t h h i i r r d d e d i i t d t i i o o n n
ENGLISH FILE Entry Checker for Advanced
Clive Oxenden Christina Latham-Koenig
2
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CONTENTS 4
FILE 1 ● question formation ●
indirect questions
●
auxiliary verbs
14
●
16 6
FILE 2 ● present perfect simple and continuous ●
the position of adverbs and adverbial phrases
FILE 8 ● that…, the passive (all forms); it is said that…, he is thought to…, to…, etc. ●
20
FILE 4 ● future perfect and future continuous ●
12
zero and first conditionals, future time clauses (with all present and future forms)
FILE 5 ● unreal conditionals ●
structures after wish
22
reporting verbs
FILE 9 ● clauses of contrast and purpose ●
10
verbs of the senses
adjectives as nouns, adjective order order
FILE 3 ● narrative tenses: past simple, si mple, past continuous, past perfect, past perfect continuous ●
used to, to, be used to, to, get used to
FILE 7 ● past modals ●
18 8
FILE 6 ● gerunds and infinitives
uncountable and plural nouns
FILE 10 ● quantifiers: all , every, every, both , etc. ●
articles
1A question formation we buy her a present? How long have you been you been 1 Should we buy sister have? waiting? How many children does your sister have? 2 Why didn’t you like the film? Isn’t this a beautiful place? about? Who does this bag belong 3 What are they talking about? to? to? 4 Who lives in that house? How many people follow you on Twitter? 1 We make questions with modal verbs and with tenses where where there is an auxiliary verb ( be, be, have, have, etc.) by inverting the subject and the modal / auxiliary verb. With the present and past simple, we add the auxiliary verb do / do / does or does or did before did before the subject. 2 We often use negative questions to show surprise surpr ise or when we expect somebody to agree with us. 3 If a verb is followed by a preposition, the preposition comes at the end of the question, not at the beginning NOT About what are you talking? • We often just use the question word word and the preposition, A B I’m thinking. What about? e.g. subject of the question, we 4 When who / who / what / what / which , etc. is the subject of don’t use do / do / did, did , e.g. Who wrote this? NOT this? NOT Who did write this?
a Order the words to make questions.
indirect questions Could you tell me what time the shop next door opens ? Do you know if (whether (whether)) Mark’s coming to the meeting ? We use indirect questions when we want to ask a question in a more polite way, and begin with Can / Could you tell me…? or when we introduce a question with, e.g. Do you know…? Do you reme mber…? Compare What time does the shop next door open? (direct question), and Could you tell me what time the shop next door opens? (indirect question) • In indirect indirec t questions the order is subject + verb. verb. Can you tell me where it is ? NOT Can you tell me where is it? it? • We don’t use do / do / did in did in the second part of the question. Do you know where he l ives? NOT ives? NOT where does he live. live . • You can use if or or whether in whether in questions without a question word (What ( What,, How many, many, etc.) and after Can you tell me, me , Do you know, know, etc. Other expressions followed by the word order of indirect questions The word order of indirect questions is used after: I wonder…, e.g. I wonder why why they didn’t come. I’m not sure…, e.g. I’m not sure what what time it starts. I can’t remember…, e.g. I can’t remember where where I left my phone. I want to know…, e.g. I want to know what what time you’re coming home. Do you have any idea…?, e.g. Do you have any idea if (whether) James is on holiday this week?
b Complete the questions with the words in brackets. 1 2 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4
4 understand feel can’t Why how you I ? 5 Why can’t you understand how I feel? 6 is you house remember where the Do ? 7 about you where What you live don’t like ? 8 the when next film tell me starts Could you ? Should I have a new job tell them that I ? 9 of does food kind your like What eating brother ? known have long your you How neighbours ? 10 the know to time Paris Do train you what leaves ? shopping in does the your family Who ? is about crying What he ? many How exhibition the on people went to Friday ?
Di d you enjoy your enjoy your holiday last summer? (you / enjoy) Who the last bottle of wine? (drink) He can’t remember where his keys last night. (he / leave) Do you know what time at the weekend? (the restaurant / opens) How often the washing-up? washi ng-up? (you / usually usual ly do) What kind of sports ? (your son / do) to come to the party? (your boyfriend / not want) Who Catch 22? 22? (write) Could you tell me how much , please? (this DVD / cost) park your car there? It’s blocking the road. (you / have to) Where last weekend? (you / go)
1B auxiliary verbs
doesn’t. 1 I like cats, but my husband doesn’t. isn’t. Sally’s coming tonight, but Angela isn’t. 2 A I loved his latest novel. B So did I. A I haven’t finished yet. B Neither (Nor) have I. wife . Andrew’s Andrew ’s a a doctor and so is his wife. 3 A I don’t like shopping online. B I do. do. I buy a lot of my clothes online. 4 A I went to a psych ic yesterday. B Did you? A I’ll make the din ner. B Will you? That’s great! 5 A You didn’t lock the door! B I did lock it, I know I did. did . A Silvia isn’t coming. B She is coming. is coming. I’ve just spoken to her. will you? She can speak Italian, can’t she? 6 You won’t forget, forget , will you?
Complete the mini-dialogues with an aux iliary iliar y or a Complete modal verb.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A You didn’t remember to give back my car keys. B I did remember. did remember. They’re on your desk. A Sarah doesn’t like dancing. B She . She just doesn’t like this music. A Are these your shoes? B Yes, Yes, they are, and so the ones over there. A What did you think of the food at that restaurant? B Mike liked it, but I . I thought it was awful. awful . A This Thi s is the first time you’ve visited, it? B No, I’ve been here before. before. A Are you left-handed? B Yes, I am, and so my sister. A I wouldn’t like to be a politician. B Neither I. A Why didn’t you tell me you were going going to be late? B I try to tell you, but you didn’t hear me. A She’s booked the hotel for us, she? B No, I don’t think thin k so. A My mum is arriving on the next train from London. B she? I thought she was coming by car. A You will wil l phone when you arrive, you? B I promise!
ENTRY CHECKER We use auxiliary verbs (do ( do,, have, have, etc.) or modal verbs must, etc.): (can , must, 1 to avoid avoid repeating repeatin g the main verb / verb phrase, phrase , e.g. NOT I like cats but my husband doesn’t like cats. cats. 2 with so with so and and neither to neither to say that someone or something is the same. Use so Use so + + auxiliary + subject with a positive verb, and neither (or neither (or nor) nor) + auxiliary + subject with a negative verb. 3 to say that someone or something is different. 4 to make ‘reply questions’, to show interest or surprise. 5 to show show emphasis in a positive sentence, often when you want to contradict what somebody says. With the present / past simple, we add do / do / does / does / did before did before the main verb. With other auxiliaries, e.g. be, have, will the the auxi liary verb is stressed and not contracted. 6 to make question question tags, usually to check information. We use a positive auxiliar y with a negative verb and a negative auxiliary with a positive verb. • Question tags are often used simply to ask another person to agree with you, e.g. It’s a nice day, isn’t it? In it? In this case the question tag is said with falling intonation, i.e. the voice goes down. • Question tags can also be used to check something you you think is tr ue, e.g. e.g . She’s a painter, isn’t she? In she? In this case the question tag is said with rising intonation, as in a normal yes / yes / no question. no question.
Complete the conversation conversation with a suitable auxi liary b Complete verb. A Hello. Sorry Sorr y I’m a bit late. I’ve never been here before. B Neither 1 have I. have I. You’ve got your ticket, 2 you? A Yes, I just collected it from the box office. B I printed my ticket after I bought it online. Why 3 you buy it online? It’s so much easier! A I4 buy it online, but I couldn’t print it so I collected it here. This is an enormous place, 5 it? B Yes. I don’t don’t like multi-screen cinemas very much. 6 A you? I quite like this one. There are nine cinema screens here. I wouldn’t want all cinemas to be like this. B Neither 7 I. I prefer prefer the small , old-fashioned cinemas, but I don’t go to the cinema very often. A Oh, 8 you? I usually go about once a month. 9 B you? Unless there is something I really want to see, I wait for the DVD! A This is different. I’m really looking forward to it. B So 10 I. I’ve heard this film is fantastic! Let’s go go in.
