BESeDA
BESSeDA BE
SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
E L E K T R O N S K A
K N J I G A
SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA J JooÏko ·avli
Nagelj
slovenski cvet
O M N I B U S
1
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
JoÏko ·avli SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
Poglavje iz knjige Slovenska Poglavje znamenja,, ki je iz‰la leta 1994 znamenja 1994 pri zaloÏbi Humar d.o.o., Bilje (ISBN 96 961-6097-00-8) 1-6097-00-8) To izdajo pripravil Franko Luin
[email protected]
ISBN 91-7301-193-2
[email protected]
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
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Vsebina Simbolika cvetja
7
Nagelj
14
Slovenski okras
26
Slovenski pu‰eljc
39
Nagelj v podobi
46
Nagelj po Evropi
60
Narodne roÏe
72
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
Slovenski nagelj (ilustracija Ivan Rob)
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
V
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vsakdanjem Ïivljenju in v ljudskem ljudskem izroãilu Slovencev ni noben cvet tako cenjen in opevan kakor nagelj. In sicer v taki meri, da ga danes lahko imenujemo kar »slovenska roÏa«. Kot narodna roÏa Slovencev spada nagelj med tista simboliãna znamenja, kakr‰na sreãamo v razliãnih dobah pri mnogih narodih, verstvih in gibanjih; med simbole, ki odraÏajo doloãena izroãila in namene, zato so tudi viden znak njihove pripadnosti; med znamenja, z namenja, ki jih nosijo somi‰ljeniki neke ideje, prepriãanja, pa tudi pripadniki nekega naroda. Kako, kdaj in zakaj je nagelj postal slovenska roÏa? Katere roÏe so pri posameznih narodih najbolj priljubljene ali pa Ïe kar njihovi simboli? Na to vpra‰anje bomo sku‰ali odgovoriti v tem spisu. Simbolika cvetja izhaja ‰e iz predzgodovine. Îe od davna pomeni cvet ãloveku nekaj vzvi‰enega, boÏjega, svatovsko oblaãilo narave, ki napoveduje njen sad. Vsak cvet je oblikovan simetriãno, geometrijsko popolno, in
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
ljubkost. Bogastvo cvetnih oblik, njihovih barv v vseh mogoãih odtenkih je naravnost neizãrpno. Je odsev izgubljenega raja. Cvetovi, ki svoje ãa‰e odpirajo soncu, naznanjajo pomlad, prebujajoão se naravo. Podobno kot v primeru dreves so bili ljudje tudi o cvetovih Ïe v najstarej‰ih ãasih prepriãani, da se v njih nahaja du‰a. Bogastvo cvetov in njihov ãudoviti vonj sta priãarala vzdu‰je slavnosti, praznika, veselja nad Ïivljenjem. Zato je ljudstvo z roÏami krasilo templje, oltarje, kipe boÏanstev in junakov.. Iz roÏ so spletali kite in vence, jih nosili na sebi, pokov tresali s cvetjem procesijam pot, krasili grobove. Cvetje jim poleg tega ni bilo le za okras, imelo je tudi zdravilno moã in varovalo naj bi jih pred hudimi duhovi. V kr‰ãanstvu pomeni cvetje upanje na vstajenje, na veãno pomlad in na veselje v nebe‰kem raju. Kristus sam je Cvet na mladiki, ki je bila pognala iz korenine Jesejeve (Jes 11, 1). Ta Cvet se je zdel za kratek ãas ovenel v trpljenju in smrti; z vstajenjem pa je minila zima nevere in pregrehe, prinesel je pomlad Ïivljenja po milosti in kreposti.1
1
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, Die Die Welt de hri lilich ch
Symbo Sy mbole le,, I
bruck bru ck
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
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Simbolika cvetja
P
ri posameznih narodih zadobijo nekatere roÏe posebno simboliko. Poosebljajo posamezne kulture, doloãeno deÏelo, njeno Ïivljenje, izroãila in verovanja. V tem primeru doloãen cvet ni samo neke vrste narodna roÏa, temveã boÏja rastlina. Spominja na nadnaravno, na boÏje stvarstvo, njegovo naklonjenost deÏeli in njenemu vladarju. V starem Egiptu je v tem pomenu zavzemal med vsemi roÏami prvo mesto sinje obarvani in di‰eãi lokvanj (nymphea). Ob daritvah v ãast boÏanstvom ni smel nikoli manjkati. Njegov lik je predstavljal Egipt, dar Nila. Upodabljali so ga zato povsod, na vazah, na glaviãih stebrov, nosili vrezanega na amuletih, spletali iz njegovih cvetov vence. Gostu so ob vstopu v hi‰o izroãili lokvanjev cvet. In vsak Egipãan je hrepenel po tem, da bi nekoã, po svoji smrti, postal blesteãi lokvanj na vrtu sonã-
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
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V bajeslovju Indije ima lokvanj rdeãe barve ‰e danes prvenstveno vlogo. Po hindujskem verovanju je sam Vi‰nu, boÏanstvo vsega poãela, poãival na povr‰ju vesoljnega vodovja; iz njegove popkovine pa je pognal in vzcvetel lokvanj, v katerem se je pojavil Brahma, stvaritelj sveta. V indijskih indijsk ih Vedah Vedah je lokvanj zato Ïe od davna da vna simbol du‰evnih globin ãloveka, njegovega srca. Prizori, v katerih zlati sonãni Ïarki boÏajo mirne vode, na katerih zacvetijo lokvanji, prevevajo vso indijsko knjiÏevnost. Sonce in lokvanj, izmed katerih prvo obuja drugega, sta simbol veãne ljubezni, ki je nobena daljava ne more ohladiti.3 V stari Asiriji je lilija (lilium) simbolizirala kraljestvo. Kot znak kraljev in knezov jo sreãamo tudi v Knososu na Kreti (1550 (1550 pr. Kr.). Kr.). Pa tudi potem pri Grkih, pri IzraelIz raelcih za ãasa Mojzesa ter pri Rimljanih (kot simbol prestolonasledstva).4 Od zgodnjega srednjega veka dalje se stilizirana lilija nahaja v grbu francoskih kraljev kot njihov znak. Bogata je njena simbolika tudi v kr‰ãanstvu. Sv. pismo jo v prispodobah imenuje »lilija na polju«. Redno je prisotna na podobah Oznanjenja.
