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S . K nu nu ut ut ti ti la la , ' Ti Ti m a n o da da lili t i n c ho ho la la st st ic ic is is m' m' , i n S . n uu uu tttt il il a ( ed ed .) .) , R e o rg rg in in g h e g re re a c ha ha i o f b ei ei ng ng . S tu tu d e s o f h e h is is to to r o f m od od a h eo eo ri ri eess , DorKennis is en nood noodza zake kelij lijkh khei eid, d, Eel! Eel! drec drechtl htlBo Bost ston on/L /Lon ondo do 1981 1981 163163-25 257; 7; A. Vos, Vos, Kenn k r i sc sc h a na na ly ly s v a h e a bs bs o u t e vi vi de de n i a s m w i s be be ge ge er er t e n h eo eo lo lo g e , Kampen Kampen 198 (abbre (abbrev.: v.: KN). Knuu Knuutti ttila la gives gives an exten extende de hist histor or of moda moda theor theor th es in io is ca n u b e o f c ha ha pt pt er er s t o s y t e a titi c d ev ev el el o m en en t o f i s o w e pi pi st st e o lo lo g a n meta metaph phys ysic ic which which he base base on Scot Scotus us theo theory ry of cont contin inge gency ncy u rt rt he he r r ec ec en en t s tu tu di di e o f o da da l t he he or or ie ie s i n t h M id id dl dl e A ge ge s a co co bi bi , Di Mo Wi a nd nd e K om om p n d e n d e 12. un 13. J ah ah rh rh un un de de rt rt s F un un kt kt io io ns ns be be st st im im m un un g un G eb eb ra ra uc uc l i n d e l og og is is ch ch e A na na ly ly se se , Leid ik a j a Leiden en/C /Col olog ogne ne 1980 1980 S. Knuu Knuutti ttila, la, A ik aristotelisessa essa skolastiikass skolastiikassa, a, Miss modaliteetti aristotelis Missio iolo logi gian an ja ekum ekumeni eniik ikan an seur seura, a, Hels Helsin inki ki 1975 1975 S. Knuu Knuutt ttil ila, a, 'The 'The stat statis isti tica ca inte interp rpre reta tati tion on of moda modali lity ty in Aver Aver roes roes an Thom Thomas as Aquin Aquinas as', ', Ajatus, 37 (197 (1978) 8) 79-9 79-98; 8; S. Knuu Knuutti ttila la 'Dun 'Dun Scotu Scotus' s' pr ac ac h u n E rk rk en en nt nt ni ni s criti critici cism sm of th 'stat 'statis isti tical cal inter interpr pret etati ation on of moda modalit lity' y' S pr Mi ng r es es se se s f ilil r m i tttt el el al al te te r lili ch ch e intemationalen K o ng Philosophie d e r S o ci ci et et e intemationale pour l'etude d e l a p hi hi lo lo so so ph ph i m ed ed ie ie va va l 29. 3. September 1977 Berlin in/N /New ew York York 1981 1981 I. Halb Halbba band nd B on on n Berl 4 41 41 -4 -4 50 50 ; n uu uu tttt il il a M o a l l og og ic ic ' i n N . K re re tz tz ma ma nn nn , A . e nn nn y 1 . P in in bo bo r (eds.), T h C am am b d g hi or of at m ed ed i v a p h o so so ph ph y Cambridge/New York York/N /New ew Roch Rochell elle/ e/Me Melb lbou ourn rne/S e/Syd ydne ne 1982 1982 (abb (abbre rev. v. CHLMP), 342-357; L. Alan Alanen en S. Knuu Knuutti ttila la 'The 'The foun founda datio tions ns of moda modalit lit an conc concei eivab vabil ility ity in Desc Descararod er er n m od od a e s S tu tu d of te an hi pred predec eces esso sors rs', ', in S. Knuu Knuutt ttil il (ed. (ed.), ), M od h e h i o r o f m od od a h eo eo r o m m ed ed i v a n om om in in a ogca po m, Dord Dordrec recht htlB lBos osto ton/ n/Lo Lond ndon on 1988 1988 1-69 1-69 C. Norm Normor ore, e, 'Fut 'Futur ur cont contin inge gent nts' s' in CHLMP, 358eo d am h ou ou gh gh t he di pu ov 358-38 381; 1; E.L. E.L. Orms Ormsby by h eo Al-Ghazali's be of al po bl wo ds i nc nc e phil philos osop ophy hy of th youn youn Duns Duns Scot Scotus us Some Some sema semant ntic ical al an logi logica ca aspe aspect cts' s' in ed ia ia ev ev a s em em an an titi c a n m e a ph ph ys ys ic ic s S tu tu di di e d ed ed ic ic a e d L .M .M . E.P. E.P. Bo (ed. (ed.), ), M ed
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Vari Variou ou stud studie ie in T. Ruda Rudavs vsky ky (ed. (ed.), ), Divi Divine ne omni omnisc scie ienc nc an medieva medieva philos philosoph ophy. y. islami islamic, c, Jewish Jewish and Christ Christian ian perspe perspectiv ctives, es, ton/ ton/La Lanc ncas aste te 1985 1985 Fo stil stil more more lite litera ratu ture re see: see: A. de Libe Libera ra toir toir de la logiq logique ue medie medieva vale' le' Revu des science science philos philosoph ophique ique
omni omnipo pote tenc nc in Dordrecht/Bos'Bul 'Bulle leti ti d'hi d'hisset theolog theologique iques, s,
s ho ho r u rv rv e o f D u n c ot ot u l if if e a n d w or or k i s f ou ou n i n C . B al al ic ic , ' Th Th e l if if e a n w or or k o f J oh oh n D un un s S co co tu tu s' s' , i n 1 . R ya ya n B .M .M . B on on an an se se a ( ed ed s. s. ) John Duns Duns Scot Scotus us 1265 1265-1 -196 965, 5, Wash Washin ingt gton on D.C. D.C. 1965 1965 1-27 1-27 J.I. J.I. Catt Catto, o, 'The 'Theol olog og th an in unive univers rsit it of Oxfo Oxford rd Vol. earl Oxfor Oxfor scho school ols, s, 1.1.Cat Vol. I: Th earl 1.1.Catto to (ed. (ed.), ), Oxfo Oxford rd 1984 1984 (471 (471-5 -517 17 505505-51 511; 1; A.B. A.B. Wolt Wolter er 'Dun 'Dun Scot Scotus us John John', ', Th ne ency encyclo clo paed paedia ia Brit Britan annic nica, a, v ol ol . 4 , C hi hi ca ca go go /e /e tc tc . 1 99 99 1 2 78 78 -2 -2 79 79 ; J oh oh n u n SCOlltS, Philos Philosoph ophical ical writing writings, s, sele select ctio ion, n, Tran Transl slat ated ed with with Intr Introd oduc ucti tion on an Note Note by A.B. A.B. Wolt Wolter, er, Indi Indiana anapo polis lis/Ca /Camb mbrid ridge ge 1987 1987 xiiixiii-xx xx Comp Compact act intr introd oduct uctor ories ies to Scotu Scotus' s' thou though ght: t: C. Balic Balic 'Dun 'Dun Scor Scorns ns John John', ', New catho catholic lic encyc encyclo loped pedia ia Ne York York/S /St. t. Louis Louis/S /San an Franc Francis isco co/T /Tor oron onto to/L /Lon ondo don/ n/ S yd yd ne ne y 1 96 96 7 v ol ol um um e I V 1 10 10 22- 11 11 06 06 ; A .B .B . o ltlt er er , D un un s S co co rn rn s J oh oh n The encyclop encyclopedi edi of philoso philosophy phy P . d wa wa rd rd s ( ed ed .) .) , N e Y or or k/ k/ Lo Lo nd nd o 1 96 96 7 v ol ol . 2 , 427427-43 436. 6. Repr Reprin inte te in A.B. A.B. Wolt Wolter er Th phil philos osop ophi hica ca theo theolo logy gy of John John Duns Duns Scotus, [com [compi pilat latio io of Wolte Wolter' r' most most impo importa rtant nt arti article cle on Scot Scotus us], ], M. McCo McCord rd A da da m ( ed ed .) .) , I th th ac ac a/ a/ Lo Lo nd nd o 1 99 99 0 1 -2 -2 3 1 .R .R . e in in be be rg rg , medieva medieva philoso philosophy phy Prin Prince ceto to 1974 1974 213-234; W. Dett Dettlo loff ff 'Dun 'Dun Scor Scorns ns Scotismus I' Theologi au se se , M ul ul le le r ( ed ed s. s. ) v ol ol . Theologische sche Realentyk Realentyklopdd lopddie, ie, G . r au IX Berl Berlin in/N /New ew York York 1982 1982 218218-23 231. 1. more more exte extens nsiv iv stud study: y: E. Bett Betton oni, i, DUllS S co co tu tu s T h b as as i p ri ri nc nc ip ip le le s o f h i p hi hi lo lo so so ph ph y t r l a e d it Bonans Bonansea, ea, Washing Washington ton 1961. 1961. I n S co co tu tu s t im im e o n h a t o b e 2 5 i n o rd rd e t o b e o rd rd ai ai ne ne d t o t h p ri ri es es th th oo oo d tu au ed theo theolo logi gian an in midmid-De Dece cemb mber er 1290 1290 we ma assu assume me that that Scor Scorns ns ha no been been ol e no no ug ug h a t t ha ha t t im im e a n h a o nl nl y a tt tt ai ai ne ne d t h p ri ri es es tltl y a g l at at er er . It follows follows then at ad th in as 1274 1274 as earl earlie ie biog biogra raph pher er have have main mainta tain ined ed This This wa th year year in whic whic Bona Bona vent ventur ur an Thom Thomas as Aqui Aquina na died died Cf E. Long Longpr pre, e, 'L'o 'L'ord rdin inat atio io sace sacerd rdot otal al du Bx Jean Jean Duns Duns Scot Scot Docu Docume ment nt du 17mars 17mars 1291 1291', ', Archivu Archivumfr mfranc ancisc iscanu anu histohistoricum, 22 (192 (1929) 9) 54-6 54-62. 2. t( ea ie at Eriu Eriuge gena! na! but, but, cont contrar rar to the sugg sugges esti tion on of L. Wadd Wadding ing th 17th 17th centu century ry edito edito Opera omnia, omnia, in 13thand of Scotus Scotus Opera 13thand 14thcen 14thcentu tury ry Engl Englan and, d, it refe referr rred ed excl exclus usiv ivee-
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Oxfo Oxford rd di no beco become me an inde indepe pend nden en dioc dioces es unti unti 1542 1542 duri during ng th reig reig of Henr Henr VIII VIII Cons Conseq eque uent ntly ly th univ univer ersi sity ty of Oxfo Oxford rd di no orig origin inat at from from cath cathed edra ra scho school ol Cf A.B. A.B. Cobb Cobban an Th medi medieva eva Engl Englis is unive univers rsiti ities es Oxfo Oxford rd an Camb Cambri ridg dg to c. 1500, Alde Alders rsho ho 1988 1988 10-1 10-12, 2, 19-3 19-30. 0. Liber Liber memora memorandu ndu oh a ld ld er er b B is is h of Linc Lincol oln, n, wh auth author oris ised ed Scot Scotus us an othe othe 'fra 'fratr tres es to hear hear conf confes essi sion ons. s. Th text text Francis cisca ca pape papers rs list lists, s, an docu docu o f t hi hi s d oc oc u e n i s e di di te te d i n A . i tt tt le le , Fran ments, Manc Manche hest ster er 1943 1943 230230-24 243, 3, 262. 262. u n a ls ls o s ta ta ye ye d i n C a b ri ri dg dg e f o o m t i e , b u w e d o n o e xa xa ct ct l n o w he he n C f C . r am am pt pt o ' Du Du n S co co tu tu s a t x fo fo rd rd , 1 28 28 88- 13 13 01 01 ' Franciscan studies, 24 (196 (1964) 4) (5-2 (5-20) 0) 18 L. M . d e i jk Middeleeuwse Wijsbegeerte Wijsbegeerte Asse jk , Middeleeuwse Asse 1981 1981 128, characterises characterises 'bac 'bacca ca1a 1aur ureu eus' s' as "a semi semi-q -qua uali lifi fied ed stud studen en assi assist stan an wh ha th task task of teac teachhing".
'bac 'bacca cala laur ureu eu form format atus us is on wh ha fini finish shed ed th obli obliga gato tory ry cour course se onthe Sententiae e pa pa ri ri n to at it Pels Pelste ter, r, op cit. cit. 16 f. Fo th curr curric icul ulum um oftheol oftheolog og in Oxfo Oxford rd see: see: Bram Brampt pton on 'Dun 'Dun Scot Scotus us at Oxfo Oxford rd 1288 1288-1 -130 301' 1' 16 Cf also also foot footno note te 10 ip et t' Archiv Archivum um franci francisca scanum num histor historicum icum 22 (192 (1929) 9),5 ,587 87-5 -588 88 A.G. A.G. Litt Little le F. Pelster, Oxford Oxford theolog theolog and theolo theologia gians ns c. A.D 1282-1 1282-1302 302 Oxfo Oxford rd 1934 1934,3 ,310 10 an 345; 345; encyclopae paedia dia Britan Britannic nica, a, v ol Wolte Wolter, r, 'Dun 'Dun Scot Scotus us John John'. '. The new encyclo ol . 4 , 2 78 78 . 1 0 I n x fo fo r c ot ot u as b ac ac ca ca la la ur ur eu eu s e nt nt en en titi ar ar i s ' f o t h i ni ni ti ti a t w year year duri during ng th firs firs ofwhich ofwhich (129 (12977-12 1298 98 hehad toprepa toprepare re hi oneone-ye year ar cour course se on Peter Peter Lombar Lombard's d's Sententiae, th oblig obligato atory ry tex in dogm dogmat atic ic theo theolo logy gy an this this c ou ou r a d t o b e g i e n d ur ur in in g t h f ol ol lo lo wi wi n y ea ea r ( 12 12 98 98 -1 -1 29 29 9 u ri ri n t he he s impo import rtan an year years, s, th Lectura took took shap shape. e. Inhis thir thir year year he serv served ed as 'bac 'bacca cala lauu-
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Scotus, trea treatis tis on Go asfirs prin princip ciple le trans translat lated ed and comm commen enta tary ry by A.B. A.B. Wolt Wolter er Chic Chicag ag 1983 1983 xiii xiii 146146-14 147. 7. la er Engl England and recei receive ve me Fran France ce educ educate ate me Colo Cologn gn hold hold me v er er si si o d if if fe fe re re n f ro ro m t hi hi s o ne ne , g oi oi n b ac ac k t o t ex ex t o f i ll ll ia ia m W or or ilil on on g ab ed to in la es an lo cu ti Miscellanea Miscellanea francescana, francescana, 4 5 ( 19 19 45 45 ) ( 29 29 -7 -7 9 6 3 " Sc Sc ot ot i m e g en en ui ui t A ng ng lili a m e d oc oc ui ui t a ll ll i m e r ec ec ep ep i C ol ol on on i t en en et et " h e p re re se se n a rc rc op op ha ha gu gu s d at at e 1 0 1 m D Ul Ul l
edit edited ed with with
at
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Brita Britann nnica ica vol.
Oper Oper
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Ordinatio
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Oper Oper
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21 Oper Oper omni omni Ioan Ioanni ni Duns Duns Scot Scoti, i, Lyon 3 9 1 2 volume volume (reprin (reprin HildesHildesheim 1968). Fo olde olde edit editio ions ns se th crit critic ical al edit editio io of th Commissio Commissio scotistiscotistiea: Joha Opera omnia, omnia, vol. Johann nnes es Duns Duns Scot Scotus us Opera vol. I, 127*-138*. 22 Oper Oper omni omnia, a, Editi Editi nova nova iuxta iuxta editi edition onem em Wadd Waddin ingi gi Paris Paris 1891-1895,26 volumes. Ioanni ni Duns Duns Scoti Scoti Theo Theolo logi giae ae Mari Marian anae ae eleme element nta, a, 23 Balic (ed.), Ioan
z itit a n d u sg sg ab ab e d e W er er k d e 1. Duns Duns Skot Skotus us in Verg Vergan ange genh nhei ei un Gege Gegennwart', Wissen Wissenseh sehaft aft und veishei veisheit, t, 35 6- 8) 14 authen entic ticity ity an datin datin of theLeetura, the Leetura, whic whic ha been been defe defend nded ed by th 24 Th auth edit editor or of th crit critic ical al edit editio ion, n, ha been been chal challe leng nged ed byV. Rich Richter ter in Studien Studien zum l itit er er a i sc sc he he n r k v o J oh oh an an ne ne s D un un s S eo eo tu tu s Munich 1988 (col (colle lect ctio io of prev previo ious usly ly publ publis ishe he arti articl cles es); ); se pp 13 f., 28 f., 40. ta Richter Richter see L. Modr Modric ic 'Oss 'Osser ervaz vazio ioni ni su un recen recente te criti critica ca all'e all'edi dizio zione ne Vatic VaticaaOpera omnia omnia di Giov 19 83 83 ) 3 36 36 -3 -3 57 57 ; na dell' dell' Opera Giovan anni ni Duns Duns Scot Scoto' o' Antonianum, 5 8 ( 19 L. Modric, esti esti di Duns Duns Scot Scot sull sull dimo dimost stra razi zion on di di in un stra strana na ediz edizio io ne', Antonianum, 6 5 ( 19 e se se n ir 19 90 90 ) 3 12 12 -3 -3 4 Commissio Commissio scotistica, scotistica, th comm commit itte te in char charge ge of th crit critic ical al edit editio ion) n) a nu nu sc sc ri ri pt pt s o f t h Lectura, see: Opera Opera omnia, omnia, volu volume me I, 144*25 F o t h vol. XVII XVII Vati Vatican can Cit 1966,4*-10*, an vol. vol. XVII XVIII, I, Vati Vatica ca City City 1982, 148*, vol. XI-X XI-XII II cf vol. vol. VII, VII, Vati Vatica ca City City 1973,4*-6*. 26 Cf. Leetura This This pass passag ag isdiscu isdiscuss ssed ed onp. 13* of th 'Pro 'Proleg legoo-
i xe xe d the Ordinatio and Quodlibeta,
ee
io
Fathers". B ec ec a s e ef
it
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27 From From auth author orit itat ative ive writi writing ng 'auc 'aucto tori ritat tates es were were deriv derived ed auth author orit itati ative ve place place (quo (quota tati tion ons, s, 'loc 'loci' i'). ). Cf th medi mediev eval al outl outloo oo conc concer erni ning ng 'auc 'aucto tori rita tas' s' De Rijk Rijk M i dd dd e le le eu eu w s w i js js b eg eg e er er te te , 115-117.
ll
li
io
M i dd dd e le le e uw uw s e w ijij sb sb e ge ge e rt rt e 130 (ou transl translatio ation). n). 30 f . f o a n e xt xt en en si si v t re re at at me me n o f t h ' qu qu ae ae st st io io ' t ec ec l i q e : B .C .C . B az az a 'Les 'Les ques questi tion on disp disput utee ees, s, prin princi cipa pale leme ment nt dans dans le facu facult ltes es de theo theolo logi gie' e' in Le q ue ue st st io io n d is is pu pu te te e e t l e q ue ue st st io io n q uo uo dl dl ib ib et et iq iq ue ue s d an an s l e f ac ac ul ul te te s d e t he he ol ol og og ie ie , d e d ro ro i e t d e m ed ed ec ec iinn e Turn Turnho hout ut 1985 1985 15-1 15-149 49 on i en en s e whic e nc nc e t h O p u s O x on whic wa comp compile ile by Scot Scotus us stud studen ents ts wa
TH
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Th
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13
ce in
i n t h O pu pu s Sentences
i nc nc t
io
39
Lectura
x on on i n s in
38-39. Ifw e t ur ur n t o S co co tu tu s
Ordina-
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OF LECT LECTUR
e xa xa mi mi na na ta ta ': "
distinctions": i xe xe d
STRUCTUR
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69-87).
18-6 18-68) 8) C) i na na l
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39 Lectura,
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Reportatio
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notes".
Appe Append ndix ix Oper Oper amni amni
(401-444).
in
Lectura unclear":
cantent
Appe Append ndix ix
Argu Argume ment nt
is very very reliable".
appe appear ar in th crit critic ical al edit editio io of th Opera Opera omnia. omnia. tu ca e, ti ex a' ar th Sent Sentenc ences es ha surv surviv ived ed 'Lec 'Lectu tura ra', ', 'ord 'ordin inat atio io', ', etc. etc. ar gene genera ra term terms, s, used used in th fiel fiel of teac teachi hing ng an publ publis ishi hing ng th rang rang oftheir oftheir appl applic icat atio ion, n, ther theref efor ore, e, is wide wide than than cour course se onthe Sentences. 33 Book Book I: Trin Trinit itar aria ia God, God, Book Book II Crea Creati tion on Book Book III: III: Si an Rede Redemp mpti tion on Book Book IV Sacr Sacram amen ents ts an Escha Eschato tolo logy gy Opera Opera omnia, omnia, vol. vol. VI Vatic Vatican an Cit 1963 1963,2 ,26* 6*-3 -30* 0* Lectura is comp compar ared ed with with Appen Appendi di A, we poss possib ibly ly find find hint hint indic indicati ating ng that that th Lectura i s n o r ev ev i e d r ep ep or or t o f c ou ou r t h S en en te te nc nc es es . The Lectura, id th d i p ut ut at at a' a' ; t hu hu s s ec ec ti ti o c on on cl cl ud ud e it argu argume ment nt ment mentio ione ne in A. Then Then howe howeve ver, r, thre thre furt furthe he obje object ctio ions ns to Scot Scotus us t he he or or y a r a dv dv an an ce ce d ( an an d r ef ef ut ut ed ed ) h ic ic h h av av e n o e qu qu iv iv al al en en t i n t h v er er si si o o f Append ndix ix (Ope (Opera ra omni omnia, a, Appe Append ndix ix A, d is is titi nc nc ti ti o 1 3 g iv iv e i n Appe t he he s o bj bj ec ec ti ti on on s a r i nc nc or or po po ra ra te te d i nt nt o t h b od od y o f t h t ex ex t a ft ft e i sc sc u s io io n t hr hr e o bj bj ec ec titi on on s ( 42 42 11- 42 42 3 w hi hi c d o c or or re re sp sp on on d t o t h t ex ex t i n t h Lectura. On p ag ag e 4 2 four fourth th an unan unanno noun unce ced, d, obje object ctio io is give give an into into th fram fram ofthi additio additional nal argume argument, nt, §§ 88-9 88-9 of Lectura 39 ar incor incorpo pora rate ted. d. Reportatio examinata examinata is stil 36 crit critic ical al edit editio io of th Pari Parisi sian an Reportatio stil no avail availabl able. e.
ac
co in Argu Argume ment nt
er
t he he i
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ac
cont contra ra
to an as ct cont contra ra
t he he i
ex te
6-9
e' Argu Argume ment nt
10-14 QUESTION
cont contra ra
4:
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ab ty
things' A rg rg u e nt nt s
pr
with with God' God'
know knowle ledg dge' e'
Argu Argume ment nt
cont contra ra
in
th
is co
ib
d is is titi nc nc ti ti on on s 3 88- 3 o f t hi hi s Reporta Reportatio tio examinat examinat (thi (thi arti articl cl cont contai ains ns many many quot quotat atio ions ns in foot footno note tes) s) A.B. Wolt Wolter er 'Sco 'Scotu tus' s' Pari Pari Lect Lectur ures es on God' God' know knowlledge edge of futu future re even events ts', ', in A.B. A.B. Wolt Wolter er Th philo philoso soph phica ica theol theolog og of John John Duns Duns
17 quot quotat atio io
from from Scri Script ptur ur 48
D ia ia ch ch ro ro ni ni c
p o s ib ib il il itit y
49-52
Sync Synchr hron onic ic
poss possib ibil ilit it
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(§§
IE
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Refu Refutat tatio io 53 ia
27-3
ic
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Refu Refuta tati tion on c au au s
o f c on on titi ng ng en en c
i n t hi hi ng ng s
ec io 5 88- 6
R ef ef ut ut at at io io n things
c on on ti ti ng ng en en c
2-
6 22- 6
o f f ut ut ur ur e t hi hi ng ng s
A ) C o t in in ge ge n
in
H o G o ' s c er er t i n k n w l d g genc genc of (fut (futur ure) e) thin things gs
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41
TIONS
42-61 (§§
42 (§§ 4-5)
things? 43-44
(§§ 6-9)
(§
osition)
(§§ 10-14) (§§ 15-16)
things
IV
he on in
82-83
at
In Lectura 139,
32-34
§§
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ta
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Lectura 84-87
ti
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ti
39
23-26
§§
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39 a ls ls o
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anthropology.
