Ihstrumtijh dchuc` Jpnrctihf & Dcihtnhchmn <7353>9;;3ZE.plb Rierctjry rj``nr MC5>;;/57;;/=>;;/<;;; Nhfihn Muddihs S]E <.> (IIIC/\=) Muddihs S]E <.> (IIIE/\= 3;;;;3<3x;C;3;665 3;;;;3<>x;C;;926< 3;;;;3<9x;C;;92<9 3;;;;3=7x;C;3;39; 3;;;;3<5x;C;;xxxx 3;;;;3<2x;C;3;>=> 3;;;;3>;x;C;;xxxx -
\rchs`ctijh jb jrifihc` ihstrumtijh Unsnrvctijh bjr mgchfns [rihtnl ih ]wnlnh
\ce`n jb Mjhtnhts Ihtrjlumtijh .................................................................. ................................ ................................................................... ............................................................ ........................... 3 \gn dcmgihn ............................................................... ............................. .................................................................. ................................ 3 Ihtnhlnl usn ............................................................... ............................. .................................................................. ................................ 3 Vcrhihf sydej`s......................................................................................... 3 ]cbnty ihbjrdctijh .................................................................. ................................ ....................................................... ..................... 3 Fnhnrc` ................................................................. ................................ ................................................................... ...................................... .... 5 MN dcraihf chl Lnm`crctijh Lnm`crctijh jb mjhbjrdity.................................................. mjhbjrdity........................................ .......... = ]cbnty - Fnhnrc` ihstrumtijhs.................................................................................................... > ]cbnty - wgnh jpnrctihf........................................................................................................... 6 Lrivihf hncr nlfns ................................................................. ............................... ....................................................... ..................... 6 ]`jpns ................................................................... .................................. ................................................................... ...................................... .... 7 ]cbnty (Jptijhc`).............................. (Jptijhc`) ............................................................... ................................................................... ....................................................... ..................... 9 Cir mjhlitijhihf.......................... mjhlitijhihf............................................................ .................................................................. ................................ 9 ]pnmic` ihstrumtijhs............................... ihstrumtijhs ................................................................. ................................................................... ............................................... .............. 33 ]tchlcrl `uerimchts `uerimchts chl jtgnr rnmjddnhlnl rnmjddnhlnl ji`s chl b`uils .................... 33 Gifgnr cdeinht tndpnrcturns, tndpnrcturns, cejvn +<;»M (3;<»B)................................ 33 \ndpnrcturns............................................................................................ 33 Gifg prnssurn m`nchihf ............................................................... .............................. ............................................... .............. 33 Birn bifgtihf ................................................................. ............................... ................................................................ .............................. 35 Uj`` Jvnr [rjtnmtivn ]trumturn ]trumturn (UJ[]), UJ[] cpprjvnl mce.................. mce .................. 35 Vn`lihf ................................................................. ................................ ................................................................... .................................... .. 35 Ecttnry gchl`ihf ............................................................... .............................. .......................................................... ......................... 35 Oudp stcrtihf (5 Rierctijhs - Jpnrctjr Jpnrctjr stctijh stctijh ................................................................... ................................. .................................... .. 3> Hjisn `nvn`................................................................................................. 3> N`nmtrimc` systnd .............................................................. ............................. .......................................................... ......................... 3> Lidnhsijhs, siln vinw............................................................................... 32 Lidnhsijhs, Lidnhsijhs, tjp vinw .................................................................. ................................. ............................................... .............. 36 Vnifgts chl vj`udns................................................................................ 37
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Vjraihf mcpcmity....................................................................................... 37 Fnhnrc` ................................................................. ................................ ................................................................... .................................... .. 5; Gylrcu`im systnd....................................................................................... 53 Cutjdctim M`idctn M`idctn Mjhtrj` (CMM) (CMM) (Jptijhc`)............................................. (Jptijhc`)..................................... ........ 53 \ifgtnhihf tjrqun ................................................................... ................................. ..................................................... ................... 55 Dcmgihn lnsmriptijh............................................................................................................... 5= Linsn` nhfihn ................................................................... .................................. .......................................................... ......................... 5= N`nmtrimc` systnd .............................................................. ............................. .......................................................... ......................... 5= [rjpu`sijh systnd/\rchsdissijh systnd/\rchsdissijh .............................................................. ................................ .............................. 5= Ercan systnd ................................................................... .................................. .......................................................... ......................... 5= ]tnnrihf systnd ............................................................... .............................. .......................................................... ......................... 5= Rierctijh systnd........................................................................................ 5< Mce............................................................................................................ 5< BJ[] chl UJ[] ................................................................... ................................. ..................................................... ................... 5< Ilnhtibimctijh ................................................................... ................................. ................................................................... ......................................... ........ 5> [rjlumt chl mjdpjhnht p`ctns ............................................................... ............................. .................................... .. 5> [rjlumt ilnhtibimctijh ilnhtibimctijh hudenr jh jh tgn brcdn brcdn .............................................. ................................ .............. 5> Dcmgihn p`ctn............................................................................................ 52 Nxp`chctijh jb 36[IH snric` snric` hudenr.......................................................... hudenr....................................... ................... 52 Nhfihn p`ctns ................................................................... .................................. .......................................................... ......................... 56 Lnmc`s...................................................................................................................... 57 @jmctijh - lnmc`s .............................................................. ............................. .......................................................... ......................... 57 ]cbnty lnmc`s............................................................................................. 59 Ihbj lnmc`s................................................................................................. =3 Ihstrudnhts/Mjhtrj`s Ihstrudnhts/Mjhtrj`s ................................................................. ............................... ................................................................ .............................. =5 Mjhtrj` pchn` chl mjhtrj`s ................................................................ ............................... ......................................... ........ =5 Buhmtijh lnsmriptijhs .................................................................. ................................. ............................................... .............. == Vcrhihf ihlimctijh ihlimctijh - dnderchn pchn` (Anypcl)... (Anypcl)..................................... .................................... .. =2 Lisp`cy nxp`chctijhs ................................................................... .................................. ............................................... .............. =2 Dcmgihn c`crd........................................................................................... =9
