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ENGINE DEVELOPMENMT FOR UAV UA V APPL APPLICA ICATION TIONS. S. EXPERIENCES AND CHALLENGES. Dr C.P.RAMANARAYANAN
UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE
UAV is an aerial vehicle capable of sustained flight without need
for a human operator onboard.
the
Although UAV’s
UAV’s
are mostly used in military applications nowadays,
can also perform such scientific, public safety and commercial
tasks as image acquisition of disaster areas, map building, communication relays, search and rescue, traffic surveillance and so on.. EUROUVS has drawn up a classification of UAV UAV systems: 1. Mic icro ro an and d Min Minii
Engines for unmanned aerial vehicle applications that require 120 hp or less are typically based on spark ignition, reciprocating internal combustion engines using gasoline or similar fuels. The engine construction includes 2-stroke, 4-stroke • (naturally aspirated and boosted) as well as rotary style engines. New requirements are also dictating the need for the • use of new light weight materials and multi fuel capabilities. •
UAV ENGINES - SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS
•
• •
• •
High Power to weight ratio. - Ratio of the order of 2 or more. Long Endurance – Mission duration of 20-50 hours or more. Duty Cycle – Demanding duty cycle with high Altitude take off. Compactness – Low Volume Simple Maintainability – Robustness, lower skills ground crews. Signature – Low heat signature/EMC
POWER PACK FOR VARIOUS CLASS OF UAV’s
ENGINES FOR UAV’s
UAV TYPE
ENGINE TYPE
POWER RANGE (HP)
Micro
Electrical
1
Mini
Piston (2 X 2)
TAC, CR/LE
Rotary (WANKEL)
MALE
Piston (4 X 4)
90 – 250
MALE
Turbo – Prop
250 – 500
HALE / TCUAV
Turbo – Jet / Fan
1 – 20 20 – 90
Above 500
VRDE – ASSOCIATION IN UAV ENGINES
VRDE has been tasked for development of mini of less than 150kg class.
It is also involved in the development of small, low weight, high-specific power output engines.
VRDE has successfully developed a few two stroke engines and have been tested.
Development of Wankel Rotary Engine was taken up in collaboration with NAL and ADE and has been realised successfully with completely indigenous technologies.
Currently development of engines of higher class is in progress.
UAV’s
VRDE IN UAV ENGINE DEVELOPMENT The salient features of the engines developed include: •
High power to weight ratio
•Hard
chrome plated aluminum cylinders
•Diaphragm
type carburetors for all position operation
•Multi-piece crankshaft.
SPECTRUM OF 2-STROKE UAV ENGINES
Four-cylinder 37 hp engine
Single-cylinder 11 hp engine
Two-cylinder 21 hp engine
TBI system for 2-cylinder engine
VRDE – ASSOCIATION IN UAV & AERIAL ENGINES 5.00 ) 4.50 c e4.00 s / g ( 3.50 n o3.00 i t p 2.50 m u s2.00 n o C1.50 l e1.00 u F 0.50
0.00 3000
Fuel Consumption Vs Speed Four Cylinder Two Cylinder Single Cylinder
4000
5000
6000
7000
RPM 70.0
60.0
50.0
) g k ( 40.0 t s u r h30.0 T
Thrust Vs RPM: Single, Twin and Four-cyl engine Four-cylinder Two-cylinder Single cylinder
20.0
10.0
0.0 3000
4000
5000
RPM
6000
7000
FLIGHT ROTARY ENGINE FOR NISHANT UAV
•
The engine is jointly designed and developed by NAL, VRDE and ADE.
•
The engine weighs less than 30 Kgs, and has high power to weight ratio in single rotor category.
•
The engine has a power of 55 hp and can also be used for powering smaller air vehicles.
• VRDE is currently working on horizontally opposed 4-cylinder 4-stroke turbocharged SI engine. • The engine will develop thrust for the take off weight of about 2000kg.
BROAD SPECIFICATION PORPOSED ENGINE. TARGET 4-STROKE ENGINE Type of the engine
Most of the MALE UAVs are fitted with four-stroke four-cylinder engines
•
For 125 HP engine for MALE UAV, a 1500 – 2000cc engine will be adequate for meeting the requirements
•
Four-cylinder Horizontally opposed four-stroke engine configuration with Turbocharger will serve the purpose of propulsion system for INDIA’s version of MALE UAV ‘RUSTOM’
ROTAX ENGINES (AUSTRIA)
LYCOMING ENGINES
LIMBACH
(USA)
(GERMANY)
4-STROKE ENGINE FOR MALE UAV - RUSTUM
Critical factors/technologies involved:
• Turbo-charging technology for SI Engine • Multi Point Fuel Injection (MPFI) for multi-cylinder four-stroke engine. • Composite coating technology on aluminium alloy. • Application of High specific strength material like Maraging steels and Al alloys.
FUTURE UAV ENGINES
DIESEL UAV ENGINES
Highly Fuel-efficient than present gasoline engines
Strategically suitable for single fuel concept
HYDROGEN OPERATED ENGINES
Suitable for very high altitude operation
Highly complex challenging technology
Very long endurance is possible
DIESEL ENGINES FOR UAV’s
REQUIREMENT OF DIESEL ENGINE FOR UAVs The vast majority of UAVs are using currently utilizing gasoline fuels (e.g. Hunter, Shadow, Predator etc.)However, these engines can be improved to Diesel version due to following:
1. Causes a specific gasoline logistics train since most military vehicle use diesel fuel. 2.
Gasoline vapor is explosive, hence is a hazard to the aircraft and ships that transport it.
3. Gasoline engines are less efficient than heavy fuel engines thus providing shorter flight/loiter times.
