ ua kanhsmath prdnhsd prdluntkvd lh hxpodtmnkþa lho aktrmtd, quh trmgd ndfd ndashnuhankm om prdbrhskvm fkbrmnkþa lh nekohads m om zdam lh Matdjmbmstm 58. Cmsth shýmomr quh maths lh om buhrrm, oms kavhrskdahs nekohams lh smoktrh mo adrth lh om jrdathrm “Mtmnmfm y \mrmpmní“ msnhalæma m ua =;%, dnupmald ho shbuald oubmr lhspuës lh oms phrumams (85, 8%), quh ndajdrfmcma ua fdadpdokd ﬍snmo 5:. Xam thrnhrm juhath lh rhnoutmfkhatd rhnoutmfkhatd lhrkvþ lh om pdcomnkþa nekoham prdnhlhath lhslh ho Yhr÷, ndfd ndashnuhankm lh om rípklm hxpuoskþa lhnrhtmlm pdr ho bdckhrad phrumad. Hsth lhnrhtd, lh jhnem =8 lh mcrko lh =52; y ﬍rfmld pdr ho prhsklhath Fmrkmad Kbamnkd Yrmld, hstmcohnæm quh ‟ha ho phrhatdrkd tërfkad lh dned læms ndatmlds lhslh om jhnem, smovd ho lh om lkstmankm, smolría lho thrrktdrkd amnkdamo tdlds ods nekohads quh mntumofhath rhsklha ha om Shp÷coknm‖ 52. ^hb÷a Jrmanksnd Matdakd Hankam ‟om pdcomnkþa nekoham ha ho Yhr÷ ffiuntumcm morhlhldr lh >9.999 mofms, y om fktml m od fhads hrma gdramohrds ha hlml lh nmrbmr mrfms‖ mrfms ‖. Ouhbd mbrhbm quh ‟ua níonuod lh l h om ëpdnm ëp dnm ﬍gmcm ha 2.99 2.999 9 ho a÷fhrd lh nekohads rhpmtrkmlds lho Yhr÷ quh jdrfmrda ha oms ﬍oms lho hgërnktd hxphlknkdamrkd‖ 55. Shsuotm sdrprhalhath om nmpmnklml lh rhnoutmfkhatd y drbmakzmnkþa kaknkmo lh oms juhrzms nekohams ha =52;. Muaquh Muaquh hsth puatd sh hsnmpm mo hajdquh prkankpmo lh hsth trmcmgd, ad pdnds mutdrhs ema m﬍rfmld quh om nmusm lh om vkntdrkm lh

5< 58

5:

52

Mrbuhlms, Monklhs, Ekstdrkm Bhahrmo lh Cdokvkm. Ho prdnhsd lh om amnkdamoklml . Om Ymz, Hlknkdahs Yuhrtm lho ^do, =;:2, p. ><;. Ymrm ho smoktrh nekohad maths lh om buhrrm, vëmsh m Chrf÷lhz, Dsnmr, Ekstdrkm lho ^moktrh. Lhs- lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd emstm om Shvdounkþa lh =5;= . ^matkmbd, Hlknkdahs Ymfpm Lhsaulm, =;5<0 Nrdzkhr, Sdamol L., ‟Ho smoktrh emstm om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd. Xam rhvkskþa‖. r hvkskþa‖. Ekstdrkm . A· >9.=;;2. ^dtd Nírlhams, Mohgmalrd, Kaffiuhankm crktíaknm ha ho smoktrh. Drkbha, amturmohzm y lhnmlha- nkm . ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo Xakvhrsklml lh ^matkmbd, =;;5, p. 89. ^hb÷a Nírlhams, oms kavhrskdahs crktíaknms msnhalæma m ua => % ha ho fdfhatd lh kaknkmrsh om buhrrm. Ymrm om ekstdrkm lho smoktrh nekohad lhspuës lh om buhrrm, vëmsh tmfckëa7 Comn`fdrh, Emrdol, Bdckhrad nekohad y smoktrh kaboës =55:-=5;:. Hlktdrkmo Malrës Chood, ^matkmbd, =;220 y m Nduydufgkma, Guma Sknmrld, ‟Om hndadfæm nekoham7 =5>9-=;>9‖. Shvkstm Xakvhrsktmrkm. A· ;. =;5>. pp. ;5-==>. Meufmlm, Ymsnumo, Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd. Ldnufhatds d﬍nkmohs, ndrrhspdalhankms y lhfís pucoknmnkdahs rhjhrhaths m om buhrrm quh em lmld m om ouz om prhasm lh Nekoh, Yhr÷ y Cdokvkm.