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Lyhcpcm ]ue ]ystnd (L]])..................................................................... <; "DCIH DNH^" .................................................................. ................................. .......................................................... ......................... <3 "^]NU ]N\\IHF]" .................................................................. ................................ .................................... .. <3 "]NURIMN DNH^"...................................................................... <5 "CEJ^\"..................................................................................... <= Jpnrctjr gn`p wgnh stcrtihf...................................................................... << Jpnrctjr gn`p Vjradjln.......................................................................... << Lisp`cy wgnh cmtivctihf cmtivctihf mgjimn vic tgn euttjh snt..................................... snt.................. ................... <> Ihstrudnhts chl mjhtrj`s, mjhtrj`s, mce............................... mce ................................................................. .................................... .. <2 Buhmtijh lnsmriptijh lnsmriptijh jb ihstrudnhts ihstrudnhts chl mjhtrj`s ih tgn mce ..................... <6 ^sihf tgn mce mjhtrj`s............................................................................... <7 Lnbrjstnr .................................................................. ................................ ..................................................... ................... <7 Gnct ................................................................... .................................. .......................................................... ......................... <7 CM/CMM ................................................................... ................................. ..................................................... ................... <7 CMM - Mjhtrj` pchn` pchn` ............................................................... ............................. ..................................................... ................... <9 Dcih lisp`cy smrnnh ............................................................... ............................. ..................................................... ................... <9 CMM - Jpnrctijh dnhus........................................ dnhus....... ................................................................... .................................... .. <9 N`nmtrimc` systnd...................................................................................................... >3 Busns ih tgn dcih switmgejx (Muddihs) .................................................. ............................... ................... >5 Busns ct dcstnr switmg (Muddihs)........................................................... >= Busn ejx ct dcstnr switmg (Muddihs)...................................................... >= Jpnrctijh ............................................................... .............................. ................................................................... ................................................................ .............................. >> Enbjrn stcrtihf ............................................................... .............................. ................................................................... .......................................... ........ >> Dcstnr switmg - ]witmgihf jh..................................................................... >> Jpnrctjr's snct - Cloustdnht..................................................................... >> Jpnrctjr's snct, mjdbjrt - Cloustdnhts..................................................... >2 Mjhtrj` pchn`, cloustdnhts ............................................................... ............................. .......................................... ........ >2 [craihf ercan ................................................................... .................................. .......................................................... ......................... >6 Lisp`cy - Mjhtrj`........................................................................................ >6 Ihtnr`jma..................................................................................................... >7
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Jpnrctjr pjsitijh....................................................................................... >7 Rinw ................................................................. ............................... ................................................................... ......................................... ........ >9 ]tcrtihf ............................................................... .............................. ................................................................... ..................................................... ................... 2; ]tcrtihf tgn nhfihn ................................................................. ............................... ..................................................... ................... 2; Lrivihf ................................................................ ............................... ................................................................... ..................................................... ................... 23 Jpnrctihf tgn rj``nr ................................................................ .............................. ..................................................... ................... 23 Dcmgihn witg fncr mgchfn ih snpcrctn sprihf-rnturh switmg (fncr pjsitijh switmg).................................................................. 23 Dcmgihn witg spnnl `iditnr (spnnl pjtnhtijdntnr) - Jptijhc`..... 25 ]`jpns......................................................................................... 2= Dcmgihn witg \M (Chti-]pih) ....................................................... .............................. ......................... 2< ]`jpns (\M (Chti-]pih))............................................................... 2< Ihtnr`jma/Ndnrfnhmy Ihtnr`jma/Ndnrfnhmy stjp/[craihf ercan - Mgnma............................. Mgnma ..................................... ........ 2> Lyhcpcm Mjdpcmtijh Dntnr (LMD) ihm`ulihf Cmtivn Ejuhmihf Mjhtrj` (CEM) - Jptijhc`........................................................................................ 2> ]nttihf `idit................................................................................................ 22 Jpnrctijh MDR ................................................................ ............................... .......................................................... ......................... 26 Rierctijh ................................................................... ................................. ................................................................... ............................................... .............. 27 Dchuc`/Cutjdctim vierctijh....................................................................... 27 Dchuc` vierctijh - ]witmgihf ]witmgihf jh ................................................................ .................................. .............................. 27 Cdp`ituln - Mgchfnjvnr Mgchfnjvnr ................................................................... .................................. ......................................... ........ 29 Cloustce`n (Rcrice`n) (Rcrice`n) brnqunhmy brnqunhmy - (Jptijhc`)............................... (Jptijhc`) ............................................. .............. 29 Ercaihf ............................................................... .............................. ................................................................... ..................................................... ................... 6; Hjrdc` ercaihf.......................................................................................... 6; Ndnrfnhmy ercaihf ................................................................ .............................. ..................................................... ................... 6; ]witmgihf jbb.............................................................................................. 63 [craihf ............................................................... .............................. ................................................................... ..................................................... ................... 63 Mgjmaihf tgn lruds ............................................................... ............................. ..................................................... ................... 63 Dcstnr switmg ................................................................... .................................. .......................................................... ......................... 65 @jhf-tnrd pcraihf.................................................................................................................. 6=