5
2A present perfect simple and continuous present perfect simple: have / + past participle have / has +
Have you ever written a written a blog? 1 Have you landed but we haven’t got off the 2 We’ve We’ve just just landed but the plane yet. ’ve already told you told you three times. I ’ve already ’ve ever read. read . 3 It’s the best book I ’ve ever crashed ! Look, it’s started snowing. 4 My computer’s computer’s crashed! it ’s started snowing. known Miriam since I was a child. 5 I ’ve known Miriam had flu for ten days now. My sister has had flu have you read? read? 6 How many Agatha Christie novels novels have you They’ve seen each seen each other twice this week. We use the present perfect simple: 1 to talk about past experiences when you you don’t don’t say when when something happened. 2 with just with just,, yet, yet , and already. already. 3 with superlatives and the first, first, secon d, last time, time , etc. 4 for finished fi nished actions (when (when no time is specif ied) which have present results. 5 with non-action verbs (= verbs verbs not usual ly used in the continuous form, e.g. be, be, have, have, know, know, like, like, etc.) to say that something started in the past and is still true now. • This use is common with time expressions like How like How long…?, long…?, for or for or sinc sincee, all day / evening, evening , etc. • Don’t use the present simple or continuous in this situation: NOT I know Miriam since I was a child. 6 when we say or ask how much / / many we many we have done or how often we we have done something up to now. present perfect continuous: have / + been + -ing have / has + been + verb + -ing
We use the present perfect continuous: 1 with action verbs, to to say that an action started in the past and is still happening now. • This use is common with time expressions expressions like How like How long…?, long…?, for or for or sinc sincee, all day / evening, evening , etc. • Don’t use the present present simple or continuous continuous in this situation. NOT I know Miriam sinc e I was a child. 2 for repeated actions, especially with a time expression, e.g. all day, day, recently. recently. 3 for continuous actions which have just finished (but which have present results). 1 I’ve I’ve been learning French for the last three years. He’s He’s liked classical music since he was a teenager. 2 She’s She’s been having piano lessons since she was a child. They’ve They’ve had that car for at least ten years. lived in this town since 1980. We ’ve been living in 3 We’ve We’ve lived in a rented flat for the last two months. painted the kitchen. I’ve 4 I ’ve painted the I ’ve been painting the kitchen. 1 To talk about an unfinished unf inished action we normally normal ly use the present perfect continuous with action verbs and the present perfect simple with non-action verbs. 2 Some verbs verbs can be action or non-action non-action depending on their meaning, e.g. have piano lessons = lessons = action, have a car = car = non-action. 3 With the verbs live or live or work you you can often use the present perfect simple or continuous. However, we normally use the present perfect continuous for shorter, more temporary actions. 4 The present perfect simple emphasizes the completion of an action (= the kitchen has been painted). The present perfect continuous emphasizes the duration of an action, which may or may not be finished (= the painting of the kitchen may not be finished yet).
have you been feeling ill? feeling ill? 1 How long have you chatting online al l evening. He’s He’s been chatting online sleeping well. It’s raining all day. 2 I haven’t been sleeping well. It ’s been raining all shopping all morning. I’m exhausted. 3 I’ve been shopping all A Take your your shoes off. They’re filthy. B Yes, I know. I’ve working in the garden. I’ve been working in
a Circle the correct form of the verb. Tick (✓) if both are possible. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6
Have you ever run / been running a marathon? His parents have never met / met / been meeting his meeting his teacher. I’m feeling feeling irritable because I have have tried / tried / been trying to trying to give up smoking. They’ve worked / worked / been working here working here since they left school. Tom has phoned has phoned / / been phoning twice phoning twice this week. I haven’t seen haven’t seen / / been seeing the seeing the latest James Bond film. Tina has just gone just gone / / been going home. going home. She’s not well. It’s snowed It’s snowed / / been snowing all snowing all night. Juliet has lived / been living with living with her sister since the fire in her house.
b Complete the sentence with the best form of the verb in brackets, present perfect simple, or continuous.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Have you been working out at out at the gym? You look exhausted. (you / work out) He the type of job he wants until now. now. (not have) my emails email s again? (you read) Oh no! You my hair too short! (cut) We don’t live there anymore. anym ore. We to York. (move) T hey They her since she was a child. child . (know) He any cleaning cleani ng yet, so the house is a mess. (not do) Celia a new smartphone smart phone and she can’t stop using it. (buy) We for 20 minutes and we still stil l aren’t there. I’m sure we’re lost. (drive)
ENTRY CHECKER
2B adjectives as nouns, adjective order adjectives as nouns
• You can use the + the + some adjectives to talk about groups of people, e.g. 1 nationalities national ities that end end in - ch , - sh , -ese, -ese , and -ss, and -ss, e.g. the French , the Spanish , the British , the Japanese, Japanese , the Irish , the Swiss, Swiss, etc. (but ( but the the Czechs) (most other nationality national ity words are nouns and are used in the plural , e.g. The Brazilians, the Poles, the Turks, Turks, the Hungarians, the Argentinians, etc.) 2 specif ic groups in society, e.g. the young, the old ( or the or the elde rly), rly), the sick (= people who are ill), the ill), the blind, the deaf, the homeless, the dead. • To talk about one person use, e.g. a Japanese woman , a rich man , etc. NOT a Japanese, a rich You can also use adjective + people to people to talk about a group of people, e.g. poor e.g. poor people peopl e, homeless people, people , old people, people, French people. people . adjective order
old cottage just outside Bath. We’ve got a lovely old cottage fair hair. She has long fair hair. leather belt. I bought a beautiful Italian leather belt.
English are famous for drinking tea. 1 The English are The Chinese invented Chinese invented paper. The Dutch make Dutch make wonderful cheeses. rich are 2 The poor are getting poorer and the rich are getting richer. The government government needs to create more jobs for the unemployed. unemployed .
• You can put more than one adjective before a noun (often (often two and occasionally three). These adjectives go in a par ticular order, e.g. NOT an old lovely cottage • Opinion adjectives, e.g. beautiful , nice, nice , lovely, lovely, always go before descriptive adjectives, e.g. big, old, round. round . • If there is more than one one descriptive adjective, they go in this order: OPINION expensive beautiful
SIZE little litt le
ORIGIN / PLACE French Italian
the + an adjective. a Rewrite the underlined phrase using the +
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
People from Holland Holla nd are famous for growing beautiful beautifu l flowers, especially tulips. The Dutch This is a café run for and by people people without a home. People from Britain are generally generally well known for their love of animals and pets. This government is trying to provide provide jobs jobs for people without jobs. This painting pai nting is to help help us remember remember people people who who were were killed in the Great War. This dog is trained to work work with people who can’t see. The emergency emergency hospitals are full ful l of people who are ill. ill . People from Brazil are famous for their love of football. Sign language is avail available able for for people people who can’t hear. People from Switzerland Switzerland have four official languages. We want to organize more activities for people people who are old.
AGE brand new
SHAPE long
MATERIAL silk
NOUN scarf car
COLOUR purple
PATTERN PATTERN striped stripe d
b Write the adjectives in brackets in the right place. Change a to an where where necessary. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
a long beach (sandy) a long sandy beach a leather jacket (Ital ian / black) a child (thin / tall / German) boots (stylish / French) a T-shirt (old (old / dirt y) a woman woman (attrac (attractive tive / Greek / tall) a castle (old, (old, mysterious, huge) a car (expensive (expensive / red / American) America n) a man (dangerous / young young ) a film (boring (boring / long) long) eyes (tearfu (tearfull / dark / large)
7
3A narrative tenses: past simple, past continuous, past perfect, past perfect continuous narrative tenses
arrived at the airport and checked in. in . 1 We arrived at having dinner when the plane hit some 2 We were having dinner turbulence. reading or At nine o’clock most people on the plane were reading or were trying to trying to sleep. 3 When we arrived at the the airport, we suddenly suddenly realized realized that left one of the suitcases in the tax i. we had left one flying for about two hours when suddenly the 4 We’d We’d been flying for captain told us to fasten our seat belts because we were flying into some very bad weather.
perfect (had 3 We use the past perfect ( had + past participle) to talk about the ‘earlier past’, i.e. things which happened before the main event(s). continuous (had 4 We use the past perfect continuous ( had been + verb + -ing) -ing) with action verbs to talk about longer continuous actions or situations that started before the main events happened and have continued up to that point. Non-action verbs (e.g. be, be, have, have, know, know, like, like, etc.) are not normally used in the past continuous or past perfect continuous. past perfect simple or continuous?
Lina was crying because she’d she ’d been reading a very sad book. ’d already read Lina didn’t want to see the film, because she ’d already the book.
simple to talk about consecutive actions or 1 We use the past simple to situations in the past, i.e. for the main events in a story. continuous (was 2 We use the past continuous ( was / / were + were + verb + -ing) -ing) to describe a longer continuous past action or situation which was in progress when another action happened, or to describe an action or situation that was not complete at a past time.
• The past perfect continuous emphasizes the continuation of an activity. The past perfect simple emphasizes the completion of an activity.
a Circle the correct verb form.
b Put the verb in brackets in the past perfect simple done) or continuous (had doing). If you think (had done) (had been doing). both are possible, use the continuous form.