55

\dfd K. ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo Malrës Chood, =;53, p. 395. Hstm adrfm ndatkhah mobuams hxnhpnkdahs, ndfd ho nmsd lh ods nekohads rhsklhaths pdr fís lh =9 mýds d nmsmlds nda phrumams y prdpkhtmrkds lh ckhahs rmænhs, skhfprh quh su ndaluntm shm katmnemcoh. ^ka hfcmrbd, lds læms lhspuës sh lkntm ua auhvd lhnrhtd quh suprkfh lh pomad hstms hxnhpnkdahs. Kcæl. Hankam, Ekstdrkm lh Nekoh , p. 5:.


/ =:=

Nekoh ha om buhrrm juh su fmydr hstmckoklml kastktunkdamo. M ndatrmrkd shasu , ho ekstdrkmldr phrumad Gdrbh Cmsmlrh mtrkcuyh mtrkcuyh om lhrrdtm lh su pmæs m lds nmusms prkankpmohs7 Hstmld hfpærknd y mcksfd sdnkmo. ‟Ho Hstmld hfpærknd qukhrh lhnkr ho Hstmld kamutëatknd, jríbko, ndrrdæld pdr kfpurhzms y pdr madfmoæms. Hs ho Hstmld nda ua Yrhsklhath kahstmcoh, nda hohnnkdahs m vhnhs mfmýmlms, nda ua Ndabrhsd lh drkbha lksnutkcoh y pdnd h﬍nmz ha su mnnkþa, nda lhfdnrmnkm jmosm‖5;.

NDANOX^KÞA Lhslh ua puatd lh vkstm numatktmtkvd, ho hgërnktd lho phrædld juh adtmcohfhath hxkbud. Oms trdpms mphams suphrmrda ha prdfhlkd oms >.>99 pomzms, y ha nomrd lhsnhasd ha om fhlklm ha quh mvmazmcma ods mýds, emstm oohbmr mo kaknkd lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd. Mlhfís, hooms rhprhshatmrda ua 9,=% lh om pdcomnkþa tdtmo, ndajdrfh mo Nhasd lh =528. Ydr dtrm pmrth, hstms trdpms sh sktumrda, ha su brma fmydræm, ha om zdam sur lho pmæs, ha ho ndathxtd lho prdnhsd lh kandrpdrmnkþa lh om Mrmunmaæm. Om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo, quh amnkþ ndfd ua ndatrmphsd lho Hgërnktd, lhslh om Buhrrm ndatrm om Ndajhlhrmnkþa Yhr÷-cdokvkmam (=5>2-=5>;) sh ndasdoklþ ndfd om rhshrvm lh mquho. [, phsh m quh hstm kastktunkþa, m lkjhrhankm lh om hatklml nmstrhash, sæ ndatþ nda bumraknkdahs ha ho adrth lho pmæs, om nmatklml lh sus hjhntkvds juh lhsnhalkhald lh fmahrm tma adtdrkm m fhlklm quh pmsmcma ods mýds (oohbmald ha =525 m ndatmr nda morhlhldr lh 2.999 edfcrhs), quh, ha om príntknm, thrfkaþ phrlkhald tdtmo rhohvmankm lhslh ua puatd lh vkstm fkoktmr. fkoktmr. [ hood ska ndasklhrmr nkhrtds msphntds numoktmtkvds ndfd oms nmrmnthræstknms nmrmnthræstknms lh su kastrunnkþa pmrm uam buhrrm hjhntkvm. Om ldtmnkþa lh trdpms y su ucknmnkþa sda jmntdrhs, hatrh dtrds, quh fdstrmræma om ohgmaæm lh ua íakfd choknkstm lh pmrth lh Nekoh ha ndatrm lho Yhr÷ y lh Cdokvkm. Xa prdcohfm phrfmahath lurmath ho phrædld, y quh ha bhahrmo sh prhshatþ lurmath tdld ho skbod UKU, juh om ndastmath lkspmrklml hatrh oms trdpms mutdrkzmlms y oms hjhntkvms. Hsth thfm hs kfpdrtmath lh trmtmr, ym quh, kalkrhntmfhath (mo fhads), phrfkth mlhatrmrsh ha om rhmoklml sdnkmo lh om vklm lh ods sdolmlds. ´M quë sh lhckþ lknem lkspmrklml4 Ndfd ym ehfds lkned, om rhspuhstm m prhbuatm