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88-90 In Lectura stru struct ctur ur
39 c ot ot u
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It
of this this dist distin inct ctio ion. n.
io
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39
THE In Lectura
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32-61).
in en
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infa infall llib ible le
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necess ssar ar but no nece
(§§ 62-68) 62-68) anci ancien en
not:
worl world. d.
Lectura
39,
in
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Studying Lectura
contingent
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39
not explicithow
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the philosophical a' i snecessary
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37 This This very very infl influe uent ntia ia anci ancien en idea idea of know knowle ledg dg ha been been char charac acte teri rise se
by
KN espe especi cial ally ly XIII XIII-X -XVI VII, I, 1-2, 1-2, 35-4 35-40, 0, , 1 te te ea ea tr th al comm commen ents ts at Lectura 3 9 I. 39 As stud studie ie of Schw Schwam amm, m, Lang Langst ston on Crai Crai an Hoen Hoenen en inco incorr rrec ectl tl assu assume me Cf H. Schw Schwam amm, m, Da gottl gottlic iche he varh varher erwi wiss ssen en be Duns Duns SCOfllS un sein seinen en erst ersten en Anhiingern, Inns Innsbr bruc uc 1934 1934,2 ,299-30 30,7 ,788-91 91 D.C. D.C. Lang Langst ston on God's God's wiiling wiiling knowlknowl-
th
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§§
S co co tu tu s t he he y t o
am un
t o n ec ec es es si si ta ta ri ri an an i
immutability)".
Lectura ci
In Lectura es
i st st ot ot e i a
ar
es ar
ie
39
en ly
'fundarnentum'
§§ 1-16,
ar
e ve ve r
be actualis actualised' ed'". ". l en en c
o f m ut ut ab ab ilil it it y ed
k no no wl wl ed ed g
an
o f n ec ec es es sa sa r
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ce
c on on titi ng ng en en cy cy . te te in t at at e
p hi hi lo lo so so ph ph y ib
ta
f ut ut ur ur e e ve ve nt nt s's' ,
pt
on 3 33 33 .
of
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h e r ob ob le le m o f d iv iv in in e s yl yl va va ni ni a) a) /L /L on on do do n 1 98 98 6 3 99- 52 52 , 1 19 19 -1 -1 28 28 ; w.L. Craig, forekn foreknow owled ledge ge andfutu andfuture re cont contin inge gent nt from from Aris Aristo totle tle to Suar Suarez ez L ei ei de de n/ n/ Ne Ne w Y or or k Marsil ilius ius van op 8, 36 9, 4 4 f.; M ..1 1 .F .F .M .M . H oe oe ne ne n Mars Inghen (+ 1396) over over he godd goddel elij ijke ke wete weten, n, Zijn Zijn plaa plaats ts in de ontw ontwik ikke keli ling ng vallde vallde opva opvatt ttin inge ge over over he godd goddel elij ijke ke wete wete ca 1 25 25 55- 13 13 96 96 , i jm jm eg eg e 1 98 98 9 ( Vo Vo lu lu m Quaest Quaestion iones es super super ud o lu lu m I I x tt- ed ed i of us va gh Quattuo Quattuo Libros Libros Senten Sententiar tiarum, um, c om om me me nt nt s a t Lectura Report Reportati ati exa inata: ot [.
on th
es
ny
ha
to co ce
co
o f t h h is is to to r o f a n i de de a Cambridge 55
ot
neces necessi sity, ty, Studie Studie in Aris Aristo totle tle's 's theo theory ry of moda modali lity, ty, Oxford H in in t k k i n Time 1 97 97 3 9 33- 11 11 3 Aristotle Oil modality K nu nu ut ut titi la la ) A ct ct a p hi hi lo lo so so ph ph ic ic a e nn nn ic ic a c ol ol . 2 9 n o I , A m t er er da da m 1 97 97 7 ' Ar Ar i t ot ot of ut ( ed ed . Reforgi Reforging ng the grea grea chai chai of bein being, g, 5 77- 72 72 . f. al e ct ct io io n 6 a o f t hi hi s i nt nt ro ro du du ct ct io io n
te ce
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ta nc nc i
Lectura thi
introdu introducti ction. on.
th
i nt nt o
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necessary!" If lo at
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THEO THEORY RY OF CONTIN NTINGENC GENC
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S uc uc h a n a rg rg u e nt nt at at io io n
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Lectura
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Sync Synchr hron onic ic cont contin inge genc nc
39
midd middle le posi positio tion. n. er
an
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lu
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Lectura
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ar
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r i t ot ot le le '
t he he or or y
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time-axis -p
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a ll ll .
th
Aristotle
'diachronic cont contin inge genc ncy' y':" :"
o f c on on titi ng ng en en c
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Lectura if -p
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time-axis
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ly c on on cl cl ud ud e
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pt => -M-ptl M(P11 -pI2}
an (Parme (Parmenid nides) es) versus versus -M(PtJ
-pI2}
-M(pIJ
-pIJ}
Fo th inte interp rpre reta tati tion on of th symb symbol ol used used se sect sectio io 8. T h d ra ra wi wi n s ho ho w t hi hi s t h a bs bs en en c o f n on on - h ad ad e a lt lt er er na na ti ti v s pa pa ce ce s ( no no t a ct ct ua ua lili se se d a lt lt er er na na titi v p os os si si bi bi lili ti ti es es ) o ve ve r a ga ga in in s t h s ha ha de de d s pa pa ce ce s ( th th e poss possibi ibili litie tie whic whic ar actua actualis lised) ed) is muta mutabl bl stat stat of affa affair irs, s, th foll follow owin in logi logica ca form formul ulae ae (amo (among ng othe others rs ar vali vali with within in th moda moda theo theory ry of Aris Aristo totl tle: e:
plJ
=>
NPII
le an an (Aristo (Aristotle tle). ). KN 2 7 f . 2 6 - 26 26 2 V a O n t h p hi hi lo lo so so p o f t h y ou ou n un Scot Scotus us', ', 213; 213; Knuu Knuutti ttila, la, 'Tim 'Tim an moda modalit lity' y' 166166-17 170. 0. Knuu Knuutti ttila la chara charact cter eris ises es th Aris Aristo tote telia lia theor theor of cont contin inge genc nc an nece necess ssit it as "the "the stat statis istic tical al inte interp rpre retatation tion of moda modali lity ty (op. (op. cit., 166). 50 Wedist Wedistin ingu guis is betw betwee ee 'Sco 'Scoti tian an an 'Sco 'Scoti tist st as foll follow ows. s. 'Sco 'Scoti tian an is used used when when it deno denote te (extra (extrapo pola latio tions ns of Scot Scotus us theo theori ries es an 'Sco 'Scotis tist' t' is used used to deno denote te theo theori ries es of follo followe wers rs of Scot Scotus us in medi mediev eval al times times KN Vas
a s h av av in in g contingent a ct ct s a n accidental
hi le g en en t
at
ai
in
t at at e o f a ff ff ai ai r
im
i se se d
ta e,
et
in
ll
er es ts an
th
ch
ci
ta
in
ac
i th th i
r ea ea li li ty ty . G o
ly
i m u ta ta bl bl y
f ra ra m
i nn nn u e ra ra bl bl e
c on on titi ng ng en en t
g ra ra c
an
th
ch
in
en
f or or gi gi ve ve ne ne s ic
in
ti
ic
ce howe howeve ver, r,
deta detail il
co
h ic ic h e mb mb ra ra ce ce s
an
b u n ot ot -n -n ec ec e s a
en
a n o nt nt ol ol og og ic ic a
et
er es
accidental grea grea
o f c on on titi n e n
ai
is
contingent futu future re
time-axis
-p
o d' d' s k no no wl wl ed ed g
ti
co
t,
lo en
t he he i
is
e ss ss en en ti ti a
ls
ar
th
e an an in in g' g' :':' . ta
ca io
co
er e.
Th theo theolo logi gica ca impa impact ct of th theo theory ry of sync synchr hron onic ic cont contin inge genc nc
e sc sc a
ta
eo
within an
52
freely c re re at at e a s t ha ha t contingent
al ty
ed
an
l ov ov e
in
freely r e p on on d
o n c re re at at io io n
cr ti to
ct it
a se se d
contingency".
an
o d' d' s i ni ni titi at at iv iv e ch
ti
cy
is
am
00 , 1 01 01 , 2 70 70 , 2 74 74 . KN 1 00 If is mutab mutable le state state of affai affairs rs th follo followi wing ng logi logical cal form formul ulae ae (amo (among ng othe others rs ar vali vali with within in Duns Duns Scot Scotus us moda moda theo theory ry -M(PII
-PIJ)
M(pIJ MprJ prj
theor theor
-pI2) =>
=>
M-Ptl
M-prJ
Mpit pit
=>
=>
-Npit
-Npt
240-39 39 exte extens nsiv ivel el KN 240in theol theolog og an philo philoso soph phy. y.
trea treats ts th syst system emat atic ic repe reperc rcus ussi sion on
of this this
53 Imme Immedi diat atel el afte afte Leetura 3 9 S co co tu tu s t he he or or y o f c on on ti ti ng ng en en c i s g iv iv e a n impo import rtan an appl applic icat atio ion. n. In dist distin inct ctio io 40 th ques questi tion on whet whethe he chos chosen en pers person on can be damn damned ed ("Ut ("Utru ru prae praedes destin tinatu atu poss posset et damn damnari ari") ") is confi confirm rmed. ed. Fo being being c ho ho se se n o r d am am ne ne d i s c on on titi ng ng en en t m at at te te r o f f ac ac t j us us t a s p er er se se ve ve ri ri n i n i n o r Reportatio examinata, examinata, see: the Reportatio see: A.B. A.B. Wolt Wolter er 'God 'God's 's know knowle ledg dg of futu future re even events ts', ', 313-315. 5 4 C f A . V a J ac ac . I I. I. , He is de Heer Heer!, !, de opst opstan andin din voors voorste telba lbaar ar Kampen 1990 1990 15-2 15-20. 0.
God' God'
trin trinit itar aria ia
char charac acte ter. r.
Moda Moda conc concep eptu tual al lang langua uage ge in Lect Lectur ur
39
i bi bi l t y
il in
il in
in §§ te eo
co ti a'
th
e.
ib ta
is
lo ic il
th
c-
extra logically logically non-contra non-contradict dictory, ory,
im
Lectura
the possibility of -p possibility of -p
e xi xi st st e
ex
co in
logically lly possib possible le t he he n -p is logica
b ta ta in in s
contradiction. ( co co nt nt ra ra di di ct ct or or y
em
factual
in
possible. affairs
i n e nt nt '
possible
ia
Lectura
It
p os os si si bi bi lili ty ty , tr
ce
t ha ha t
and -p ar co ce
simu simult ltan aneo eous usly ly en
fact factua ual" l" li
factual le
Lectura 3 9 §§ 49-5 49-50. 0. As we cont contin inue ue ou intr introd oduc ucti tion on we will will only only us th firs firs term term used used by Scot Scotus us 'pos 'possi sibi bili lita ta logi logica ca', ', beca becaus us this this term term expr expres es cu at ly to cy li en real realis is whic whic will will be disc discus usse se lateron) bu .t logi logica ca possibility. Cf also also Lectura 2, 188, Lectura 139, 50: "However.jhis logic logical al poss possib ibil ility ity is no on accor accorddi n t o w hi hi c t h w ilil l h a a ct ct s u cc cc es es si si ve ve ly ly , b u i t h a t he he m a t t h a m m o e nt nt . at th as li th same same mome moment nt it ca have have an oppo opposi site te ac of will willin ing" g" ["Ha ["Haec ec aute aute poss possib ibil ilit itas as l og og ic ic a n o e s s ec ec un un du du m q u v ol ol un un ta ta s h ab ab e a ct ct u s uc uc ce ce ss ss iv iv e e d i n e od od e inst instan anti ti na in eodem i n t an an t i n q u v ol ol un un ta ta s h a e t u nu nu m a ct ct u v ol ol en en di di , i n eode eode et pr e~~' e~~'PQte P Qtest st habe habere re oppo opposi situ tu actu actu vole volend ndi" i"J. es ec th ip ct ai form formul ul (i acco accord rdan ance ce with with Parm Parmen enid ides es an Aris Aristo totl tle) e) se foot footno note te 46 48 an 51
necessary i bi bi l
61
58 Th 'pos 'possi sibi bili lita ta logi logica ca also also comp compri rise se th nece necess ssar ar stat states es of affa affair irs. s. Al cont contin inge gent nt poss possib ible le stat states es of affa affairs irs an all neces necessa sary ry poss possibl ibl stat states es of affai affairs rs ar called being ( 'e n ' ) b y S co co tu tu s t hu hu s ' en en s s ta ta nd nd s f o a l possible beings. 59 t at at e a f a ir ir s is cont contin inge gent nt if fo th same same mome moment nt Mp M-p obtain. K. Jaco Jacobi bi's 's defi defini nitio tio of 'con 'contin tinge gent nt in cont contem empo pora rary ry poss possibl ibl worl worlds ds sema semant ntics ics i s n o c or or re re ct ct : K on on titi ng ng en en t ( wa wa h = d w ah ah r i n d ie ie se se r e l u n n ic ic h i n a ll ll e i i l ic ic he he n e lt lt en en . ( p 4 ) B ei ei n t ru ru e i n t h factual er cond condit ition ion fo cont contin inge genc nc (cf. (cf. ou comm commen enta tary ry in whic whic we dist distin ingu guis is betw between een th leve leve of fact factua uali lity ty an poss possib ibil ilit it in th conc concep ep of cont contin inge genc ncy, y, a.o, a.o, §§ 18, 39). 39). Cf G.E. G.E. Hugh Hughes es M.J. M.J. Cres Cressw swel ell, l, Al intr introd oduc ucti tion on to moda moda logi logi (1968 1 97 97 2 r ev ev i e d r ep ep ri ri nt nt ) o nd nd on on / e w Y or or k 1 98 98 2 2 2 a n 9 8 V o KN 2 4 a n 2 85 85 ; i be be ra ra , o p c it it . 2 81 81 . 6 0 A cc cc or or di di n t o S co co tu tu s i s c on on titi ng ng en en t s ta ta t o f a f a ir ir s i f M-p. Cf. Ordinatio 2, 86 "T th seco second nd argu argume ment nt say,tha say,tha do no call call 'con 'conti ting ngen ent' t' ever everyt ythi hing ng whic whic is notnot-ne nece cess ssar ar or notnot-ev ever erla last stin ing, g, bu that that thin thin of whic whic th o pp pp os os itit e m a c cu cu r h e i t o cc cc ur ur s. s. " [ " A s ec ec un un du du m d ic ic o q uo uo d o n v oc oc o h i conting contingens ens quodcu quodcumqu mqu non-ne non-neces cessar sarium ium vel non-se non-sempi mpitem temum, um, sed cuiu opposi opposi tu poss posset et fier fier quan quando do illu illu fit",] C f f o ' co co nt nt i g e s ' a n ' po po ss ss ib ib ilil i o u c o e nt nt s a tLectura t Lectura 3 9 18.
cause 62
39 er
t i e nt nt i
co in
Th
doub double le
ic
possibility:
factuality?
th
co lu
le
it
defi define ne
le
at
af ir
c o i n e nt nt '
as 'nec 'neces essa sary ry'. '.
factuality things":
contingent
factual exis existe tenc nc
of cont contin inge gent nt
th
bein beings gs
i bi bi l a s
logica':
tl
factually co
ll
ld
ic
ic
t-
Maxica
in
is
existing co ti en g en en c
i nc nc l d e
ai
f ac ac tu tu al al it it y
au I n c ot ot us us ' s ea ea rc rc h
ar
consistent,
a nc nc e
es
ti
th
o r t h o ri ri gi gi n o f c o t in in ge ge nc nc y t ua ua l
factual exis existe tenc nc
ld of cont contin inge gent nt
bein beings gs
ec
th co in
th
ca
te at
ic te at
as
in te
l,
il it
tr th
lu
er
te
t he he r
Lectura 9 , 38. Honn Honnef efel elde der, r, 'Die 'Die Lehr Lehr vo de dopp doppel elte te rati ratitu tudo do enti enti un ihre ihre Bede Bedeut utun un fu di Metaphysik de Joha Johann nnes es Duns Duns Scot Scotus us', ', ment mentem em I. Duns Duns Scot Scoti, i, Acta Acta Tert Tertii ii cong congre ress ssus us scot scotis istic tic intem intemat atio iona nali lis, s, vinde vindebo bo nae, 28 S ep ep t Oct. Oct. 1970 1970 Rom 1972, 1972, (661-6 (661-671) 71) 667-67 667-671. 1. 61 Besi Beside des, s, with with resp respec ec to th aspe aspect ct of fact factua uali lity ty th huma huma will will is also also poss possib ible le caus caus of cont contin inge gent nt stat states es of affa affair irs. s. 65 Fo more more info inform rmat atio io abou abou tech techni niqu qu an appl applic icat atio io of poss possib ible le worl worlds ds nature re of sema semant ntic ics, s, see: see: Hugh Hughes es Cres Cressw swel ell, l, op cit. cit. 75 f.f. f.f. A. Plantinga, Th natu necessity (1974 ), Oxfo Oxford rd 1989 1989 M.J. M.J. Loux Loux (ed. (ed.), ), Th poss possib ible le an th actu actual al Readin Readings gs in the metaph metaphysi ysics cs of modalit modality, y, Ithaca Ithaca/Lo /Londo ndo 1979; 1979; Vos KN, 240-24 240-244. 4.
in
in
Lectura
ld
tu
ti
39
o de de l i m o s i bl bl e o ul ul d b e r el el at at i c on on ce ce pt pt . o r t hi hi s 5 - o de de l s e f o inst instan ance ce Hugh Hughes es Cres Cressw swel ell, l, op cit. cit. 49 f. Lectura 9 , §§ 72 an 92 an ou comm commen ents ts at thes thes para paragr grap aphs hs
ca
is el
ti
is
cu
th
le
s ta ta t
o f a ff ff ai ai r
In a di di t
it
ct
ci ed
lt
le
th
im in
al
in
al ty
i st st e
9,
r i t ot ot l
a ff ff ai ai r
t ha ha t
o nn- un un iv iv er er sa sa l
li ti
u nf nf ol ol de de d
p ro ro po po si si ti ti on on s
c ot ot u
as
ic
tl
each
es
of past past pres presen en an futu future re
t at at e
id
ch
th
Neve Nevert rthe hele less ss
Cont Contin inge genc nc
a s v i u al al is is ed ed . co
in th
ic
ti
th
en
alth althou ough gh o th th e
past?", Lectura
p ar ar ag ag ra ra ph ph s
De interpreta interpretation tion aboutjUture a t
indeterminate,
ar
LECTURA
Lectura Lectura a s
w ho ho le le .
The Lectura ar
ar
ti
ex es
at
es
ly
Lectura
"69.
determinate (Lectura
lo ic ll in
in en is
aw
to al
al ca
is
in lt
ti ty
ch
al
in
lo
eo et ca
in en
69 J.L. Ackrill, Aristotl Aristotle's e's Catego Categorie rie and De interpr interpretat etation ione, e, Transl Translated ated wit
7 0 I n t h c or or re re sp sp on on di di n with with Aris Aristo totle tle is miss missin ing. g.
p ar ar ag ag ra ra p
Appe Append ndix ix
(§ [26] [26] this this expl explic icit it link link
th
j e i vi vi t
at
en
ai
i st st i
co
e nt nt a
(Prologus,
it
ig
io
§§
he ol ol og og y p la la y 'contingent t he 111-118). The practical n at at ur ur e o f t he he ol ol og og y
es ee
ty
e oc oc c
is
to
ct
co in en
ti
en
ts
an
179, compare Lectura 1). Ordinatio the Opus Oxoniense 2,
ly
ca
io it
th ti
ee
structured moments":
le e th th o
t ol ol o i c
o rd rd er er ' h e t he he o
' or or d
' in in st st an an ce ce s
e s e nt nt ia ia lili s' s' ,
ll
t he he y a p e a
Lectura. S co co tu tu s t ak ak e t h s a
th
a nc nc ie ie n
§§
38-59). By analyzi analyzing ng t ra ra t
Lectura 13, especially Lectura 13,
p hi hi lo lo so so ph ph ic ic a §§
on
5-51).
ts h ic ic h c on on si si de de r cc
t hi hi s
r ev ev el el at at io io n
ti
it
a s u pe pe rf rf lu lu ou ou s
Lectura
It
th
ic el
like:
know §§
1-3)73. c ot ot u
refu refute te this this opti option on (Prologus, §§ 12-30 and 35-51); h i r ef ef ut ut at at io io n
172-18174
7, §§ 31-33 and
7175
in
(Prologus,
§§
ti
coincide".
hi
2,
it
p os os itit io io n of Trinity Trinity
ti
(Lectu (Lectura, ra, Prolog Prologus, us,
nega negativ tively ely
ing Creat Creator or Likewise Scotus'
o f a na na ly ly si si s
in is th
c o p ar ar e Lectura ti
lo ic e gi gi n i n
and
Proslogion. Scot Scotus us conc concen entr trate ate
in
ti
2. Cons Consid ider ered ed
la
§§ 164-
If
ca S co co titi a
to
is
De prim prim prin princi cipi pi Lectura
it
ed
(Prologus,
es
hi
'I
am
ly
co ti h a p ar ar ad ad ox ox ic ic a
c o s eq eq ue ue nc nc e
t he he s i bi bi l t y
an
f o C hr hr is is titi a
co ti t at at e e nt nt s
necessary
possible
w ilil l
i s b as as e
be developed":
e w c o c ep ep t o f c o t in in ge ge nc nc y other.
i. 2 7 139, §§ natu nature re', ', i.e. i.e. 'str 'struc uctu tura ra mome moment nt'. '. Cf fo exam exampl pl Lectura 10 60 an 90 73 This This is clea clea illu illust stra rati tion on of th prin princi cipl pl ofpleni ofplenitu tude de whic whic wediscu wediscuss ssed ed
Vos, KN 73-8 73-81. 1. 75 Cf also also Lectura 76 Acco Accord rdin in to Aris Aristo totle tle cont contin inge genc nc come come down down to muta mutabi bilit lity, y, an mutab mutabiility lity pres presup uppo pose se th coin coincid ciden ence ce of actand act and potency.
