‗Kûi cm gk Lfvmrslðf Lfvmrslðf pkrk mg Cmskrriggi Cmskrriggi Qurkg y gk Pmourlckc Kglnmftkrlk„ Kglnmftkrlk„
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Qmvkgirkfci gks `istunarms, trkcl`lifms y pmrsifkbms lgustrms cm gk privlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k.
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1; cm bugli cm 18;0
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K Clis, K fumstris pkcrms y k fumstris pridmsirms Xir smr orkfcms m lf`ifcl`lifkgms Ouîks cm fumstrk vlck. G is Kg unfis
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LFSQIC]@@LÐF Cmscm ìpi`ks nuy rmnitks gk privlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k ek slci trks`mfcmftkg y ekstk cm`lslvk mf gk elstirlk cm fumstrk fk`lðf. @if mg prmsmftm trkakbi, gis kgunfis cmg `ukrti kûi cm sm`ufckrlk qulmrmf ckr k `ifi`mr gks `istunarms y trkcl`lifms cm gk privlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k, qum k gi gkroi cmg tlmnpi sm ekf lci cmorkckfci m lf`gusi pmrclmfci. Kg nlsni tlmnpi qumrmnis qumrmnis rmskgtkr rmskgtkr k gis pmrsifkbms pmrsifkbms qum cmsmnpmûkrif cmsmnpmûkrif ufk orkf orkf gkair mf vkrlis `knpis cm gk `lmf`lk y cm gk vlck, yk qum dumrif mggis gis qum cmcl`krif îftmorknmftm pkrk giorkr qum Akrrkf`k ggmokrk k smr ufk orkf privlf`lk. Dlfkgnmftm lf`mftlvknis k gk piagk`lðf k rmvkgirkr y rmtinkr gks `istunarms cm kftkûi, gks `ukgms ek`mf cm Akrrkf`k gk nmbir privlf`lk cm fumstri pkîs.
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@KXÎS]GI L TLPSK OMFMQKG CM GK XQITLF@LK CM AKQQKF@K ;.;. ]AL@K@LÐF OMIOQËDL@K2 Gk privlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k sm ual`k kprixlnkcknmftm k ;<8 Jn kg firimstm cm gk `luckc cm Glnk. Omiorëdl`knmftm sm gi`kglzk mftrm gks `iircmfkcks `iircmfkcks ]SN2
;53-8;;M, 5?<8 =13 F
138 ?4= M, 55=? <<= F
Gis gînltms omipigîtl`is cm gk Xrivlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k sif2
Xir mg firtm `if gks privlf`lks cm Eukrnmy y Aigiofmsl (Cmpkrtknmfti cm Kf`kse).
Xir mg sur `if gk privlf`lk cm Eukurk.
Xir mg mstm `if gk privlf`lk cm I`ris.
Xir mg imstm `if mg I`ìkfi Xk`ldl`i.
Gk Xrivlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k, tlmfm ufk supmrdl`lm cm ;,0==.5? jn 1, gk piagk`lðf smoòf mg @mfsi kûi 188? ms cm ;00,<83 ekaltkftms, gi qum cmtmrnlfk ufk cmfslckc piagk`lifkg cm <5.?4 eka. / jn 1. Gk Xrivlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k mstë `ifdirnkck pir `lf`i (8=) clstrltis2 Akrrkf`k, Xkrknifok, Xktlvlg`k, Pupm y Pupm Xumrti. ;.1 CLTLPLÐF XIGÎSL@K2 Xigîtl`knmftm gk Xrivlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k ms pkrtm cm gk Qmolðf Glnk y ms ufk cm gks fumvm privlf`lks qum gk `ifstltuymf, slmfci su `kpltkg gk `luckc cm Akrrkf`k. Mstë `ifdirnkck pir gis sloulmftms `lf`i clstrltis2
Akrrkf`k2 Pm mf`umftrk ual`kck kg firtm cm gk Qmolðf Glnk k ;<0Jn. cm clstkf`lk cm gk `kpltkg cm gk Qmpòagl`k, k ufk kgtltuc cm 3< n.s.f.n. `if ufk supmrdl`lm cm ;=0.?4 Jn 1. mg Clstrlti sm ek `ifvmrtlci mf mg `mftri `inmr`lkg nës lnpirtkftm cm gk Xrivlf`lk.