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Nhfihn ................................................................... .................................. ................................................................... .................................... .. 6= Ecttnry....................................................................................................... 6= Cir m`nchnr, nxgcust nxgcust pipn......................................................................... pipn....................................... .................................... .. 6= Bun` tcha ............................................................... .............................. ................................................................... .................................... .. 6= Gylrcu`im rnsnrvjir ................................................................. ............................... ..................................................... ................... 6= \irns (C``-wnctgnr)..................................................................................... 6= Gjjls, tcrpcu`ih.............................. tcrpcu`ih ............................................................... .......................................................... ......................... 6< Dismn``chnjus Dismn``chnjus ................................................................... .................................. ................................................................... ..................................................... ................... 6> @ibtihf .................................................................. ................................. ................................................................... ..................................................... ................... 6> @jmaihf tgn crtimu`ctijh ............................................................... .............................. ............................................... .............. 6> @ibtihf tgn rj``nr.......................................................................................... 6> @ibtihf tgn rj``nr witg ocma?.......................................................................... 62 ^h`jmaihf tgn crtimu`ctijh crtimu`ctijh .................................................................. ................................. ......................................... ........ 62 \jwihf/Unmjvnrihf.................................................................................................. 62 ]gjrt listchmn tjwihf witg tgn nhfihn ruhhihf.......................................... 66 ]gjrt listchmn tjwihf tjwihf wgnh tgn nhfihn is ihjpnrctivn. ihjpnrctivn. ............................. 67 \jwihf tgn rj``nr........................................................................................ 69 \rchspjrt .................................................................. ................................ ................................................................... ............................................... .............. 69 ]nmurihf MC5>;;-MC<2 MC5>;;-MC<2;; ;; bjr `jclihf `jclihf ...................................................... ............................. ......................... 7; Jpnrctihf ihstrumtijhs - ]uddcry ................................................................ ............................... .......................................................... ......................... 7= [rnvnhtivn dcihtnhchmn ............................................................... ............................. ................................................................... ......................................... ........ 7> Cmmnptchmn chl chl ln`ivnry ihspnmtijh..... ihspnmtijh....................................... ..................................................... ................... 7> Vcrrchty.................................................................................................... 7> Dcihtnhchmn - @uerimchts @uerimchts chl sydej`s ................................................................... .................................. ............................................... .............. 76 Dcihtnhchmn sydej`s ................................................................. ................................ ............................................... .............. 77 Dcihtnhchmn - Dcihtnhchmn Dcihtnhchmn smgnlu`n smgnlu`n ................................................................ .............................. ..................................................... ................... 79 ]nrvimn chl chl dcihtnhchmn dcihtnhchmn pjihts pjihts ............................................................... ................................. .............................. 79 Fnhnrc` ................................................................. ................................ ................................................................... .................................... .. 79 [nrijlim snrvimn (snrvimn dnsscfn) - Jptijhc`.......................................... 9; Nvnry 3; gjurs jb jpnrctijh (Lci`y)........................................................... 93
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Cbtnr tgn BIU]\ >; gjurs gjurs jb jpnrctijh ...................................................... ............................. ......................... 93 Nvnry >; gjurs jb jpnrctijh (Vnna`y)....................................................... 93 Nvnry 5>; / 6>; / 35>; 35>; / 36>; gjurs jb jb jpnrctijh............................. jpnrctijh ..................................... ........ 95 Nvnry >;; / 3>;; gjurs gjurs jb jpnrctijh jpnrctijh ......................................................... ................................ ......................... 95 Nvnry 3;;; 3;;; gjurs jb jpnrctijh jpnrctijh ................................................................ .............................. .................................... .. 9= Nvnry 5;;; 5;;; gjurs jb jpnrctijh jpnrctijh ................................................................ .............................. .................................... .. 9< Nvnry jtgnr yncr........................................................................................ 9> ]nrvimn - Mgnma`ist................................................................................................... 92 Dcihtnhchmn, Dcihtnhchmn, 3;g ................................................................... ................................. ................................................................... ............................................... .............. 96 ]mrcpnrs - Mgnma, cloustdnht................................................................... 96 ]mrcpnrs, [cl-lrud............................. [cl-lrud ............................................................... ..................................................... ................... 97 ]mrcpnrs (Gncvy luty), [cl lrud............................................................. 97 B`nxie`n smrcpnrs (Jptijhc`) .............................................................. ............................. ......................................... ........ 99 Cir mirmu`ctijh - Mgnma ................................................................. ................................ ............................................... .............. 99 Mjj`cht `nvn` - Mgnma Mgnma .................................................................. ................................. ............................................. ............ 3;; Linsn` nhfihn Mgnma ji` `nvn` ................................................................. ............................... .................................. 3;; Bun` tcha - Bi``ihf..................................................................................... 3;3 Gylrcu`im rnsnrvjir - Mgnma b`uil `nvn`..................................................... 3;3 ]aòtsn`îtfìrlnr, bòrstc >;g.................................................................................................. 3;= Gylrcu`im bi`tnr - Unp`cmndnht Unp`cmndnht............................... ................................................................. .................................. 3;= Lrud mcrtrilfn mcrtrilfn - Ji` mgchfn mgchfn .............................................................. ............................. ....................................... ...... 3;< \irns - Cir prnssurn - Vgnn` Vgnn` huts - \ifgtnhihf ........................................ ............................ ............ 3;> Uncr cx`n libbnrnhtic` - Ji` mgchfn........................................................... 3;2 Uncr cx`n cx`n p`chntcry p`chntcry fncr - Ji` mgchfn mgchfn .................................................... ............................. ....................... 3;2 Lrud fncrejx fncrejx - Ji` mgchfn mgchfn ............................................................... .............................. ....................................... ...... 3;6 Dcihtnhchmn - >;g .................................................................. ................................ ................................................................... ............................................. ............ 3;9 Cir m`nchnr - Mgnma gjsns chl chl mjhhnmtijhs mjhhnmtijhs .............................................................. .................................. ............................ 3;9 Dcihtnhchmn - 5>; / 6>; 6>; / 35>; / 36>;g .................................................................. ................................. ............................................. ............ 333 Lrud mcrtrilfn mcrtrilfn - Mgnmaihf Mgnmaihf tgn ji` `nvn` ................................................... .................................. ................. 333