Gloria and David Jones were looking forward to / to / had been looking forward to their Christmas holidays for months. This time, unl ike previous previous occasions, they 1had made / made / were making their making their plans long before Christmas. 2 They had been deciding / deciding / had decided to decided to go and stay with Gloria’s sister in Barcelona and they 3had bought / bought / bought 4 the air tickets very cheaply. Everything went / went / was going 5 to plan, until they had waited / were waiting for the bus to take them to the airport. It was at that moment that they got a nasty surprise when David 6realized / realized / was realizing 7 he had left / was leaving his passport at his office. There was no time to go and get it, so it looked as if David was going to miss the flight. What could they do? They phoned ‘Speedy Wheels’, a courier company, and asked them to collect the passport and meet them at the airport. An hour later, just as the bus 8had arrived / was arriving at the airport, a motorbike courier 9was stopping / stopped stoppe d behind it. David paid and thanked the rider and they ran into the terminal building. It 10was / was / has been the most stressful and expensive airport journey they had ever had, but it was worth it – they caught the plane and had a great holiday!
1 2
3 4
5 6 7
8 9
10
8
She played the violin violin very well until she broke her arm learning it since she was a child. last year. She’d She’d been learning it (learn) We such an impressive performance before. It was breathtaking! (never see) It used to be a very cosmopolitan area, but by 2012 it completely, completely, so I didn’t d idn’t want to live l ive there anymore. (change) I was so disappointed that there were were no tickets left after we for hours in the rain. (queue) (queue) All the hotel guests got food poisoning because they some of the contaminated food the night before. (eat) How long before you realized realiz ed that he was trying tryi ng to trick you? (you talk) Everyone Everyone was silent when I arrived, but I could see that they . (argue) He got to the party late because he Kim’s birthday present at home and he go back and get it. (leave, have to) She started to cry when when she found out that someone her car from outside her house. (steal) The roast chicken slowly all afternoon and delicious smells filled the house, making everyone feel hungry. (cook) The insurance insura nce company to pay compensation because they their burglar alarm. alar m. (refuse, not set)
ENTRY CHECKER
3B the position of adverbs and adverbial phrases slowly. I speak five languages fluently. fluently. The 1 He walks very slowly. seriously injured in the accident. driver was seriously injured ever have time for breakfast. Liam’s always late always late 2 I hardly ever have never have thought you were 40. for work. I would never have hour . It rained all day 3 My parents will wil l be here in half an hour. yesterday. yesterday. nearly finished. We’re incredibly tired. incredibly tired. My husband 4 I’ve nearly finished. lot but he doesn’t earn much. much . works a lot but Unfortunately, Unfortunately Ideally, we 5 , the parcel never arrived. Ideally, should leave here at 10.00.
My parents will be here in half an hour.
walks slowly)) or modify Adverbs can describe an action (e.g. he walks slowly adjectives or other adverbs (e.g. it’s incredibly expensive, incredibly expensive, he works very hard very hard). ). They can either be one word (e.g. often ) or a phrase (e.g. once a week ). ). manner describe how somebody does something. 1 Adverbs of manner describe They usually usua lly go after the t he verb or verb phrase, however, however, with passive verbs they usually go in mid-position (before the main verb but after an auxiliary verb).
a Underline the adverbs or adverbial phrases and correct the sentences where the order is wrong. Mario arrived very late home last night. ✗ Mario arrived a rrived home ho me very lat e last night. n ight. She can speak Italian Ital ian f luently. ✓ 1 I was extremely bored yesterday yesterday.. 2 She was reluctant a bit to tell me everyth everything ing that had happened. 3 We luckily had taken enough money money for for the bus fare. 4 Three people were were injured badly when the bomb exploded. 5 Juliet has run off apparently with all the money from the safe. 6 He forgot forgot Mother’s Day almost, but fortunately his sister reminded him. 7 Sophie liked very much the film. 8 The police arrived at the house after a few hours. 9 Ken doesn’t doesn’t always walk fast, because he is often out walking with h is dog. 10 We are going to be unfortunately late.
frequency go before the main verb but after the 2 Adverbs of frequency go verb to be. be. • Sometimes, usually, and normally and normally can also be put at the beginning of the phrase or sentence for emphasis. • If there are two auxiliary auxili ary verbs, the adverb goes after the first one. place usually go at the end of a 3 Adverbs of time and place usually sentence or clause. Place adverbs normally go before time parent s will be in half hal f an hour h ere. ere . adverbs. NOT My NOT My parents degree describe how much something is done, or 4 Adverbs of degree describe modify an adjective. • extremely, incredibly, very, etc. very, etc. are used with adjectives and adverbs and go before them. • a lot and much and much are often used with verbs and go after the verb or verb phrase. little / a bit (of) can be used with adjectives or verbs, e.g. • a little / I’m a bit / a little tired. We rested a bit of / a littl e after the flight f light . adverbs (which give the speaker’s opinion) 5 Comment adverbs (which usually go at the beginning of a sentence or clause. Other luckily, basically, basically, clearly, clearly, common comment adverbs are luckily, obviously, obviously, apparently, apparently, eventually, eventually, etc. Other adverbs Most other adverbs go in mid -position, e.g. I just need need ten more minutes. She didn’t even say goodbye. She’ll probably come come in the end.
b Put the adverbs in brackets in the normal position in these sentences. early even Tricia and Zoe left and they didn’t say goodbye. (early, even)
1 I’ve met met a handsome French man. (just, really) 2 Teresa seems shy and nervous. (always, (always, incredibly) 3 The painting was damaged in the robbery. robbery. (badly, last year) 4 They take the dogs for for a long walk. (usually, in the evening) 5 His daughter daughter married married a Russian Russian millionaire. (apparently, (app arently, nearly ) 6 They’re going going to that party. (probably, (probably, tonight) 7 Jessica is at the gym. (often, (often, in the morning) 8 I go riding. (rarely, (rarely, nowadays) nowadays) 9 He realized that she was going to come home. (eventually, never) 10 He wasn’t injured when when he fell fell off his bike. (seriously)
9
4A future perfect and future continuous future perfect: will have + have + past participle
finished painting by Tuesday, so The decorators will have finished painting we can move back into the flat then. The football club say that they ’ll have built the new stadium in six months. arrived before dinner so I’ll leave some Laura won’t have arrived before food in the oven for her. learnt enough English to be able to When will they have learnt enough communicate fluently? We use the future perfect (will (will have + have + past participle) to say something will be finished before a certain time in the future. • This Thi s tense is frequently used with the time expressions by Saturday / March / 2030, 2030, etc. or in two months, etc. in two weeks / months, • By + a time expression = at the latest. With in , you can say in six months or months or in six months’ time. time . • We form the negative with won’t have + have + past participle and make questions by inverting the subject and will / won’t. won’t .
a Complete the sentences using the future perfect or future continuous.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10
Their last exam is on June 26th. By the end of June they’ll they’ll have finished all (finish) finished all their exams. (finish) I’m only saving £15 a week, so by the end of the year I £1,000. (not / save) Please don’t don’t call me between 7.30 and 8.30, because that’s when I my evening meal. (cook) By the time you get this letter, I England forever forever and I for you to join me. (leave, waiting) waitin g) Come to stay next week. week. I’ll have some free time then because I my new job. (not start) By this time tomorrow, tomorrow, she to Brazil and she a drink by the hotel swimming pool. (fly, have) You me in six months time! (forget) (forget) They are walking walkin g 30 km a day. By the end of the trek, they 150 km. (walk) She over a hundred songs by the time she is 20. (write) I to the supermarket later. Do you want me to get you anything? anythi ng? (go) They all the cake before you get home: they promised to keep you some. (not / eat)
future continuous: will be + be + verb + -ing
Don’t phone between 7.00 and 8.00 as we’ll we ’ll be having dinner then. thinking of you. Good luck with your test tomorrow. I’ll be thinking of This time tomorrow I’ll I ’ll be sitting at a café drinking a beer. starting dinner until 8.00. Come at 7.00 because we won’t be starting dinner Will you be waiting for waiting for me when I get off the train? going to the supermarket later. Do you want anything? I ’ll be going to • Use the futu re continuous (will (will be + be + verb + ing) ing) to say that an action will be in progress at a certain time in the future. Compare: We’ll have dinner have dinner at 8.00 (= we will start dinner at 8.00) We’ll be having dinner having dinner at 8.00 (= at 8.00 we will already have started having dinner) • We sometimes use the futu re continuous, like the present continuous, to talk about things which are already planned or decided. • We form the negative with won’t be + be + verb + ing and ing and make questions by inverting the subject and will / won’t. won’t .
b Complete the dialogue with the verbs in brackets in the future perfect or continuous. A Have you you heard that people are already training for the journey to Mars? B What do you you mean? A People are now being being trained trai ned as astronauts to go to Mars. By the time they leave, they ’ll have trained together trained together for years. Once they get to Mars, that’s it. They 1 their choice never to return to Earth because there will be no way back! B You mean that they 2 their homes and families behind forever? A Yes! They 3 thousands of miles to start a human colony on a new planet. But they’ll be well prepared. Before they leave, the four astronauts 4 all kinds of new skills. At least two of them 5 to know what to do in a medical emergency. Other members of the crew 6 expert engineers so they can repair anything on the spaceship. B And I guess cameras cameras 7 every minute 8 of their lives. People everything everything that happens millions of miles from Earth. A Yes! And at the same time, scientists 9 everything about them, especially their physical and mental health. B By the time the mission takes place, I think I 10 as a teacher, but perhaps 11 I in this country, although still on planet Earth, I hope!