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
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bolj pa se je ta roÏa uveljavila v starem Rimu, kjer je bila kita iz njenih cvetov nagrada tistim, ki so se izkazali v vojskovanju. Rimljani so z vrtnicami krasili slavnostne vozove, v slavnostnih povorkah so jih metali na pot zmagovitim vojskovodjem. Vrtnica jim je bila tudi cvet veselja in ljubezni. V kr‰ãanstvu se ta roÏa pojavlja v ‰tevilnih prizorih, kjer simbolizira med drugim, zaradi svojih trnjev, Kristusa v njegovem trpljenju.5 Na Angle‰kem je vrtnica znak kraljevske hi‰e, z imenom »roÏa Tudor«. Sestavljena je iz bele vrtnice vrtni ce (hi‰a York) York) ter rdeãe rdeã e vrtnice (hi‰a (hi‰ a Lancaster) v enoten cvet. V stari Grãiji je za sveto roÏo veljala vijolica (viola), simbol ponovno se prebujajoãe zemlje. Vijolice so gojili zlasti po Atiki, delali iz njih vence ter jih prodajali v mesta. Atene so sploh bile «kronane z vijolicami«. Vence vijolic so nosili ‰e zlasti za prazniãne priloÏnosti. Otrokom, ki so dopolnili tretje leto, so na doloãen dan nadeli vence iz vijolic, kot znak Ïivljenja, ker so ob veliki otro‰ki umrljivosti preÏiveli kritiãen ãas. — V kr‰ãanstvu
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
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so vijolice zaradi njihove temne barve in blagega vonja prispodoba poniÏnosti.7 Na Daljnem vzhodu je kraljica cvetja krizantema (chrysanthemum).8 Na Kitajskem so jo gojili Ïe pred dva tisoã leti. Mandarinom je bila najljub‰i cvet. Pogosto so jo upodabljali. Izredno simboliãna pa je ta roÏa ‰e danes na Japonskem, kjer se Ïe od konca 12. stol. nahaja na sabljah kot cesarski znak. Krizantema je Japoncem sploh narodna roÏa, znamenje njihove deÏele. Po svojem izvoru je perzijski tudi tulipan (tulipa).9 V Evropo je pri‰el preko Turãije, kjer je bil znak sultanov iz rodu Osmanov. Lik tulipana so Turki upodabljali zato na vazah, na tkaninah ter ga klesali v kamen. Priljubljenost kake roÏe pa je komaj mogoãe primerjati s tem, kar se je v letih 1634—37 godilo s tulipani na Nizozemskem. Vse je mejilo Ïe na histerijo. Ljudem so se tulipani tako priljubili, da so jih hoteli imeti za vsako ceno. âebulica tulipana vrste »Semper Augustus« je dosegla npr. ceno celih cel ih 13.000 13.000 guldnov. guldnov. âez kako leto je histerija sicer ponehala, vendar je tulipan ostal najbolj gojena in cenjena roÏa Nizozemske, njihov narodni
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
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ãas vdrli Danci in po njej pusto‰ili. V kritju noãi in megle so se pribliÏali tudi ‰kotski vojski, da bi jo presenetili. Toda eden izmed danskih vojakov je z boso nogo stopil na bodeãi osat in od boleãine zakriãal. Tedaj Tedaj so se speãi ·koti prebudili in pregnali Dance, ki se potem niso veã vrnili.10 Angle‰ka deÏela Wales Wales ima za svoj znak ãesnik (allium),10 ki sicer ni cvet, vendar spada v to skupino. Tudi ta znak je nastal na podlagi legende. Ko so bili wale‰ki Kelti Ïe kristjani, je med njimi Ïivel od ãesna in kruha menih domaãin, sv. David. Tak‰no hrano je priporoãil tudi svojim rojakom pred bitko s poganskimi Sasi. V tej bitki so bili WaleÏani zmagoviti in so ostali Kelti vse do danes. âesnik pa je njihov narodni znak. Kot je splo‰no poznano, je Ircem narodni znak deteljica (trifolium).10 Tudi o nastanku tega znaka obstaja legenda. Ko so bili Irci ‰e pogani, je Ïivel med njimi misijonar sv. sv. Patrik, ki je bil ‰kotskega rodu. Spoznal je bil kr‰ãanstvo in ga potem oznanjal irskim domaãinom. Ti pa nikakor niso nis o mogli doumeti doumeti skrivnosti sv sv.. Trojice. Ko je Ïe kazalo, da bo ves trud zaman, najde Patrik re‰ilno
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
BESSeDA BE
irski kralj spoznal boÏjo Resnico, z njim pa vse ljudstvo, ki se je potem mnoÏiãno pokristjanilo. V nem‰kem svetu je v ljudski pesmi izmed vseh roÏ najbolj opevana spominãica (myosotis), kot simbol ljubezni, prijateljstva in kot spominski cvet. Ob koncu 14. 14. stol. jo je bil tudi angle‰ki kralj Henrik IV IV.. izbral za enega svojih znakov. Ostala je potem znak pripadnikov hi‰e Lancaster (souveigne de moy). V 16. stol. jo omenjajo tudi kot nevestin cvet, npr. J. C. Camerarius (1583), (1583), Abraham a Sancta clara (1672). Od tega stoletja dalje se raz‰iri tudi njeno sedanje ime.11 T Tudi udi pri Slovencih je Ïe od nekdaj priljubljena, zanjo imamo tudi ljudska imena kot Marijine oãi (bene‰koslovensko) oãi (bene‰koslovensko) alimaãje ali maãje oãi (toloãi (tolminsko) ipd. Priljubljena roÏa je Ïe od davna tudi svi‰ã (gentiana). Njeno ime izhaja, kakor pravi legenda, od ilirskega ilirskeg a kralja po imenu Genthius (+ 167 pr. Kr.), ki naj bi jo pripo-
