Republic of the Philippines OUR LADY OF FATIMA ACADEMY OF DAVAO, INC. Fatima Street, Davao City
SCIENCE INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
Prepared by:
JOHN PAUL D. SAPSAL
THE USE OF ANANAS COMOSUS (CAYENNE PINEAPPLE) LEAF FIBER AS AN ALTERNATIVE ALTERNATIVE BIOSORBENT BIOSORBENT FOR OIL SPILL
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A Science Investigatory Investigatory Project Presented Presented to the Faculty Faculty of Our Lady Of Fatima Academy of Davao Inc. Fatima St., Davao City
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In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Science, English, and Math
________________ ________________________ _________ _
JOHN PAUL D. SAPSAL
Grade 10 – Our Lady of Fatima
August 2017
THE USE OF ANANAS COMOSUS (CAYENNE PINEAPPLE) LEAF FIBER AS AN ALTERNATIVE ALTERNATIVE BIOSORBENT BIOSORBENT FOR OIL SPILL
________________ ________________________ _________ _
A Science Investigatory Investigatory Project Presented Presented to the Faculty Faculty of Our Lady Of Fatima Academy of Davao Inc. Fatima St., Davao City
________________ ________________________ _________ _
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Science, English, and Math
________________ ________________________ _________ _
JOHN PAUL D. SAPSAL
Grade 10 – Our Lady of Fatima
August 2017
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Oil in different varieties has always been used in our everyday life, ranging from liquid petroleum hydrocarbons to simple cooking oils. Because of this abundant utilization of oil in our day-to-day undertakings, numerous incidents of oil spills have been recorded and identified which caused adverse effects to the environment and to the economy due to imprudent and unwise use of this substance in human activities. Oil spill, by definition, refers to the release of liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially marine areas, due to human activity, and is considered as a form of pollution. These harmful phenomenon due to pollution and overexploitation may take the form of refined petroleum products like gasoline and diesel or their heavier by-products such as bunker fuel or waste oil. According to the Oil Tanker Tanker Spill Statistics Statistics (2016), 3,192,000 tonnes of oil has been spilt from 1970 to 1979, 1,174,000 tonnes of oil from 1980 to 1989, 1,133,000 tonnes of oil from 1990 to 1999, 196,000 tonnes of oil from 2000 to 2009, and just recently, there have been 39,000 tonnes of oil spilt to the environment from years 2010 to 2016. In other words, there have been a total of 5,734,000 tonnes of oil spilt and lost to the environment since 1970s. These set of values stipulate the fact that 7,898 oil spill cases have been happening right at the back of the people’s shoulders and they
don’t even notice them. Based on the same source, oil spills have been caused by
people mishandling during loading or discharging, bunkering, and other operations which include ballasting, de-ballasting, tank cleaning, and when the vessel is underway. One of the most prominent and largest oil spills in history was the incident which occurred during the Gulf War in 1991 at Kuwait where about 240 to 336 million gallons of oil were washed off to the Persian Gulf when the Iraqi forces opened the valves of oil wells and pipelines to slow the onslaught of the American troops. This phenomenon exacted permanent damage on coral ecosystems and local fisheries, in accordance with the report by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission at UNESCO. In addition to these, about 210 million gallons were also lost to the environment in 2010 at the Mexican Gulf which stemmed from a sea-floor oil gusher which was marked as the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry and became the potential reason behind the Deepwater Horizon explosion back in April 20, 2010. In the Philippines, the so-called worse oil spill in the country was identified as the Guimaras oil spill which occurred in the Panay Gulf last August 11, 2016 when the oil tanker, M/T Solar 1, which carried about two million liters of bunker fuel, sank off the coast of Guimaras and Negros islands in the Philippine vicinity. About 500,000 liters or 130,000 US gallons of oil was poured into the gulf which reached as far as the Guimaras and Iloilo Strait. The said unfavorable accident negatively affected marine
sanctuaries and mangrove reserves in three out of five municipalities in Guimaras Island and reached the shores of Iloilo and Negros Occidental. According to the Philippine Daily Inquirer (2016), the Philippine Coast Guard has collected 140 liters of oil pumped out from a bulk carrier ship along the port area of Masbate City. It was found out that the oil spill in Masbate started at around four in the morning and was put under control of the authorities by three in the afternoon. Based on a news report by the GMA News (2014), approximately 500 liters of oil was spilled on the seawall and foundation post of the Legaspi Oil Company Incorporated and Insular Oil Incorporated Warf at KM 09, Sasa, Davao City last January 17, 2014. It was confirmed that coco fatty oil, a by-product of coconut oil, overflowed from the catch basin at the refinery of the establishment. The Sasa coast guards were able to take ground of the situation through absorbent booms, scooping materials and empty drums where they were able to recover at least one drum of contaminated fatty oil in the end. In the present time, four underway cleaning operations is still ongoing with regards to different cases of oil spills in the different parts of the world. The Ennore Oil spill in India, OT Southern Star 7 Oil Spill in Bangladesh, Napocor Power Barge 103 Oil Spill in the Philippines, and the Taylor Energy well Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico are still great problems the humanity faces up to the present day. Among the three, the Napocor Power Barge 103 Oil Spill, which was caused by leaks due to the Typhoon s tudy , Haiyan in 2013 and was cons idered to be the most relevant in the researcher’s study
is still becoming an avenue of danger and hazards for Filipinos for 1350 days already. Hence, the success of this study will greatly contribute in boosting the recovery and putting an end to the impending adverse effects of oil spill in the Philippines once and for all. Oil Spills often result to both short-term and long-term environmental damage. First of all, oil spills can damage beaches, marshlands, and fragile aquatic ecosystems beneath the ocean. Oil coming from damaged tankers, pipelines or offshore oil rigs coats everything it comes in contact and becomes a harmful part of every ecosystem it enters. In addition to that, mangroves and other fibrous plants which the released oil comes in contact with can make the whole are unsuitable for wildlife habitat. The study conducted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) was able to discover that 26,000 gallons of oil from the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill back in 1989 was still trapped in the sand along the Alaska shoreline and this residual oil deposit only disintegrates at a very low rate of four percent annually. Another adverse effect of oil spills is the death of birds and other species hovering and flying through the sky above the sea. Fortunate birds are able to relocate themselves in time before danger of possible oil spill strikes, but sea birds who dived through the sea looking for food may be caught up in the said unfavorable disaster. Birds covered in spilled oil are incapacitated to hover and transfer from one place to another by locomotor movements. In addition to these, their natural waterproofing and insulation is disrupted, leaving them vulnerable to hypothermia or overheating.
