Árect Técnico - Profesionol
T EC H N IC A TE N GL IS H I
Harry Jara Frias AIiciaLobosPoblete
I
Ánea Técnico- Profesional Technical English 1 Harry Jara FnÍas Profesor de Inglés, UnivensidadTécnica del Estado Profesordel Liceo PolitécnicoCienciay TecnologÍa Alicia Lobos Poblete Profesorade Inglés,UniversidadTécnicadel Estado Pnofesonadel Cenho EducacionelAlberto Hurtado Editor: EditorialSalesiana,Santiagode Chile Composición,diseño y diagramación: Depto. de Arte de EditorialSalesiana Dibuios; CanlosMinanda Ns BB.4O1 Inscnipción l.S.B.N.:956 - 1B - 0182 - 5 @ HannyJana Frias y Alicia Lobos Poblete SALESIANA O EDITORIAL Bulnes35 Santiagode Chile Chile todos los derechos. Resenvados total o parcialen cualquienfonma, Prohibidasu neproducción expnesadel editony del inclusivefotocopia,sin autonización pnopietariode los denechos. lmpresor: Salesianos Bulnes19 Santiagode Chile Esta segundaediciónse terminó de impnimihen el mes de enenode 1995.
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1
en el aspecto social y culü:ral han Las cir.cunstanciasde vida del hombre modenno hablar con razón de una nuevaépoca de cambiado profundamente,tanto que se puede han abierto panaperfeccionanla cultura la historia humana. Por ello, nuevoscaminosse preparadospol'el ingente progreso y darte una mayor expansión.caminos que han sido por el desarrollode la las sociale-q; de las cienciasnatunalesy de las humanas,incluidas los medios que pode organización y técnica, y tamb¡én por tos avancesen el uso recta notas car€cciertas provienen aquí nen al hombre en comunicacióncon los demás. De crÍüco; los eljuicio máximo cultivan al terísücas de la culbr.lraactual: las ciencias exactas huactividad la profundidad con mayor más recientes estudios de la sicología explican aspecel bajo vean a que las cosas se mana; las ciencias históricas contribuyen mucho y las costumbres üenden a unifonvida de Áau¡tos tos to de su mrltabilidady y demás agent€s que pnomue"*ru"iont más y más; la industrialización,la urbanización los Á"* culü.lra (cultr'lnade masasl' de las que ven la vida comunltaria crean nuevas formas de al mismo tiempo, el cr€ciente ¡ntennacen nuevosmodos de senün,actuany descansar; descubre a todos y a cada uno cambio entre las dlersas nacionesy grupos sociales formas de cuhura' y asi poco a con creciente amplíbudlos tesoros de las diferentes que tanto más promueve y va gestando una forma más universal de cuhuna, ;;;"; sabe respetar las particularidades expresa la unidad del género humano cuanto mejor de las diversasculturas. y mujeres, de todo grupo o naciÓn, Cada día es mayor el número de los hombnes de su coaá que son ellos los au¡toresy promotores de la cultuna que üenen y mismo al "on"i"n"iá el senüdo de.la autonornia munidad. En todo el mundo crece más y más importancia para la madurez espiriüempo de la responsabilidad,lo cual tienl enorme si filamos la mirada en la unificaclaro más tual y moral del género humano. Esto se ve un mundo meionen la veredificar de ción del mundo y en la tar€a que se nos impone naciendoun nuevohuque está de dad y en la iustjcia.De esta manenasomos't""tigo" por la responsabilidadhaprincipalmente manismo, en et quJ hombre queda definido cia sus hermanosy ante la historia' [Vaticano||-Documentos,BAC,lggl,Const.GaudiumetSpes,t\F54y55).
5
INTRODUCTION
Today it is very clear the importance of englishas a means of world communication in the industry,commertre, scienceand technology.Englishis the essentialtool to make possiblethe technicalknowledgeof students who need to be related with topics of thern fuLurecar€ers as technicianson engineens. The main purpose of this textbook is to providethe studenLsthe basic gnammatical and lexicalstructures of technicalenglishin ondento improvethein comprehensionand, if possible,to make them communicatetheir own ideas in technicalmatbers. Since the attention ls dinected mainly to the language, not to technical details of matenials,tools on machines,the text can be used with confidenceby gener-alenglish technicalknowledge. teachenswho have liuule grammar have been canefullyselected and gnaded. They ane and The vocabulary on woodwork, metalwork,technical drawing, mechanics litenature technical common to on elecbricity. The texUis dividedinto five units, each one based on technicalmaterial of all tnades. Ahhough it is assumedthat students using this book have alreadyreceiveda certain tr.ainingin the english language at the basic school, there is a fir-st unit intended to check some genenalgramman requinementsneededat this level. The linguisücmatenialis presentedthrough common siLuationsin dialogues,picbures and r-eadingtexbs.Then, it can be pnactisedand reinforcedin vocabularyand gramman exercises,which may be onalon wnitten. Charts containingthe main grarnman points in the unit, and some games to make the classworkmore attnactive,are found at the end of each unit. The complementanyneadingsane a helpfulnesourcefor the teachen, used as motivation, and they can give the most advanced students the possibilityto improve thein compr€hensionin englishand the abilityto tnanslateenglishtechnicaltexts. All the technical vocabularyand venbs introduced in this finst book are listed at the end of it. TechnicalEnglish7 is the result of many years of experiencein teachingthe language at secondarytechnicalschools. We expect the contents will help the students to become familiar with technical english at, a basic level and at the same time be a valuablecontributionfon the improvementof classroom activitiesin the teachingand leanningpnocess.
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OBJECTS TECI4NICAL FIRSTUNIT
tr ffiinEcEue
These students are visitingthe new school. They ane very pleasedto meet their new teachensand classmates.Let's go with theml
At the workshoP 1: Excuseme,what'sthis? STUDENT TE A CHE R:lt'sa h a mme n .
rs
STUDENT 2: ANd this? WhAt'S IhiS? T E AC H E F :l t' s a fi l e .
STUDENT1: And these?What are these? TEACHEF : They'renatls.
Reoding
Foi'ep'-pe. 6c n€rne we have a T.V. There ane mañy technicalobjects eve¡Arrrhene. pain scissors. In an¡ :frce ¡nEfnd a typewriten,a of set, a reconoer, a camena on a -€ :-r@s, some bunners thene ñ-'iiElÍ-y 6[€ a laboratory, computenand a telephone. In --a::- nes. diffenent too'ls arc are there and micnoscopes.In a wonkshop
Prqctice
A. Look at the exampleand then answer the que--,rc^s¡FIh€ sáme way. EXERCISE
1. Wt'ra¡'s-'l^is?
4( 1
2. \Nhaüs this?
3. Whaüsthis?
4. Whats this?
5. Whaüsthis?
6. Whads this?
11 I
B. Answer these questionsas in the example. EXEFICISE
1. What are these?
2. What are these?
3. What anethese?
4. What anethese?
5. What are these?
C. Now, you make the questions. EXERCISE
D. Answenthese questions.Look at the example. EXERCISE
E)(AMPLE:
It's a car.
rs 1. What's that?
Is2. What's that?
rs 3. What's that?
r€ 4. What's that?
fs 5. What's that?
r€ 6. What's that?
E. Answer these questionsas in the example' EXERCISE
1. What anethose?
2. What are those?
\
14
\
example' F. Describethese ob¡ectsas in the EXERCISE
Whaüs this?
Whaüsthis?
3
What's this?
E'''-'t¿;
Whausthis?
5.
Whats that?
6.
Whaüs that?
- f\
EXEFCISE G. Answenthe quesüonsas in the examples.
E)(AMPLES: ls this a car?
Yes, it is.
ls tlrat a birycb?
No, it isn't. lt's a motorcycle,
1. ls this a telephone?
2 . Are these bolts?
Li
. Are those cars?
Á. ls that a nadio?
5. ls that a typewriten?
6 . ls this a saw?
17
LET'S HAVE FUN WITH THE WORDS! How manytechnicalwondscan you find in this square? Findthem in any direction.
G
I
P L F
E T
L
E
N E W R H A F R P A
T A c N B L S J L L K T A A R A D I
L
U
c
E
c
S
B E N S T Y N N X E C E E o W R
o
H
P V H G S
o
Z T Y. F E D N T H A M M E R W
a
B
o
T C K S A W Y o T D B c D X R D K L A c E L S A W B K G X A F L E L C E U H A M E R A H E E L N I
ARETHEY? GUESS.......WHAT 1. 2. 3. 4.
lt's heavY. lt has a head and a handle. We use it at home and atwonk. Peopleuse it to nail.
1. 2. 3. 4.
lt's made of Plastic. lt rings. Theneane in diffenentcolouns' We use it fon communication.
1.lt'satool. 2. lt's long and thin. 3. lt has a metal blade. 4. Canpentersuse lt.
L T o E R L
ANSM¡ER:
ANSWER:
ANS\A¡ER:
\
Lesson two
Remding
at school' In the prctunewe can The students are in their first WOFKSHOPCLASS see manythings. ^^r - k^^r,-ór^,-ñ^ Theneisaworkbenchinfnontofthewindow.Thetoolbox,asawandahacksawa|.c toolbox' The toolbox is behind the on the wonkbench.Thesaw is next to the is a viseto the left of the wonkbench' hacksaw.Thene is a mask in the tool cabinet'A The tool cabrnetis in the corner of the room.Thene pot of paini"is undenü. - Th"." is a calendaron the wall. lt is betweenthe windowand the door^. the workbench'Thereis a machine The teacher anOt\^iostudents ane to the nightof behindthem
1g
rhe following diologues: R.e<¡d
"ffi'
o
$ iilie"rÍ
"."
in" machines?
Behindyou. Theyanebehindyot,. TEACHER: STUDENT1: What's that on the workbench? TEACHEF:lt's a toolbox. STUDENT2: What's insidethe toolbox? TEACHER:There are some hand tools.
* ffi$m$wg*sm Yes... so you want a saw. TEACHEF: That's right. STUDENT: There is one on the workbench. TEACHEB: ls this a saw? STUDENT: No, it isn't. That's a hacksaw. TEACHEF: The saw is biggen. Whene is it then? STUDENT: It's next to the toolbox. TEACHER: 0.K. Theneit is. STUDENT:
20
I
J
Prqctice
EGFICISEA. Are these sentencestnue on false? Look at the p¡ctuneon page 19.
1. The saw is on the wonkbench. 2. The students ane to the left of the wonkbench. 3. There are two teachers in the wonkshop. 4. The mask is undenthe wo¡kbench. 5. The toolboxis next to the saw. 6. The wonkbenchis in frant of the door'. 7. There is a machinebehindthe students 8. Theneare some hand tools insidethe toolbox. 9. The calendanis betweenthe door and the window.