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
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turi skorajda ni zastopan.13 V nekaterih tirolskih pesmih se vãasih omenja kot ljubezenska roÏa. V Alpah, tudi slovenskih, spominja ãim lep‰a oãnica na pogum in tveganje gornika, plezalca, saj so prav na najbolj nepristopnih krajih najlep‰i primerki tega cveta. Znak oãnice najdemo neredko na modelih za maslo, kjer priãa o planinskem izvoru, za razliko od dolinskega masla. Na ‰irokem obmoãju Srednje in Zahodne Evrope se je zadnja stoletja uveljavil nagelj (dianthus) kot plemenita in kot ljudska roÏa.14 Zlasti ‰e rdeã nagelj, ki si ga dekleta v Alpah pripenjajo na prsi, ·panke in Italijanke zatikajo v lase, fantje za klobuk. Rdeã nagelj pomeni ljubezensko roÏo, pa tudi korajÏo. Na francoskem podeÏelju so ga dekleta pripenjala fantom kot znamenje poguma. Napoleon si je verjetno zato izbral rdeão barvo nageljna leta 1802 1802 za trak tra k âastne legije. Izmed vseh teh roÏ je prav nagelj, ki nas kot znaãilen
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
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Nagelj
D
ana‰nje znanstveno ime nageljna je dianthus, izraz, ki izhaja od gr‰kega »Diós anthos« (Zevsova roÏa). V znanstveno poimenovanje je to oznako dokonãno uvedel ‰vedski naravoslovec Carl Linné (Linnaeus. 1707–1 1707–1778), 778), utemeljitelj sistema rastlinskih vrst po skupinah njihove sorodnosti. Pred njim so za nagelj redno uporabljali latinski naziv caryophyllus.15 Nekateri pisci zato ‰e danes navajajo, da je naziv »dianthus« samo Linnéjeva tvorba. Vendar pa nagelj naziva tako kot Linné Ïe starogr‰ki pisec Teofrast (4. (4. stol. pr. Kr.), ki pravi, da spada »Diós anthos« med tistih nekaj grmiãastih rastlin, ki jih goji-
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
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geljnu povzemata iz Teofrasta oãitno tudi Plinij st. (1 (1.. stol. pr. pr. Kr.), ki ga naziva »Iovis flos« f los« (Jupitrov cvet), ter Atenej (Athenaios, 2./3. stol. po Kr.).17 Vendar pa v njunem ãasu nageljna na splo‰no ‰e niso cenili. Teofrast naziva »Diós anthos« kot grmiãasto rastlino, zato sodijo mnogi raziskovalci, da je imel v mislih »dianthus arboreus«, ki ‰e danes uspeva na Kreti in po Kikladih. Ta vrsta nageljna cvete meseca junija in je poleg vrste »dianthus fruticosus« ‰e danes zelo priljubljena po gr‰kih gr‰ki h otokih, namenjena izdelavi vencev vencev.. Ker je bila Kreta Ïe v starem veku zelo znana po ãa‰ãenju ã a‰ãenju Zevsa, bi s tem tudi naziv »Diós anthos« t.j. Zevsova roÏa, imel svojo utemeljitev. Toda cvetovi obeh navedenih vrst di‰ijo, kar je v nasprotju s Teofrastovim poroãilom. Zato je mogoãe, da d a se Teofrastove Teofrastove navedbe nana‰ajo na nagelj vrste »dianthus selvaticus«, ki rase v Epiru in nima vonja.18 ·e bolj pa je verjetno, da so z nazivom
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
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njem srednjem veku zaãeli gojiti v Evropi nagelj ter ga ceniti. Med zgodovinopisci vlada v veliki meri prepriãanje, da so kulturo nageljnov razvili najprej muslimani na Jutrovem, odkoder naj bi se raz‰irila po severni Afriki. V Evropo naj bi jo potem zanesli kriÏarji v 13. stol. 19 V Franciji naj bi se namreã raz‰irilo gojenje nageljnov po ponesreãenem kriÏarskem pohodu na Tunis leta 1270, ki ga je vodil sveti kralj Ludvik IX. (12 IX. (12114–1270). Vendar je njegove kriÏarje napadla v Tunisu zavratna kuga. ·tevilni med njimi so umrli, tudi kralj sam. Obolelim je napoj iz nageljnov laj‰al boleãine. PreÏiveli naj bi zato zanesli nageljne v Francijo ter jih zaãeli gojiti.20 V resnici pa ne obstajajo nikakr‰ni zapisi, ki bi opraviãevali sklepanje, da so bili nageljni na Jutrovem ali kje drugje bolj domaãi kot pa v juÏni Evropi.21 Zato si mnenje, da je juÏna Evropa oziroma Sredozemlje prvotna
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
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jili domaãi nagelj, po sredozemskih obmoãjih ‰e v prosti naravi.22 Njen cvet ima pet listiãev. V visokem srednjem veku je bil nagelj oãitno ‰e dokaj preprosta roÏa, ki ni vzbujala posebnega zanimanja, kakor so ga druge, zlasti vrtnica. Njegovo gojenje, zaradi domnevne zdravilnosti proti kugi, ter sprva verjetno ‰e povsem nakljuãna kriÏanja pa so Ïe oblikovala cvetove, ki so v obdobju gotike pritegnili pozornost umetnikov. Najprej na Francoskem, kjer nagelj Ïe v 14. stol. omenja znani pesnik in zgodovinar J. zgodovinar J. Froissart (1 (1337 337–14 –14110) 0).23 . V naslednjem stoletju se je posvetil gojenju nageljnov Rene d’Anjou (1 d’Anjou (1409–1 409–1480), 480), prestolonaslednik prestolonaslednik iz iz Napolja, potem ko so mu onemogoãili prevzem zakonitega na-