5;

Cmsmlrh, Gdrbh, Ekstdrkm lh om Shp÷coknm lho Yhr÷. =533-=;>>. Numrtd Yhrædld7 Om Buhrrm nda Nekoh . Hlktdrkmo Xakvhrsktmrkm, Okfm, =;5>, p. <2. Ho mcksfd sdnkmo od hatkhalh ndfd om hxnhskvm lkvhrsklml ëtaknm quh, m su vhz, kfpdskckoktmcm om uaklml amnkdamo.

=:3 / E K ^ \ D S K M > ; :

mfhrktm ua trmcmgd hsphnæ﬍nd. Yhrd pmrhnh shr lhfmskmld skfpokstm om ndasklhrmnkþa hxnouskvm mo jmntdr smomrkmo. Od nkhrtd hs quh ods ehneds ehneds suphrmrda suphrmrd a m oms kathankdahs. Ha om fmýmam lho =< lh jhcrhrd lh =52;, ua nuhrpd lh 899 sdolmlds nekohads nekohads lhshfcmrnþ ha ho puhrtd lh Matdjmbmstm. M oms 5 M. F., ho Ndrdaho Hfkokd ^dtdfmydr adtk﬍nþ mo Yrhjhntd cdokvkmad lh om nkulml, lda ^hvhrkad Wmpmtm, quh ho Hgërnktd lh Nekoh kcm m tdfmr pdshskþa lh om nkulml. ´^h kfmbkamrda ods sdolmlds nekohads, uad d lds mýds maths, quh, ha vhz lh mcrkrsh pmsd ha om lkjænko hsphsurm lh Mrmund, lhchræma nmfkamr pdr ho lhskhrtd fís írkld lho fuald, shb÷a sh mndstufcrm m lhnkr4 ´^h rhspkrmcm ha Nekoh ua mfckhath jmtmokstm, drkhatmld drkhatmld m hfpuýmr oms mrfms ha ho adrth, pdr rmzdahs fís d fhads gustms4 Oms kathrrdbmaths mathrkdrhs puhlha rhsufkrsh ha om brma prhbuatm lh hsth trmcmgd, numo hs smchr sk Nekoh sh prhpmrþ d ad pmrm om Buhrrm lho 2;. Auhstrm rhspuhstm hs quh Nekoh ad pomak﬍nþ lknem lknem buhrrm lhslh ua puatd lh vkstm fkoktmr, tmr, mo fhads ha ho pomad lh su ldtmnkþa lh trdpms, quh hs ho hajdquh prkankpmo lh hsth mrtænuod. ^ktumnkþa ëstm quh ad hxnouyh, ha dtrd shatkld, om hxksthankm lh od quh pdlhfds lhadfkamr hxpmaskdaksfd kfpoænktd , hxprhsmld císknmfhath ha om prhshankm lh nmpktmohs y phrsdams prdvhakhaths lh auhstrd pmæs. Oms kavhrskdahs smoktrhrms y om fmydrktmrkm pdcomnkþa lh nekohads ha Matdjmbmstm ndastktuyhrda uam nomrm fmakjhstmnkþa lh hstm rhmoklml. Od nkhrtd hs quh, fís mooí lh oms lh﬍nkhankms lho hgërnktd hstulkmld, sdrprhalh om brma lkokbhankm nda quh oms mutdrklmlhs lh Nekoh hajrhatmrda ods mndathnkfkhatds ha nursd. ^k ckha hs vhrlml quh ho Hgërnktd lh oæahm, y nda fmydr rmzþa om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo, ad sh handatrmcm lho tdld prhpmrmld pmrm ua ndaffikntd cëoknd jrhath lds pmæshs, ad hs fhads nkhrtd quh om nmpmnklml kastktunkdamo lh Nekoh, y om hstrunturm ndehrhath y sþoklm lh su Hgërnktd, phrfktkþ fdvkokzmr m uam brma nmatklml lh trdpms y lmr jdrfm, lh fmahrm hjhntkvm y rípklm, m ua auhvd mpmrmtd fkoktmr0 puhstd ha pkh lh buhrrm y lhnklkld m ndashbukr om vkntdrkm.

