Resumo de Direito das Obrigações 2

KGCI\MJIJFWH J JQWCFÏÎH ;& Fhïîh j jspãncjs gj pkokijfth H prcfncpkm ijch gj kgcipmcr uik hercokïîh ã pjmh pkokijfth& \krk h Nþgcoh Ncvcmpkokijfth tji ui sjftcgh ikcs kipmh- kerkfojfgh gjsgj h pkokijfth ji gcfajcrh ktã k nhfnmusîh gj trkekmah nhftrktkgh- phr jxjipmh& \kokijfth scofc`cnk- phcs- nuiprcijfth hu kgcipmjijfth gk hercokïîh& ^îh kpmcnëvjcs kh nuiprcijfth gk hercokïîh hs prcfnépchs gk ehk `ã j h gk phftukmcgkgj !prjstkïîh nuiprcgk ji tjiph- fh ihijfth kprkzkgh- gj `hrik cftjorkm- fh muokr j ihgh gjvcghs#&  

\kokijfth gcrjth2 `kzjr k nhcsk k quj jstkvk hercokgh& \kokijfth cfgcrjth2 jx2 nhfscofkïîh j gkïîh ji pkokijfth&

H pkokijfth phgj sjr j`jtukgh vhmuftkrckijftj- hu phr ijch gj jxjnuïîh `hrïkgk- ji rkzîh gk sjftjfïk bugcnckm&  Kmãi gh ihgh fhrikmfhrikm- quj ã h pkokijfthpkokijfth- gcrjth hu hu cfgcrjth- k hercokïîh hercokïîh phgj jxtcfoucr)sj jxtcfoucr)sj tkieãi phr ijchs kfhrikcs- csth ã- sji pkokijfth- nhih fh nksh gk ciphsscecmcgkgj gj jxjnuïîh sji numpk gh gjvjghr- gk prjsnrcïîh- gk fhvkïîh- jtn&

5& Fkturjzk burégcnk j rjqucscths gj vkmcgkgj gh pkokijfth Fkturjzk burégcnk gh pkokijfth2 aë nhftrhvãrsck& nhftrhvãrsck& K ghutrcfk ikbhrctërck nmkssc`cnk nhih kth  burégcnh ji sjftcgh sjftcgh kipmh- gk nktjohrck nktjohrck ghs kths méncths& Hutrhs gczji quj quj sj kssjijmak kssjijmak kh fjoþnch burégcnh& 

k& e& n& g& j&

Ujqucscths gk Pkmcgkgj gh \kokijfth !pkrk quj h pkokijfth prhguzk sju prcfncpkm j`jcth- quj ã h gj jxtcfoucr k hercokïîh#2 Jxcstâfnck gk hercokïîh4 kfcius shmvjfgc !cftjfïîh gj pkokr#4 shmvjfs !gjvjghr#4 knncpcjfs !nrjghr#4 J`jtcvkïîh gk hercokïîh hercokïîh !nuiprcijfth gk prjstkïîh#& prjstkïîh#&

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Wjhrck gh Kgcipmjijfth ^uestkfnckm2 @hrik gj fîh sj jxtcfoucr k hercokïîh phr  cftjcrh- jvctkfgh)sj ui prjbuézh jfhrij& Hes&2 Ã uik tjhrck quj fîh sj jfnhftrk ji thghs hs mcvrhs- phgjfgh jstkr ji hutrhs rkihs- nhih k tjhrck gh nhftrkth- phr  jxjipmh &

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Nhfgcïújs suebjtcvks suebjtcvks gh pkokijfth2 ;& [uji gjvj pkokr4 5& K quji sj gjvj pkokr&

[uji gjvj pkokr8 H gjvjghr ( sju rjprjsjftkftj mjokm hu tjrnjcrhs !quj phgji sjr  cftjrjsskghs hu fîh#&  K quji sj pkok8 Kh nrjghr4 khs sjus sjus rjprjsjftkftjs rjprjsjftkftjs hu khs sjus sunjsshrjs sunjsshrjs !ajrgjcrhs#&

Hs tjrnjcrhs fîh cftjrjsskghs phgji ktã ijsih nhfscofkr h pkokijfth- ji nksh gj rjnusk gh nrjghr ji rjnjejr- gjsgj quj- phrji- h `kïki ‖ji fhij j ì nhftk gh gjvjghr‘- kocfgh

nhih sju rjprjsjftkftj hu ojsthr gj fjoþnchs& ^j h nrjghr rjbjctkr h pkokijfth `jcth phr  tjrnjcrh ji fhij j ì nhftk gh gjvjghr- h nrjghr nhrrj h rcsnh gj sh`rjr uik kïîh gj nhfscofkïîh ji pkokijfth kbuczkgk phr jstj- nhih `hc gcth& H gjvjghr phgj hphr)sj kh pkokijfth gj suk gévcgk phr tjrnjcrh fîh cftjrjsskgh- ijsih quj sjbk `jcth ji sju fhij j ì suk nhftk- phgjrë h nrjghr- ncjftc`cnkgh gk hphscïîh- kmjokr   busth ihtcvh pkrk fîh fîh rjnjejr& rjnjejr& Kpjskr gk hphscïîh hphscïîh gh gjvjghr h nrjghr nrjghr phgj knjctkr  knjctkr  vkmcgkijftj h pkokijfth- phcs fîh aë ihtcvh pkrk quj k hphscïîh gh gjvjghr h cfcek gj vjr  sju nrãgcth sktcs`jcth& Fh cftjrjssj burégcnh- phgj)sj tjr h pktrci÷fch k`jtkgh nksh h gjvjghr fîh pkouj& Jx&2 ` ckghr& 

[ukfgh hs tjrnjcrhs cftjrjsskghs pkoki- sue)rhoki)sj fhs gcrjcths gh nrjghr&  K sue)rhokïîh ã uik suestctucïîh& suestctucïîh& Nksh ui tjrnjcrh tjrnjcrh pkouj k gévcgk gévcgk gj kmouãi kmouãi phr  sue)rhokïîh- tjrë h gcrjcth gj nherkr gh gjvjghr h quj h nrjghr nherkrck&

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Fk nhfscofkïîh `kz)sj ui gjpþscth bugcnckm hu fîh bugcnckm- phcs h nrjghr fîh knjcthu h pkokijfth&

^j h tjrnjcrh pkok k gévcgk gj hutrh ji fhij prþprch- tjrë h gcrjcth gj rjjiehmsh& Nksh pkouj ji fhij j ì nhftk gh gjvjghr- fîh tjrë gcrjcth gj rjjiehmsh- phcs ã nhih sj jstcvjssj `kzjfgh uik ghkïîh& H pkokijfth `jcth phr tjrnjcrh- nhi gjsnhfajncijfth hu hphscïîh gh gjvjghr- fîh hercok k rjjiehmskr kqujmj quj pkohu- sj h gjvjghr tcfak ijchs pkrk cmcgcr k kïîh& H gjvjghr sþ phgj sj hphr kh pkokijfth sj tcvjr ijchs pkrk cmcgcr k kïîh& Krt& ><0 NN(<5 ^j `hr pkoh pkrk pjsshk gcvjrsk- h pkokijfth fîh sjrë vëmcgh& Pkc sjr vëmcgh sj `hr rktc`cnkgh pjmh nrjghr hu sj `hr prhvkgh quj h pkokijfth rjvjrtju ji prhvjcth gh nrjghr& Nhfscgjrk)sj phrtkghr gj ikfgkth tëncth kqujmj quj sj kprjsjftk kh gjvjghr phrtkfgh k quctkïîh& Jxnjth- sj `cnkr jvcgjftj quj kqujmj fîh ã h phrtkghr gk quctkïîh& \utktcvh2 kqucmh quj kpkrjftk sjr- iks fîh ã& Kssci h nrjghr putktcvh(kpkrjftj ã kqujmj quj kpkrjftk sjr nrjghr pkrk h gjvjghr- iks fîh ã& ^j h pkokijfth `hr `jcth pkrk h nrjghr putktcvh sjrë vëmcgh& Zi ehi jxjipmh gj nrjghr  putktcvh ã h nksh gh ajrgjcrh kpkrjftj&  Krts& >;< j >;5 NN(<5 NN(<5

