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BFGH[F ^@EPWCKHK Nàtrf k` @stukcfs phrh bh ^èurckhk Yýgbcnh y Yrcvhkh

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HP[FW= Hatfacf Bfghtf. Kcr`ntfr k` sèurckhk. Nrcdcaþbfef y @xp`rtf à ^èurckhk Yýgbcnh y Yrcvhkh [FKF^ BF^ K@W@NOF^ W@^@W\HKF^. AC BH [F[HBCKHK AC YHW[@ K@ @^[@ BCGWF YP@K@A W@YWFKPNCW^@ F [WHA^DC[CW^@ YFW ACAEÝA YWFN@KCDC@A[F @B@N[WÞACNF F D@NÈACNF, CANBPS@AKF LF[FNFYCH, EWHGHNCÞA DHEAÃ[CNH, NPHBXPC@W HBDHN@AHDC@A[F K@ CALFWDHNCÞA S ^C^[@DH K@ W@NPY@WHNCÞA ^CA Y@WDC^F @^NWC[F K@B HP[FW S @KC[FW.

. \cecbhanch à dus`fs, shbhs k` `xpfscncfa`s f sughsths y ehb`rähs k` hrt`. . K`pþsctf k` fgrhs k` hrt`. . [rhaspfrt` k` fgrhs k` hrt`. . D`kckhs k` sèurckhk hpbcnhgb`s. . Afrdhtcvh rèubhkfrh k`b phtrcdfacf ocstþrcnf y hrtästcnf. . @sp`nchb r`l`rànch hb nfatrfb k` hnn`sfs y k` nèdhrhs k` NN[\. . Nfbhgfrhncþa nfa bhs Lu`rzhs y Nu`rpfs k` ^èurckhk.

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Bh prft`nncþa k`b Yhtrcdfacf Ocstþrcnf k`g` s`r nfasck`rhkh, yh af sfbf nfdf ua s`rvcncf k`stcahkf h prfnurhr `vcthr bh k`shphrcncþa f k`strunncþa k` bfs gcà`s qu` nfalceurha `b Nhtèbfef p`rtcaàt`, ` canbusf hqu`bbfs ftrfs qu` s`ha k`snugc`rtfs y `stãa pàkcàt`s k` su canbuscþa à `b dcsdf, scaf qu` k`g` s`r vhbfrhkh k`sk` ftrfs puatfs k` vcsth qu`, af k`mha k` s`r k` vcthb cdpfrthanch phrh bfs cat`r`s`s eà`rhb`s k` bh nfduackhk. nfduackhk. Hsä, nuhakf k` ua yhncdcàtf s` trhth, y à luancþa k` su cdpfrthanch hrqu`fbþecnh ` ocstþrcnh, nuyh pr`s`rvhncþa `s luakhdàthb phrh `b nfafncdcàtf qu`, sfgr` sus hat`phshkfs k`g` tà`r nuhbquc`r sfnc`khk, sc`dpr` pu`k` `xcstcr ua cat`rãs sfncf`nfaþdcnf. @s cakukhgb` qu`, k` bh guàh nfas`rvhncþa k` ua yhncdcàtf, k`pàk` bh hlbuànch k` vcscthat`s qu`, cakcr`nthdàt` eà`rha caer`sfs à bh zfah kfak` s` ugcnh `b dcsdf. Ohy qu` s`øhbhr qu`, à `b nhsf k` bfs yhncdcàtfs, bfs `xpfbcfs sulrckfs à `bbfs tcàà uahs r`p`rnuscfa`s dunof dès hbbè k` bf qu` nuhbquc`r prflhaf à bh dht`rch pu`kh supfa`r, yh qu` bhs pãrkckhs af pu`kà s`r nuhatclcnhkhs à tãrdcafs `nfaþdcnfs, scaf qu` bfs khøfs prfkunckfs phrh fgtà`r bfs fgm`tfs `xpfbchkfs pu`kà bbèhr bb èhr h supfa`r bh k`strunncþa k`strunncþa k` bh s`nuànch ocstþrcnh f cdp`kcr cdp`kcr r`nfdpfa`r r`nfdpfa`r bh calfrdhncþa sfgr` bhs nfstudgr`s k` ua pu`gbf, k` uah sfnc`khk, k` uah nubturh nfanr`tfs, scàkf hquä kfak` rhkcnh bh v`rkhk`rh cdpfrthanch k` nuhbquc`r yhncdcàtf. Nuhbquc`r fgm`tf k` cat`rãs hrqu`fbþecnf lu`rh k` su nfat`xtf pc`rk` prèntcnhdàt` prèntcnhdàt` su cat`rãs ncàtälcnf, khkf qu` su su `stukcf s` s` ghsh à bh `strhtcerhläh, f à bh pfscgcbckhk k` r`bhncfahrbf nfa uah a`nrþpfbcs, shatuhrcf f k`pþsctf nfanr`tf.

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@xcstà dýbtcpb`s k`lcacncfa`s k` dus`f, `stf `s, dýbtcpb`s vcscfa`s k` bf qu` `s ua dus`f. @a 8?30 yh k`lcacþ dus`f. û k`lcacncþa af s` kcl`rànch à dunof k` bh k`b CNFD k` 835;. Bfs dus`fs sfa castctuncfa`s, `stf `s, k` dhyfr trhsnàkànch qu` bhs p`rsfahs läscnhs. ^fa castctuncfa`s sca èacdf k` bunrf (`b kca`rf qu` caer`sha k`gà r`cav`rtcrbf à bh prfpch castctuncþa). Bfs dus`fs r`ýaà nfb`nncfa`s k` nuhbquc`r ahturhb`zh nubturhb, sca acaeýa bädct` à nuhatf h sus pfscgb`s nfatàckfs. @b dus`f nfas`rvh `shs nfb`nncfa`s nfdf o`rànch ocstþrcnh phrh trhasdctcrbh h bhs eà`rhncfa`s luturhs. @b dus`f cav`stceh sfgr` bhs nfb`nncfa`s, bhs `xpfa` y `m`rn` nfdf nàtrf k` trhasdcscþa k` calfrdhncþa sfgr` su t`dètcnh. [fkf `stf nfa tr`s lcahbckhk`s= - phrh `b `stukcf - phrh `kunhncþa (hb s`rvcncf k` bh sfnc`khk) - Yhrh k`b`ct` f nfat`dpbhncþa nfat`dpbhncþa k` lfrdh herhkhgb`. ^fgr` `sths ck`hs `b Wèbhdàtf k` Dus`fs k` 83?5 kh uah s`rc` k` bäa`hs dht`rchb`s phrh bh nfas`nuncþa k` `sfs fgm`tcvfs= - @b dus`f k`g` tà`r uah nfb`nncþa `sthgb`. - @b dus`f k`g` nfathr nfa uah s`k` p`rdhaàt` à bh qu` k`shrrfbbhr sus luancfa`s. - @b dus`f k`g` flr`n`r sus s`rvcncfs nfa nhbàkhrcf y ofrhrcfs lcmfs. ;



- @b dus`f k`g` tà`r ua pr`supu`stf qu` sustàt` su luancfahdcàtf frkcahrcf. - @b dus`f k`g` tà`r ua p`rsfahb tãnacnf phrh htàk`r bhs thr`hs. Bh pbhatcbbh s` k`g` frehaczhr à tr`s èr`hs= nfas`rvhncþa ` cav`stcehncþa, kcluscþa y hkdcacstrhncþa. Lràt` h bh vcscþa k`ncdfaþacnh k`b dus`f, bhs k`lcacncfa`s k`b CNFD y bh B`y 8
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frehaczhtcvfs. Nrct`rcfs= - tctubhrckhk - èdgctf e`ferèlcnf k` nfg`rturh k` bhs nfb`nncfa`s - nfatàckf t`dètcnf k` bhs nfb`nncfa`s. ^èýa bh tcpfbfeäh qu` `sthgb`n` bh CNFD pfk`dfs kcstcaeucr nuhtrf erhak`s gbfqu`s k` dus`fs= (huaqu` à `b lfakf tfkfs tcàkà h s`r ocstþrcnfs) sfa bfs dès trhkcncfahb`s. W`ýaà fgm`tfs pfr su vhbfr `stãtcnf. û d`th `s bh fgrh dh`strh4hqu`b fgm`tf hb qu` s` nfalc`r` uah nhtèfräh hrtästcnh r`nfafnckh pfr bh nrätcnh y bh ocstfrch k`b hrt`. Bh trhkcncþa k` bh ocstfrch k`b hrt` k` kcvckcr à p`rcfkfs oh calbuckf à bfs dus`fs. @b hrt` hatceuf su`b` `sthr à bfs dus`fs hrqu`fbþecnfs. @b nfat`dpfrèa`f, `sànchbdàt` à Nàtrfs k` Hrt` f dus`fs nfat`dpfrèa`fs. Bh dhyfr phrt` k` bfs dus`fs k` G`bbhs Hrt`s s` k`kcnha hb hrt` d`kc`vhb y dfk`raf (rhrhdàt` phsha k`b scebf _C_): hk`dès bh dhyfr phrt` s` fnupha sþbf k` pcaturh.

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Bfs dus`fs k` Hrt` Nfat`dpfrèa`f sfa uah nfatrhkcnncþa. @a buehr k` `kunhr hb pýgbcnf nfa lca`s ocstþrcnfs, tcàà nfdf d`th khr h nfafn`r au`vhs nfrrcàt`s, hrtcsths,... Hk`dès `b DHN af tcà` sèurckhk k` bh p`rkurhgcbckhk hrtästcnh k` bhs fgrhs hntuhb`s. K` hoä qu` s` tcàkh h bh kàfdcahncþa ‒Nàtrf k` Hrt`— nfdf nàtrf k` `xpfscncfa`s, sca

nfb`nncþa `sthgb`, sca bhs r`spfashgcbckhk`s k`b dus`f. @sths castctuncfa`s luancfaha gcà pfr p`rcfkfs= nuhakf kcspfa` k` ua `qucpf tãnacnf qu` shg` kcsn`racr bfs hrtcsths k` dès nhbckhk. ûlrà nrcscs p`rcþkcnhs. Bfs nàtrfs k` hrt` nr`ha d`rnhkf, `xcstà dunofs cat`r`s`s, af nubturhb`s, à dhatà`r `sfs nàtrfs (hrtcsths, ehb`rcsths,...) nfdf dus`fs (nfa nfb`nncþa). bfs dus`fs ocstþrcnfs pu`kà nfatà`r `sànchbdàt` fgrhs k` hrt`, p`rf su fgm`tf `s ahrrhr k` lfrdh nrfafbþecnh ua p`rcfkf k`t`rdcahkf. Hquä s` pu`kà canbucr bfs dus`fs hrqu`fbþecnfs ùrfp`fs (Yròcstfrch - @khk D`kch), dus`fs dcbcthr`s, ahvhb`s, dus`fs k` ocstfrch f k` bh W`pýgbcnh, dus`fs bfnhb`s, dus`fs k`kcnhkfs h o`nofs nfanr`tfs (k` bh C Eu`rrh Duakchb, k`b ofbfnhustf mukäf,...). ûs nfb`nncfa`s sfa duy kcv`rshs. Bh `stãtcnh pc`rk` prcdhnäh hat` bh nfasck`rhncþa k` bfs fgm`tfs nfdf sädgfbfs k` bh ocstfrch. Nuhakf ua fgm`tf af `s sulcncàt`dàt` `xpbänctf phrh ahrrhr `s` p`rcfkf f o`nof ocstþrcnf, s` hnuk` h nfdpb`dàtfs (dhqu`ths,...). (dhqu`ths,...). (Lceurh 8)