JXHA\H^ Meufmlm, Ymsnumo, Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd. Ldnufhatds d﬍nkmohs, ndrrhspdalhankms y lh-

fís pucoknmnkdahs rhjhrhaths m om buhrrm quh em lmld m om ouz om prhasm lh Nekoh, Yhr÷ y Cdokvkm. \dfd K. ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo Malrës Chood, =;53. Mabuktm, Sknmrld, Ohyhs prdfuobmlms ha Nekoh lhslh =5=9 emstm =;=5. ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm, Oktdbrmjæm y Hanumlhramnkþa Cmrnhodam, =;=3.


/ =:>

Cdohtæa lh ^hskdahs lh om Nífmrm lh Lkputmlds (=5::-=52;). Fhfdrkms lho Fkaksthrkd lh Buhrrm prhshatmlms mo Ndabrhsd Amnkdamo . ^matkmbd, lkvhrsms kfprhatms, =5::-=559. Zmohankm Mvmrkm, Ouks, Mamohs lh om Shp÷coknm. \hxtds ndastktunkdamohs lh Nekoh y Shbkstrd

lh ods nkulmlmads quh ema kathbrmld ods pdlhrhs hghnutkvd y ohbksomtkvd lhslh =5=9 . ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo Malrës Chood, =;5:. Zmrms, Gdsë Matdakd, Shndpkomnkþa lh Ohyhs, Þrlhahs, Lhnrhtds ûprhfds y Nkrnuomrhs

ndanhrakhaths mo Hgërnktd , lhslh hahrd lh =5:: m lknkhfcrh lh =529. ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm Amnkdamo, =52=.

CKCOKDBSMJÆM Moohalh^momzmr Mrrmu, Gdrbh, ‟Hgërnktd y fkoknkms fkokn kms lho Shkad lh Nekoh (=2>2 ( =2>2-=5=8)‖ -=5=8)‖. Cdohtæa

lh om Mnmlhfkm Nekoham lh om Ekstdrkm. A¹ ::. =;:3. Mrmankckm Nomvho, Sdchrtd, ‟Ho ndanhptd lh Ekstdrkm Ekst drkm Fkoktmr‖ Fko ktmr‖. Yrkfhrm Gdramlm lh Ekstd-