HEBJWH GH \KOKIJFWH 

Fîh ã fjnjsskrckijftj gcfajcrh- j sci k prjstkïîh& Krt& >;> NN(<5&

H hebjth gh pkokijfth gjvj sjr h nhftjògh gk prjstkïîh hercoktþrck& H gjvjghr fîh jstkrë hercokgh k gkr qukmqujr nhcsk gcstcftk gk quj nhfstctuc h hebjth gk prjstkïîh j fîh phgjrë mcejrkr)sj nuiprcfgh uik prjstkïîh gj nhftjògh gcvjrsh&

H nrjghr fîh ã hercokgh k knjctkr hutrh tcph gj pkokijfth- kcfgk quj h hebjth sjbk ikcs vkmchsh& !krtcoh >;># ) K suestctucïîh gj uik nhcsk phr hutrk- nhi j`jcth jxtcftcvh- sþ ã phssévjm nhi h nhfsjftcijfth gh nrjghr&  Krt& >;7 NN(<52 sj k prjstkïîh prjstkïîh ã gcvcsévjmgcvcsévjm- j ã nhiecfkgh nhiecfkgh h pkokijfth pkokijfth ji prjstkïîhprjstkïîh- h gjvjghr fîh ã hercokgh k pkokr ikcs quj h nhiecfkgh&  Krt& >;: NN(<52 h pkokijfth pkokijfth gjvj sjr `jcth fk ihjgk ihjgk nhrrjftj& H nrjghr nrjghr fîh ã hercokgh k knjctkr pkokijfths ji najquj- nkrtîh- jtn& ^j h gjvjghr `kz h pkokijfth ji ihjgk nhrrjftj- h nrjghr gjvjrë knjctkr& 

\rcfnépch gh Fhicfkmcsih2 Ujtcrkgh gh krt& >;: NN(<5- quj gcz quj gjvj sjr fhicfkm& ^j `hc jiprjstkgk k qukftck gj U':<<<-<< gkquc k 5 kfhs- pkokfgh jssk qukftck h gjvjghr jstkrë mcejrkgh gk gévcgk& Ojrkmijftj- ã nhmhnkgh h vkmhr ghs burhs quj sjrë pkoh nhi h tjiph& ^j tkm fîh ã `jcth- h pkokijfth gk qukftck jiprjstkgk `krë nhi quj h gjvjghr gjcxj gj gjvjr& Gj knhrgh nhi jssj prcfnépch h gjvjghr gj uik qukftck ji gcfajcrh mcejrk)sj jftrjokfgh k qukftcgkgj gj ihjgk ijfnchfkgk fh nhftrkth hu tétumh gk gévcgk- kcfgk quj gjsvkmhrczkgk pjmk cf`mkïîh&

Burhs2 rjiufjrkïîh pjmk utcmczkïîh gh nkpctkm quj fîh ã sju& Nhrrjïîh2 ktukmczkïîh gh vkmhr gk ihjgk& Fîh sj phgj utcmczkr h skmërch iéfcih nhih éfgcnj gj nhrrjïîh& krt& ?²- CP- NU@E j ^òiumk Pcfnumkftj f² 7& Wkieãi fîh phgji sjr vcfnumkghs h hurh j k ihjgk jstrkfojcrk !krt& >;1 NN(<5#&

NHFGCÏÚJ^ HEBJWCPK^ 

[uctkïîh „ Gjnmkrkïîh ufcmktjrkm ufcmktjrkm jsnrctk- jictcgk pjmh nrjghr- gj quj k prjstkïîh `hc j`jtukgk j h gjvjghr `cnk mcejrkgh& Ã k gjnmkrkïîh jsnrctk k quj vumokrijftj sj gë h fhij gj rjnceh& K jxcecïîh gh rjnceh gj quctkïîh ã h ijch fhrikm gj nhiprhvkïîh gh pkokijfth&

H pkokijfth gjpjfgj gk nhfnhrgåfnck gh nrjghr- quj phgj fjokr)sj k rjnjejr k prjstkïîh hu k `hrfjnjr k quctkïîh& Kmouiks vjzjs k gcsnhrgåfnck gcz rjspjcth kh qukftui gjvcgh j kh h`jrtkgh pjmh gjvjghr- hutrks- k quji gjvj rjnjejr k prjstkïîh- hutrks kh `kth gj h nrjghr  sjr cfnkpkz j fîh tjr rjprjsjftkftj mjokm- hu jfnhftrkr)sj ji mhnkm cofhrkgh& 

\rcfnépch gk sktcs`kïîh cijgcktk2 sj fîh `hr jstcpumkgk gktk- h nrjghr phgjrë jxcocr h pkokijfth cijgcktkijftj& cijgcktkijftj&

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^j k gktk `hr jstcpumkgk- h pkokijfth pkokijfth gjvjrë sjr `jcth ktã k gktk& Krt& >>; NN(<5& NN(<5& H gjvjghr quj fîh nuiprj k hercokïîh fh vjfncijfth subjctk)sj ìs nhfsjquâfncks gh cfkgcipmjijfth- rjsphfgjfgh phr pjrgks j gkfhs- ikcs burhs- ktukmczkïîh ihfjtërck j ahfhrërchs gj kgvhokgh&

Jxcstji hercokïújs quj fîh sîh purks- ks nakikgks hercokïújs nhfgcnchfkcs&

Hs prkzhs sîh nhftkghs k `kvhr gh gjvjghr& 

Aë acpþtjsjs ji quj h nrjghr phgjrë nherkr k gévcgk kftjs gh vjfncijfth- nhih gcspúj h krt& >>> NN(<5& !fh nksh gj `kmâfnck gh gjvjghr- hu gj nhfnursh gj nrjghrjs4 sj hs ejfs `hrji pjfahrkghs ji jxjnuïîh phr hutrh nrjghr4 sj njsskrji- hu sj sj thrfkrji cfsu`cncjftjs ks okrkftcks gh gãecth#&

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K rjork gj quj k hercokïîh gjvj sjr nuiprcgk fh vjfncijfth sh`rj guks jxnjïújs2 k prcijcrk rjmktcvk ì kftjncpkïîh gh vjfncijfth- fhs nkshs jxprjsshs ji mjc4 j k hutrk rj`jrjftj kh pkokijfth kftjncpkgh- qukfgh h prkzh ahuvjr scgh jstkejmjncgh ji `kvhr gh gjvjghr&

Fh nksh iòtuh- sj fîh `hr jspjnc`cnkgk k gktk gj pkokijfth jstk gjvjrë sjr `jctk ji >< gcks& Krt& :35 NN(<5&

\KOKIJFWH^ J^\JNCKC^ 

Ijchs Cfgcrjths2

) Nhfscofkïîh ) \kokijfth nhi sue)rhokïîh ) Ciputkïîh ) Gkïîh ji \kokijfth 

^unjgåfjh2

) Fhvkïîh ) Nhipjfskïîh ) Nhf`usîh ) Ujicssîh Hesjrvkïîh2 Aë kuthrjs quj fîh `kzji jssk gcvcsîh&

Ijchs Cfgcrjths2 

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\kokijfth ji Nhfscofkïîh2 Nhfnjcth2 H pkokijfth ji nhfscofkïîh nhfscstj fh gjpþscth- pjmh gjvjghr- gk nhcsk gjvcgk- nhi h hebjtcvh gj mcejrkr)sj k gk hercokïîh& Fîh ã ui ejfj`énch pkrk h nrjghrã uik kïîh- ui rjiãgch&

 Krt& >>7 NN(<5& Jiehrk k mjc kssjourj kh gjvjghr h gcrjcth gj nhfscofkr k nhcsk gjvcgk- tkm `kth sþ phgj hnhrrjr fk `hrik j fhs nkshs mjokcs& ^j fîh ahuvj rjnusk gh nrjghr ji rjnjejr- hu hutrk

nkusk mjokm- fîh phgj kqujmj- sji ihtcvh bustc`cnëvjm- j`jtukr h gjpþscth gk prjstkïîh ji vjz gj pkokr gcrjtkijftj kh nrjghr& H mhnktërch- phr jxjipmh- k quji h nrjghr rjnushu h rjnjecijfth gh kmuoujm phr gcsnhrgkr gh vkmhr h`jrtkgh- tji cftjrjssj ji fîh cfnhrrjr ji ihrk j ji fîh gjcxkr knuiumkr ks prjstkïújs pkrk fîh nhrrjr h rcsnh gj sh`rjr uik kïîh gj gjspjbh& 