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
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jem vrtu, med katerimi je tudi nagelj, imata ‰e zlasti St. zlasti St. Lochner (ok. (ok. 1410–1451) inM. inM. Grünewald (ok. (ok. 1470/75 – 1528).26 Med znaãilna dela iz te simbolike sodi npr. bakrorez »Manja s ‰opkom nageljnov«, ki ga je izdelal M. Schongauer (1453–1491). (1453–1491).27 Sicer pa je najbolj znan Marijin simbol vrtnica ali roÏa. Iz molitvenih roÏ je sestavljen roÏar, roÏni venec. V slovenskem izroãilu se boÏji vrtec nahaja kot motiv v ljudski pesmi. Kot mistiãna prispodoba je predstavljal tudi v duhovnosti slovenskih ljudi eno najlep‰ih doÏivetij. Uprizarjali so ga na Marijinih boÏjih poteh, kakor omenja ‰e Valvasor (17. stol.). V prej‰njem stoletju ga poznajo zlasti ‰e dolenjske in ‰tajerske boÏje poti. Mo-
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
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cesijo. Îenske so nosile na glavah vence, navadno iz poljskih roÏ. Vodja na ãelu je med petjem Marijinih Mari jinih pesmi popeljal procesijo na poseben prostor in jo ob petju po polÏasto zavijal navznoter, dokler niso bili vsi strnjeni okoli njega. Sledila je potem pridiga. Po njej pa se je znova oglasilo petje, procesija se je zaãela odvijati navzven in se konãno stekla v cerkev. Vrtec je udeleÏence potegnil v mistiãno zamaknjenost, pozabili so na vse skrbi zemeljskega Ïivljenja in njihove misli so bile osredotoãene samo na molitev, pro‰nje in petje. V obdobju pozne gotike se nagelj pojavi tudi na svetsvet nih podobah. Flamski slikar Jan slikar Jan van Eyck (1386–1441) (1386–1441) izdela sliko »MoÏ z nageljnom«. Ob koncu gotike in na
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Nageljni, renesanãna upodobitev, Matthias l’Obel (1538–1616)
mnogih slikarjev, med katerimi izstopajo A. izstopajo A. Pisanello, Pisanello, L. Cranach st., W. Wolgemut, H. Holbein st. in st. in tudi znani A. A.
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
BESSeDA BE
re sok naj pomaga zoper kugo in vonj zoper nalezljive bolezni. V svojstvu tedanjih zdravnikov navajajo nagelj vsled tega Ïe v prvi pr vi polovici 16. stol. ‰tevilni naravoslovci. V svoji knjigi ga omenja npr. znameniti nem‰ki uãenjak L. Fuchs (1501–1566), (1501–1566), zdravnik mejnega grofa v Ansbachu ter vseuãili‰ki profesor v Tübingenu. Njegova knjiga »De historia stirpium« (Basel 1542) 1542) je bila takoj prevedena v franco‰ãino in je postala uspe‰nica. ·vicarski naravoslovec C. Gesner (151 (1516–1566), ki ki v svo svo--
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
BESSeDA BE
svoj »Herball« (1550), v katerem navaja, da se nagelj nahaja tudi v angle‰kih vrtovih.32 Na Nizozemskem je vrtnarstvo Ïe krepko razvito. Gojijo tudi zeli‰ãa, jih opisujejo ter preuãujejo. Med nizozemskimi rastlinoslovci, ki vsvojih spisih navajajo tudi nagelj, so najslavnej‰i/?. Dodoens (Dodonaeus, (Dodonaeus, 151 1517–1 7–1585), 585), ki zaslovi zlasti s svojo »Stirpium historiae pemptades sex« (1583, 1616); nadalje M. de l’Obel (Lobelius, (Lobelius, 1538–1616) z veã deli, med temi »Krydboeck« »Kr ydboeck« (158 (1581); 1); in ‰e zlasti Ch. de l’Ecluse
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
BESSeDA BE
Zanimanje za gojenje nageljnov se z nastopom 17. stol. raz‰iri Ïe po veãini evropskih deÏel. Na Francoskem se mu je posvetil celo bojeviti vojvoda Condé, potem ko ga je dal prvi minister, kardinal Mazarin, zapreti za leto dni. Znana pesnica Madeleine de Scudéry je Scudéry je k temu v pesmi pripomnila: » … Et ne eétonne plus que Mars soit jardinier«. Njih gojenje obravnava tudi Olivier de Serres (1539–1619) (1539–1619) v svoji knjigi »Théätre ìagriculture et mesnage de champs« (1600, 1668), zlasti druga raz‰ir-
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
BESSeDA BE
su »Versuch, die Metamorphose der Pflanze zu erklären« (1790).37 Ob koncu 18. 18. stol. je nagelj tudi Ïe Ïe politiãni znak . Bel nagelj je simbol prista‰ev francoske monarhije, rdeã nagelj pa francoske revolucije, republikanskih republikanskih gibanj. V 80-ih letih prej‰njega stoletja ga nosijo v Franciji prista‰i gibanja, ki ga vodi poslanec po slanec G. Boulanger, v duhu nacionalne veliãine republikanske drÏave.38 PribliÏno v tem ãasu si tudi socialisti izberejo rdeã nagelj za svoj znak.