B. Completewitñ the nightpneposhions.Look at the reading on page '19. EXERCISE
1 . The hacksawis.......
..thewonkbench.
2. The saw is....
........thetoolbox.
'3- The calendan is............. 4- The workbenchis......... 5. The $udents are....... 6. The teacheris........ 7-T¡E handtoolsar€......... 8- TfE viseis....,..-
..........the windowand the door.. ...thewindow. ...theworkshoo. ..thedoon. .....thetoolbox. ..............of the wór'kbencn.
C. Look at the picture on page 19 and answenthe questionsas in the EXERCISE example. a
E{,
1. Where is the calendar? 2. Where is the pot of paint? 3. Whene is the tool cabinet? 4. Where anethe machines? 5. Where is the vise? 6. Where is the mask? 7. Where is the workbench? 8. Whene anethe students?
D. Lookat the examplesand then answenthe questionsin the same way EXERCISE ? HOW MANY ..... ....ARETHERE........
Ouesüon Ansvver Ouesüon Answer
How many tools are there on the workbench? Thene are ürree tools on the workbench. How many calendars are there on the wall? There is a calendar on ühe wall .
'1. How many masks are thenein the tool cabinet?
1
2. How manytools are there in the toolbox"
E .ú,t, rr¡anyüses are ther€ on the wonkbench?
¿. i-+owmany nails are thene undenthe chair?
5. How many students ar€ there in the picture?
6. How many cans anethere in the garage?
E. Describeusing ttrere'rs ,/ ürers are and the ¡ight pneposttion' EXERCISE
D(AMPLE:
There is a car in tlre ganage. CAF/GARAGE
¿J
7
naillchain
pot of paint/tool cabinet
calendar,/window and the door
bolt,/toolbox
teachen,/wot'kshop
24
F. Match the followingconversation. EXERCISE
I
m
e-ü
What's that?
Al lt's on the workbench.
whene is the saw?
Bl There is one in the tool cabinet.
....f..........Wh e n ea r€t h es t u d e n t s ?
CJNo ,it is n ' t
1).. .... what arethose?
EJlds a tool.
L...... ls t h isa t e le p h o n e ?
Fl Theyare in the workshop.
G. Changeto the Plural. EXERCISE
1. Theneis a wnenchon the table.
2. lt is a calculator.
3. This is a screwdriven.
4. Theneis a bolt in the toolbox.
5. That is a T.V. set.
6. lt has a screen.
25
7-
i.e55c
I Eliiaqlog*se
These boys ane talking about bikes.
BOY 1: This is my bike.
BOY 2: lt looks new.
BOY 1: lt's neallynew.
BOY 2: ls it biggerthan the old one?
BOY 1: Yes, and it is faster,tool
2e
Dialogue2
Two men are talking about transporG. MAN 1: Excuseme, where is the ENTELtowen? MAN 2: lt's on AlamedaAvenue.You can go there by bus on by underground. MAN 1: Which is betten? MAN 2: Well, it's quickerby underground,but I think it is more interestingby bus.
MAN 1: Thankyouverymuch. MAN 2: You'rewelcome.
Recding
Means of tnanspolt Thene ane many different means of transport nowadays.We have cai-s :--= tnain,the bicycle,etc. trucks, trains, ships,airplanes,the undergnound The bicycleis one of the cheapestmeans of transport and helpsman to Keep =-: at the same time maintainhis environmentctean. Shipsane used fonthe tnansportof naw matenials,fruits, machineryand oil fror.' c.: continentto anothen. Fonshortendistances,tnuckscanryall kindsof products and busestnanspor!pe3p= In many countries,speciallyin Eunope,the tnainis the most populanone The underground[on subway]in Santiago,as in the biggestcities of the lvc^: fast, cheap, safe, comfortable and efficient,because it uses electricityas a scLl:€ energyand also helpsto improveour lifecondrtions. Many people pneferthe can when they go to their jobs and familiesus= camprng. The ainplaneis the fastest means of passengers'transport and o^= :' -j-. =3-=i too. Believeit on not!
Proctice
l. Gomprehension exelcises
EXERCISE A. Sav if these statements are tnue or false. 1 . The bicycleis one of the fastest means of Eransport. 2. Shipstransport naw materialsfnom one placeto another. 3. The can helpsto impnoveour lfe conditionsin big ciües. 4. The ship is the most importantmeans of passengers'tnansport now. 5. The bicyclehelps everybodyto keep fit. 6. In Chile,the bus is the most populanmeans of tnansport.
B. Completethese sentences.Use the words given below. EXERCISE
1 . The ENTELtowenisn't......
....AhumadaBoulevard.
2. Truckscanryall....
^f p, ^* ¡ ,,+^ .v, uuuu-.
3. Electricityis the..
.of energy used by the subway.
4. Busestransport... 5. ls the underground....... 6. A bikeis.........
........inbig cities? ..........than a motonbike.
7. A: Thankyou very much. B: You're...
cheapen
2B
l-
_. -¡
\
ll. Bammar
exer''cb'es
?GBCISE A. Look at the examplesand then make sentencesin the s€rrie ,"",E, I
i
The can is fast¡r than the bicvcle.
1.
SLOW
HEA\A/
3.
SHORT
==
I
_i
4.
6.
EMMPLE 2:
2+2=4
4OOx15=6Om DIFFICUlT
The mutüdicaüonis mae diffu¡lt than the addüon.
30
1.
Ll.
4
5.
EXPENS'€
ECONOMICA;
COMFOF-IA==
DANGEFOUS
6.
B. Answenthe questions as in the example' EXEBCISE
1. Which is safer,the subwayon the bus?
2. Which is more difficult,Mathematics or Physics?
3. Which is more expensve,a latheor a hand drill?
4. Which is weaken,iron or lead?
5. Which ar€ mor€ popular,japanesecars on genmancars?
6. Which are smallen,nuts ot bolts?
onMarch? Whichis longer,February
\
C. Make sentencesfrom this chart. EXERCISE
A TFN-D<
A BUS A CAR
THEzuS
IS
THETRAIN
ryPE\A/TI{TEM THAN A CAR
MOFE
AIRPLANES COMPUTERS
COMFORTABLE
SHIPS
ARE A MICROSCOPE
EFFICIENT
MACHINES
TOOLS
BIGGER
THEAIRPLANE
EXPENSIVE
GLASS A MAGNIFYIT\E
ACCURATE D. Let's compare these objects in the supenlativedegnee. EXERCISE
The file is the longesü of the three.
moan q
ñl
rmnqTÉ
*
tr !
b,
cóDPER
I
LEAD
BIG
5.
of the three.
ml tu l Wn
COMFORTABLE of all
EXPENSIVE of them.
rffi b.rq
^f#
ffi , . . . h-
=-
-
:
E. Let's compar€ these things in the positrvedegnee. EXERCISE
D(AMPLE:
D AN a==__: Electricityis as dangeFous as
HEAVY
USEFUL
b
NECESSARY
Grqmmqr study
+ THESE 4
THIS 4 THAT
> Singular
| ^^ LU5 nonc¡
Plunal
^.1;^|i ,,^^ dUIEUT VU J n loi nq
Thisis a car.
These ar€ cars.
Thatis a bus.
Those ane buses.
plurals: Al Fegulan
i
+ THOSE +
lll. How many... are tlrerc...?
ü ,ili lllll lllrl
ft,
iill tirl
txi l1 I
iill
lV. Some pnepositions Prepositionsof place Usamos estas pneposiciones ln front of On Next to 'Behind To the left of tn Unden Between To the right of
obietos' Podemosemplearhare fhasl panadescribir has a dial' EJEMPLO:ThetelePhone Carshavewheels'
TRADES SEEONDUNIT
lcgsEp¡'¡*¡ie
üicloEue
Two workels meet aü lunch üme in a factory' WORKER1: What are You? WOFKEF 2: l'm a mechanic' WORKER1 : What kind of work do Youdo? WORKER2: I do the maintenanceon cars and tnucks' And what aboLru You? WORKER1: I nepairelecrtcalmachineg' WORKER2: So you are an electtician' WOFKER1: That'snight!
---
Y F r€r .j
l
When a person uses his handsto wot k, we say that he has a tnade. For example,a canpenterworks,withwood. He burldshouses.He works on the sli€ He uses a saw, a hammenand nails. A joiner.also wonkswith wood, but he makes small things. He jotnswooden pleces He can make doors and windowhames. He makeschainsand tables,too. A welder works with iron or steel. He wonkswith a weldi¡g machine.He sometimes uses a torch. He makes steel on ircn fnames.He cuts metal pieceswith a hacksaw. plumbe¡s lay and repain pipes. They make differentthings to contnolwater".They often,makeroofs and guttens.Theywonkwith lead on other matenials.Theymust know aboutwelding,too Mechanicskeep machinesnunning.They do repairs on machines.They also do the maintenanceon cars on tnucks. An elecrricianwires housesor buildings.He repairs machineswhich use electnictty. He alwaysuses wires, pliers, scnewdnlversand screws' A fitter^wo¡ks wrth a lathe on othen machines. He makes metal pleces and he works with iron and steel. painters work wrth brushes and paint. They pnotectwalls, fnames,or Ótherlhings from the weathenand make them look nice
trretctic*
l. Gompre*rensionexercises
f
A. Say if these sentencesanetrue on talse. EXERCISE 1 . A canpenterwonkson the site. 2. The welder makes steel on inonframes. 3. Joinerswork with steelon inon,too. 4. An elecbl'icianrepainselectricalmachines. 5. The mechaniólaysand repairspipes. 6. All wonkersmust know aboutwelding.
[r'
B. Completethese sentences.Use the words gúen below. EXERCISE 1. An elecü'icianuses pliers,..
and screws.
2. The plumbensometimes makes
.. and gubbers. .....wonkwithwood.
3.......
1,
4. A joiner makes doonand window 5. The fittenworks with a ........is the wonka persondoes.
6. A ........
frames
tnucks
brush
carpenteFs
lathe
roofs
trade
screwdrivers
hands
DGRCISEC. March section A with section B. Write the numbenon the line.
A 1. ELECTRICIAN 2. PAINTER 3. PLUMBER 4. WELDER 5. CARPENTER 6. JOINER
P He joinswoodenpieces. uses a saw, hammers and nails. 4H. _/-He wonkswith brushes end paint. _ He repairs trucks. /l He wires houses. 'ir ne taysptpes. metal pieces. L¡l"cuts
ll. GÉamman exercises A.Write the third percon singulanform of the underlinedverb. EXERCISE
build machines,buLa carpenterbuilds houses. Engineens 1 . Carpentenscut woodenpieces,but the welden....
metal pieces.
2. I keep the tools in a box, butthe teachen
.-.them on a shelf.