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Uncr cx`n libbnrnhtic` - Mgnma ji` `nvn`..................................................... 335 Uncr cx`n p`chntcry p`chntcry fncrs - Mgnma ji` `nvn`............................................. `nvn`....................................... ...... 335 Lrud fncrejx fncrejx - Mgnmaihf Mgnmaihf tgn ji` `nvn` .................................................... ............................. ....................... 33= Uclictjr - Mgnma/M`nchihf Mgnma/M`nchihf............................... ................................................................ ....................................... ...... 33= Uueenr n`ndnhts chl bcstnhihf bcstnhihf smrnws - Mgnma..................................... Mgnma.............. ....................... 33< Ecttnry - Mgnma mjhlitijh ................................................................... ................................. ................................................... ................. 33< Cir mjhlitijhihf mjhlitijhihf (Jptijhc`) - Ihspnmtijh.............................................................................................. 33> Cutjdctim M`idctn M`idctn Mjhtrj` (Jptijhc`) (Jptijhc`) - Ihspnmtijh.................................. Ihspnmtijh .................................. 33> Dcihtnhchmn - >;; / 3>;;g 3>;;g ................................................................ ............................... ................................................................... .................................. 336 Lrud mcrtrilfn mcrtrilfn - Mgnmaihf Mgnmaihf tgn ji` `nvn` ................................................... .................................. ................. 336 Cir m`nchnr Mgnmaihf - Mgchfn tgn dcih cir bi`tnr...................................................... 337 Ecmaup bi`tnr - Mgchfn............................................................................. 337 Cir m`nchnr - M`nchihf................................................................................................ 339 Uncr cx`n libbnrnhtic` - Mgnma ji` `nvn`..................................................... 35; Uncr cx`n p`chntcry p`chntcry fncrs - Mgnma ji` `nvn`............................................. `nvn`....................................... ...... 35; Lrud fncrejx fncrejx - Mgnmaihf Mgnmaihf tgn ji` `nvn` .................................................... ............................. ....................... 353 Uclictjr - Mgnma/M`nchihf Mgnma/M`nchihf............................... ................................................................ ....................................... ...... 353 Bun` prn-bi`tnr - Unp`cmndnht................................................................... 355 Unp`cmihf tgn bun` bi`tnr............................................................................ 355 Linsn` nhfihn nhfihn - Ji` chl Bi`tnr mgchfn mgchfn ...................................................... ............................... ....................... 35= Mjhtrj`s chl djvihf djvihf ojihts - @uerimctijh @uerimctijh ................................................. ................................ ................. 35= ]nct encrihf encrihf - @uerimctijh................................ @uerimctijh ................................................................. ....................................... ...... 35< Dcihtnhchmn - 3;;;g .............................................................. ............................ ................................................................... ............................................. ............ 35> Gylrcu`im bi`tnr - Unp`cmndnht Unp`cmndnht............................... ................................................................. .................................. 35> Lrud mcrtrilfn mcrtrilfn - Mgnmaihf Mgnmaihf tgn ji` `nvn` ................................................... .................................. ................. 352 Cir m`nchnr Mgnmaihf - Mgchfn tgn dcih cir bi`tnr...................................................... 356 Ecmaup bi`tnr - Mgchfn............................................................................. 357
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Cir m`nchnr - M`nchihf................................................................................................ 357 Uncr cx`n libbnrnhtic` - Ji` mgchfn........................................................... 359 Uncr cx`n cx`n p`chntcry p`chntcry fncr - Ji` mgchfn mgchfn .................................................... ............................. ....................... 359 Lrud fncrejx fncrejx - Ji` mgchfn mgchfn ............................................................... .............................. ....................................... ...... 3=; Uclictjr - Mgnma/M`nchihf Mgnma/M`nchihf............................... ................................................................ ....................................... ...... 3=; Bun` prn-bi`tnr - Unp`cmndnht................................................................... 3=3 Unp`cmihf tgn bun` bi`tnr............................................................................ 3=3 Linsn` nhfihn nhfihn - Ji` chl Bi`tnr mgchfn mgchfn ...................................................... ............................... ....................... 3=5 ]nct encrihf encrihf - @uerimctijh................................ @uerimctijh ................................................................. ....................................... ...... 3== Gylrcu`im rnsnrvjir - Lrcihihf.................................................................. 3== Bun` tcha - Lrcihihf Lrcihihf (Jptijhc`) (Jptijhc`) ................................................................ .............................. .................................. 3=< Cir mjhlitijhihf mjhlitijhihf (Jptijhc`) Brnsg cir bi`tnr - Mgchfn Mgchfn .............................................................. ............................. ............................................. ............ 3=< Dcihtnhchmn - 5;;;g .............................................................. ............................ ................................................................... ............................................. ............ 3=> Gylrcu`im rnsnrvjir - Ji` mgchfn.............................................................. 3=> Gylrcu`im bi`tnr - Unp`cmndnht Unp`cmndnht............................... ................................................................. .................................. 3=2 Lrud mcrtrilfn mcrtrilfn - Ji` mgchfn mgchfn .............................................................. ............................. ....................................... ...... 3=6 Lrud fncrejx fncrejx - Ji` mgchfn mgchfn ............................................................... .............................. ....................................... ...... 3=7 Cir m`nchnr Mgnmaihf - Mgchfn tgn dcih cir bi`tnr...................................................... 3=7 Ecmaup bi`tnr - Mgchfn............................................................................. 3=9 Cir m`nchnr - M`nchihf................................................................................................ 3=9 Uncr cx`n cx`n p`chntcry p`chntcry fncr - Ji` mgchfn mgchfn .................................................... ............................. ....................... 3<; Uncr cx`n libbnrnhtic` - Ji` mgchfn........................................................... 3<3 Uclictjr - Mgnma/M`nchihf Mgnma/M`nchihf............................... ................................................................ ....................................... ...... 3<3 Bun` prn-bi`tnr - Unp`cmndnht................................................................... 3<5 Unp`cmihf tgn bun` bi`tnr............................................................................ 3<5 Linsn` nhfihn nhfihn - Ji` chl Bi`tnr mgchfn mgchfn ...................................................... ............................... ....................... 3<= ]nct encrihf encrihf - @uerimctijh................................ @uerimctijh ................................................................. ....................................... ...... 3<<
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Gylrcu`im rnsnrvjir - Lrcihihf.................................................................. 3<< Bun` tcha - Lrcihihf Lrcihihf (Jptijhc`) (Jptijhc`) ................................................................ .............................. .................................. 3<> Cir mjhlitijhihf mjhlitijhihf (Jptijhc`) Brnsg cir bi`tnr - Mgchfn Mgchfn .............................................................. ............................. ............................................. ............ 3<> Cutjdctim M`idctn M`idctn Mjhtrj` (Jptijhc`) (Jptijhc`) - Jvnrgcu` ................................................................... ................................. .............................................................. ............................ 3<2 Lryihf bi`tnr - Mgnma................................................................................. 3<2
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Ihtrjlumtijh Ihtrjlumtijh \gn dcmgihn MC5>;;/57;;/=>;;/<;;; MC5>;;/57;;/=>;;/<;;; crn djln`s jb Lyhcpcm's dnliud-gncvy dnliud-gncvy sji` mjdpcmtijh rj``nrs. \gny crn cvci`ce`n ih c L (sdjjtg lrud) chl [L (pclbjjt) vnrsijh.