There are also some cases where birds swallow small amounts of oil which can severely damage their internal organs and lead to death. A good example of this was also the Exxon Valdez oil spill which killed 250,000 to 500,000 seabirds in one single strike. Lastly, oil spill also affects the migratory patterns of birds by destroying the areas where birds usually stop. The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill which occurred during the prime mating and nesting season for many bird species is the very example of this. The third negative effect of oil spill is illustrated in the death of marine mammals and fishes. The numerous records of the death of whales, dolphins, seals, and sea otters were caused by the clogging of their blowholes which made it impossible for them to breathe and to communicate with one another. Oil also coats the fur of these poor mammals subjecting them to severe hypothermia. Even by simply eating fishes which were contaminated by oil washed into the sea can cause them chronic disorders among their internal organs which may eventually lead to further complications or ultimate death. The Exxon Valdez oil spill killed thousands of sea otters, hundreds of harbor seals, and roughly two dozen of killer whales and a dozen of river otters. Even fishes are greatly affected by oil spills for oil degrades the diffusion of oxygen throughout the sea, making it difficult for marine species to breathe, which may lead eventually to suffocation. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill’s first casualty in 2010 was
the shrimp and oyster fisheries along the Louisiana coast where even up to this day, these fisheries were not able to recover from their plight.
Oil spills cause destruction of wildlife habitat and breeding grounds which is considered as the most far-reaching environmental effect. Eggs which made any contact with oil might fail to develop properly and cause deformities when they hatch from their eggs. Taking sea turtles for example, they might get oiled as they scurry towards the ocean across a beach submerged in spilled oil washed ashore. The 2010 Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill was the main reason why 600 sea turtles were found dead during the oil spill response, of which 18 were visibly oiled. The remaining 450 living, but oiled sea turtles were rescued, brought into rehabilitation, cleaned, and released back into the wild. With regards to its social and economic effects, oil spill has degraded the status of fisheries and aquaculture. The shore areas affected by oil spill where these companies are getting their main source of raw products for marketing pose fear to consumers, making them susceptible that the products being sold are contaminated and unsafe. As what the Third R&D Forum said about high-density oil response (2002), “sunken heavy fuel oil may have significant impact on seabed resources and fishing and mariculture activities”. Even the tourism and recreational aspect of places affected
by oil spills are adversely harmed for recreational activities like bathing, boating, angling and diving in beaches and resorts near the affected area may be restricted for the meantime. A good example of this was the BP Oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico which caused the commercial fishing industry $94.7 million to $1.6 billion and
anywhere from 740 to 9,315 jobs in the first eight months, in accordance with the study of the U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. As for the health aspect, oil spills also cause problem with regards to the wellbeing of citizens. With just a simple inhaling, touching of oil products, or eating contaminated seafood, one can suffer from horrible health complications. A good example of this was the health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill which resulted to 700 cases of people seeking health services with complaints believed to be related to the exposure of pollutants from the said oil spill. A study from the Columbia University on health effects among children in Louisiana and Florida found that 1,437 parents living less than 10 miles from the coast near the Gulf of Mexico were directly exposed to the said oil spillage and reported physical and mental health symptoms among their children and fellow family members. The researcher chose to use the leaf fiber of
Ananas comosus
(Cayenne
Pineapple) because of the fact that it contains high composition of fiber. A single strand of pineapple leaf contains 3% fiber, while the pineapple fruit itself contains 1.4 grams of fiber. Fiber has a property to absorb oil and leave out water, especially when it is acetylated using acetic anhydride which can increase the fiber’s ability to absorb
oil only many times. Acetic anhydride can easily be found in aspirin or acetyl salicylic acid which is used for the acetylation of salicylic acid. In the present, the society uses propylene fiber and polypropylene web in filtering oil from the body of the ocean. However, the downfall of these products that
they are using is its inability to biodegrade. Hence, rampant use of propylene fibers and the like would probably add up to the amount of litter accumulating in the earth’s surface, leading to many social and health issues. But through the use of pineapple leaf fiber as an alternative solution to oil spill, the researcher and his fellow people would be able to address the impending problems caused by oil spill to the marine oceans while not worsening the problem of solid waste management throughout the community. B. Review of Related Literature
Oil spill constitutes a major source of fresh and seawater pollution as a consequence of accidental discharge from tankers, marine engines, and underwater pipes. Therefore, the need for an environmental friendly sorbent material for oil spill cleanup cannot be overemphasized (T.H.D. Flores-Sahagun, et. al, 2014). Its causes are either accidental or due to operation whenever oil is produced, transported, stored, and used on sea or land. Thus, it is not possible for marine life to be liberated from the danger of an oil spill, despite continued international regulations and policies. Large plots of land have been permanently affected by its adverse effects, degrades the entire food chain, and warrants concern for humanity (Mark A. Ceaser, 2015). According to Jarre, Marx, and Wumb (1979), the most widely used sorbents are synthetic organic products made from high molecular weight polymers such as polyurethane and polypropylene that have good hydrophobic and oleophilic properties and high adsorption capacity. However, there are non-biodegradable substances that
pose threats to the environment once improperly disposed (Choi, Kwon and Moreau, 1993; Deschamps, Caruel, Borredon, Bonnin and Vignoles, 2003). As an alternative biosorbents for oil spill, clean-up peelings such as Pomelo and Marang were used (Mata, Dumalagan, Nituda, 2015). Davao has a land area of 2,443.61 square kilometers, and almost 50% of this is classified as a timberland or forest for agricultural purposes. This includes the hectares allocated for Pineapple plantation such as the DAVCO, Kawayan Urban Farm in Calinan (Davao City, 2014) wherein, the independent variable of this study is a pineapple leaf fiber, abundant in population here in Davao City. The Philippine Information Agency (PIA) also announced that the country’s 59,000 hectares of pineapple plantat ions can
yield 55,483 tons of pineapple fiber (Lorraine Chow, 2015). Related studies show the effectiveness of agricultural waste products as an alternative sorbent in oil spill clean-ups. Agricultural byproducts from bananas, cavendish plants, pineapple, coconut, palm, or other tropical fruit-bearing plants can be sources of sorbent fiber material (Dimitrios George Hondroulis, et. al, 2000). According to Sun, R.C. and Sun X.F. (2002), and as cited by Ibrahim, Tahiruddin and Jaluddin (2013), natural fibers have been more efficient in oil spill clean-up as compared to the commercial polypropylene fibers. Vegetable fibers were also noted by Wei, et al. (2003) to have densities close to that of synthetic polymers, showing high oil sorption capacity.