3. Welders make iron frames, buba joiner
.... woodenfnames.
4. Mechanicsrepair cans,but a plumben... 5. They drir¡etrucks, but my father 6.' He ........;....
....... his hands.but I use tools.
........r'oofs. ..... a can.
r '- '- 1
{\rtn i
,-' B. CompletetheseseiÉnces. Usethe venbsgivenin bnackets EXERCISE 1. A canpenter....... 2. Weldens 3. They.... 4. The elecFic¡an... 5. 1.... 6. Plumbers......... 7. Workens B. Mechanics.......... L She 1O. We...
.....houses.
[build- builds]
with iron.
lwork - wonks]
... smallthings. .houses. screwdnivers. .........plpes.
[wire - wines] [use - uses] flay- lays]
....... the tools in good conditions. [keep- keeps] ....repains on machines. aboutwelding.
f¡ l n tvv
l - dnoc vvvsj
lknow - knows]
.........the housefrom the weather. [pnotect- pr€tects]
C. Insert the fnequencyadvetbs as in the examples. EXERCISE
1. Theybuildmodernhous¿i.tOFlENl
2. A canpentenwonkson the sibe.IFREGUENTLY]
3. Wonkersoilthe machines. IALWAYSI
4. The headmaster is in the office. IUSUALLY]
5. I wonkwrth inonand steel. ISOMETIMESI
6. He'slare.INEVERJ
7. We keepountoolsin order.IGENERALLY]
44
[make -makes]
Lessontwo .".,111,1* r41li$ ;.1:iir,tt,$
Reoding
A good worker learns his tnade well and he does his best. He reads books or magazinesabout his ü'ade to keep up to date in technicalmattens. He car-eshis tools and machinesand keepsthem in good conditions,becausehe knows they cost money. lf thene ane difficuhies,he does not stop. He tniesto solvethem. He arrivesat work on time and he keepswonkingtill time is oveneven if his boss is not neanhim. When a wonkenappliesfor a job, he needsto show a refenence. The neferenceis a statement about the person'scharactenor abilities. A good referencefon a workenwould be likethis: "GEORGE SMITH is a good wonker.He knows his tnadevery well. He shows initiative.He is responsibleand loyal.He is alwayspunctual. I necommendhim to perform any work in his tnade.
Prqctice
l. Gompnehension exercises A. Choosethe best alternaüve. EXERCISE worken: 1 ..A respon3-ible \ al does not wonk hard bl looks aftenthe machines cl works at a lathe which costs money 2. When a worker gets ovendifficulties,he shows: al punctuality bl loyalüy cl initiative 3. A'good worker arrives at work: al late bJon time j cJ at the end of the wonkingdaY 4. When a worker appliesfor a new job he has to show good: aJ character bl abilities c] neferences B. Say if these sentencesar€ tnue on false. EXERCISE .......1 . A good wonkerkeepsup to date in technicalmatters. .......2. He alwayscares his tools and machinery. 3. Tools and machinescost little money. 4. Goodwonkersstop working when the boss is not nean. 5. A reference is a statement about a wonkers abilities. 6. lf you applyfor-a ¡ob, you don't need to be punctual.
46
D(EROSEC. Complete these sentences. Use the words given below. 1. Georgeknowshis............
........verywell.
2. A good wonkertakes caneof his...... 3. Someümesthere are ......... 4. He shows........ 5. He is
at work. and puncuuality. .. and loyal.
fona ...... 6. I am applying
l. Gnammar exer-cbes A. Make these sentencesintenrogative.Use do on does as in the examples. EI(EBCISE
1. Hammenshave differentweights.
t 2 . Ma c h i n e s hel p man.
3.,A good workensolvesdifficulties.
47 J
4. The uld&r uses a torch.
5. A nail irins uruopiecesof wood togethen.
6. Batteries generate electricity.
B. Make these sentencesnegative.Use dont or doesn't as in the example. EXERCISE
ü 1. We repainelectricalmachines.
2. She understandstechnicalenglish.
3. The wonkenlearnshis tnadewell.
4. He arriveson time.
5. They make roofs and gutLens.
6. Electricianswonkwith wood.
-l
rc
G Completewith doldoes or dont/ doesnt
+ -------..-..
...... fitUers makemetalpieces? an electnician wirebuildings?
e --.-.--.... 8, fud vrcr*ers.....
.. arriveat wor-klate.
|.1b.----.........:......
. forgetsafetyrülesin the wonkshop.
ñ -----.--....
a plumbennepainroofis?
j.. G. ---------.-...............
a joinermakewoodenfi-ames?
?- Fúrers
.... use machines.
8" t----....... l" -----.-...... ilI- StE
mSE
......smokeneaninflammable materials. you understandthe instnucbions? ...... neeo a reference.
D. Answenthesequestions[yeslno]
l- tb paintersuse toolsat work?
workwith a lathe? AIbes a plumben
e Ib youshow initiativeat wor-k?
{. [bes a carpenter make metal frames?
5- bmds
help man?
E tb the students followthe instnuctions?
E. Now, you makethe questions. EXEflCISE
Yes, mechanicsusuallyoil theinmachines.
2 . ......... No, the plumbendoesn'twire houses.
knowaboutca¡penlry.
No, fitEersdon't lay PiPes.
Yes, she needs extra information.
Lessonthree
Iil
___l
R e cd i n g
A paintenwonkswith br-ushesand paint.Sometimeshe can applypaint with a spnay on a noller. Before he starts lo wonk,he pnepanesthe surface. First, he removesthe old paint. Nex[, he cleansthe surfaceand then he fillsthe holeswith putty. Finally,he selecfsand mixesthe paint.Now, he rs neadyto applythe paint. A good paintenappliesthe nrghtquantrtyof paint. He does not waste paint. He does not make a patchyjob erther. The cornectapplicatron and mixbune of paintis a task which nequiresgreat skill. Parntingis a tnadein whichthe paintenshouldknowcolounswell. When a colour has a little of another colour in it, we say that it has a "tinge".For instance,green with a yellowrsh tinge meansthat the green has a littleof yellowin it.
51
Proctice
l. Gomprehension exercises
A. Say if these sentencesare true on false. EXERCISE 1. A paintencan applythe paintwLh a rollen. 2. Aftenhe finishesthe job, he cleansthe sunface. 3. Paintensselect and mix wrth care the pa¡nt. 4. You don't require gneatskillto paint. 5. A tinge is a slightmixtuneof colours.
(
6. A good paintenappliesthe nightquantityof paint.
B. Completethese sentences.Use the words in the chart below. EXERCISE 1 . Paintersfillthe ....... 2. A good painterdoes not make a
... wonk.
3. He prepares the surface
he starts the job.
4. The paintenshouldknow..... 5. He has to....... 6 | can applypaintwith a
t,
[r
.. with putty.
5?
... well. . old paintfir'st.
a Bammr
e,srises
D(EFOSEA. Sayand wnite. nemove ;i¿ : I == -:1 nai nfr ¡ i i th=r =^l ^l ^^^
r }- ^
^,.J ^^^^,
use bnushes? mix differentcoto-r:? applypaint wi¡h a spray? m ak e \A/aqte
a nnnd
i nh?
n¡ i nf?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. B. B. Sayandwnite. EXERCISE
53
Dic
EXEBCISEC. Answer these questions.
I
TEA i
t snl
1. What do Painterswork wiuh?
t
TEA
s'ru
2. What does an elecuricianwire?
i
lEA
3. What does the carpenter cut with the saw?
4. Where does a canPenterwork?
5. What do you use to Paint?
6. What does the paintendo before he starts to paint?
ú4
Gomes
1-\ '1
How manytools,tnadeson matenialscan you find here? Lookthem up in any direction. lf you find 20 words you anea genious!
S
C
B
P
R
M
A
E
M
TJ
Z
L
B
E
G
E
E
S
o
R
I
S
N
o
X
L
H
I
E
C
H
N
E
S
C
N
A
H
N
C
D
E
R
T
a
A
J
o
F
E
N
L
H
F
M
R
F
T.
D
I
R
H
U
A
W
J
N
ñ (J
R
R
E
T
Ft
X
R
t-l
o
o
D
-r I
P
T
L
S
ñ
A
E
U
o
D
S
E
H
S
U
A
F
T
R
A
D
E
S
D
"/
C
E
T
S
J
f / \./
tr
P
R
M
'./tt !L' f
G
Comoletethe crosswords with tnades.
55
F-
$ 'Grqmmc¡r sfudY
l. Simple hesent Tense Affirmativeform: I
Si el sujeto de la onaciÓnconrespondea la 3- pefsona singular,el venboagrega €' Los venbosterminados en'.-s/-sh/
agregan-es'
Si el venbotermina en -y antecedidapor consonant€,cambia la -y pot -i y agrega -es' Negativeform:
SPEAK SHE
Conü^acüons:
DOES NOT Do not = dont Does not = doesn't
lntenrogativefonm:
DO
a
DOES Usamos do y does como auxiliaresen la forma intenrogativay negativa,y en infinitivo. venbopninciPal
DRAWING TECHNICAT THIRDUNIT
Lessonone
i*,,1¡'l'*¡¡-:'1:;
D i ol ogue
Trc friends are planning thein ne)G summen hol'rlays. = =ND A: What willyou do next summer holidays? .-- =ND B: I'llhelp my father.We'll builda houseat the seaside.We will go there next week to measunethe sile. :
=ND A: What will vou do fit'st?
-END
B: We'll see the postb¡on of the house,the thicknessof the foundations,etc
A: Willyoudrawa plan? FRIEND B: Of courseyes.We want to makean accuratewonk. FBIEND A: Whenwillyougo ther€then? FRIEND B: I thinkwe'llbe there nexLSaturday. FRIEND A: CanI go with you? FRIEND B: O.K.We'llneedsomehelp. FRIEND \.,-¡ f¡
Reoding
Accurate measunementis the basis of all technicalwonk.All wonkers use measuning tools. The simplest measuningtool is the n¡len. We can measure the length, the height and the width of an object with the.rulen. We can measur€ a round object with a süeel taÉ.
The ruler, as all measuningtools, is composed of units. These units are in centimetres on inches. The canümeü¡.e is a meü"ic unit of measurement and the inch is the Bnitishunit of measurement. Here are some oühenmeasuringdevices:
The balance It is usedfor weighing verysmallobjects.
F
The speedom€rüer It is usedfonmeasuning speed.
The thermom€'tet It is used fon measuring femoenatur€.
The Vennier caliper It is used fon measuning internalon external dimensions.
Measuningtools are very lmportant tools, and we must keep them smooth and clean. Everytime you use a measuringtool, keep it away from other tools becausethey are not accunateif they become damaged.