TH
Lectura
LO OG GI AL TO OO OL
U SE SE D
(§§
Lectura I 3 ib
co
in
lo
al
lm
cl
ly
to th
t-
Lectura Lectura
3978 ar
io
ap
le
in ta e,
th
it
el le
at
e st st i
in ta an
ed
la io
(Lectura In Lectura
Prop Propos osit itio iona nal, l, pred predic icat at
ly
io
love i nt nt ro ro du du ce ce s (Lectura
ir
ie
at
th
le
el
c.
lo in
negation
Lectura ed
lo
ed
an
§§ 56-103).
is
ic te
an moda moda logi logi
->-
mater material ial
=>
stri strict ct impli implicat catio io
impli implicat catio io
ti en conjunction
ct u nt nt i
u ni ni ve ve r a li li t
ct an
n ec ec es es si si t
ct ar
is
ar
i'
th
d is is co co nn nn ec ec te te d" d" .
Lectura Lectura
implicati ative ve necess necessity ity ('nece t we we e t h implic n ecess ssit itas as cons conseenecess necessity ity of the conseq consequen uen ('ne ('neces cessi sita ta conse consequ quen entis tis') ')
ct ia
Lectura 8, §§ 272272-28 28 an Lectura 3 9 77. 79 'Hae 'Haecc ccei eita tas' s' as Scot Scotis is will call call th indi individ vidua ua esse essence nce Fo this this prin princip ciple le §§ 164-172 of indi indivi vidu duat atio io an Scot Scotus us us of 'sin 'singu gula lari rita tas' s' see: see: Lectura and 20 in parti particu cular lar 80 On this this poin point, t, se amon amon othe others rs S. Knuu Knuutt ttil ila, a, 'Bei 'Being ng qu bein bein in Thom Thomas as logic A qu qu in in a a n J oh oh n D un un s S co co tu tu s' s' , i n K nu nu ut ut titi la la , J . H in in ti ti kk kk a ( ed ed s. s. ) Th logic being, Histor Historical ical studies studies Dordre Dordrechtl chtlBos Boston ton/La /Lancas ncaster ter/To /Tokyo kyo 1986, 1986, (201-2 (201-222) 22) of being,
an
ta
ce it
to
ef
or co eq - >>- N
is
ca
li
as
either t o t h a nt nt ec ec ed ed en en t
a nd nd /o /o r
th th
th
ec
ty
er
(q), while
r el el at at i o f i m l ic ic at at io io n i ts ts el el f i s c on on titi ng ng en en t ( ma ma te te ri ri a h e t ru ru ct ct ur ur e o f t h i mp mp lili ca ca ti ti v n ec ec es es si si t ( ,n ,n ec ec es es si si ta ta s q)
i mp mp lili ca ca ti ti on on ) c on on se se qu qu en en ti ti ae ae '
Lectura it th
[=
al
lo
al
ic
ti
nor ed
ec
ty
th
im
ca
la
ic
li
in
tion). ti
th
ad
ay
lt
th
ec
of thi
t ua ua l
ce
ti
i nc nc r
al
th
intr introd oduc uctio tion. n.
e nt nt i
tu
P ro ro pe pe rt rt ie ie s
te
accide accidenta ntal, l, essent essential ial possib possible le
ic
er et io
il
ea
la
and necessary
lows'":
is accidentaL
prop proper erty ty bearer
to bear bearer er
a, if
an
at
P.
cu
th
Scotus'
lt
a, if et
Socrates). prop proper erty ty
is essential to bear bearer er a, if
c an an no no t
c cu cu r
a, if en prop propert ert of 'pos 'possi sibl bl
te
at is possible to bear bearer er a, if
worl worlds ds': ':
n e p o s ib ib l Property
o rl rl d is necessary cu
ce
a, if P,
to beare beare
ly
ca
t o a, if
ib
t h P. In term term at
la
ad
ee
te
ic
to
te
e xt xt r
'e
in
a, if
er ic
es
it
as
ly
e nt nt l te
ar
in
ay
If i t r ep ep re re se se nt nt s
'si
ones.
c or or re re c
u nd nd er er st st an an di di n
30: 'aevum').
ta
le as it
la
i th th ou ou t P.
occu occurs rs (exa (examp mple: le:
ce
ai
o f S co co tu tu s
a rg rg u e nt nt at at io io n
iv a n p in in io io n
Commentary
'moment'). c on on se se qu qu en en ti ti ae ae '
n ec ec e s itit y o f t h iv
c on on se se qu qu en en ce ce . it
sense. ti
i bi bi l
ti
ti ti
ls
ai
iv
io
ap ea
if
lu
co
li
es
-+
ee
nature future:
t)
q),
le
appear.
er
(§§ 1-3) (§§ 4-5) (§§ 6-9)
(§§ 10-14)
§§ §§ ll
ec
in ti
'-de '-de ines inesse se') ') N(P
th
knowledge?
(§§ 15-16)
ly
knowledge, futu future re contingency
brackets. at
t ua ua t
ef it
r ec ec og og ni ni titi on on , as have have th
is ec lo is
or
e xt xt en en si si v
syll syllog ogis isms ms
i nt nt a at ic
in ca es th av
p ro ro po po si si ti ti on on s
is tr at
h av av e b ee ee n p ri ri nt nt e
tu ed
above.
en ar
i n i so so la la ti ti on on ,
t hi hi s
ti
af
17.
muta mutabi bili lity ty and
[DIS [DISTI TINC NCTI TION ON
THIR THIRTY TY-N -NIN IN
[ DI DI S I NC NC TI TI O
R IG IG ES ES I
IN
ON
In
§§
'false". Scotus (§
RITIONEM]
R eg eg a d i
th
t hi hi rt rt y n in in t
d is is titi nc nc ti ti o
isen
62-6 62-66) 6)
ir
it
i st st ot ot l
tu e.
t u e ? It
io Perihermeneias"
knowledge
exsi exsist sten enti tiae ae uo
ut secu secund ndum um
tr th
lu
at ll
tu
futu futuri riti tion onem em
no
dete determ rmin inat atam am
er i nt nt el el le le c
ea
ae
Perihermeneias", requ requir irit it
(De
i s i nd nd et et er er mi mi na na te te )
truth. io em
es
an
If
there ( an an d t he he re re fo fo r
ti
Perihermeneias
interpretatione
h a c er er ta ta i
in futu futuri ri
veri verita tate tem. m.
in k no no wl wl ed ed g
th
it deliberate",
o f c on on ti ti ng ng en en t
interpretatione ne c. 9, 18a2 Aris Aristot totle le De interpretatio 18a288-19 19b5 b5
p ro ro po po si si ti ti on on s
er
ed
ta
'Det 'Deter ermi mina nate te ('dete d etenn nnin inat ata' a' does does no have have an caus causal al phys physic ical al or logi logica callly-n ly-nec eces essa sary ry mean meanin ing. g. Cf 'det 'deter ermi mini ning ng in biol biolog ogic ical al cont contex ext: t: esta establ blis ishi hing ng an
ie er as
te
at
a pu pu d n ul ul lu lu m i nt nt el el le le ct ct u
te e s c er er t
eg
li
c og og ni ni ti ti o
le
ig
e rt rt a
Prologus o f t h Lectura ed en
c ot ot u h a e nt nt i
ai in
t ha ha t a cc cc or or di di n necessity".
c on on titi ng ng en en titi bu bu s
indeed.
at
co
tr
ti
er
te
ed
lu te tory tory pair pair
is of prop propos osit itio ions ns
ef
to
ic
-p
that contradiction
c on on titi ng ng en en titi bu bu s
i cu cu t a li li a i gi gi tu tu r
eu
-p)
s ci ci a u na na m p ar ar te te m c on on tr tr ad ad ic ic ti ti o true.
esse esse
limita limitata. ta.
er th
te th
ac th
th ar
at
av im ie
t ha ha t
te
at
an
ai
In
false
Prologus, 107: 107: "For "For as it is clea clea from from th defi defini niti tion on of 'sci 'scien ence ce', ', scie scienc nc is cert certai ai know knowle ledg dg of nece necess ssar ar thin things gs obta obtain ined ed on th basi basi of th caus caus an t h e vi vi de de n c ha ha ra ra ct ct e o f t h o bj bj ec ec t a n b y a pp pp lili ca ca ti ti o o f t h r el el at at io io n e tw tw ee ee n Nam, sicu sicu pate pate ex defi defini niti tion on scie scient ntia ia [Ari [Arist stot otle le's 's scien scienti ti es cogni cogniti ti certa certa de nece necess ssari ariis is habi habita ta pe causa causa et evid evident entia ia obiec obiecti ti
true true,
ro
infal-
IS
lible.
IN Q UA UA MC MC UM UM QU QU E
62
IE
C O D IC IC IO IO N
E X I ST ST EN EN Tl Tl A
es
in
te ce
t.
follows:
It
3. Go is mist mistak aken en
Ther Theref efor ore: e: Go is mist mistak aken en
il
ap
ie
will
modus modus tollen tollens' s' ll
ap
each p re re mi mi s thus thus of th
spo Ther Theref efor ore: e: Go ca be mist mistak aken en i s a li li d b ec ec au au s
j us us t a s i bl bl e
n on on - o da da l
quam quamcu cumq mque ue
f ol ol lo lo w
f ro ro m n on on -
in
it secu secund ndum um
c o c lu lu si si o
cond condic icio ione ne
da Prem Premis isse se below.
le exsi exsist sten enti tiae ae
ia
an
conc conclu lusi sion on). ).
(1 an 2) ar writ writte te
abov abov th line line th conc conclu lusi sion on (3 is writ writte te
Modustollens ha th foll follow owin in form form
p-+q -q
Q uo uo d n on on , v id id et et ur ur : eq tu
spo
e,
3. I t i s p os os si si bl bl e t ha ha t G o i s
ire
i st st ak ak en en .
It in
e,
ta ex
ai
in
in
il
eq
ur
cl
de possib possibili. ili.
c on on cl cl u i o
1 1, 1, 3 71,
ce ar
il
thus thus
with withou ou
bee
other otherwi wise se
ib
ak
ce
al er
iv
th
will that premiss II,I.
'a
w itit h t h
f ol ol lo lo wi wi n
p ai ai r o f p ro ro po po si si titi on on s
11,2. and
,2
(=
wi II no be can implies
ie granted,
will
In
It
io
is
al
io
th
ne ti
er
co
ll
ts
ar
er co lu io
can and
will.
in TR
EA
S C E NT NT I
e st st i
n,
cu
ed
cl if
(im)mutable.
MM TA LE
6)
§§
s pe pe ll ll s o u f ou ou r d if if fe fe re re n
knowing ing betw betwee ee
er
a rg rg u e nt nt s
not-knowing, knowing. prop propos osit itio io
an
not-know-
it nega negati tion on
th cont contra radi dict ctor or
-p
at
an
to -p?
Firs Firs
is true true
late late on
false. First as
ta
er
eu
at
ie ti
logical diff en differe erenc nc chronological ge
will will be while
ab le
can k no no w t ha ha t
Q uo uo d n on on , v id id et et ur ur : tr ar tu
co ed
en
i ct ct o
tr ic
iu
and -p
betwe between en
a titi o
i n w hi hi c
So
h av av e t h
i s f ol ol lo lo we we d b y t h
f ol ol lo lo wi wi n
c on on tr tr ad ad ic ic to to r i ts ts el el f
f or or e p ot ot es es t s ci ci r n ul ul lu lu m e ss ss e s itit io io n t ha ha t can implies will: implies
c on on ju ju nc nc ti ti on on : Ac-
fo
i s n o e xi xi st st in in g
tr al ec io en i mp mp li li ca ca ti ti v r el el at at io io n b et et we we e can and will, a l t h diachronic" o de de l o f r ea ea lili ty ty .
ic
ch
ct
th
is nothi nothing ng g iv iv e ing
to th
f ol ol lo lo wi wi n
p ro ro po po si si ti ti on on :
in and
and
knowledge. and 'a
e'
'a
ce iv
le
is
e.
'a non
'a
'a fore' et 'a
will
can know Ln
at
will will
possibility of is,
tl it inci incipe pere re scir scir
e ss ss e
se
i nc nc ep ep titi o n o
e s s in in e m ut ut at at io io ne ne . te
tu
C on on se se qu qu en en ti ti a es
ch
ti
can entails will.
te
of time time ip
can implies will a n t ha ha t possible site site stat stat
of affa affair ir
actu actual alis ises es
le
th
diac diachr hron onic ical ally ly
esse.
o d a n k no no w
et ea
ir
S e f o t hi hi s t er er m I nt nt ro ro du du ct ct io io n s ec ec ti ti o 6 a gK-pI2) or MgKpll h e o pp pp on on en en ts ts ' i nt nt er er pr pr et et at at io io n a re re : M(gKpll MgK-p12 (or: gKpll MgKMgK-pt pt2; 2; gKp: gKp: Go know know p). S co co tu tu s w ilil l o ff ff e t hi hi s
pote potent ntia ia natu natura rali lis, s, igit igitur ur es pote potent ntia ia natu natura ra is acti activa va se pote potent ntia ia acti activa va natu natura rali li no se habe habe ad obie obiect ct nisi nisi mute mutetu tur; r; igit igitur ur etc. etc.
i t e r p as as si si v a ct ct i " . o w i l h o t ha ha t e itit he he r c as as e h er er e i s th same same conc conclu lusi sion on God' God' know knowle ledg dg is muta mutabl ble. e. u s a ss ss um um e t ha ha t d ' k n w in in g i s as iv te cy i s e an an s w hi hi c i t i d o t a v be assume assumed. d.
e fo fo r
s o h an an g a n t h r ef ef or or e
u ta ta bi bi l t y
us
r el el at at i to th je ts h i k n w le le dg dg e h i k no no wl wl ed ed g i s ' na na tu tu r l ' t ha ha t i s y th th in in g k no no w b l i s e ss ss en en titi a l y ( o n ec ec es es sa sa r l y a n b je je c o d' d' s k no no wl wl e g e o w v er er , s i c e m a t h b je je ct ct s k no no w hi ar subj subjec ec to proc proces esse se ofchang ofchange, e, hi know knowle ledg dg itse itself lf must must be subj subjec ec to change change Th argu argume ment nt of this this para paragr grap ap is only only vali vali if th prop propos osit itio ions ns God's pote potenc nc to know know ispass ispassiv iv or God' God' pote potenc nc to know know is acti active ve cann cannot ot be inte interp rpre rete te othe otherw rwis is (see (see 5, cf 53).
QUES QUESTI TION ON
[QUE [QUEST STIO IO
Th four fourth th ques questi tion on asks asks if Go ha nece necess ssar ar know knowle ledg dg of muta mutabl bl thin things gs In §§ 1 00- 1 t hi hi s o pi pi ni ni o l l b e o ns ns ol ol i t e i t h re re e a rg rg u ment ments. s. Each Each argu argume ment nt reve reveal al much much of th wa of thin thinki king ng from from whic whic Scot Scotus us diss dissoc ocia iate te hims himsel el an fo whic whic hewil tr to deve develo lo cons consis is tent tent alte altern rnat ativ iv (esp (espec ecia iall ll in §§ 45-51).
[QUA [QUAES ESTI TI
10
In th
o ur ur t
l ac ac e i t i s n o
s ke ke d
et er Go
e ce ce ss ss ar ar i
muta mutabi bili lity ty in thin things gs
ever everyt ythi hing ng He know knows. s. So Th oppo oppone nent nt dedu deduce ces: s:
Go immu immuta tabl bl know know that that Ther Theref efor ore: e: He nece necess ssar aril il know know that that a. Iuxt Iuxt ho quar quarto to quae quaeri ritu tu tate tate in rebu rebus. s. Quod Quod sic, sic, vide videtu tur: r: Deus Deus immu immuta tabi bili lite te
a. Scotus
ow al
an Deus Deus scit scit nece necess ssar ario io omne omne
scit scit igit igitur ur nece necess ssar ario io scit scit a.
muta mutabi bili li
Th oppo oppone nent nt word word hi defe defenc nc fo maki making ng th shif shif from from immutable to necessary w o w a i n §§ 11 an 12 resp respec ecti tive vely ly
An active p ot ot en en c ( 'p ot ot en en titi a a ct ct iv iv a' a' ) i s p ot ot en en c h ic ic h r eg eg a d s a n a c perf perfor orme me by th subj subjec ec itse itself lf It tc es ac passive pote potenc ncy. y. ('pote p otent ntia ia pass passiv iva' a' is pote potenc nc whic whic conc concer erns ns an even even happ happen enin in to th subj subject ect It a t h e t h p a s iv iv e i n g ra ra m a r I n r is is to to te te lili a p hi hi lo lo s p h passiv passiv potenc potenc IS hnke hnke with with matt matter er
of immutab immutabilit ility. y.
n ec ec es es sa sa r
Cons Conseq eque uent ntia ia
oste ostend ndit itur ur
k no no wl wl ed ed g
o f t hi hi ng ng s
immutable
dupl duplic icit iter er
necessary? er
tabilitatis.
ta ed
hypoth hypotheti etical cal syllosyllogism', It begi begins ns as foll follow ows: s: immu immuta tabl bl
know know
a,
n ec ec es es sa sa ri ri l
so et in
k no no w a.
no ne es ar
If some someth thin in
ec
it
ab it
c i a, nece necess ssar ario io
scit scit a.
h e i t i s p os os si si bl bl e h a i t i s n o
is no nece necess ssar ary, y, then then it is muta mutabl ble. e.
By contraposition"
t he he n d ed ed uc uc e
p-+q q-+r p-+[ 10
ng
po
de
na on
v er er s
Tractatus, called called afterwa afterwards rds Summul Summul logical logicales, es, F irir s c riri t c a
-g (' ns qu
beng nt
fr
sequi sequitu tu he
oppos opposit itum um antec antecede edent ntis is') ') rm po
n im im a
po
no -h
o'
Logica ca mode modern rnor orum um Rijk, Logi
m an an us us cr cr ip ip t
r ef ef o
fo
no
e di di t o n f ro ro m t h
oc ur
he op os
ns ue
nd og
of po
oo
nt
de
on qu do
Summul logical logicales, es, f . Summul cont contri ribu buti tion on to th hist histor or of earl earl term termin inis is logi logic, c,
If some someth thin in o wl wl e
is no muta mutabl ble, e, then then it is nece necess ssar ary. y. ce
as
ll
In shor short: t:
If
o d i mm mm ut ut ab ab l k no no w t ha ha t
t he he n H e e c s sa sa r l y k no no w t ha ha t a . (§
en
is
a t not-necessary and mutable
necessary and immutable. From equivalences.
know knowin in
nece necess ssar aril il
can
know knowin in
a.
know know
I mp mp lili ci ci tl tl y
necessary know knowin in knowin in t hi hi s a rg rg um um en en t d en en ie ie s know co
ci
ta
p(§ 78).
'scire a' itu c i a.
ri
Furthermore,
14
be
if
know knowin in
er P ra ra et et er er ea ea ,
ce ar
knowing, therefore knowing
14
t, a.
' sc sc ir ir e a'
know knowin in
a'
a.
th
ec io
li
a. In th
ev ll
ed
ll is
is
es
pe contr contrapo aposi siti tion onern ern': ': Willi William am of Sherw Sherwoo ood, d, Introduc Introduction tiones es in logicam logicam critical text-edition b y C h. Lohr toge togeth ther er with with P. Kunz Kunz an B. Mussler, Tradi h. H Lohr Traditio tio 39 (1983 (1983), ), (217-29 (217-299), 9), n. 3.03 3.03 242. 242.
GOD'S KNOWLEDGE]
I n t h p re re ce ce di di n
p ar ar ag ag ra ra ph ph s
th
ed
t h d et et er er mi mi na na te te ne ne ss ss ,
in
ct
i nf nf al al li li bi bi li li ty ty ,
is co
i m u ta ta -
en
lf
§§
contingent, ia ly an
in
ti
en
en il th
necessary things. After
c om om pa pa ti ti bl bl e
it
G od od '
inference:
k no no wl wl ed ed ge ge .
It
Ther Theref efor ore: e: 'a will will be
thus too":
n o c o p at at ib ib l
it
th
in
ce
co
lo
a nt nt ec ec ed ed en en t ien
rerum. uo
n on on , v id id et et ur ur : ig
c on on se se qu qu en en titi s
no
s ta ta t c u
a nt nt ec ec ed ed en en te te .
1 2 I n t hi hi s p ar ar ag ag ra ra p t h t er er m ' an an te te ce ce de de nt nt ' a n c on on se se qu qu en en t r eg eg ar ar d p re re mi mi s an conc conclu lusi sion on of an infe infere renc nce. e. In mode mode logi logica ca lang langua uage ge they they desi design gnat at and q, respec respective tively, ly, in the implica implicatio tio if then q. Some Someti time me Scotu Scotu uses uses them them in thi wa as well well implication.
Go nece necess ssar aril il know know that that
will will be
w ilil l n ec ec es es s r ilil y b e
I.