Xkrknifok2 Pm mf`umftrk ual`kck kg Firtm cm gk `kpltkg cm gk privlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k, sm mf`umftrk k 18? Jn. cm gk `luckc cm Glnk, k ufk kgtltuc cm ;0 n.s.f.n. `if ufk supmrdl`lm cm 3;3.8< Jn 1. mg `glnk mf vmrkfi ms `ëglci y mf 3
lfvlmrfi ms drîi `if ggivlzfk, kgamrok gk `ìgmarm Dirtkgmzk cm Xkrknifok cm irlomf prmlf`kl`i, fitkagm pir sus clnmfslifms y siglcmz, sm mf`umftrk siarm gks ggkfurks cm Xkrknifok cm 1;8 Jn. cm clstkf`lk cm gk `luckc cm Glnk.
Pupm2 Gk dm`ek cm `rmk`lðf cmg clstrlti sm rmniftk k gk ìpi`k cm gk lfcmpmfcmf`lk, mstë ual`kck kg Firtm cm gk `kpltkg cmg Xmrò mf mg Jlgðnmtri ;54, cm gk `krrmtmrk Xkfknmrl`kfk, k ufk kgtltuc cm 3= n.s.f.n. `if ufk supmrdl`lm cm =;4.15 Jn 1 y mstë clvlclck pir gk pkfknmrl`kfk mf cis pkrtms.
Xktlvlg`k2 Pm mf`umftrk gi`kglzkci mftrm gis clstrltis cm Akrrkf`k y Xkrknifok, k gk kgturk cmg Jlgðnmtri ;<5, cm gk Xkfknmrl`kfk Firtm, k ufk kgtltuc cm 5; n.s.f.n. `if ufk supmrdl`lm cm 148.3 Jn1. mg rmglmvm cmg clstrlti ms kguvlðfl`i, `if sumgis kptis pkrk gk korl`ugturk, gi ktrkvlmsk mg rîi Xktlvlg`k, mg `inmr`li y gks k`tlvlckcms korî`igks sm mf`umftrkf mf uf gmfti pri`msi cm rm`upmrk`lðf.
Pupm Xumrti2 Mstë ual`kci kg Firtm cm gk @kpltkg cm gk Qmpòagl`k cmg Xmrò, k gk kgturk cmg Jlgðnmtri ;55 cm gk Xkfknmrl`kfk Firtm, k ufk kgtltuc cm 4 n.s.f.n. `if ufk supmrdl`lm cm ;;.=5 Jn1. @ksl tick su piagk`lðf m`ifðnl`knmftm k`tlvk sm cmcl`k k gk k`tlvlckc pmsqumrk krtmskfkg.
;.0 XKPKCI ELPSÐQL@I2 Ploulmfci mg cmskrriggi cm gk elstirlk, picmnis nmf`lifkr qum gis kftlouis piagkcirms cm gk Xrivlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k, dumrif orkfcms pms`kcirms, eirtl`ugtirms, y k trkvìs cm gis kûis, dumrif nmbirkfci gk korl`ugturk, okfkcmrîk, `mrënl`k ksî `ini sus lfstrunmftis cm trkakbi. Gks rulfks cm gk `luckc Pkorkck cm @krkg y mg Ëspmri ual`kcis mf gis clstrltis cm Pupm y Pupm Xumrti sif gks prlf`lpkgms dumftms elstðrl`ks qum sustmftkf mstks kdlrnk`lifms. Gk `luckc Pkorkck cm @krkg (mftrm gis 0888 y 1888 kûis k.`.), ms mg ksmftknlmfti nës cmstk`kci mg vkggm cm Pupm, rmòfm mcldl`lis pòagl`is `if gk `krk`tmrîstl`k pgkzk `lr`ugkr eufclck, kcmnës cm uf `ifbufti cm uflckcms cinìstl`ks. Xir gk mxtmfslðf cm gis ksmftknlmftis y pir gk `kftlckc cm trkakbi lfvmrtlck sm ek`m mvlcmftm qum mggis tmfîkf uf ircmfknlmfti bmrkrqulzkci y qum ekaîk ufk irokflzk`lðf si`lkg ufldl`kck mf mg vkggm. Mstm pktrðf cm clstrlau`lðf pumcm mxtmfcmrsm tknalìf k gis vkggms cm Xktlvlg`k, Dirtkgmzk y Pupm gis `ukgms, kg gkci cm Pupm, cmalmrif `ifstltulr mg tmrrltirli aksm cm dirnk`lðf cmg Mstkci prîstlfi (XMK@P). Qmspm`ti kg sltli krqumigðol`i Ëspmri, mf gis ògtlnis kûis sm ekf rmkglzkci mstuclis `lmftîdl`is krqumigðol`is qum gi cmfinlfkf `ini uf ksmftknlmfti cmcl`kci kg k`ipli cm gis =