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
BESSeDA BE
Slovenski okras
N
agelj je danes Slovencem najbolj priljubljena roÏa. V slovenskem okrasu (ornamentu) je poleg srca najbolj pogosta in najpomembnej‰a sestavina. Slovenski okras je danes veãinoma rastlinski, obogaten s stari-
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
BESSeDA BE
upodabljanja teh prvin seveda ni okras, okra s, pomenijo simboliãno ponazoritev naravnih in vesoljnih pojavov — svéta in ãarovna znamenja. Ta znamenja so prvi pr vi korak v ãlovekovem ponazarjanju du‰evnega doÏivljanja stvarstva. Pega oz. pika je v
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
BESSeDA BE
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
BESSeDA BE
gaãne notranjosti, verovanja v duhovno in nadzemeljsko, v vsemogoãnega duha oz. bitje, katerega predstavlja tedaj v vseh kulturah sonce. Simboliãnost okrasnih prvin je tako preprosta, umljiva in priroãna, da prehaja iz preprostih v visoka verstva,
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
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Kristusovih ran, iz katerih lije zdravje na svet.42 Vsa ta simbolika pa je prvotna, v sestavinah okrasja ‰e iz iste kulture pred nekaj tisoã leti, ko se prebudi ãlovekova notranjost in s tem verovanje ter predstava o nadnaravnem duhu stvarstva.
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
BESSeDA BE
Okenski kriÏi s prvinami slovenskega okrasa
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
BESSeDA BE
1908).47 V obdobju ketla‰ke kulture od 8.–11. stol., zna-
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
BESSeDA BE
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
BESSeDA BE
bijo tedaj za slovensko krajino znaãilen slog. Nekdanjim
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
BESSeDA BE
Narodne roÏe
Î
e uvodoma smo v priãujoãi ‰tudiji obravnavali nekatere cvetove, ki pri posameznih narodih veljajo ne samo za ljudske, temveã tudi za narodne roÏe in se v tem svojstvu pojavljajo tudi v grbih. Izmed dana‰njih drÏavnih grbov s podobo cveta je gotovo najbolj znaãilen cesarski grb Japonske: stilizirana krizantema rumene barve, brez drugih sestavin. Med japonskim ljudstvom pa so priljubljeni tudi drugi cvetovi, posebno ãe‰njev, vi‰njev in tudi ãe‰pljev cvet, ki na svojih drevesih naznanjajo pomlad in njen ãar. ãar. — Na Kitajskem je svoj ãas potonika ali majnica ponazarjala cesarski sijaj.103 Izmed azijskih deÏel, ki imajo v grbu cvet, izstopa poleg Japonske tudi JuÏna Koreja. Podlaga njenemu grbu krãnica (hypernicum calycinum) oz. njen ruje zimzelena krãnica (hypernicum meni cvet. Ponazarja celovitost deÏele, ker rase po vsem njenem obmoãju kot roÏa s posebno moãnim in trdnim steblom. Tudi drÏava Ceylon oz. Sri Lanka ima za podlago svojemu grbu cvet, in sicer lokvanj, budistiãno roÏo, v rume-
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
BESSeDA BE
ni barvi, ki je prav tako barva bar va budizma. Nasproti temu pa je grb muslimanske drÏave Pakistan, ki ga krasi narcisa (narcissus), slovensko bedenka104 povsem v zeleni barvi, barvi islama. Izredno slikoviti grb drÏave Nepal pa ima poleg drugih sestavin tudi rdeãi sleã (rhododendron), znaãilen cvet gorá in s tem tudi nepalske kraljevine. V nekaterih primerih se v drÏavnem grbu nahaja cela c ela rastlina. Znaãilen primer tega je zlasti grb Mehike, katerega krasi kaktus (cactus).105 Prevzet je po stari legendi, ki pripoveduje, da so mehi‰ki rodovi dobili ukaz sonãnega boga, naj sezidajo prestolnico na mestu, kjer najdejo na skali rastoãi kaktus. Tako Tako je nastala prestolnica stare, azte‰ke Mehike. Pod ‰pansko zasedbo je bil znak kaktusa za veã stoletij odpravljen. V zaãetku prej‰njega stoletja pa si ga je spet privzelo osvobodilno gibanje, tako je potem pri‰el v grb osvobojene Mehike. Poseben primer drÏavnega grba in njega znakov predstavlja ameri‰ka drÏava Kanada. Na njeni banderi106 se od 1964 nahaja javorjev list in sicer v rdeãi barvi, ki spominja na padle Kanadãane v svetovni vojni. V 104 gl. H. Tuma, Tuma, Imenoslovje Julijskih Alp, Ljubljana 1929. 1929. str. str. 34 105 W. Smith, Flaggs and Arms across the World World (slovenska izdaja), Zagreb 1982. str. 141 106 Upor Uporabljam abljam izraz bandera, bandera, ki ga najdemo v vseh evropskih jezikih, ohranjen tudi v sloven‰ãini ‰e iz srednjega veka. ·e v letih po zadnji vojski smo uporabljali domá samo to besedo,
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
BESSeDA BE