Prqctice
l. Comprehension exe¡'cises A. Say if these statements are true on false. EXERCISE .......1.We can measurethe widthof an oblectwith a nulen
2. Theunitsof a rulercan be markedin inches. 3. Thebalanceis usedfor weighingverybigobjects. roundobjects. 4. TheVenniercalipenis usedfonmeasuning
59
L
5. The speed of a car is measuredwith the soeedometer. 'i.
p
6. The inch is a metnicunit of measur€ment.
i:i
¡
B. Answenthese questionsaccordingto the text. EXEBCISE
1. Which is the simplestmeasuningtool?
2. What is a centimeü'e?
3. What can we use to measure a round obiect?
4. What is a thermometer?
ll. Grammar exercises 1. We can write the numbers in words on in figurcs.
Leüs praccicethe number€ to measure accunatety. e¡ehClSf A. Wnite these figures in words as in the example.
E)(AMPLE: 11 1.5
o.o1 ?.15
1.6
3.14 60
r:].
13 7 7 .2 't5 o.03 50.o5 2 .8
"'?'""
1'fl\
t {#i
B. Wnite these numbers in figures. EXERCISE
\*"r-
Twenty five One hundred and threeNinetyninethousand Zero point two Three point thnee thnee Two hundred and seventyone Fiftypoint five Onepoint seven. a'
Zero point zero zerc ntne Twelve
C. Read out these numbers. EXERCISE
i¡ ¡[i
tr
F
g,
671
9,47
75C,
U.UUO
I CLJ
16.O
o.4
542
o.04
27.4
400
o.30
2. Look at the exampleand descnibethe objects in the same way.
E)(AMPLE:
Thisis a cube.lt is 12 cm long, 12 cm high,and 12 cm wide.
I
F-
rc¡n-
"W 3. Look at these pictures.
The length of the nuleris 1 m.
The heighü of the aerial is 10 m.
The wklth of the table is 1.5 m. t\
,
,;
*..
I
Now, you descnibethe objectsof exerciseB 1. The lengthof the cube is 12 cm. The heightof the cube is............. Thewidth... 2. The lengthof the matchboxis........ The height.. The....... 3.The..
......ofthecanis...............
The............
The width. of the T.V.setis
4. Folldwthese insü'uctions. 1. Dnawa box 1.5 m long,1 m wideand O.5 m high.
2. Draw a bnidge70 m long, B m wide and 3.5 m high'
I
3. Dnawa bus 20 m long,3'5 m wide and 4 m high.
'Drlo
"K.%ocm 4. Dnaw a video reco
long,.71 F"^wide and Fcmhigh' E
5. Completethe followingsentences. 1. The dimensionsof the desk at which I am situingare: cm, height...........cm.
cm, length
2. The dimensions of the house I live are: length .m. heighr...........
m, width ........'..m
and
3. The dimensionsof out'workshop ane: length height...........m.
m, width .........'. m
and
t--
R.eoding
This is a toolbox.lt is made of metal. lt has a front, a back and two sides. lt also has a top and a botlom. The top of the box ts the l¡d.lt opensand shuts. lt has two hinges. This box has a hasp and a padlock.A key is insertedin the padlock. How many surfaceshas the box? It has six surfaces:the top, the bottom,the front, the back and the two sides' How manYSonn€rshas the box? It has etghtconners. How manyedgeshas the lid? It has founedges.
In Geometry,the sur'facesare planes, lhe cornensane Points, and the edqesare lines.
OFTHE BOX GIVINGTHE DIMENSIONS Horu long is the box? It is sixuycentimetres long. The lengüh of the box is sixty centimetres. How high is the box? It is thirty five centimetres high. The height of th.e box is thirty five centimetres. How wirle is the box? It is fourty centimetres wkle. The wirlttr of the box is fourty centimetres.
Prqctice
l. Qompnehension,,exercbes A. Say if these statements are ü'ue on false. EXERCISE 1. The toolboxis made of plastic. 2. The box has four sides. 3. The lid is the toP of the box. 4. The lid opens and sht-¡ts. 5. The box has two sunfaces:the top and Ehebottom. 6. In Geometry,the corners are planes. B. Completethese sentences.Use the wondsgivenon the nexLpage. EXERCISE 1. The toolboxhas a front,a ........:..... 2. The edgesare ...........
.. and two sides.
..... in Geometry F,^^+I . +F.^ U U ¡I E U U A .
3. We can measur€the length,the width and the t
4. I insert a keyin the .... 5. The lidhas two ...... 6. The box has eight ..
edges
back
padlock
lines
height
cornens
hinges
sunfaces
bngth
partsof the trunk in the picture. C. Indicatethe following EXEBCISE HINGES PADLOCK
SIDES HASP
FRONT TOP COBNERS EDtrS
BACK LID BOTTOM HANDLE
ll. Gramman exer.cbes A. Answenthe questionsaccordingto the piclures. EXEBCISE
1. How high is the containen?
2. How long is the wall?
3. How wide is the room?
=.'* I
4. How high is the house?
5. Howlongis the saw?
B. Make the ouestions. EXERCISE
1. The.door is two metres high.
The handleis fourty centimetneslong.
Theboxhas sixsurfaces.
The height of the box is 35 centimetres.
5. The lid has foun edges.
69
lesson three
&rawi*g exhwnxse
shapes. Technicaldrawingis made up of linesand geometnical are: The basic drawing lines The thln line The thick line The dotted line
We use four basic geometricalshapes:
The rectangle
The tniangle
The circle
lf we want to build a house, we will use drawings.These dnawingsw¡ll snow-tne insideand outsidedetailsof the house. In the constructionof tñe house, we will need three types of dnawings:the elevation, the planand the section. The elevation is the view of everyside of the house. lf the house that we are building has founsides,we must dnawfour elevations.Theseelevationswill show the shape and sizeof door and windowsand theinoositionsin the walls,
The elevation
71
The Cil b the üevv of the house frpm above. This plan will show the thickness of É¡e ¡Eifu and oubsidewalls and the positionof doors and windows. lt will also show the bngüh and width of the rooms. For a onestorey house, we will draw three plans: the foundationplan, the first floon flan and the roof plan.
The plan The sestion cuts the house from top to bottom. lt will show the height of the rooms, ceilingand windowsand the thicknessof the floor and raof.
rl
The section You will notice that in the dnawing,construction or descniptionof any dnawing,accunatemeasur€ment is the basis fonthe best results at wonk.
Prqclice
l. Gdmpnehension exencises ExerciseA. Say if these sentencesar€ ütue or falSe. 1. The squar€ is a geomeLricalshape. 2. The broken line consists of ooints and lines.
Í
3. To builda housewe needat leastthree drawings.
I
i
is the üew of the housefrom above. 4. Theelevation ..............5.The sectionshowsthe'heightof the ceiling. isn'timportantin technicaldrawing. ..............6.Accuratemeasunement
ExenciceB. Completethese sentences.Use the words given below. 1. Linesand geometnical.....
..... make up technicaldnawing.
.......linesare basicin anydrawing.
2 ......... 3. The
.... is a geometnical shape.
4. Drawingsshow the
............ and ou¡tside detailsof a house.
5. A househas foun cuts the housefrom top tobowom. ..................
6. The
¡',4\rammar \tfeRClSe
exercises A. Canyor-rdescribethese lines?(h/theyl.
D(AMPLE:
They are dotted lines.
73
!
¡
f s!
É.
B. What is it? What are thef EXERCISE
o ^áM
;
I l
lffil
r
,1
C. Descnibeand givethe dimensions. EXEFICISE ll
EXAMPLE -----------5
V\'
Aa
+
This is a thick line. It is 4 cm long.
t7 ti
These They.........
75 n^
J
X
D. EXERCISE
Draw the plan of your house. Givethe dimensionsof: A. The lengthof the house. B. The width of the house. C. The lengthand width of the nooms.
E@OSE E. Change into fuuuretense as in the eramfle'
E}(AhÁPLE: TheYgo to school.feuery daYl Theywill go to school.ftomomovul
1 We use technicaldrawtng.
2. Drawingsshow allthe detailsof the house'
3. He needsthree tyPesof drawings
4. The teacher givesthe instnuctionsto the students'
5. Wonkersbuilda new bnidge.
6. I do the exerctseseveryday.
F. Make these sentencesnegativeand inten'ogativeas in the example. EXERCISE
Theywill use geometnicalshaPes. Theywill not use geometr¡calshapes. Will they use geometricalshaPes?
1 . Studentswill dnawthe plans in class.
77
;
2. Theplanwillshowthe widthof the room.
3. Lineswillbe basic.
4. Accunatemeasur€mentwill givethe best results.
5. You will describethese lines.
6. Theywill make an experimentnext week.
I
G. Answerthesequestions.[Yes,/noJ' EXERCISE 1. Will the studentsgo to the seasidenextsummerholidays? 2. Willtheybuilda newganage? 3. Willthey measurethe site?
4. Will a carpenter draw tfre Plan?
5. Willthe architects need dnawings?
6. Will you have a test on technicaldrawingtomornow?
7A
i
f É
Gomes
b
t
A. Leüs practicethe numbers. Followthe instnuctions. 1. al Chooseany pair number bJ Doubleit cl Add 4 dJ Dividethe result in half el Subtract 2
I
Which is the number?............
I
2. aJChoosea painnumben bl Doubleit cl Add 6 dl Dividethe result in half el Subtract 3
I
Which is the numben?
3. al Choosea pairnumber bl Doubleit cJAdd 10 dJDividethe resultin half el Subtract5 Whichis the n u mb e r? . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Completethe cnosswordswith words in relationto rneasurement.
79
Grommor strldy
F l. Simple Futr¡rc Tense Anteponemosel auxilianwill panaü'ansformar un venboa futuro. Affinmativefonm:
He will
go
tomorrcw
willnot
go
tomorrow
go
tomomow
They Negativeform:
ñe They
Intenragativefonm:
W¡II they
HAND TOOL5 FOURTHUNIT
lesson one l, ,ll,ti::,1¡t ,l'¡ ,i:, ,,,..,i,1
Diologue
Two students in tlre sciencelabonatory 1: What areYoudoing? STUDENT fonthe scienceclass. 2: I'mmakinga lever.Thisis an experiment STUDENT B1 l
j
STUDENT1: And what is a leven? STUDENT2: Let me explainit with a rulen,a piece of wood and two stones. STUDENT'l: What aneyou trying to find out? STUDENT2: I want to find out where to pLrtthe ruler to lift the heavienstone.
