LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
Term Paper
Topic- Railway reservation system
Submitted To: Rohit Beniwal
Submitted By: Rahul Kumar Roll no. RD4002 B31 B.Tech ECE Subject.CSE (202)
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 2. PROPOSED SYSTEM 3. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE 4. RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM PROGRAME 5. TESTING WHITE BOX TESTING BLACK BOX TESTING 6. CODE COMPLETENESS EVALUATION 7. DATA FLOW DIAGRAM 8. ADVANTAGES OF THE SYSTEM 9. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTs 10. REFERENCE
1.INTRODUCTION :-
This project introduces railway reservation system. It explain how reservation is being done in Indian railways .the step by step produce is explain this project is developed .All most The header files have been used in this project proper comments have been given at desiedlocations desiedloca tions to make the project user friendly. Varies function and structureasare used to makes complete use of the language.
2.PROPOSED SYSTEM:oday one one cannot afford to rely on the fallible fall ible human being being of be really wants to stand against today merciless competition where not to wise saying to err is human no longer valid it outdate to rationalize your mista mistake ke .so to keep keep pace with time to bring about the best result without malfunction malfunction in grand grand greater greater efficiency so to replace the unending heaps of flies with a much sophisticated hard disk of the computer .one has to use the data management software has been an ascent in atomization various various organization. Many soft ware product working are now in market market which have help in maki ng the organizations work easier and efficiently .data management initially had to maintain lot of ledgers and a lot of paper work has to be done but now only. this prevents a lot of time ti me and money. money. the work become fully automated automated and any information information regar ding T
the organization can be obtained by clicking the button .more over now it an age of computer of and auto mating such an organization give the better look 3.SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE:-
the system development life cycle is a projects into smaller more management technique that divide complex project into smaller more easily managed segment or phase .segmenting project allow managers to verify the successful completion completion of project phase before alloca ting resources to subsequent phase .software development project typing include initiation planning, design ,development, ,development, testing, testing, implementation implementation and maintenance maintenance phase. phase. However However the the phase may be divided differently depending on the organization involved .initially project activities might be designated as request requirement ± definition and planning phase or initiation, concept-development and planning phase. End user development should be involved in reviewing the output of each phase to ensure the system is being built to deliver the needed functionality functionality initiation phase phase the initiation phase begins when a business s ponsor identifies identifies a need or an opportunity. The purpose of the Initiation phase is to 1. Identify and validate an opportunity to improve business accomplishments of the organization or a deficiency related to a business need. Identify significant assumptions and constraints on solutions to that need. 2. Recommend the exploration of alternat ive concept and methods to satisfy the need including questioning the need for technology will a change in the business process offer a solution. 3. Assure executive business and executive technical sponsorship.the sponsorship. the sponsor designates designates a project manager and the business need is documented documented in a conce pt proposal.the concept proposal include information about the business process and the relationship to the agency and organization infrastructure and the strategic plan .A successful concept proposal result in a project management charter which outline the outline the authority of the project to be begin the project
4.INITIATION
PHASE :-
The Initiation Phase begins when a business sponsor identifies a need or an opportunity. The purpose of the Initiation Phase is to 1. Identify and validate an opportunity to improve business accomplishments of the organization or a deficiency related to a business need. 2. Identify significant assumptions and constraints on solutions to that need. 3. Recommend the exploration of alternative concepts and methods to satisfy the need including questioning the need for technology, i.e., will a change in the business process offer a solution. 4. Assure executive executive business and executive technical technical sponsorshi p. The Sponsor designates a Project Manager and the business need is documented in a Concept Proposal. The Concept Proposal includes information about the business process and the relationship to the Agency and Organization Infrastructure and the Strategic Plan. A successful Concept Proposal results in a Project Management Charter which outlines the authority of the project manager to begin the project.
5.SYSTEM CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT:The System Concept Development Phase begins after a business need or opportunity is validated by the Agency Organization Program Leadership and the Agency or organization . The purpose purpose of the System Concept Development Phase is to: I. II.
.Determine the feasibility feasibility and appropriateness of the alternatives. I dentify system interfaces.
III.
Identify basic functional and data requirements to satisfy the business need.
IV.
Establish system boundaries, boundaries, identify goals, objec tives, critical success factors and performance measures.
V.
Evaluate costs and benefits of alternative approaches to satisfy the basic functional requirements
VI.