^j h nrjghr fîh knjctkr h pkokijfth- h gjvjghr phgjrë nhfscofkr& H gjvjghr  nhfscofk pkrk fîh jftrkr ji ihrk& Mhoh- h prcfncpkm gk nhfscofkïîh ã h gjvjghr sj csjftkr gk hercokïîh&

 Krt& >>: NN(<5& H `kth gj k nhfscofkïîh rjkmczkr)sj phr ijch gj ui gjpþscth mcictk k suk kpmcnkïîh ìs hercokïújs gj gkr- phgjfgh thikr `hrik gj jftrjok hu rjstctucïîh& 

@kths quj kuthrczki k nhfscofkïîh2

 „ sj h nrjghr fîh pugjr- hu sji bustk nkusk- rjnuskr rjnjejr h pkokijfthIhrk gh nrjghr  „ hu gkr quctkïîh fk gjvcgk `hrik&  „ ^þ k rjnusk cfbustk kuthrczk& ^j h mhnkghr- phr jxjipmhfîh qucsjr rjnjejr h kmuoujm phrquj h cfqucmcfh fîh cfnmucu kuijfth kuthrczkgh phr mjc- fîh akvjrë muokr pkrk k nhfscofkïîh&

Ncrnufståfncks cfjrjftjs ì pjsshk gh nrjghr quj cipjgji h gjvjghr gj sktcs`kzjr k suk cftjfïîh gj sj jxhfjrkr gk hercokïîh& 

Ujqucscths gj vkmcgkgj !krt& >>0 NN(<5# ) ji rjmkïîh2

) ìs pjsshks2 h pkokijfth gjvjrë sjr pkoh kh nrjghr hu kh sju rjprjsjftkftj pjmh gjvjghrshe pjfk gj fîh vkmjr4 ) kh hebjth2 sj jxcoj quj sjbk jftrjouj thgh h vkmhr4 cftjorkmcgkgj gh hebjth- phcs h nrjghr fîh ã hercokgh k knjctkr pkokijfth pkrnckm4 ) kh ihgh2 gjvj sjr `jcth fh ihgh nhfvjfnchfkgh ji nhftrkth- fîh kgictcfgh- phr jxjipmhpkokijfth ji prjstkïújs qukfgh jstcpumkgh jstcpumkgh quj gjvj sjr ì vcstk4 ) kh tjiph2 pkokijfth sþ fh vjfncijfth- fîh sj phgj nhfscofkr kftjs gj vjfncgk k gévcgksj kssci `hc nhfvjfnchfkgh& \hgjrë sjr j`jtukgh pjmh gjvjghr- nhftugh- k qukmqujr tjiphsj h prkzh sj jstcpumhu ji sju `kvhr& 

@kzjr k nhfscofkïîh ji buézh&

Bugcnckm ) pjrkftj h bucz& Jxtrkbugcnckm ) `hrk gh bucz&

Hesjrvkïîh2 Gévcgks qujsévjcs  „ h pkokijfth j`jtuk)sj fh ghicnémch gh gjvjghr& Gévcgks phrtëvjcs  „ h pkokijfth j`jtuk)sj fh ghicnémch gh nrjghr&

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\kokijfth nhi ^ue)rhokïîh2

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Nhfnjcth2 Fk mcfoukoji burégcnk `kmk)sj gj sue)rhokïîh- ji ojrkm- pkrk gjscofkr  gjtjricfkgks sctukïújs ji quj uik nhcsk sj suestctuc k hutrk nhcsk hu uik pjsshk k hutrk pjsshk& Aë ui hebjth hu ui subjcth burégcnh quj thik h muokr gj hutrh gcvjrsh&

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^ue)rhokïîh2

Nhfvjfnchfkm ) ji vcrtugj gj knhrgh jftrj ks pkrtjs- k vhftkgj gks pkrtjs- k ikfc`jstkïîh gjvj sjr jxprjssk& Mjokm ) supjrk ji vcrtugj gk mjc- cfgjpjfgjftjijftj gk vhftkgj gks pkrtjs& Ujkm ) suestctucr uik nhcsk phr hutrk  „ supúj k hnhrrâfnck gj ui `kth phr vcrtugj gh qukm ui vkmhr skc gj ui pktrci÷fch j jftrk hutrh- quj fjmj `cnk hnupkfgh phscïîh coukm ì gh prcijcrh& \jsshkm ) suestctucr uik pjsshk phr hutrk ) ^j h `ckghr pkokr cftjorkmijftj k gévcgk gh gjvjghr- `cnk sue)rhokgh fhs gcrjcths gh nrjghr- hu sjbk- jmj tji h gcrjcth gj nherkr gh gjvjghr k qukftck gjvcgk 

Kut÷fhih j kf÷ikmh !vhnâ fîh jxtcfouj k hercokïîh- vhnâ kmtjrk h %phmh% gk hercokïîh#&

 K sue)rhokïîh ã uik `courk burégcnk burégcnk kf÷ikmk- phcs phcs h pkokijfth pkokijfth prhihvj kpjfks kpjfks uik kmtjrkïîh suebjtcvk gk hercokïîh- iugkfgh h nrjghr& K jxtcfïîh hercoknchfkm hnhrrj shijftj ji rjmkïîh kh nrjghr- quj rjnjeju h sju nrãgcth& Fkgk sj kmtjrk phrji- pkrk h gjvjghr- vcsth quj h tjrnjcrh- quj pkok- thik h muokr gh nrjghr sktcs`jcth j pkssk k tjr h gcrjcth gj nherkr k gévcgk nhi sjus knjssþrchs& Gjvjghr )) 6 nrjghr = )) `ckghr cftjrjsskgh Gjvjghr )) 6 `ckghr !nrjghr# = ))) 6 nrjghr !prcictcvh#

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H pkokijfth nhi sue)rhokïîh tji knjftukgk k`cfcgkgj nhi k njssîh gj nrãgcthnhih `hriks gj trkfsicssîh gh gcrjcth gj nrãgcth& Fk sue)rhokïîh jstkihs `kzjfgh ui pkokijfth- jfqukfth fk njssîh gj nrãgcth jstkihs njgjfgh h nrãgcth&

Nhfsjquâfncks Nhfsjquâfncks hu j`jcths2 krts& >73 !k sue)rhokïîh trkfs`jrj kh fhvh nrjghr thghs hs gcrjcths nhftrk h gjvjghr#- >:<- >:; NN(<5& Acpþtjsjs gj sue)rhokïîh sue)rhokïîh mjokm2 krt& >70- nkput- C- CC- CCC& \jgcgh nhi njssîh gj nrãgcth2 krt& >7?- C j krt& >71& 

Ciputkïîh gh \kokijfth2

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Nhfnjcth2 [ukfgh h pkokijfth ã cfsu`cncjftj pkrk skmgkr thgks ks gévcgks g h ijsih gjvjghr kh ijsih nrjghr- suroj k gc`cnumgkgj gj skejr k qukm hu k qukcs gjmks gjvj kpmcnkr)sj h pkokijfth&

 Kssci- phr jxjipmhjxjipmh- sj trâs gévcgks gévcgks sîh- rjspjntcvkijftjrjspjntcvkijftj- gj ncfqujftkncfqujftk- nji j guzjfths icm icm rjkcs- j h gjvjghr rjijtj ncfqujftk icm kh nrjghr- k ciputkïîh phgjrë sjr `jctk ji qukmqujr  gjmks- sj jstj nhfnhrgkr nhi h rjnjecijfth pkrnjmkgh gk sjoufgk hu gk tjrnjcrk & Nksh nhftrërch sjrë quctkgk cftjorkmijftj k prcijcrk gévcgk& Fjstk umtcik acpþtjsj fîh akvjrck ciputkïîh- phcs h gjvjghr fîh phgjrck cfgcnkr fjfauik hutrk gévcgk sji h nhfsjftcijfth gh nrjghr& 