Ihtnhlnl usn C`` typns jb ecsn mjursns mjursns chl sueecsn sueecsn mjursns mch en mjdpcmtnl. \gn [L vnrsijh nhce`ns tgn usn jb nitgnr L jr [L lruds, wgimg nhsurns frnctnr b`nxiei`ity bjr c wilnr rchfn jb cpp`imctijhs.
\gn mce chl scbnty-rn`ctnl cmmnssjrins crn lnsmrienl ih tgis dchuc`. Jtgnr cmmnssjrins, sumg cs tcmgjfrcpg, "Jptidiznr" (LMJ) chl "Chc`yznr" (LMC) crn lnsmrienl ih snpcrctn ihstrumtijhs.
Vcrhihf sydej`s VCUHIHF ! Dcras c lchfnr jr c gczcrljus prjmnlurn prjmnlurn tgct mch rnsu`t ih `ibn tgrnctnhih tgrnctnhihf f jr snrijus ihoury ib tgn wcrhihf is ifhjrnl.
MC^\IJH ! Dcras c lchfnr jr gczcrljus prjmnlurn tgct mch rnsu`t ih lcdcfn tj tgn dcmgihn jr prjpnrty ib tgn wcrhihf is ifhjrnl.
]cbnty ihbjrdctijh It is rnmjddnhlnl tj ct `ncst trcih jpnrctjrs ih gchl`ihf chl lci`y dcihtnhchmn jb tgn dcmgihn ih cmmjrlchmn witg tgn ihstrumtijh dchuc`. [cssnhfnrs crn hjt c``jwnl jh tgn dcmgihn, chl yju dust sit ih tgn snct wgnh jpnrctihf tgn dcmgihn.
\gn scbnty dchuc` supp`inl witg tgn dcmgihn dust en rncl ey c`` rj``nr jpnrctjrs. C`wcys bj``jw tgn scbnty ihstrumtijhs. Lj hjt rndjvn tgn dchuc` brjd tgn dcmgihn.
Vn rnmjddnhl tgct tgn jpnrctjr rncls tgn scbnty ihstrumtijhs ih tgis dchuc` mcrnbu``y. C`wcys bj``jw bj``jw tgn scbnty scbnty ihstrumtijhs. ihstrumtijhs. Nhsurn Nhsurn tgct tgis dchuc` is c`wcys ncsi`y cmmnssie`n.
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Ihtrjlumtijh Uncl tgn nhtirn dchuc` enbjrn stcrtihf tgn dcmgihn chl enbjrn mcrryihf jut chy dcihtnhchmn.
Nhsurn fjjl vnhti`ctijh (nxtrcmtijh jb cir ey bch) wgnrn tgn nhfihn is ruh ihljjrs.
MC@IBJUHIC [rjpjsitijh 2> Vcrhihf Linsn` nhfihn nxgcust chl sjdn jb its mjhstitunhts crn ahjwh tj tgn ]tctn jb Mc`ibjrhic tj mcusn mchmnr, eirtg lnbnmts, chl jtgnr rnprjlumtivn gcrd.
Fnhnrc` \gis dchuc` mjhtcihs ihstrumtijhs bjr dcmgihn jpnrctijh chl dcihtnhchmn. \gn dcmgihn dust en mjrrnmt`y dcihtcihnl bjr dcxidc` pnrbjrdchmn. \gn dcmgihn sgju`l en anpt m`nch sj tgct chy `ncacfns, `jjsn ej`ts chl `jjsn mjhhnmtijhs crn lismjvnrnl ct cs ncr`y c pjiht ih tidn cs pjssie`n. Ihspnmt tgn dcmgihn nvnry lcy, enbjrn stcrtihf. Ihspnmt tgn nhtirn dcmgihn sj tgct chy `ncacfns jr jtgnr bcu`ts crn lntnmtnl. Mgnma tgn frjuhl uhlnr tgn dcmgihn. @ncacfns crn djrn ncsi`y lntnmtnl jh tgn frjuhl tgch jh tgn dcmgihn itsn`b. \GIHA NHRIUJHDNH\ ! Lj hjt rn`ncsn ji`, bun` chl jtgnr nhvirjhdnhtc``y gczcrljus suestchmns ihtj tgn nhvirjhdnht. C`wcys snhl usnl bi`tnrs, lrcih ji` chl bun` rndhchts tj nhvirjhdnhtc``y nhvirjhdnhtc``y mjrrnmt lispjsc`. \gis dchuc` mjhtcihs ihstrumtijhs bjr pnrijlim dcihtnhchmn hjrdc``y mcrrinl jut ey tgn jpnrctjr. Cllitijhc` ihstrumtijhs ihstrumtijhs bjr tgn nhfihn nhfihn mch en bjuhl ih tgn dchubcmtunr's nhfihn dchuc`.
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Ihtrjlumtijh MN dcraihf chl Lnm`crctijh jb mjhbjrdity (Cpp`ins tj dcmgihns dcrantnl ih N^/NNM) \gis dcmgihn is MN dcranl. \gis sgjws tgct jh ln`ivnry it mjdp`ins witg tgn ecsim gnc`tg chl scbnty lirnmtivns cpp`imce`n bjr tgn dcmgihn ih cmmjrlchmn witg dcmgihnry lirnmtivn 5;;2/<5/NM chl tgct it c`sj mjdp`ins witg jtgnr lirnmtivns cpp`imce`n bjr tgis dcmgihn. C "Lnm`crctijh jb mjhbjrdity" is supp`inl supp`inl witg tgis dcmgihn, wgimg spnmibins tgn cpp`imce`n lirnmtivns lirnmtivns chl supp`ndnhts, cs wn`` cs tgn gcrdjhiznl stchlcrls chl jtgnr rnfu`ctijhs tgct crn cpp`inl.
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]cbnty - Fnhnrc` ihstrumtijhs ]cbnty - Fnhnrc` ihstrumtijhs (C`sj rncl tgn scbnty dchuc`) 3.
\gn jpnrctjr jpnrctjr dust en bcdi`icr bcdi`icr witg tgn mjhtnhts mjhtnhts jb tgn tgn J[NUC J[NUC\IJH \IJH snmtijh snmtijh enbjrn stcrtihf tgn rj``nr.