Despite the truth that synthetic polymers are treated as ideal materials for marine oil-spillage due to its low density, low water uptake and excellent physical and chemical resistance, these artificial sorbents are non-biodegradable, becoming a source of severe environmental impacts (Amico, S.C., 2010). According to Alcides Leao, Bibin Mathew Cherian, Sivoney Ferreira de Souza, and Kottai Samy (2010), pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) is rich in cellulose, abundantly available, relatively inexpensive, has low density, nonabrasive nature, high filling level, low energy consumption, high specific properties, biodegradability, and has the potentiality for polymer reinforcement just like synthetic polypropylene. Ibrahim (2013) stated that high cellulose content ideally is more hydrophilic in nature because of more hydroxyl groups present. However this great presence of cellulose lessens the effectiveness of biosorbents in absorbing oil, separating water from behind due to its hydrophilic tendencies. This can be addressed by the process of mercerization. According to Valia (2012), the sorption capacity of an acetylated fiber was higher than that of the commercial synthetic adsorbents such as polypropylene fiber as well as unmodified or unmercerized fiber. Therefore, these oil sorption-active materials which are also biodegradable can be used to substitute nonbiodegradable synthetic materials in addressing oil spills. The two different kinds of compounds possible to be used for treating biosorbents are Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Sodium Chlorite (NaClO 2). According to the findings of Kaushkik (2012), Sodium cations from NaOH replaces the hydroxyl groups
of cellulose in pineapple leaf fibers, causing a decrease in water sorption and improving its ability to absorb oil only. According to the findings of The Huey Yee’s research (2004), pineapple leaf fibers were subjected to surface modification by mercerization to further enhance its sorption capacity of oil from aqueous solutions as a non-conventional low-cost agrosorbent for oil removal process. Two of these chemicals which he used were the 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride for etherification and the sodium dodecyl chloride for surfactant treatment. The sorbents before and after mercerization were viewed through a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to study its modified cellulosic mesh networks. Based on the findings from the research of Dan Li, et al. (2013), cellulose fibers from natural oil sorbents like corn straws were acetylated through the use of another chemical, the acetic anhydride. It was revealed in their data and results that more than 90% of diesel oil was absorbed by acetylated cellulose fibers within the first five minutes. These cellulose fibers from corn straws also displayed oleophilic properties and did not get wet as they made contact with water. Hence, mercerized biosorbents through the application of acetic anhydride provides potential for the better utilization of agricultural residues as natural alternative solution in oil spill clean-ups. In the research of Ridwan Shamsudin, Hanisom Abdullah, and Som Cit Sinang (2015), biosorbent fibers were experimented in three different fiber particle sizes, 0.04 cm2, 0.80 cm 2, and 1.70 cm 2. The researchers’ methodologies involve the
measurement of sorption rate, saturation point, mechanical strength, and biodegradability. In their research, it was found that longer absorption time did not significantly affect the absorption and saturation value of the sorbents. The mechanical strength of a particular sorbent is directly proportional to its biodegradability. Greater mechanical strength means longer time needed for a specific sorbent to biodegrade. In the end, the biosorbent with the biggest fiber particle size yielded to be the most suitable size to make the oil sorbent materials due to its good networking matrix formation, highest absorption capacity, and mechanical strength. Therefore, synthetic fibers are surpassed by biosorbents such as Ananas
comosus
(Cayenne Pineapple) leaf fiber as an alternative solution for oil spills because of the fact that it displays excellent sorption capacity and adequate low density on par with artificial sorbents in the present, and its ability to biodegrade. Knowing that pineapples are abundant in the Philippine country’ s plantation fields, the leaf fibers from the said
fruits are ideal solutions for alternative biosorbents. The main component found in pineapple leaf fibers is fiber, which is present 3% for every strand of pineapple leaf. Fibers are capable of adsorbing oil and leaving water behind. However, the high cellulosic content of pineapples degrades its efficiency in absorbing oil from water. Hence, mercerization is conducted to modify the mesh fiber networks of cellulosic biosorbents. Compounds like Sodium Chlorite, Sodium Hydroxide, and Acetic Anhydride are capable of such alterations. Cations of sodium hydroxide fills in the hydroxyls in the pineapple fibers, making the oil sorption process more efficient. The
sodium chlorite also hydrolyzes the biosorbents for enhanced oil sorption property. Lastly, acetic anhydride increases the oleophilic properties of cellulosic fibers, making them hydrophobic from water molecules. Thus, the great amount of fiber found in pineapple leaf and the additional use of different compounds in the process of mercerization would greatly contribute to the success of the researcher’s
experimentational process. C. Statement of the Problem
The main concern of this study was to see significance in the use of comosus
Ananas
(Cayenne Pineapple) leaf fiber as an alternative sorbent material for oil spill.
Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:
Which among the following sorbent samples would exhibit the highest oil sorption rate? a. Untreated Sample b. Sample mercerized with Sodium Chlorite (NaClO 2) c. Sample mercerized with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) d. Sample mercerized with Acetic Anhydride (C 4H6O3) from an Aspirin (C 9H804)
Which among the following sorbent samples would exhibit the highest oil saturation point? a. Untreated Sample b. Sample mercerized with Sodium Chlorite (NaClO 2) c. Sample mercerized with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
d. Sample mercerized with Acetic Anhydride (C 4H6O3) from an Aspirin (C9H804)
Which among the following sorbent samples would exhibit the highest mechanical strength? a. Untreated Sample b. Sample mercerized with Sodium Chlorite (NaClO 2) c. Sample mercerized with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) d. Sample mercerized with Acetic Anhydride (C 4H6O3) from an Aspirin (C 9H804)
Which among the following sorbent samples would exhibit the highest oil sorption capacity? a. Untreated Sample b. Sample mercerized with Sodium Chlorite (NaClO 2) c. Sample mercerized with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) d. Sample mercerized with Acetic Anhydride (C 4H6O3) from an Aspirin (C 9H804)
Which among the following sorbent samples would exhibit the highest water sorption capacity? a. Untreated Sample b. Sample mercerized with Sodium Chlorite (NaClO 2) c. Sample mercerized with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) d. Sample mercerized with Acetic Anhydride (C 4H6O3) from an Aspirin (C 9H804)
D. Objectives
This study aims to achieve the following:
Prove that the Ananas
comosus
(Cayenne Pineapple) is capable of adsorbing
comosus
(Cayenne Pineapple) possesses high sorption
oil;
Prove that the Ananas
rate, saturation point, and mechanical strength suitable for biosorbent characteristics;
Prove that the Ananas
comosus
(Cayenne Pineapple) hydrophilic tendencies
can be minimized through the application of treatments and mercerization processes; E. Conceptual Framework Figure 1.1: Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Ananas comosus
(Cayenne Pineapple) leaf fiber
Diesel Oil Water
Figure 1.1 shows the variables of the study. It illustrates the Ananas
comosus
(Cayenne Pineapple) leaf fiber as the independent variable of the study, because this is the variable which remains constant within the experiment of the study. On the other hand, the diesel oil and water are the dependent variables of the study, because
these are the variables that change accordingly to the independent variable of the experiment. It change in volume and composition, depending on how many amounts of oil the Ananas
comosus
(Cayenne Pineapple) leaf fiber can absorb at a given
amount of time. F. Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant difference in the use of comosus