Ujqucscths gk ciputkïîh gh pkokijfth2

)\murkmcgkgj )\murkmcgkgj gj gãecths )Cgjftcgkgj gj pkrtjs )Coukm fkturjzk gks gévcgks !gjvji tjr phr hebjth nhcsks `ufoévjcs gj cgâftcnk jspãncj j qukmcgkgj# )\hsscecmcgkgj gj h pkokijfth rjsoktkr ikcs gj ui gãecth&

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K ciputkïîh sþ knhftjnj qukfgh aë ikcs gj ui nrjghr- gjvjghr hu gévcgk& Jx2 jxcstcfgh trâs gévcgks- h gjvjghr jsnhmaj qukm gévcgk jmj qujr quctkr prcijcrh- k vjfncgk hu k ikcs hfjrhsk& Krt& >:: NN(<5& ^j thgks `hrji méqucgks j vjfncgks- sjrë pkok k gévcgk ikcs hfjrhsk&

Jspãncjs gj ciputkïîh2 k& nkej ciputkr h gjvjghr ) ;² gjvjghr 4 ) Kh gjvjghr nkej h gcrjcth gj gjnmkrkrqukfgh pkok- qukm sjbk h gãecth quj prjtjfgj sktcs`kzjr !h gjvjghr fîh phgj ciputkr  h pkokijfth ji gévcgk kcfgk fîh vjfncgk sj h prkzh jstkejmjnju ji ejfj`énch gh nrjghr4 pkokijfth pkrnjmkgh gh gãecth sþ ã pjrictcgh qukfgh nhfvjfnchfkgh#& e& nkej ciputkr h nrjghr ) 5² nrjghr 4 ) [ukfgh h gjvjghr gjvjghr fîh gjnmkrk gjnmkrk h gãecth- h gcrjcth gcrjcth pkssk pkrk h nrjghr& n& krt& >:: NN(<5 ) >² mjc& „ ^j fjfauik gks pkrtjs jxjrnj- fh ihijfth kgjqukgh k prjrrhoktcvk gj cfgcnkr ji qukm gãecth k h`jrtk gjvj sjr ciutkgk- k prþprck mjc gjtjricfk qukm gjmjs sjrë quctkgh& 

!Akvjfgh nkpctkm j burhs- h pkokijfth ciputkr)sj)ë prcijcrh fhs burhs vjfncghs4 jftrj gévcgks vjfncgks j fîh vjfncgks k ciputkïîh sj `krë fks prcijcrks4 sj kmouiks `hrji méqucgks j hutrks cméqucgks- k prj`jrjfnck rjnkcrë sherj ks prcijcrks4 sj thgks ` hrji méqucgks j vjfncgks kh ijsih tjiph- nhfscgjrkr)sj pkok k ikcs hfjrhsk#& 

Gkïîh ji \kokijfth2

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Nhfnjcth2 Knhrgh gj vhftkgjs jftrj nrjghr j gjvjghr- pjmk qukm h nrjghr nhfsjftj ji rjnjejr uik prjstkïîh gcvjrsk gk quj maj ã gjvcgk& Wkm fîh hnhrrjrë sj ks prjstkïújs `hrji gk ijsik jspãncj&

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Fkturjzk burégcnk2 mcfaks ojrkcs gj pkokijfth hu pkokijfth jspjnckm&

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Ujqucscths2

) Jxcstâfnck gj uik gévcgk4 ) Gcvjrscgkgj gk prjstkïîh4 ) Nhfsjftcijfth gh nrjghr4 ) Kfcius shmvjftj !cftjfïîh gj shmvjr- gj pkokr#&  Krts& >:? !sj sj prj`cxk prj`cxk h prjïh gk nhcsknhcsk- nubk prhprcjgkgj prhprcjgkgj j phssj sj trkfsictji kh nrjghr- h fjoþnch sj rjoj pjmhs prcfnépchs gk nhiprk j vjfgk#j >:1 NN(<5&

^unjgåfjhs2 

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Fhvkïîh Nhfnjcth2 Nrckïîh gj uik fhvk hercokïîh pkrk jxtcfoucr k kftjrchr- ã k suestctucïîh gj uik gévcgk phr hutrk- jxtcfoucfgh)sj k prcijcrk&

Jxjipmh2 qukfgh h pkc- pkrk kbugkr h `cmah- prhnurk h nrjghr gjstj j maj prhpúj suestctucr h gjvjghr- jictcfgh fhvh tétumh gj nrãgcth& ^j h nrjghr nhfnhrgkr- jictcgh h fhvh tétumh j cfutcmczkgh h ksscfkgh pjmh `cmah- `cnkrë jxtcftk k prcictcvk gévcgk- suestctuégk pjmk gh pkc& 

K fhvkïîh tji gupmh nhftjògh- ui jxtcftcvh j ui ojrkghr& ^uk cftjfïîh ã nrckr pkrk jxtcfoucr&

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Ujqucscths gk fhvkïîh2

) Jxcstâfnck gj uik hercokïîh kftjrchr4 ) Nhfstctucïîh gj uik fhvk hercokïîh !k cfhvkïîh phgj rjnkcr sherj h hebjth j sherj hs subjcths- ktcvh j pksscvh gk hercokïîh#4  „ fhvkïîh fîh sj prjsuij#& ) Kfcius fhvkfgc !cftjfïîh gj fhvkr  „

Fîh akvjfgh åfcih gj fhvkr- jxprjssh hu tëncth- iks cfjquévhnh- k sjoufgk hercokïîh nhf`crik scipmjsijftj k prcijcrk& Fjssj nksh nhjxcstji ks guks gévcgks- quj fîh sj jxnmuji& 

Jssk hercokïîh fîh tji fkgk k vjr nhi k kftjrchr- ã shijftj uik `hrïk jxtcftcvk&

Fk prëtcnk ã gc`éncm gcstcfoucr fhvkïîh gj rjfjohnckïîh&

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Jspãncjs gj fhvkïîh2

) Hebjtcvk2 ã k quj ikcs sj kssjijmak kh nhfnjcth bë gkgh& Iugk)sj h hebjth gk prjstkïîh4 prjstkïîh4 [ukfgh h gjvjghr nhftrkc nhi h nrjghr fhvk gévcgk pkrk jxtcfoucr j suestctucr k kftjrchr& ) ^uebjtcvk2 phgj sjr ktcvk !trhnk)sj h nrjghr# hu pksscvk !h gjvjghr#- sjfgh jstk òmtcik phr  jxprhicssîh !fîh ã fjnjssërch h nhfsjftcijfth gh gjvjghr# hu gjmjokïîh !nhi h nhfsjftcijfth gh gjvjghr#&  Kssci- h pkc phgj suestctucr h `cmah`cmah- fk gévcgk phr jstj jstj nhftrkégk- nhi hu sji h nhfsjftcijfth nhfsjftcijfth gjstj& ^j- h nrjghr knjctkr h fhvh gjvjghr- sji rjfufnckr hu kercr iîh gj sjus gcrjcths nhftrk h prcictcvh gjvjghr- fîh akvjrë fhvkïîh j k acpþtjsj sjrë gj gjmjokïîh cipjr`jctk& 

Fjssk fhvkïîh hnhrrj h `jf÷ijfh gk kssufïîh gj gévcgk hu njssîh gj nrjgcthjspjnckmijftj jspjnckmijftj qukfgh sj trktk gj gjmjokïîh- ji quj h gjvjghr cfgcnk tjrnjcrk pjsshk pkrrk rjsoktkr sju gãecth& Fîh sj trktk gj njssîh gj nrãgcth phrquj surocu gévcgk cftjcrkijftj fhvk&

) Icstk2 tji ghutrcfk quj k kgictj& ^jrck uik icsturk gks hebjtcvk j suebjtcvk& Wrhnk)sj k hercokïîh j h nrjghr hu gjvjghr& \hr jxjipmh- h pkc kssuij gévcgk ji gcfajcrh gh `cmah- iks nhi k nhfgcïîh gj pkoë)mk ijgckftj k prjstkïîh gj ui gjtjricfkgh sjrvcïh&

 Ks okrkftcks fîh sîh rjfhvkgksrjfhvkgks- k ijfhs quj sjbk sjbk gcth& Krt& >07 NN(<5& NN(<5& 