drÏavnem grbu pa se javorjev list, kot znaãilni kanadski znak, pojavi Ïe v preteklem stoletju. Toda samo v okrasju grba, ãigar glavni del, ‰ãit, ima ‰e takrat in tudi ‰e danes ‰tiri sestavine: angle‰ki, ‰kotski, irski in francoski znak; ‰ele v novej‰em ãasu ima ‰ãit ‰e peti znak, javorjevo vejico s tremi listi na belem polju, kot kanadsko sestavino. Grbovni okras pa ima za podlago zeleni vejici s vrtnica (Anglija), osat (·kotska),deteljica ‰tirimi cvetovi: vrtnica (Anglija),osat (·kotska),deteljica (Irska) in lilija lilija (Francija). (Francija). Tako so v grbu zastopane ‰tiri prvotne domovine veãine kanadskega prebivalstva. Mnoge drÏave in deÏele v svoje grbe niso privzele znaãilnih ljudskih rastlin, temveã tiste, ki so osnova njih kmetijstva, gospodarstva, ali pa imajo kake druge znaãilnosti. Tak‰en primer so zlasti socialistiãne drÏave, katerih grbe obdaja p‰eniãno klasje (Evropa), ali tudi riÏevo klasje (Azija), ki naj bi v samem drÏavnem znaku priãalo o vladavini kmeãko-delavskega sloja. Nepogre‰ljiva sestavina v grbih in banderah socialistiãnih drÏav je tudi rdeãa barva, barva revolucije, ki naj bi ljudstva osvobodila iz socialnega zatiranja. ·tevilne ·tevi lne romanske deÏele (zlasti JuÏna Amerika) imajo v svojem grbu kot okras ‰e hrastovo in oljãno vejico, republikanski znak, ki predstavlja ljudsko vlado, mir in napredek. Obstajajo konãno ‰e drÏave, ki imajo v svojih grbih
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
BESSeDA BE
uvrstiti v kako znaãilno skupino. Brazilija ima npr. v okrasju svojega grba stebli kakavovca ka kavovca in tobaka; Kolumbija zlato jabolko (granat), ker se je sprva imenovala Nova Granada; Jamajka pa ananas itd; V nekaterih grbih vidimo sladkomi trst, sirk, palmo. V Sovjetski zvezi imajo srednjeazijske republike v svojih grbih znaãilen bombaÏev cvet. V svetu je danes opaziti vse veãjo teÏnjo za tem, da si posamezni narodi oz. njihove drÏave izberejo za svoj znak znaãilne rastline, med temi ‰e najveã cvetove, lahko tudi po veã hkrati, v znaãilni povezavi, kakor vidimo v primeru Kanade. Ta teÏnja je nasprotna od one, ki stremi po uvajanju ideolo‰kih prispodob, kakor sta hrastova in oljãna vejica v pomenu republikanskega, ali p‰eniãna snopa v pomenu socialistiãnega znaka ipd. V tej teÏnji po uveljavitvi doloãenega cveta v pomenu narodnega znaka pride do izraza ‰e zlasti vpra‰anje, ali ima kak‰en bliÏnji ali sosednji narod za svojega Ïe enak cvet. Le ãe sta dva naroda prostorsko primerno oddaljena, imata lahko tudi enak ljudski oz. narodni cvet, kakor vidimo vidimo v primeru AngleÏev Ang leÏev in Bolgarov Bolgarov.. Tako Tako eni kot drugi imajo za svojo roÏo vrtnico, dasi d asi je njen izvor pri prvih heraldiãno izroãilo, pri drugih pa najbolj pomembna kultura domaãega vrtnarstva. Evropa je v tem, kar zadeva ‰tevilo in razliãnost ljud-
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
BESSeDA BE
gibana. Tu so se narodni cvetovi uveljavili predvsem v preteklem stoletju, v obdobju romantiãnih nazorov o narodu in o njegovi kulturi. Vendar Vendar se cvetliãni simboli uveljavljajo ‰e danes iz potrebe po znakih za razna gibanja, zdruÏenja ali stranke, zlasti ‰e tiste, ki se v svojih naãelih naslanjajo na domovinstvo. domovinstvo . V tem pogledu je cvetliãni znak eden najbolj priljubljenih, priroãnih, pa tudi simboliãnih, ker nam obuja spomin na domaão zemljo, domaãi kraj in domovino. Nekateri narodi v Evropi, ki so iz politiãnih gibanj v prej‰njem stoletju izoblikovali svojo drÏavno in na tej osnovi tudi narodno zavest, imajo svoje drÏavne grbe, ne pa znaãilnih narodnih in ljudskih roÏ. Pri Italijanih npr. ne najdemo kakega cveta. ki bi bil simbol italijanstva. Posamezne italijanske italijanske deÏele imajo dokaj razliãno zemljepisno lego, podnebje, zato pa tudi lastno domaão kulturo, ki jo je oblikovalo tudi lastno zgodovinsko in politiãno izroãilo. — Dana‰nja Francija pa sploh nima drÏavnega grba, marveã le svojo tribarvnico. Tudi pri ·pancih, katerih kraljestvo ‰teje veã stoletij, ne najdemo znaãilnega ljudskega ljudskega cveta. ki bi bil tipiãno ‰panski. Med ‰panskimi ljudmi sta zelo priljubljena nagelj in vrtnica, vendar nimata pomena narodnih roÏ. Kot poseben, znaãilno domaã cvet te deÏele velja v elja pomaranãni cvet (‰pansko azahar ),), ki pa ni narodna roÏa, tem-
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
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nosti Ïena in deklet.107 Upo‰tevajoã dokaj Ïivo teÏnjo po uvajanju narodnih roÏ, je povsem mogoãe, da postane »azahar« nekoã tudi narodna roÏa. Prav tako pa je tudi mogoãe, da si posamezne ‰panske deÏele privzemajo svoje lastne cvetliãne znake. Vsaj nekatere od njih, kot npr.. Katalonija, ki ima lasten jezik in zavest posebnega npr naroda. — Sosednja Portugalska ima v svojem grbu lovor , oziroma dve lovorovi vejici kot grbovni okras. âe ima portugalsko ljudstvo tudi svojo znaãilno ljudsko roÏo, ni bilo mogoãe ugotoviti. Izmed starih kraljestev v Evropi je bila Francija tista, ki je imela v svojem grbu verjetno najstarej‰i cvetliãni znak. Vse od 12. stol. ga je predstavljala lilija (lilium) v stilizirani podobi in v zlati barvi na plavem polju. Po njej so francosko kraljestvo imenovali kar kraljestvo lilije — royaume de lis.108 T Tak‰na ak‰na stilizirana lilija lilija ima v grboslovju grboslovju ime »fleur de lis« (lilijin cvet), za razliko od »lis de jardin« (vrtna lilija), ki se prav tako nahaja v nekaterih grbih. Potem, ko je bila v Franciji z znano revolucijo oklicana republika, je bil grb z lilijo kot znamenje kraljestva odpravljen. Drugega grba niso veã uvedli.