(train) (make) (left) (travel)
(learnt) (train) (become)
(film) (watch) (test)
(work) (not live)
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4B zero and first conditionals, future time clauses (with all present and future forms) zero conditional
To talk about something which will probably happen in the future, we use if + + a present tense, and a future tense in the other clause. • You can use any present form in the if-clause if-clause (present simple, continuous, or perfect) and any future form (will , going to, to , future perfect, f uture continuous) continuous) or an imperative in the other clause. future time clauses
you want to be fit, you If you
need to do some exercise every day. are wearing headphones wearing people headphones in the street, they often If people don’t notice other notice other people. lived . you haven’t been to New York, you haven’t lived. If you To talk about something which is always true or always happens as a result of something else, we use if + present simple, and the present simple in the other clause. • You can also use the present continuous or present perfect in either clause. first conditional
are good, are good, I’ll I ’ll send them to you. ’re not going you’re you to Jason’s party, I ’m not going to go If either. start dinner without me. I haven’t come back by 9.00, start dinner If I don’t disturb me. I’ll have finished in an hour if you you don’t disturb the photos If the
a Circle the correct form.
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If I’m lucky, I ’ll have saved / ’ve saved enough saved enough money by June to buy a car. If it’s Sally you’re you’re looking for, for, she won’t be / won’t have back for another 10 minutes. been back never speak to If you don’t tell me the truth, I don’t / ’ll never speak you again. He won’t / don’t do don’t do any more work if you don’t start paying him. I’m not going going to let you you go out if you don’t clean / won’t be cleaning your cleaning your room. If you use the satnav you don’t / won’t get won’t get lost. They’ll They’ll have sold /’ve sold their car by the end of the week if they advertise it now I’ll give them them a lift in my car if I have / ’ll have enough have enough time. I’ll be walking / ’m walking in walking in the mountains if the weather is fine. If we don’t don’t repair the roof, roof, the rain will come / comes through in the next storm.
had a cup of coffee. I’ll be ready as soon as I’ve I ’ve had a Send me a message when your train’s coming into the station. I’m not going to buy the new model until the price has gone down a bit. I’m not going to work overtime this weekend unless I get paid for it. Take your umbrella in case it’s raining when you leave work. When you are talking about the future, use a present tense after these expressions: as soon as, as , when , until , unless, unless , before, before , after, after, and in case. case. This can be any present form, e.g. present simple, present continuous, present perfect. • We use in case when case when we do something in order to be ready for future situations / problems. Compare the use of if and and in case: case: I’ll take an umbrella if it rains. = rains. = I won’t take an umbrella if it doesn’t rain. I’ll take an umbrella in case it rains. = rains. = I’l l take an umbrella anyway because it might rain.
b Complete the sentences with a time expression from the list. You have to use some words more than once. after (x2) as soon as before (x2) if in case (x2) unless until (x2) when
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He’ll tell you before he before he decides which job to accept. He never phones his mum he needs some money. money. Don’t worry. I find out, I will wil l let you know. Please Plea se take another jumper it is really cold. we have dinner, din ner, we could watch a DVD. they continue playing music all night, I will wil l call cal l the police. I’m going to have a bath I go to bed. I’ll I ’ll stay with you you have completely calmed cal med down. Please take some water you get dehydrated. I get my cat, I’ll I’l l invite you to come and see it. I won’t leave my job I find a new one
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5A 1 We use third conditional sentences to talk about a hypothetical past situation and its consequences. 2 You can also use the past perfect continuous in the if -clause. -clause. You can also use could have or have or might have instead of would have in have in the other clause.
unreal conditionals second conditional sentences: if + past simple, would / / wouldn’t + + infinitive
1 If there was a fire in this hotel, it would be very difficult to escape. live in the country. I wouldn’t have a car if I didn’t live in weren’t making so much noise, I could concentrate better. 2 If you weren’t making were you, I’d make Jimmy wear a helmet when he’s cycling. 3 If I were you, I ’d make Jimmy
second or third conditional?
1 We use second conditional sentences to talk about a hypothetical hypothetic al or imaginary situation in the present or future and its consequences. 2 In the ifthe if-clause clause you can also use the past continuous. In the other clause you can use could or could or might instead might instead of would. would. 3 With the verb be you be you can use was or was or were for were for I , he, he, and she and she in in the if -clause, -clause, e.g. If Dan was / were here, he would k now what to do. do . However, in conditionals beginning If I were you… to give advice, we always use were. were. third conditional sentences: if + + past perfect, would / / wouldn’t have + have + past participle
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If I were you, I wouldn’t lend her your car. ca r. (not lend) My brother an argument with his girlfriend girlfr iend if they had gone out for the evening. (not had) I much healthier health ier if I was a bit slimmer. slim mer. (feel) If he wasn’t so pessimistic, pessim istic, he life more. (enjoy) (enjoy) If they had been wearing their seatbelts, they . (not get injured) If she had found a job, she here. (stay) The journey would be quicker if you the other way. (go) He would take you to the supermarket if he time. (have) If he finished fin ished work earlier he to go to the gym. (be able) If he computer games all night, he wouldn’t be so tired at school. (not play) She’d have got a pay rise if she for one. (ask)
b Complete using a second or third conditional.
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Compare the two conditionals. 1 = You don’t come to class enough. You need to come more often if you want to pass the exam. 2 = You didn’t come to class enough, so you failed. Mixed conditionals We sometimes mix second and t hird conditionals if a hypothetical situation in the past has a present / future consequence, e.g. You wouldn’t be so tired if you had gone to bed earlier last night. If he really loved you, he would have asked you to marry him.
1 If you had come to class more often, you would have done better in the exams. been late if I hadn’t overslept. overslept . I wouldn’t have been late died if he hadn’t wearing a helmet. 2 He would have died if he hadn’t been wearing a been a bit cheaper, I might have bought it. bought it. If the jacket had been a
a Complete with the correct form of the verb in brackets, using a second or third conditional.
1 If you came to class more often, you would pass the exam. probably pass the 2 If you had come to class more often, you would probably would probably have passed the passed the exam.
You didn’t study. You didn’t pass your your exams. If you’d If you’d studied more, more , you wouldn’t have fail ed your exams. exams. Jude wasn’t in London. He didn’t go to the festival. If Jude in London, he to the festival. festival . She got a cold. She didn’t dry her hair before going out. out. She a cold if she her hair. Julia is at the party. I won’t won’t go go home. If Julia at the party, I home. He didn’t recommend recommend the car. I didn’t buy it. I the car, if he it. Our team didn’t win the match. There was a penalty. Our team the match if there a penalty. I won’t won’t give you you her number. I can’t find my phone. I you her number if I my phone. It started star ted raining. raini ng. Our clothes got wet. If it raining, raini ng, our clothes wet. I don’t have a bicycle. bicycle. I won’t won’t be there in five minutes. If I a bicycle, I there in five minutes. You don’t have time ti me to work. work. You don’t get up early. earl y. You more time to work if you earlier. We didn’t find it easily. You You didn’t give us directions. direct ions. We it easily if you us directions. direct ions.
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5B structures after wish
We use wish + + person / thing + would to would to talk about things we want to happen, or stop happening because they annoy us. • You can’t use wish + + would for would for a wish about yourself, e.g. NOT I wish I would…
/ wouldn’t wish + wish + would /
wish + wish + past simple or past perfect
was ten years younger! 1 I wish I was ten could understand what they’re saying. I wish I could understand bought those shoes. 2 I wish I hadn’t bought those told me the truth. I wish you’d told me 1 We use wish + + past simple to talk about things we would like to be different in the present / future (but which are impossible or unl ikely). • After wish you you can use was or was or were with were with I , he, he , she, she , and it, it , e.g. I wish I was / were taller. taller. 2 We use wish + + past perfect to talk about things that happened or didn’t happen in the past and which you now regret. cycle on the pavement! I wish cyclists wouldn’t cycle on I wish you’d you’d spend a bit more time with the children. come. I’m freezing. I wish the bus would come. leave your shoes there. I almost fell over I wish you wouldn’t leave your them.
If only… We can also use If only instead instead of I wish in wish in all these structures, e.g. If only he’d hurry up! If only I had a bit more money. If only she hadn’t told him about the affair!
wouldn’t . a Write sentences with I wish…would / wouldn’t.
b Complete with the verb in the past simple or past perfect.
It annoys me that…you that…you don’t do the washing-up. washin g-up. I wish you’d do the washing-up! washin g-up! It annoys me that… 1 my daughter doesn’t tidy her room.
1 .
2 you drive so fast! . 3 my neighbours neighbours play their music loudly. . 4 he doesn’t stop talking tal king about his girlfriend. . 5 she embarras embarrasses ses me in front of my friends.