5.
Nhsurn Nhsurn tgct tgct c`` c`` ihstru ihstrumti mtijhs jhs ih tgn tgn DCIH\ DCIH\NHC NHCHM HMN N snmtij snmtijh h crn bj``j bj``jwnl wnl..
=.
Jh`y Jh`y trcihn trcihnl l chl/jr chl/jr nxpn nxpnrin rinhmn hmnl l jpnrct jpnrctjrs jrs crn crn tj jpnrc jpnrctn tn tgn tgn rj``nr rj``nr.. [cssnhfnrs crn hjt pnrdittnl jh tgn rj``nr. Undcih snctnl ct c`` tidns wgnh jpnrctihf tgn rj``nr.
<.
Hnvnr Hnvnr usn usn tgn tgn rj`` rj``nr nr ib ib it is ih hnnl hnnl jb jb clous cloustdn tdnht ht jr rnpci rnpcir. r.
>.
Jh`y Jh`y djuht djuht chl chl lisdjuh lisdjuhtt tgn rj``n rj``nrr wgnh wgnh it is stcti stctijhc jhcry. ry. ^sn ^sn tgn tgn ihtnhln ihtnhlnl l frips chl rci`s. C`wcys usn tgn tgrnn-pjiht frip (ejtg bnnt chl jhn gchl, jr jhn bjjt chl ejtg gchls) wgnh djuhtihf jr lisdjuhtihf tgn dcmgihn. Hnvnr oudp ljwh brjd tgn dcmgihn.
2.
\gn UJ[] UJ[] (Uj` (Uj``` Jvnr Jvnr [rjtnm [rjtnmtiv tivn n ]trumt ]trumturn urn)) sgju`l sgju`l c`wcy c`wcys s en usnl usnl wgnh wgnh tgn dcmgihn is jpnrctnl jh uhscbn frjuhl.
6.
Lriv Lrivn n s`jw s`jw`y `y ih sgcr sgcrp p enh enhls ls..
7.
Cvjil lrivihf lrivihf cmrjss cmrjss s`jpns. s`jpns. Lrivn Lrivn strcifgt strcifgt up jr strcifgt strcifgt ljwh tgn s`jpn. s`jpn.
9.
Vgnh lrivihf lrivihf m`jsn m`jsn tj nlfns, nlfns, litmgns litmgns jr gj`ns, gj`ns, dcan dcan surn tgct ct `ncst `ncst 5/= jb tgn lrud wiltg is jh prnvijus`y mjdpcmtnl dctnric` (sj`il surbcmn).
3;. Dcan surn surn tgct tgct tgnrn tgnrn crn hj jestc jestcm`ns m`ns ih tgn tgn lirnmtijh lirnmtijh jb jb trcvn`, trcvn`, jh tgn frjuhl, ih brjht jb jr engihl tgn rj``nr, jr jvnrgncl. 33. Lrivn pcrtimu`cr pcrtimu`cr`y `y mcrnb mcrnbu``y u``y jh uhnvnh uhnvnh frjuhl. frjuhl. 35. ^sn tgn scbnt scbnty y nquipdnht nquipdnht prjvilnl. prjvilnl. \gn snct snct en`t en`t dust en wjrh wjrh jh dcmgihns dcmgihns bittnl witg UJ[]/UJ[]-mce. 3=. Annp tgn tgn rj``nr m`nch. m`nch. M`nch M`nch chy lirt lirt jr frncsn frncsn tgct tgct cmmudu`ctn cmmudu`ctns s jh tgn jpnrctjr p`ctbjrd iddnlictn`y. Annp c`` sifhs chl lnmc`s m`nch chl `nfie`n. 3<. ]cbnty ]cbnty dncs dncsurn urns s enbjrn enbjrn rnbun rnbun`ih `ihf? f? - ]tjp tgn nhfihn - Lj hjt sdjan. - Hj hcanl b`cdns ih tgn vimihity jb tgn rj``nr. - Ncrtg tgn bi``ihf nquipdnht hjzz`n tj tgn tcha jpnhihf tj cvjil spcras. 3>. Enbjrn Enbjrn rnpci rnpcirs rs jr snrvim snrvimn? n? - Mgjma tgn lruds/wgnn`s chl uhlnr tgn strian-jbb e`cln. - @jma tgn crtimu`ctijh ib hnmnsscry
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]cbnty - Fnhnrc` ihstrumtijhs 32. Gncrihf Gncrihf prjtnmtij prjtnmtijh h is rnmjddnhl rnmjddnhlnl nl ib tgn hjisn hjisn `nvn` nxmnnl nxmnnls s 7> lE(C). lE(C). \gn hjisn `nvn` mch vcry lnpnhlihf jh tgn nquipdnht jh tgn dcmgihn chl tgn surbcmn tgn dcmgihn is enihf usnl jh. 36. Lj hjt dcan dcan chy mgchfns mgchfns jr djlibim djlibimctijh ctijhs s tj tgn rj``nr rj``nr tgct mju`l mju`l cbbnmt cbbnmt scbnty. Mgchfns crn jh`y tj en dcln cbtnr writtnh cpprjvc` gcs ennh fivnh ey Lyhcpcm. 37. Cvjil usihf usihf tgn rj``nr rj``nr enbjrn enbjrn tgn gylrcu` gylrcu`im im b`uil gcs gcs rncmgnl rncmgnl its hjrdc` hjrdc` wjraihf tndpnrcturn. Ercaihf listchmns mch en `jhfnr tgch hjrdc` wgnh tgn b`uil is mj`l. ]nn ihstrumtijhs ih tgn ]\J[ snmtijh. 39. 39. Bjr yjur yjur jwh jwh prjtn prjtnmti mtijh jh c`wcy c`wcys s wncr? wncr? - gn`dnt - wjraihf ejjts witg stnn` tjnmcps - ncr prjtnmtjrs - rnb`nmtihf m`jtgihf/gifg visiei`ity ocmant - wjraihf f`jvns
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]cbnty - wgnh jpnrctihf ]cbnty - wgnh jpnrctihf [rnvnht pnrsjhs brjd nhtnrihf jr rndcihihf ih tgn lchfnr crnc, i.n. c listchmn jb ct `ncst 6 d (5= bt) ih c`` lirnmtijhs brjd jpnrctihf dcmgihns. \gn jpnrctjr dcy c``jw c pnrsjh tj rndcih ih tgn lchfnr crnc, eut sgju`l tgnh jesnrvn mcutijh chl jpnrctn tgn dcmgihn jh`y wgnh tgn pnrsjh is visie`n visie`n jr gcs fivnh m`ncr ihlimctijhs ihlimctijhs jb wgnrn gn jr sgn is.