Ananas
(Cayenne Pineapple) leaf fiber as an alternative sorbent material for oil
spill. Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a significant difference in the use of Ananas comosus
(Cayenne Pineapple) leaf fiber as an alternative sorbent material for oil
spill. G. Significance of the Study
Those who will benefit from this study are the people suffering from the horrible consequences of oil spill in their vicinity, most especially, in Iloilo where the Napocor Power Marge 103 Oil Spill is still becoming a great problem up to the present time. Through this, the Filipino citizens would be able to devise a new, but eco-friendly way of reducing the adverse effects of oil spill by using
Ananas comosus
(Cayenne
Pineapple) leaf fiber whose effectiveness is not degraded by its ability to biodegrade compared to other synthetic solutions like propylene fiber and polypropylene web in the present time (Choi, Kwon and Moreau, 1993; Deschamps, Caruel, Borrendon,
Bonnin and Bignoles, 2003). As a result, the amount of litter present in our world today would be lessened while providing an alternative solution to great environmental problems like oil spills. Harmful outcomes due to oil spill such as deaths of marine species in the different bodies of water and destruction of habitats known to be foundations for survival would be prevented. In addition to that, the success of this study would help lessen the health issues suffered by numerous cities in our country. Not only will the success of this study contribute to the prevention of environmental problems, but it could also help address it’s the economic downfall
experienced by people in the field of marine and aquaculture businesses in the country. H. Scope and Limitations
The scope and limitations of this study are within the vicinity of the city of Davao only. The study will be conducted from the months of August to September 2017. The experiment is composed of five phases. The first, second, and fifth phase, which are the manual extraction of Pineapple leaf fiber, the biosorbent preparation, and the computation, are to be conducted in the researcher’s household in Bonifacio Extensio n
Street, Brgy. 31-D, Davao City. The third and fourth phase, namely the water and oil sorption test (ASTM’s F 726 -06 Method) and the sorption rate, saturation point, and
mechanical strength measurement, are to be done at the Science Laboratory of the Our Lady of Fatima Academy of Davao, Inc. The Phase 1 – Extraction of Pineapple leaf fiber and Phase 2 – Biosorbent Preparation which involves the use of Sodium
Chlorite, Sodium Hydroxide, and Acetic Anhydride for mercerization, altogether, will last for ten days or 240 hours. On the other hand, the Phase 3 – ASTM’s F 726-06 Method, the Phase 4 – Sorption Rate, Saturation point, and Mechanical Strength Measurement, and the Phase 5 – Computation, will last for a couple of days or 48 hours. In total, the whole process of the experiment will last for 12 days or 288 hours. For Phases 1 and 2, the pineapple leaves to be used are from the researcher’s hectares of land located in Darong, Davao del Sur. Phases 2-4 will include three trials for each experimental group, and another set of three trials for the control group. I. Definition of Terms
This study encompasses the following terms: Conceptual Terms:
Adsorption – refers to the adhesion in an extremely thin layer of molecules
(as of gases, solutes, or liquids) to the surface of solid bodies or liquids with which they are in contact
Biosorbent – refers to a natural substance that sorbs through the process of
adsorption
Oil – refers to a viscous liquid derived from petroleum, especially for use as a
fuel or lubricant
Oil Spill – refers to a form of water pollution characterized by the release of
a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially marine area, due to human activity
Water – refers to a transparent and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth’s streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of
most living organisms Operational Terms:
Acetic Anhydride – In the researcher’s study, acetic anhydride is defined as “a compound which can be used for the mercerization of the pineapple leaf fiber’s sorption capacity, usually found in aspirin or acetylsalicyclic acid”.
Aspirin – In the researcher’s study, aspirin is defined as “a medicine which
serves as a potential source of acetic anhydride to be used for mercerization. Aspirin uses acetic anhydride for the acetylation of salicylic acid”.
Cayenne Pineapple - In the researcher’s study, Cayenne pin eapple is defined as “a fruit scientifically known as Ananas
comosus whose
leaves are great
sources of fiber”.
Fiber - In the researcher’s study, fiber is defined as “a component found in
the leaf fiber of
Ananas comosus
(Cayenne Pineapple) which inhibits its
property to adsorb oil from water”.
Mechanical Strength – In the researcher’s study, mechanical strength is defined as “pineapple leaf fiber’s ability to withstand stress and other rough
weather conditions the. This property is important for biosorbent materials with high mechanical strength and durability are preferred in order to withstand the circumstances throughout the various stages of the clean-up process for oil spills”.
Mercerization – In the researcher’s study, mercerization is defined as “the process of modifying a biosorbent’s cellulosic network arrangement through
the application of a foreign chemical for treatment. By doing this, a natural material’s adsorption property will be maximized”.
Oil Saturation point - In the researcher’s study, oil saturation point is defined as “an indication of a biosorbent’s maximum oil adsorption capacity. Greater oil
saturation point means greater probability of biosorbents to adsorb oil from water in maximum capacity”.
Oil Sorption Rate - In the researcher’s study, oil sorption rate is defined as “a measurement of the amount of oil adsorbed by a biosorbent sample at a given amount of time”.
Propylene and Polypropylene - In the researcher’s study, propylene and polypropylene are defined as “synthetic substances used by the present societ y
as solutions to oil spill. Despite their great mechanical capability to adsorb, their downfall is their failure to biodegrade”.
Sodium Hydroxide - In the researcher’s study, sodium hydroxide is defined as “a compound used for the mercerization of the pi neapple leaf fiber. Na+
replaces the hydroxyl groups of cellulose in pineapple leaf fibers, causing a decrease in water sorption (Kaushkik, 2012)”.
Sodium Chlorite – In the researcher’s study, sodium chlorite is defined as “a
compound used for the mercerization of the pineapple leaf fiber (M.M. Kabir, 2012).
Chapter 2 METHODOLOGY Research Design A. Research Questions
This study sought to answer the following questions: Which among the following sorbent samples would exhibit the highest oil sorption rate? Which among the following sorbent samples would exhibit the highest oil saturation point? Which among the following sorbent samples would exhibit the highest mechanical strength? Which among the following sorbent samples would exhibit the highest oil sorption capacity? Which among the following sorbent samples would exhibit the highest water sorption capacity? a. Untreated Sample b. Sample mercerized with Sodium Chlorite (NaClO 2) c. Sample mercerized with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) d. Sample mercerized with Acetic Anhydride (C 4H6O3) from an Aspirin (C 9H804) B. Participants
No other participant, aside from the researcher, is involved during the experimentation process. He, all by himself, was the one who conducted the whole experiment of this study. 24 pineapple leaf fibers where six untreated, six mercerized with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), six mercerized with Sodium Chlorite (NaClO 2) and six
mercerized with Acetic Anhydride (C 4H6O3) from an Aspirin (C9H804), underwent both oil and water sorption test, mechanical strength test, and C. Materials and Procedures Phase I – Extraction of Pineapple Leaf Fiber Materials
For Phase I – Extraction of Pineapple Leaf Fiber (PALF), the materials to be used in the experiment are the following: 24 Cayenne Pineapple Leaves, 1 knife, 1 scissors, and 1 plank of wood. Procedure
All the needed materials were gathered. Get a single piece of Cayenne pineapple leaf by cutting it from the whole pineapple plant with a scissors. Scrape off the surface of the pineapple leaf fiber with a knife repeatedly until thin fibers come out. Repeat the process until you accumulate 24 bundles of pineapple leaf fibers.