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6 the cat keeps keeps catching catchi ng frogs. 7 the taxi hasn’t hasn’t arrived. arrived. 8 people leave their rubbish on the beach. 9 the cinema shows horror films fil ms all the time.
I wish I had more had more time. The exam is nearly finished. (have) I wish my friends so far away. away. I miss them. (not live) My shoes are uncomfortable. I wish I a bigger size. (buy) The wedding sounded like a really happy occasion. I wish I there to enjoy it with you. (be) I wish we stay in a different hotel, but the others are all ful l. (can) I wish I to my grandfather grandfat her more about his experiences growing up in Russia. (talk) I wish there more money available availa ble to protect the environment. (be) Your suitcase suitcas e is too heavy. I wish you so many books. (not pack) This colour looks awful! awful ! I wish we the room purple as the designer suggested. (not paint) I wish I get up so early in the morning. I hate getting up in the dark. (not have to) I hate all the crowds crowds in big department stores. I wish we at home. (stay)
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6A gerunds and infinitives
verbs that can be followed by either gerund or infinitive with to
verbs followed by the gerund and verbs followed by the infinitive
listening to music. I couldn’t help laughing. laughing . 1 I enjoy listening to speak to you. They can’t afford to buy a new car. 2 I want to speak to rain tonight. I’d in than go out tonight. 3 It might rain tonight. I’d rather eat in than When one verb follows another, the first verb determines the form of the -ing) or the infinitive (with or without to). to). second. This can be the gerund (verb + -ing) gerund after certain verbs and expressions, e.g. enjoy, 1 Use the gerund after enjoy, can’t help. help. gerund, • When a phrasal verb is followed by another verb, the verb is the gerund, e.g. carry on , keep on , give up, up, look forward to, to, etc. to) after certain verbs and expressions, e.g. 2 Use the infinitive (with to) want, want, afford. afford. 3 Use the infinitive (without to) to) after modal verbs and some expressions, might, would rather, rather, and after the verbs make and make and let. let . e.g. might, • In the passive, make is make is followed by the infinitive with to. to. Compare My Compare My boss makes us work hard. hard. At school we were work made to wear a wear a uniform. p.164 Appendix Verb patterns: verbs followed by the gerund or infinitive like, love, hate , and prefer like, like, love, love, hate, hate, and prefer are are usually used with the gerund in British Briti sh English but can also be used with the infiniti ve. We tend to use the gerund when we talk generally and the infinitive when we talk specifically e.g. I like swimming (general) (general) I like to swim first thing in the morning when when there aren’t many people there (specific) general) I prefer cycling to driving ( ( general) (specific) You don’t need to give me a lift to the station. station . I prefer to walk (specific) When like When like,, love, with would, they are always love, hate, hate, and prefer are used with would, followed by to by to + infinitive, e.g. I’d e.g. I’d prefer to stay at home tonight, I’d love to come with you.
Complete with a gerund or infi nitive with to of to of a verb a Complete from the list. carry call come do drive eat out go out take tidy wait work
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We’d We’d better bette r do some do some shopping; there isn’t any food. Do you feel like for a walk even though it’s raining? My parents never made me my room; we had a cleaner who did it for me. A man offered my suitcase suitca se in the metro, but I didn’t trust him so I just thanked him for his offer. Would you prefer prefer rather than cooking something? I can’t stand in heavy traffic. It makes me stressed. Let’s get a taxi. tax i. I don’t fancy in the rain for a bus. He doesn’t mind late if it is really important. important . They T hey threatened the police but it made no difference. I suggest some protection against again st insect bites when you go there. The mosquitoes a re terrible! He managed to school despite a transport strike. stri ke.
rain . It started raining. raining . 1 It started to rain. lock the door. 2 Remember to lock the going to Venice as a child. I remember going to do it. Sorry, I forgot to do it. seeing the Taj Mahal. I’ll never forget seeing the open the window. I tried to open the Try calling Mir calling Mir iam on her mobile. clean the car. You need to clean the cleaning . The car needs cleaning. 1 Some verbs verbs can be followed by the gerund or infinitive (with to) to) with no difference in meaning. meaning. The most common verbs like this are start star t, begin , and continue and continue.. 2 Some verbs verbs can be followed by the gerund or to) with a change of meaning . infinitive (with to) – remember + infinitive = you remember first, then you do something. Remember + Remember + gerund = you do something then you remember it. – forget + forget + infinitive = you didn’t remember to do something. forget + gerund = You did something and you won’t forget it. It is more common in the negative. – try + try + inf initive = make an effort to do something. try + try + gerund = experiment to see if something works. – need + need + gerund is a passive construction, e.g. needs cleaning = cleaning = needs to be cleaned NOT needs to clean .
b Circle the correct form. I can smell something burning. Oh no! I’ve forgotten / turning off to turn / turning off the oven. buy / buying some buying some milk before the 1 I remembered to buy / shops shut. 2 Do you you know a good hairdresser? Jane’s hair needs to cut / cut / cutting before cutting before her interview. 3 She’ll never never forget to swim / swimming underwater in to swim / swimm ing underwater the Mediterranean for the first time. 4 I tried to tell / / telling her telling her but she just wouldn’t listen. 5 Jane must have have my bag. I can remember to give / giving to give / giving it to her to hold when I opened the door. 6 I need to speak / speaking to him i mmediately. mmediately. This is to speak / speak ing to an emergency. 7 Our kitchen needs to paint / painti to paint / painting ng.. What colour should we choose? 8 Have you tried to use / use / using this using this new shampoo?
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6B used to, be used to, get used to used to / to / didn’t use to + infinitive
sleep for eight hours every night, but now I only 1 I used to sleep for sleep for six. have a beard. I didn’t recognize him. He didn’t use to have a 2 When I lived in France as a child chi ld we we used to have buy them every croissants for breakfast. We would buy them morning from the local baker.
1 We use used to / to / didn’t use to + to + inf initive to talk about past past habits or repeated actions or situations / states which have changed. • used to doesn’t exist in the present tense. For present habits, use usually use usually + + the present simple, e.g. I e.g. I usually walk to work . NOT I use to walk to work. 2 We can also use would to would to refer to repeated actions in the past. However, we don’t use would for would for non-action verbs (e.g. be, be, have, have, know, know, like, like, etc.). NOT I didn’t recognize him . He wouldn’t have a beard. beard . be used to / to / get used to + to + gerund
sleeping with a duvet. I’ve always slept 1 I’m not used to sleeping with with blankets. Carlos has lived in London for years. He’s used to driving on the left. working at night. I feel tired all the 2 A I can’t get used to working at time. B Don’t worry, you’ll it . you’ll soon get used to it. 1 Use be used to + to + gerund to talk about a new situation which is now famil now famil iar or less strange. 2 Use get Use get used to t o + gerund to talk about a new situation which is becoming familiar or less strange. The difference between be used to and to and get get used to t o is exactly the same as the difference between be and be and get get + + adjective. adjective .
a Right (✓) or wrong ( ✗ ✗ )? Correct the mistakes in the highlighted phrases.
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I can’t get get used to living livin g in such a cold climate. clima te. ✓ We aren’t used to get up so early ✗ aren’t used to getting up Did you you use to have a beard? Have you you got used to live in a flat with no garden? When I lived in Moscow, Moscow, I couldn’t get get used to go out in the cold. It was sometimes –10 degrees Celsius. Zak is used to having a lot of money when when he was younger. It took me a long time to be used to driving drivi ng an automatic car. I used to be a vegetarian vegetarian but now I eat fish. A How can you stand the noise from the building site all day long? B I’m completely use to it now. now. I don’t even hear it. When we were children child ren we we used to playing chess with our father. I think I will go swimming. I’m I’m not not used to to having so little exercise. There used to be a pub here, here, but it has been turned into a block of flats.
to, be used to, to, or get t o (positive or get used to b Complete with used to, or negative) and the verb in brackets.
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When they were children child ren they used to spend all spend all day on the beach or swimming in the sea. (spend) Once I had decided to train trai n for for the marathon, marathon , I had to more healthy food. (eat) She moved moved into student accommodat ion last week and she a kitchen and bathroom with four other students. (share) I didn’t recognize you! You pink hair, didn’t you? (have) He has worked worked at the hospital for three years, so he nights. (work) (work) He stopped stopped driving two weeks weeks ago, so it will wil l take him time to a car. (not have) She never wears high heels, so she’ll have to them for the wedding. (wear) They going to visit their cousins, cousins , but now there is a swimming pool nearby, they love it. (like) We an apartment apart ment in Malaga Mal aga when we went on holiday, but now we have bought a flat of our own. (rent) When Ruth started star ted her new job, she couldn’t in the early morni ng. (get up) I live in the USA, so I on the left as you do here in Britain. (drive)
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7A past modals / might / / may / / can’t / / couldn’t + + have + must / have + past participle
left my phone at Anna’s. I definitely 1 I must have left my remember having it there. You must have seen something. You were there when the accident happened. stolen your wallet when you were 2 Somebody might have stolen your getting off the train. given him the right He still hasn’t arrived. I may not have given him directions. gone to bed. It’s only ten o’clock! 3 She can’t have gone to can’t have seen their seen You their faces very clearly. It was too dark. • We use must / must / may / may / might / might / can’t + can’t + have have + + past participle to make deductions or speculate about past actions.
must / might (not) / (not) / a Rewrite the bold sentences using must / can’t + can’t + have + have + verb.