Assess project risks
6.PICTORIAL
ANALYSIS
REPRESENTATION OF SDL C:
DESIN
IMPLEMENTTATION
PALANING
MAINTENANANCE
7.PLANNING PHASE:The planning phase is the most critical step in completing development, acquisition and maintenance projects. projects. careful c areful planning planning particularly in the early stages of a project is necessary to coordinate coordinate activities and manage project risks effectively. The depth and formality of project plans should be commensurate with the characteristics and risks of a given project. Project plans refine the information gathered during the initia tion phase by further identifying the specific activities activities and resources required to complete complete a project. A crit c rit ical part of a project project manager manager job is to coordinate coordinate discussions discussions between between user, audit, audit, security, design, development and network personnel to identify and document as many functional, functional, security security and network requirements requirements as possible. during this phase phase a plan is developed that documents the approach approach to be used and includes a discussion of methods methods toolsm tasks, resources, project schedules and user input. Personnel assignments assignment s costs, project schedule and target dates are established. A Project Management Plan is created with components related to acquisition planning configuration management planning
8. REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS PHASE:This phase formally defines the detailed functional user requirements using high-level requirements identified in the Initiation System Concept and Planning phases. phases. It also delineates delineates the requirements requirements in terms terms of data data system performance, performance, security, and ma intainability intainability requirements for the system. The requirements are defined in this phase to a level of detail sufficient for systems design to proceed. proceed. They need to be measurable, measurable, testable and relate to the business need or opportunity opportunity identified in the Initiation Initi ation Phase. The requirements that will be used to determine determine acceptance acceptance of the system I.
Further define and refine the functional and data requirements and document them in the Req uirements document
II.
Complete business process reengineering of the functions to be supported verify what what information drives the business busines s process what information informatio n is generated
III.
who generates it where does the information go and who processes it Develop detailed detail ed data and process models system inputs outputs and the process. Develop the test and evaluation requirements that will be used to determine acceptable system performance
IV.
9.DESIGN
PHASE:-
The design phase involves involves converting converting the in formational formational functional functional and network requirements identified during the initiation and planning phases into unified design specifications that developers use to script programs during the development phase. Program designs arec onstructed in various ways. Using a top-downapproa top-downapproach ch designers first identify identify and link major pro pro gram components components and interfaces then expand designlayouts as they identify and link smallersub systems and connections. Using a bottom up approach designers firstidentify firstide ntify and link minor program components components and inte rfaces, then expand design layouts as they identify identif y and link larger systems and connections. During this phase the system is designed to satisfy the functional requirements identified in the previous phase. Since problems in the design phase could be very expensive to solve in the later stage of the software development a variety of elements are considered in the design to mitigate risk.
i.
ii.
Identifying potential risks and defining mitigating design features. Performing a security risk assessment.
iii.
Developing a conversion plan to migrate current data to the new system.
iv.
Determining the operating environment.
v. vi. vii.
Defining major subsystems and their inputs and outputs. Allocating processes to resources. Preparing detailed logic specifications for each software module.
10.IMPLEMENTATION
PHASE:-
This phase is initiated after the system has been tested and accepted accept ed by the user. In this phase the system system is installed installed to to support support the intended intended business functions. System performance is compared to performance objectives established during the planning phase. Implementation includes user notification no tification user training installation of hardwar hardwaree installation of software onto production computers computers and integration of the system into daily work processes. This phase continues until the system is operating in production in accordance with the defined user requirements 11.OPERATIONS
AND MAINTENAN CE PHASE:-
The system operation is ongoing.The system is monitored for continued performance in accordance with user requirements and needed system modifications are incorporated. Organization needs. When modifications or changes are identified the system sy stem may reenter the planning phase.T phase.T he purpose of this phase is to I. II.
Operate maintain and enhance the system. Certify that the system can process sensitive information.
III.
Conduct periodic assessments of the system to ensure the functional requirements continue to be satisfied
IV.