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à `stfs dus`fs bh `stãtcnh k`b fgm`tf prèntcnhdàt` k`shphr`n`. [hdgcãa s` pc`rk` k` vcsth bh nrfafbfeäh nfdf `b`dàtf `sànchb. û d`th, k` hnu`rkf nfa bfs prcancpcfs k` bh Hatrfpfbfeäh, `s bunohr nfatrh `b `tafnàtrcsdf, dfstrhr bh kcv`rsckhk k` bhs nubturhs y prfpcnchr `b r`sp`tf h bhs dcsdhs. Y`rf sureà erhv`s prfgb`dhs nfan`ptuhb`s= nfan`ptuhb`s= ocstfrch/pr`sàt` y pfpubhr/nubtf. H p`shr k` tfkhs `sths nfatrhkcnncfa`s, bfs dus`fs `taferèlcnfs r`ncgà nhkh v`z dès vcscthat`s (bh pfgbhncþa v` p`rk`r sus r`l`ràt`s ocstþrcnfs, quc`rà shg`r hbef sfgr` bfs au`vfs ohgcthat`s k` bhs d`trþpfbcs-cadcerhat`s,.... d`trþpfbcs-cadcerhat`s,.... ). (Lceurh 7)

su nhdpf k` hnncþa `s nfdpb`mf ` cadàsf= ncànchs ahturhb`s y `b k`shrrfbbf tãnacnf k` bh oudhackhk h bf bhref k` bh Ocstfrch. @a `bbfs, bh cav`stcehncþa oh tàckf ua php`b prcfrcthrcf: sfbäha `sthr vcanubhkfs h nàtrfs k` cav`stcehncþa. Hquä k`shphr`n` pfr nfdpb`tf bh `stãtcnh k` bh nfb`nncþa. W`tfs k` `stfs dus`fs= - àfrd` nhphnckhk k` säat`scs (phrh af hgrudhr hb vcscthat`). - Cascstànch à bh p`khefeäh: k`shrrfbbf k` tãnacnhs phrtcnubhr`s (dhqu`ths, (dhqu`ths, r`nfastrunncfa`s à luancfahdcàtf,...).(Lceurh >)

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@stfs dus`fs s` hb`mha nhkh v`z dès k` bhs nfb`nncfa`s ocstþrcnhs. Bfs dus`fs k` ncànchs ahturhb`s `stèa nfasceucàkf dfk`raczhr sus casthbhncfa`s.

Hb ohn`rs` nhref k`b s`rvcncf k` vcecbhanch à phtrcdfacf, `b vcecbhat` k`g` nfafn`r bfs fgm`tfs y pc`zhs à bfs qu` pu`k` r`nh`r ua k`bctf. Nfdf o`nofs dès ohgctuhb`s k`sthnha hqu`bbfs à bfs qu` bfs fgm`tfs `xpfbchkfs su`bà nfrr`spfak`rs` nfa `b`dàtfs prfpcfs k`b hmuhr lua`rhrcf= vhsfs n`r`dfachb`s, nfbbhr`s, `sphkhs, `tn., f k` usf ohgctuhb à nubturhs phshkhs= lägubhs, n`rèdcnh kcv`rsh, o`gcbbhs, `tn,. ^ca `dghref, bfs fgm`tfs dès gusnhkfs, thatf pfr su r`bhtcvh lhncbckhk phrh ugcnhr t`dpfrhbdàt`, nfdf pfr su prfpcf vhbfr caträas`nf, bf nfastctuyà bhs pc`zhs audcsdètcnhs, `s k`ncr, bhs dfa`khs y nuhbquc`r ftrf dht`rchb qu` scrvc`rh phrh trhashnncfa`s k` nhrènt`r `nfaþdcnf. @a dàfr d`kckh, pu`kà s`r fgm`tf k` `st` cbänctf nfd`rncf, ýtcb`s k` dfgcbchrcf kcv`rsf, pc`zhs phb`fatfbþecnhs, nfdf pu`kà s`r fshrcfs, cnacths (ou`bbhs (ou`bbhs à pc`krhs), lþscb`s, `tn. Yfr `bbf, k`g` `xtr`dhrs` `xtr`dhrs` bh htàncþa htàncþa nuhakf s` fgs`rvà fgs`rvà fgm`tfs qu`, sca tà`r bh hphrcànch prfpch k` bf qu`, afrdhbdàt` pu`k` s`r rèpckhdàt` ckàtclcnhkf nfdf fgm`tf hrqu`fbþecnf, bf `s r`hbdàt`, huaqu` su pr`sàthncþa af s`h kcl`ràt` k` bh k` ua scdpb` ou`sf f uah pc`krh frkcahrch: ohgrè qu` pr`supfa`r qu` sc s` trhaspfrth nfa nc`rths ?



pr`nhuncfa`s y, sfgr` tfkf, s` trhth k` fnubthr, `s` fgm`tf tàkrè ua vhbfr dhyfr k`b qu` hphràth. (Lceurh ;)

Ohgrè qu` pr`sthr `sp`nchb htàncþa sc bh vcecbhanch s` r`hbczh à buehr`s kfak` oha sckf zfahs hrqu`fbþecnhs, v`rclcnhr bfs dfvcdcàtfs k` p`rsfahs hmàhs , sc trhaspfrtha k`t`ntfr`s k` d`thb`s y `b usf qu` kha h bfs dcsdfs. Ohgrè qu` hb`rthr h bfs s`rvcncfs nfrr`spfakcàt`s k` bh Nfduackhk, nuhakf s`ha k`t`nthkfs heum`rfs, dfvcdcàtfs k` tc`rrh, lfrzhdcàtfs k` pu`rths y vàthahs à zfahs nfanr`ths, `sp`nchbdàt` sc af tcàà hphràt` mustclcnhncþa y pr`sàtha uah scst`dètcnh à su r`hbczhncþa. Ohy qu` tà`r à nuàth qu` `s luakhdàthb k`t`nthr cad`kchthdàt` cad`kchthdàt` pfscgb`s `xpfbcfs, phrh flr`n`r uah r`spu`sth cad`kchth h bh pfbcnäh y trhthr k` bfnhbczhr bh pc`zh `xtrhäkh à sus prcd`rfs dfvcdcàtfs. Nuhatf dès tc`dpf trhasnurrh, s`rè dunof dès kcläncb su bfnhbczhncþa. ^c`dpr` qu` `b s`rvcncf s` r`hbcn` à ua GCN (Gcà`s k` Cat`rãs Nubturhb) ohgrè qu` tà`r tà`r nfal`nncfahkh uah lcnoh nfa bfs khtfs khtfs pr`ncsfs sfgr` `b dcsdf.

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Hat` `b supu`stf k` qu` uah p`rsfah f erupf `stuvc`s` prhntcnhakf uah `xnhvhncþa ( `bbf cdpbcnh uah r`dfncþa k`b su`bf, pu`s sc af ohy thb s`räh uah scdpb` prfsp`nncþa), s` b`s r`qu`rcrè bh hutfrczhncþa p`rtcaàt` y, shbvf qu` s` ckàtclcquà nfdf tãnacnfs k`b K`phrthdàtf k` Yhtrcdfacf Ocstþrcnf Ocstþrcnf k` bh Nfduackhk Nfduackhk Hutþafdh qu` nfrr`spfakh ( y sc`dpr` y nuhakf hnr`kctà `sthr r`hbczhakf ua trhghmf prfpcf k`b Frehacsdf k`b qu` k`pàkà), k`g`rèa hpfrthr bh nfrr`spfakcàt` sca bh nuhb, s` k`g` nfasck`rhr nfdf cbäncth bh hntuhncþa. û`bà pbhat`hrs` kukhs nfa r`sp`ntf hb usf k` k`t`ntfr`s k` d`thb`s y su pfscgb` k`nfdcsf. @a `st` sàtckf ohy qu` s`øhbhr qu` bh bècsbhncþa ahncfahb af `sp`nclcnh sfgr` bfs dht`rchb`s, fgm`tfs f scst`dhs tãnacnfs utcbczhkfs à bh `xnhvhncþa. Yfr `bbf ohgrè qu` hnfe`rs` h bf qu` kcspfaeha `xpr`shdàt` `xpr`shdàt` bhs afrdhs k` bh Nfduackhk Hutþafdh kfak` `b o`nof fnurrh. Af fgsthat`, s` k`g` tà`r à nuàth= 8½ Bh hkqucscncþa y tàànch k` hphrhtfs k`t`ntfr`s k` d`thb`s af pr`ncsh hutfrczhncþa hbeuah. 7½ @b usf k` bfs dcsdfs phrh gýsqu`kh k` d`thb`s y dca`rhb`s thdpfnf pr`ncsh hutfrczhncþa, shbvf qu` s` r`hbcn` à `sphncfs f buehr`s prftèckfs pfr bh B`y k` Yhtrcdfacf Ocstþrcnf @sphøfb, à nuyf nhsf r`quc`r`, sèýa nfrr`spfakh hutfrczhncþa k` bh Hkdcacstrhncþa k`b @sthkf (Dcacst`rcf k` Nubturh) f k` bh Nfduackhk Hutþafdh (Nfas`m`räh k` Nubturh f bh qu` nfrr`spfakh à nhkh Nfduackhk). >½ Bh lhbth k` bhs ncthkhs hutfrczhncfa`s pu`k` khr buehr h bh nfdcscþa k` calrhnncþa hkdcacstrhtcvh (`xpfbcfs) y, à su nhsf, k`bctf (rfgf, ourtf, khøfs…).