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Holly’s crying. cryi ng. Perhaps she’s heard some bad news. news . She mi ght have heard some ba d news. You met Jane for a coffee? That’s impossible. She’s in France with her parents. You… You… I’m certain I gave you £10. I had a £10 £10 note in my purse and now I don’t have it. I … It definitely wasn’t my dog that chased the cat. My dog is too old and lazy to chase cats. It… It… They didn’t come to to the party. Maybe they didn’t receive our email with email with the invitation. They… They… I’m sure the others haven’t got lost. Their lost. Their car was right behind us five minutes ago. They… They… Perhaps Michael didn’t want you to see the results, so results, so he hid them under the bed. Michael Micha el … I’m sure they have eaten some lunch. Look at the pizza boxes on the table! They… They… I’m sure you used too much chilli powder. This powder. This curry is so hot, I can’t eat it. You… You… I’ve got a missed call. Maybe my phone rang while rang while I was driving. My driving. My phone… phone … I’m sure Tina wasn’t very ill. She ill. She said she had f lu but I heard her singing. Tina… Tina…
1 We use must have when have when we are almost sure that something happened or was true. The opposite of must have is have is can’t have – have – see 3 below NOT mustn’t have
might / may have when have when we think it’s possible that 2 We use might / something happened or was true. We can also use could have with this meaning, e.g. Somebody could have stolen your wallet when you were getting off the train . 3 We use can’t have when have when we are almost sure something didn’t happen or that it is impossible. We can also use couldn’t have when the speculation is about the distant past, e.g. You couldn’t have seen their faces ver y clearly, clearly, e.g. She couldn’t have gone to bed. be d. It’s only ten t en o’clock. o’clock . should have / have / ought to have + have + past participle
turned left at We’ve gone the wrong way. We shouldn’t have turned left the traffic lights. told you earlier that my mother It’s my fault. I ought to have told you was coming. • Use shoul Use shoul d have + past participle to say that somebody didn’t do the right thing, or to express regret or criticism. • You can use ought to have as an alternative to shoul d have, have , e.g. I ought to have told you earlier. earlier .
using shoul d / shoul / shouldn’t dn’t b Respond to the first sentence using shoul have or ought / oughtn’t to have + a verb in the list. buy come eat go write
invite
learn take t ake off
A I found it diff icult not to get get lost in the metro. B You shoul You shouldd have taken a metro map with you. tak en a A Rick has no money to go on holiday. B He oughtn’t to have bought a bought a new car. 1 A Joe told me his email, but I can’t ca n’t remember remember it. B You it down. 2 A I’m so disappointed I missed the start of the festival. What a pity! B You earlier. The first band were amazing. amazi ng. 3 A Those kids started star ted a fight and threw food on the floor. B I told you they were badly behaved. You them. 4 A I wish I could read this website, but it’s in Chinese. B You Chinese at school like me. 5 A There’s no sugar, tea or milk. B Yes, I know. David shopping. 6 A I feel terrible. I think thin k I’ve got got a cold. B You your wet clothes cloth es when you got home. 7 A She feels sick and has gone to bed. B I’m not surprised . She so many sweets.
ENTRY CHECKER
7B verbs of the senses / feel / / taste look / feel / smell / smell / sound /
tired . 1 You look tired. good ! That cake smells good! comfortable . These jeans don’t feel comfortable. father. This material feels like silk – silk – is it? 2 Tim looks like his father. tea . Are you sure this is coffee? It tastes like tea. 3 She looks as if she’s been crying . It smells as if something’s burning. burning. It sounds as if it’s raining . 1 Use look , feel , etc. + adjective. 2 Use look , feel , etc. + like + like + noun. 3 Use look , feel , etc. + as if + + clause. • You can use like or like or as though instead instead of as if , e.g. It sounds like / like / as though it’s raining. raining . Feel like feel like can like can also be used as a verb meaning ‘want ‘want ’ / ‘would ‘would like’. like ’. It is followed by a noun or a verb in the gerund, e.g. I feel like pasta for (= I’d like pasta for lunch today). I don’t feel like going to lunch today (= to bed (= (= I don’t want to go to bed).
a Match the sentence halves. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
It smells as if Albert looks like He sounds as if This milk mil k tastes as if These grapes don’t taste My fridge smells like Your skin feels as if The singer sounds like My sister looks That violin sounds Are you OK? You look
H
A B C D E F G H I J K
very sweet. he is going to lose his voice. Rihanna . completely out of tune. an athlete. it needs some cream. younger than me. it’s burnt. it has gone off. a French cheese. completely exhausted. exhausted .
b Circle the correct form. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Are we having lunch soon? It smell It smellss / smell / smellss as if it is ready. You look / / look like really excited. Please tell us what has happened! smells like l ike awful! What a stink! That fish smells fish smells / / smells awful! Can we open a window? It feels It feels / / feels feels like lik e too hot in here. You must try this pudding. pudding. It tastes / tastes as if a professional chef had made it. The way she walks walk s makes her look / / look like a like a ballet dancer. I wish you hadn’t had your hair cut. You look / / look as if you’re you’re in the a rmy. I don’t don’t think thin k this is leather. It feels It feels as if / feels like lik e plastic. Don’t talk tal k to her now. now. She sound She soundss / sounds she’s in a really bad mood. sound s as if she’s I have have never never had an ice-crea ice-cream m that tastes / tastes like onions like onions before. The fireworks sound fireworks sound / sound like li ke explosions. lik e really dry. My hair feels hair feels / feels like
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8A the passive (all forms); forms); it is said that…, he is thought to…, etc. the passive (all forms)
present simple present continuous present perfect past simple past continuous past perfect future infinitive with to infinitive without to gerund
are usually sentenced to sentenced to life imprisonment. Murderers are usually imprisonment. held at the moment. The trial is being held at My car has been stolen . arrested last month. Jim was arrested last rebuilt when it was set on fire. The cinema was being rebuilt when broken . We saw that one of the windows had been broken. released next month. The verdict is going to be given tomorrow. given tomorrow. The prisoner prisoner will be released next imprisoned for stealing bread. People used to be imprisoned for fined for parking on a yellow line. You can ca n be fined for sent to jail. He paid a fine to avoid being sent to
• Use the passive when you want to talk about an action, but you are not so interested in saying who or what does / did the action.
• If you also want to mention the person or thing that did the action (the agent), use by. by. However, in the majority of passive sentences the agent is not mentioned.
it is said that…, that…, he is thought to…, to…, etc.
active 1 They say that the fire was started deliberately. People People think that the mayor mayor will resign. resign. 2 People say the man is in his 40s. The police believe he has left the country. countr y. • This formal structure is used especially in news know, tell , reports and on TV with the verbs know, understand, understand, report, report, expect, expect, say, say, and think . It makes the information sound more impersonal.
passive It is said that the that the fire was started deliberately. It is thought that the that the mayor will resign. The man is said to be in be in his 40s. He is believed to have left the country. You can u se It is said, said , believed, believed, etc. + that + that + clause. You can u se He, He, The man , etc. (i.e. the subject of the clause) + is said, believed, believed , etc. + to + to + in finitive (e.g. to be) be) or perfect infinitive (e.g. to have been ). ).
a Rewrite the sentences in the passive, without the agent.
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Somebody has stolen my mobile phone. My mobile phone has been stolen. If they hadn’t found found the baby, baby, he would have died. If the baby… I think that car was following following us. I think we… They are rebuilding the school. The school… The police can arrest you for using your your mobile phone phone while driving. You… They are going going to close the local library. librar y. The local library… The army destroyed the bridge in the war. The bridge… They’ll They’l l hold a meeting to decide what to do. A meeting… I hate somebody giving me an injection. I hate… The people helped the whale get back back into the sea. The whale…
b Rephrase the sentences in two ways to make them more formal.
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2
3
4
5
People think thin k a famous footballer is a suspect. It is thought that a famous footballer is a su spect. spect. A famous footballer is thought to be a suspect. suspect . The lawyers expect the trial tria l will last for for years. years. It… The trial… Police think the thieves used a stolen car to get away. away. It… The thieves… Detectives believe that all the evidence evidence has disappeared. It… The evidence… People say that these mushrooms are very very dangerous. It… These mushrooms… People believe that this symbol gives them protection. It… This symbol…
ENTRY CHECKER
8B reporting verbs structures after reporting verbs
drive me to the airport. 1 Jack offered to drive me tell anybody. I promised not to tell anybody. have a rest. 2 The doctor advised me to have a I persuaded my sister not to go out with George. being so late. 3 I apologized for being so stealing the car. The police accused Karl of stealing the To report what other people have said, you can use say or say or a specific verb, e.g. ‘ I’ll drive you to the airport.’ airport.’ Jack said Jack said he he would drive me to the airport. Jack offered to to drive me to the airport. • After specif ic reporti reporting ng verbs, verbs, there are one to three different grammatical patterns (see chart on the right) • In negative negative sentences, sentences, use the negative negative infinitive (not to do) do) or the negative gerund (not ( not doing), doing), e.g. He reminded me not to be late. She regretted not going to the party. party.