pricu`tis iatmflcis cmg nkr, mf mspm`lkg cm pm`ms `ini kf`eivmtks, skrclfks y nigus`is, gi qum gm pmrnltlð lftmorkr ufk rmc `inmr`lkg `if gis piagkcirms cmg lftmrlir cmg vkggm, mftrm mstis gis cm gk @luckc cm @krkg, cm gis qum iatmfîkf pricu`tis korî`igks, mf pkrtl`ugkr gk dlark cm kgoicðf, fm`mskrlk pkrk gk nkfudk`turk cm gks rmcms cm pms`k. ;.3. K@SLTLCKCMP XQI@C]@SLTKP2 Mf gk privlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k sm vmf nu`eks k`tlvkcks m`ifðnl`ks qum ekf ggmvk k gk privlf`lk k smr smr uf orkf mnpirli m`ifðnl`i. m`ifðnl`i. Mf gis ticis gis clstrltis sm ek vlvlci uf orkf `knali m`ifðnl`i m`ifðnl`i cmalci k gks rm`ursis fkturkgms qum gks tlmrrks gms ekf pripir`lifkci. Mf mg clstrlti cm Pupm Xumrti ork`lks k su rlqumzk l`tligðol`k sm cmsgunark pir tmfmr ufi cm gis nës orkfcms tmrnlfkgms pmsqumris cm fumstri pkîs, gk `luckc cm Xkrknifok amfcm`lck `if mg rîi Dirtkgmzk y tlmrrks nuy dìrtlgms sm ek `ifvmrtlci mf ufk orkf pricu`tirk cm kzò`kr `if gk mnprmsk mnprmsk Korilfcustrlkg Korilfcustrlkg ‗Xkrknifok„. ‗Xkrknifok„. Mg clstrlti cm Akrrkf`k ms mg `mftri cm `inmr`li mf gk privlf`lk, cmftri cm mstm clstrlti prigldmrkf gks okgmrîks, okgmrîks, `mftris `inmr`lkgms `inmr`lkgms kgoufis cm gis nmbirms rmstkurkftms. rmstkurkftms. Gis clstrltis cm Pupm y Xktlvlg`k sif lrrlokcis pir gis kdgumftms qum vlmfmf cmg lftmrlir cm fumstri pkîs (rîi (rîi Pupm y rîi Xktlvlg`k) Xktlvlg`k) gi `ukg pmrnltm gk k`tlvlckc korî`igk.
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@KXÎS]GI LL CMP@QLX@LÐF CM GIP CLPSQLSIP CM GK XQITLF@LK X QITLF@LK CM AKQQKF@K 1.;. CLPSQLSI CM AKQQKF@K2 1.;.; Mtlnigioîk2 Eky vkrlis pgkftmknlmftis siarm gk mtlnigioîk y irlomf cmg finarm Akrrkf`k. Xrivlmfm cmg finarm cmg pktrðf Pkf Lgcmdifsi cm gk Akrrkf`k, privlmfm tknalìf qulzës cmg vi`kagi yuf`k, Jkrkfjk, Jkrkfjk, qum slofldl`k inagloi i `mftri. Itris kutirms Euknknkyi nkyi qum mf `kstmggkfi pgkftmkf qum privlmfm cmg finarm qum`euk Euknknkyi slofldl`k ‗okvlgëf cm rîi„. Pmoòf Pmoòf cktis cm gis `riflstks Akrrkf`k mstuvi sltukck sltukck mftrm gis dufcis Mg Xitki y Gis Niglfis y dumrif gis kftlouis piagkcirms qulmfms akutlzkrif kg tmrrltirli `if mg finarm cm Akrrkf`k, priakagmnmftm pir gk mxlstmf`lk cm funmrisks akrrkf`ks qum cms`umgokf siarm gks rlamrks cmg rîi sltukcks mftrm gis cis dufcis 1.;.1 Elstirlk2 Pm tlmfm pi`k lfdirnk`lðf siarm gis prlnmris piagkcirms cm fumstrk privlf`lk, pmri