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;½ @a `b nhsf k` calrhnncþa prfn`k` bh kàuanch hat` `b þrehaf nfdp`tàt` k` bh hkdcacstrhncþa, hkdcacstrhncþa, p`rf af bh cat`rvàncþa k`b k`t`ntfr k` d`thb`s. 0½ @a `b nhsf k` k`bctf prfn`k` bh kàuanch hat` `b Muzehkf nfrr`spfakcàt`, hsä nfdf bh cat`rvàncþa k` bfs fgm`tfs f castrudàtfs `dpb`hkfs phrh nfd`t`rbf (hrt. 7?7 k` bh B`y k` @amucnchdcàtf nrcdcahb) y su pu`sth h kcspfscncþa k`b Mu`z. <½ @a nuhbquc`r nhsf y à vcrtuk k` bhs nfdp`tànchs trhasl`rckhs h bhs NN.HH., k`g`rè `sthrs` h bf kcspu`stf pfr bhs dcsdhs dcsdhs à nuhatf h bh tàànch y utcbczhncþa k` bfs k`t`ntfr`s k` d`thb`s. H p`shr k` bf `xpu`stf hat`rcfrdàt` bh prfgb`dètcnh hntuhb s` ghsh luakhdàthbdàt` à= - Bh canfanr`th f lhbth k` afrdhtcvh sfgr` su tàànch y usf. - Lhbth k` uaclfrdckhk à bh bècsbhncþa k` bhs kcstcaths NN. HH. - Bh af s`øhbczhncþa k` zfahs prfocgckhs phrh `sth hntcvckhk. - Bh lhbth k` calfrdhncþa qu` hb r`sp`ntf flr`nà bhs NN.HH. hb hlcncfahkf. Yfr ftrf bhkf, sc uah p`rsfah pfrth ua fgm`tf qu` pu`k` s`r catèrhat` k`b Yhtrcdfacf Ocstþrcnf @sphøfb, p`rf dhaclc`sth ohg`rbf ohbbhkf à sup`rlcnc`, s` nfasck`rhrè ‒ohbbhzef nhsuhb—, sca nfdcscþa k` calrhnncþa,

shbvf qu` k`du`str` catàncþa k` ohg`rbf phrh sä, à nuyf nhsf calrcaecräh bh fgbcehncþa k` k`nbhrhr `b ohbbhzef y s` prfn`k`räh h cat`rvàcr `b fgm`tf y b`vhathr Hnth.

Ohy kfs tcpfs k` k`bcanuàt`s hsfnchkfs h `st` èdgctf=

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@b hlcncfahkf y `b `sp`nchbcsth. Bh dhyfräh k` rfgfs k` ofy käh `stèa hsfnchkfs h hlcncfahkfs qu` s` k`kcnha h gusnhr nfa sus k`t`ntfr`s k` d`thb à kcstcatfs yhncdcàtfs y h vàk`r `shs pc`zhs à `b d`rnhkf cbèhb. Oh y qu` r`nfrkhr qu` huaqu` s`h bèhb hkqucrcr k`t`ntfr`s k` d`thb`s, su usf à `b èdgctf hrqu`fbþecnf r`quc`r` k` uah hutfrczhncþa `sththb qu` acaeuaf k` bfs `xpfbchkfr`s tcà`. Hk`dès k` `stfs hlcncfahkfs qu` rfgha pc`zhs hrqu`fbþecnhs, ohy ftrf tcpf k` bhkrfa`s qu` rfgha à `rdcths ` ceb`schs, p`rf af s` bb`vha erhak`s pc`zhs. ^hgà qu` sc bfs rfgfs sfa p`qu`øfs, thrkhrha dhs à s`r k`t`nthkfs. @a `b ftrf `xtr`df s` ànuàtrh `b `sp`nchbcsth. ^fa prfl`scfahb`s qu` vcvà k` `st` èdgctf y ohnà bbèhr bhs pc`zhs h nfb`nncfacsths qu` vha h phehr gcà pfr bf rfghkf. Hk`dès, `s k`sthnhgb` bh lceurh k`b cat`rd`kchrcf, yh qu` `xcstà dunofs à `st` aèfncf cbèhb y sfa bfs qu` pfaà à nfathntf h bhkrfa`s y nfdprhkfr`s. Hatceuhdàt`, Hatceuhdàt`, `rh ua aèfncf à hue`, p`rf bh nrcscs thdgcãa b`s oh hl`nthkf= bfs hlcncfahkfs yh af cavc`rtà nfdf hat`s y h käh k` ofy, `s nfasththkf qu` `st` tcpf k` rfgf prèntcnhdàt` af `xcst` f af s` kàuanch. Bf qu` s` su`b` rfghr hntuhbdàt` à bhs ceb`schs `s mfy`räh y pbht`räh, àtr` bhs zfahs dès vuba`rhgb`s sèýa bh euhrkch ncvcb, s` ànuàtrh bh nfduackhk k` Nhstcbbh y B`þa. (Lceurh <)

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Bfs hbdhnà`s k`b dus`f sfa duy cdpfrthat`s phrh bh bhgfr k`b dcsdf, yh qu` bhs nfb`nncfa`s k`gà s`r nfas`rvhkhs `stãa `xpu`sths f af. Bh `xpfscncþa, à r`hbckhk, `s hbef ‒ha`nkþtcnf—: bhs pc`zhs k`gà cr

dfvcãakfs`. Bhs erhak`s fgrhs sfa `xn`pncfa`s. ` xn`pncfa`s. Bfs dus`fs nfas`rvha, à fnhscfa`s, pc`zhs qu` af s` pu`kà `xpfa`r, qu` af sceuà bh bäa`h k` bh nfb`nncþa, qu` sfa r`ct`rhtcvhs,... Bfs dus`fs r`ncgà f s` và fgbcehkfs h r`ncgcr pc`zhs qu`, k` ftrh dha`rh, s` p`rk`räha (nhsf k`b dht`rchb hrqu`fbþecnf). @b dus`f k`g` rùacr tcpfbfeähs p`rf s` `xpfa` uah däacdh s`b`nncþa. K` `sth dha`rh, bfs hbdhnà`s s` nfavc`rtà à ua dus`f phrhb`bf k`stcahkf h ua pýgbcnf duy `sp`nchbczhkf qu` nr`n` nfasthat`dàt`. (Lceurh 5)

Bh prcd`rh nfas`nuànch k`b nr`ncdcàtf k` bfs dus`fs `s qu` h bh ofrh k` ràfvhr bfs `sphncfs k`b dcsdf, ` pbhaclcnhkfr f hrquct`ntf af k`g` nèhrs` nfa bhs shbhs k` `xpfscncfa`s y sä htàk`r h bfs `sphncfs k` trhghmf supb`dàthrcfs qu` a`n`scth `b dus`f: k` `sfs `sphncfs, `b hbdhnãa `s `b dès cdpfrthat`.

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@b vfbudà k`b hbdhnãa k`pàk` k`b tcpf k` dus`f y k` bh lcahbckhk qu` s` b` kã. Yfr `m`dpbf= hbdhnàhdcàtf hbdhnàhdcàtf kàsf sc af ohy dunoh dfvcbckhk k` bhs pc`zhs: hb nfatrhrcf f sc s` quc`r` ohn`r vcscthgb` `b hbdhnãa s`rè dès nþdfkf y a`n`scthrè dès `sphncf. @s hnfas`mhgb` ua `sphncf scdcbhr phrh `b hbdhnãa hb k` bh `xpfscncþa (;9% + ;9% + 79% phrh `b r`stf k` s`rvcncfs). @sth zfah k` trhghmf k`g` canbucr kcstcaths èr`hs= sèurckhk.

= nfa `strcnths nfakcncfa`s k` bcdpc`zh y

eà`rh dunoh sunc`khk y `s luàt` pftànchb k` canàkcfs y hnnckàt`s, pfr `sf k`g` hcsbhrs` k`b r`stf k` èr`hs k` r`s`rvh huaqu` `s` n`rnh. Bhs pc`zhs af k`gà àtrhr hbbä ohsth `b dfdàtf k` su `dghbhm`. ^c af ohy ua `sphncf `sp`nälcnf phrh `bbf ohgrè qu` gusnhrbf, p`rf k`g` ohn`rs` kàtrf k` bhs shbhs k` k`pþsctf. h v`n`s `s `b prfpcf thbb`r k` r`sthurhncþa. phrh bh kfnudàthncþa erèlcnh k` bfs lfakfs. [fkhs bhs pc`zhs qu` caer`sha à `b dus`f k`gà lftferhlchrs`.

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s` e`stcfah, kfnudàth y nfatrfbh tfkh bh hntcvckhk k` bhs r`s`rvhs k`b dus`f. @st` èr`h tcà` nfdf luancfa`s= - nfatrfb k` caer`sf ` ckàtclcnhncþa k` bhs pc`zhs= bhs pc`zhs au`vhs af k`gà caer`shr à `b k`pþsctf ohsth phshr pfr r`sthurhncþa y nuhràtàh. Buèf= cavàthrchrbhs, lftferhlchrbhs y `bhgfrhr uah lcnoh k`snrcptcvh däacdh. ^þbf àtfan`s pu`k` phshr h bfs hbdhnà`s. @b aýd`rf k` cavàthrcf `s ua ckàtclcnhkfr k` bh pc`zh phrh `b r`stf k` su vckh à `b dus`f. @s `b ýacnf dfkf k` tà`r bfnhbczhkh sc`dpr` uah pc`zh (af k` cavàthrcf casnrctf sc`dpr` à bh pc`zh). af k`g` hl`nthr h bh pc`zh y `s ua scdpb` d`nhacsdf k` nfatrfb y hyukh phrh `b p`rsfahb k`b dus`f, k`g` s`r lèncb `bcdcahgb`. Af ohy ua dãtfkf pr`lcmhkf, p`rf sä r`nfdàkhncfa`s r`nfdàkhncfa`s ýtcb`s= - af vcscgb` f af= à ua buehr vcscgb` hl`h `b fgm`tf: hb nfatrhrcf, fgbceh h dhacpubhr dès bh pc`zh phrh ànfatrhrbf. ^` tcàk` h `sth ýbtcdh fpncþa. - @b thdhøf k`b aýd`rf k`g` s`r prfpfrncfahb hb thdhøf k`b fgm`tf. - ^c`dpr` qu` s` pu`kh k`g` `sthgb`n`rs` ua buehr p`rdhaàt` à `b qu` scebhr bh pc`zh, hb dàfs, bhs k` bh dcsdh tcpfbfeäh (cakcnhrbf à bh lcnoh k`snrcptcvh). Bhs pc`zhs k` erha vfbudà `s hnfas`mhgb` scebhrbhs à vhrcfs buehr`s. - Bh scebh k`g` hphr`n`r à `b nu`rpf prcancphb k` bh pc`zh (af hshs, thpsh,...) F à tfkfs bfs `b`dàtfs k` bh dcsdh. - Bh scebh k`g` lcmhrs` à zfahs k` bh pc`zh af sum`ths h lrcnncfa`s, rfn`s,... @a nuhatf h bfs dãtfkfs k` casnrcpncþa= phrh bh dhyfr phrt` k` dht`rchb`s su`b` utcbczhrs` pcaturh f tcath nocah., kcr`nthdàt` sc `s nfdphntf, f sfgr` uah nhph k` `sdhbt` sc `s pfrfsf (dhk`rh, n`rèdcnh, dhrlcb,...). Bh dhrnh s` `bcdcah nfa hbnfofb f kcsfbvàt`s. Af `tcqu`ths hko`scvhs pfrqu` s` k`spràkà. Ohy dht`rchb`s qu` `xceà trhthdcàtfs phrtcnubhr`s. Yhrh bhs pcaturhs, nfa pcaturh sfbugb` hb heuh (à `b r`v`rsf y thdgcãa à `b dhrnf): phrh bfs t`xtcb`s nfa `tcqu`ths k` t`bh gbhanh à bhs qu` s` hafth `b aýd`rf y buèf s` nfsà h bh pc`zh 80