Complete with the gerund or i nfinitive nfinit ive of a Complete the verb in brackets.
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The doctor advised her to sto p smoking. sto p smoking. (stop) I apologized for her name. (not remember) The school children child ren deny her car, but I saw them do it. (damage) George accused accus ed me of to steal his ideas. (try) Did you manage to convince Tricia on Sunday and not today? (come) The manager persuaded him the hotel. (not leave) David insisted on for the meal even though he has very little money. money. (pay) I warned Miriam them anything. (not tell) Ben admitted my beautiful Chinese bowl. (break) We have agreed at the weekend. (work) (work) Her sister advised her another computer. (buy)
1 + to + to + infinitive
agree refuse threaten
offer promise
2 + person + to + infinitive
advise ask convince encourage invite
3 + -ing form
apologize (to sb) for insist on accuse sb of recommend admit regret blame sb for suggest deny
persuade remind tell warn
(not) to do something
somebody (not) to do something
(not) doing something
Verbs that use a that clause clause With agree, + clause. agree, admit , deny , promise, promise, regret , you can also use that + Leo admitted stealing the watch. Leo admitted that he had stolen th e watch.
b Complete using a reporting verb from the list and the correct form of the verb in brackets. Use an object where necessary. accuse invite offer suggest threaten
1 2
3 4
5 6 7 8
promise
recommend
refuse
remind
Julian Julia n said to to me, ‘I’ll ‘I’ ll lend lend you the money.’ money.’ Julian offered to lend (lend) lend (lend) me the money. ‘Would you you like to go skiing on Friday?’ Friday?’ asked Pat. Pat (go) skiing. skii ng. The manager said, ‘We’ll call the police if you you don’t don’t leave the shop immediately.’ The manager (call) the police. Brenda said, ‘Let’s buy a new tent and go go camping.’ Brenda (buy) a new tent. ‘We are not going to do any more homework, homework, we have done too much already,’ said the students. The students (do) (do) any more homework. Angela said, ‘You ‘You really must try my ice-crea m. It’s delicious!’ Angela (try) her ice-cream. ice-crea m. ‘I’l l never say that again,’ again ,’ said Fred. Fred (never (never say) that again. again . The teacher said to Kate, ‘You copied Shirley’s exam.’ The teacher (copy) (copy) Shirley’s exam. They told the children, child ren, ‘Don’t forget to feed the cat, please.’ They (feed) the cat.
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9A clauses of contrast and purpose clauses of contrast
Although the advert said it would last for years, mine 1 Although the broke after two months. though I wasn’t feeling very well. I went to work even though I though she sometimes annoys me. I like Ann, though she 2 In spite of (Despite (Despite)) her age, she is still very active. being 85, she is still very active. the fact that she’s 85, she is still very active.
Use although , though , even though , and in spite of or despite to despite to expresss a contrast. 1 Use although , though , even though + + a clause. Although and and even though can can be used at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. • Even though is is stronger than although and and is used to express a big or surprising contrast. • Though is is more informal than although . It can only be used in the middle of a sentence. 2 After in spite of or or despite, despite , use a noun, a verb in the -ing form, -ing form, or the fact that tha t + subject + verb. • Remember not to use of after after despite NOT despite NOT Despite of the rain… clauses of purpose
to in order to talk to my bank manager. so as to for a meeting with my bank manager. 2 I went to the bank bank for a that I could ta lk to the manager in person. 3 I went to the bank bank so that I to forget it. 4 I wrote down what he said so as not to forget 1 I went to the bank bank
Use to, in order to, so as to, for, for, and so and so that to that to express purpose. to, and so 1 After to, in order to, and so as to, use an infinitive. 2 Use for Use for + + a noun, e.g. for e.g. for a meeting meet ing.. You can also use for use for + + gerund to describe the exact purpose of a thing, e.g. This liquid is for cleaning metal. 3 After so After so that, that , use a subject + modal verb (can ( can , could, could, would, would, etc.). 4 To express a negative purpose, use so use so as not to or in order not to, to, e.g. I wrote down what he said in order not to forget it. NOT to not forget it. it.
a Complete the sentences with one word.
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I’ll I’l l give you your key now so as not as not to forget to give it back to you. He is proud of the fact that he left school without any qualifications; he is now a millionaire. They left early try and get there before the roads got busy. They did badly in their exams all the extra help they had been given. Sandy hasn’t lost any weight though she has been on a diet for weeks. He contacted an estate agent in to buy the house. On the way home we stopped at the garage some petrol so we don’t need any now. I have made some sandwiches so we don’t need to spend any money in a café. not feeling very well, the actor gave a fantastic fantast ic performance. He decided to continue working there though they didn’t promote him. They won the match in of not having their best player in the team.
b Rewrite the sentences.
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3
4
5
6
Despite not speaking speak ing the same language, langua ge, they still stil l managed to communicate. Even though they didn’t speak the same language, they still managed ma naged to communi co mmunicate. cate. Despite having very very little money, money, she always wears expensive and elegant clothes. Although… They managed to rescue the climbers despite the terrible blizzard. They managed to to rescue the climbers even even though… The doctor asked us to meet him so as to explain what would happen next. The doctor asked us to meet him in order… order… Everyone Everyone enjoyed enjoyed the party even though it finished early. Everyone Everyone enjoyed the party i n spite of … The firefighters put on protective clothing so as not not to get burnt. The firefighters firefi ghters put on protective clothing so that… I told him I agreed with his political opinions so that we wouldn’t have an argument. I told him I agreed with his political politica l opinions so as…
ENTRY CHECKER
9B
3 Some nouns nouns can be either countable or uncountable, but the meaning changes, e.g. glass e.g. glass = = the material used to make windows, a glass = the thing you drink out of. Other examples: iron , business, business, paper, paper, light, light , time, time, space. space .
uncountable and plural nouns uncountable nouns
weather is fantastic there, and there’s very little 1 The weather is traffic so traffic so you can walk everywhere. scenery is beautiful here, but it’s spoiled by all the The scenery is rubbish people rubbish people leave. advice about where to stay? 2 Could you you give me some advice about advice is to get a travel card. One useful piece of advice is glass. 3 The new opera house is made mainly main ly of glass. Can I have a glass of tap water please?
plural and collective nouns
outskirts of the 1 One of the best museums is on the outskirts of the city. are filthy. I’ll put on some clean trousers / My clothes are filthy. I’ll put on a pair of clean trousers . are very efficient. 2 The hotel staff are very round with the drinks The cabin crew are coming round with trolley in just a few minutes.
1 The following nouns are always uncountable: behaviour, behaviour, traffic , weather, weather, accommodation , health , progress, progress , scenery scen ery,, rubbish , work , politic s (and other words ending in -ics, -ics, e.g. athletics, athletics , economics). economics). • They always need need a singular singu lar verb, they don’t don’t have have plurals, and they can’t be used with a / an . 2 These nouns are also uncountable: furn uncountable: furn iture, iture , information , advice, advice, homework , research , news, news , luck , bread, bread, toast, toast , luggage, luggage, equipment. equipment . Use a piece of to to talk about an individual item.
✗ )? Correct the a Right (✓) or wrong ( ✗ mistakes in the h ighlighted phrases.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
I have some scissors you you could borrow. borrow. (✓ ) ✗) These are fantastic fantast ic news! ( ✗ This is fantastic news! Have you you got a useful piece of advice before before I take my driving test? Our holiday was ruined by a terrible weather. Unfortunately, Unfortuna tely, I spilt coffee on a white trousers I was wearing. I can’t afford to buy any more furnitures furn itures for my new flat. The hospital staff is going going on strike for more pay. The teacher told them that their homeworks homeworks were easy, but none of the students did it . There isn’t any more space in the cupboard, so please don’t try to put anything in there. The rubbish are collected on Thursday mornings. How do you know the police police is looking for him?
1 Arms (= Arms (= guns, etc.), belongings, belongings , clothes, clothes , manners, manners, outskirts, outskirts , scissors scis sors,, trousers / trousers / short short s are plural nouns with no singu lar. They need a plural verb and they can’t be used with a / an . • If they consist of two parts, e.g. scis e.g. scissors sors,, trousers, trousers, shorts shor ts,, etc. they can be used with a pair of or some or some.. 2 Crew, Crew, police , staff , etc. are collective nouns and refer to a group of people. You can use a singular or plural verb with these, except police except police,, which needs a plural verb.
b Circle the correct form. Tick (✓) if both are correct.