Phase II – Biosorbent Preparation Materials
For Phase II – Biosorbent Preparation, the materials to be used in the experiment are the following: 24 bundles of pineapple leaf fibers, 4 Trays, 4 cotton cloths, 2 ½ tablespoons of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), 3 plastic containers, 1 strainer, 2 ½ tablespoons of Sodium Chlorite (NaClO 2), 1 timer, 2 tablespoons, 2 ½ tablespoons of Aspirin, and 15 cups of tap water. Procedures
All the needed materials were gathered. In preparing the six untreated samples, they were simply placed in a clean plastic container, covered with cotton cloth, and air dried for 24 hours.
In preparing the six samples mercerized with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), the methodological processes were adapted from the findings of Kaushkik (2012) about NaOH+ replacing the hydroxyl groups in cellulosic fibers, making them more eff icient in oil adsorption. Six of the pineapple leaf fibers were placed in a clean tray and airdried for 24 hours. Afterwards, fill a plastic bowl with 5 cups of tapwater and add 2 ½ tablespoons of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH). Maintain the ½ teaspoon NaOH —1 cup of water ratio. Soak the six air dried pineapple leaf fiber into the metallic bowl with a solution of Sodium Hydroxide for 5 days. Filter the mercerized pineapple leaf fiber with a strainer. Wash it with tap water and sundry for another 24 hours.
In preparing for the six pineapple leaf fibers treated with Sodium Chlorite, the methodological processes were adapted from the published research of M. M. Kabir, H. Wang, K. T. Lau, and F. Cadorna whose abstract stresses that Sodium Chlorite can help in the characterization of pineapple leaf fiber biosorbents. In this step, prepare six of the pineapple leaf fibers and place them in a clean tray. Cover the tray with the cotton cloth and air dry for 24 hours. Mix in a plastic bowl 2 ½ tablespoons of Sodium Chlorite and 5 cups of water. Add another six pineapple leaf fiber thoroughly for five minutes. Rinse it with water and drain the treated pineapple fibers using a strainer. Sundry for 45 minutes.
In preparing six samples treated with Acetic Anhydride, the following methodological processes were adapted from the research of Dan Li, et. al (2013) whose findings stipulate that cellulose fibers acetylated with acetic anhydride exhibit excellent oil sorption capacity as it was able to adsorb 90% of the diesel oil during the first 5 minutes adsorption duration. In this step, prepare six of the pineapple leaf fibers and place them in a clean tray. Cover the tray with the cotton cloth and air dry for 24 hours. Fill a metallic bowl with 5 cups of tap water and add 2 ½ tablespoons of aspirin. Mix well. Soak the six air-dried pineapple leaf fiber into the metallic bowl
with a solution of Aspirin for 5 days. Filter the mercerized pineapple leaf fiber with a strainer. Wash it with tap water and sundry for another 24 hours.
Phase III - ASTM’s F 726-06 Method Materials
For Phase III – ASTM’s F 726-06 Method, the materials to be used in the experiment are the following: 24 prepared pineapple leaf fibers (six untreated, six mercerized, six treated with NaClO 2, six treated with C 4H6O3), 30 grams of human
hair, 750 mL of tap water, 30 beakers, 30 filter papers, 1 gram scale, 1 timer, and 750 mL of diesel oil. Procedures
All materials needed both for the oil and water sorption test were gathered. For the water sorption test, the following methodological processes were based from the study of Senanurakwarkul, et. al (2013). It was a test for sorbents before they are to be experimented into the oceans. In this step, weigh the all the prepared sorbents, whether for water or oil sorption test, by 5 grams using a gram scale. Fill 12 of the beakers with 50 mL of water. Place the first batch of 12 5 gram pineapple leaf fiber into each of the beakers filled with water. Wait for 15 minutes. Afterwards, drain the contents of the beaker with a filter paper for 30 seconds. Weigh and record the data from each beaker. Repeat steps 2-5 for the three 5 grams of human hair as control group.
For the Oil Sorption Test, the following methodological processes were adapted from the American Society for Testing and Materials or ASTM F 726-06 (2008) or “Standard Test Method of Sorbent Performance of Adsorbents”. In this step, pour 50
mL of diesel oil into each remaining 12 beakers. Place the remaining batch of 12 pineapple leaf fibers into each beaker filled with diesel oil. Wait for 15 minutes. Afterwards, drain the contents of the beaker with a filter paper for 30 seconds. Weigh and record the data from each beaker. Repeat steps 8-11 for the remaining 15 grams of human hair as control group.
Phase IV - Sorption Rate, Saturation point, and Mechanical Strength Measurement Materials
For Phase IV – Sorption Rate, Saturation point, and Mechanical Strength Measurement, the materials needed for the experiment are the following: 12 previously tested bundles of pineapple leaf fibers from oil sorption test, 15 grams of
previously tested human hair from oil sorption test, 1 gram scale, weights, 1 iron stand, and 1 ruler. Procedure
For the procedure, the following methodological processes were adapted from the research of Ridwan Shamsudin, Hanisom Abdullah, and Som Cit Sinang (2015) whose research stresses the importance of measuring the sorption rate, saturation point, and mechanical strength of biosorbents. In this step, prepare all the materials needed. Take note of the initial and final mass of the samples which was collected as data from Phase III. For the Mechanical Strength test, stretch out the pineapple leaf fibers to the maximum length. Place a weight to the pineapple leaf fiber little by little until the fiber tears off from too much stress. Calculate the width as break in meters and the total mass needed to break the strip of absorbent fiber. Repeat steps 2-4 for the 15 grams of previously tested human hair as control group. Phase V – The Computation Material
For Phase V – The Computation, only 1 scientific calculator, 1 pencil, and 1 sheet of paper are needed for the methodological process. Procedure
In this step, gather all the needed data from the previous phases of the experiment. First, solve for the water sorption capacity of each of the pineapple leaf fiber using this formula: Water sorption capacity = Sw /So where So is the initial dry sorbent weight (in grams), and Sw is the final weight of the sorbent sample at the end of the water take-up test (in grams) Solve for the oil sorption capacity of each of the pineapple leaf fiber using this formula: Oil Sorption capacity = Sw /So where So is the initial dry sorbent weight (in grams), and Sw is the final weight of the sorbent sample at the end of the water take-up test (in grams) The oil sorption rate of a particular pineapple leaf fiber is equal to its oil sorption capacity (Oil Sorption Rate = Oil Sorption Capacity). Solve for the Saturation point of each of the pineapple leaf fiber using this formula: Saturation point = (W 2 – W1)/T where W1 is the initial dry weight of the material sample (in grams),
W2 is the final weight of the material sample after time T (in grams), and T is the time duration of the adsorption process (in minutes) Solve for the mechanical strength of each pineapple leaf fiber using this formula of Breaking Length: Breaking Length = (mb)/(W × BW) where mb is the total mass needed to break the pineapple leaf fiber (in grams), W is the width at break (in meters), and BW or Basis Weight = Sheet Mass/Sheet Area (g/m 2) D. Risk and Safety
For experiment precautions, the researcher maintained the following risk and safety procedures: wear face mask for prevention of inhaling hazardous chemical fumes during the process of experimentation, wear laboratory gown to avoid stains from the clothes, wear gloves to prevent the hands from having any contact with harmful chemicals, and perform the experiment in a well-ventilated area. For the waste disposal procedures, the following safety guidelines are derived from the chemical waste disposal guidelines of the Emory University – Department of Chemistry. These include the following: dilution of acid/base with cold water to lower concentration, storing of excess base in a container similar to which it was stored, and labeling of the container with “Hazardous Waste” tag.