nfa ocbf k` hbefkþa gbhanf (auanh ushr hblcb`r`s f erhphs). Nfa bfs t`xtcb`s `s `sp`nchbdàt` a`n`shrcf qu` tfkhs bhs pc`zhs vhyha scebhkhs à `b dcsdf sctcf. Bfs `sp`nädà`s gftèacnfs y hacdhb`s pr`sàtha prfgb`dhs: sc tcàà trfanf, rhdhs,... s` su`b` `snrcgcr `b af à `sfs `b`dàtfs. Bfs hacdhb`s p`qu`øfs (dhrcpfshs, cas`ntfs,...) su`bà cr à nhmhs qu` `s bf qu` s` sceah. Bh lftferhläh k` bhs pc`zhs `s hbef luakhdàthb phrh su ckàtclcnhncþa. ^` su`bà ohn`r kfs pfr pc`zh: uah pfr `b hav`rsf y ftrh pfr `b r`v`rsf: dès sc s` quc`rà nfasceahr k`thbb`s phrh ckàtclcnhr. @a bh lftf su`b` hphr`n`r `b aýd`rf k` cavàthrcf. Bhs lftfs su`bà s`r à gbhanf y aèrf pfrqu` sfa dès `sthgb`s qu` bhs lftfs à nfbfr.

Ohy qu` hsèurhrs` k` qu` pfk`dfs bfnhbczhr bfs fgm`tfs nfa lhncbckhk. Yhrh `bbf ohy qu` k`thbbhr `b buehr `xhntf à `b qu` s` ànuàtrh `b fgm`tf à su lcnoh. Bh sceahturh tfpferèlcnh scrv` phrh bfnhbczhr bhs pc`zhs: s`räh ghsthat` ýtcb qu` lu`rh tha p`rdhaàt` nfdf `b aýd`rf k` rècstrf.

Ohy qu` nfatrfbhr, sfgr` tfkf, bfs dfvcdcàtfs cat`rafs. @s r`nfdàkhgb` bb`vhr ua bcgrf k` hnn`sf k` p`rsfahs h bfs hbdhnà`s, pu`s `s` hnn`sf k`g` `sthr r`strcaeckf (sþbf p`rsfahb hutfrczhkf k`b dus`f).

Nhdgcha dunof k` ua dus`f h ftrf, p`rf ohy qu` k`sthnhr kfs puatfs= - bh sctuhncþa k` bh shbh kàtrf k`b hbdhnãa y su frehaczhncþa= `s pr`l`rcgb` qu` bfs hbdhnà`s `stãa uaclcnhkfs. ^hbvf qu` ohyh oud`khk`s, `s d`mfr qu` `stãa à bfs sþthafs, pu`s ohy dhyfr `sthgcbckhk htdfslãrcnh. ^c`dpr` qu` s`h pfscgb` bfs hbdhnà`s k`gà `sthr k`phrthdàthkfs: `bbf p`rdct` vhrchr bhs nfakcncfa`s hdgcàthb`s, pu`k` `vcthr rfgfs y lràhr canàkcfs.

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Bf d`mfr `s qu` bh frkàhncþa s`h pfr dht`rchs, p`rf ohy qu` tà`r à nuàth bfs prfgb`dhs läscnfs k` nfas`rvhncþa. ^c`dpr` `s pr`l`rcgb` s`phrhr bfs lfakfs pfr nfdpfscncþa f prfpc`khk`s läscnhs. Y`rf bfs dus`fs tcàà ua `sphncf eà`rhbdàt` duy bcdcthkf pfr bf qu` `s a`n`shrcf hprfv`nohr hb dèxcdf bfs `sphncfs. ^` su`bà heruphr bhs pc`zhs pfr thdhøfs à `sthat`rähs, hrdhrcfs,... - Bfs scst`dhs läscnfs k` hbdhnàhdcàtf= erha phrt` k` bh nfb`nncþa k`g` sctuhrs` à `sthat`rähs hgc`rths rèubhgb`s. Kàtrf k` bhs ghbkhs bhs pc`zhs k`gà nfbfnhrs`, gcà kcr`nthdàt` sfgr` bh ghbkh f gcà à nhmhs (ãstf ýbtcdf phrh pc`zhs p`qu`øhs). Bfs du`gb`s `s d`mfr pfa`rbfs sfgr` nhdhr`rhs. Bh pcaturh hb þb`f s` nfbfnh ` a ‒p`ca`s—, `stf `s, dhbbhs d`tèbcnhs qu` s` àehanoha hb su`bf y hb t`nof, sc hk`dès vha sfgr` rc`b`s s` pu`k` kàsclcnhr `b scst`dh k` hbdhnàhdcàtf. hbdhnàhdcàtf. @stfs scst`dhs k` hbdhnàhdcàtf hgc`rtfs `xceà ua nfatrfb k` bhs nfakcncfa`s hdgcàthb`s duy rceurfsf. [hdgcãa s` utcbczha scst`dhs n`rrhkfs, sfgr` tfkf phrh t`xtcb`s, php`b`s,... Bfs erhghkfs, nhrt`b`s, hnuhr`bhs,... s` nfas`rvha à pbha`rfs (hrnocvfs ofrczfathb`s), kfak` thdgcãa s` hbdhnàha bfs `sp`nädà`s gftèacnfs. @a hrnocvfs afrdhb`s k` flcncah s` pu`kà euhrkhr pc`zhs duy kcv`rshs. @b dht`rchb lftferèlcnf su`b` euhrkhrs` à scst`dhs nfd`rnchb`s qu` p`rdctà su nfas`rvhncþa à v`rtcnhb (bh d`mfr pfscncþa). Bfs t`xtcb`s s` euhrkha à hrdhrcfs qu` flr`nà kcstcaths pfscgcbckhk`s k` frehaczhncþa: hk`dès su`bà tà`r nhmfa`rhs. Bfs dhyfr`s prfgb`dhs nfa bfs t`xtcb`s s` kha nfa pc`zhs erhak`s (hblfdgrhs,... qu` su`bà nfas`rvhrs` nfdf à bhs tcàkhs). Bfs qu` af s` pu`kà tà`r nfbehkfs (nhphs, dhatfa`s, nhpft`s,...) ohy qu` nfas`rvhrbfs à ofrczfathb. @a nuhbquc`r nhsf, `b dhyfr hprfv`nohdcàtf k` `sphncf s` bferh nfa bfs hrdhrcfs nfdphntfs, qu` sfa dþvcb`s y vha sfgr` rhäb`s. @stfs hrdhrcfs p`rdctà kàsclcnhr bh nhphnckhk k`b hbdhnãa: hk`dès, k` `st` dfkf, bhs pc`zhs `stèa dès prftèckhs. Hýa hsä, nuhakf ohy lhbth k` `sphncf, s` pu`k` hprfv`nohr bh hbturh tfthb k`b hbdhnãa, p`rf `stf `s p`bcerfsf phrh bfs trhghmhkfr`s y phrh bhs pc`zhs. 85



Ftrh pfscgb` sfbuncþa `s k`kcnhr tfkf `b `kclcncf h `xpfscncþa y shnhr `b hbdhnãa h ftrf buehr (afrdhbdàt` lu`rh k` bhs ncukhk`s, kfak` bfs t`rràfs sfa dès ghrhtfs), huaqu` bfs canfavàcàt`s sfa `vckàt`s.

- @s hnfas`mhgb` qu` bhs pc`zhs bhs du`vh `b p`rsfahb `sp`nchbczhkf (af cav`stcehkfr`s,...) S af sþbf uah p`rsfah. - Bfs fgm`tfs k`gà `sthr `b dàfr tc`dpf pfscgb` à au`strhs dhafs (ghak`mhs, nhrrfs,...). - K`gà `sthr `b dàfr tc`dpf pfscgb` à buehr`s k` trèasctf (phscbbfs,...). - Nhkh pc`zh tcà` sus a`n`sckhk`s phrtcnubhr`s k` dha`mf: af k`g` nfalchrs` à `b usf ohgctuhb k` bfs fgm`tfs (hshs, dhaefs, uacfa`s, sfbkhkurhs,...). - Hat`s k` dfv`r uah pc`zh `s hnfas`mhgb` b``r `b ýbtcdf calfrd` k` nfas`rvhncþa. - Nfavcà` utcbczhr euhat`s k` hbefkþa. Ohy qu` tà`r nuckhkf nfa= - bhs dhk`rhs cakustrchb`s, qu` nfatcàà r`scahs y ftrfs prfkuntfs qu` k`spràkà `dhahncfa`s ènckhs kurhat` høfs: thdgcãa `dphøha dunoäscdf bfs d`thb`s. - Bh dhyfr phrt` k` bhs pcaturhs cakustrchb`s hb hn`ct` k`spràkà vhpfr`s k` ènckfs à `b s`nhkf. - Dunofs php`b`s y nhrtfa`s nfa bfs qu` s` prftèà bhs pc`zhs tcàà ua pfrnàthm` k` pbfdf duy hbtf y, à eà`rhb, ghsthat`s ènckfs. - Bfs hko`scvfs scatãtcnfs, nuhatf dàfs s` usà d`mfr. - Bhs lcgrhs hrtclcnchb`s hnudubha `b`ntrcnckhk `stètcnh y, pfr thatf, hnudubha pfbvf. - Bhs efdhs, nhunofs, ... s` kèrhkha àsèuckh, sfa ca`sthgb`s. Ohy pbèstcnfs duy `sthgb`s y qu` s` pu`kà ushr sca prfgb`dhs phrh euhrkhr pc`zhs. - @b nfas`mf `s utcbczhr dht`rchb`s ahturhb`s: ohy qu` `vcthr dht`rchb`s k` prfkunncþa cakustrchb.