STUDENT1: How intenesting! STUDENT2: Yes, and it's funnyto learn sciencethrough a simpleexperiment.
l]]i
n
It's difficultfor us to imaginea world without cans, planes,on machines.But, thene was a tlme, thousandsof years ago, when thene were no tools at all, and man only usedthe stnengthof his musclesor the musclesof animalsto do his wonk The first tools were constructedbecauseof need. These tools or basic machines wenevery simpleand man usedthem to make his wonkeasier. Penhapsthe first basic tool inventedby man was the leven. Can you imaginea primitiveman tnyingto pratect the entt'anceto his cave by putttng a big rcck in front of it? In fact, these pr.imitivetools ane still used today and even oun most complicated modern machinesanecombinationsof them. Nowadays,man uses manytools to make a moneefficientand quickwot'k. A hand tool is an instnumentthat we hold and use in the hands.A hand tool doesn't work withouuhelp.We use the power of out'handsto move it. Fonexamole.a cafpenter usesthe saw to cut the wood.
B2 It
A mechanicuses differenttypesof wrenchesto nepainrnac: -E:
We removea nailwith the hammen.This is a kindof leven.
An electricianneedsa screwdniver ta do his wonk.
Everytool has an specificuse and also diffenentshapes and sizes.
DO YO[' KNOW ALL THESEHAND T(X'LS?
ü
m
\\\\ a scnewdniven
a cross-head screwdniver
a nammen
a mallet
an open endedspannen
a ring spannen
a chisel
a cold chisel
uuuEt -
m
a clamp
q%
a tenon saw
a nacKsaw
a venniencal¡ncn
a mtcrometer
a handdnill
an electricdnll
a paintbnush
a paint nollen
Handtoo|snequ|nespecialcaresandthereanesafetyrull€$ú|l|rEilnjlüMÍrÍIWful|ÍW@|flIm['
Fm ffÚl RuLEsANDGARES REMEyi¡-ER IIESE:SAFEW
nearlivewtres' Neverusea scnewdriver
i
' \'- , ".....',.,1
a loose handle' Never use a hammenwrEh
Pliersane not made fon hammenng
Keep your tools in orde¡'to
avoidaccidents'
the. blades,of saws For betuenresults' keep condittonsot aÁd hacksawsin good shanPness.
as a chtsel' Don't use the screwdniven
anvil' Nevenuse the üse as an
Proctice
l. Gomprehension exercises A. Say if these statements are true or false. EXERCISE ..... 1. lds easyfon peopleto imaginea world wLhout machines. ..... 2. Thousandsof years ago there were no tools at all. ..... 3. Man used his musclesto move heavy objecbs. ..... 4. The levenis a verycomplicatedmodennmachine ..... 5. Machinesmakeounwonkeasier.
B. Choosethe cornect answen. EXERCISE 1 . What did pnimitivemen finsüuse to do their wonk? cl rocks bJmuscles al machines tools becauseof: 2. Man invenEed al intelligence bl security
cl need
3. What is a saw? aJ a tool
bl a machine
c] a meansof tnansport
4. We need a hammento: al cut wood
bl nemovenails
cl repair a car
C. Completethese sentences.Use the words givenon the next page. EXERCISE 1. Man inventedthe..........
times. ... in primttive ... usedin the hands.
2. A handtool is 4n....... 3. The canpentenis usingthe saw to cut 4. A big nockis at the
.:..........
5. Car-sand ainplanesare monecomplicated 6. .......
.. dnrvenailsin.
...... of the cave.
muscles
wood
d-
enti'ance
hammerrs
rÉ13
instrument
lever
w-ndt
ll. Grammar exercises as in the A. Changethese sentencesinto past t€nse EXEFCISE
example'
1. Hand tools nequlrespecialcar€s'
worK' 2. Students employthein hands to do the
3. The hammer nemovesthe nails'
4. Wonkers followthe insü'uctionscanefulty'
in the ganage' 5. Mechanicsnepalncars and trucks
verb from the list' B. Completein the past usingthe night EXEFCISE l
i 1 . Workers................. 2. The students.... 3. 1...... 4. Thev......
two yearsago' " " " ' that building a simple expenimentin class yesterday' a film last night' an algebratest last weeK'
i
5. The canpenter 6. The dniven.........
........to the workshopearlyin the monning. . the wrenchesin the toolboxlast night.
EXERCISE C. Look at the exampleand make the sentencesnegativeand interr.ogatlve.
1. He nemovedthe nailswith the hammer.
2. The studentsmade a clamp at school.
3. Pnimrtivepeopleused the sü'ength of their muscles.
4. They read the Instructionsat the entnanceof the factory.
5. The fitten neededmodennmachinenv.
6. We leannedto measur€accunatelv.
7. Wor"kmenknew the infonmationvery well.
B. You employedthe monkeywnench.
p
.et's see these ptctures.What ar€ they doing?
The fitter is cutuinga pieceof lron with a hacksaw' f e is usinga cutting tool.
The welder is holdingthe materialwith a clamp' 'r-ieis usinga holding tool.
-he cacpenten is strikinga nailwühthe hammer. tool. süriking a using is -re
Reoding
Although hand tools are basicallythe same in all the wonkshops,there are some differences in size and shape between them, according to the specific uses and the matenialsemployed. This is a genenalclassificaüonof hand tools in relaüonto their funccion. A. Gutting tools: saws, hacksaws,dt'ills,chisels,knives,pliers, erc. B. Measuring tools: scales, rules, micrometers, squares, calipers,etc. C. Holding toob: vises and clamps. D. Securing toob: scnewdrivers,wrenches, spanners. E. Sharpening tools: files, gnindstones,grindingwheels. F. Stniking tools: hammers.
Prociice
l. Gomprchension exercbes A. Say if theqe statemenLsar€ true on false. EXERCISE ..... 1. Handtools anedifferentin sizeand shape. 2. A chiselis a measuringtool. 3. Clampsare holdingtools. .....4. |n the picture,the welder is cuttinga pieceof metal. ..:.. 5. We can measuresmallthingswith a micrometen. 6. A knifeis a cuttingtool. .................
B. Read carefullyand qompleteas in the example' EXERCISE
D(AMPLE:
needit to cuüwood' CanPenters Its a saw.
t . Wonkersuseit to smoothmetalor wood' It'sa ......... 2. The fitEenholds differentkinds of matenialswith rE' It'sa ... fi.You can strike nailswith it. It'sa ........ 4. PeoPleuse it to dnivescrews'
l I
It'sa ........
I I
-5.
It'sa ...
F
I
Wonkmen require it to cut metal'
6. Mechanics use them to remove nuts and bolts'
fl
They're
ll. Grammar exercbes A. Completethe sentencesas in the example' EXERCISE
,-1.
tool is a tool usedto """"" A shanpening 2. A holdingtool is a ......... tool is a ......' 3. A stniking 4. A chippinghammenls a ... 5. A weldingmachinels a "......."""""':"
7A
is a machine......
......to wash.
91
B. In technicalenglishthere are many venbsformed from the name of tools. EXERCISE Here are some examoles:
Saw Hammen File Screwdnven Nail
To saw To hammen To file To screw [unscrew] To nail
lf you take an adjectiveand add -en, you can fonm a venb[not for all adjectives].
Velt Tight Loose Fast Short Wide Hard Black
To tighten To loosen To fasten To shorten To widen To harden To blacken
Some exceptions:
To cool To heat To lengthen To strengthen To clean To dry To thin
Cold Hot Long Strong Clean Dny Thin
Findout the meaningof these verbs.
ExenciseC. Completeas in the example.
1. The students 2. The electrician
.., the tools. fcleanl .................. the screws.ffastenl
3. | ...........
F
..a bolt.füghtenl the soldeningiron. fhe*l
4. fhe welder
!
5. Workers
the instructions.ffollowl
6. The operaton
his machine. fcheckl
D. Make these sentencesinterrogatve. EXERCISE
EMMPLE: The teacher is helpingthe students. ls the teachenhelping the students?
the machinery. 1. The technicianis repaining
2. The students are visitingthe new workshop.
3. He is makinga leven.
4. The canpenteris cutting a pieceof wood.
5. You anekeepingthe tools in order.
6. They are savingtheineyes.
ExenciseE. Make these sentencesnegative.
DGMPLE: Theyare workingin the workshop. fhey anen't wodring in the wonkshop.
1. He is usinqa chisel.
the instructions 2. Thestudentsare following
3. You are looseningthe nuts.
4. The mechanic is checkingthe engine.
5. I am readingtechnicalinfonmation.
6. They are dnawingthe plans.
F. Put these sentencesin onder. EXERCISE 1 . Safety rules,/following/arefihe students.
2. A pieceof iron,/thefiuterlcutting/is/?
3. The welder/a clamp/not/ using/is
4. Safety shoes,/weaning,/worke rs / are/ at work
5. Moving/the man/ with a pulley/is/atree
6. Weld ing,/they/ t;'r\toiron r'ods/a re / now
G. Look at the p¡ctur€sanclanswen' EXERCISE
1. What is he doing?
2. What anetheYdoing?
3. ls the man sawinga Pieceof wood?
4. Aneworkensweaninggoggles?
r ;l
5. Where is the fitten keepingthe tools?
rl
t
I
I¡ , I I :
H. Make the correspondingquestronfon each answer' EXERCISE Yes, theY are wonktngwrth a lathe.
I
2 . ........
No, he isn't makinga coil of coppenwne' Yes, he is usinga hacksaw. The carpenter is worktngon the site.
5. What I am chargingthe battery. 95 -t
tesson three ,¡,,¡-,,.,,,; {'l-:i, '¡';ttl ' -f:
Ree:ding
*''
l$ i"
The hammer-is penhapsthe most widelyused str-ikingtool and iu is buih in many typesand sizes. It consisLsof a head and á handle. The head of a hammenhas diffenentshapes and weights.The length of the handle may be diffenent,too. Some hammens have a soft head. lt is made of a maLerialsoftenthan iron or steel, likecopper, plasuic,brass, lead or nubben.This üypeof hammer is used when we do not want to damagethe matenial,becauseit gtvesa sofler blow.
96
A mallet is a Wpe of sofLhammer wrth a wooden heac cnnoad JPr EqU
fho Ur rE
hlnr¡r U|UVV
UVE| ^rro.
l-ññó O ror gE -
ci rr+-ñDUr rOUE.
r-I
A nail hammer is des¡gnedfor drivingcommon nails in. lt has two claws for putiirJ the nails.The claws mav be curvedon stnaioht.lt is also calledcanoenten's hammen.
The ball pe¡n hammen is designedfor stnikingchiselsand punchesand also for riveting,shaping, or stna¡ghteningsoft metals. lt has a noundedstr¡k¡ngface and a round ballshapedpein.
A drop hammenhas a very hear,ry weight. lt is used when we need to hit a very big object. lt ¡s l¡ftedby a machrnehigh into the ain and then let the weight fall oventhe obiect.