E. Data Gathering
The following data gathered and computed are arranged in the following table for simpler and easier process of calculation and analysis of variance:
Type of
Untreated
Test Trials Oil Sorption Rate (g/g) Saturation Point (g/min) Breaking Length (m) Water Sorption Capacity (g/g)
1
2
3
Sodium
Sodium
Acetic
Hair
Hydroxide
Chlorite
Anhydride
Control
Treatment
Treatment
Treatment
Group
1
1
1
2
3
2
3
2
3
1
2
3
Oil Sorption Capacity (g/g)
Figure 3-1: A Table of data from Untreated and Mercerized PALFs together with Hair Control Group F. Data Analysis
The following data were treated using the following statistical tool: One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) The researcher has decided to choose one-way ANOVA as his statistical tool in order to interpret whether to reject or accept the null hypothesis of the study. The Analysis of Variance is essentially designated for research whose experimentation processes include three or more conditions. In this statistical tool, the alpha value of the analysis is predetermined, 0.5. The F critical value and the variance within and between groups will also be identified.
Chapter 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Water Sorption Capacities of PALF (g/g) 1.6 1.4 1.2 1
1.24 1.22 1.02 1.04
1.3
1.4 1.4
1.4
1.34 1.16
1.1
1.22
1.16 1.12
1.24
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Untreated
Sodium Hydroxide Treatment Trial 1
Sodium Chlorite Treatment Trial 2
Acetic Anhydride Treatment
Hair for Control
Trial 3
Figure 4-1: A graph showing the Water Sorption Capacity of the Pineapple Leaf Fibers (PALF) at a given time during the Water Sorption Test
The presented graph above shows the water sorption capacities of different Pineapple Leaf Fiber (PALF) test subjects from varied types of trials and characterizations. The Water Sorption Capacity was calculated through the use of the following formula: Water sorption capacity = Sw /So where So is the initial dry sorbent weight (in grams), and
Sw is the final weight of the sorbent sample at the end of the water take-up test (in grams) Based on the presented data, the Trial 1 of the Untreated PALF exhibited the lowest water sorption capacity of 1.02 g/g while the Trials 1, 2 of the Sodium Chlorite treatment and the Trial 3 of the Acetic Anhydride treatment exhibited the highest water sorption capacity of 1.4 g/g.
MEANS OF WATER SORPTION CAPACITIES Mean
5 0 . 1
UNTREATED
8 3 . 1
5 2 . 1
SODIUM HYDROXIDE TREATMENT
SODIUM CHLORITE TREATMENT
6 2 . 1
ACETIC ANHYDRIDE TREATMENT
7 1 . 1
HAIR AS CONTROL
Figure 4-2: A graph showing the means of water sorption capacities of each type of characterization process
The graph shown above depicts the different means of water sorption capacities of each type of test. The following values were obtained by adding the water sorption capacities (g/g) of each test subject in each characterization process
and dividing the sum by three, which corresponds to the number of trials. Based on the accumulated data, the Sodium Chlorite Treatment test subjects have shown the greatest amount of water sorption capacity of 1.38, followed by the 1.26 water sorption capacity of the Acetic Anhydride Treatment test subjects, the 1.25 mean value of the Sodium Hydroxide Treatment test subjects, and the water sorption capacity of the control group of human hair. Finally, the water sorption capacity of the untreated PALFs came last in the ranking. The water sorption capacity of each test subject signifies the amount of water a biosorbent can adsorb at a given amount of time. For a study that aims to increase the effectiveness and usage of pineapple leaf fibers as alternative biosorbents, a low rate of water sorption capacity is direly needed to reject the null hypothesis of the problem. However, the preceding graphs above stipulates the fact that the mercerized and treatment PALF test subjects have exhibited greater water sorption capacity compared to a mere untreated PALF test subject. Hence, the researcher can infer that the characterization process of these PALFs did not make much of a difference in terms of the water sorption capacity of pineapple leaf fibers.
Oil Sorption Capacities of PALF (g/g) 1.6 1.4
1.46
1.2 1
1.4 1.28
1.1
1.42
1.36
1.34 1.18
1.24
1.52
1.44
1.22
1.24
1.2 1.06
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Untreated
Sodium Hydroxide Treatment Trial 1
Sodium Chlorite Treatment Trial 2
Acetic Anhydride Treatment
Hair for Control
Trial 3
Figure 4-3: A graph showing the Oil Sorption Capacity of the Pineapple Leaf Fibers (PALF) at a given time during the Oil Sorption Test
The shown graph above exhibits the different oil sorption capacities of Pineapple Leaf Fibers (PALFs) with varied kinds of tests and characterization processes. The following data were gathered through the following formula: Oil Sorption capacity = Sw /So where So is the initial dry sorbent weight (in grams), and Sw is the final weight of the sorbent sample at the end of the water take-up test (in grams)
Based on the gathered data, the Trial 2 of the Hair for Control test has exemplified the lowest amount of oil sorption capacity of 1.06 g/g, while the Trial 2 of the Acetic Anhydride Treatment, on the other hand, has shown the greatest amount of oil sorption capacity with a reading of 1.52 g/g.