If
is th
prem premis iss. s.
io
al
Pu diff differ eren entl tly: y:
t ha ha t necessary b et et we we e
lt i s n ot ot ew ew or or t o f i mp mp lili ca ca titi o
p oi oi n
tr
t ho ho ug ug h i s t h o pp pp on on en en t
io
c ot ot u
ll
e xc xc l i ve ve l
la
th
er
ti
will be and
assumption
is
13
will will be
'purely
i ne ne s
simpliciter') necessary
premiss. a s w el el l f or or e e s
c it it u
No
th
h er er e firs firs
c ot ot u
r ef ef ut ut e
t hi hi s
prop propos osit itio ion: n:
Ever Everyt ythi hing ng Go know know will will nece necess ssar aril il ci conc conclu lusi si
li
ai
81
a ra ra gr gr a h !" !" .
be
ce
de nece necess ssar ario io 13 Infe Infere renc nc
ca be form formal alis ised ed as foll follow ows: s:
gKa
Th oppo oppone nent nt inco incorr rrec ectl tl supp suppos oses es that that it prem premis is gKa nece necess ssar aril il so too, too, so that that th conc conclu lusi sion on is nece necess ssar aril il true true as well well 14 prop propos osit itio io 'd ines inesse se ma be 'd ines inesse se ut nunc nunc or 'd ines inesse se simp simpli lici ci ter' ter' Inthe firs firs case case th pred predic icat at sometimes belo belong ng tothe subj subjec ect, t, inthe seco second nd case case it always does does Expl Explain ained ed from from diac diachr hron onic ic pers perspe pecti ctive ve we ar talk talkin in abou abou th diff differ eren ence ce betw betwee ee cont contin inge gent nt ('ut ('ut nunc nunc') ') an nece necess ssar ar ('simp s impli lici cite ter' r'). ). Cf Bonaventure, Commen Commentar taria ia in quatuo quatuo libros libros senten sententia tiarum rum Quar Quarac acch ch 1882 1882 T. Glossa sa in a rt rt . in e xa xa n a l Glos quatuo quatuo libros libros senten sententia tiarum rum Petr Lombar Lombardi, di, Quar Quarac acch chi, i, Flor Floren ence ce 1951 1951 Dist Dist
it c a
to
th th
p ro ro du du c
tw
i nf nf e e nc nc es es ,
ly
is ec
It an
it
th
th t:
If
c on on cl cl us us io io n
ir
u a t ra ra ns ns itit io io n
(a on
immutability
and
impli implica cativ tiv
o th th e s )
necessity
neces necessi sity ty e nc nc e
Cnece Cnecess ssiia iia
necess necessita ita
Necessary th
a nt nt ec ec ed ed en en t
an
th
et ee
can and will (§§ 5-8) 5-8)
betw betwee ee
(§§
cons conseq eque uenti ntiae ae') ')
conseq consequen uentis tis') ') ll
(§§ 15-1 15-16) 6)
Ou conc conclu lusi sion on
ed
c on on se se qu qu en en t Summary
§§ 1-16
deny that: an as
necessary
c on on titi n e n
s ta ta te te s o f a ff ff ai ai r
af ai
I:
defend that: le
ce an pure purely ly nonnon-mo moda da le o n t h f al al s
u pp pp os os itit i
en
th
t ha ha t t h i mp mp lili ca ca ti ti v
i no no r id
I t i s n ev ev er er th th e
ti
l in in ke ke d w itit h o nt nt ol ol og og ic ic a determinate
is
n ec ec e s itit y ( ,n ,n ec ec es es si si ta ta s
infallible
c on on se se -
a bl bl e
immutable
ch
lo ic
as ct
a sp sp ec ec ts ts : k no no wl wl ed ed g
k no no wl wl ed ed g k no no wl wl ed ed g
o f necessary o f necessary o f necessary
t at at e t at at e t at at e
o f a ff ff ai ai r
o f a ff ff ai ai r o f a ff ff ai ai r
n ly ly .
o nl nl y o nl nl y
necessary. If
Summarised: 1 5 I n f or or mu mu la la , i n e re re nc nc e I :
N(gKa
-+
as
le
is
in
li
a)
NgKa Na
er ec it cons conseq equen uen of th majo major. r. Infe Inferen rence ce II in form formul ula: a:
in gKa -+ Na NgKa
simpliciter') i s t ra ra ns ns fe fe rr rr e
to th
is
in en
ef
(§§ 1-
it
9). (§§
is necess necessary ary
(§§ 15-16).
th
ca
tu er
tu
ie il
ce ai ef
av
on ti
cate philos philosophi ophicall cally. y. §§ 1 -
e,
l lili b
o f a ff ff ai ai rs rs .
Om nt
cu
ei
ab
ha tu
er in
nd
et
ti
ta es
ro
ar
n ud ud a
is
le
ce
th
t at at i
in th
in
ag
th
etc". t ex ex t f ro ro m S cr cr ip ip tu tu re re .
It
faith
ea
ex
in
intellect".
him:" c e rt rt a i aLLthings, al
co
ir
lo ca
ts
en bi it
k n ow ow L e dg dg e , al
tu an
ti
gency. b et et we we e
e pi pi st st e o lo lo gi gi ca ca l
sp ec ec t o ne ne s ( al al l a sp a ut ut ho ho ri ri ta ta titi v
a sp sp ec ec t
( ce ce rt rt ai ai n
k no no wL wL ed ed ge ge ) and onto ontolo logic gical al
o f e xi xi st st en en ce ce )
t ex ex t f ro ro m S cr cr ip ip tu tu re re .
16 This This conv convic icti tion on word worded ed by Anse Anselm lm in th adag adagiu iu "fid "fides es quae quaere rens ns inte intelllect lectum um", ", is th root root moti motive ve in almo almost st al medi mediev eval al scho schola last stic ic theo theolo logy gy 1 7 h e c o p le le t v er er s r ea ea d " An An d b e o r h i n o c re re at at ur ur e i s h id id de de n b u a l ar an ai ey th ew
A.
T HE HE OR OR IE IE S O F O TH TH ER ER S
HE OR OR IE IE S O F O TH TH ER ER S I. T HE
FIRS FIRS
A.
THEO THEORY RY
OPIN OPINIO IONE NE
A.
FIRS FIRS
THEO THEORY RY
others (§§
ALIO ALIORU RU
OPIN OPINIO IO PRIM PRIMA] A]
argu argume ment nt
th
(res (resp. p. §§ 19-2 19-2
an
27-3 27-30) 0)
infallibility infallible? Beca Becaus us ther ther
mentioned".
t he he si si s j u
le
le
are ideas way: co ec
ac
em
ca es
ec
it
ch
in en
in e nt nt ]
ed
an
a ] t he he y r ep ep re re se se n
i nd nd iv iv i u a
t hi hi ng ng s
ec ti
aIi
in
ta
ta
ce
t,
en
tu e.
erties. o bi bi ec ec t
c on on titi ng ng en en titi a
e t r em em ot ot ar ar u u iu iu s o d
se
a d h ui ui u e nt nt iu iu m
od
o mn mn e
c o e xi xi on on e
e ff ff ec ec tu tu s e t o mn mn e
e t c u i nt nt el el le le ct ct u
c au au sa sa ru ru m
p ro ro pi pi nq nq ua ua ru ru m
c on on di di ci ci on on e
h a i ns ns u t , i nf nf al al li li bi bi li li te te r
as
en io
ar
in le
e xs xs is is te te nt nt ia ia e c og og no no sc sc it it ;
included:", t ol ol lili t c on on di di ci ci on on e
o bi bi ec ec titi . ct
contingency
eo th
infallibility things
ed
l i i na na t
ct th ec le th b eg eg in in ni ni n o f t h e co co n t he he or or y i n 2 3 " Th Th er er e i s a no no th th e t he he or or y w hi hi c p os os e God' God' cert certai ai know knowle ledg dg of cont contin inge gent nt prop propos osit itio ions ns abou abou th futu future re as foll follow ows: s:
...)"
1 9 O n B on on av av en en tu tu r a n h o a s q ui ui na na s a s p re re su su ma ma bl bl e a dh dh er er en en t o f t hi hi s t he he or or y c f M . . F. F. M H oe oe ne ne n ' A p ro ro po po s d e Lectura 139: 139: un passa passage ge diss dissim imul ul de Thom Thomas as d'Aqui d'Aqui chez chez Duns Duns Scot Scot?' ?' Archive Archive d'hist d'histoir oir doctri doctrinal nal et littera litteraire ire
infallibility and necessity §§ 1-161
a le le n
ag ib pa
io
factual,
co
ap
ic
is
il
it e xp xp li li ci ci tltl y
co in
o wl wl e
ev
a y s us us pe pe c je ts th
co in
il
actuality.
er
In §§ 18 is no conc conclu lusi sive ve Re
at
en at
ns
ic en
t hi hi ng ng s a n [Opi [Opini nion onis is impr improb obat atio io
Se
ista ista vi
('in ('insu suff ffic icie iens ns') ')
all
es insu insuff ffic icie iens ns th
xt th
ar
us
ai
ch
ec
reality". In ct al ty
contingency. em It
es
e cu cu nd nd o
lo
q ui ui a i de de a
er
th
as
at
io
e,
at
ca
th
r ep ep ra ra es es en en ta ta nt nt e
ne es ce
ta
t er er mi mi no no s s i p lili ce ce s n o r ep ep ra ra es es en en -
t an an t c om om pl pl ex ex io io ne ne s n is is i q ua ua te te nu nu s t er er mi mi n i nc nc lu lu du du n v er er itit at at e c o p le le xi xi o n um um ; s e t er er mi mi n r er er u c on on titi ng ng en en ti ti u n o i nc nc lu lu du du n v er er itit at at e c o p le le x
20 Idea Idea only only give give simp simple le know knowle ledg dg ('co ('cogn gnit itio io simp simple lex' x' of simp simple le conc concep epts ts ( 'c on on ce ce pt pt u s im im pl pl ic ic es es ') . i mp mp l c on on ce ce pt pt s b re re a u p i nt nt o t w g ro ro up up s a ) p ur ur el el y simp simple le conc concep epts ts ('conc c oncep eptu tu simp simpli lici cite te simp simpli lice ces' s'), ) , whic whic cann cannot ot be furt furthe he anal analys ysed ed in term term of othe othe conc concep epts ts b) no pure purely ly simp simple le conc concep epts ts whic whic ca be anal analys ysed ed with with th help help of othe othe conc concep epts ts whic whic .are .areessentially incl includ uded ed in them them (cf. Lectura 13, ce an Ordinatio 13, t hu hu s n o s i p l o ne ne , b u c o p le le x c om om po po un un d c on on ce ce pt pt , b ec ec au au s w hi hi te te ' i s a n ac id ta ty of th ce er noth nothin in abou abou trut trut or fals falsit it (cf. (cf. Ordinatio 3, 147).
er
ep
en ti
ce ar
ea
es ec
te
in
plexis. io
e se se n ea
g; ll
er
th
l wa wa y
e se se n
th
e se se n
th
ay
th
ca
e se se n
in
in
io
ab
ct
ic ll
en
ep
ta
n ec ec es es sa sa ri ri a
th
it
e sp sp e
to
ti
th
ce
ap ie
es
th
in
ti
e si si s t o t h
is
ta io
an co
ic io
If they they alwa always ys repr repres esen en
tu
ig tu
a d c og og no no sc sc en en du du m
th
ar al
tr
er
ca
in
ly
em tr
th
em
ad ti
le
ca
ad
an
ce ab
an
f ut ut ur ur a c on on ti ti ng ng en en titi a
ib
ch
il
ev
it
es
tu
in
at
ai
ch
ec
actual. Obvi-
ously t we we e er P ra ra et et er er ea ea , en c on on titi ng ng en en titi u c on on titi ng ng en en titi a
th i de de a in
in
te
ai
el
p on on an an tu tu r
es ec f ut ut ur ur or or um um ;
ib
s ic ic u
in
e o r es es pe pe ct ct u c on on titi ng ng en en titi u
li nu i gi gi tu tu r r ep ep ra ra es es en en ta ta n
i t e t a li li a p os os si si bi bi lili a
u ni ni fo fo rr rr ni ni -
c on on titi ng ng en en titi a
tu f ut ut ur ur a
21 Sinc Sinc Kant Kant thes thes prop propos osit itio ions ns have have ofte ofte been been call called ed 'ana 'analy lyti tica ca prop propos osit itiions' ons' thou though gh Kant Kant unde unders rsto tood od this this term term in more more rest restri rict cted ed way. way. Prop Propos osit itio ions ns in whic whic ther ther is no nece necess ssar ar impl implic icat atio io betw betwee ee on term term an th othe othe one, one, ar 'synthe 'synthetica tica propos propositio itions' ns' 2 2 F ur ur th th e o n i n h i t he he or or y o f t h ' ne ne ut ut ra ra l p ro ro po po si si ti ti on on ' S co co tu tu s e xp xp la la in in s i n which which wa Go know know th conju conjunc ncts ts of contr contrad adict iction ion with withou ou their their truth truth-v -valu alue; e; see §§ 44 62-6 62-66. 6.
really will no 1 8 w ilil l t he he re re ca
it
th
SECO SECOND ND THEO THEORY RY
B.
OPIN OPINIO IO SECU SECUND NDA] A]
Paragraphs
te
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in en
er it
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ib it
S EC EC ON ON D T HE HE OR OR Y O F O TH TH ER ER S
23-30
e-
23
al
a st st ,
th
23
ab
tw
time-levels:
ou
time,
God's time,
actual th
th
cu
in
that that whic whic
present;
e xi xi st st s n o
us.
al
hous house. e.
a. Summa Summa theologi theologiae ae d. , 14 a. 13 i n c o p . I d. Script Scriptum um super super Senten Sententiis tiis I d . a. in corp corp.; .; Id., Id., Quaestiones Quaestiones disputatae disputatae de veritat veritate, e, Summa Summa contra contra gentile gentile c . 6 6 [ a r ef ef er er re re d 12 Commissio scotistica:) scotistica:) Roma t h Commissio Romanu nu de Roma Roma Sent. 24m).
in over
im
[ Op Op in in io io ni ni s
ti ne
ia ini c on on titi ng ng en en ti ti bu bu s
e xp xp os os i i o
D e d e f ut ut ur ur i
co
f,
ae
in
in
li
ca
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ly
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ia
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ti
io
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it ce
e nt nt i
i nt nt o
do us
ti
spatial
th em
ch
ia
ar
tr
at
an
cc
t hi hi s
io
in §§ 24-26.
le
et
en
at li (Tmmen-
sitas'). im thei thei
th
le
in
cc
ly
actu actual al exis existe tenc nce. e.
wit
everyth everything ing
a r g u u n t+: en ae
cu iv
a ct ct ua ua le le m
ib te
u n p ra ra es es en en t
ti ti
e o e t a et et er er ni ni ta ta ti ti . ec
en
li
ie
ce
t ha ha t te it
lt
ty im
e 1 123
Cf Rich Richar ar
pe r q u at at uo uo r L ib ib r a S e nt nt en en titi ar ar u m I d of Midd Middle leto ton, n, S u pe
1q
in
th
e nt nt )
it
If
ta
as
le
it
(now),
moment in
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ic
sive."
ce
partes. In §§ theory.
tioned theory
ed
or
in
im
ou
ce
If
ld
es
en
e co co n
t he he or or y b et et we we e
l e l ea ea d
th
[Opi [Opini nion onis is impr improb obat atio io
co Se
a lili c to
e x i st st e
p at at ia ia l i mm mm en en si si t
( 'i m e ns ns i
it
el te
ac al
i st st i
ce
cont contra ra
e se se n en
an
ef
ed
at
t e p or or a
el
i st st e ex
G od od '
it lu
it ig
imli er cl it
ti
e se se n
eu tu 'ins 'insta tant nt (not (not ever ever 'nun 'nunc' c' is stil still, l, or is alre alread ady, y, 'nun 'nunc' c'). ). othe poss possib ible le inte interp rpre reta tati tion on of th fina fina sent senten ence ce "the "the (the (the eter eterna na 24 Th othe no s im im ilil ar ar l e mb mb ra ra ce ce s ' no no w [ o o u t im im e [ to to ol ol , t ho ho ug ug h . . " , d oe oe s n o s ee ee m
an
t. §§
th
t ua ua l
e,
ib
an
new;
actual, f or or , a s S co co t ac
le
ti
i bi bi l
am
ca ar
ac tu
ex isen am caus causet et idem idem
ar
le
ti
ti
cu
at
m en en t f aI aI l
i nt nt o t h
c on on tr tr ad ad ic ic titi on on s
en
29
c ot ot u
a sk sk s t h c ou ou nt nt er er qu qu es es titi o
If certainly
it
it
li
e a s i c og og no no sc sc i t.
te
a u n on on ? ti
c er er titi tu tu di di na na al te
usti it
it
ie
an
ta
it
w he he th th e
Go
c er er ta ta in in l
o r n o c er er ta ta in in l
future
th
ea
j us us t m en en titi on on ed ed .
tu
29
li ta ce tu
a ct ct ua ua ll ll y
iq id
eo
c re re a d a s un un t a u c er er titi tu tu di di na na lili te te r
a ss ss en en ts ts ,
ce
in
th
is it
ti ce
it in
ew
aevum
w ou ou l
a ls ls o i mu mu lt lt an an eo eo us us l
k no no w a l f ut ut ur ur e t hi hi ng ng s w hi hi c
w il il l s uc uc ce ce ss ss iv iv e
aevum.
an
o;
gi t itit u
te al te
S CO CO TU TU S
OW
RESP RESPON ONSI SI
uo
co
tu
er
A NS NS WE WE R 1 D T H
PROP PROPRI RI
te
tu
ae et an lu
e te te r
a titi ,
ea em
io
'aevurn'
es ec iv ly ab
ca en
C OT OT US US ' O W
Q UE UE ST ST IO IO NS NS ]
ld
an
ut
he
ib
is
A NS NS WE WE R 1 D T H
Q UE UE ST ST IO IO N
AD QUAE QUAEST STIO IONE NES] S]
(§§
at
af ir
18-22)
a titi s a c o r
23-30),
(§§
ft
th
eg ti
es lt
tu
text.
31
31
ti en ar te he in
ti
th
es
ns
ll
ec
ap
en (§§
C f a .o .o . T ho ho ma ma s supe Sentent Sententiis iis
q ui ui na na s Summa Summa theolog theologiae iae q. a. 1.
0a.
Scriptum
th
th
ta in
om
em is
ly
ic (§§
i sc sc u e d
32-61),
co
th
es xt
ov
62-68)?
th c o c titi o et kn le an ec ty e vi vi de de nt nt , a s i s u pp pp o e d b y m a n o pp pp on on en en t ( cf cf . a l t h s u m ar ar y o f §§ 1-16).
id en
im ed
co
ic is
en ec ce it
et
ar
ib es
ia
ih cu as
al te
es in
ti e st st i a;
io
cu
io
A.
-A
1.
-A
O PI PI NI NI O
32 ti
A LI LI OR OR UM UM ]
io cy
th
eg
th
ce ai to
[scholars]' s a t ha ha t ca
ce it
32
dam in
en
tu
au as
ed
es ta
ed
th
ap
33-37). Scot Scotus us repr reproo-
(§§
contingency in
m.
necessity
in
33
he
d e o ns ns tr tr at at e
t hi hi s w itit h B oe oe th th iu iu s
De Consol Consolati atione one V, a t
en
l,
en
ec
ir
th eth um
De consol consolati atione one
C f a .o .o . h om om a q ui ui na na s Summa Summa theolog theologiae iae Scriptu Scriptu super super Sentent Sententiis iis I d . 1a te
l titi m
ct
in
an
co
e nt nt .
Boethius" t ha ha t t h p re re ce ce di di n
co
etc.)". ur
en
33
prosa 6,
answer"
te
th
to as in next next para paragr grap aph. h.
th th
im te ag em ti
ea ar
to ta io
th
at lo
in
26 Fo an analy analysi si of Thom Thomas as (dia (diach chro ronic nic theo theory ry of cont conting ingen ency cy cf. Knuuttila 'Tim 'Tim an moda modali lity ty', ', 208208-21 217. 7.
it
ti
ia
tt
ib
tc
ca
an
i mp mp er er fe fe ct ct io io n
c au au s
io ly
t o c on on titi ng ng en en cy cy :
C on on titi ng ng en en c
e it it he he r
n e c an an no no t d ra ra w t hi hi s c on on cl cl us us io io n
rout routin in
issu issue. e.
ca to
is
en
k in in d o f i mp mp er er fe fe ct ct io io n
a s S co co tu tu s
i l s ho ho w ( i p li li ci ci tl tl y
p ri ri ma ma .
t hr hr e
ir
If
ti
es
il
au es an
es ts
at
a rg rg u e nt nt s
§ § 3 55- 37 37 )
au ce ar
in
is
co
ch is
es
lo
I. Th firs firs caus caus nece necess ssar aril il
caus causes es
firs firs caus cause" e" 3. Th prox proxim imat at ar
in
at
[Opi [Opini nion onis is impr improb obat atio io
ti Se
cont contra ra
a.o. a.o. Thom Thomas as Aqui Aquina nas, s, Script Scriptum um super super sentent sententiis iis II d. 37 q. corp.
seco second nd caus caus nece necess ssar aril il
caus causes es
tl This mean means: s: Th first first cause cause cann cannot ot notnot-cau cause se in othe othe word words: s: It is imposs impossii28 This th ca to th io For
a.
in
seco second nd line line of 35 an once once more more in th thir thir line line 'A neces necessa sary ry relat relation ion in this this case case mean means: s: nece necess ssar aril il to have have an actu actual al caus causal alit it rela relati tion on 29 This This seco second nd prem premis is does does no foll follow ow in this this para paragr grap ap unti unti th conc conclu lusi sion on
ce
ia
it
il am
il
ec
es
sario
ar
et
eq en
lu
ct
er
ti
in en i nt nt er er pr pr et et at at io io n
th
ec c au au sa sa m
n ih ih i
c on on titi ng ng en en te te r
p ro ro ve ve ni ni re re t
co
y ll ll og og is is m
i s v al al id id "
th es
t,
is au
la
th
es
ir th
co
chain.
ca
th
tl
er
rejected.
(§§ 32L ib ib e d e causis is": ": of De caus
ly
if
C f f oo oo tn tn ot ot e 31.
causis",
as
t ha ha t
30 Th form formal al stru struct ctur ur of th infe infere renc nc is as foll follow ows: s: (P acti activi vity ty of th firs firs cause, S: activ activity ity of th prox proxim imat at seco second nd caus cause) e) 1. NP
31 This This pseu pseudo do-A -Ari rist stot otel elia ia docu docume ment nt is an Arab Arabic ic para paraph phra rase se of Proc Proclu lus' s' Elementatio Elementatio theologica, theologica, tran transl slat ated ed by Gera Gerard rd of Crem Cremon on in th twel twelft ft cent centur ury, y, late late on also also by Will Willia ia of Moer Moerbe beke ke Cf Vanstee Vansteenki nkiste ste 'Procl 'Procl e1emen e1ementat tatio io theol theolog ogic ic translat translat Guil Guilelm elm de Moer Moerbek beke' e' Tijd Tijdsc schr hrift ift voor voor philo philoso soph phie ie 13 ( te te xt xt ed ed it it io io n) n) ; B . Do A ri ri st st ot ot el el e l at at in in u ' , i n (195 (1951) 1) 26 -302 -302 495495-50 50
er
th
th
e,
in
au e, th
ll cl
s ec ec un un da da ,
s ic ic u
p at at e
ll
p e p ri ri ma ma m et
De causis causis": ":
p ro ro po po si si ti ti on on e
ec
ct
tu
al ti
ca
ec
th
ca
th
ti en
le lu
f ir ir s
c au au s
t o c au au s
te
av
te
th
ec
it
en
le
n ec ec es es sa sa ri ri ly ly . is
tu
je ti
at it
i se se -
et ic tu
e t p ro ro x ec
io
en es
es
e ss ss e h ab ab ea ea t n ec ec e s ar ar ia ia m
em
h ab ab itit ud ud in in e
ef ec
tu
es
ec
a d c au au sa sa m p er er fe fe ct ct a
c on on se se qu qu en en tl tl y es
ab
es
it
firs firs
caus cause. e.
ap
ti
ha
necessary ary being. being. r ec ec ei ei ve ve d necess
e t c on on ti ti ng ng en en ng
ec
li
th
on
en
ti
immediate created, whic whic
contingen gently tly caused caused mean means: s: contin
§§ ct
ti
S CO CO TU TU S
OW
ad
es
ii
T HE HE OR OR Y
2.
S CO CO TU TU S
OW
T HE HE OR OR Y
OPIN OPINIO IO PROP PROPRI RIA] A]
38
eo co
tu en ia
en
au
in
et ti
i st st u cu
ic
§§
an
th
ed th
(§§ 39-40)
en et
ti
In
ca
(§ 41)
things (§§ 42-61).
i st st i
co
ti
a.