97
bL
Apart fnom these common types, thene ane also nivetinghammens, chipping hammers, etc. hammers, magnetic hammers, bnicklayens' Al hammers should be selectedand used fontheir intendedpurposes. Let's remembenühesebasic safety rules when using a hammer:
* **Always use a hammenof suitablesize and weightfonthe job.
* * *Never use a hammer with loose damagedhandle.
* * *Alwaysavoidglancingblows.
* * *Alwayswean safeüYgoggles
* * * Never use a hammer to str¡ke anothennammen.
Prqctice
l. Gomprchension exercises A. Say if these statements are true on false. EXERCISE ...... 1. Hammers are made in differenttypes and shapes. . . . ... 2. The lengthof the handleis the same fon all hammens. ...... 3. All hammenshavea sofuhead. 4. Coppenis a matenialsofter than iron on steel. 5. A nail hammer has two clawsfor pullingthe nails.
F t
6. A worker wears safetygogglesto protect his hands. 7. fhe drop hammer is very light.
h s
B. Completethese sentences.Use the words givenbelow. EXERCISE ..... and sizes.
1. Hammensanebuiltin diffenent *
........ar€ soft materials.
leadand 2. Copper',
.... heads.
3. Malletsanesofbhammerswith.... 4. Clawsanecurvedon ...... 5. ........
..hammershit verybig objects.
6. Alwaysavoid.........
....blows.
straight *
F
wooden uueight C. Answenthese questionsaccordingto the text. EXERCISE 1 . Which are the main parts of a hammer?
2. What is a mallet?
gg
3 s orass a soft material?
4. Cen vou use a hammento stnikeanother hammer?
ll. Grammar exelcises A. Completeas in the example. EXERCISE
EMMPLE: The hacksawis used fon cutting metal p¡eces.fcutl 1 . Pliersare not madefor..
....... nailsin. [DR|\¡E]
2. Thewelderis usinga clampfor.........
.. the material.[HOLD]
3. Rulersaneusedfor'.........
[MEASUREI
4. We useda filefon..
.... this tool. ISHARPEN]
5. The weldenis weaninga mask for' ......
his eyes.tSAVEI
6. Thesetoolsanemadefon.
.......tSTRIKEI
EXERCISE B. Make sentencesfr.omthis chart.
¡¡IE
lead
EUIE
Wires
steel
Therulen
candboand
Gnn¡ loq
MADE OF
gold
Wrenches
coppen
The box
wood
Qinnq
Pr dJ Lr u
^t^^gr dJ J
1 )
4. 5. 6. 7 C. Match the pictur€swith the corresponding¡nstruct¡on. EXERCISE
1 . Don't use a hammenwith a loosehandle.
2. Tunnoff the cunrent befoneyou start wot'ktng.
3. AtwaysweansafetYgoggles.
D. Findthe best tnanslaüonfonthese sentences. EXEFCISE 1. Hammensare builEin manytypesand sizes. al Los martillosson conshuidosen muchostipos y fonmas. bl Los martillosse conshuyenen muchost¡posy tamaños. 2. The head of a hammer has diffenentshapesand weights. al La cabezade un mar-tillotiene distintasformas y pesos. bl La cabezade un martlllotiene diferentesfonmasy tamaños. 3. The lengthof the handlemay be diffenent. aJEl langodel mango puedesendifenente. bl La calidaddel mango puedeser diferente.
4. A carpenten'shammer has two clawsfon pullingthe nails. f
al Un martillo de carpinterotiene dos ganchos para sacanlos clavos. bl Un martillo de carpinterotiene dos partes para clavany desclavar.
t
5. Some hammers have a soft head. al Algunos martillostienen una cabezadura. bJAlgunos martillostienen una cabezablanda.
Gomes
A. Wnite as many technicalwords as you can beginningwith the finst lettenof the word given.Use youndictionary.
M n c Hr NE
E n U ME R
[ñ n r l
1
2. 3. 4. 5. B. Anrangethese scrambledwords as in the example:
EMMPLE: I N G H A M E --------------> MAG H I N E I.V E RE L
-
2.TE NS OS 3. D O
----------------
4 NADHS 5. I S E
----------->
----------------
6.CHE NE S *t -
l_glAw
-7 E t_sIcH B .FE V IRDW E F a t ----9.S IWFE
-
IO.NA IlE LD -
Grsmmqr studS'
L simple Past Tense Affirmat¡veform:
(regularo ir^regularl. En la forma afinmativa,usamos el pasadodel venbo Negattvefonm: --
Intenrogativeform:
the worker GO
Did
to the bctory
they
y elverboen infiniüVo' e interrogativa, did paralasfonmasnegativa Usamosel auxiliar
F s
Usamos este tiempo panaexpnesancosas que estan ocunniendoen el momento Inow]. Se forma con el presente del venboto be y un gerundio. Affirmative fonm:
h
I
HE ARE Negativefonm:
ts NOT WORKING
NOW
ARE Intenrogativeform:
HE THEY
i,,'ii rl,,'r,: i..'irrri,i'r,li..r,rl: :r::::i,,:rlr . :ll:r. :
Sofefy F¡FTHUNIT
Lesson one 'm,*gflr *! ;;,:¡i--:i,¡ rrr The followingpicture illustnatesthe dangerauson safe things to use in a wonkshop.
DANGEROUS LONGHAIR
swloKlNG SCARF SHAFP TOOT,s f¡n the pocket) MISSING BUTTON LOOSECUFF RINGS
Diologue
The teachepand some students are in the wonkshop.The students are going to use a üorch. IEACF{EB:Don't stnke matches hene!You may cause an explosion. STUDEM '1:WhY do Youthink so' sir'? TEACHER:Becausethere are inflammablematerials.You must followsome safety rules at wonK. SruDENT 2: Couldyou give us some infonmationabout safety? IEACHER:Of counseI can. We'll talk about it nerc class. You must nemembenthese saferüyrules to avoidaccidents in the wonkshop. 1. Alwaysweanan ovenall. 2. Walk. Do not run in the workshoP. 3. Keep everytool in its Place. 4. Do not playwith tools ot' machines' 5. Ask the teapher how to use everytool. 6. Wait for the insü'uctionsbefoneyou swirch on any machine.
Proctice
-!.
Gomprehension exercises
A. Say if these statements are tnue on false. conrect the false statements. EXERCISE 1 . Long hainis dangerousat wonK' 2. Wonkensmustn't carry shanptools in the pockets. 3. Students can smoke in the workshop.
106
4. lt is advisablefon welders to wean a rnask and gbves. 5. You may stnikematches near infiammablematerbls. 6. A fitter must wear goggleswhen working whh a lathe.
h
If ,. F
EXEROSEB. Completethe sentences.Use the words givenin the chart below. 1 . Safuty
help workens to avoid accidents.
n
2. You must keep everytool in its . 3. Don't playwith
or electricitY.
4. Students shouldwear a well-fitted....
É
I
5. Ordinaryshoesar€ ....
......at work.
6. When youwork with a machine,roll up youl'.......... fire rings safe C. Answer these quesüons according to the text. EXERCISE Í 1. ls it safe to wear untied shoes?
in *'e wortsr'oiZ 2. Do youaskthe teacherfor instrucüons
3. Can you keep sharp tools in any place?
4. ls it dangenousto playwith machines?
5. Do you alwayswear an ovenallin the wonkshop?
to run in a workshop? ls it safeondangerous
!L Bunr
GGrtiE€s
5. Mus
DGCSE A Build up sentencesfnom this chart.
Vtbr{
We The sLldents
MUSTN'T
. nun in the wonkshoo. . givethe instructions. , playwith tools. keep everytool in rts place. weanan overall. walk in the wonkshop. wean a safety mask.
6. Mus
DCF orm
1.
2. 3
t
EMMPLE: Must you wear an ovenall? Yes, I must.
1. Must studentsrememberthe safeWrules?
2. Must you ask younteachenhow to use everytool?
-l
Must a wonkerwear ordinanvshoes?
4. Mustvouswrlchon the mach¡nes?
5. Must we alwaysavoidaccidents?
6. Must a frttenwean goggles?
7. Must the studenttie his shoesin the wonkshop?
DGRCISEC. Express an obligation or a prohibition for the following vrnrkers. Uhp rr3 on musün't as in the examPle.
4 | .
f a ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ +a n (Jdl I 'J E I
lwl
. . . ..
6. Mechanic
'!m .¡_=-_
L -5 (a -
a \' ^
Iü 1l
\-r.,.'
Safetypnecaubions ane the actionswe must do to avoidaccidents. When we wonkwtth shanptools, machines,electricityon inflammablematenials,we must followthe instnuctions and take all the safetyprecautions. lf we drive a can, we should be canefulbecausepeople,animalsor othencars may appearsuddenlyon the noad. When we openatea machine,we shouldalwayskeep watch on it, becauseit can't stop if somethingfails.We must stop it. We must not smoke on strike a match nean inflammablematenialsto avoid an exolosionor fire. lf we are welding,we must wear a mask to seveouneyesand face. We must turn off the current befonewe start to handleelecbricalmachinery. When we wonk with a lathe on other machine-tool,we should not wear loose clothlng,becauseit may catch in the movingparts of the machine. All these are important safety nulesto nemembenwherevenwe work, but speciallv when we are tinedat the end of the dav.
110
ñucrice
iI I
t Giltprehension
exe¡rcises
DGfICISE A. Say if these statements are true on false. Conrect the false statements. 1 . Safetyprecautionshelp us to avoidaccidents' 2. Sharp tools are not dangerousif you use them canefully' 3. Machinesalwaysstop automaticallywhen thene is a failure. 4. Weldensmust wear glovesto save their face. 5. You must turn on the curnentto check electl'icalmachinery' 6. Accidentsfrequentlyhappenwhen we anetired. B. C-ompletethese sentences.Use the words given in the chart below' EXERCISE . when you work with inflammablematerials'
1. Follow
2. When we are driving,other cars may appearsuddenlyon lhe" neanfuel'
3. lt is very dangerousto strike 4. You can saveyouneyeswith..'...... 5. The
.... is a machinetool.
6. Theweldershouldpnotecthis handswith........"'
to the terc.Givecompleteanswers. acconding C. AnswerthesequestionS EXERCISE necessaryin a factory? 1. Are safetyprecautions
111
2. What must youdo first whenyouwork with electricity?
3. Why shouldwe keep watch on machines?
4. Canmachinesthink?
5. A fitter mustn't wear loose clothing.Why?
ll. Grammar exencises I
EXERCISE A. Make sentencesfnom this chart.