Lrivihf hncr nlfns Vgnh lrivihf hncr ch nlfn, dihidud 5/= jb tgn lrud wiltg dust en jh sj`il frjuhl. Annp ih dihl tgct tgn dcmgihn's mnhtnr jb frcvity djvns jutwcrls wgnh stnnrihf. Bjr nxcdp`n, tgn mnhtnr jb frcvity djvns tj tgn rifgt wgnh yju stnnr tj tgn `nbt.
Dihidud 5/= Bif. [jsitijh jb lrud wgnh lrivihf hncr ch nlfn
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]cbnty - wgnh jpnrctihf ]`jpns \gis chf`n gcs ennh dncsurnl jh c gcrl, b`ct surbcmn witg tgn dcmgihn stctijhcry. \gn stnnrihf chf`n wcs znrj, tgn vierctijh wcs switmgnl JBB chl c`` tchas wnrn bu``. C`wcys tcan ihtj mjhsilnrctijh mjhsilnrctijh tgct tgct `jjsn frjuhl, frjuhl, stnnrihf tgn dcmgihn, vierctijh jh, dcmgihn spnnl cmrjss tgn frjuhl chl rcisihf tgn mnhtnr jb frcvity mch c`` mcusn tgn dcmgihn tj tjpp`n ct sdc``nr s`jpn chf`ns tgch tgjsn spnmibinl gnrn.
Dcx 5;» jr =2%
Bif. Jpnrctihf jh s`jpns
\j nxit tgn mce ih ch ndnrfnhmy, rn`ncsn tgn gcddnr jh tgn rncr rifgt pjst chl ernca tgn rncr wihljw. It is rnmjddnhlnl tgct UJ[] (Uj`` Jvnr [rjtnmtivn ]trumturn) jr c UJ[]-cpprjvnl mce is c`wcys usnl wgnh lrivihf jh s`jpns jr uhscbn frjuhl. C`wcys wncr c snct en`t.
Vgnrn pjssie`n, cvjil lrivihf cmrjss s`jpns. Lrivn ihstncl strcifgt up chl ljwh s`jpihf frjuhl.
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]cbnty (Jptijhc`) ]cbnty (Jptijhc`) Cir mjhlitijhihf \gn systnd lnsmrienl ih tgis dchuc` is ch CM/CMM typn (Cutjdctim m`idctn mjhtrj`) \gn systnd mjhtcihs prnssuriznl rnbrifnrcht. It is bjreillnh tj rn`ncsn rnbrifnrchts ihtj tgn ctdjspgnrn.
\gn mjj`ihf systnd is prnssuriznl. Ihmjrrnmt gchl`ihf mch rnsu`t ih snrijus pnrsjhc` ihoury. Lj hjt lismjhhnmt jr uhlj tgn gjsn mjup`ihfs. Bif. Mce
\gn systnd dust en rnmgcrfnl witg cpprjvnl rnbrifnrcht cs rnquirnl ey cutgjriznl pnrsjhhn`.
\gn rnbrifnrcht mjhtcihs c trcmihf cfnht, nhce`ihf `nca-trcmihf tj en pnrbjrdnl usihf ^R `ifgt. \gn mjhlnhsnr is `jmctnl tjfntgnr witg jtgnr rclictjrs, chl tgn lryihf bi`tnr is `jmctnl jh tgn rifgt-gchl siln jb tgn rclictjr stchl.
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]cbnty (Jptijhc`)
3;
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]pnmic` ihstrumtijhs ]pnmic` ihstrumtijhs ]tchlcrl `uerimchts chl jtgnr rnmjddnhlnl ji`s chl b`uils Enbjrn `ncvihf tgn bcmtjry, tgn systnds chl mjdpjhnhts crn bi``nl witg tgn ji`s chl b`uils spnmibinl ih tgn `uerimcht spnmibimctijh. \gnsn crn suitce`n bjr cdeinht tndpnrcturns ih tgn rchfn -3>»M tj +<;»M (>»B - 3;>»B). \gn dcxidud tndpnrcturn bjr eij`jfimc` gylrcu`im b`uil is +=>»M (9>»B).
Gifgnr cdeinht tndpnrcturns, cejvn +<;»M (3;<»B) Bjr jpnrctijh jb tgn dcmgihn ct gifgnr cdeinht tndpnrcturns, gjwnvnr dcxidud +>;»M (355»B), tgn bj``jwihf rnmjddnhlctijhs cpp`y? \gn linsn` nhfihn chl gylrcu`im systnd mch en ruh ct tgis tndpnrcturn usihf hjrdc` ji`, eut ih jtgnr mjdpjhnhts tgct usn trchsdissijh ji`, ]gn`` ]pircx ]= CW7>V/3<;, C[I F@-> jr jr nquivc`nht dust dust en usnl.
\ndpnrcturns \gn tndpnrcturn `idits cpp`y tj stchlcrl vnrsijhs jb rj``nrs. Uj``nrs nquippnl witg cllitijhc` nquipdnht, sumg cs hjisn supprnssijh, dcy hnnl tj en djrn mcrnbu``y djhitjrnl ih tgn gifgnr tndpnrcturn rchfns.
Gifg prnssurn m`nchihf Lj hjt sprcy lirnmt`y jhtj n`nmtrimc` mjdpjhnhts. mjdpjhnhts. Lj hjt usn c gifg-prnssurn wctnr ont jh tgn ihstrudnht pchn`/lisp`cy. pchn`/lisp`cy. Lntnrfnht tgct mch lnstrjy n`nmtrimc` pcrts, jr wgimg is mjhlumtivn, dust hjt en usnl. Ih mnrtcih mcsns tgnrn is ch n`nmtrimc` mjhtrj` `nvnr chl cssjmictnl n`nmtrjhim mjhtrj` uhit (NM^) ih tgn nhfihn mjdpcrtdnht, wgimg dust hjt en wcsgnl witg c gifg-prnssurn ont jr witg chy wctnr ct c``. It is subbiminht tj wipn tgnsn jbb. \gn scdn cpp`ins tj tgn nhfihn n`nmtrjhim mjhtrj` uhit (nhfihn NM^).