It a n
th
an
te
c e e nt nt a lu ed ce
th
e ve ve r
ib
isin
t hi hi n
in
poss possib ible le
ta i n i ni ni t
in
if
te
co
th
ti
le
bein being. g. to
ic
es
as
tr
th
li
in
t ra ra n c e d e t a possible
e rt rt i
' di di sj sj u c ti ti v
e rt rt y
th
a re re a
ty
ed th
p ro ro pe pe rt rt y
e in in g
om
o th th e
i s t he he re re fo fo r t ra ra ns ns ce ce n
'bonurn'V.
a tt tt ri ri bu bu te te s
( 'p as as si si o' o' :
a tttt ri ri bu bu te te ,
e s e nt nt ia ia l
r op op er er ty ty )
he
ar
ec
ly.
in
i n i ni ni t
in
t'
te attribute i sj sj un un c
b el el on on g
a tttt ri ri b t e
' fi fi ni ni t
conversel sely. y. b u not conver o r i nf nf in in itit e' e' : If th
il ia
iu
as ig
io
ec as
at cu
et il
iqu it
cu
ia
tu
li
en
in
et th
is to es
ca
la
f..o th l t Th tran transc scen ende dent ntal al an thei thei junc juncti tion on in th meta metaph phys ysic ic of Duns Duns Scot Scotus us St Bona Bonave vent ntur ur 1946 1946 L. Honnefelder, Ens inquan inquan tu ens, ens, De Begr Begrif if de Seie Seiend nden en al solc solche he al Gege Gegens nsta tand nd de Meta Metaph phys ysik ik n ac ac h d e L eh eh r d e J oh oh an an ne ne s u n S co co t s , Muns Munste te 1979 1979 O. Boul Boulno nois is Jean D u S co co t S u l a c on on na na is is s n c d e i e e t l 'u 'u ni ni vo vo ci ci t d e l 'e 'e ta ta n r di di na na titi o Dist Distin inct cti~ i~ Ire part partie ie Ordinatio i st st in in cc- titi o I r p ar ar ti ti e Collat Collatio io 24, Intro Introdu ducti ction on tran transl slati ation on an comm commen enta tary ry by O. Boul Boulno nois is Pari Pari 1988 1988 33 Tran Transc scen ende dent ntal al prop proper erti ties es al cove cove th enti entire re area area ofpossi ofpossibl bl bein bein ('en ('ens' s' a n a r t he he re re fo fo r c on on ve ve rt rt i l e ( eq eq ui ui va va le le nt nt ) i t e ac ac h o th th e a n i t ' en en s's' . B ec ec au au s ' en en s i s t h m os os t f un un da da me me nt nt a p ro ro pe pe rt rt y c ot ot u c a e nt nt io io n i t a s t h
th
is
ti
ar
If
(creation). th
is is
ti
ce
t,
th
contingent e ce ce s a ri ri l th
f ol ol l
f ro ro m G od od ' la
n ec ec e s itit y tr
h ic ic h i s c on on t a di di ct ct or or y io it
ar l. a ra ra g
te i s i de de nt nt i
i sj sj u it
i n e nt nt '
contingency factuality of exists which b ei ei n
exists actual actual existe existence nce o f c on on titi ng ng en en t
b ei ei n
3 4 S co co tu tu s g iv iv e t hi hi s r oo oo f i n Lectura 2, §§ 1-7,38-95,117-119, Ordinatio Reportatio Parisiens Parisiensis is examinata examinata De 12, §§ 1-9,39-156, Reportatio primo Fo text text an tran transl slat atio io of th conc concer erni ning ng pass passag ag in th Reportatio, cf A.B. A.B. Wolt Wolter er M. McCo McCord rd Adam Adams, s, 'Dun 'Dun Scot Scotus us Pari Parisi sian an proo proo fo th
attribute.
Metaphysica
ex
tu
li
ia
to
il ty t io io n f ro ro m deliberate eo
ci en
"p.
eo
ta
li
i si si u
amqu
it
en
en Meta-
physica di tu
Cf. Aristotle, Topica
er
ia
eq
co il ar
c . 9 , 0 5a 5a 55- 7 Avic Avicen enna na Metaphysica in : S . v a R ie ie t ( ed ed .) .) , V er er be be k f. 74vab ( in (introd.), Avice Avicenn nn Latin Latinus us Liber Liber de philo philoso soph phia ia prim prim sive sive scien scientia tia divin divin I-IV, Louvain LouvainlLe lLeiden iden 1977,6 1977,62-6 2-63). 3).
th
in
tu
ib
co
te at le
v ic ic en en na na .
as ec
ti es ec al
co th
ev
cy
ea
ll ce
te
tu ct
th
th an
im ta
b.
is.
§§ 35ta
ce
ty
io
it
it is
co ti to Go
not necessa necessarily rily
i st st o
it
ca al at
i,
co ti
ia
te
tu
ti
h o c au au se se s c o t in in ge ge nt nt ly ly .
in en al ty
ti
ly
is tl
ti i ve ve r
ai
en ar
an ca
li
ib is
er es ic
ld
contingent contingent
ti ac
il
ce
ly
at
in ta im
ca
au te
ce
en ce
im
a-
ic io
tr in
t.
al
th
im
to
te th
li is
ti if
it. factual in
co
e)
ay
factuality ic al
iv io
th
th it es
co
e.
tu
al
al
ty
ti
a na na l i s i n
45 an
o n a rd rd s
human
c.
DIVINAE]
an
will will
er
(I
is
ed in
iv
it
e nc nc y co ti
te
iq
li
et
ia
it
is
i nt nt el el le le ct ct u
i vi vi n
v e e iu iu s v ol ol un un ta ta ti ti s
en ce
te
ex
ac
ll tu
et
au
ac
tw
ex
ll
i nt nt e l e
ti a-
as follo follows ws
ct al
th
el ct
er an
If
ce if er au cal know knowle ledg dge. e.
es
ls it
ll
to
ti
le
e re re f
ca
co es
ti
ec io o st st en en di di t a lili q i d v ol ol un un ta ta ti ti ,
tu
ti
q ui ui a q ui ui dq dq ui ui d c og og no no sc sc i
i nt nt e l e
eh
a nt nt e a ct ct u
li
q ui ui a v ol ol un un ta ta s n ec ec es es sa sa ri ri o
is
te
at
ic
au
Go
s pe pe cu cu la la titi va va ,
it
v ol ol un un ta ta ti ti s
v ul ul t i nt nt el el le le ct ct u
tr un
If
e iu iu s s pe pe cu cu la la ri ri .
itself lf tion by itse th ic is it
hi
ct al ac es
ct
ed e, ec ly
il
le ll as th
es ca
th
ly
te
b e o n before
it stands
ta
r e e ve ve n i n n um um be be r ch
ea ex
th c ot ot u
(cf.
ta
Star Star ar even even in numb number er
ca
ll
1).
i s This This ca be done done b vi vi ou ou sl sl y
we
It
is value. ' as as tr tr a e ss ss e paria"; ap en a It It er er a ia
ll tu
p ar ar te te m c o t ra ra di di ct ct io io n te
is
i vi vi n
ie
p or or te te t i gi gi tu tu r a ss ss ig ig na na r at
ib ty
ec c au au sa sa m c on on titi n
tu
in
§§
following:
e. d iv iv in in e w ilil l
3 6 O n s ci ci en en titi a p ra ra ct ct ic ic a' a' , c f u n c ot ot u Ordinatio 38 (esp (espec ecial ially ly 6); Honnefelder, En inqua inquant ntum um ens, ens, 22-2 22-29; 9; H.A. H.A. Krop Krop De stat status us va de theo theolo logi gi volg volgen en Joha Johann nnes es Duns Duns Scot Scotus us De verh verhou oudi ding ng tuss tussen en theo theolo logi gi en meta metafy fysi sica ca
ar
ce
le
el ct
ti
entia, which possib possible le beings beings
human
(§§
ce
co ti
ct
§§
ar iv 45
co ec
[How (§
acts, objects, li
ti
rega regard rd to oppo opposi site te effects
e di di a
objects opposite i m e di di at at el el y Q uo uo mo mo d e x p ar ar t
o r b y a ct ct iv iv at at in in g v ol ol un un ta ta s
v ol ol un un ta ta ti ti s
o st st r
o th th e
e xe xe c t iv iv e p ot ot en en ci ci e
e s c a s a c on on titi ng ng en en titi ae ae ]
o st st ra ra e q uo uo mo mo d
acts,
i ps ps a e s c au au s
v id id e d u a lili q o ru ru m
a ut ut e
c on on titi ng ng en en -
tium.
37 Th pred predic icat at 'opp 'oppos osit ite' e' to 'act 'act of th will will wa deri derive ve from from 'opp 'oppos osit ite' e' il 'opp 'oppos osit it objec object' t' in this this case. case. In form formul ul it conc concer erns ns th foll follow owin in tw (opp (oppos osite ite
pote potent ntias ias
th same same hate this or not-this
exse exsecu cuti tivas vas
th
46
th
in
im
th
46
is en
to love love
same same co
person".
es
53.
io
ty
ee
ed
th
lu
acts
it
objects, er te
ct
t,
ct
ju
ec tl
le
co
es
factual
te ac
imperfection. N un un c a ut ut e i q ui ui d tos, es
i n i st st a t ot ot al al i l ib ib er er ta ta t ct er ec io is
v ol ol un un ta ta ti ti s a li li qu qu i li
ia
cu
e s i mp mp er er fe fe ct ct io io ni ni s
at es
tu
s yn yn ch ch r n i
c on on titi ng ng en en c
ec
au
it
er
ad ci
ie
ct ta
it
i l d ev ev el el o
it
er
in
possible.
iv ly
ta
as he
itu
i sc sc o e c
ta li
as ec
is
objects. fectionem. 49). al ac
ch
it
je
ta
poss possib ible le comb combin inati ation on in form formul ul (app (applie lie to 'will 'willin ing' g' are: are: sWa, s- Wa, sW-a sW-a s-Ws-W-a. a. 39 When When Scot Scotus us inthi latt latter er case case cont contin inue ue to ment mentio io oppo opposi site te acts, the this is done done in deri derive ve sens sens beca becaus us of oppo opposi site te obje object cts. s. This free freedo do in rega regard rd to oppo opposi site te act concer concerns ns being being oppo opposi site te as prop propert ert 40 This o f t h e a ct ct s t he he ms ms el el ve ve s a n n o o f t h e o bj bj ec ec t o f t he he s a ct ct s Some Someth thin in is 'rec 'recep epti tive ve ('rece r ecept ptiv ivus us') ') or 'pas 'passi sive ve ('pa ('pass ssiv ivus us') ') if it rece receiv ives es t si si d ct an is ef
im
eo
ts
is
44, ct
possible
beings. re ed ed o 45 i s t h f re
i n r eg eg ar ar d t o o pp pp os os itit e effects.
46
(p and -p are ce
l)
ic
ed
(p
-p is
acts objects
th
i ll ll .
it,
48 synch synchro roni ni
ed
il
it a s
freed freedom om
a ne ne o objects.
ed
45:
objects.
te
je
an
aboutfreedom ct
tatis? ic
q uo uo d d u l e
c on on ti ti ng ng en en titi a
et du le
p o s ib ib ilil it it a
c on on se se q i tu tu r
i st st a pote potenc nc
o pp pp os os itit or or u
c on on se se qu qu itit u
d up up le le x p o s ib ib ilil it it a
(one (one possibility)":
e t c on on titi ng ng en en ti ti a -M(a
- a) a) ; ( M ds he
sW(a -a) as on ot nc sWa and MsW-a. In n tr tr o
o tu tu s on
o tn tn o
diachronic c o t in in ge ge nc nc y in
io
Some Someth thin in
whit whit ca he blac black. k. An
accor accordd-
opposite
an
objects, ic
T h w i l ov ov in in g h i
ca
divided s en en se se ,
at hi
h ic ic h m ea ea n
on)": ( la la te te r o n) n) . It i s
u ta ta bi bi lili ta ta te te m
E t e c n du du m
h an an c p os os si si bi bi lili ta ta te te m is co tr
te
cu ll
e xt xt r
an
il
d is is titi ng ng uu uu nt nt u
p ro ro po po si si titi -
t ha ha t i n
acts
lk ec
ab
it
at th
is ti
§§
it te te b'; unde unde ista ista poss possib ibil ilit itas as te
e xa xa m cu
li
th
li
li
t -a -a c
li ed
an 51 42 Th prop propos osit itio io Some Someth thin in whit whit ca be blac black, k, divided sens sens ('in ('in sens sens divi divisi sion onis is') ') reads reads AstJ is whit white) e) Th oppo opposi site te ofthe divi divide de sens sens is th composite sens sens ('se ('sens nsus us corn cornpo posi siti tion onis is') ') in whic whic th expr expres essi sion on is unde unders rsto tood od as on prop propos ositi ition on an th poss possib ibil ility ity oper operato ato conc concer erns ns -AsII). Th divi th prop propos osit ition ion as whol whole: e: M(AsII divide de sens sens is appl applie ie here here in t h c as as e o f d i ff ff e e n o me me nt nt s t h c o p o i t s en en s i s a pp pp lili e i n t h c as as e o f t h sa o me me nt nt . c ot ot u d oe oe s o t e xp xp li li ci ci tl tl y n ot ot e t ha ha t t h composite s en en s o f t hi hi s prop propos osit itio io is also also poss possib ible le if (a is th case case in this this para paragr grap aph) h) As and -As ar th case case at different moments. Th divi divide de sens sens ofa prop propos osit itio io is indi indica cate te with with comm comm in th Lati Lati text text whic whic divi divide de th prop propos osit itio io into into tw furt furthe he prop propos osit itio ions ns Scot Scotus us only only give give exam exampl ples es of th divi divide de sens sens in this this para paragr grap aph. h.
it es
it es
49
49
tu
it in it
ea it
in th
Th re ca be
at
is
cu
ex
it
co
51,
io
or tr
to
er
ta es
world,
ti
terms. ll
at
ti
al
'rnundus
es
en
it
ti
ae
proposition".
et sic pote potest st esse esse'; '; et si inte intellit
al
possibilities":
co
extremis.
50
50
simultaneity or synchrony
possibility
-ju th
a t t ha ha t
it ca it
object". ll
en
notnot-wi will ll
o f t h will
im
ed
th
am
ib it
it am
th tu
te ib it
i ll ll s a;
it th
it
it th
ci
al
th
i ll ll , w ilil li li n in
ib
it
id
43 Cf. th intr introd oduc ucto tory ry secti section on 6a 44 This This exam example ple can als be unde unders rsto tood od diach diachro ronic nical ally: ly: 'lat 'later er on ther ther ca be w or or l h ic ic h d oe oe s n o e xi xi s y et et ' b u S co co tu tu s d oe oe s n o e a i t l i k t ha ha t h er er e h e Theologiae, exam exampl pl also also occu occurs rs in Thom Thomas as Aqui Aquina nas, s, (a.o (a.o.) .) Summa Theologiae, h ic ic h t h w or or l i s t at at e t o b e p os os si si bl bl e b ef ef or or e i t e xi xi st st s 1. 45 Cf. intr introd oduc ucto tory ry sect sectio io 6c Ms-WaII. 46 Or in formul formula: a: sWatJ
ae
au em
i lili t
ic
es
cu
qu
lu as
ab
o p i titi o i s u e o f S co co tu tu s co
t he he or or y o f s yn yn ch ch ro ro ni ni c
er ex ai
th
c on on ti ti ng ng en en cy cy .
he
in
u l a, pote potest st noll noll
ti in an
no
es
nt
ip
he il will will an obje object ct ca th mome moment nt i s r u
ti
bu it ca notnot-wi will ll that that obje object ct at th sa
a, lu at
ee
ei
as io
tu li
a' volens repugnantium.
t al al '
in
eo
ro
el es th ev t u l itit y th leve leve of poss possib ibil ilit ity. y.
will willin in
a, it ca notnot-
cy
ot nc
is
ca
le
co in nc
io
ic
a c a lili se se s
ar
th
ap
co er
ve of
ib l-
It
a tt tt ri ri bu bu te te d
ec
Th will will
t o t hi hi s
og et et he he r th will will will willin in at a, t og
h ol ol e
th
wi ling ling at
ti
and
he will will ca
be au
it
p l c itit l
notnot- illi illing ng at
cl es
hi
i s t ru ru e
a, attribute.
e lili c
ct
le i,
ec di
na ra
it on
actualise.
It
th
e. he
t h p os os si si bi bi l
am et li er
et
ll
at e t h t , not i n c at woul woul have have to actu actual alis is fact factua uall lly. y.
ct al ex en
te cy ab
ct al
il
ities".
4 7 o ti ti c t ha ha t S co co tu tu s u se se s t h t en en n ' po po te te nc nc y b ot ot h f o possibility a n f o t h real potency ('pote p otent ntia ia') ') whil whil it migh migh be bett better er to us 'pot 'poten enti tia' a' excl exclus usiv ivel el fo th latt latter er term term an 'pos 'possi sibi bili lita tas' s' fo th form former er co t titi l t h er ce et en lo ca al poss possib ibil ilit itie ie lies lies in th fact fact that that give give th phys physic ical al stru struct ctur ur of th worl world, d, no al l og og ic ic a p os os si si bi bi li li ti ti e a r r ea ea l a lt lt er er na na titi ve ve s f o t h a ct ct ua ua l w or or ld ld . I n o u o pi pi ni ni on on , howeve however, r, rea poss possib ibili iliti ties es ar no subs subset et of logic logical al poss possibi ibilit lities ies sinc sinc all logic logical al p o i b i titi e ec e a p o i b i titi e ct al ld th al te cy to ll an an tt la im an l itit y 227;
a d e ar ar n u n i n i lI lI o n st st an an t i n q u e lili ci ci t o li li t o n m , o n i ng ng en en t a b a d v ol ol e d u o n i ng ng en en t h ab ab e a bi bi tu tu d n e ad ol nd m: no quia quia priu priu habu habuit it habi habitu tudi dine ne cont contin inge gent ntem em ad vole volend ndum um quia quia tunc tunc a,
a'. s t i st st in in g e n s e u n u m o mp mp os os itit io io ne ne m divi divisi sion onem em et in sens sens comp compos osit itio ioni ni fals falsa, a, prou prou inte intell llig igit itur ur prae praedi dica ca um um no o ss ss ib ib il il itit at at i a tt tt ri ri bu bu i h ui ui c t ot ot i ' vo vo l n t v ol ol en en s i n a'; in sens sens aute aute divi divisi sion onis is es prop propos osit itio io vera vera no quia quia extr extrem em inte intell llig igun un
s u c es es si si o i n a c i bu bu s) s) , s e e s v e i n s en en s i v s io io ni ni s q u s un un t i b u a prop propos osit itio ione nes, s, quia quia impl implic icit it incl includ udit it duas duas prop propos osit itio ione nes: s: enun enunti tiat atur ur enim enim actu actu vole volend nd de volu volunt ntat at in un prop propos osit itio ione ne et oppo opposi situ tu actu actu de volu volunt ntat at abso absolu lute te acce accept pt cu nota nota poss possib ibil ilit itat atis is enun enunti tiat atur ur in alia alia prop propos osit it one, one, et es sens sensus us 'vol 'volun unta ta es vole volens ns in a' et 'vol 'volun unta ta pote potest st e s n ol ol e i n e t o c v er er u s t u i v ol ol u t a o le le n i n a, libere elic elicit it actu actu vole volend ndi, i, ne es eius eius pass passio io
In th a y t hi hi s a r g r p h d d s ec ec o e nt nt ra ra l o n e p t o t h o n th last last para paragr grap aph. h. Th firs firs on is th sync synchr hron on of logi logica ca poss possib ibil ilit itie ies, s, rema remark rk that that this this pote potenc nc to will will stru struct ctur ural ally ly prec preced edes es th ac of th will will inter o f c au au s n d f fe fe ct ct . J u a s c a s e b y n at at ur ur e o r t ru ru ct ct u a ll ll y
will. Th
Sc tu
et rn
t h d i t in in ct ct io io n b e w e
t h c om om po po si si t
e ns ns e
48 a s a l n g t r d it it io io n l in in es es : T h d i i si si o ' di di vi vi si si o' o' ) i s r el el at at e t o different, different, successive successive mome moment nt oftime. oftime. Now, Now, th divi divide de sens sens is appl applie ie t o p r p o i ti ti o o f synchronic o ss ss ib ib il il i y . e t s , b y a y e xa xa m l e assu assume me th foll follow owin in prop propos osit itio ion, n, in whic whic th 'can 'can of Scot Scotus us exam exampl pl is tran transl slat ated ed into into 'it is poss possib ible le that that': ': J oh oh n i ll ll s s o e t i n a n i t i s p os os si si bl bl e t ha ha t o e o tt- wi wi l i t he sam moment moment If w e r ea ea d t hi hi s s en en te te n i n h e o mp mp o i t s en en s w e s e a ls ls e p ro ro po po s t io io n S co co t s ay ay s o r i n t ha ha t c as as e w e o n i d t h i rs rs t a r ( 'J oh oh n w i l s notnot-wi will ll it at th same same mome moment nt') ') as pred predic icat ate, e, toge togeth ther er comp compos osin in one prop propos osit itio ion. n. Then Then th poss possib ibil ilit it oper operat ator or (,no (,nota ta poss possib ibil ilit itat atis is') ') conc concer erns ns t hi hi s i n l e p ro ro p s it it io io n w ho ho l a n t h r e u l i s t h o ll ll ow ow i pr position: sam moment moment", ", This This prop propos osit itio io is fals false, e, fo it stat states es th poss possib ibil ilit it of cont contra radi dict ctio ion: n: t h n io io n u bj bj ec ec t a n re ic te in om at bl it it o ti ti c h a t hi hi s a p l ic ic at at io io n t h c om om po po si si t s en en s c o c e n s t h l og og i o f one proposit ositio ion, n, in whic whic spec specif ific ic subj subjec ect, t, pred predic icat at inco incomp mpat atib ible le with with it an moda moda oper operat ator or ar comb combin ined ed If howe howeve ver, r, we read read it in th divi divide de sens sense, e, it conc concer erns ns prop propos osit itio io whic whic is inte interp rpre rete te as conj conjun unct ctio io of tlVO prop propos osit itio ions ns Then Then we get: get: John John will will some someth thin ing, g, and th same same mome moment nt
'Mod 'Modal al logi logic' c' 354; 354; Alan Alanen en Knuu Knuutt ttil ila, a, 'The 'The foun founda dati tion on of moda modali lity ty an conc concei ei vabil vability ity', ', 35 s- aA 4 9 S o t h e g en en er er a f or or mu mu l w ilil l n o b e MsWarl that propos propositio itio
Th.,
conjuncts'". possibility
reas reason on th
ct li
li
prop propos osit itio io
it
it
one
to as rega regard rdin in
eq
al
th
ch
co
ge
it
this this prop propos osit itio ion: n:
a n w h i s h it it e n e e ss ss ar ar il il y i s
s en en se se - i ft ft e
b ei ei n
to oppo opposi site te
objects,
acts.