,{Ve Thednúer The fifuter il ,/The welder ".Workers lThe electncian
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
SHOULD
in short forrn- LJseil EXERCISE B. Ans¡r¡erthe quesLions
cffi,
1. Shouldyouweansafetyshoesin the workshop?
2. Shouldpeopledrivecarefullf
3. Shoulda workenkeep his cutting tools in the pocket?
4. Shouldfittenswear a scarf in the neck?
5. Shouldyou be carefulwherevenyou wonk?
6. Shouldwe use ountools in good condhions?
C. Givethese peoplean adviceto avoidaccidents. EXERCISE
1. The canpenter... 2. The welder....... 3. Dnivers... 4. The electrician...
..........,...
5. Plumbers
113 )
.:-:,,r{:j:¡1 *hnFe
Ft*exuirtr;
if it is well The human body has normallya high resistanceto the flow of electricruy isolated. But, when a person bnngs int¡ con¡act with an electniccircuit while bathing,for' instance,he will receivea very s:nonj shock, The stnengthof the shockdecendson: al The conditionof ounskn q q r á n -,-^E ñr r n Uhndv has a nelat Uuy lloo o i g l o u l v E l y iv c [ r h l l l gil n hl l C r J,¡q @l UUI
"VJI'^ ^,El^
ilU
;
l>
U EOI
^^d d nr F lU u l y. U ur Un ,
l O¡
i f il Ul il os rvvsL n r cl o n ll
d¡rty it becomes more conductive,Deca'lsewater ncneasesthe effect of the electnic snocK. bl The resistanceof the floor on whichwe are standrng. We must weandry safeEyshoesand cotton on woolensocksta isolateoun bodyfror. the ground. Some materials like cement, fon example,have a very low electnica resistanceto the electnicflow. shock? What must we do in case of an elecü^ic We must first discoventhe lineswitchand turn off the cunr€nt. lf theneis a personin contactwith a livewine,we must use insulatorslikedry stic
114
perEon and if it is necessarygo on Then, we must apply artificialrespirationto the eventhoughthere isn't any srgn of revival' shocks ot' fines,we must check the electric supplycords To avoidthe risk oi "l,j"t.t such as electnic irons or hain dryers frequently, speciallytháse of heating devices use they have' becausethey are very dangerousconsideringthe
Proctice
ll. Gomprdrension exercises the false statements' A. Say ¡f these statements are Erueon false. correct EXERCISE 1. Cement increasesthe niskof eleclric shocks' dry' 2. Our body is resistant to the flow of electricityif 3. We can't free a person from a livewine' 4. Wet and dirty hands are conductive' bathing' 5. A pensonmay die if he receivesan electnicshockwhile shocks' 6. We mustn't shut off the powenin cases of electric
EXERC|SEB.Comp|etethesentences.Usethewondsgiveninthechartbe|ow. conditionof our 1. The strengthof a shockdependson the from the 2. Dry shoes and woolensocks isolateour body electricalresistance'
3. Cement'has a .... 4. Ropesand dry st¡cksare good ""' 5. Turn... 6. You
...."" the cunren!in case of electncsl'a:'¡' if thene s-:3;I-s:r'gl*¡tra .applyartificialrespination
dt must insulato¡'s
b ü
f 15
DG¡CEE C. Answer these quesüons accondingto the text. Give complete answers. 1. Does our body have a high resistanceto the flow of electricity?
2. Does water increase the effect of the shock?
3. What do we wean cotton socks and dry shoes fon?
4. What must you do in case of a fire on shock?
5. How can you get a person loosefrom a livewine?
ll. Grammar exercises A. Make sentencesfnom this chart. EXERCISE
EXEFCISEB. Expnesscapacity, obligation,prohibitionon advice. Use can, should or
musü. 1. An elecrician..... 2. Wonkers
nepairelectrical machines. ... be carefulwhereven theywonk.
.. followthe in$uctbnscrefr-fyodmnmrdMnnmm,
3. 1....... .......... 4. Machines. 5. A plumben........
not think. .... laygutLens. we saveouneYes?
6. ........
...... not handleelectricaldevicesif my handsare wet.
7 . l.......
Gc¡mes
A. Anrangethese scrambledwords. 1. DECANTCI 2. LOGSEV 3.RIFE 4.SAMK 5.ACMTH 6.GERNAD T.YLICTERCEIT ñ f].CDLfLJLfL( J - óñnñl
rr
9.V A RLOE L 10. F L U E 11.HOK S C 12.Y TE FA S
B. Corrdce the crossr¡vordswith words in relation to safety. ü
t
Grqmmqr study
GAN
oblQación [mustnt], [mustJ,prohibición UsamosestosvenbosPanaexpres¿¡r posibilidad o capacidad [may]. advertencia [can] [shouldJ, a un infinitivo. y siemprepneceden Se usanen formasimilana losotrosauxiliares, EMMPLE: I must followthe instructions. [obligaüon] Ganyou repainthis machine?[capacity] He shouldnt wear looseclothing.[adviceJ
COMPTEMENTAW
futefcEs A metal is any of a classof minenalsubstancessuch as tin, iron, gold or copper' Metal products anevery important in our dailylives. Automobiles,locomotives,engines,machinesand tools ane made up mainlyof metal is an essentialpart of modem industry' parts. Thus, metal¡ruorking The hammeningof soft coppeninto usefularticles marked the beginningof the metaF wonkingactivttY. Laten on, ühe use of heat to make bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, and the developmentof the for.geand the casüngs, both methods of shaping the metal, led to the foundryprccesses. The inventionof the steam engine by James Watt, providedthe continuous force neededto rotate a piece of metal againsta hard cuttrngtool' That was the beginningof mass production,a very important manufacturingprocess used until now. Metals when finst made ane usuallyin the form of ingots on rectangulanblocks.Then, they ane pnessed into bars, tubes, wine, nbbon, thin sheets [foil), thicker sheets and utdwD.
Checkingyour comPrehension
1. What ts a metal? 2. ls branzean alloyof coppenand steel? 3. Who was James Watt? 4. What ¡s the initialform of metals? 5. Mention two methods of shapingthe metal'
119
t$. é
*3€F{"1 The most important sounceof energy used in oun modennworld is electnicity. We use it for light, heat, sound and image tnansmission,motion of machines, warning systems, communicationservicesand safeüy. Whene does the electricitycome fnom? Electriciüy can be made to flow from a powenplant or from a battery. Insidethe baü[erythene is a fonce which can make electnicityto flow thr.ougha circuit. Electnicitycan ffow only in a closed circuit. It is also possiblethat electniciryis at rest [not flowing]. By nubbingtogether certain matenialswe can obtain electric changes. haincomb in a very dry hain,you see that the comb atüractsthe Usinga non-metallic hair. When you rub a ball-penalong youn sleeve,the pen and the sleeve become electnicallycharged. You can pnovethat the pen attracts waten. Sometimes,the clouds are charged.They are full of electricity.lf they become too much changed,they send a sparkto the earlh. A spar-kfnom a cloudis calleda lightning.lt is a huge spankof electnicity.
Checking your comprehens¡on
1. What is electniciry-: 2. What is it used for'? 3. Where does this energycome from? 4. Does electriciby keepoun environmentclean? 5. How can you make electnicity?
\&$sr$q$ü*qr Welding is ¡oiningtwo metals by meltingthem togethenwith a frllenmetal' There are two main methodsof welding. GAS WELDINGwhere the heat is producedby a flame thnougha blow pipe, using fuel. oxygen -ÁnCand acetyleneas UfmlNG whe¡-ethe hea[ is prcducedby strikingan e=:tnic arc betweenthe metals to be weldedand an elecLrode. In gas welding,the fillenmetal is appliedas wine or 3 -:: ln arc welding,the electnodeitself is melted away as fillenmetal. Gas weldingis suitablefor the ¡oiningof: - thin steel sheet - complicatedpiping - aluminium - sta¡nlesssteel - copper.
r -: s s-table fonthe joiningof: Arc ','.'e -
:t=
-
:: -J : -::i:lium and othenmetals.
-:E ^ F'
'ñ^^
and an apnon against raYs and Duninggas welding,alwaYswear r::::s spatbef'. Duringarc welding,weana fa:e -=si aii glovesagainsthanmfulnaysand an apnon against spatten.
C h e cki n g p sr :r íom Pr ehen sion
1. What is weldtng? 2. What do wonkersuse as ruelduninggas welding? 3. Can you join stainlesssteelwith gas welding? wrth the arc weidingr:-ietlrcC? 4. What anesome safetyprecautrons 5. Name some methodsof weldingin the industry
l¿l
4
V
S.s*sffitr44\..1 'lAr€& !5w:
In classicalgr€ek "energy''means work. The latendefiniüonas "the abil¡tyto do wonk' links h with concepts such as stnengthand ütaliüy,bu¡tin recent years it has lost some of its positivemeaning. Energyruns like a luminousthneadthnoughoun dailylives.We use the word in a variety w;aln7,*nengüh. of waysto suggestliveliness, person ts ac:nlrEC,--neeiergy cont€ntof our'foodis listedon the packetin An energeüc joules on calonies unrtslike Petrolis sloneoenengyto s€'":l-e',l'reelsof oui car In motlon Energyis politrcalpowen,as demonstratedby the anabsr.nhenthey restnctedthe supply of petrcleumto the UnitedStatesand Europein 1973. Two hundredand fiftyleans ago, the energycontainedin coal was convertedby bunning ¡ntoheat and then to steam, which poweredthe enginesof the IndustnialRevoluüon. Chemicalenergyis transfor-medsilentlyrnsidethe tiny cylinderof a batteryinto electricity, which activatesa radioto bring speechand music from anoundthe worid into out lives,or perhapsto pass radio signalsto a satellrtesent to explonethe universe. The energywthin the atom can be neleasedand leadsto the explosionof the atomic bomb, on to the operationof nuclear power stations,which providea sixth of the wo¡ld's electncrty. Then, there is the powenof nature, the energyin the cyclone,whrchdesuroysin a night the painfulwonk of genenationsof men. The earthquake,the thunderstorm,the erupting volcano,which r-eleasemany times the energyof an atomic bomb, remind us that we live nn e fnanilcsnhener,'-,:callthe earth.
€hecking your ecrrtirrrehens¡on
1 . What does the word energymean? 2. What anejoules? politrcalpowen? 3. Why is enengyconsidened 4. What ane battenies? 5. Investigatethe imporbanceof steam. 6. Mentionsome examplesof energypt'oducedby nature. 7. What is the most important kind of energy used at home nowadays?