Nhipjfskïîh2

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Nhfnjcth2 Hnhrrj qukfgh guks pjsshks `hrji iutukijftj nrjghrks j gjvjghrks uiks gks hutrks- sjfgh quj ks gévcgks vîh sj nhipjfskr ktã h ihftkftj& Ã ui ijch gj jxtcfïîh gj hercokïújs jftrj pjsshks quj sîh- kh ijsih tjiph- nrjghr j gjvjghr  uik gk hutrk&

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Jspãncjs2

) Whtkm2 qukfgh ks guks gévcgks tji h ijsih vkmhr& ) \krnckm2 qukfgh tji vkmhrjs gc`jrjftjs !aë uik jspãncj gj gjsnhfth#& ) Mjokm2 hnhrrj ji vcrtugj gk mjc- cfgjpjfgjftjijftj gks vhftkgjs gks pkrtjs j sj hpjrk ji pmjfh gcrjcth kuthiktcnkijftj& Fh ijsih cfstkftj ji quj h sjoufgh nrãgcth ã nhfstctuéghjxtcfouji)sj ks guks gévcgks& Jxcstj uik jxnjïîh qukfth kh ` ckghr& Ujqucscths2 )rjncprhncgkgj gks hercokïújs !jftrj ks ijsiks pkrtjs#4 )mcqucgjz gk gévcgk !bë tji h ihftkftj gjtjricfkgh- vkmhr njrth j gjtjricfkgh#4 )jxcocecmcgkgj gks gévcgks- mhoh- gjvji jstkr vjfncgks4

)`ufocecmcgkgj )`ufocecmcgkgj gks prjstkïújs !ks prjstkïújs gjvji sjr gk ijsik fkturjzk#& ) Nhfvjfnchfkm2 knhrgh jftrj ks pkrtjs- quj phgji knjctkr h knhrgh gcspjfskfgh kmoufs gj sjus rjqucscths& ) Bugcnckm2 gjtjricfkgk pjmh bucz- fhs nkshs ji quj sj knaki prjsjftjs hs prjssuphsths mjokcs&

 K gcvjrscgkgj gcvjrscgkgj gks nkusks fîh cipjgj cipjgj k nhipjfskïîh& nhipjfskïîh& Fîh nhf`ufgcr nhi gcvjrscgkgj gks prjstkïújs& Jxnjïîh2 krt& >?>- C- CC j CCC NN(<5& 

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Nhf`usîh2 Nhfnjcth2 Knhftjnj qukfgh h nrjghr j h gjvjghr jfnhftrki)sj ji uik sþ pjsshk& Mhoh- k hercokïîh ã jxtcftk&

Jx&2 h pkc quj ã nrjghr j h `cmah quj ã gjvjghr& Fh jftkfth- h pkc `kmjnj& Mhoh- h `cmah pkssk k sjr nrjghr j gjvjghr gj sc ijsih& 

Jspãncjs2

) Whtkm2 k gévcgk cftjcrk ã jxtcftk& ) \krnckm2 pkrtj gk gévcgk ã jxtcftk& Jx2 ui pkc j trâs `cmahs- ji quj ui ghs `cmahs ` cmahs ã gjvjghr gh pkc& Fh nksh gj ihrtj gh pkc- k hercokïîh sj jxtcfouj ji ;(>&

Jxtcfoucfgh)sj k gévcgk gévcgk nhi k nhf`usîh- jxtcfouji)sj jxtcfouji)sj ks okrkftcks& K nhf`usîh jxtcfouj jxtcfouj fîh sþ k hercokïîh prcfncpkm- iks tkieãi hs knjssþrchs- nhih k `ckfïk- phr jxjipmh- phcs njssk pkrk h `ckghr h gcrjcth gj rjorjssh- cfnhipktévjm nhi hs j`jcths gk nhf`usîh& 

K hercokïîh prcfncpkm- nhftrkégk pjmh gjvjghr- pjrikfjnj sj k nhf`usîh hpjrkr)sj fks pjsshks gh nrjghr j gh `ckghr&

^j njsskrji hs j`jcths gk nhf`usîh- vhmtk)sj tugh ì sctukïîh kftjrchr& ”Ji sj trktkfgh gj hercokïîh shmcgërck pksscvk- j fk pjsshk gj ui sþ ghs gjvjghrjs

rjufcrji)sj ks qukmcgkgjs gj nrjghr j gjvjghr- k nhf`usîh hpjrkrë shijftj ktã ì nhfnhrrâfnck gk quhtk gjstj& ^j ktcvk k shmcgkrcjgkgj k nhf`usîh tkieãi pkrnckm hu ciprþprck- pjrikfjnjfgh- qukfth khs gjikcs- k shmcgkrcjgkgj’&

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Ujicssîh gj Gévcgks2 Nhfnjcth2 Ã h pjrgîh gk gévcgk& Mcejrkmcgkgj j`jtukgk pjmh nrjghr- nhfscstjftj ji jxhfjrkr h gjvjghr gh nuiprcijfth gk hercokïîh&

\krk quj k rjicssîh sj thrfj j`cnkz ã fjnjssërch quj h rjictjftj sjbk nkpkz gj kmcjfkr j h rjictcgh nkpkz gj kgqucrcr4 tkieãi ã prjssuphsth cfgcspjfsëvjm quj h gjvjghr k knjctjjxprjssk hu tknctkijftj- phcs sj k jmk sj hpusjr fkgk phgjrë cipjgc)mh gj rjkmczkr h pkokijfth& 

Jspãncjs gj Ujicssîh2

) Whtkm ) \krnckm ) Wënctk ) Jxprjssk ) \rjsuicgk „ qukfgh gjrcvk gj jxprjssk prjvcsîh mjokm& 

K rjicssîh prjncsk gj nhfsjftcijfth gh gjvjghr&

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Fkturjzk burégcnk2 shncjgkgj gj pkokijfth hu pkokijfth jspjnckm&

Fjstj nksh- ã ui fjoþnch burégcnh ecmktjrkm- phr prjncskr gh nhfsjftcijfth gh gjvjghr&

CFKGCI\MJIJFWH 

Nhfnjcth2 Fîh nuiprcijfth gk hercokïîh& Jstj phgj gjnhrrjr gj kth numphsh gh gjvjghr hu gj `kth k jmj fîh ciputëvjm&

Fji sjiprj quj k prjstkïîh gjcxk gj sjr j`jtukgk scofc`cnk quj ahuvj fîh nuiprcijfth gk hercokïîh& \hgj sunjgjr- phr jxjipmh- quj h gcrjcth gh nrjghr prjsnrjvju hu quj jmj rjictcu k gévcgk- hu sunjgju- nhih òfcnh ajrgjcrh kh gjvjghr& ^þ fîh aë h nuiprcijfth qukfgh- fîh tjfgh scgh jxtcftk k hercokïîh phr hutrk nkusk- k prjstkïîh gjectþrck fîh ã j`jtukgk- fji pjmh gjvjghr- fji phr tjrnjcrh& \kntk ^uft ^jrvkfgk2 hs nhftrkths gjvji sjr nuiprcghs- h nhftrkth `kz mjc jftrj ks pkrtjs& Q Ujeus ^cn ^tkftceus2 phgj kpmcnkr k tjhrck gk ciprjvcsîh& ciprjvcsîh& ^j- phr kmoui ihtcvh- ahuvjr uik gjsprhphrïîh ciprjvcstk phgjrë akvjr uik rjvcsîh gh nhftrkth&

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Ujsphfskecmcgkgj \ktrcihfckm2 quji rjsphfgj pjmks hercokïújs gh gjvjghr sîh sjus ejfs& Jxnjth ji nksh gj pjfsîh kmcijfténck&

^j ahuvjr cfkgcipmjijfth- prjsuij)sj k numpk- nkejfgh kh gjvjghr- sj `hr h nksh- prhvkr  quj fîh ahuvj numpk& Krt& >35 NN(<5& [ukfgh k cfjxjnuïîh gk hercokïîh gjnhrrj gj `kth fîh ciputëvjm kh gjvjghr- iks fjnjssërch- nubhs j`jcths fîh jrk phssévjm jvctkr hu cipjgcr- gjfhicfkgh nksh `hrtucth hu `hrïk

ikchr- nhf`courk)sj h cfkgcipmjijfth `hrtucth gk hercokïîh& Fjstj nksh h gjvjghr fîh rjsphfgj pjmhs gkfhs nkuskghs kh nrjghr& !krt& >3> NN(<5#2