MEANS OF OIL SO RPTION CAPACITIES Mean 2 3 . 1
UNTREATED
7 2 . 1
SODIUM HYDROXIDE TREATMENT
7 2 . 1
SODIUM CHLORITE TREATMENT
6 4 . 1
ACETIC ANHYDRIDE TREATMENT
7 1 . 1
HAIR AS CONTROL
Figure 4-4: A graph showing the means of oil sorption capacities of each type of characterization process
The graph illustrated above shows the different means of oil sorption capacities for each type of characterization process. In this graph, the acetic anhydride-treated samples exhibited the highest oil sorption capacity of 1.46, then by the untreated samples of 1.32, followed by the sodium hydroxide-treated and sodium chloritetreaded samples of 1.27, and lastly, by the hair (control group) as the samples possessing the lowest oil sorption capacity of 1.17.
Oil sorption capacity refers to the ability of biosorbents to adsorb oil at a given amount of time. Based on the gathered data, the PALFs has shown greater oil sorption capacity compared to the mere hair samples which were used as control groups for the process of experimentation. Greater oil sorption capacity could possibly imply that PALFs are indeed capable of adsorbing oil greater than water. For a study which aims to prove that Pineapple Leaf Fibers are effective biosorbents, a sample must actuate greater oil than water sorption capacity. Despite the fact the nine of the samples were mercerized with three different chemicals, the characterization process did not make much of a difference between the oil sorption capacity of treated and untreated biosorbents. This could probably imply that mercerization process wasn’t really that
effective to begin with. In addition to that, the Oil Sorption Rate is equal to the Oil Sorption capacity of a biosorbent sample.
Oil Saturation Points of PALFs (g/min) 0.18 0.16
0.17
0.14
0.15
0.12
0.14
0.13
0.1
0.12
0.11
0.08
0.09
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.04 0.02
0.15
0.07
0.03
0.07
0.07 0.02
0 Untreated
Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Chlorite Acetic Anhydride Treatment Treatment Treatment Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Hair for Control
Figure 4-5: A graph showing the Oil Saturation Point of Pineapple Leaf Fibers (PALFs)
The shown graph above exhibits the different oil saturation points (g/min) of Pineapple Leaf Fibers (PALFs) with varied kinds of tests and characterization processes. The following data were gathered through the following formula: Saturation point = (W 2 – W1)/T where W1 is the initial dry weight of the material sample (in grams), W2 is the final weight of the material sample after time T (in grams), and T is the time duration of the adsorption process (in minutes) Based on the gathered data, the Trial 2 of the Hair for Control test has exemplified the lowest amount of oil saturation point of 0.02 g/min, while the Trial 2 of the Acetic Anhydride Treatment, on the other hand, has shown the greatest amount of oil saturation point with a reading of 0.17 g/min.
MEANS OF OIL SATURATION POINTS Mean
1 . 0
9 0 . 0
5 1 . 0
9 0 . 0 5 0 . 0
UNTREATED
SODIUM HYDROXIDE TREATMENT
SODIUM CHLORITE TREATMENT
ACETIC ANHYDRIDE TREATMENT
HAIR AS CONTROL
Figure 4-6: A graph showing the means of oil saturation points for each characterization process
The graph illustrated above shows the different means of oil saturation points (g/min) for each type of characterization process. In this graph, the acetic anhydridetreated samples exhibited the highest oil saturation points of 0.15, then by the untreated samples of 0.1, followed by the sodium hydroxide-treated and sodium chlorite-treaded samples of 0.09, and lastly, by the hair (control group) as the samples possessing the lowest oil saturation points of 0.05. Oil Saturation Point, as used in the researcher’s study, refers to “an indication of a biosorbent’s maximum oil adsorption capacity. Greater oil saturation po int means greater probability of biosorbents to adsorb oil from water in maximum capacity”. Oil
Saturation point determines the amount of oil adsorbed by a biosorbent sample with a particular measurement and a specific time of adsorption; hence, the unit is g/min. Based on the gathered data, one can notice that the ranking of the means of oil saturation points of each characterization process is similar to the ranking of oil sorption capacity. Hence, we can infer the fact that oil saturation point is directly proportional with the oil sorption capacity of a biosorbent sample. Greater oil sorption capacity yields higher oil saturation point. However, increasing the time adsorption could negatively affect the oil saturation point of a biosorbent for longer time adsorption results to a lesser reading of oil saturation points.
Mechanical Strength of PALFs (m) 10 9 8
9.09
7 6
7.55
6.85 7.14
6.67
6.56
5 4
4.23 3.95 4.17
3
3.23 2.94 3.28
2 1
0.78 0.75 0.85
0 Untreated
Sodium Hydroxide Treatment Trial 1
Sodium Chlorite Treatment Trial 2
Acetic Anhydride Treatment
Hair for Control
Trial 3
Figure 4-7: A graph showing the mechanical strength of Pineapple Leaf Fibers (PALFs)
The shown graph above exhibits the different breaking lengths (m) of Pineapple Leaf Fibers (PALFs) with varied kinds of tests and characterization processes. The following data were gathered through the following formula: Breaking Length = (mb)/(W × BW) where mb is the total mass needed to break the pineapple leaf fiber (in grams), W is the width at break (in meters), and BW or Basis Weight = Sheet Mass/Sheet Area (g/m 2)
Based on the collected data, the Trial 1 of the untreated sample of PALF has yielded the greatest and strongest breaking length of 9.09 m. On the other hand, the Trial 2 of the Sodium Hydroxide-treated PALF sample has shown the lowest and weakest breaking length of 0.75 m.
MEANS OF BREAKING LENGTH Mean 9 6 . 7
9 7 . 0
UNTREATED
SODIUM HYDROXIDE TREATMENT
5 1 . 3
2 1 . 4
3 9 . 6
S O D I U M C H L O R I T E A C E T I C A N H Y D R I DE H A I R A S C O N T R O L TREATMENT TREATMENT
Figure 4-8: A graph showing the means of Mechanical Strength in terms of Breaking Length (m) of each characterization process
The graph illustrated above shows the different means of breaking lengths (m) for each type of characterization process. In this graph, the untreated pineapple leaf fibers possessed the highest and strongest breaking length of 7.69, followed by the hair samples as the control group whose breaking length is 6.93, the 4.12 breaking length of acetic anhydride-treated samples, the 3.15 breaking length of the sodium chlorite-treated samples, and having the sodium hydroxide-mercerized PALF samples with the lowest and weakest breaking length of 0.79.
Mechanical Strength, by its operational definition, refers to the “pineapple leaf fiber’s ability to withstand stress and other rough weather conditions. This property is
important for biosorbent materials with high mechanical strength and durability are preferred in order to withstand the circumstances throughout the various stages of the clean-up process for oil spills” (Ridwan Shamsudin, et. al, 2014). If one will compare the graphs of breaking length and the other graphs of other aspects needed to be looked upon of a biosorbent (eg: Oil Sorption Capacity, etc.), there is not correlating relationship between the two conditions. In addition to that, the graph above implicitly signifies that the mercerization process for pineapple leaf fibers did not only fail to lessen a biosorbent’s hydrophilic tendencies, but it has also weakened the fiber’s mechanical strength, as seen with the breaking length of the three samples
from the Sodium Hydroxide treatment.
Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Variation
Actual F
Tabular F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
(MS)
Value
Value
(df)
(SS)
4
0.19406
Between
0.048515
Groups
a = 0.5 F = 17.04
Within Groups
10
0.0285
0.00285
Fcrit = 3.48
Total
14
17.04 > 3.48; Hence, H 0 is rejected.
Figure 4-9: A table showing the One-Way ANOVA of Water Sorption Capacity of Pineapple Leaf Fibers (PALFs)
The table above shows the one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of the Water Sorption Capacities (g/g) for each Pineapple Leaf Fiber (PALF) sample with five different characterizations, including hair as the control group. It stipulates that the null hypothesis with regards to the water sorption capacity of PALFs has been rejected when the actual F value of 17.04 exceeds the acceptance region of the F critical value of 3.48. This implies the fact that there is indeed a difference of the means of the five different characterization processes in terms of water sorption capacity. Hence, there is a significant difference in the water sorption capacities of Ananas comosus (Cayenne Pineapple) Leaf Fiber as an alternative biosorbent for oil spill.
Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Variation
Actual F
Tabular F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
(MS)
Value
Value
(df)
(SS)
4
0.1366
Between Groups
0.03415 a = 0.5
Within
10
0.1225
0.01225
Fcrit = 3.48
Groups
F = 2.79
Total
14
2.79 < 3.48; Hence, H 0 is accepted.
Figure 4-10: A table showing the One-Way ANOVA of Oil Sorption Capacity of Pineapple Leaf Fibers (PALFs)
The table above shows the one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of the Oil Sorption Capacities (g/g) for each Pineapple Leaf Fiber (PALF) sample with five different characterizations, including hair as the control group. It stipulates that the null hypothesis with regards to the water sorption capacity of PALFs has been accepted when the actual F value of 2.79 did not reach the acceptance region of the F critical value of 3.48. This implies the fact that there is no difference of the means of the five different characterization processes in terms of oil sorption capacity. Hence, there is no significant difference in the use of Ananas
comosus (Cayenne
Pineapple)
Leaf Fiber as an alternative biosorbent for oil spill.
Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Variation
Actual F
Tabular F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
(MS)
Value
Value
(df)
(SS)
Between
4
0.0157
0.00395
Groups
a = 0.5 F = 3.0
Within
10
0.0132
0.00132
Fcrit = 3.48
Groups
Total
14
3.0 < 3.48; Hence, H 0 is accepted.
Figure 4-11: A table showing the One-Way ANOVA of Oil Saturation Points of Pineapple Leaf Fibers (PALFs)
The table above shows the one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of the Oil Saturation Points (g/min) for each Pineapple Leaf Fiber (PALF) sample with five different characterizations, including hair as the control group. It stipulates that the null hypothesis with regards to the water sorption capacity of PALFs has been rejected when the actual F value of 3.0 did not reach the acceptance region of the F critical value of 3.48. This implies the fact that there is no difference of the means of the five different characterization processes in terms of oil saturation points. Hence, there is no significant difference in the oil saturation points of Ananas Pineapple) Leaf Fiber as an alternative biosorbent for oil spill.
comosus (Cayenne
Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Variation
Actual F
Tabular F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
(MS)
Value
Value
(df)
(SS)
4
95.36516
Between
23.84129 a = 0.5
Groups
F = 64.91 Within
10
3.6732
0.36732
Fcrit = 3.48
Groups
Total
14
64.91 > 3.48; Hence, H 0 is rejected.
Figure 4-12: A table showing the One-Way ANOVA of Mechanical Strength of Pineapple Leaf Fibers (PALFs)
The table above shows the one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of the Mechanical Strength in the form of Breaking length (m) for each Pineapple Leaf Fiber (PALF) sample with five different characterizations, including hair as the control group. It stipulates that the null hypothesis with regards to the water sorption capacity of PALFs has been rejected when the actual F value of 64.91 exceeds the acceptance region of the F critical value of 3.48. This implies the fact that there is indeed a difference of the means of the five different characterization processes in terms of mechanical strength. Hence, there is a significant difference in the mechanical
strength in the form of breaking length of Ananas Fiber as an alternative biosorbent for oil spill.
comosus (Cayenne
Pineapple) Leaf
Chapter 4 CONCLUSION
Therefore, there is no significant difference in the use of Ananas
comosus
(Cayenne Pineapple) leaf fiber as an alternative sorbent material for oil spill. As one can notice in the previously gathered and presented data, only the Water sorption capacity and mechanical strength are proven reliable as it was able to negate the null hypothesis. For the oil sorption capacity and saturation point, it was proven that all the means of the different test subjects are equal as there is no significant difference in the oil sorption capacities and oil saturation points exhibited among the test subjects. Hence, the test group which manifested the highest oil sorption rate and oil saturation point cannot be determined. As for the water sorption rate, the PALF samples treated with Sodium Chlorite exhibited the highest performance, while the untreated PALFs, on the other hand, manifested the strongest mechanical strength.
Chapter 5 RECOMMENDATIONS
The following recommendations are offered as possible ways in improving this study:
Use different types of oil samples for different types of Pineapple Leaf Fiber (PALF) samples;
Conduct a simulation of the PALFs’ oil sorption capacity in an oil-water
solution;
Conduct a lab test to prove that there is indeed adequate fiber content for Pineapple Leaf Fibers in exhibiting remarkable oil sorption capacity; and
Conduct the experiment in different variations in terms of the samples’ mass to see if changing the mass also affects the fiber’s oil sorption capacity
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alcontin, G. D., (2016). Pseudostem (Banana Trunk) used as Biosorbent for Oil Spill. Davao City. Our Lady of Fatima Academy of Davao, Inc. Chow, L., (2015). Look out Cotton, These 3 Fruits Are shaking Up the Textile Industry. Retrieved 31 August, 2017 from https://www.ecowatch.com/look-out-cottonthese-3-fruits-are-shaking-up-the-textile-industry-1882021787.html. Flores-Sahagun, T.H.D., et. al., (2014). A Preliminary Study of biodegradable Waste as Sorbent Material for Oil-Spill Cleanup. Retrieved 31 August, 2017 from https://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2014/638687/. International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation, (2016). Oil Tanker Spill Statistics 2016. Retrieved 7 August, 2017 from http://www.itopf.com/knowledgeresources/data-statistics/statistics/. Ostria, R., (2016). 140 liters of oil spilled over Masbate waters. Retrieved 7 August 2017 from http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/825594/140-liters-of-oil-spilled-overmasbate-waters. Shamsudin, R., et al., (2015). Properties of Oil Sorbent Material Produced from Kenaf Fiber. Retrieved 31 August, 2017 from http://www.ijesd.org/vol6/655CE012.pdf.