[`cmn c p`cstim ecf jvnr tgn bun` bi``nr mcp chl snmurn 5;3=-33-;7
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]pnmic` ihstrumtijhs witg c rueenr echl. \gis is tj cvjil gifg prnssurn wctnr nhtnrihf tgn vnht gj`n ih tgn bi``nr mcp. \gis mju`l mcusn dc`buhmtijhs, sumg cs tgn e`jmaihf jb bi`tnrs. [`cmn c p`cstim ecf jvnr tgn nxgcust pipn chl snmurn witg c rueenr echl tj cvjil wctnr ih tgn dubb`nr. Hnvnr cid tgn wctnr ont lirnmt`y ct tgn bun` tcha mcp. \gis is pcrtimu`cr`y idpjrtcht wgnh usihf c gifg-prnssurn gifg-prnssurn m`nchnr.
Birn bifgtihf Ib tgn dcmgihn mctmgns birn, usn ch CEM-m`css pjwlnr birn nxtihfuisgnr. nxtihfuisgnr. C EN-m`css mcrejh mcrejh lijxiln birn nxtihfuisgnr nxtihfuisgnr mch c`sj en usnl.
Uj`` Jvnr [rjtnmtivn ]trumturn (UJ[]), UJ[] cpprjvnl mce Ib tgn dcmgihn is bittnl witg c Uj`` Jvnr [rjtnmtivn ]trumturn (UJ[], jr UJ[] cpprjvnl mce) hnvnr mcrry jut chy wn`lihf jr lri``ihf ih tgn strumturn jr mce.
Hnvnr cttndpt tj rnpcir c lcdcfnl UJ[] strumturn jr mce. \gnsn dust en rnp`cmnl witg hnw UJ[] strumturn jr mces.
Vn`lihf Vgnh mcrryihf jut wn`lihf jh tgn dcmgihn, tgn ecttnry dust en lismjhhnmtnl chl tgn n`nmtrjhims lismjhhnmtnl brjd tgn n`nmtrimc` systnd.
Ib pjssie`n, rndjvn tgn pcrt(s) tj en wn`lnl brjd tgn dcmgihn.
Ecttnry gchl`ihf Vgnh rndjvihf ecttnrins, c`wcys lismjhhnmt tgn hnfctivn mce`n birst.
Vgnh bittihf ecttnrins, c`wcys mjhhnmt tgn pjsitivn mce`n mce`n birst.
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]pnmic` ihstrumtijhs Lispjsn jb j`l ecttnrins ih ch nhvirjhdnhtc``y nhvirjhdnhtc``y brinhl`y wcy. Ecttnrins mjhtcih tjxim `ncl.
Lj hjt usn c quima-mgcrfnr quima-mgcrfnr bjr mgcrfihf tgn ecttnry. \gis dcy sgjrtnh ecttnry `ibn.
Oudp stcrtihf (5
3
5
\urh tgn ifhitijh chl c`` pjwnr mjhsudihf nquipdnht jbb. ]witmg jbb tgn nhfihn jh tgn dcmgihn wgimg is prjvilihf oudp stcrt pjwnr.
35R
Oudp `ncls dust gcvn 5
5
Birst mjhhnmt tgn oudp stcrt ecttnry's pjsitivn tnrdihc` (3) tj tgn b`ct ecttnry's pjsitivn tnrdihc` (5).\gnh mjhhnmt tgn oudp stcrt ecttnry's hnfctivn tnrdihc` (=) tj, bjr nxcdp`n, c ej`t (<) jr tgn `ibotihf nyn jh tgn dcmgihn witg tgn b`ct ecttnry.
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]tcrt tgn nhfihn jh tgn pjwnr prjvilihf dcmgihn. @nt it ruh bjr c wgi`n. Hjw try tj stcrt tgn jtgnr dcmgihn. Lismjhhnmt tgn mce`ns ih tgn rnvnrsn jrlnr.
35R
Bif. Oudp stcrtihf
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\nmghimc` spnmibimctijhs \nmghimc` spnmibimctijhs Rierctijhs - Jpnrctjr stctijh (I]J 52=3) \gn vierctijh `nvn`s crn dncsurnl ih cmmjrlchmn witg tgn jpnrctijhc` mym`n lnsmrienl ih N^ lirnmtivn 5;;;/3 d/sµ cs spnmibinl ih Lirnmtivn 5;;5/< d/sµ) Dncsurnl gchl/crd vierctijhs vierctijhs c`sj wnrn en`jw tgn cmtijh `nvn` jb 5.> d/sµ spnmibinl ih tgn scdn lirnmtivn. (@idit is > d/sµ)
Hjisn `nvn` \gn hjisn `nvn` is dncsurnl ih cmmjrlchmn witg tgn jpnrctijhc` mym`n lnsmrienl ih N^ lirnmtivn 5;;;/3
3;= lE (C) (C)
]juhl prnssurn `nvn` ct tgn lrivnr's ncr (p`ctbjrd/UJ[]), @pC ]juhl prnssurn `nvn` ct tgn jpnrctjr's ncr (mce), @pC
WW lE (C) 65 ³= lE (C) (C)
N`nmtrimc` systnd Dcmgihns crn NDM tnstnl ih cmmjrlchmn witg NH 3==;9?5;;; 'Mjhstrumtijh dcmgihnry'
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93
J3
Jvnrgchf, `nbt brcdn siln
76
= .<
J5
Jvnrgchf, rifgt brcdn siln
76
= .<
U3
\urh rclius, nxtnrhc`
>2;;
55;
U5
\urhihf rclius, ihhnr
==7;
3==
V3
Viltg, trcmtjr snmtijh
53=;
7<
V5
Viltg, lrud
53=;
7<
5;3=-33-;7
<7353>9;;3ZE.plb
36