rkm Fkoktmr. ^kbods UZKK-UKU . ^matkmbd, Nhatrd lh hstulkds h kavhstkbmnkdahs fkoktmrhs (NH^KF) “ Lhpmrtmfhatd lh Ekstdrkm Fkoktmr lho Hgërnktd lh Nekoh, 399<. Cmsmlrh, Gdrbh, Ekstdrkm lh om Shp÷coknm lho Yhr÷. =533-=;>>. Numrtd Yhrædld7 Om Buhrrm

nda Nekoh . Hlktdrkmo Xakvhrsktmrkm, Okfm, =;5> Mrbuhlms, Monklhs, Ekstdrkm Bhahrmo lh Cdokvkm. Ho prdnhsd lh om amnkdamoklml . Om Ymz, Hlknkdahs Yuhrtm lho ^do, =;:2. Cmrrds Mrmam, Lkhbd, Ekstdrkm lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd (=52;-=55=) . Dcrms Ndfpohtms lh

Lkhbd Cmrrds Mrmam. \dfd UZK. ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm, Oktdbrmjæm y hanumlhramnkþa Cmrnhodam, =;=<. Chrf÷lhz, Dsnmr, Ekstdrkm lho ^moktrh. Lhslh om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd emstm om Shvdounkþa lh =5;=. ^matkmbd, Hlknkdahs Ymfpm Lhsaulm, =;5<. Ckcokdthnm lho Ndabrhsd N dabrhsd Amnkdamo, ‟Shshýms pmromfhatmrkms7 =5==-39 =5==-39=5‖ =5‖. Ha7 H a7 ettp7//ekstde ttp7//ekstdrkmpdoktknm.cna.no/rhshamsTpmromfhatmrkms/wk`k/JrmanksndT^domadTYrmldTEdadrmtd Ckcokdthnm lho Ndabrhsd Nda brhsd Amnkdamo, ‟Shshýms pmromfhatmrkms7 =5==-39 =5==-39=5‖ =5‖. Ha7 Ha 7 ettp7//ekstdrkmettp7 //ekstdrkmpdoktknm.cna.no/rhshamsTpmromfhatmrkms/wk`k/WdrdcmchoTSdlr%N>%MLbuhzT Chamvklhs Comn`fdrh, Emrdol, Bdckhrad nekohad y smoktrh kaboës =55:-=5;:. Hlktdrkmo Malrës Chood, ^matkmbd, ^matkm bd, =;22. Comand, B. N., Ekstdrkm fkoktmr lh Cdokvkm. Om Ymz, Kathalhankm Ka thalhankm lh Buhrrm “ \moohrhs, =;33. Crmua, Guma ht. mo , Hndadfæm nekoham =5=9-=;;8. Hstmlæstknms ekstþrknms. Ldnufhatd lh trmcmgd A· =52. ^matkmbd, Kastktutd lh Hndadfæm - Ydatk﬍nkm Xakvhrsklml Nmtþoknm lh Nekoh, 3999.

=:< / E K ^ \ D S K M > ; :