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
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Ponekod v Franciji je ‰e ohranjen spomin na omelo (viscum), francosko le gui. ki je bil sveta rastlina starih Keltov.109 Ti so verovali, da omelo, rastoãe na hrastu. priãa o prisotnosti boÏanstva v tem drevesu. Obirali so ga v slovesnem obredu na doloãen dan v luninem mesecu. V drugi polovici prej‰nje prej‰njega ga stoletja se je lastna narodna roÏa uveljavila tudi v Nemãiji in tako je danes na splo‰no znano. da velja za nem‰ko roÏo plavica (centaurea cyanus), nem‰ko Kornblume oz. oz. Flockenblume. Flockenblume. Po Pomen narodne roÏe Nemcev je dobila potem, ko si jo je nem‰ki cesar Viljem I. (1 (1797–1 797–1888) 888) izbral za okras k svosvo110 0 jemu grbu,11 ãetudi je bila kot cvet obseÏnih Ïitnih polj pri nem‰kih ljudeh tudi poprej priljubljena. Cesar si jo je izbral v spomin na dogodek iz otro‰kih let: z materjo Luiso Prusko so se kraljevi otroci zatekli pred Napoleonovimi ãetami v Ïitno polje, kjer so se igrali, spletali iz plavic vence in delali iz njih ‰opke. Iz cvetja v Ïitu so si vzeli svoj narodni cvet tudi tud i PoljaPoljaki, katerih deÏela ima prav tako obseÏna Ïitna polja. Poljakom je postal narodni cvet poljski mak (papaver (papaver
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
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bitkah za domovino. Med najveãjimi je bitka pri Monte Cassinu v zadnji vojni, kjer je v sestavi angle‰ke vojske padla mnoÏica Poljakov. Na to tragiãno bitko spominja tudi pesem: »Rdeãi mak izpod Monte Cassina, 111 1 zrasel iz poljske krvi.11 V nekaterih primerih je najbolj upo‰tevan ljudski cvet eden izmed tistih, ki so znani po svoji zdravilnosti. Pri ‰entjanÏevka (hypericum Sorbih v LuÏici je to ‰entjanÏevka (hypericum perforatum), sorbsko janske sorbsko janske zelo, ki zelo, ki pa nima znaãaja narodnega cveta.112 V ljudskem zdravilstvu je pri Sorbih cenjena leluja, pa tudi lilija, sorbsko leluja, pa tudi vijolica, sorbskoro’iãka. sorbskoro’iãka. Kot okrasni cvet imajo ‰e posebno radi vrtnico, sorbsko so rbsko róÏiãka. V róÏiãka. V gornjesorbskih nareãjih se ta beseda uporablja najveãkrat kot splo‰ni naziv za cvetlico, za katero se sicer oznaka kwetka kwetka komaj komaj kdaj sli‰i. — Podobno kot pri Slovencih. Zdravilnost neke roÏe pa je vãasih tako znaãilna, da ima pomen narodnega cveta. Îe iz domaãega izroãila ve vsak otrok, da je tak‰na roÏa »njihova«. V tem svojstvu je za âehe njihova narodna roÏa materina du‰ica (thymus serpyllum), ãe‰komateridoiiska. ãe‰komateridoiiska.
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
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Mariji kakor mnoge druge roÏe. Cvet je izredno di‰eã di‰ eã in zdravilen, cenili so ga zato Ïe Rimljani, saj rimski pisatelj Columella Ïe razlikuje med vrtno (thymum) in poljsko (serpyllum) vrsto.113 Svoje posebno mesto ima materina du‰ica tudi v ãe‰ki ljudski pesmi.114 Neka pesem pripoveduje o otroku siroti, ki ga vonj te cvetlice spominja na mater, ker je bila zrasla na njenem grobu. Zakaj ãe‰ko ime sámo pomeni namreã «materin dih«. Za Slovake ni bilo mogoãe ugotoviti, kateri cvet bi jim lahko bil narodna ali ljudska roÏa. Prav tako ne, ãe jo imajo bliÏnji MadÏari, Avstrijci in Hrvati. Paã pa je pri Romunih Ïe skorajda ljudska roÏa goreãka (geranium). ãetudi nima znaãaja narodne roÏe. Imenujejo jo muscata. Kar zadeva Avstrijce, se je vsaj pri Tirolcih uveljavila v novej‰em ãasu kot narodni cvet oãnica (leontopodium alpinum). Opeva se pogosto v starej‰ih narodnih pesmih njihove deÏele, dasi ni veljala za narodno roÏo.115 Odkar pa si jo je na italijanski strani JuÏnotirolska ljudska stranka privzela za svoj politiãni znak, je ne-
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
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tirolskih ljudi pa jo sreãamo Ïe od nekdaj, bodisi vrezano na lesene izdelke, na modele za maslo, na osovnike, pa tudi v‰ito na mo‰ke naramnice, jopiãe … in seveda tudi za klobukom kmeãkih fantov ni smela manjkati. Cvetje je ‰e zlasti priljubljeno tudi v balkanskih deÏelah. Pri Srbih velja za poroãni cvet bazilika, pa tudi ‰panski bezeg (srbsko (srbsko jorgovan jorgovan)) in roÏmarin. Na kmetih vedno pogledajo ob Ïenitvah, kak‰en vrt ima nevesta. Za narodni cvet pa velja Srbom rdeãa potonika (paeonia triternata), srbsko boÏur, boÏur, slovensko slovensko tudi majnica. Njena Ïivo rdeãa barva spominja srbske ljudi na znamenito Kosovsko bitko, zato ji pravijo navadno kar »kosovski boÏur«. Omenja jo tudi ljudska pesem: »Iz srpske krvi 116 6 izniknuo davno, crven i plav Kosovom boÏur cveta.«11 V okrasju, zlasti na vezeninah, upodabljajo srbske Ïene ta cvet zelo stilizirano. Cvetni listiãi so pogosto ãrno obrobljeni, nad njimi so kaplje krvi, prav tako ãrno obrobljene. V znak Ïalovanja za padlimi padli mi v Kosovski Kosovski bitki. V Bolgariji je narodna roÏa vrtnica (rosa), bolgarsko ruÏa, kot ruÏa, kot znano, najbolj znaãilna kultura tamkaj‰njega