There is / is / are always a lot of traffic on the roads at this time of day. 1 She gave him a paper / a piece of paper with her phone number on it. 2 The model was weari wearing ng clothes which look / looks really looks really uncomfortable. 3 Athletics is / are the sport that I most enjoy watching at the Olympics. 4 He gave me some me some / a piece of useful advice when I was buying my house. 5 We have had a / some good some good news from the hospital. 6 The crew go crew go / goes through goes through the safety instructions on every flight. 7 He finds reading reading difficult and he has made slow slow progress / progresses with progresses with writing. 8 I can see a / some light some light from the other room. Let’s go and see who is there. 9 We brought her this pair of / some jeans some jeans from America. 10 Let me know when you you have a / some free some free time to meet up.
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10A quantifiers: all , every , both, etc.
no, no, none, none, any
all, all, every , most
Al l animals need food. All Al l fruit contains sugar. 1 All All (of) the animals the animals in this zoo look sad. all look sad. The animals all look Everybody is here. Everything is Everything is very expensive. 2 Everybody is 3 Most people live in cities. Most of the people in this class are women. 4 All of us work hard and most of us come to class every week. Every room has a bathroom. I work every Saturday. every Saturday. 5 Every room 1 We use all or or all (of (of )) the + the + a plural or uncountable noun. All = = in general, all (of (of )) the = the = specific. All can be). can be used before a main verb (and after be). 2 We use everything / everything / everybody (= everybody (= all thi ngs, all people) + singular verb, e.g. Everything is very expensive. expensive . NOT Al l is very expensive. 3 We use most to most to say the majority; most majority; most = general, most of = specific. 4 We often use all use all / most of + an object pronoun, e.g. all of us, us , most of them , all of you, you , most of it. it . 5 Use every + every + singular countable noun to mean ‘all of a group’.
1 Is there any milk? no milk. There isn’t any (milk). Sorry, there’s no milk. 2 A Is there any food? B No, none. none. / There’s none. none. But none of us are hungry. any weekend! Anyone can Anyone can come. 3 Come any weekend! 1 We use no + no + a noun after a + verb, or any + any + noun after a – verb to refer to zero quantity. Any can Any can also be used without a noun. 2 We use none use none in short answers, or with a + verb to refer to zero quantity. You can also use none + none + of + + pronoun / noun. 3 We use any (and any (and anything, anything, anyone, anyone, etc.) and a + verb to mean it doesn’t matter what, who, etc. both, both, neither , either
Both Pierre and Marie and Marie Curie were scientists. 1 Both Pierre Neither Pierre Neither Pierre nor Marie nor Marie was (were) aware of the dangers of radiation. Marie Curie wanted to study either physics either physics or mathematics. or mathematics. In the end she studied both at both at the Sorbonne in Paris. both won Nobel prizes. 2 She and her husband both won both interested in radium. Pierre and Marie were both interested them realized how dangerous radium was. 3 Neither of them realized
every and and all + + time expressions Note the difference between every and and all + + t ime expressions. Every day = = Monday to Sunday. All day = = from morning to night
I u ssu ua all ly ly g o r un un ni nin g eve ry ry d a ay y.
… bu but t od od a ay y I ’m ’m i llll , s o I s ta taye d in bed all day.
a Circle the correct word or phrase. We go shopping shoppin g all / / every Saturday every Saturday at the local market. 1 The postman comes at any / no time no time after 9.30. 2 There are any / no books no books on the bookshelves. 3 Everything / is ready for the President’s visit. Everything / All is 4 ‘Sorry, there’s no / no / none room none room in the lift for any more people.’ 5 Any / of us wanted to talk. We were just too tired. Any / None None of 6 Most of / Most / Most my my friends have gone to university un iversity now. now. 7 I have two aunts but I don’t don’t get on with either / either / neither of them. 8 Nobody / Nobody / Anybody is Anybody is free to leave. The doors are locked. 9 Most / people enjoyed the film even though it Most / Most Most of people was quite violent. 10 The thieves have taken all the / all valuable valuable jewellery all the / from the hotel safe.
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1 We use a + verb with both and and neither. neither. The verb is plural with both , and either singular or plural w ith neither. neither. 2 When both refers refers to the subject of a clause, it can also be used before a main verb but after be. be. 3 We often use both / / either / either / neither + neither + of + + object pronoun, the + noun. e.g. us e.g. us,, them , etc. or + of the +
✗ )? Correct the wrong sentences. b Right (✓) or wrong ( ✗
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Both Brazil and Italy won won their World World Cup matches. (✓) We neither eat or or drink drin k during durin g the day. ( ✗) We neither eat nor drink during the day. The appointment is or today or tomorrow; tomorrow; I’m not not sure. We can meet at my house either or at yours. I have two sons, but neither of of them looks like their father. We have two radios, but neither of them are working. working. I have neither neither the time nor money to take a holiday. Both the cat and the dog needs feeding. Sally and Julie both love Isaac, Isaa c, but he doesn’t love love neither of them and never will. We can buy either the red carpet or the blue blue one. My brother brother and his girlfriend girlfr iend came for a meal both. My two friends do a lot of exercise. exercise. Both of they go to the sports centre most days.
ENTRY CHECKER
10B articles
more rules: geographical names
basic rules: a / an / an / the, the, no article
Tunisia is in North Africa. Africa . 1 Tunisia is Selfridges , one of London’s biggest 2 Selfridges, Street . department stores, is in Oxford Street. Victoria and Mount Kilimanjaro are Kilimanjaro are 3 Lake Victoria and both in Africa. Danube flows into the Black Sea. Sea . 4 The River Danube flows Gallery and the British 5 The National Gallery and Museum are Museum are London tourist attractions.
The dog is an Alsatian. an Alsatian. 1 My neighbour has just bought a dog. The dog the car and drove to the Town the Town Hall. He got into the car Men are better at parking than women. women . 2 Men are sport or classical music. music . I don’t like sport or I stayed at home last weekend. 1 Use a or an when when you mention somebody or something for the first time or say who or what somebody or something is. Use the when the when it’s clear who or what somebody or something is (e.g. it has been mentioned before or it’s unique). 2 Don’t use an article to speak in general general with plural and uncountable uncountable nouns, nouns, or in phrases like at home / home / work , go home / to bed, bed, next / last ( last (week week ), ), etc. institutions
hospital. My father’s in hospital. hospital in my town. They’re building a new hospital in prison for two years. He was sent to prison for prison as a cleaner. My grandmother used to work in the prison as With words like pris like prison on , church , school , hospital , and university, university, don’t use an article when you are thinking about the institution and the normal purpose it is used it for. If you are just thinking about the building, use a or the. the .
a Circle the correct article.
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There is too much snow, snow, so the children child ren can’t get get to a / the / the / (-) school. Go straight on until you come to to a / the / the / (-) crossroads, then turn right. A / The / The / (-) park will be locked at sunset. She doesn’t like cooking a / the / the / (-) spicy food. I saw a child carrying carr ying a rabbit. A rabbit. A / / The / The / (-) rabbit was wearing a little green jacket. Andrew has gone a / the / the / (-) home as he is not well. A / The / The / (-) painting in a / the / the / (-) Prado museum is a fake. People are protesting against again st a / the / the / (-) new airport being built to the north of the city. We all went to a / the / the / (-) bed late because we stayed up talking. Claire wanted to buy a / the / part y. the / (-) new dress for the party. The minister was sent to a / the / the / (-) prison when he was found guilty of corruption.
We don’t normally use the with: the with: 1 most countries, countries, continents, regions ending with the name of a country / continent, e.g. North Ameri Am eri ca, ca , South East Asia, Asia , islands, states, provinces, towns, and cities (exceptions: The USA, USA , the UK / / United Kingdom , the Netherlands, Netherlands , the Czech Republic ). ). 2 roads, streets, parks, bridges, shops, and restaurants (exceptions: motorways and numbered roads, the M6, M6, the A25). A25 ). 3 individual mountains and lakes. use the with: We normally use the with: 4 mountain ranges, ranges, rivers, rivers, seas, canals, deserts, and island groups. 5 the names of theatres, theatres, cinemas, hotels, galleries, and museums.
the or (-). b Complete with the or
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Climate scientists are worried about the way the Sahara the Sahara Desert is spreading. In 191 1914 4 Panama Panam a Canal was opened and joined Atlantic and Pacific oceans. New Orleans is on Mississippi Missi ssippi River in USA. There is nothing I want to see at National Theatre at the moment. They T hey always stay at Ritz-Carlton Ritz- Carlton in New York. northern Scotland is famous for its beautiful beautifu l scenery and Loch Ness. He has always wanted to visit Berlin. Galapagos Islands Island s became famous in connection with naturalist Charles Darwin. T hey didn’t have time to visit They National Gallery Galler y Modern when they were in London. Mont Blanc is the highest mountain in Europe. Pacific Pacif ic is the largest and deepest ocean in world.
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