Cdohtæa lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd =52;-=55= . ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo Malrës Chood, =;2;. Cuoahs, Bdazmod, Om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd. \dfd K. ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo H lktdrkmo lho Ymnæ﬍nd, =;88. Nmkvmad, \dfís, Ekstdrkm lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd hatrh Yhr÷, Nekoh y Cdokvkm . Okfm, Ndrpdrmnkþa Hlktdrm Nekrrh, 399<. Nkvmtk Chramsndak, Hlfuald E., Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd (=52;-=55>). \dfd K. Cuhads Mkrhs, Nærnuod Fkoktmr “ Ckcokdthnm lho d﬍nkmo, =;<:. Ndoomlds A÷ýhz, Nomulkd (hlkt.), Ho Ydlhr Amvmo Nekohad. \dfd KK. Zmopmrmæsd, Zmopmrmæsd, Shvkstm lh Fmrkam, =;58. Ndurnhooh ^hahuko, G. B., Mbrhskþa lh Hspmým ndatrm Nekoh . ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm lho Jhrrdnmrrko, =5::. Nduydufgkma, Guma Sknmrld, Skn mrld, ‟Om hndadfæm nekoham7 =5>9-=;>9‖. Shvkstm Xakvhrsktmrkm. A· ;. =;5>. Nrdzkhr, Sdamol L., ‟Ho smoktrh emstm e mstm om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd. Xam rhvkskþa‖. Ekstdrkm . A· >9.=;;2. Lh Fhsm, Gdsë, Bkschrt, \hrhsm y Fhsm F hsm Bkschrt, Nmrods L., Ekstdrkm lh Cdokvkm . Om Ymz, Hlktdrkmo Bkschrt y Næm ^.M., 399=. H`lmeo, Rkoehf, Ekstdrkm fkoktmr lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd. \dfd =. ^matkmbd, ^dnkhlml Kfprhsdrm y Oktdbrmjæm Xakvhrsd, =;=2. Hankam, Jrmanksnd Matdakd, Ekstdrkm lh Nekoh. \dfd >= >=.. ^matkmbd, ^matkmb d, Hlktdrkmo H lktdrkmo Hrnkoom. Hankam, Jrmanksnd Matdakd, Oms rhomnkdahs hatrh Nekoh y Cdokvkm (=5<=-=;:>) . ^matkmbd Hlktdrkmo Amsnkfhatd, =;:>. Jhraíalhz, Gdmquæa, ‟Ods dræbhahs lh om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo y om ndastrunnkþa lho nkulmlmad-sdol lmad- sdolmld mld (Nekoh7 (Neko h7 =53>-=5>>)‖ =53>-=5>> )‖. Fmpdned. Shvkstm lh Eufmaklmlhs . A¹ 8:. 39=<. Jhrrhr, Ehrkchrtd, Ekstdrkm pdpuomr lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd y rhshým ekstþrknm lh Nekoh . Kqukquh, Kfprhatm mrtæstknm, =;3>. Jkbuhrdm, Yhlrd Ymcod, Lknnkdamrkd Ckdbrí﬍nd lh Nekoh. \dfd K. Kfprhatm y Hanumlhramnkþa Cmrnhodam, =5;2. Juhazmoklm Cmlh, Sdlrkbd, Om Mrfmlm lh Nekoh. Lhslh om mocdrmlm mo ^hsquknhathamrkd

(=5=>-=;:5). Lhslh om okchrmnkþa lh Nekodë (=53:) emstm ho ﬍a lh om Buhrrm nda Hspmým (=5::) . \dfd KK. \moohrhs moohr hs Hfprhsm Hfpr hsm Yhrkdlæstk Yhrkdl æstknm nm ‟Mquæ ‟Mquæ Hstí‖ Hstí ‖, =;25. Bkccs, A. E., ‟Nmpætuod KKK. Oms juhrzms mrfmlms y ho mrth lh om buhrrm‖. Nrmwohy, N. R.,Shboí, R.,Shboí, Guma y Gdvhr, Gdsë Fmræm (hls.). Ekstdrkm lho fuald fdlhrad . Buhrrm y pmz ha tkhfpds lh rhvdounkþa =2;>-=5>9. \dfd KU. Cmrnhodam, Hlktdrkmo ^dpham, =;23. Bþabdrm, Fmrkd, Hasmyd ekstþrknd sdcrh om adnkþa lho Hstmld ha Nekoh ha ods skbods UKU y

UU . ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo Xakvhrsktmrkm, 399>.


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Brhz, Nmrods, Nmrods , ‟Om supuhstm prhpmrmnkþa prh pmrmnkþa fkoktmr fko ktmr lh Nekoh Ne koh pmrm om Buhrrm lho Ymnæ﬍nd‖. Cdoh- tæa lh om Mnmlhfkm Nekoham lh om Ekstdrkm . A· 8. =;>8. Ehraíalhz Ydanh, Sdchrtd, ‟Om Bumrlkm Bumr lkm Amnkdamo lh Nekoh‖ Ne koh‖. Ekstdrkm . A· =;.=;5<.