&
¡\'.ii'
r',r*' r'*l''i:t *dt **xg {# $"iill"il$'l'h':'.'.''',.,1 Computers are ln Look around you! What do you see? Computers every'¡Jlie^e ,ve also find them in offices,ainports,factories,homes, schoolsand universities spaceships,modennmachineryand cars' ainplanes, - 'Corput"rE because are srmilarin sevenalwaystotraffic lights, a:^e3 :^ harr"dryers they use electl'¡cityas the main source of energy' A a:¡= si::es metal. A compuLen Howeven,there are some importantdiffenences. -ovlng parts insideit and a can do much monethan one specificwork. A hainca''er-3= whlchmake up elec:'::::r3ns, :-computerdoesn't.ltwot ks aciordingto the beia. .l asrlnes' : triciüy.That'sthe reason why computensane e 3':-':accurate' handleor ptocess and s:c-: ^'.-"T3:o.,. They work in an ó-put"o The data data' the ane pPocess ::.-p--É's efficientand quickway.The informatron!n3t a set of is pnogram The data. -:;t ::= aa programmenpLftslnrc the co.npi:e. data' ¡o pf.ocessthe oat¿ ar j :¡: --3---S :'prccessing are the output Inslnucttons and keyboand a thnough ^--: system 3:-:-puten ;= enrers:ie :3-: The pr.ogr.ammeT a pnlnte.' he can getine informat:^ --r-3-g-:¡= =:-€=- ano on papenthrough childnento learn help also They -:-'::-:rently. compr,tershels pe333 games' vldeo -','..-.:. a l::l :'-: '"r:¡ faster and everybccy:;: ¡ai=
C h e cki n g Y our comPr ehension
1. What are comPuters? of a computer' 2. Name some chanacteñstics 3. What does a computendo? 4. What is a Prognam? 5. How can you ententhe infonmationinto the computer system? 6. Why ane computenselectronicdevices?
II
Above: Encima,sobr€ Addition:Suma Aerial: Antena Airplane:Avión
Dial:Marcadot Dirt: Suciedad Dirty: Sucio DisplaY:Visot Dotted ltne: LÍneaPunteada Dnawing:Dibujo Drill:Broca, taladro ó.op n"m.er: Martillode demolición Dry: Seco
Back Parte Postenon Balance:Balanza Maruillode pena Ball-pein-hammer: Basis:Base Bike: Bicicleta Edge:Onilla,borde Blade:Hoia Eleitric ircn: Planchaeléctt'ica Blow:GolPe Engine:Motot' Bob: Penno Entnance:Ent¡ada Boss: Jefe Medio ambiente Envinonment: Bottom: Parte rnfenion Boulevard:Paseo Face: Caia' Parte, suPerficie Box Ca¡a Factory:Fábnca Bnass: Bnonce Figure:Numeral, cifna hammen: Martillo corta ladnllos Bricklayer^ Fle: Lrma Brokenline:Unea quebrada Fre: Fuego Bnush:Bt ocha Foundaüon:Cimiento,base Bunnen:Mechero Fname:Est'ructuna'manco Button: Boton Fnont: Fr^ente,frontal Cabtnet:Gabinete Candboand:Carton CarPenter:CanPtnteno CarPentry:CarPintenÍa Circle: Cít'culo Claws: Ganchos Clean:LtmPto Coil:Bobina Cold:Ftio CoPPer:Cobre Cord: Cordón Cornen:Esqutna Cuff: Puño Dangerous:Peligtoso Device:AParato, insffumenrc
Gloves:Guantes Goggles:Anteo¡os Gold:Oro de é.inA¡ngwheel: Mueia [hernamienb nectificanl Piednaesrleill Gnindstone: Canaleta GutLer': Hacksaw:Sienra Hammen:MaÉrlc Hand: Mano, rn6¡t"e Handle:Mango Hand:Duro Hasp: Aldaba Head: Cabeza
125
Heavy:Pesado Height:Altuna High:Alto Hinges:Bisagnas Hole: Perfonación,hoyo Hot: Caliente Inch:Pulgada Inside:Dentro, intenior lnsulator:Aislante lron: Hienro
Pipe:Tubo Place:Lugan Plane:Plano Pliers:Alicates Pocket:Bolsillo Point: Punto, punta Pot: Envase Power: Poder, energía Pulley:Polea Puüüy:Masilla Guick Rápido
Job: Trabajo,empleo Key: Llave Knife:Cuchillo K
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F
Lathe: Tonno Lead:Plomo I o ff ' lzn r r io n d n I e n n th ' l
emn
Lens: Lente Leven:Palanca Lid: Tapa Light:.Liviano,luz Line.Linea l^^^' t^*^ LUr r Y. LO¡ gU
Loose:Sueho Machine:Máquina Magnifyingglass:Lupa Maintenance:Mantención Mallet:Maceta Mask Máscara Matchbox:Caja de fósforos Measunement:Medida,medición Mechanic:Mecánico Micrometen:Micrametro Mixbune:Mezcla Motorcycle:Moto Muscle:Músculo Nail:Clavo Nowadays:Hoy en día Nut: Tuerca Oil:Acerue,petróleo flne
qfnnor r ' lln
nicn
Ou*-srde: Fuena,exterion Padlock:Candado Paint:Pintura Patchy:Parchado *[bt'i)=¡nn¡U.bntanico
126
Raw material: Materia prima Becorden:Gnabadona Rectangle:Rectángulo Reference: Fleferencia Right:Denecho Ring:Anillo Road:Calle,camino RoC:Vana,vanlla Foiler:Rodillo Rmñ Techo,tejado Rope: Gtenda,condel Rubber':Goma Rule: Regla,norrna Safe: Seguro Safety:Segur.idad Saw: Senrucho Scale:Escala Scarf:Pañuelopara el cuello Scissons:Tijer.as Scneen:Pantalla Screw:Tornillo Screwdniven: Desto¡nilladon Shape:Forma Ship:Barco Side:Lado,costado Sign:Señal Site: Sitio, obra Size:Tamaño Skill:Destreza,habilidad Skin:Piel Sleeve:Manga Smooth:Liso,suave Source:Fuente Spannen[br.iJ*:Llaveajustable Speed:Velocidad Speedometen:Velocímetro Spice:Velero Spnay:Rociador Squane:Cuad¡.ado, escuadra
$eet Acero $ed taf: Ffidra de rneú r¡aa $btc b, Sone: Pledra Soo[ Piso, asiento 9:bvlray fam) * : Sr.¡bnerráneo S.¡'ltable:Adecuado Sr.¡rface:SuPerficie Sryitch: InterruPtor
TrtE für
T. V. Set: Televison Tesüube: Tubo de ensayo Therrrp mete r: Termómetro Thickness: Grosor, espesor Thin: Delgado Tight: Apretado Tinge:Tinte Tool: Herramienta Top: Parte suPerior Torch: Soplete Tower: Torre
Welder':Soldador Wet: Húmedo, molado W'reel: Rueda \y'üide:Ancho, amPlio \l/idth: Ancho Wre: Alambre Wood: Madera Workbench: Banco de eabajo Worshop: Taller World: Mundo Wrench (amJ:Llaveajustable
" (amp Inglás americano.
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Fastened Filed Filled Found Finished Followed Forgot
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Regulan Begular Regulan lnregulan Regulan Regular lrregular
Genenate Get Get over' Give Go Go on /¿¿Guess
Generated Got GcÉover Gat/e Went Went on Guessed
Genenar,producirObtenen,conseguir Supenar,vencer Dar, entregar lr Continuaf Adivinan
Fegulan Inregular lrregulan Inregular' Inregular Inregulan Reoulan
Hammer Handle Harden Have Heat Help Hir Hold
Harr¡rrered Flarded F{arúted F{d l-+e#d Helped H¡I Held
Martillar Manipular Endurecen Haber, tenen Cabntan Aytrdar Gdpear Sostener, sujetar
Regulan Regulan Regulan l./Aux. Venb. Regulan Regulan Inregulan Inregulan
lmprove Incr€ase Insert lsolate
lmproved Increased lnserted lsolated
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Regulan Regular Regular Begulan
uotn
Joined
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Keep Know
Kept Knew
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130
Laid Leamt/Leamed , Lengrthened Lifted Lived Looked aften Looked at Lookedup Loosened Maintained Made Made up Matched Might Meant Measured Met
'
Colocan,ponen Aprender Alargan Levantan,elevan Vivin Cuidar Mirar Buscan Soltan,aflojan
lrregular l./ Reg. Regular :Regular
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Regulan lrregulan lmegular' Regular Modal Inregular
Confrontar,unir Poder Significan Medin Reunirse,conocer'
Regulan Regular' Regular Regular Regular
Begular lnregular
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ci'umEE Jul ' :itrF -*3f-r, =g
añefur all RJT Heao Fleceive Flemember 'Remove FePain Fequine Rivet Round Run Save Saw
say Screw See ShaPe SharPen Shorten Should Show Shut Sit 'Smoke Smooth Solve SPreao ,-1i' stand Start 'StoP Stnaighten Strengnten Strike Sw'rtchon/off Take Take care
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Painted Performed Planned Prefened Pulled Put
Pintan hacer Flealizar, Planean,Planifican Preferir Tinan Poner,colocar
Fead Received Remembered Removed Repaired Fequined Fiveted Founded Ran
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Saved Sawed Said Screwed Saw Shaped ShanPened Shortened
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131
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Begulan Regulan Regular lrregular lrregulan Regular lrregulan Regular
Talked Thanked Thinned Thought Threw away Tightened Tried Tumed on/sft
Conversan,hablar Agnadecer Adelgazan Pensar
Underlined Under$ood Used
Regular Subrayar entendenInregular Comprender, Regulan Usan
Waited Walked Wanted Washed Wded Wse Weghed
Esperar Caminan Guerer, desean Lavar Desperdiciar Usan Pesan Soldan ampliar Enanchan, Hacer inst. eléctric. Trabajan Escribir
w&d \ /derEd
Wired Worked Wnote
Ber Apr€tar Tr*r Encender,apagan
Begulan Regular Regulan Regulan Regulan lrregulan Regular Regulan Begulan Regulan Begulan lrregulan
I NDI CE
A Modo de Reflexfi*ll
lntroduetion..'.." obiects Firstunift Technicc¡É Lessonone:Whats this?""""" Lessonh¡¡o:Wheneis it? """"" Lessonthree:Which is bsten?"'
1g
26
Se+andunift Trqdes Lessonone: What is a t¡ade?
41
Lessontvrlo:A good reference.'"""""''
Lessonthree: Painüng
51
'' Third unift Technical 6lrq1''.' tools"" one:Measunng Lesson Lessontr¡vo:Thetoolbox
57 66
Lessonthree:Drawinga house
Esr,-',,É: $JmihHEnd fools Lesson one: Whaü are hand tools?
Lessontwo: Typesof handtools " ' ' " " ' Lessonthree:The hammer"""""""'
ul
B9
9e
Fifth unit Sofufy or safu?........ Lessonone:Dangenous Lessontwo: Safufyprecautions Lessonthree:Be carefulwithelectrici{
...........1O5 ....110 ..........114
Complemeniqryreodings
................119
Vocobulory...........
...............'tzb
Verb lisr...........
....1ae