46).
white, a n w h i s w hi hi te te , n e e ss ss ar ar il il y i s he i si si o ls
in
lu
le ti is
a,
te
es ic tu
it
e ns ns ee- gi gi ftft e
co
ed
ls
as
is th
lt
be ng
co
i n a'; unde unde es dist distin in an
al
ec
es
tions.
animal'. tl ai
th
th ca
te
if
id
in
an
ai
in
it
and N ec ec es es sa sa ri ri ly ly '
50 In gene genera ra form formul ula: a: sWat}
Ms-Watl.
if
c or or re re ct ct l
if
co
es
io
ec
en il
th
predicate".
(§§ al ad
an
ee
tr
(§§ (in
th
do
d iv iv in in e f re re ed ed o
it
er
ca
ll
ec
le
acts,
en
i sc sc u 54).
ac
oo
ch
ti simu simult ltan aneo eous usly ly l lili n
-b
will will th
ec
ac al
ce iv
y"
d iv iv in in e w ilil l i s u pe pe ri ri or or . diver diverse se volit volition ions. s. ( Qu Qu o o d tate tate
v ol ol un un ta ta s d iv iv in in a e s c au au s c on on ti ti ng ng en en ti ti ae ae )
divi divina na lu
N un un c a ut ut e
a d l ib ib er er -
acce acceda damu mus. s. en
in
ib
es
ct
it
ce
iam te
er te
ae
es ec
ct
it
51 Scot Scotus us analy analysi si in logic logical al form formul ulae: ae: Bs) Th comp compos osite ite sens sense: e: N«Hs dist distrib ribut utes es furth further er to: NHs NZs, a n t hi N(Bs .....Zs), Zs), whic hi s b ri ri ng ng s u s t o NHs whic is false false
Bs
ca
li io
i nt nt el el le le ct ct io io nu nu m
et
c re re at at ur ur ar ar u
eo
ic
it
U nd nd e e iu iu s u ni ni c
te
ie
ta
ie ta
v ol ol it it i
h ab ab e p ra ra ev ev al al en en titi a
is
hite hite Zs
is
NBs
sens sensee-gi gift fted ed bein being) g)
Th divid divided ed sens sense: e: Hs whic is true true Bs N(H .....Zs), Zs), whic necessari ari est animal animal does Th nece necess ssit it in hom necess does no mean mean ther theref efor or that that ther ther n ec ec es es sa sa ri ri l a r m en en , w h n ec ec e s ar ar il il y a r s en en se se -g -g if if te te d b ei ei ng ng s b u i t e an an s t h nece necess ssar ar impl implic icat ativ iv rela relati tion on betw betwee ee th nece necess ssar ar form form or esse essenc nces es 'hom 'homo' o' a n ' an an i a l I t i s p ro ro po po si si ti ti o a bo bo u e ss ss en en ce ce s w hi hi c i s n ec ec es es sa sa ri ri l t ru ru e e ve ve n when when ther ther ar no refe refere rent nts. s. a : gW(btl - bi bi z . , . } quan quanti tity ty of obje object cts; s; Go ca hold hold obje object ct c, d, e tc tc . i n t h s am am e a c o f w ilil l
quam quam no
dive divers rsis is voli voliti tion onib ibus us
c.
te
ec
ct
53
ts
ec
to hi
ti
possible and
ec
to th
o si si t o n
nati native ve is poss possib ible le
is Th di in will will ca ot-w ot-wil il th
illi illing ng th ther ther is
en ou lt will willin in that that th re is st ne will willin in that that ther ther is no ston ston or notnot-wi will llin in that that ther ther
stone",
th re is ston ston at th mome moment nt of eter eter ity, ity, ston ston at th sa om nt factual act.
sens sens
read reads: s:
Th divi divine ne wi will willin in th
ther ther isa ston ston
th
omen omen
of eter eterni nity ty
John John Duns Duns
Scotus, Scotus, Philosop Philosophica hica writing writings, s, rm la
gWa
MgW-a
Mg-Wa.
c on on titi ng ng en en c
and
actually ly existi existing ng t h i n actual
la
co cl
Lth
ti
ty
ie
tr ct ch
it
i-
eternity. d iv iv id id e ia es co
ct
in
cu io
libertatern
ac
im
ad
e ns ns e a pp pp lili e
t o d ia ia ch ch ro ro ni ni c
p os os si si bi bi lili t
p ro ro po po si si titi o
i s n o a pp pp lili c
lu es
tu
th
cu
io
et ee
an
te
it
ly
two moments": es
tu
ic
ll i na na , cu
in
es
ic
ac
it
it io e)
er it
ca et
ae
ta
ll
li id It
ce
tu
e sp sp ec ec t
li
e iu iu sd sd e
i t e titi a v ol ol un un ta ta s
ta
te
ti
li
i n a,
d iv iv in in a
et
tu
q ua ua e i n q ua ua nt nt u o pe pe ra ra ti ti v
synchronic c on on titi ng ng en en c of God' God'
simp simpli lici city ty
e ca ca us us e o f
od
one
te
th
('simp s impli lici cita tas' s'). ).
iq id
a',
el
i ve ve r
instant instant
te
iq id
in an
en
in
io
er it is is
it co
ar
em
e, i n a nt nt i li io em
aeterni aeternitati tatis'. s'.
55 In this this para paragr grap ap it agai agai beco become me clea clea that that th conc concep ep of 'con 'conti ting ngen ency cy incl includ udes es th aspe aspect ct of fact factua uali lity ty in Scot Scotus us view view Scot Scotus us is no anal analyz yzin in cont contin in genc genc as we unde unders rsta tand nd p er er ta ta in in in in g t o t h l ev ev e o f p o s ib ib ilil it it y o nl nl y - , u t cont contin inge genc nc as quali qualifi ficat catio io offactually offactually existing existing things. things. S e a bo bo v f oo oo t o t 4 2
(§§ 55-
il
§§
je io
ai
is
it
at
De Interpretati Interpretatione one Perihermeneias
it is is nece necess ssar ary' y'?' ?'
is necessa necessary. ry. th
,,58
in
paragraph us
th
es
il in
in
It
(cf.
Perihermeneias: «Omne
esse-".
em
al
ce
an al
ti
If
em
proposition,
mome moment nt
Yo ar in Rome Rome a. "For it
a t m om om en en t
You a, if it is fals fals
beca becaus us
ti
it i s o t n ec ec es es sa sa r
ti
either".
Obligations"
"You "You ar in Rome Rome
moment:". re in om
present
al
t he he o
o f c on on titi n e nc nc y
if
t ha ha t it c on on ce ce rn rn s and
is
th
p os os si si bi bi lili t at
o f b ei ei n
d if if fe fe re re n
i n a n t,
as foll follow ows: s: Suppose a. There-
Youare Youare in Rome Rome i s
l se se .
it ed th Yo ar in Ro
t hi hi s t a
ca
made true
Yo ar in Rome Rome
e, a, it
ld
Yo ar in Rome Rome ll
et
tn te
t hi hi n
a, a,
a, a.
58 J.L. Ackrill, Aristo Aristotle' tle' Catego Categorie rie and De Interp Interpret retati atione one 5 2 ha is nece necess ssar aril il is when when it is an what what is not, not, nece necess ssar aril il isnot when when it is not. not. (De interpretatione 9, 19'23-24) 2 3-24) i nt nt i Time necessity, p a s i n uu uu tttt il il a ' Mo Mo da da l l og og ic ic ' O n Aris Aristo totle tle's 's cons conseq equen uen nece necess ssita itari rian anis ism, m, cf also: also: Vos, Vos, KN 20-3 20-30, 0, 254254-25 25 an 260-262. 60 Treat Treatis ises es 'd obli obliga gatio tioni nibu bus' s' ar abou abou certa certain in disp disput utes es an their their corr corres espo ponnding ding logi logica ca rule rule whic whic an part partic icip ipan an is obli oblige ge to keep keep Cf on this this genr genre: e: E. S tu tu mp mp , O bl bl ig ig at at io io n A . F ro ro m t h b eg eg in in ni ni n t o t h e ar ar l f ou ou rt rt ee ee nt nt h c e t ur ur y' y' , 315-33 334; 4; P.V. P.V. Spad Spade, e, 'Obl 'Obliga igati tion ons: s: B. Deve Develo lopm pmen ents ts in th four fourtee teent nt CHLMP, 315-
Prae Praete tere rea, a, «pos «posit it fals fals cont contin inge gent nt de prae praese sent nt inst instan anti ti e s p r e se se n i ns ns t n s e ss ss ee- " u t s i - t e s o m s i f al al su su m i ns ns ta ta nt nt i
n o p ot ot es es t v er er if if ic ic ar ar i i n
a;
nega negand ndum um e t p o i tu tu r
with within in on mome moment nt ther ther ca be no move moveme ment nt Th latt latter er is no poss possib ible le i th th er er , b ec ec au au s i t o ul ul d m ea ea n t ha ha t t h e g n ni ni n a n e n th ch ng
«aut «aut enim enim Unti Unti no noth nothin in ha been been stat stated ed with with whic whic Scot Scotus us cann cannot ot agre agree. e. It l l s e m s t o b e a bo bo u i m l y t h i m o ss ss ib ib il il it it y o f t h c oi oi nc nc id id en en c o f t w
o t n o e s i n i ns ns ta ta nt nt i n e e r m ut ut at at io io ne ne m u i u an an d s t u t t io io , t un un c s t t er er m n u u ta ta t o ni ni s» s» , e t t un un c e ss ss e s i u l v e u m a ls ls u in a; i gi gi tu tu r s i p on on at at u ' t s s o ma ma e e ss ss e e ru ru m c u o c n o o ss ss i e ss ss e i n a, ut prob probat atum um est, est, nega negand ndum um esse esse ss e d i st st a r eg eg ul ul a n e e iu iu s p r b at at i h ab ab e e t v er er itit at at em em , s i q u n d l iq iq ui ui d s t p o s i n o s s ve o nt nt ra ra , q ui ui a s ec ec un un d ha vi e t t e s s R o a e i t a ls ls u i n a, p ot ot es es t a m e s er i n a, sicu sicu lice lice volu volunt ntas as veli veli aliq aliqui ui in a, p o e s n o v el el i l lu lu d i n a.
a,
o w v er er , S co co tu tu s i nt nt e p r t s S he he r o o ' s r ul ul e i n u c ay to im ly h a t h p p s it it e o f c e t ai ai n s ta ta t o f f fa fa ir ir s i s not possible possible fo th same same mome moment nt Sher Sherwo wood od's 's word word supp suppor or this this expl explan anat atio ion: n: "The "There refo fore re sinc sinc Y o a r i n R om om e "61. [moment] In w e w i s e t h S co co tu tu s r ej ej ec ec t S h r w o d rule rule when when it is inte interp rpre rete te like like this this'" '"
a,
actu actual ally ly will willin in an th potency of no willing c an an n c o n ci ci d a t t h s a o m n t A cc cc o d in in g t o t h o p o e n t hi hi s i mp mp li li e e it it he he r o n o f t h f ol ol lo lo wi wi n t w o si si titi on on s E itit he he r t h o te te nc nc y c oi oi nc nc i e s i t h e o p o si si t a c o f t h e w il il l u t h a e nt nt ai ai l w o opposite acts at th same same indi indivi visi sibl bl mome moment nt whic whic is at vari varian ance ce with with th prin princi cipl pl of nonnon-co cont ntra radi dict ctio ion; n; or th pote potenc nc prec preced edes es th oppo opposi site te a c o f t h w ilil l u t t h ea ha th o m n t i s o t i n i vi vi si si bl bl e a n t ha ha t ther ther ar in fact fact tw mome moment nts. s.
it i s e f r e h e c t o t w itit h t h a c b ec ec au au s t he he n t h r e o ul ul d b e o pp pp o i te te s th sa t i e . h er er e f or or e i t o te te nc nc y e fo fo r h e c t B u t h i s f al al se se , s in in c n o p o e nc nc y a n prec preced edin in it act: act: then then w o l d d i i si si bl bl e n d o ul ul d n o b e indi indivi visi sibl bl mome moment nt th oppo opposi site te of whic whic is assu assume med. d. Prae Praete tere rea, a, si volu volunt ntas as vole volens ns aliq aliqui ui
in a,
o te te s n o v el el i i ll ll u i n a,
q ui ui a t un un c o p o si si t e ss ss en en t s im im ul ul ; e rg rg o e s p ot ot en en titi a n t a ct ct um um . e d h o fals falsum um est, est, cu null null pote potent ntia ia pote potest st esse esse in a, prae praece cede dens ns actu actu suum suum tunc tunc enim enim esse esse divi divisi sibi bile le et no inst instan an indi indivi visi sibi biIe Ie cuiu cuiu oppo opposi situ tu supponitur. 58 proposition: Ever Everyt ythi hing ng whic whic us se se
I n i s r ep ep l t o h e f ir ir s o bj bj ec ec ti ti o S c t u u se se s t h w el el ll- t i e d is is ti ti n t io io n betw betwee ee th divi divide de an th comp compos osit it sens sense. e. Befo Before re he appl applie ie it to th
is when when it is is nece necess ssar ar
a k t h d is is t n ct ct io io n b et et we we e t h o m o si si t j us us t w it it h r es es pe pe c t h p ro ro p s it it i n :
It is nece necess ssar ar that that
sens sensee-gi gift fted ed bein bein runs runs
if
a n t h d iv iv id id e
an ru s.
61 Oblig Obligat ation iones es ( co co d P ar ar i n at at . l at at . 1 66 66 17 17 , f. 56v, a s q uo uo te te d i n f oo oo tn tn ot ot e is s i s c ot ot i st st ic ic a y "cum adde adde by th C o m m is "cum igit igitur ur te esse esse Roma Roma si modo modo fals falsum um i mp mp os os si si bi bi l e s q uo uo d o d se in sit verum." After After thi the corr corres espo pond nding ing t he he or or y o f t ru ru t i s a rg rg ue ue d f o a s f ol ol lo lo ws ws : " Fo Fo r i t c an an no no t b e a d t ru ru e n ei ei th th e by e me me n ch [. h u i t i s t he he re re fo fo r i mp mp o s ib ib l t o a k t hi hi s fals falseh ehoo oo tru at a." ["Ve ["Veri rific ficar ar eni no potes potes nis per motum motum aut mutat mutatio ionem nem [ . . J . Si ergo ergo impo imposs ssib ibil il es ho fals falsum um veri verifi fica cari ri in a."]
nece necess ssar ary, y, that that I t i s n ec ec es es s r y t ha ha t
s en en s - g f te te d b e n g u n i f
m a r un un s
sens sensee-gi gift fted ed bein bein runs runs if
an implicative
es
ec
it
ma runs runs In th comp compos os
co
ti e'
th
i vi vi d
in whic whic
s en en s - g f te te d b ei ei n r u es
It
i vi vi d
n ec ec e s a
ha
t ha ha t
s en en s - gi gi ft ft e
if
m a r un un s
en
es as
ei
un
b ei ei n r un un s i s n ec ec e s a y , i f
a se se : i n
te
if
ma ru s.
necess ssar ar sity: It is nece
m a r un un s
d e o ti ti n
sens sensee-gi gift fted ed bein bein
runs runs is nece necess ssaa-
that that If ther ther is some someth thin ing, g, then then it is ther there. e. If t he he r i s s om om et et h n g t he he n i t is necessary,
necessary.
tr e,
ce
ty
an c ot ot u
E ve ve r t hi hi n
en
runs'".
ad
e ns ns e g if if te te d
ti
h ic ic h i s h e i t i s is necessary
li
ti
e' es
al
t ha ha t
co
ie
ia
an
ec
t.
ta
ca
c-
it ti
an
th
co
ly (p at t) does
Everything is
it
63 Form Formali alise sed: d: N((Hs footn footnot ot 51
is en te
Ls)
Ever Everyt ythi hing ng whic whic is when when it is is nece necess ssar ary. y.
Ever Everyt ythi hing ng whic whic is is nece necess ssar ary, y, when when it is
is
ev
e se se n
ea
t ha ha t
at a, co
ta
ca
ev
ll
th
-+
N(Zs
Ls)).
as
Ls).
65 Scot Scotus us furt furthe he eluci elucida dates tes th dist distin incti ction on betw betwee ee 'uece 'uecess ssita ita cons conseq eque uenti ntiae ae an 'nec 'neces essi sita ta cons conseq eque uent ntis is with with th help help of th diff differ eren ence ce betw betwee ee cate catego gori ri ca an hypo hypothe thetic tical al prop propos ositi ition on categorical prop propos ositi ition on wa defi defined ned as prop propos ositi ition on whic whic has the simp simple lest st stru struct ctur ur of subje subject ct an pred predica icate te id th it Summul Summul logical logicales es et cf te al mean mean as it does does here here that that comp compos osit it prop propos osit itio io must must be inte interp rpre rete te acco accord rdin in to th stru structu cture re of subj subject-p ect-pred redic icate ate Hypothetical is prop propos osit itio io whic whic cons consis ists ts of more more prop propos osit itio ions ns conn connec ecte te to conj conjun unct ctio ion, n, disj disjun unct ctio io or impl implic icat atio ion. n. Cf Summule r ac ac t I , n . Summule logicales, logicales,
nece necess ssar ariu ium' m'
es dist distin ingu guen enda da secu secund ndum um comp compos osit itio ione ne
et divi divisi sion onem em
sens sens comp compos osit itio ioni ni es cate catego gori rica ca et vera vera et tunc tunc deno denota ta nece necess ssit itat atem em cons conseq eque uent ntia iae, e, et es sens sensus us 'ani 'anima ma curr currer er si homo homo curr currit it es nece necess ssaarium rium ho est: est: haec haec es nece necess ssar aria ia anim animal al curr currit it si homo homo curr currit it Sens Sensus us divi divisi sion onis is es 'ani 'anima ma curr currer ere, e, si homo homo curr currit it es nece necess ssar ariu ium' m' es tunc tunc y po po th th et et i e t f al al s e t e s e ns ns u ' an an im im a c ur ur re re r s t n ec ec es es s r i homo homo curr currit it', ', et tunc tunc deno denota ta nece necess ssit itat atem em cons conseq eque uent ntis is Si in prop propoosito sito in sens sens comp compos osit itio ioni ni vera vera et deno denota tatu tu nece necess ssit itas as conc concom omit itan an denota denotatur tur ess necess necessari arium um "omne esse esse quan quando do est' est' in sens sens divi divisi sion onis is fals falsa, a, et deno denota tatu tu nece necess ssit itas as conc concom omit itan anti ti si 'omn 'omn quod quod est, est, quan quando do es e ce ce ss ss e e s e ss ss e s ig ig ni ni fi fi ca ca tu tu r q uo uo d o mn mn e q uo uo d s t s t e ce ce ss ss a
no give give h e o da da l s t t u o f e ce ce ss ss i y . is cont contin inge gent nt then then tt is cont contin inge gent nt as we1 66 h e o pp pp on on en en t q uo uo t h e r is is t t el el i t h s i t o n de de rm rm in in e c ot ot u thes thesis is that that will will whic whic will will some someth thin in at cert certai ai inst instan an ca not-will this this at th same same inst instan ant. t. Scot Scotus us howe howeve ver, r, parr parrie ie this this obje object ctio ion: n: Unde Underrstoo stoo impl implic icat ativ ivel el Aris Aristo totl tle' e' thes thesis is is corr correc ec an it does does no affe affect ct th synchr synchroni oni theory theory of contin contingen gency' cy'", ", r eo eo ve ve r S co co t c on on cl cl ud ud e t h p a a gr gr ap ap h b y r em em ar ar ki ki n t ha ha t e ve ve n i mp mp l c at at i e c s si si t i s n o t h p oi oi n o f h i o w t he he s s , b u e re re l th in ta t" Th r i t o e l a n t he he si si s correc correctly tly interp interpret reted. ed.
no
e l v an an t h e e fo fo re re , e ve ve n i f i t i s
n ec ec es es sa sa r u m u an an d st u n a ut ut e i n r op op o t o i g i fi fi c t u uo v ol ol u t a o l n s l i u i i n a, p ot ot e n ol ol l i llll u b so so l t e i n a, sign signif ific icat atur ur aliq aliqua ua nece necess ssit itas as conc concom omit itan anti tiae ae Et ideo ideo no es ad prop propos osiitum.
56 Scot Scotus us read read Sher Sherwo wood od's 's rule. Ad aliu aliud: d: nega negatu tu ilia ilia regu regula la Veru Verumt mtam amen en ar obli obliga gato tori ri ist huius huius regula regulae. e.
bene bene trad tradii-
a ff ff a r s t h o pp pp os os i possible p oi oi n hi i s t h h ea ea r c ot ot u t h o r o f c on on titi n e nc nc y a n t he he r f or or e he ha to reje reject ct Sher Sherwo wood od's 's rule rule as inva invali lid" d"
66 Th form formal alis isati ation on of Scotu Scotus' s' inte interp rpre retat tatio io of Aris Aristo totle tle's 's thes thesis is is diffe differen ren fr t ha ha t o f t h e xe xe mp mp la la r p r p os os itit i n . A ltlt ho ho ug ug h t h f or or mu mu l N( -+ p} is perf perfec ectl tl true true th temp tempor oral al aspe aspect ct is lost lost in it Th form formul ul must must be ( p 1 J -+ p i f o c ot ot us us ' p oi oi n i s e r s pe pe ci ci fi fi c o ne ne : e mp mp or or a i nd nd ex ex at at i d oe oe s o t a ss ss ig ig n nece necess ssity ity to th prop propos ositi ition on conc concer erne ned. d. 67 Scot Scotus us reje reject ct th firs firs (and (and most most comm common on of tw poss possib ible le inte interp rpre reta tati tion on _..Np N(pt ..... ..... ptI}. of Aris Aristo totle tle's 's stat statem emen ent: t: pt _..Np or N(pt M-pt]. incom incompa pati tibl bl with with hi ow thes thesis is pn 68 As th nece necess ssit it oper operat ator or in th corr correc ec form formal alis isat atio io of th Aris Aristo tote teli lian an state stateme ment nt conc concer erns ns th impl implica icati tive ve relat relatio io betw betwee ee and Scot Scotus us focu focuss sses es on t h n at at ur ur e o f t h p os os si si bi bi li li t o f -p: it is 'abs 'absol olut ute' e' whic whic mean mean synt syntac acti tica call ll inde indepe pend nden ent; t; conf confer er 'abs 'absol olut ute' e' in cont contra rast st to 'tra 'trans nsie iens ns in 68.