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@b trhaspfrt` supfa` nhdgcfs k` dcnrfnbcdh qu` k`gà dcacdczhrs`. - Bfs dht`rchb`s k` `dghbhm` k`gà s`r ca`rt`s, sþbckfs, lu`rt`s,... - Bfs fgm`tfs k`gà lcmhrs` kàtrf k` bfs `dghbhm`s, y `stfs kàtrf k` bfs d`kcfs k` trhaspfrt`. @a bfs vchm`s, sfgr` tfkf bfs bhrefs, r`subth duy kcläncb nfatrfbhr bhs nfakcncfa`s k` t`dp`rhturh y oud`khk. Bhs nhmhs sthakhrk su`bà tà`r kfs `strunturhs k` dhk`rh f nfatrhnohphkf nfa ua hcsbhat` àtr` hdghs y uackhs pfr du`bb`s. Kàtrf k` bh `strunturh, uah gfbsh k` pfbc`tcbàf qu`, uah v`z catrfkunckh bh pc`zh, s` s`bbh. Kàtrf k` bh gfbsh, dhk`rh qu` hgsfrg` bh oud`khk. Kàtrf, bfs sfpfrt`s k` bh fgrh y bh dcsdh. @b vhnäf s` r`bbàh nfa vcruths k` dhk`rh y, à puatfs nfanr`tfs, e`b k` säbcn`. Nfdf nfdpb`dàtf, bfs `dghbhm`s k`gà hnbcdhthrs` h bhs nfakcncfa`s k`b dus`f hat`s k` hbg`rehr bhs pc`zhs. K`gà `sthr ua d`s f, hb dàfs, qucan` kähs à `b dus`f. (Lceurh 3)

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Nuhakf af ohy n`rt`zh k` bhs nfakcncfa`s qu` bh pc`zh tàkrè à bh `xpfscncþa, k`g`rè vchmhr à uah nhmh nbcdh-gfx qu` bb`vh canfrpfrhkf ua scst`dh k` hcr` hnfakcncfahkf. Bh pc`zh s` `xpfakrè kàtrf k` bh prfpch nhmh. Nhsc sc`dpr` s` utcbczha phrh pcaturh sfgr` thgbh. Hýa hsä, à nhkh dus`f ohy pc`zhs qu`, pfr sus nfakcncfa`s, af k`gà shbcr k`b dus`f. [fkhs `sths d`kckhs af sc`dpr` sfa `l`ntcvhs. Yfr `sf, sfa a`n`shrcfs prfn`sfs k` nfas`rvhncþa hntcvh y r`sthurhncþa. Bfs trhthdcàtfs k` nfas`rvhncþa hntcvh su`bà `xcecr uah `thph k` haèbcscs y nfanbuyà à ua calfrd` `snrctf sfgr` `b prfn`sf r`hbczhkf. Bfs prfn`sfs k` r`sthurhncþa thdgcãa r`quc`rà uah cav`stcehncþa pr`vch, ua haèbcscs nfdphrhtcvf nfa pc`zhs k` tcpfbfeäh scdcbhr y uah kfnudàthncþa kfnudàthncþa lftferèlcnh `xohustcvh. @stfs calfrd`s scrvà phrh nfafn`r `b `sthkf k` bfs fgm`tfs y bhs pr`nhuncfa`s qu` ohy qu` tà`r. [hdgcãa phrh bfs luturfs nfas`rvhkfr`s f r`sthurhkfr`s qu` tàeha qu` cat`rvàcr à bh pc`zh. [hdgcãa phrh `b dfdàtf à qu` au`vhs tãnacnhs p`rdctha d`mfrhr `b trhthdcàtf yh r`hbczhkf, f sc `b prfkuntf utcbczhkf `rh afncvf,... Paf k` bfs prcancpcfs gèscnfs hntuhb`s k` bh r`sthurhncþa `s qu` bfs trhthdcàtfs k`gà s`r r`v`rscgb`s= tfkfs bfs prfkuntfs utcbczhkfs f h høhkckfs h bh pc`zh s` k`gà pfk`r `bcdcahr sca hl`nthr h bh pc`zh. [hdgcãa qu` bhs phrt`s r`sthurhkhs k`gà pfk`rs` kcl`rànchr nfa lhncbckhk k` bhs frcecahb`s (af hnu`rkf àtr` prfl`scfahb`s sfgr` `st` puatf).

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Sh à ua hsp`ntf afrdhtcvf y à r`bhncþa h bh nfasck`rhncþa k` bfs dus`fs nfdf `sthgb`ncdcàtfs fgbcehkfs h bh hkfpncþa k` d`kckhs k` sèurckhk, `b Wèbhdàtf k` ^èurckhk Yrcvhkh à su hrtänubf 875.> `sthgb`n` qu`=— qu`=— Bhs ehb`rähs k` hrt`, tcàkhs k` hatceò`khk`s y f sughsth

fgm`tfs k` mfy`räh f pbht`räh, hsä nfdf k` hatceò`khk`s u , nuyhs fgrhs u fgm`tfs sup`rà à nfamuatf `b vhbfr qu` s` s`

k`t`rdca`, k`g`rèa hkfpthr bhs d`kckhs k` sèurckhk… ‒.

Dàncþa `xpr`sh k` `st` tcpf k` `sthgb`ncdcàtfs yh vcà` h r`hbczhr bh Frkà CA[/>85/7988, sfgr` d`kckhs k` sèurckhk, à k`shrrfbbf k`b ncthkf Wèbhdàtf, à su hrtänubf 85.8, hb k`t`rdcahr qu` ‒ Bhs nèdhrhs hnfrhzhkhs k` bfs `sthgb`ncdcàtfs fgbcehkfs à `sth ^`nncþa, y hqu`bbfs

ftrfs

`sthgb`ncdcàtfs,

thb`s

nfdf

…—.

@s pfr thatf thatf qu` `xcst` uah rèubhncþa à bh afrdhtcvh afrdhtcvh k` sèurckhk sèurckhk prcvhkh k` bfs dus`fs, thatf k` tctubhrckhk pýgbcnh ( hrt. 88> W^Y) nfdf prcvhkh, hb nfasck`rhrbfs nfdf `sthgb`ncdcàtfs qu` s` k`kcnha ohgctuhbdàt` h bh `xocgcncþa k` nfb`nncfa`s k` fgm`tfs hrtästcnfs, ncàtälcnfs f k` ftrf tcpf `xpu`stfs phrh s`r `xhdcahkfs y qu` pfr bhs `xp`nthtcvhs qu` eà`rha y `b pftànchb rc`sef qu` supfaà phrh bh sèurckhk ncukhkhah, r`subtha fgbcehkfs h bh hkfpncþa k` k`t`rdcahkhs d`kckhs k` sèurckhk, àtr` bhs qu` lceurha bh pr`vcscþa k`b hrt. ?8.5 k`b W^Y k` bfs qu` bfs s`rvcncfs k` vcecbhanch y prft`nncþa à thb`s dus`fs pu`kha s`r pr`sthkfs nfa hrdhs.

Nu`stcþa kcstcath r`subth bh `xceànch k` uackhk`s k` hbdhnàhdcàtf k` sèurckhk à bhs shbhs k` `xpfscncfa`s, dus`fs, ehb`rähs k` hrt`, tcàkhs k` hatceò`khk`s y `sthgb`ncdcàtfs scdcbhr`s, yh qu` pfr ua bhkf `b hrtänubf 85, sfgr` Acv`b`s k` gbcakhm`, k` bh au`vh Frkà CA[/>85/7988, sfgr` D`kckhs k` ^èurckhk, à su puatf 8 k`t`rdcah qu` ‒Bhs ‒Bhs nèdhrhs hnfrhzhkhs k` bfs `sthgb`ncdcàtfs fgbcehkfs à `sth ^`nncþa, y hqu`bbfs ftrfs `sthgb`ncdcàtfs, thb`s nfdf dus`fs, shbhs k` 78



`xpfscncfa`s u ftrfs k` scdcbhr ahturhb`zh… k`g`rèa tà`r `b acv`b k` r`scstànch k`t`rdcahkf à `b hrtänubf ? k` bh pr`sàt` frkà: y bhs nhmhs lu`rt`s, `b acv`b k`t`rdcahkf à `b hrtänubf 3 k` bh dcsdh —.

Af fgsthat` bf hat`rcfr `b Wèbhdàtf k` ^èurckhk Yrcvhkh, hb r`bhncfahr, à su hrtänubf 875.>, bhs d`kckhs k` sèurckhk fgbcehtfrchs à `st` tcpf k` `sthgb`ncdcàtfs, `xpr`shdàt` k`snhrth bh fgbcehtfrc`khk k` bh `xceànch k` bhs nèdhrhs hnfrhzhkhs hnfrhzhkhs f nhmhs lu`rt`s qu` vcàà nfat`dpbhkhs à bh b`trh h) k`b hrtänubf 875.8 h qu` ohn` r`l`rànch.

K`b haèbcscs k` bfs pr`n`ptfs ncthkfs y nfdf r`spu`sth h bh nfasubth lfrdubhkh, pu`kà `xtrh`rs` bhs sceucàt`s nfanbuscfa`s=

8ª.- Bfs dus`fs k` tctubhrckhk prcvhkh tcàà, nfa nhrènt`r eà`rhb, bh nfasck`rhncþa, h tfkfs bfs `l`ntfs, k` `sthgb`ncdcàtfs fgbcehkfs h kcspfa`r k` d`kckhs k` sèurckhk, sc`dpr` qu` `b vhbfr k` bhs fgrhs `xpu`sths f k`pfscthkhs sup`rà bh nuhatäh k` 099.999 ùrfs, k`t`rdcahkh à `b Ha`xf CC, Hphrthkf >, sfgr` bädct`s k` nuhatähs, k` bh Frkà CA[/>85/7988. CA[/>85/7988.

W`sp`ntf h bfs dus`fs k` tctubhrckhk pýgbcnh, bh fgbcehtfrc`khk k` cdpb`dàthncþa k` d`kckhs k` sèurckhk vh h vàcr nfakcncfahkh h bf `sthgb`nckf à `b hrtänubf 88> k`b W^Y, sfgr` cdpbhathncþa k` d`kckhs k` sèurckhk à frehacsdfs pýgbcnfs, qu` r`quc`r` bh `xcstànch k` bh pr`n`ptcvh r`sfbuncþa k` bh hutfrckhk nfdp`tàt`. nfdp`tàt`. Bf hat`rcfr af `s fgstènubf phrh qu` pfr bh Packhk k` ^èurckhk Yrcvhkh nfrr`spfakcàt` s` pu`kha `l`ntuhr bhs casp`nncfa`s fpfrtuahs sfgr` bhs d`kckhs k` sèurckhk, läscnhs, `b`ntrþacnhs f k` vcecbhanch y 77



prft`nncþa, qu` nfa nhrènt`r vfbuathrcf s` pukc`rha ohg`r cdpbhathkf à `stfs ýbtcdfs, htàkcàkf h su nhrènt`r k` usuhrcfs k` s`rvcncfs y scst`dhs k` sèurckhk, canbuyãakfs`, à su nhsf, `b `xhdà k` bfs bcgrfs fgbcehtfrcfs, nfatrhtfs k` casthbhncþa, dhatàcdcàtf y nfa`xcþa h nàtrhb k` hbhrdhs, k` trhaspfrt` k` lfakfs, `tn. (Lceurh 89)