Determine when the system needs to be modernized, replaced, or retired
12.RAILWAY #include
RESERVATION SYSTEM PROGRAM:-
#include #include #include #include #include #include static int p = 0; class a { char trainn[5], trainn[5 ], driver[10], driver[10], arrival[5], depart[5], from[10], to[10], seat[8][4][10]; seat[8][4][10] ; public:
void install(); void allotment(); void empty(); void show(); void avail(); void position(int i); } train[10]; void vline(char ch) { for (int i=80;i>0;i--) cout<>train[p].trainn; cout<<"\nEnter Driver's name: "; cin>>train[p].driver; cout<<"\nArrival time: "; cin>>train[p].arrival; cout<<"\nDeparture: "; cin>>train[p].depart; cout<<"\nFrom: cout<<"\nFrom: \t\t\t"; cin>>train[p].from; cout<<"\nTo: cout<<"\nTo: \t\t\t"; cin>>train[p].to; train[p].empty(); p++; } void a::allotment() { int seat; char number[5]; top: cout<<"Train no: "; cin>>number; int n; for(n=0;n<=p;n++) { if(strcmp(train[n].train n, number)==0) break; }
while(n<=p) { cout<<"\nSeat Number: "; cin>>seat; if(seat>32) { cout<<"\nThere cout<<"\nThere are only 32 seats available available in this train."; train ."; } else { if (strcmp(train[n].seat[seat/4][( (strcmp(train[n].seat[seat/4][(seat%4)-1], seat%4)-1], "Empty")==0) "Empty")==0) { cout<<"Enter passanger's name: "; cin>>train[n].seat[seat/4][(seat%4)-1]; break; } else cout<<"The cout<<"The seat no. is already reserved. \n"; } } if(n>p) { cout<<"Enter correct train no.\n"; goto top; } } void a::empty() { for(int i=0; i<8;i++) { for(int j=0;j<4;j++) { strcpy(train[p].seat[i][j], strcpy(train[p].seat[i][j], "Empty"); } } } void a::show() { int n; char number[5]; cout<<"Enter cout<<"Enter train no: "; cin>>number;
for(n=0;n<=p;n++) { if(strcmp(train[n].tra if(strcmp(train[n].trainn, inn, number)==0) number)==0) break; } while(n<=p) { vline('*'); cout<<"Trainno: cout<<"Trainno: \t"<p) cout<<"Enter cout<<"Enter correct train no: "; } void a::position(int l) { int s=0;p=0; for (int i =0; i<8;i++) { cout<<"\n"; for (int j = 0;j<4; j++) { s++; if(strcmp(train[l].seat[i][j], if(strcmp(train[l].seat[i][j], "Empty")==0) { cout.width(5); cout.fill(' ');
cout<
{ cout<<"\n\n\n\n\n"; cout<<"\t\t\t1.Install\n\t\t\t" <<"2.Reservation\n\t\t\t" <<"3.Show\n\t\t\t" <<"4.Traines Available. \n\t\t\t" <<"5.Exit"; cout<<"\n\t\t\tEnter your your choice:-> "; cin>>w; switch(w) { case 1: train[p].install(); train[p].install(); break; case 2: train[p].allotment(); train[p].allotment(); break; case 3: train[0].show(); train[0].show(); break; case 4: train[0].avail(); train[0].avail(); break; case 5: exit(0); } } } Getch(); }
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:Advantages and disadvantages The black box tester tester has no bonds with the code and a tester's perception is very simple a codemust have bugs. Using the principl principlee .Ask and you you shall receive black box testers find bugs where programmers programm ers don't.But on the other hand black box testing has been said to be like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight. because the tester doesn't know how the software being tested was actually constructed. That's why there are situations when a black box tester writes many test cases to check something that can be tested by only one test case
some parts of the back end are not tested at all. Therefore, black box testing has the advantage of an unaffiliated unaffiliat ed opinion on the one hand and the disadvantage of blind exploring exploring on the other
DATA FLOW DIAGRAM: NEW CUSTOMER
TRAIN DATA BASE
2 MAIN TRAIN CUSTOMER INFORMATION
CHECH FOR AVAILABLE TRAINS
AMOUNT
CREATE RECODE
ADVANTAGES OF RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM: Now one can easily plan the journey comfortably as the process is efficient and fast with being easy to access. Reservations can be made through the Indian railways site or at the ample reservation centers all over the country. Also now there are authorized agencies which provide reservation facility on behalf of India railways and without waiting in long line one can easily book a ticket. The booking is done through an E- Ticket issue which have a PNR number of which one has to take a print and just have to show at the station. It not only provide reservation but cancellation can also be done through this system at ease and
one can use a credit card card to complete complete the process. This This being a b ig step in terms of improvement in the railway system it is widely accepted across the country.
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:1.Operating system ii. Processor: iii. Motherboard Motherboard iv. Ram v. Hard disk vii. Floppy drive 1.44 mb viii.Monitor ix.Key board and mouse x. Printer
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
1. office Xp
REFERENCE:I. II. III. IV. V.
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