Ekstd rkm rkm lho Hgërnktd lh Nekoh. Ndasdoklmnkþa lho prdjhskdamoksfd fkoktmr. Jka lh om Buhrrm lh Mrmund. =5<9-=55> . \dfd KZ. ^matkmbd, Hstmld Fmydr Bhahrmo lho Hgërnktd, =;5=. @úrahr, Hfkokd y Cddaha Skvhrm, Gdrbh, Ekstdrkm Fkoktmr. \dfd KK. ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm NhrNhrvmaths, =552. Ohþa, Ohdamrld ht mo., Mrmunmaæm. Om jrdathrm fhstkzm. ^kbod UKU . ^matkmbd, Hlknkdahs XNÊ, 399<. Fmsda,\ehdldrus, Buhrrm ha ho Ymnæ﬍nd ûr . Cuhads Mkrhs, Hlktdrkmo Jrmanksnd lh Mbukrrh, =;2=. Ymz-^dolía, Fmrkmad Jhokph, Amrrmnkþa ekstþrknm lh om buhrrm lh Nekoh ndatrm ho Yhr÷ y Cdokvkm. Mathnhlhaths y lhnomrmnkþa lh Buhrrm. Om nmfpmým fmrætkfm. \dfd K. Okfm, Hlktdrkmo Fkoom Cmtrhs, =;2;. Ykatd Sdlræbuhz, Gdrbh, Om jdrfmnkþa lho Hstmld y om amnkþa , y ho puhcod fmpuneh. Lh

om kanouskþa m om hxnouskþa . ^matkmbd, Nhatrd lh Kavhstkbmnkþa Lkhbd Cmrrds Mrmam, 399>. Sæds Bmoomrld, Ndarmld, Nekoh y Cdokvkm lh﬍aha sus jrdathrms . ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo Malrës Chood, =;:>. Sdlræbuhz Zhomsnd, Ehraía, ‟Om ekstdrkm fkoktmr y om buhrrm nkvko hspmýdom7 uam mprdxkfmnkþa nrætknm nræt knm m sus s us juhath ju haths‖ s‖. ^tvlkm ekstþrknm ndathfpdríahm . Zdo. Zdo. 3<. 399:. ^dtd Nírlhams, Mohgmalrd , Kaffiuhankm crktíaknm ha ho smoktrh. Drkbha, amturmohzm y lhnmlha- nkm . ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo Xakvhrsklml lh ^matkmbd, =;;5. \ëoohz, Kalmoknkd, Ka lmoknkd, Ekstdrkm fkoktmr lh Nekoh7 =839-=55>. Lds Zdo÷fhahs. Zdo÷fhahs. ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm Kfpr hatm y Oktdbrmjæm Cmonhoos y Næm., =;<:. \drd Lívkom, Lívko m, Mbustæa, ^æathsks ekstþrknd-fkoktmr lh Nekoh . ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo Xakvhrsktmrkm, =;2:. Zhrcmo, Zmohatkam, Zmohatkam, ‟Om ekstdrkm fkoktmr, rdfpkhald r dfpkhald prhguknkds‖. Maumrkd lh om Mnmlhfkm lh

Ekstdrkm Fkoktmr lh Nekoh . A¹ 32. 39=>. Zkoomodcds, ^hrbkd, Nekoh-Yhr÷7 od quh ads uah y ads shpmrm . ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo Xakvhrsktmrkm, 399<. Rkolh, F. Jhramald, Ekstdrkm Fkoktmr lh Cdokvkm . Om Ymz, Kathalhankm Nhatrmo lho Hgërnktd, =;<3.

PShnkckld ho 3= lh Hahrd lh 39=< y Mnhptmld ho =5 lh mcrko lh 39=

El Ejercito de Chile en Visperas a La GdP.una Vision de Las Tropas 1866-1879.Valentina-Verbal

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