7>



W@^@ØH OC^[FWCNH Bfs gcà`s k` bfs dus`fs oha phshkf h s`r gcà`s k` cat`rãs eà`rhb: nfdf thb`s oha sulrckf uah phubhtcah afrdhtcvczhncþa, bècsbhncþa. @a @sphøh h bh sctuhncþa `s dès nfdpb`mh. Bh ocstfrch k` bh bècsbhncþa `sphøfbh sfgr` phtrcdfacf s` cacnch à `b scebf __ (shbvf hat`rcfr`s afrdhs nfanr`ths sfgr` dus`fs)= - B`y k` 8388 sfgr` rèubhncþa k` `xnhvhncfa`s hrqu`fbþecnhs. Nfas`nuànchs= s` r`nfafn` qu` bfs gcà`s hrqu`fbþecnfs sfa k` kfdcacf pýgbcnf, sc `stf `s hsä, tfkfs bfs r`stfs hrqu`fbþecnfs k`gà cr h bfs dus`fs. - 8377= nr`hncþa k` bh Nfdcscþa k` vhbfrhncþa y `xpfrthncfa`s, k`gäh hutfrczhr nuhbquc`r `xpfrthncþa k` gcà`s k`b Yhtrcdfacf, hb dhreà k` su tctubhrckhk. - 837>= k`nr`tf qu` rèubh bh àhmàhncþa k` gcà`s k` bh Ceb`sch Nhtþbcnh. - 837<. @s bh prcd`rh kcspfscncþa eà`rhb sfgr` Yhtrcdfacf ocstþrcnf. - 83>>= bh hat`rcfr lu` sustctuckh pfr uah k` `st` h f, duy nfasubthkh à su r`khnncþa nfa tãnacnfs k` dus`fs y vceàt` ohsth 83?0. - Bh Nfastctuncþa k` 835? r`nfe` dunohs r`l`rànchs h hsp`ntfs nubturhb`s= - hrtänubf 8;?.80= nfan`k` h bhs Nfduackhk`s Hutþafdhs Hutþafdhs nfdp`tànchs à dus`fs, gcgbcft`nhs y nfas`rvhtfrcfs k` dýscnh k` cat`rãs phrh bh Nfduackhk. - hrtänubf 8;3.8.7?= `b @sthkf `s `b r`spfashgb` prcd`rf à tfkf bf r`l`rckf h `xpfbcf f `xpfrthncþa k` gcà`s k` cat`rãs nubturhb, hsä nfdf 7;



k` dus`fs, hrnocvfs hrnocvfs y gcgbcft`nhs gcgbcft`nhs k` tctubhrckhk `sththb, `sththb, sca p`rmucncf k` su e`stcþa pfr phrt` k` bhs Nfduackhk`s Hutþafdhs. Hutþafdhs. @a nfas`nuànch, s` pugbcnhrfa bfs k`nr`tfs k` trhsphsf k` nfdp`tànchs à dht`rch k` nubturh. Yhrh bfs dus`fs k` tctubhrckhk `sththb s` `sthgb`nc`rfa nfavàcfs k` e`stcþa, à bfs qu` s` canbuy`rfa bfs dus`fs prfvcanchb`s y bh dhyfr phrt` k` bfs dus`fs dfaferèlcnfs. @stf oh supu`stf uah k`snàtrhbczhncþa y r`frehaczhncþa bèhb y hkdcacstrhtcvh ghsthat` nfdpb`mh. Yhrhb`bhdàt` h `sths trhasl`rànchs y nfavàcfs, s` pugbcnþ bh B`y 8


- Dus`fs ahncfahb`s qu` af p`rtà`znha hb [email protected]. - Dus`fs qu` tàeha nfb`nncfa`s k` cat`rãs y s` hkoc`rha pfr nfavàcf. - Castctutfs k`b YO@. - castctuncfa`s kfnàt`s vcanubhkhs nfa `b YO@. Luancfa`s k`b scst`dh= nffp`rhncþa àtr` dus`fs ` castctuncfa`s phrh bhs luancfa`s gèscnhs k`b dus`f, phrh `b p`rl`nncfahdcàtf k`b p`rsfahb,... Bh bècsbhncþa k` bhs Nfduackhk`s Hutþafdhs `s cdpfrthat` pfrqu` bh bècsbhncþa k`b @sthkf `s sugsckchrch k` bh k` ãsths, y pfrqu` k`sk` 835? `b @sthkf sþbf pu`k` bècsbhr phrh bfs dus`fs k` su tctubhrckhk. Yhrh `b r`stf k` dus`fs bh nfdp`tànch pbàh `s k` bhs Nfduackhk`s Hutþafdhs. Hntuhbdàt` bh bècsbhncþa oh kcstcaeuckf àtr`= dus`f, `xpfscncþa p`rdhaàt` (af tcàà p`rsfahb lcmf) y nfb`nncþa (af tcàà p`rsfahb lcmf,... ac ofrhrcf k` vcscth). Y`rf bh r`hbckhk hkdcacstrhtcvh `s ftrh. Ghsèakfafs à ‒Dus`fs y nfb`nncfa`s k` @sphøh— k` Nfasu`bf ^haz Yhstfr, y à bh ghs` k` khtfs

k`b D@N. ^hg`dfs qu` à @sphøh ohy uahs 8>99 castctuncfa`s dus`ästcnhs k` tctubhrckhk duy kcv`rsh= - `b prcancphb prfpc`thrcf sfa bfs duacncpcfs (099 dus`fs), sca qu` bhs b`y`s k` hkdcacstrhncþa bfnhb`s kcspfaeha k` rèubhncþa sfgr` bh dht`rch. - Bh Ceb`sch nhtþbcnh (>99 dus`fs) qu` thdpfnf nuàth nfa uah afrdhtcvh ncvcb. - Bhs àtckhk`s prcvhkhs (709 dus`fs) à bh dcsdh sctuhncþa. - Bh hkdcacstrhncþa eà`rhb k`b @sthkf (8?9 dus`fs). - Bhs Nfduackhk`s Hutþafdhs (;9 dus`fs).

7<



@b ?>% k` `st` tfthb `stè hmàf h nuhbquc`r rèubhncþa à su luancfahdcàtf. [fkhs bhs kcspfscncfa`s bèhb`s s` hpbcnha hb r`sthat` 85% k` dus`fs. Hpàhs ua 79% r`ýaà bhs nfakcncfa`s a`n`shrchs phrh s`r k`sceahkfs dus`fs. @sth sctuhncþa k`rcvh, à erha d`kckh, k` bh nfasck`rhncþa k`b dus`f nfdf scdpb` hbdhnãa f nfamuatf k` shbhs phrh `xpfa`r. @b eru`sf k` bfs b fs dus`fs ahncfahb`s sfa e`stcfahkfs pfr= - Dcacst`rcf k` K`làsh (>;). - Yhtrcdfacf Ahncfahb (gcà`s y dfaudàtfs hksnrctfs h bh Nhsh W`hb) (77). - D@N= `bcdcahakf bhs nfb`nncfa`s uacv`rscthrchs, e`stcfah 37 dus`fs. Canbuy` bfs erhak`s dus`fs ahncfahb`s y bh r`k k` bfs dus`fs prfvcanchb`s. K` `sfs 37, 5 sfgr` bfs dus`fs prfvcanchb`s, `b @sthkf sþbf s` oh fnuphkf k` su nr`hncþa y dhatàcdcàtf nuhakf af bf oha o`nof bhs hkdcacstrhncfa`s bfnhb`s. Hbeuafs k` `stfs dus`fs luscfaha bh Hrqu`fbfeäh y bhs G`bbhs Hrt`s (Yhbànch), ftrhs prfvcanchs kcspfaà k` kfs dus`fs kcl`ràt`s (Nþrkfgh) y ftrhs tcàà vhrcfs dus`fs k` tctubhrckhk `sththb (^frch= Dus`f Yrfvcanchb, ^ha Muha k` Ku`rf, rucahs k` Audhanch, ^ha Ghuk`bcf k` G`rbhaeh,...: [fb`kf= Dus`f ^`lhrkä, Nhsh k`b Er`nf, Dus`f k` ^hath Nruz-prfvcanchb,...). @b k`s`qucbcgrcf `s hgsfbutf, canbusf hbeuahs prfvcanchs af kcspfaà k` acaeuaf. ^èýa bfs nfavàcfs k` e`stcþa, bfs dus`fs dhatcàà bh tctubhrckhk `sththb (`b @sthkf `s `b prfpc`thrcf k` bhs nfb`nncfa`s y k`b `kclcncf, bf nuhb supfa` qu` hsceah pr`supu`stfs phrh bh d`mfrh k` bhs casthbhncfa`s) y bhs Nfduackhk`s Hutþafdhs s` ànhreha k` bh e`stcþa frkcahrch (`dpb`hkfs, dhatàcdcàtf, pr`sthncþa k` bfs s`rvcncfs 75



nubturhb`s,...). Y`rf `xcst` kclcnubthk phrh kcstcaeucr dhatàcdcàtf frkcahrcf k` cav`rscþa. Af s` oh bferhkf bh hrdfaäh à bh kuhbckhk k` nfdp`tànchs sfgr` dus`fs. Bh sfbuncþa s`räh bh `bcdcahncþa k` bh W`k k` Dus`fs `sththb`s, y bh àtrèh k` bfs dus`fs h bhs hkdcacstrhncfa`s e`stfrhs 4 trhasl`rànch pbàh h bhs Nfduackhk`s Hutþafdhs phrh qu` ãsths pu`kha `m`rn`r su prfpch pfbätcnh dus`ästcnh. @b ^cst`dh @sphøfb k` Dus`fs s` nr`þ phrh qu` bfs dus`fs dhatuvc`rha àtr` sä väanubfs ncàtälcnfs y tãnacnfs. @st` scst`dh k`g`räh `sthr kfthkf k` lfakfs `nfaþdcnfs phrh lcahanchr prfy`ntfs k` nfbhgfrhncþa, sugvàncfa`s,... Dcàtrhs, bhs Nfduackhk`s Hutþafdhs oha ckf nr`hakf scst`dhs rècfahb`s k` dus`fs, nhkh uah nfa sus prfpcfs nrct`rcfs, dunohs v`n`s canfdphtcgb`s àtr` Nfduackhk`s Hutþafdhs. @stf supfa` ua kcläncb uaclcnhncþa luturh. @a @sphøh ohy 8< dus`fs ahncfahb`s= - Dus`f Ahncfahb k` Ncànchs Ahturhb`s (8507- W`hb Ehgca`t` f 8555)= su r`bhncþa nfa `b r`stf k` bh r`k `s aubh. K`pàk` k`b N^CN: `s ua buehr gèscnhdàt` gèscnhdàt` k` cav`stcehncþa. - Dus`f k`b Yrhkf (8?83) - Dus`f Hrqu`fbþecnf Ahncfahb (8?<5) - Dus`f Ahncfahb k` W`prfkunncfa`s Hrtästcnhs (8?55)= `snhyfbhs à su dhyfräh. Wùaäh r`prfkunncfa`s k` fgrhs k` hrt` qu` af s` ànfatrhgha à @sphøh. K`g`räh hntuhbczhr su nfb`nncþa (nca`, r`prferhläh,...). - Dus`f Ahncfahb k` Hrt`s K`nfrhtcvhs (838>)= bhs d`mfr`s k` hrt`s k`nfrhtcvhs `stèa à `b Dus`f k`b Yrhkf y à `b Dus`f Hrqu`fbþecnf. Hrqu`fbþecnf. - Dus`f k`b t`htrf (8383 - Hbdherf)= sure` k` dhafs k` ua phrtcnubhr. K`pàk` k`b CAH@D. 7?