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
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ga potem za izdelavo parfumov, ker je moãno di‰eãe. Po pridelavi roÏnega olja zavzema Bolgarija v svetu vodilno mesto. V Makedoniji velja za narodno roÏo vrtni mak (papa (papaver somniferum), makedonsko afion, afion, Ïivo Ïivo rdeãe barve. Tudi v tem primeru gre za znaãilno kulturo, ki jo gojijo na poljih. Gojenje se je raz‰irilo v prvi polovici prej‰njega stoletja, ko so iz maka na veliko zaãeli pridobivati prido bivati opij. Proti koncu tega stoletja so ga v precej‰njih koliãinah izvaÏali preko Soluna v svet, kjer so ga uporabljali v zdravstvu. Makovo seme se poleg tega uporablja tudi za sla‰ãice. npr. za potico. Iz njega pa pridobivajo tudi makovo olje, ki je prijetnega okusa in tudi zdravilno. Ali imata danes druga dva naroda na Balkanu, Albanci in Grki, svojo narodno ali ljudsko roÏo, ni bilo mogoãe dognati. In prav tako ne za narode Severne Evrope, za baltske in nordijske. Paã pa je raznovrstno cvetje zelo
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ljajo za barvanje vina, steblo pa tudi za vlakna. V ukrajinski ljudski pesmi pa se neredko menja brogovita brogovita (vi (vikalyna. Ima burnum opulus), ukrajinsko kalyna. Ima sneÏno bele, kepaste cvetove in jo imajo za prispodobo dekli‰ke le118 8 pote.11 Med priljubljene cvetove pri Ukrajincih sodijo tudi mak, plavica in Ïe zlasti zimzelen, ukrajinsko barvinek . Paã pa velja za narodno roÏo Ukrajincev predvsem sonãnica (helianthus annuus). To rastlino so svoj ãas prinesli iz Amerike. V prej‰njem stoletju pa so dognali, da njena semena vsebujejo veliko olja in jo v ta namen zaãeli gojiti po poljih. Najveãji nasadi so nastali prav v Ukrajini, kjer so jo Ïe v prej‰njem stoletju pridelali po veã tisoã ton na leto.119 Njene liste in cvetove uporabljajo tudi v ljudskem zdravilstvu za bolezni pljuã in grla.120 Tudi v tem primeru je postala torej narodna roÏa rastlina, ki jo gojijo kot znaãilno in zelo raz‰irjeno poljsko
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
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no roÏo velja lan (linum), ãigar plavi cvet se nahaja tudi v grbu te deÏele. Tudi v tem primeru je postal narodni cvet znaãilna poljska kultura deÏele, ki vsebuje tudi zdravilne lastnosti in seveda hranljive snovi. Iz njenih stebel pridobivajo vlakna za izdelavo platna, zato so jo gojili Ïe v predzgodovini, Ïe pred nekaj tisoãletji. Tudi na obseÏnem ozemlju, ki ga naseljujejo Rusi, obstaja veã ljudskih roÏ. Ozemlje je tako veliko, da se posamezni predeli po podnebju in zato tudi po rastlinstvu medsebojno medsebojno dokaj razlikujejo. Zato so se po posameznih pokrajinah uveljavile razliãne ljudske roÏe, med temi razne zvonãnice (campanulacee), plavica (centaurea), solzice (convallaria majalis). V ruski ljudski pesmi se pogosto omenja rdeãa jerebika (sorbus aucuparia), rusko rjabina.121 V bolj severnih predelih pa zlasti sibirska jerebika (s. sibirica). Kljub razseÏnosti ozemlja pa se je med Rusi vendar-
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
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marjetice, govoreã: «Ljubi … ne ljubi …« Zadnji listiã ji pove resnico. (Ta navada je ohranjena tudi pri slovenskih dekletih). Zdravilne lastnosti kamilice so mnogostranske, zato je Ïe od nekdaj veliko uporabljajo v ljudskem zdravilstvu. Pa tudi pridelek te rastline po poljih nenehno nara‰ãa. V 80ih letih je dosegel Ïe okoli tisoã dvesto ton.123 Gojijo jo zlasti na poljih v juÏni Rusiji. V celi Sovjetski zvezi je danes raz‰irjen ra z‰irjen in priljubljen tudi rdeã nagelj, kot cvet delavcev in sploh delovnega ljudstva, pa kot znamenje prvomajskega praznika. Iz primerjave med slovenskim nageljnom in med simboliko cvetov pri drugih narodih, kot izhaja iz priãujoãe priã ujoãe ‰tudije, je razvidno, da nagelj Slovencem ni samo najbolj priljubljen cvet. Slovenski nagelj je prava narodna roÏa, ki spremlja na‰ega ãloveka Ïe od zibelke, skozi vse Ïivljenje, saj ga ni pomembnega dogodka, kjer ne bi bil
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
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vseh slovenskih pokrajinah npr. Kralja MatjaÏa in lipo, drevo Ïivljenja. Znaãilno pa je, da se je nagelj uveljavil kot ljudska roÏa ‰ele v prej‰njem stoletju, v zanosu narodne romantike, in to med podeÏelskim ljudstvom. ZaÏivel je v ljudskih navadah, v pu‰eljcih, zlasti pa v okrasju na roãnih delih. Njegove umetni‰ke upodobitve so do najbolj pestrih oblik, ãustvenih potez in domiselnosti oblikovale slovenske Ïene in dekleta. V teh oblikah najdemo neverjetno tenkoãutnost, iskanje novega, lepega in prisrãnega, toliko iznajdljivosti v umetni‰kem in ãustvenem izrazu, da nas preseneãa. Nagelj je tako postal bistvena sestavina slovenskega okrasa in mu dal dokonãni peãat.
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SLOVENSKA ZNAMENJA: NAGELJ
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