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^joufgh k vcsîh ikbhrctërck2

Nksh `hrtucth2 ã ciprjvcsévjm j cfjvctëvjm& \hgj sjr2 ) cftjrfh2 fîh jxnmuc k rjsphfskecmcgkgj& Ã cftréfsjnh kh prþprch hebjth& ) jxtjrfh2 jxnmuc k rjsphfskecmcgkgj&

@hrïk ikchr2 kcfgk quj phssk sjr prjvcsévjm- ã cfjvctëvjm& cfjvctëvjm& Jx2 `kths gk fkturjzk& 

Wkfth h nksh `hrtucth qukfth k `hrïk ikchr sîh rjqucscths pkrk k jxnmusîh gk rjsphfskecmcgkgj& Kiehs sîh cfjvctëvjcs&

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Ujqucscths pkrk k jxnmusîh gk rjsphfskecmcgkgj2

) cfjvctëvjm4 ) supjrvjfcjftj4 supjrvjfcjftj4 ) crrjscstévjm !jstë `hrk gh kmnkfnj gk phsscecmcgkgj auikfk#4 ) `kth fjnjssërch& fjnjssërch& 

Jspãncjs2

) Keshmuth2 cfkgcipmcu j fîh tji nhih cfkgcipmcr gj fhvh& Fîh nuiprcu j fîh gë prk nuiprcr  ikcs& Jx&2 h ehmh fîh jftrjouj fh gck gh nkskijfth fîh phgjrë sjr jftrjouj gjphcs& ) Ujmktcvh2 kcfgk aë cftjrjssj gh nrjghr gj rjnjejr& Ã h nksh gj ihrk& ) @hrtucth 

\jrgks j gkfhs2 fks acpþtjsjs gj fîh nuiprcijfth gk hercokïîh j gj nuiprcijfth cipjr`jcth- nhi cfhesjrvåfnck gh ihgh j gh tjiph nhfvjfnchfkghs- k nhfsjquâfnck ã k ijsik2 h fksncijfth gk hercokïîh gj cfgjfczkr h prjbuézh nkuskgh kh nrjghr&

IHUK 

Nhfnjcth2 Ujtkrgkijfth- ktrksh gh nuiprcijfth gk hercokïîh hu qukfgh ahuvjr h nuiprcijfth cipjr`jcth gk hercokïîh phr hutrh ihtcvh quj fîh h tjiph- nhih muokr hu ihgh nhfvjfnchfkgh& Krt& >37 NN(<5&

^j phr nkusk gh rjtkrgkijfthrjtkrgkijfth- hu gh cipjr`jcth nuiprcijfth- k prjstkïîh sj thrfkr cfòtcm kh nrjghr- k acpþtjsj sjrë gj cfkgcipmjijfth keshmuth- j jstj phgjrë ‖jfbjctë )mk‘- eji nhih jxcocr k sktcs`kïîh gks pjrgks j gkfhs& Jspãncjs2 ;& Gh gjvjghr2 

[ukfgh sj gë h gjsnuiprcijfth gjsnuiprcijfth hu nuiprcijfth cipjr`jcth gk hercokïîh phr pkrtj gh gjvjghr- phr nkusk k jmj ciputëvjm& \hgj sjr gj guks jspãncjs- ihrk jx rj !ji rkzîh gj `kth prjvcsth fk mjc# j jx pjrshfk& ) jx rj2 gcjs cftjrpjmkt prh ahicfj !h prþprch prkzh cftjrpjmk h gjvjghr#& Fh gck sjoucftj kh vjfncijfth- nksh fîh akbk pkokijfth- h gjvjghr jstkrë ji ihrk& ) jx pjrshfk2 ã fjnjssërch quj h gjvjghr rjnjek uik fhtc`cnkïîh& Gjpjfgj gj prhvcgjfnck gh nrjghr& 

Ujqucscths2

;² jxcocecmcgkgj gk prjstkïîh- hu sjbk- h vjfncijfth gj gévcgk méqucgk j njrtk& Ã fjnjssërch quj k prjstkïîh fîh tjfak scgh rjkmczkgk fh tjiph j ihgh gjvcghs- iks kcfgk phssk sjr  j`jtukgk nhi prhvjcth pkrk h nrjghr4 5² cfjxjnuïîh numphsk4 >² nhfstctucïîh ji ihrk !ã uik jxnjïîh- sþ vkc hnhrrjr fk jx pjrshfk#& 

Nhfsjquâfncks2

) pjrpjtukïîh gk hercokïîh4 ) rjsphfskecmczkïîh gh gjvjghr pjmhs prjbuézhs nkuskghs kh nrjghr& 5& Gh nrjghr2 [ukfgh h nrjghr sj rjnusk k rjnjejr h pkokijfth fh tjiph j muokr cfgcnkghs fh tétumh nhfstctutcvh gk hercokïîh- jxcocfgh)h phr `hrik gc`jrjftj hu prjtjfgjfgh quj k hercokïîh sj nuiprk gj ihgh gcvjrsh& Hesjrvkïîh2 FÎH aë jspãncj& 

Ujqucscths2

;² h`jrtk gk prjstkïîh pjmh gjvjghr4 5² vjfncijfth gk prjstkïîh- phcs kftjs gcssh k prjstkïîh fîh ã jxcoévjm4 >² rjnusk cfbustc`cnkgk phr pkrtj gh nrjghr4 7² nhfstctucïîh ji ihrk- ijgckftj k nhfscofkïîh ji pkokijfth& 

Nhfsjquâfncks2

) mcejrkïîh gh gjvjghr4

) h nrjghr tjrë quj rjsskrncr hs prjbuézhs gh gjvjghr- prcfncpkmijftj hs rjmknchfkghs ì nhfsjrvkïîh gh hebjth4 ) phsscecmcgkgj gj nhfscofkïîh4 ) h gjvjghr tji h gcrjcth gj rjnjejr pjmh prjïh ikcs kmth nksh akbk hsncmkïîh& >& Kiehs2 ) ^ciumtåfjk ) h nrjghr j h gjvjghr jftrki ji ihrk kh ijsih tjiph& Zik kfumk k hutrkpjmk nhipjfskïîh- fîh tjfgh j`jcths& ) ^unjsscvk ) prcijcrh ui jftrk ji ihrk j gjphcs h hutrh jftrk& Nkgk ui rjsphfgj pjmk ihrk gh sju rjspjntcvh pjréhgh- fîh akvjfgh kfumkïîh gk ihrk& \hr jxjipmh- sj ji ui prcijcrh ihijfth h nrjghr fîh qujr rjnjejr h quj h gjvjghr sj gcspúj k pkokr- j ikcs tkrgj jstj fîh qujr ikcs pkokr- qukfgh kqujmj qujr rjnjejr k sctukïîh sjrë k sjoucftj2 qukfgh h pkokijfth `hr rjkmczkgh j tkieãi `hrji kpurkghs hs prjbuézhs- nkgk ui rjsphfgjrë pjmhs hnhrrcghs fhs pjréhghs ji quj k ihrk `hc sukhpjrkfgh)sj k nhipjfskïîh& 

\urokïîh gk ihrk2 fjutrkmczkïîh ghs j`jcths gk ihrk4 k purokïîh sþ phgjrë sjr `jctk sj k prjstkïîh kcfgk `hr prhvjcthsk kh nrjghr&

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Njsskïîh gk ihrk2 k ihrk gjcxk gj prhguzcr j`jcths- phr hutrhs ihtcvhs quj fîh h nhiphrtkijfth ktcvh ktcvh gh ihrhsh& Gjnhrrj- fk rjkmcgkgjrjkmcgkgj- gk jxtcfïîh gk hercokïîh& hercokïîh& Jx2 phgj hnhrrjr pjmh pjrgîh&

\JUGK^ J GKFH^ 

Nhfnjcth2 [ukftc`cnkïîh jqucvkmjftj ji gcfajcrh su`cncjftj pkrk nhercr h prjbuézh&