- Dus`f Ahncfahb k` @snubturh (83>> - \hbbhkfbck)= `rh `b hatceuf Dus`f prfvcanchb k` G`bbhs Hrt`s k` \hbbhkfbck. ûs nfb`nncfa`s `stèa ghsthat` bcdcthkhs e`ferèlcnh y t`dpfrhbdàt`. t`dpfrhbdàt`. - Dus`f k` Hdãrcnh (83;8)= rùacþ nhsc tfkhs bhs nfb`nncfa`s prfn`kàt`s k` Hdãrcnh kcsp`rshs ohsth àtfan`s (à `b Yrhkf, pfr `m`dpbf). @s ua dus` e`ferèlcnf à ua phafrhdh k` dus`fs ahncfahb`s t`dètcnfs. - Dus`f Ahncfahb k` N`rèdcnh y Hrt`s suatuhrchs (83>> - \hbànch, Dus`f Efazèb`z Dhrtä, phrtcnubhr qu` kfaþ sus fgrhs h nhdgcf k` bh kàfdcahncþa ‒Ahncfahb— phrh su dus`f)= `b 30% k` bhs nfb`nncfa`s sfa

vhbànchahs, y à k`pþsctf (k`b hyuathdcàtf y bh kcputhncþa vhbànchafs). - Dus`f ^`lhrkä (83<; - [fb`kf)= `s ua dus`f-dfaudàtf. Bh mfyh k` bh nfb`nncþa `s bh ^cahefeh k` [rèasctf, af bhs prfpchs nfb`nncfa`s k`b dus`f. @b `sthkf bhcnf dhatcà` ua dus`f k`kcnhkf h uah phrt` k` bh nfduackhk mukäh. - Dus`f Ahncfahb k` Hrt` Wfdhaf (8350 - Dãrckh)= `st` dus`f bb`vhgh hgc`rtf k`sk` `b scebf _C_. Bhs nfb`nncfa`s sfa k` Dãrckh. - Dus`f Ahncfahb k` bh Ncànch y bh [`nafbfeäh (83?9)= `stè à prfn`sf k` nr`hncþa. Af `stè hgc`rtf hb pýgbcnf (@sthncþa k` K`bcnchs). - Dus`f Ahncfahb k` Hrqu`fbfeäh Dhrätcdh (83?9 - Nhrtheàh)= surecþ k` bh dhaf k`b Nàtrf k` Hrqu`fbfeäh sugdhrcah k` Nhrtheàh. Bhs trhasl`rànchs sfgr` Hrqu`fbfeäh h bhs Nfduackhk`s Hutþafdhs ohnà qu` bhs nfb`nncfa`s af hudàtà pfrqu` bfs lfakfs vha h phrhr h bfs dus`fs prfvcanchb`s. - Dus`f Ahncfahb Nàtrf k` Hrt` r`cah ^fläh (83??)= o`r`k`rf k`b D@HN,... - Dus`f Ahncfahb k` Hatrfpfbfeäh (833>)= nfb`nncþa k`b hatceuf Dus`f Ahncfahb k` @tafbfeäh y Dus`f k`b Yu`gbf @sphøfb nfa `b lca k`

73



hntuhbczhr `b nfan`ptf. @a bh hntuhbckhk sceu` sca bb`vhrs` h nhgf `b prfy`ntf k` uacþa k` hdghs castctuncfa`s. - Dus`f k`b Bcgrf (8330)= bf nr`þ bh GA@: af oh hphr`nckf à `b GF@ su k`nr`tf k` nr`hncþa, p`rf lceurh nfdf Ahncfahb à bfs Yr`supu`stfs Eà`rhb`s k`b @sthkf. Af `xcst` acaeuah afrdhtcvh k` nudpbcdcàtf fgbcehkf h acv`b cat`rahncfahb. @d pc`zh h ohg`r afrdhtcvhs vcanubhat`s k` bh PACÞA @PWFY@H. @atr` bh afrdhtcvh af vcanubhat` ohy qu` k`sthnhr= - r`nfdàkhncfa`s k` bh PA@^NF. - W`nfdàkhncfa`s k`b Nfas`mf k` @urfph. - W`nfdàkhncfa`s k` bh PACÞA @PWFY@H. @sphøh thdgcãa oh susnrctf uah s`rc` k` nfavàcfs cat`rahncfahb`s à dht`rch k` dus`fs= - Nfavàcf k` Bh Ohyh (830;)= sfgr` prft`nncþa k` gcà`s nubturhb`s à nhsf k` nfalbcntf hrdhkf. @sphøh bf rhtclcnþ à 8337. Bfs phäs`s lcrdhat`s s` nfdprfd`tà h= - shbvheuhrkhr sus g.c.n. hat`s k` qu` s` prfkuznha bfs nfalbcntfs, - h r`sp`thr sus prfpcfs gcà`s y bfs hmàfs, s`h nuhb s`h `b nfalbcntf, - h lfrdhr p`rsfahb `sp`nälcnf phrh bh b h nustfkch k` bfs gcà`s nubturhb`s. - Bfs phäs`s k`gà `sthgb`n`r r`luecfs à bfs qu` euhrkhr bfs gcà`s du`gb`s. - Nfavàncþa k` Yhräs (8359)= sfgr` bhs d`kckhs h hkfpthr phrh prfocgcr ` cdp`kcr bh cdpfrthncþa, `xpfrthncþa y trhasl`rànch cbäncth k` g.c.n. @sphøh bf rhtclcnh à 83?<. Bfs phäs`s lcrdhat`s s` nfdprfd`tà h bf kcnof. Xuc`r` `vcthr `b trèlcnf cbèhb k` g.c.n àtr` phäs`s. - Wèbhdàtf k` 8337 k` bh N@@ sfgr` `xpfrthncþa ` xpfrthncþa k` gcà`s nubturhb`s= `s k` nhrènt`r vcanubhat`. H p`shr k` bh `xcstànch k`b bcgr` d`rnhkf, `b >9



phtrcdfacf ocstþrcnf k` nhkh phäs sceu` rèckf pfr bhs prfpchs afrdhs k`b phäs. @b bcgr` nfd`rncf k` Yhtrcdfacf Ocstþrcnf r`qu`rcräh uah bècsbhncþa nfdýa h tfkfs bfs phäs`s dc`dgrfs.

Kcr`ntcvh 3>/5/N@@ k`b Nfas`mf, k` 80 k` dhrzf k` 833>, r`bhtcvh h bh r`stctuncþa k` gcà`s nubturhb`s qu` ohyha shbckf k` lfrdh cbèhb k`b t`rrctfrcf k` ua @sthkf dc`dgrf Aýd`rf G.P.@= 5; , 75/9>/833> Wèbhdàtf (N@@) a½ >388/37 k`b Nfas`mf, k` 3 k` kcnc`dgr` k` 8337, r`bhtcvf h bh `xpfrthncþa k` gcà`s nubturhb`s Aýd`rf G.P.@= >30 , >8/87/833 >8/87/8337 7 Wèbhdàtf (N@@) a½ 507/3> k` bh Nfdcscþa, k` >9 k` dhrzf k` 833>, r`bhtcvf h bhs kcspfscncfa`s k` hpbcnhncþa k`b Wèbhdàtf (N@@) a½ >388/37 k`b Nfas`mf r`bhtcvf h bh `xpfrthncþa k` gcà`s nubturhb`s Aýd`rf G.P.@= 55 , >8/9>/833>

B`y 5/83?0, k` 7 k` hgrcb, Wèubhkfrh k` bhs Ghs`s k`b Wãecdà Bfnhb. Aýd`rf G.F.@= ?9 , 9>/9;/83?0 B`y 8 k` kcnc`dgr`, k` canfrpfrhncþa hb frkàhdcàtf muräkcnf `sphøfb k` bh Kcr`ntcvh 3>/5/N@@ k`b Nfas`mf, k` 80 k` dhrzf, r`bhtcvh h bh r`stctuncþa k` gcà`s nubturhb`s qu` ohyha shbckf >8



k` lfrdh cbèhb k`b t`rrctfrcf k` ua @sthkf dc`dgrf k` bh Pacþa @urfp`h. Aýd`rf G.F.@= >95 , 7;/87/833 7;/87/833; ; B`y Freèacnh 89/8330, k` 7> k` afvc`dgr`, k`b Nþkcef Yàhb. Aýd`rf G.F.@= 7?8 , 7;/88/833 7;/88/8330 0 B`y Freèacnh 87/8330, k` 87 k` kcnc`dgr`, k` W`pr`scþa k`b Nfatrhghakf. Aýd`rf G.F.@= 735 , 8>/87/833 8>/87/8330 0 B`y Freèacnh 0/8333, k` 8> k` à`rf, k` dfkclcnhncþa k` bh B`y k` @amucnchdcàtf Nrcdcahb à dht`rch k` p`rl`nncfahdcàtf k` bh hnncþa cav`stcehkfrh r`bhncfahkh nfa `b trèlcnf cbèhb k` krfehs y ftrhs hntcvckhk`s cbäncths erhv`s. Aýd`rf G.F.@= 87 , 8;/98/8333 B`y ;3/7997, k` 7> k` kcnc`dgr`, k` rãecdà lcsnhb k` bhs àtckhk`s sca lca`s bunrhtcvfs y k` bfs canàtcvfs lcsnhb`s hb d`nàhzef. Aýd`rf G.F.@= >95 , 7;/87/799 7;/87/7997 7 W`hb K`nr`tf 888/83?<, k` 89 k` à`rf, k` k`shrrfbbf phrnchb k` bh B`y 8
W`hb K`nr`tf 788/7997, k` 77 k` l`gr`rf, pfr `b qu` s` hntuhbczha k`t`rdcahkfs vhbfr`s canbuckfs à bh B`y > k` kcnc`dgr`, k` canfrpfrhncþa hb frkàhdcàtf muräkcnf `sphøfb k` bh Kcr`ntcvh 3>/5/N@@ k`b Nfas`mf, k` 80 k` dhrzf, r`bhtcvh h bh r`stctuncþa k` gcà`s nubturhb`s qu` ohyha shbckf k` lfrdh cbèhb k`b t`rrctfrcf k` ua @sthkf dc`dgrf k` bh Pacþa @urfp`h. Aýd`rf G.F.@= 07 , 98/9>/7997 Aýd`rf Kcspfscncþa= 788/7997

>7



B`y 8;/7995, k` 7< k` afvc`dgr` k` 7995. Wèubh `b Yhtrcdfacf Ocstþrcnf k` Hakhbunäh Aýd`rf G.F.@= >? , 8>/97/7995 8>/97/7995 Aýd`rf G.F.M.H= 7;? , 83/87/7995 B`y >/8333, k` 89 dhrzf 8333. B`y k`b Yhtrcdfacf Nubturhb k` Hrheþa Aýd`rf G.F.@= ?? , 8>/9;/8333 Aýd`rf G.F.H= >< , 73/9>/8333 B`y 8/7998, k` < dhrzf 7998. Afrdhs rèubhkfrhs k`b Y htrcdfacf Nubturhb k`b Yrcancphkf k` Hsturchs Aýd`rf G.F.@= 8>0 , 99/9>/7998

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<.8.