Appendix A,
ch
it
is
cc
impossible. This Append Appendix ix A70
f al al la la c
i ns ns uf uf fi fi ci ci en en c
t ha ha t
will willin in h e w ilil l w ilil li li n
so
th ng
a , c a n ot ot -w -w i
it
not-wi will llin in a n t h potency of not-
es
ea
a: same two opposite B ot ot h i nt nt er er pr pr et et at at io io n
at mome moment nt t, c a ld
ca
c o i n e nt nt l
t he he n
ca
co ti
th
a,
li
a':
in
ti
c o i n e nt nt e
in
te at
ca
ti
te ac
t, ia in
ly
ti i.
ls
acts
will whic whic will will some someth thin in c ot ot ia ia n t he he si si s Th will
o t w ilil l t hi hi s
om nt
72
ec
contingently, li
ofthe
it c he he s
De obliga obligatio tionib nibus. us. e e A n i nt nt ro ro du du ct ct io io n t o t h l og og ic ic a t re re at at is is e ' D obligationibus", I I L eu eu ve ve n 1 96 96 3 5 , c f 8 -9 -9 . c ot ot u o re re ov ov e r e a rk rk s t ha ha t S he he r o od od ' t he he or or y o n t h t ec ec hn hn iq iq u o f d is is puta putati tion on (the (the rule rule 'd obli obliga gati tion one' e' does does no depe depend nd on th trut trut ofthe rule rule unde unde consideration. Opera Opera omnia, omnia, v ol ol . I , Appe Append ndix ix A, [ 19 19 ] 4 2 n o e qu qu itit u ' es es t fals falsum um pr illo illo inst instan anti ti ergo ergo impo imposs ssib ibil ile' e' ["fr ["from om th fact fact that that it is fals fals fo that that mome moment nt it does does no foll follow ow that that it is impo imposs ssib ible le"] "] I n l og og ic ic a f or or mu mu la la : N(sWatl --+ Ms-Warl). 72 Scot Scotus us says says that that th oppo oppone nent nt reas reason oned ed 'a insu insuff ffic icie ient nte' e' Acco Accord rdin in to th Summul Summul logica logicales les beca becaus us of conc conclu lusi sion on from from insu insuff ffic icie ienc ncy' y' ('prob p robat atio io pecc peccat at secu secund ndum um cons conseequen quen ab insu insuff ffic icie ient nti' i' 21 l. 25 or shor shortl tl 'pec 'pecca ca ab insu insuff ffic icie ient nti' i' 21 I. 29). th ac id lu grou ground nd of to fe prem premis isse ses. s. In this this para paragr grap ap Scot Scotus us poin points ts at th fact fact that that th oppo oppone nent nt draw draw conc conclus lusio io on th grou ground nd ofmerely ofmerely tw poss possib ibil iliti ities es As Scot Scotus us demo demons nstr trate ates, s, ther ther is thir thir poss possib ibili ility ty howe howeve ver, r, whic whic rend render er the oppo oppone nent nt's 's
im
in
all. If
ev
in en
all moments:
tr ct
ly
past", p re re se se n
an
it
e xi xi st st s f ut ut ur ur e
61
61
38. ta em
to th
li
this
an
it
are possib possible, le,
volu volunt ntas as eius eius t ol ol o
th
31
B.
IS CONT CONTIN INGE GENC NC
OF THIN THINGS GS
Q UO UO MO MO D
U M C ON ON TI TI NG NG EN EN TI TI A
§§
TA
c re re a
lo ic ll
32-60, ha been been answ answer ered ed
Ho
CONT CONTIN INGE GENC NC RE UM
ig
OF THIN THINGS GS
C E T A C OG OG NI NI TI TI O
DEI]
certain and infallible knowl§§ 62-66,
31:
co ti
ca
en
§§
Scotus us retu return rn 67-68 Scot
co ti
It
li
ai
ll
logically
ti
li co ti
th
ca
tu
62
62
co in en it.
f ie ie l
e ve ve rt rt s
sit. sit.
h u a n a ct ct io io n
t he he o
t ra ra l
it
it
er
inte intelle llect ct
unde unders rstan tands ds
it
sit. Then
that
sit
a re re '
c o s is is t
as neut neutra ral. l.
i n t h e ef ef ol ol d i nt nt e e c
1. ie
b ilil i
t a t e c on on ti ti n e nt nt i
es
ta
tion tion with withou ou
in ll
an
make
t ra ra l i st st in in ct ct io io n e ut ut r
ch
an
trut truthh-va valu lue. e.
2.
r er er u
false).
ap a p r eh eh e d o
i-
near near futu future re
Star Star ar even even in numb number er). ). Suppose sit), t he he n
understanding:
tu
3.
el
inclu includi ding ng
' as as tr tr a e ss ss e paria');
its truth truth-v -valu alue. e.
sedere'),
ap
tu
iu
ta
e re re ba ba t
ti
ut neut neutra ra
63
63 ic
i nt nt el el le le c
it
u nd nd er er st st an an d
it
ly
te
a rt rt e tu
ta
e nt nt i
th ef ld
ct
lo
will.
i t t ru ru th th .
el
ie
I.
t hi hi n
l Ii Ii u
ar i nc nc o c t t ha ha t ls is ques questi tion on in dist distin inct ctio io 39 They They sa that that in Scor Scorns ns theo theory ry God' God' know knowle ledg dg of th futu future re is base base on th know knowle ledg dg of hi will will whic whic al futu future re stat states es of affa affair ir th ones ones aris arisin in from from huma huma acts acts of th will will incl includ uded ed effe effect ctiv ivel el (pre (pre)d )det eter er mine mines. s. Fo huma huma acts acts this this impl implie ie that that they they ma be cont contin inge gent nt bu that that they they ar neve nevert rthe hele less ss deter determi mine ne by the divi divine ne will. will. Determinate willi willing ng an know knowin ing, g, as they they ar disc discus usse se in this this para paragr grap ap an th next next do no impl imply, y, howe howeve ver, r, determinate causation. causation. Cf fo this this incor incorrec rec inter interpr preta etati tion on Schw Schwam amm, m, op cit., cit., 29-3 29-30, 0, 78-9 78-91; 1; Lang Langst ston on op cit. cit. 39-5 39-52, 2, 119119-12 128; 8;.C .Cra raig ig op, c it it . 3 66- 13 13 9 1 4 f.; Hoenen, Marsil Marsilius ius van Inghen Inghen 164164-16 166. 6. See.al See.also so th comm commen enta tary ry to 6 3 a n
3.
il et in i vi vi n i nt nt el el le le c
he
cert certai ainl nl
an
is k no no w t h p ro ro p s itit io io n
i t t ru ru th th -v -v al al u
i nc nc lu lu de de d
infa infall llib ibly ly
determines causes ti
a ff ff ai ai r
no
ea
at
in
e in in g a ff ff ec ec te te d b y t ha ha t k no no wl wl ed ed ge ge . It
necessary in
an
ti
tt t ru ru e
le
ev
( 'v er er if if ic ic ar ar e' e' )
only only th
it
io
of th
comp comple lete tely ly
ap
it
en
ab
te
tu
by my will.
p r p os os itit io io n
sufficient deed":
ways ways a na na t
fr
t hi hi s it e r in
furt furthe he
i sc sc u
at
e,
io
et
le
ts
at in
in le t,
ee
i si si o
cc
to
tu
refl reflect ectio ion. n.
ed ho
p ot ot e
te em
ly
c o i de de r
p on on i d up up lili ci ci te te r
in ta te
at
lt il ti
lu am
te
er
te ec lu 75 Cf also also th comm commen enta tary ry to
I.
76 Se fo th issu issu of 'pra 'pract ctic ical al know knowle ledg dge' e' th expl explan anat atio io to§§ 4 3 a n 4 4 si l iu iu s v a n 77 On both both inter interpr preta etatio tions ns an their their later later recep recepti tion on cf. Hoen Hoenen en M a r si
er
io exsi exsist sten enti tiae ae
ne
65
ti re cont contin inge gent ntis is
en
ci
65
it
Therefore lo
en
t]
at
ei
th
tw
and not-p r ec ec ei ei ve ve d t h
io
t ru ru th th -
sees know this proposition. te
ti
ll
ct
structural a ra ra g i nt nt e l e
er an in
te
is
en
th
im
ia
ed
an
sition
that
in ta er ac
tr
in
al
this propositio propositio essential an
l.
am
th
co
en
k no no wl wl ed ed g
contingen gently tly tru o f contin
erty 'omnis 'omniscie cience' nce'
imme immedi diat at
it
ti
Of
rnelius,
ib is
tu
ll tu
er
ti ti
co
it
tro),
th
im
ls
ia ly
ti
as
in
ei
er
i m intellectus
in
isiu
in le
cu
te
ti
te ec
not-changing ti
en at ta
ta
al
ic
ex ia
ib
et a mo mo t
am at
es
er
a lb lb a
in
m ut ut at at i n e te
a)
et
cc
ec
rati ration on fact factib ibil ilis is in esse essent ntia ia nisi nisi post postqu quam am dete determ rmin inat atum um si d i i na na . E t s i a lili o
i t d oe oe s f o h i
h o t ud ud i
volu volunt ntat at
t he he m
Ex isto isto pate pate ad iIla iIla quae quaest stio ione ne
whic whic
as abou abou dete determ rmin inat aten enes ess, s, infa infall llib ibil ilit ity, y, immu immuta tabi bili lity ty an nece necess-
quat quattu tuor or sicu sicu pate pate appl applic ican anti ti prop propos osit itio ion, n, in whic whic wa thes thes prop proper erti ties es belo belong ng to God' God' know knowle ledg dge. e.
67
C on on ce ce rn rn i t h f if if t to thi propos propositi ition: on: Go nece necess ssar aril il
q ue ue s i o
know know that that
(or will be) t h f ol ol lo lo wi wi n sense sense the propos propositi ition on Go nece necess ssar aril il
comp compos osit it
o m [ t i n e rs rs ] s a t ha ha t w itit h r es es p c t
will will si d i t i c t o n m us us t b e
know knows, s, that that
a de de : i n t h
iv de
will will si
ques questi tion on five five whic whic asks asks if th cont contin inge genc nc of th futu future re is comp compat atib ible le with with God' God' know knowle ledg dg of it Ther Ther ar some some scho schola lars rs wh shar shar Scot Scotus us view view that that Go ha cert certai ai an infa infall llib ible le know knowle ledg dg of th contingent futu future re bu give give an inco incorr rrec ec argu argume ment ntat atio io fo it Thei Thei view view is eluc elucid idat ated ed with with th foll follow owin in prop prop osition: G o e ce ce s a ri ri l k no no w t h i l s itit . To this this prop propos osit itio io they they appl appl th dist distin inct ctio io betw betwee ee divi divide de an comp compos osit it sens sens as foll follow ows: s: i n t h d iv iv i e d s e s e h i p ro ro po po si si ti ti o i s t ru ru e f o ' ne ne ce ce ss ss a y ' o nl nl y u al al n ec ec es es s r y f ut ut u ac
sens sens it is fals false. e.
u le le s h e n ti ti r i l s i 78
r op op o i t o n a n t he he r f or or e i t u le le s
ls th
Ad quin quinta ta quae quaest stio ione ne dicu dicunt nt aIi qu quod quod haec haec 'Deu 'Deu scit scit nece necesssari sari me sess sessur urum um (vel (vel 'a fore fore') ') es dist distin ingu guen enda da et in sens sens divi divisi sion onis is nece necess ssar ario io scia scia et quod quod sede sedebo bo
et
Sent.
et in sens sens comp compos osit itio ioni ni
fals falsa. a.
is th i nc nc t divided and composite sens sense. e. Weare no remi remind nded ed of th elem elemen enta tary ry mean meanin in of th divided sens sense: e: in th prop propos osit itio io comm comm is plac placed ed afte afte 'nec 'neces essa sari rily ly (nec (neces essa sari rio' o' an befor befor 'tha 'tha ( ' e ' w hi hi c d iv iv id id e t h s en en te te nc nc e i nt nt o t w p ar ar ts ts . I n t hi hi s c a t h t ec ec hn hn iq iq u h a q ui ui t d if if fe fe re re n e ff ff ec ec t f ro ro m t h o n i t h a d i n § § 4 8 , 5 1 5 4 a n 5 8 he th o da da l o pe pe ra ra to to r a s r el el at at e t o t h e co co n p a t h e nt nt en en c w itit h t h h el el p o f c om om ma ma , n o i t i s r el el at at e t o t h f ir ir s p ar ar t o f t h s en en te te nc nc e a n s ep ep ar ar at at e from from th seco second nd part part 'I will will sit' sit' Th 'div 'divid idin ing' g' inte interp rpre reta tati tion on of prop propos osit itio io does does no simp simply ly an auto automa mati tica call ll mean mean ther theref efor ore, e, that that th oper operat ator or is rela relate te to th seco second nd part part of th prop propos osit itio ion. n.
ts
iv
isolated
it obje object ct ('ut u t tran transi sien ens' s'). ).
ee yo si
If i t w er er e n o
see and y o see can
ct
ly
i nc nc or or re re ct ct ,
it
ee
Yousit. this propos propositio ition: n:
Go
e c s sa sa ri ri l
n ow ow s t ha ha t
in
il be ec
es ty
th
ca
epis episte tern rnic ic
sense.
ct
cc
lu
tu
obje object? ct?", ",
es
sedes': E t i de de o ia e ce ce s a ri ri u
u nd nd e n ec ec es es si si ta ta s n o d et et er er mi mi na na t id
a ct ct ur ur n s ci ci en en d
a h o lu lu te te ,
ed
it
NgKp N(gKp p) site sense.
ea d in th comp compooit i s r ea
TH
I NI NI TI TI A
ro
A RG RG UM UM EN EN TS TS ] TIONS
AD
[III [III
RATIO RATIONES NES
PRINC PRINCIPA IPALES LES
ch
ed
iv
th
in
nc
io
determinate av
ay
at
cc
il
ik
it
it
g en en t p ro ro po po si si ti ti on on s al
ti
ab
pr
te
te
as
en ef
in
forthe
true, cc
io
at ta
en
ic
li et
eu
te ti
er
at
ab
u nk nk no no wa wa bl bl e ch
necessary. in
tu
th
an
er
er
at es
th
is poss possib ible le if
es
p ro ro po po si si titi on on s
will trut truthh-va valu lu
at
t he he s
necessary
te t ha ha t
io
te
of bein bein
w ilil li li n
a bo bo u t h f ut ut ur ur e m ak ak e
te
in
e se se n
em
lt
es
e st st i
er
co
co
le el
en in
co
te ti
at
pote potest st scir scir au ae
ed
tu
lu
ti
ae
cc
is". li
cu
ct
pr
in
80 Scotu Scotu impl implici icitly tly prac practic tices es the appli applicat catio io and 59.
to prop propos ositi ition on
abou abou th pres presen en
i gh gh t a ga ga in in ,
te
lt
e nt nt i
he
n ec ec es es si si ty ty , t ru ru th th -v -v al al u
, de de te te r i na na te te ne ne ss ss '
an
c er er ta ta in in -
graph. ir
ta
ic to
ed es
th
tr th
lu
is
ta
th co ju ts
ct
-p as
possible
conjunct":
th
othe othe
tw
c on on ju ju nc nc t
h a b ee ee n r e o ve ve d
(§§
is no infa infall llib ible le
t ha ha t h a h a p as as se se d t o t h a st st , i s n ec ec e s ar ar y w e a y g ra ra n t hi hi s n d h e i t is argu argued ed that that He is elec electe te ed [ .. .. . ) " ( " A p ri ri mu mu m a rg rg u e nt nt u q ua ua nd nd o a rg rg ui ui t q uo uo d i Il Il u q u t ra ra n i i i n p ra ra et et er er itit u e s n ec ec e s ar ar iu iu m c on on ce ce da da tu tu r q ua ua nd nd o a rg rg ui ui tu tu r q uo uo d ' is is tu tu m prae praede dest stin inar ari' i' tran transi siit it in prae praete teri ritu tum, m, dice dicend ndum um quod quod ho fals falsum um es [. .]") .]") pend ndix ix It is note notewo wort rthy hy that that in th para parall llel el para paragr grap ap ofAp ofAppe t o t h Ordinatio is lo t ha ha t t h es if (§ r en en c b et et we we e p as as t a n f ut ut ur ur e w itit h r eg eg ar ar d t o t at at e o f a ff ff ai ai r b ei ei n effected, h ic ic h o f c ou ou rs rs e i s t ru ru e o re re ov ov er er , i n t hi hi s d is is titi nc nc titi o c ot ot u n o l on on ge ge r i st st in in guis guishe he betw betwee ee th dete determ rmin inat aten enes es of th past past an of th pres presen ent. t. InOrdinatio InOrdinatio 14 th 'con 'conce cess ssio ion' n' (a quot quoted ed abov above) e) that that th past past is nece necess ssar ary, y, is miss missin ing. g. Cf o n S co co tu tu s a n t h n ec ec es es si si t o f t h p as as t N or or mo mo re re , o p c itit . 3 69 69 . In late late text text on Sententiae II 25 e.g. e.g. Ordinatio II 25 howe howeve ver, r, Scot Scotus us quit quit c le le ar ar l e nd nd or or se se s t h n ec ec es es si si t o f t h p a t . h i i sc sc ov ov er er y o f t h s y c hr hr on on i cont contin inge genc nc rega regard rdin in th futu future re is appl applie ie to th pres presen ent, t, bu no to th past past
(§ 4 ) b y c on on ce ce nt nt ra ra titi n
simi simila lar: r:
t h v al al id id itit y
alth althou ough gh
II
1.
Ther Theref efor ore: e: Go is mist mistak aken en
It
t ha ha t G o
i s a ke ke n
mistak aken en s ay ay s t ha ha t Go is mist
c ot ot u
be), be), neve nevert rthe heles les
p os os s b l
83
tions'". e ve ve r
spo Ther Theref efor ore: e: Go ca be mist mistak aken en
God is mistak mistaken, en, but:
cl
can and will ew
it
in ls
ll osition pose pose
im
is factual.
ic in li ti
in li
th li
an
en li
th
Go is mist mistak aken en th
conj conjun unct ctio io
od no
ha
( wh wh ic ic h n ec ec es es sa sa ri ri l
mistaken en i s i nc and no p. If God is mistak nc o s is is te te nt nt ,
i mp mp lili e
p)
ispossib ible le that that Go t he he n It isposs
is mistak mistaken en ee
id
il
[A
r at at io io ne ne s s ec ec un un da da e
u ae ae st st io io ni ni s
A d r at at io io ne ne m
et
tu ci
ta in
ae
tu
o te te s
q ua ua es es titi on on i
no
f or or e i gi gi tu tu r
i, i ne ne s
e xt xt r
a ltlt er er i
tu
as fore fore
ia
in pote potest st
e di di c
83 Cf al th 84 syll syllog ogis is I . a jjo o r t er er m i n t er er m
c o m en en ta ta r t o 4. of th seco second nd figu figure re ha th foll follow owin in form form M id id dl dl e t er er m M id id dl dl e t er er m
aj Tran Transp spos osed ed to th exam exampl pl of this this para paragr grap aph, h, in whic whic th mino mino is il er in is
nega negati tion on
3 . h er er e i s n o i ns ns ta ta n a t h ic ic h G o k no no w S co co tu tu s a y t ha ha t f o t h s a i n t an an t a t w hi hi c t h m in in o p o e s o t a , th majo majo poses: G o k no no w a . h e o d o ul ul d i nd nd ee ee d i st st ak ak e a n t h i nf nf er er en en c li is ty
ed th
will will be k no no wi wi n
and
It ispossi ispossibL bL that that it wiLL wiLLno be
will will be
t ha ha t
n si si t o n
il
po
ot be
bi it
tu li
ct al
possible a s a ct ct ua ua li li se se d
will n ot ot hi hi n
a ll ll o e d
i mp mp os os si si bl bl e
f ol ol lo lo ws ws . If
in ai
fo
e:
ne
te
can
p os os si si bi bi li li t
co
ct l.
G o k no no w t ha ha t
er t ai ai n
t he he n ec us
an
co
i lili t
it
ar
th
er pr
ul an
en
es
lo
io
accept accepted ed
an be in
pa ib
it
ie
kn
isfact isfactua ual, l, it ispossi ispossibl ble. e.
in pl
as
ct
ic
pl ca io
om th
th t, if
om ti le he an ec en
tu li
princ princip iple: le:
happen, fo
e p taken
o me me -
is ib it
th
at
t ha ha t a).
If some someth thin in in
lt
li
w il il l b e The imposs impossihil ihility ity -a, b u
other other prop propos ositi ition on in
a n i titi o
an
er
th
an ec en
en
ti
th ap
th
c at at i
p: wiLL wiLLno happ happen en God ti
an ce en
Mp It isposs ispossib ible le that that
ue
th
sition: om os on c ha ha ra ra ct ct er er is is t
ti le
wi LLbe,
c al al l
p o s ib ib l
sync synchro hronic nical ally ly
he
gehe
possi possihl hle. e.
fe Commiss Commissio io scotisti scotistica ca ar s p ar ar titi e logicae logicae tractatu tractatu longior, longior, t r p ar 87 In or
N(
-+
r ld ld .
hi
two p os os si si bl bl e w or or ld ld s) s) ; t h and being being sync synchro hroni ni q), as a s Mp ss um um e t h p ro ro po po si si ti ti o Mq. If w e a ss -p for and -p no om os he
ul us he f or or mu mu l o f c om om po po ss ss ib ib l is i s f or or ma ma lili se se d
h e same p o
re
Mp},
(p
rl ( Fr Fr an an ci ci sc sc a
De puri purita tate te arti arti I ns ns titi tu tu t
u bl bl ic ic at at io io n
k no no w t ha ha t n o w itit h t h
il
a pp pp e
a nt nt ec ec ed ed en en t
ib tu
p88.
possibility of odkno
[sc. an to
th he
im th
le
ll
th
t ha ha t
er it
w il il l b e) e) . in
ef
it
po
it ne
bi e;
ed
te
te
li
om
p o i titi o
l itit a e m
en
w il il l o t h ap ap pe pe n is compos compossib sible le
i lili t ci le
tu li ib it
as th
la
en
ec ve
es ay
th
te
'a
e' no sciat
it
tu li
l se se :
Mp, but
on eq ay to
with
or th
it
th i m l i i tltl y
no
qu
eu
an
ia
ol eq tu
ib
il am de
il
is
ta
et
et
uo
li
in
i llll u
ib it
ta cu
en
'a
'a
eq tu
im
i le le ;
et id
ae
al ui
po
bi
6-8)
us
eo
hr
co in
cy
it ns
God
and
It
[A rati ration ones es tert tertia ia quae quaest stio ioni nis] s] ar
tu
tr
tu
Ad rati ration onem em tert tertia ia on
di to
quae quaest stio ioni nis, s,
in co
ad ct
um
quan quando do in
Mp is true 88 In formula: gK-p true bu gK-p gK p . . p ) . . v al al i f o G o i s ( gK
is neces necessa sari rily ly fals false, e, becaus becaus
an
ae
6.
i-
dictis.
true'".
io
§§
il
e.
fore.
possibility i bl bl y
-p
(ct.
objects": an
ly
In
diac diachr hron onic ic
in chan change ge
le
th
ta
at
ec
te 65,
intellect.
intellect
ec
i vi vi n at
r nu nu ta ta titi on on e ,
d ic ic e nd nd u r
ap
it
i nt nt e
o we we ve ve r
c ot ot us us ' a r u me me nt nt at at io io n
r e a in in s d is is pu pu ta ta bl bl e
b ec ec au au s
i sc sc ur ur -
il te ll
lu
io
la
at th
to
id
ti
90 -p i s n ec M-p i s c on ec es es sa sa ri ri l f al al se se , b u on si si st st en en t o pp pp on on en en t t ak ak e t o i mp mp l t em em po po ra ra l c ha ha ng ng e be
d.
nc
(i
i s c on on ti ti ng ng en en t) t) ;
rg
th
he
will said. ci
te
in
at
co it
tu
s ic ic u
p at at e
en
li io ll
ct
ch
al
co
ti
th
e x p ra ra ed ed ic ic ti ti s ti li io cally cally diffe differe rent. nt.
av
it
ar
ch
i-
sary.
w ilil l b e t he he re re es
ly
ar
th
eq
en
il ty
p ro ro mi mi ne ne n from Metaphysica
p ar ar t
It
ec
M e a ph ph ys ys ic ic a
v '"'" ; there
al er
io
il ty
en e; [Ad
ti
ce it Metaphysica
at
ta
ae
it
is
io
ab it ci e, immutabilitatis",
it
ce
ce it
ct th
la ic
ch
il ty
ct
te
en
ea li
ai
and
io
Metaphysicae", c on on ti ti ng ng i
a lili te te r s e h ab ab er er e» e» ; s e
i m u ta ta bi bi li li ta ta s
no
e s c au au s
n ec ec e s itit at at i
a ss ss u p ti ti o
t ha ha t
i st st i
Metaphysicae":
a, c.