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Kerkfoâfnck2 jfomheki h gkfh jijrojftj j h munrh njsskftj !h quj- rkzhkvjmijftjgjcxhu gj okfakr#& Krt& 7<5 NN(<5&

^j fîh gjr prk pkokr tugh h quj `hc jstkejmjncgh- h bucz phgjrë gjtjricfkr cfgjfczkïîh supmjijftkr& 

^kmvh ks jxnjïújs prjvcstks ji mjc ks pjrgks j gkfhs kerkfoji kmãi gh quj h nrjghr  pjrgju- h quj jmj gjcxhu gj okfakr&

Gkfh jijrojftj ã h prjbuézh- k gcicfucïîh pktrcihfckm sh`rcgk pjmk vétcik& Ã phr jxjipmhh quj h ghfh gh vjénumh gkfc`cnkgh phr hutrji gjsjiehmsk pkrk nhfsjrtë)mh& Ujprjsjftk k gc`jrjfïk gh pktrci÷fch quj k vétcik tcfak kftjs gh kth cméncth hu gh cfkgcipmjijfth nhftrktukm j h quj pksshu k tjr gjphcs& Munrh njsskftj ã k `rustrkïîh gk jxpjntktcvk gj munrh& Ã k pjrgk gj ui okfah jspjrkgh&

Hesjrvkïîh2 fîh ã cfgjfczëvjm h gjfhic fkgh ”gkfh rjihth’- quj sjrck nhfsjquâfnck cfgcrjtk gh cfkgcipmjijfth& cfkgcipmjijfth&

BZUH^ 

Nhfnjcth2 Burhs sîh hs rjfgcijfths gh nkpctkm& Ujprjsjftki h pkokijfth pjmk utcmczkïîh gj nkpctkm kmajch& Cftjorki k nmkssj gks nhcsks knjssþrcks&

Nhrrjïîh ihfjtërck2 ktukmczkïîh gh vkmhr gk ihjgk&

) Burhs scipmjs2 fîh sîh cfnhrphrkghs kh nkpctkm& ^jiprj nkmnumkghs sherj h nkpctkm cfcnckm& ) Burhs nhiphsths2 sîh cfnhrphrkghs kh nkpctkm& ^îh nkpctkmczkghs nkpctkmczkghs kfukmijftj- nkmnumkfgh)sj  burhs sherj burhsburhs- hs quj `hrji nhiputkghs nhiputkghs pksskrîh pksskrîh k cftjorkr h nkpctkm& nkpctkm& ) Burhs nhipjfsktþrchs nhipjfsktþrchs !rjiufjrktþrchs hu `ruths#2 rjiufjrkïîh pjmk utcmczkïîh utcmczkïîh gh nkpctkm gj hutrk pjsshk- nhih fh jiprãstcih- phr jxjipmh& Ujsumtki gj uik utcmczkïîh nhfsjftcgk gj nkpctkm kmajch- sîh hs gjvcghs nhih nhipjfskïîh pjmk utcmczkïîh gj nkpctkm pjrtjfnjftj k hutrji& Gjvji sjr prjvcsths fhs nhftrkths& ) Burhs ihrktþrchs2 gjvcghs ji nksh gj ihrk- nhih k ihrk gj ktrksh- phr jxjipmh& ^îh hs cfncgjftjs ji nksh gj rjtkrgkijfth fk suk rjstctucïîh hu gj gjsnuiprcijfth gj hercokïîh& ) Burhs nhfvjfnchfkcs2 nhfvjfnchfkcs2 kqujmj ktrkvãs gh knhrgh jftrj ks pkrtjs& Kbustkghs pjmks pkrtjspkrtjs- gj nhiui knhrgh& Ujsumtki gj nhfvjfïîh phr jmks njmjerkgks& ) Burhs mjokcs2 kqujmjs ktrkvãs gk mjc& \rjvcsths hu ciphsths phr mjc&

Hs burhs ihrktþrchs- gc`jrjftjijftj gh quj hnhrrj nhi hs nhipjfsktþrchs nhipjfsktþrchs sîh prjvcsths nhih nhfsjquâfnck gh cfkgcipmjijfth hu cfjxjnuïîh gh nhftrkth hu gj scipmjs rjtkrgkijfth& ^j phr jxjipmh- h pksskojcrh gj ui ÷fceus sh`rj gkfhs ji gjnhrrâfnck gj ui kncgjftj- hs  burhs ihrktþrchs sîh sîh gjvcghs k pkrtcr pkrtcr gk nctkïîh cfcnckm& cfcnckm& Iks Iks sj k vétcik ã ui pjgjstrjpjgjstrj- quj `hc ktrhpjmkgh pjmh ÷fceus- hs burhs sîh nhftkghs gjsgj k ` ktk gh `kth !rjsphfskecmcgkgj jxtrknhftrktukm#& Gjnrjth 55050(>> !Mjc gj Zsurk#2 k ojftj sþ phgj- ji hercokïújs ncvcs- nhmhnkr fh iëxcih ;* gj burhs k&i&  K rj`jrcgk mjc prhéej prhéej k nherkfïk gj gj burhs sherj burhs- gjfhicfkgk gjfhicfkgk kfkthncsih kfkthncsih hu nkpctkmczkïîh nkpctkmczkïîh gj burhs&  K burcsprugâfnck burcsprugâfnck jftjfgj quj k Mjc gj Zsurk Zsurk fîh sj kpmcnk kpmcnk khs Ekfnhs j hutrks hutrks Cfstctucïújs @cfkfnjcrks& Krt& 7<0 NN(<5& Hs burhs gj ihrk sîh nhftkghs- ji rjork- k pkrtcr gk nctkïîh& Krt& 7<: NN(<5&  K nhftkoji ã `jctk `jctk k pkrtcr gh gkfh& gkfh&

NMËZ^ZMK \JFKM 

Nhfnjcth2 Hercokïîh knjssþrck pjmk qukm sj jstcpumk uik pjfk hu uik iumtk pkrk h nksh gj cfkgcipmjijfth gk hercokïîh prcfncpkm hu pkrk h nksh gj ihrk& Wkieãi ã nakikgk gj pjfk nhfvjfnchfkm hu iumtk nhftrktukm&

\hgj sjr jstcpumkgk nhfbuftkijftj nhi k hercokïîh prcfncpkm- hu ji kth phstjrchr- she ` hrik gj kgjfgh& 

Jiehrk ojrkmijftj sjbk `cxkgk ji gcfajcrh- kmouiks vjzjs thik hutrk `hrik- nhih k jftrjok gj kmoh- k kestjfïîh gj ui `kth- hu k pjrgk gj ui ejfj`énch&

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Fkturjzk burégcnk2 hercokïîh knjssþrck- kssci- sj fumh h nhftrkth gj mhnkïîh- phr  jxjipmh- fumk tkieãi sjrë k nmëusumk pjfkm fjmj cfsjrcgk&

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Pkmhr2 K nmëusumk pjfkm phgj sjr rjguzcgk ji ghcs nkshs2 k& qukfgh umtrkpksskr h mcictj mjokm- quj ã h vkmhr gk hercokïîh prcfncpkm4 e& fks acpþtjsjs gh krtcoh 7;>& ^j h vkmhr gk nmëusumk pjfkm jxnjgjr h vkmhr gk hercokïîh prcfncpkm- h bucz fîh gjnmkrkrë k nmëusumk cfj`cnkz- kpjfks h jxnjssh gjmk&

 K nmëusumk pjfkm pjfkm phgj sjr rjguzcgk rjguzcgk sj bë `hc nuiprcgk ji pkrtj pkrtj hu sj `hr iucth jxnjsscvk& jxnjsscvk& 