Hrtänubf >7. \cecbhat`s k` sèurckhk y su `sp`nchbckhk. 8. Bfs vcecbhat`s k` sèurckhk k`s`dp`øhrèa bhs sceucàt`s luancfa`s= h) @m`rn`r bh vcecbhanch y prft`nncþa k` gcà`s, `sthgb`ncdcàtfs, buehr`s y `vàtfs, thatf prcvhkfs nfdf pýgbcnfs, hsä nfdf bh prft`nncþa k` bhs p`rsfahs qu` pu`kha ànfatrhrs` à bfs dcsdfs, bb`vhakf h nhgf bhs nfdprfghncfa`s, rècstrfs y pr`vàncfa`s a`n`shrchs phrh `b nudpbcdcàtf k` su dcscþa. g) @l`ntuhr nfatrfb`s k` ckàtckhk, k` fgm`tfs p`rsfahb`s, phqu`t`räh, d`rnhanähs f vòänubfs, canbuckf `b cat`rcfr k` ãstfs, à `b hnn`sf f à `b cat`rcfr k` cadu`gb`s f prfpc`khk`s kfak` pr`stà s`rvcncf, sca qu`, à acaeýa nhsf, pu`kha r`tà`r bh kfnudàthncþa p`rsfahb, p`rsfahb, p`rf sä cdp`kcr `b hnn`sf h kcnofs cadu`gb`s f prfpc`khk`s. prfpc`khk`s. (Lceurh 88)

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Bh r`hbczhncþa k` nfatrfb`s k` hnn`sf h bfs `kclcncfs pu`k` nfdpfrthr bh nhpthncþa k` cdèeà`s. Eà`rhbdàt` s` hrtcnubha d`kchat` nfatrfb`s à bfs nuhb`s `b hl`nthkf s` ckàtclcnh, s` fgtcà` su cdheà y s` `dct` ua nhraã, phs` f thrm`th k` ckàtclcnhncþa. @a `stfs nhsfs, bfs khtfs k` nhrènt`r p`rsfahb sfa r`nhghkfs pfr s`rvcncfs k` sèurckhk thatf à `kclcncfs pýgbcnfs nfdf prcvhkfs, hsä nfdf à `sthgb`ncdcàtfs, `sp`ntènubfs, n`rtèdà`s y nfavàncfa`s. @a thb`s nhsfs s`rè k` hpbcnhncþa bf kcspu`stf à bh Castrunncþa 8/833<, k` 8 k` dhrzf, k` bh Heànch k` Yrft`nncþa k` Khtfs, sfgr` lcno`rfs hutfdhtczhkfs `sthgb`nckfs nfa bh lcahbckhk k` nfatrfbhr `b hnn`sf h bfs `kclcncfs. Yfr bf thatf= 

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@b r`spfashgb` k`b lcno`rf hsudcrè `b nudpbcdcàtf k` tfkhs bhs fgbcehncfa`s `sthgb`nckhs à bh BFYK= [àkrè bh nfasck`rhncþa k` r`spfashgb` k`b lcno`rf bh p`rsfah läscnh f muräkcnh, k` ahturhb`zh pýgbcnh f prcvhkh, u þrehaf hkdcacstrhtcvf pfr nuyh nuàth s` `l`ntý` bh r`hbczhncþa k`b s`rvcncf k` sèurckhk.

Bh Castrunncþa 8/833< p`rdct` thdgcãa qu` bh `dpr`sh k` sèurckhk tàeh bh nfasck`rhncþa k` r`spfashgb` k`b lcno`rf. Bh r`nfeckh k` khtfs `l`ntuhkh s` bcdcthrè h bh lcahbckhk k` r`hbczhr nfatrfb`s k` hnn`sf. K`g`rè calfrdhrs` k` nfalfrdckhk nfa bf `sthgb`nckf à `b hrtänubf 0 BFYK. Bfs khtfs p`rsfahb`s af pfkrèa s`r utcbczhkfs phrh ftrfs lca`s ac n`kckfs lu`rh k` bfs nhsfs `xpr`shdàt` `sthgb`nckfs à bh b`y, shbvf nfasàtcdcàtf k`b hl`nthkf. Bfs khtfs s`rèa nhan`bhkfs nuhakf ohyh trhasnurrckf `b pbhzf k` ua d`s, nfathkf h phrtcr k`b dfdàtf à qu` lu`rfa r`nhghkfs.(Lceurh r`nhghkfs.(Lceurh 87) 

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K` nfalfrdckhk nfa `b hphrthkf t`rn`rf k`b hrtänubf 8 k` bh B`y 7>/8337, k` >9 k` mubcf, k` ^èurckhk Yrcvhkh, y `b hrtänubf <5 k` su Wèbhdàtf, sfa prcancpcfs gèscnfs k` hntuhncþa k`b p`rsfahb k` sèurckhk prcvhkh bfs sceucàt`s= 8. Bèhbckhk, y, à nfas`nuànch, à bhs hntcvckhk`s k` sèurckhk ` cav`stcehncþa prcvhkh sþbf s` `dpb`hrèa d`kcfs y hnncfa`s nfalfrd` hb frkàhdcàtf muräkcnf vceàt`. 7. Catèrckhk, nudpbcàkf kcbceàt`dàt` bfs k`g`r`s prfl`scfahb`s fpfacãakfs` h tfkf hntf k` nfrrupncþa. >. Kceackhk, d`kchat` `b r`ntf `m`rncncf k` sus htrcguncfa`s bèhb`s. ;. Yrft`nncþa, qu` cdpbcnh k`shrrfbbhr `l`ntcvhdàt` sus r`spfashgcbckhk`s phrh nfasèucr bfs acv`b`s k` sèurckhk `sthgb`nckfs, sca p`rdctcrs` acaeuah lfrdh k` caocgcncþa à su luancþa k` `vcthr o`nofs cbänctfs f p`bcerfsfs. 0. Nfrr`nncþa, k`shrrfbbhakf uah nfakunth prfl`scfahb crr`prfnohgb`, `sp`nchbdàt` à `b trhtf nfa bfs ncukhkhafs, `vcthakf tfkf tcpf k` hgusf, hrgctrhrc`khk f vcfbànch. <. Nfaeruànch, pfr nuyf prcancpcf s` hpbcnhrèa d`kckhs k` sèurckhk prfpfrncfahkhs y hk`nuhkhs hk`nuhkhs h bfs rc`sefs qu` s` trhth k` prftè`r. 5. Yrfpfrncfahbckhk à `b usf k` bhs tãnacnhs y d`kcfs k` k`làsh k` kfthncþa. ?. Nfbhgfrhncþa nfa bhs Lu`rzhs y Nu`rpfs k` ^èurckhk, k`gcàkf fgs`rvhr sc`dpr` bhs castrunncfa`s pfbcnchb`s nfanr`ths sfgr` `b fgm`tf k` su prft`nncþa f cav`stcehncþa, à luancþa k` bfs d`kcfs k` qu` kcspfaeh. 3. @b p`rsfahb k` sèurckhk prcvhkh `m`rn`rè bh nfbhgfrhncþa ncukhkhah nfduacnhakf h bfs nu`rpfs pfbcnchb`s nfdp`tàt`s bhs calfrdhncfa`s >5



r`b`vhat`s phrh bh sèurckhk ncukhkhah y bh pr`vàncþa k`b k`bctf qu` nfafznh. 89. @b p`rsfahb k` sèurckhk prcvhkh euhrkhrè rceurfsh r`s`rvh prfl`scfahb sfgr` bfs o`nofs qu` nfafznh à `b `m`rncncf k` sus luancfa`s, `sp`nchbdàt` k` bhs calfrdhncfa`s qu` r`ncgh à dht`rch k` sèurckhk y k` bfs khtfs k` nhrènt`r p`rsfahb qu` k`gh trhthr, cav`stcehr f nustfkchr, y af pfkrè lhncbcthr khtfs sfgr` kcnofs o`nofs dès qu` h bhs p`rsfahs qu` b`s ohyha nfatrhthkf y h bfs þrehafs mukcnchb`s y pfbcnchb`s nfdp`tàt`s phrh `b `m`rncncf k` sus luancfa`s.

K`g`r k` nfbhgfrhncþa.

@b k`g`r k` nfbhgfrhncþa nfa bhs Lu`rzhs y Nu`rpfs k` ^èurckhk, y bhs nfduacnhncfa`s qu` nfat`dpbh `b hrtänubf << k`b Wèbhdàtf k` ^èurckhk Yrcvhkh, hsä nfdf bh pu`sth h kcspfscncþa k` pr`suatfs k`bcanuàt`s, castrudàtfs, `l`ntfs y pru`ghs k` k`bctfs, h qu` s` r`lc`r` `b hphrthkf sèuakf k`b hrtänubf 5< k`b ncthkf Wèbhdàtf, s` nudpbcdàthrèa r`sp`ntf h bfs dc`dgrfs nfdp`tàt`s k`b Nu`rpf qu` nfrr`spfakh, k` hnu`rkf nfa `b rãecdà k` nfdp`tànchs pr`vcstf à `b hphrthkf sèuakf k`b hrtänubf 88 k` bh B`y Freèacnh 7/83?<, k` 8> k` dhrzf, k` Lu`rzhs y Nu`rpfs k` ^èurckhk, f, à su nhsf, r`sp`ntf h bh Yfbcnäh hutfaþdcnh nfrr`spfakcàt`.

W`qu`rcdcàtf k` nfbhgfrhncþa.

@a `b nudpbcdcàtf k` sus r`sp`ntcvhs luancfa`s, `b p`rsfahb k` sèurckhk prcvhkh lhncbcthrè, h bhs Lu`rzhs y Nu`rpfs k` ^èurckhk qu` s` bf r`quc`rha, kcr`nthdàt` y sca kcbhncþa, bh calfrdhncþa f nfbhgfrhncþa qu` b`s r`subt` a`n`shrch phrh `b `m`rncncf k` sus luancfa`s.

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