( l Ol Ol S a 33 33 - 3 S) S) .
ch
it
im il ty
entails ex
o f c on on titi ng ng en en t
I n t hi hi s p ar ar ag ag ra ra p
Metaphysica
k no no w
lo
k no no wl wl ed ed g ec
o d i mm mm ut ut ab ab l
c ot ot u ta li
ci
Go af
n ec ec es es sa sa ri ri l at
k no no ws ws . th
t hi hi ng ng s i s i ts ts el el f c on on ti ti ng ng en en t q uo uo te te s A ri ri st st ot ot le le ' ed
Metaphysica, er ch
ic
ti
cy
ab ol te
n ec ec e s itit y
t h c on on tr tr ar ar y
th co
t at at e
o f a ff ff ai ai r
a lt lt ho ho ug ug h n ec ec es es si si t tr
e nt nt ai ai l
t em em po po ra ra l
es
ta
could
li
is
co
in
to
at
ce le (§ 13
ti
Scot Scotus us
li
is
formally
in
objectively
in
God93 ta fore, 'a same necessary. will be
in in
ti th
je
ie
w ilil l b e
object
ll
10
od i nc nc or or re re c i mp mp lili ci ci tltl y
bI
ou o er er c
(,sc (,scie iens ns
fore fore') ')
h i Metaphysica, b oo oo k
c ha ha pt pt e
ne
(contingent i mm mm ut ut ab ab il il it it y c a c or or re re ct ct l dg ow ot f o c on on titi ng ng en en t i mm mm ut ut ab ab ilil itit y n o a n A r s to to t l ia ia n c on on ce ce pt pt ; h ol ol d t h e qu qu iv iv al al en en c o f i mm mm ut ut ab ab i i t a n n ec ec es es si si t
q ua ua li li f r is is to to t
- \ . ,~ ,~ 1 ·2 ·2 · 1 '1 '1 -
i" f':'rm i" : 'rm2. 2.\\ \\'. '. in Go n at at ur ur e a n i~as' suc necess necessary ary'lJ 'lJ
entailed
.' h. ,'
b :,:, '~ he he - d l\l\ l~ l~ e
'obiective') Si
u,,,-,,,,"v", f6Mf
s t ss e G o n ec ec es es sa sa ri ri l if' is 01' w i h e t h e ss becaus us Go i s n e ce G r will b e t h c as as e beca ce s sa sa r ilil y p e rf rf e ct ct , and not-knowing not-knowing It> 11 imperfuedt1Ji. S co co tu tu s t o i:scQrnrinood t ha ha t G ~ tiHs He therefore ls o m n is is c ie ie n t H ~ I i
!maws
it concerns 95
mi
c on on titi ng ng en en t
80
me
me
f ut ut ur ur e
80 mo
mi mp
will will be). be). [. mp ca ve e llaa t o n Ad
Ad
'necessitas
De
b e w ee ee n
will be
consequenuae'),
bu
will be
m; De mi album.
o rm rm a o bj bj eecc t v e d is is t n c i on on ' ( ,d ,d is is t n c r. h e f on on na na l p ar ar t r ei ei ' y ie ie lldd s til ci m ea ea n m' whch m ea ea n i de de nt nt ic ic al al ' i n t h s trtr ic ic t m od od e s en en se se , b u s trtr ic ic tltl y e qu qu iv iv al al en en t 95 H e c e s u f ic ic iiee n or G o m n c ie ie n e , at e ce ce s a r me wa wi ws N(gKp while gKp a n e m e lv lv e a r ce ar ct
ce
aj
It
nece necess ss ry that that othi othi
Ther Theref efor ore: e: nece necess ssar aril il
at
re
i m l ic ic a i v
es is movi moving ng
er
an is
da ce it
it
or an ec
ta
es ar
on eq
co lu
t ia ia e
tu
purely
th ston ston does does no move move
simpliciter').
cc
in
co
in at en
l' am
as
es in er
t at at i
lid
God
is no nonnon-mo moda da
is co in co
I. It
es he
lo
te
ce
a,
in
ENTIBUSj
en
en
is
al
an lu id io
th ston ston does does no
ot mo
ove. ove.
c i i ce ce t 'a
necessary".
uv
in
nece necess ss ry that that If so ethi ething ng is at rest rest then then it oe
It is nece necess ssar ar th
uo ab d ic ic tu tu m e st st .
th
a,
To
In ~§ t hi hi ng ng s ( se se e §§ nt ge
tu
it
N(gKa
ct
--+
a)
tu he
th te
th co
mino gKa as mino
ou co in u se se s
Na
cy
ne es ar
th
theo theory ry (§§ ed in
li ly
ef es th
es
ch
ta
et
"For "98
ag
to
ie
c ot ot u
no
s ug ug ge ge st st s
if
ly
then
II
De ethium
ib
x,
em
consolatione, necessity'?".
quentis. (§
in ty
te
in av ca iv
not
co in
iS
te
consolati ation on ofphilosop ofphilosophy hy w i 9 8 B oe oe th th iu iu s The consol ng is r an an s a titi o T es es te te r L on on do do n/ n/ Ca Ca mb mb ri ri dg dg e ( Ma Ma ss ss ac ac hu hu se se tt tt s 1 97 97 3, 3, 42 42 88- 42 42 9 " Re Re sp sp on on de de b de di naur
p er er pe pe nd nd itit ur ur ,
i be be ru ru m p ro ro r u s
a tq tq u
a bs bs ol ol ut ut u
v id id er er i.i. "
philosophiae, Commissio scotisticar. scotisticar. b y t h Commissio 99 N(gKp N(gKp
-+
p), f ro ro m w hi hi c
r,
Np c an an no no t b e d ed ed uc uc e
b y S .J .J . n am am qu qu e ua
(De consolation consolation Lectura 39
h ow ow ev ev er er .
hi
of
De consoi consoiati atione one philos philosoph ophiae iaey: y: K nu nu ut ut ti ti l 70 I7 c on on ce ce iv iv ab ab ilil i y ' 1 88- 21 21 . os d is is ju ju nc nc titi v t ra ra ns ns ce ce nd nd en en ta ta l t er er m ( 'p as as si si o
an
d i i un un ct ct a' a' :
cf
re d, 3 9) 9) , w hi hi c
he i s e qu qu iv iv a
n ge ge n
e iinn g
wile
by G o
Appe Append ndix ix A, en
wh
'possibile')
ea
mo
cause'?'.
To
IV
AD
A TI TI ON ON E
P IN IN IO IO NI NI S
In §§ 4 -8 -8 7
E CU CU ND ND AE AE ]
S ccoo tu tu s
d is is cu cu ss ss e
th seco second nd theo theory ry of othe others rs'? '? (among (cf.
§§ 23-26 23-26). ).
wh
en
co
er
ve
me
in
(§
me
27-30) 27-30)
24
m me me n
Go
as
ec ve
es
[.
pr
be
ke ge
a u e , ~ th th a
C on on trtr a
a rg rg ue ue nd nd o
wh
n ot ot hi hi n
h ic ic h h a
b ee ee n c au au se se d
o ul ul d b e f or or ma ma l
un.e
~ , l ~ a db db ee ee n c on on t n ge ge nt nt l ~ au au se se d b y h e f ir ir s a u e , [. im o nt nt mg mg en en u es o du du s p os os itit iv iv u e nt nt i
p ri ri m
qu
o n i ng ng en en t
ha be e xp xp l i ne ne d ( s c u n ec ec e i ta ta s e s
imrnens ec ec un un da da ,
p ro ro pt pt e
q uo uo d n uI uI lu lu m
a u a tu tu m
s se se t f or or m l i e r
au pn o n~ n~ llll Ig Ig en en te te r a u a re re tu tu r i cu cu t o st st en en su su m ammo, VOl: VI Appe Append ndix ix A, a lo lo n t h i n o f t h a sp sp ec ec t o f f ac ac tu tu al al i o f c on on titi ng ng en en titi a' a' . ry
llISI
§§
,bu
st prus
c on on titi ng ng en en s
Opera
eo
ni
co in
th
co
ec
synchronically possible ou
im ly
ch
ac al ty
te
at
af ir
(cf.
ch
ac it
es
in
le
eh
th im in ti th
at
ta in
il
i ci ci a
au in
in
whol whol
is al ta
it
et
em
lu ia
it to te
ty
lv tu
al
ia en
cu
cu
at
in
er
ch
ec a, us
cu
time'?'.
us ag
ti
causet circumferentiarn est nisi
pe
04
nn
hr ni
pr gr
he
ne
temporis.
25). 25). Scot Scotus us para paragr grap aphs hs
refe referr rring ing to
tr
en
it
e:
can
im
it
t hi hi n
li
ti
tw
tw If
exist. p ro ro pt pt e
I i i ta ta titi o e m
a ltlt er er iu iu s e xt xt re re mi mi . 'I
lt ti
te
ti
te ta
a ct ct ua ua li li s e t e nt nt it it a
ce
a lt lt er er iu iu s e xt xt re re mi mi ,
ih
on
th th
is
ct
tu es
s ci ci li li ce ce t t e p or or is is .
it
IO
i sc sc us us se se d
a l t h o bj bj ec ec ti ti on on s
h ic ic h
u b e qu qu en en tl tl y
e ne ne r
( ' b ie ie ct ct a' a' ) io
r ai ai se se d
o we we ve ve r
en
d is is cu cu ss ss e
th
v ie ie w ti
ec er
ly
te
et
in th
ec
in
in th i st st or or ic ic al al l il
It th
t.
(§§ 88-90),
(§§ 91-93).
au c au au sa sa ti ti o
v er er y u pr pr is is in in g
io
ce
u ni ni ve ve r e . it is
o s i nf nf or or ma ma titi ve ve . es
t hi hi n
It f i a ll ll y s u
ld es
ll
a ri ri se se s
fu da
in
an
world. [Obi [Obiec ecti tion onum um expo exposi siti tio] o]
Cont Contra ra prae praedi dict ct
argu arguit itur ur
causarn prox m a i de de t er
et it
omni omni
erun erun
contra:
i hi hi l in
ti
e nt nt i in eb
tu te
cont contin inge gent ntia ia a n t he he r
ta
e nt nt :
At th same same mome moment nt th will will will will some someth thin ing, g, it can not-wi not-will ll it je io
ll
(§§ 55-57).
a cc cc ep ep t
t h v al al id id itit y o f t h r ul ul e
f ac ac t a li li t
e nt nt ai ai l
i t p os os si si bi bi lili t
(a esse esse
ad poss poss Ther Theref efor ore: e: it ca will s o e th th i
vale vale cons conseq eque uent ntia ial'? l'?"; ";
il in
e nt nt a l s t h
can
il
t.
ts
ls
th
not-will. is valid valid
If
a, il
ib it ch
e. ct
ll ac
im to
a ne ne o l y en
ll
a, actual a c et li
a,
co
li
ic
eo
a,
as
in ta h ic ic h
a';
el
iq
ll
possible two possib possible le er a cc cc or or di di n
to th
o pp pp on on en en t
t og og et et he he r
ak
c on on tr tr ad ad ic ic titi o ' :" :" .
a, stabunt
a,
in a,
it
en
iv
te
li
ce
ic
e se se n
to
te
i ne ne d
te ec
in le tu
e-
iqu
c on on si si de de ra ra ta ta ,
e s e nt nt i
e s r at at i
d i vi vi n
i nt nt el el le le ct ct u
i n p ri ri m
i ns ns ta ta nt nt i n at at ur ur a
a nt nt i te
tu
d iv iv in in o i nt nt el el lili ge ge nd nd i
er it
o mn mn i
r ep ep ra ra e e nt nt ab ab i t,
s in in e a li li qu qu ib ib u
i nt nt el el le le ct ct u te
d iv iv in in o lu
fo
ge ot
fo 7.
N(p ....Mp). ....Mp).
nt ne
ly
Y•
io
ei
im ic
ti
al
it
in
cr at
ti
l re re a es ar
an
ai ed
th
if
in foll follow owin in
in
exam exampl ple: e:
exen es
ie
distinctione
to
~Y
i ne ne s
li
ep
tu il
li
to
ir
An sense. ia s i l ic ic itit e
n ec ec e s ar ar iu iu m
ca
i n n iv iv er er so so ,
cu e d s ec ec u d u
tu q ui ui d t an an tu tu r
au
"108
i hi hi l s ci ci lili ce ce t
ce
th
io tr
er
ec i)
ta
it
ct
always valid
es
it necessary
in
c e t ai ai n r es es pe pe c
' se se c n du du m
quid')':".
108 Lectura 8, 285: 285: ..Si ..Sicu cu habi habitu tudo do igni igni ad calef calefac acie iend ndwn wn no es simp simplilicite cite nece necess ssar aria ia quia quia si sic, sic, tunc tunc in cami camino no igni igni no potu potuis isse se no comb combur urer er t re re s p ue ue r s , e t s i h ab ab ui ui t u n a ct ct u e t n o a lili u u t a d o lv lv en en du du m v in in c l a e t no comb combur uren endu dum; m; se acti acti igni igni ad comb combur uren endu du es nece necess ssar aria ia secu secund ndum um q ui ui d q ui ui a q ua ua nt nt u e s e x p ar ar t s ui ui , e mp mp e c o b ur ur itit , e e e s i n p ot ot e t at at e s u o n c o b ur ur er er e s e t ar ar ne ne n n o c au au sa sa t n is is i c au au s r io io r c au au sa sa nt nt e e t i de de o o n nece necess ssar ario io caus causat at abso absolu lute te tu at aw tu c f Ordinatio 3, oh n u n S co co tu tu s P h l os os op op hi hi ca ca l w ri ri titi ng ng s 1 09 09 -1 -1 11 11 ) §§ 235-23 235-23 (trans (translat lation ion in: J oh a nd nd : S . n u t ti ti la la , V a i et et ie ie s o f n at at ur ur a n ec ec e s itit y' y' , i n 1. Ange Angele lell lli, i, A. d'Or Or (eds.),
Lectura
Id
§§
27 -272 -272 28 an foot footno note te z.
di
de
1/
Pamp Pamplo lona na 1990 1990 (295 (295-3 -319 19 31 f. Cf also: also: L ec 177-180. 0. ec tu tu r 1 3 §§ 177-18 10 Inthe lang langua uage ge ofmoder ofmoder logi logi we ca sa that that phys physic ical al-c -cau ausa sa rela relati tion on is no 'str 'stric ictl tl impl implic icat ativ ive' e' bu just just 'mat 'mater erial ially ly impl implic icat ativ ive' e' stri strict ct impl implic icat atio io
logica,
causal
it
in
i m l ic ic at at iv iv e
ed
r el el at at io io n
b et et we we e
ei
c on on titi ng ng en en t
il
an
il so
ti
b ei ei ng ng s a nd nd /o /o r t he he i ia
ic
he
ty
ir
ty
statement
io
it
io
Th will will whil whil will willin in some someth thin ing, g, ca also also notnot-wi will ll it
t hi hi n
and
e re re f
he
il
en
il
n ot ot - i l
h er er ef ef or or e t w b od od ie ie s a n
la
te
Th wi an il so et in o m n t and h e w ilil l notnot-wi will ll it at mome moment nt t, d es es cr cr ib ib in in g t w i m l ta ta ne ne ou ou s o s i bi bi li li titi e h ic ic h moment'!".
propositions:
a n o tt- wi wi l t ha ha t s am am e t h n g a t th
r op op er er titi e
es
h e s am am e t i
fi
ha
s i u ltlt an an eo eo us us ly ly ,
a s h e h a a lr lr ea ea d
l ac ac e
e x o un un de de d
b ef ef or or e! e! "
nu
always
tins
ne th term term 'nec 'neces essa sary ry'. '.
T he he re re fo fo r
a n e a t hi hi s
t ha ha t { we we i t ! a t n c
a.
Reportatio Reportatio. Lectura
a';
im
te
le
ll
cu
eq it
p pe pe nd nd i
Ordinatioy. Ms-Wa, contradiction,
1 1 I n f or or mu mu la la : MsWa M(sWa s-Wa),
a,
a, a,
a, a'
Parisiensis, treating he
nr
Reportatio they Apograph (= ul
on rr M(sWa e qu qu iv iv al al en en t t o t h c on on tr tr ad ad ic ic titi o r- Wa). q) =* Mp Mq t ru i nt nt ui ui titi o n o o n i s M(P ru e b u a l
ns de
(Mp
MsWa Mq)
=*
Ms Wa M(P
q):
is
c a r ie ie d
te
e pa pa ra ra te te ly ly .
poss possib ibil ilit itie ie
93
93
an ti
n s e ri ri n
th
h es es e e xa xa mp mp le le s a ga ga i
t hi hi r
o bj bj ec ec titi o
th a bl bl e
ir b ei ei ng ng .
lo es
ak
cann cannot ot (alw (alway ays) s) be actu actual alis ised ed
ce ed
is
i t c le le a
t ha ha t i mu mu ltlt a e ou ou s
simu simult ltan aneo eous usly ly!" !"
Scotus ei
in
ts le
i nt nt e
le e, ed
ir
h ei ei r possibly
possibly
being
being being produc producible ible iu
ic
i nt nt e c t
i vi vi n
le
in wj
es li
eq
li
ed ad li
e r i na na t
ll ' ? " .
in lu ta
i de de o
In
t hi hi s v ie ie w
od
( cr cr ea ea ti ti n
is
is ce
M(p
i llll in in g i s t h ar
is
q). Likewise Mp
right.
e ce ce ss ss ar ar y u n o l i n
le
t.
( e a na na ti ti o
tu
tw
M-p d oe oe s n o
m pl pl y M(P
Mp Mq -p); f i d id id , t h o pp pp on on en en t
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. A. A. ,
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Ac
va
contr contrib ibuti ution on
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t h h is is to to r
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Middel Middeleeuw eeuwse se wijsbe wijsbegee geerte rte t2 (Frenc (Frenc transl translati ation: on: La phil philos osop ophi hi au moye moye age, age, L ei ei de de n 1 98 98 5) 5) . Divine ne omni omnisc scie ienc nc an omni omnipo pote tenc nc in medi mediev eval al phil philos os R ud ud av av sk sk y T . ( e . ) Divi o ph ph y I sl sl am am ic ic , J ew ew i a n C h i st st ia ia n p er er sp sp ec ec titi ve ve s o rd rd re re ch ch t oson Lancaster
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S ch ch wa wa rn rn rn rn ,
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CHLMP, 335-341. Archivum um francis franciscan canum um 1 7 m ar ar s 1 29 29 1' 1' , Archiv
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Archivum histor historicu icum, m, 22 (1929), (1929),587587-588 588 possib ible le an th actu actual al Read Readin ings gs in th meta metaph phys ysic ic of L ou ou x M . . , ( ed ed .) .) , Th poss modality, I th th ac ac a/ a/ Lo Lo nd nd o 1 97 97 9 Bridlington,
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ni
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Quae Quaest stio ione ne dispu disputa tata ta de verita veritate te Scri Script ptum um supe supe Sent Senten entii tiis, s, T ho ho ma ma s A qu qu in in as as , Summ Summ cont contra ra Gent Gentil iles es Summ Theo Theolo logi giae ae T ho ho ma ma s A qu qu in in as as , Summ T ho ho ma ma s
A qu qu in in as as ,
T ho ho ma ma s
A qu qu in in as as ,
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CHLMP, 358-381. t,
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shor shor hist histor or of medi mediev eval al phil philos osop ophy hy r in in ce ce to to n 1 97 97 4 .H. Intr Introd oduc ucti tion ones es in logic logicam am Traditio, 39 (1983), oi og nd (1983),217217-299. 299. i pp pp el el , J oh oh n F., ' Qu Qu od od lili be be ta ta l q ue ue st st io io ns ns , c hi hi ef ef l i n t he he ol ol og og y f a u ltlt ie ie s" s" , i n Les q ue ue st st io io n d is is pu pu te te e e t l e q ue ue st st i n s q uo uo dl dl ib ib et et iq iq ue ue s d an an s l e f ac ac ul ul te te s d e theo theolo logi gie, e, de droi droi et de mede medeci cine ne ur ut 19 53 gi
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tran transc scen ende dent ntal al
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Of
Th Edwards
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o j p hi hi lo lo so so ph ph y
P.
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A.B. A.B. Wolt Wolter er
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John DU DUll llSSco SScotu tus, s, ( Wo Wo lt lt er er , A . B .) .) , John (Wol (Wolte ter, r,
A.B. A.B.), ),
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writ writin ings gs
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1 99 99 0, 0, 28 28 55- 33 33 3
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131,135,137,153,165,167
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1 98 98 7
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Ackrill,
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E.
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103
Banez,
D.
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20 (Pope)
185 Krop, H.
107
173 Boniface
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Lohr, 2, 29
.K Catto,
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Modric,
Dettloff,
, 4
Longpre,
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44,52,7 44,52,76,8 6,89,9 9,92,94 2,94,95 ,95
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122,123,125,168,171
V.
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11
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acci accide dent ntal al
31,38,55,57,75,77-81,84, 131
V.
possi possibl bl
97,9 97,99, 9,109 109,1 ,113, 13,18 18
189 actualised 73,78,79,86,88-91,117,175
Vives,
L.
10
30,35,38,131,133,161
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firs firs
16,88 16,88-95 -95,1 ,103, 03,171 171-17 -173, 3, 175,180,181,184,185
Wadding,
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n ow ow le le dg dg e
A ri ri st st ot ot el el ia ia n
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P ot ot en en c
71-73,75,83,144 se
al
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se
a ls ls o P ro ro pe pe rt rt y
a sp sp ec ec t
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Auctoritas
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161,163,165,167,177
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cont conting ingen ency cy
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1 01 01 ,1 ,1 58 58 -1 -1 60 60 ,1 ,1 65 65 ,
182
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64, 178
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1 7, 7, 25 25 ,2 ,2 8, 8, 55 55 ,6 ,6 5
162,163,167,182,188, 169
189
125,129,163,165,173,
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7 9 8 00- 83 83 ,1 ,1 77 77 -1 -1 7
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c er er ta ta in in (t (t yo yo f
1 66- 18 18 ,2 ,2 0, 0, 44 44 -4 -4 7
69,71,73,74,78,79,81.
30-36,101,
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d et et er er mi mi na na t 101,103,107,
Ill,
117,119,121,127,133,157,
1 5, 5, 19 19 ,2 ,2 0, 0, 32 32 ,4 ,4 3