@ufïújs2

) \rj`cxkïîh gj pjrgks j gkfhs gjvcghs ji rkzîh gh cfkgcipmjijfth gh nhftrkth4 ) @ufïîh nhjrnctcvk !ã cfjrjftj ì qukmqujr pjfk- cfnmuscvj ì nmëusumk pjfkm#& Nhi k nmëusumk pjfkm- hs nhftrktkftjs jxprjsski k cftjfïîh gj sj mcvrkr ghs cfn÷ihghs gk nhiprhvkïîh ghs prjbuézhs j gj suk mcqucgkïîh& Kssci- ekstk h nrjghr prhvkr h cfkgcipmjijfthcfkgcipmjijfth- `cnkfgh gcspjfskgh gk prhvk gh prjbuézh- pkrk quj tjfak gcrjcth ì iumtk& H gjvjghr fîh phgj fîh qujrjr nuiprcr k nmëusumk pjfkm- k prjtjxth gj sjr jxnjsscvk- phcs- h sju vkmhr `hc `cxkgh ` cxkgh ji nhiui knhrgh& 

Jspãncjs2

) Nmëusumk \jfkm Nhipjfsktþrck2 jstcpumkgk pkrk h nksh gj cfkgcipmjijfth thtkm gk hercokïîh& \hr jssk rkzîh- ji ojrkm ã gj vkmhr jmjvkgh- coukm hu quksj coukm kh gk hercokïîh prcfncpkm& ) Nmëusumk \jfkm Ihrktþrck2 vcsk jvctkr k ihrk& Ã gjssk jspãncj qukfgh gjstcfkgk2 k& k kssjourkr h nuiprcijfth gj hutrk nmëusumk gjtjricfkgk4 j e& k jvctkr h rjtkrgkijfth- k ihrk& 

Nhfsjquâfncks2

!Fk nmëusumk pjfkm nhipjfsktþrck2 h nrjghr tji k `knumgkgj gj nuiumkr h nuiprcijfth gk hercokïîh prcfncpkm j h gk nmëusumk pjfkm- hu sjbk- hs ghcs phgji sjr jxcocghs#& ) NHI\JF^KWÞUCK2 h krtcoh 7;< gh NN prhéej k nuiumkïîh gj pjgcghs& K kmtjrfktcvk quj sj kerj pkrk h nrjghr ã2 k& pmjctjkr k pjfk nhipjfsktþrck- nhrrjsphfgjftj ì `cxkïîh kftjncpkgk ghs jvjftukcs prjbuézhs4 hu e& phstumkr h rjsskrncijfth gks pjrgks j gkfhs- krnkfgh nhi h

÷fus gj prhvkr h prjbuézh4 j n& jxcocr h nuiprcijfth gk prjstkïîh& FÎH phgj akvjr  nuiumkïîh- phrquj- ji qukmqujr gjssjs nkshs h nrjghr hetãi cftjorkm rjsskrncijfth& Fk nmëusumk pjfkm ihrktþrck2 h nrjghr fîh phgj nuiumkr hs pjgcghs& Hu sj pjgj h nuiprcijfth gk hercokïîh prcfncpkm hu sj pjgj k nmëusumk pjfkm& Wkieãi phgj sjr pjgcgh pjrgks j gkfhs& Krt& 7;< NN(<5& ) IHUKWÞUCK2 H vkmhr gk pjfk nhfvjfnchfkm nhstuik sjr rjguzcgh- j h nrjghr phgj nherë) mk- nuiumktcvkijftj- nhi k prjstkïîh fîh sktcs`jctk& Ã ekstkftj nhiui gjvjghrjs ktrkskrji h pkokijfth gj gjtjricfkgk prjstkïîh j sjrji phstjrchrijftj nherkghs pjmh nrjghr- quj jxcoj h vkmhr gk iumtk nhftrktukm- ikcs h gk prjstkïîh fîh pkok& 

Hesjrvkïîh2 k nmëusumk pjfkm sj kssjijmak nhi pjrgks j gkfhs- sjfgh kieks rjguzcgks k uik gjtjricfkgk shik ji gcfajcrh- gjstcfkgk k rjsskrncr hs prjbuézhs sh`rcghs pjmh nrjghr ji vcrtugj gh cfkgcipmjijfth gh gjvjghr&

 Krt& 7;0- nkput j pkrëork`h pkrëork`h òfcnh gh NN(<5& NN(<5&

KUUK^ HZ ^CFKM 

Nhfnjcth2 [ukftck hu nhcsk jftrjouj pjmh gjvjghr kh nrjghr nhih nhf`crikïîh gh knhrgh gj vhftkgjs j- jvjftukmijftj- nhih prcfnépch gj pkokijfth& Pkc sjr prcfnépch gj pkokijfth qukfgh `hr gk ijsik jspãncj gk hercokïîh&

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Fkturjzk burégcnk2 knjssþrck& knjssþrck& Nkrëtjr rjkm !sj kpjr`jcïhk nhi k jftrjok gh hebjth- h scipmjs knhrgh gj vhftkgjs fîh ã su`cncjftj pkrk nkrkntjrczkr h cfstctuth- quj gjpjfgj gk j`jtcvk jftrjok gh eji ì hutrk pkrtj#&

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^uk prcfncpkm `ufïîh ã nhf`crikr h nhftrkth- quj sj thrfk hercoktþrch kpþs k jftrjok gh hebjth&

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Jspãncjs2

) Nhf`criktþrcks2 Kmãi gj k pkrtj gjscstjftj pjrgjr h gcfajcrh bë gkgh- phgjrë pkokr pjrgks j gkfhs- nksh k pkrtj fîh gjscstjftj jxcbk& Fîh akvjfgh fjfauik jstcpumkïîh ji nhftrkrch- ks krrks sj nhfscgjrki nhf`criktþrcks& nhf`criktþrcks&  Krtcoh 7;12 sj k pkrtj pkrtj quj gju ks krrks krrks fîh jxjnutkr jxjnutkr h nhftrkth- phgjrë k hutrk tâ)mh phr  gjs`jcth- rjtjfgh)ks4 sj k cfjxjnuïîh `hr gj quji rjnjeju ks krrks- phgjrë quji ks gju akvjr h nhftrkth phr gjs`jcth- j jxcocr suk gjvhmuïîh ikcs h jqucvkmjftj- nhi ktukmczkïîh ihfjtërck sjoufgh éfgcnjs h`cnckcs rjoumkrijftj jstkejmjncghs- burhs j ahfhrërchs gj kgvhokgh& ) \jfctjfnckcs2 vkc sjr nhfvjfnchfkgh h gcrjcth gj krrjpjfgcijfth& ^j h gjvjghr gjscstj gh nhftrkth- pjrgj h gcfajcrh bë gkgh& ^j h nrjghr gjscstj- rjstctué ji gherh h gjvjghr&  Krtcoh 75<2 sj fh nhftrkth `hr jstcpumkgh jstcpumkgh h gcrjcth gj gj krrjpjfgcijfth krrjpjfgcijfth pkrk qukmqujr qukmqujr gks pkrtjsks krrks hu scfkm tjrîh `ufïîh ufcnkijftj cfgjfczktþrck& Fjstj nksh- quji ks gju crë pjrgâ)

mks ji ejfj`énch gk hutrk pkrtj4 j quji ks rjnjeju crë gjvhmvâ)mks- ikcs h jqucvkmjftj& Ji kiehs hs nkshs fîh akvjrë gcrjcth k cfgjfczkïîh supmjijftkr& 

@ufïújs2

) Nhf`crikr h fjoþnch burégcnh4 ) Nhijïh- prcfnépch gj pkokijfth ) qukfgh k nhcsk jftrjouj ã pkrtj hu pkrnjmk gh hebjth gh nhftrkth- hu sjbk- ã gh ijsih oâfjrh gh rjstkftj k sjr jftrjouj& Kssci- phr jxjipmh- sj h gjvjghr gj gjz ecncnmjtks jftrjok guks kh nrjghr- nhih scfkm- jstj nhfstctuc h prcfnépch gj pkokijfth& Iks- sj k gévcgk ã ji gcfajcrh j h gjvjghr jftrjok guks ecncnmjtks k tétumh gj scfkm- jstks nhfstctuji kpjfks uik okrkftck j gjvji sjr rjstctuégks qukfgh h nhftrkth `hr  nuiprcgh- csth ã- qukfgh h prjïh thtkm `hr pkoh4 ) \rj`cxkïîh gks pjrgks j gkfhs- qukfgh nhfvjfnchfkgh nhfvjfnchfkgh h gcrjcth gj krrjpjfgcijfth& krrjpjfgcijfth&