sloulmfci mg `ursi cmg cmskrriggi cm fumstrk elstirlk, ms cm supifmr slf tmnir k mqulvi`krfis qum fumstris kftlouis piagkcirms dumrif orkfcms pms`kcirms, eirtl`ugtirms, qum `if mg `irrmr cm gis kûis, dumrif pmrdm``lifkfci gk korl`ugturk, okfkcmrîk, `mrënl`k, ksî `ini sus lfstrunmftis cm trkakbi, ms, gi qum kûi nës tkrcm nkfldmstkrif kgoufis `riflstks mspkûigms, `kgldl`kfci k gis yuf`ks (kftlouis piagkcirms cm fumstrk `istk) `ini einarms lftmglomftms, `rmktlvis, nuy `ugtis y qum oukrckakf akstkftm rmspmti pir sus clisms, smûkgkfci prm`lsknmftm `ini orkfcms einarms cmg nkr. Gks rulfks skorkcks cm @krkg, Ëspmri sif tmstlniflis, `ini dumftms elstðrl`ks qum fis ek`m supifmr gks kdlrnk`lifms cms`rltks mf gîfmks kftmrlirms. Fumstrk privlf`lk mf mg pkskci, dum ërmk cm lfdgumf`lk cm nu`eks `ugturks k gi gkroi cm su elstirlk, cmscm mg pmrlici gîtl`i pir gk `ugturk @ekvîf, mg lnpmrli _krl y cmg
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rmlfi @elnò, qulmfms ek`îkf pkokr trlautis mf iri, pgktk, `iarm y plmcrks prm`lisks k sus kftlouis piagkcirms. Dum mg lf`k Xk`ek`òtm` qulmf irokflzð uf picmrisi mbìr`lti, cm ;88,888 einarms kprixlnkcknmftm, akbi mg nkfci cm su emrnkfi @kpk`, pkskrif k dirnkr pkrtm cmg lnpmrli Lf`kl`i. Sici msti su`mclð ufis =8 i 48 kûis cm gk ggmokck cm gis mspkûigms kg Xmrò, kprixlnkcknmftm k dlfms cmg slogi UT m lfl`lis cmg slogi UTL. Gumoi cmg pmrlici prmelspëfl`i gk piagk`lðf Akrrkfqumûks, `ini itris pumagis cmg Xmrò, dumrif `rumgnmftm sinmtlcis pir gk akrakrlm mspkûigk: gk piagk`lðf fkturkg sm vli iaglokck trlautkr kg rmy y `ik``lifkck k uf pri`msi cm mvkfomglzk`lðf `rlstlkfk. Gks tlmrrks cm gk k`tukg privlf`lk, nës gk privlf`lk cm Eukurk pmrtmfm`îkf kg mf`inmfcmri Kftifli cmg Pigkr, qum dumrif itirokcis pir `ìcugk cm Xlzkrri, mg nlsni qum mf ;==5 trkm gk prlnmrk yuftk cm aumyms, pgkftks cm nmgðf, orkfkcks, fîspmris, `mrmzks, oulfcks y nmnarlggis cm gk `luckc cm @kstlggk (Mspkûk).@if dm`ek ;8 cm karlg cm ;=03, mg gl`mf`lkci @rlstðakg Tk`k cm @kstri, oiamrfkcir y `kpltëf cmg vlrrmlfkti cmg Xmrò `if`mclð mf mf`inlmfck gks tlmrrks cm fumstrk privlf`lk, k ticis gis `k`lqums prlf`lpkgms, pumagis m lfclis fkturkgms, nltlnkms y pms`kcirms cm Akrrkf`k, mftrm ufis cm mstis amfmdl`lkcis sm mf`iftrkak cif Kftifli cmg Pigkr, qum pir mftif`ms mrk tknalìf mf`inmfcmri mf`inmfcmri cm Eukurk. Mf ;=5;, Akrrkf`k `iftkak `if 145 lfclis trlautkrlis, qulmfms tmfîkf qum pkokr ;;<1 pmsis y 3 tinlfms k gk `kbk rmkg cm Glnk, kpuftk mg elstirlkcir Mfrlqum Sirrms Pkgcknkfci. Mf ;481 cif Qicrloi Knpumri mrk mg mf`inmfcmri y pritm`tir cm gis fkturkgms cmg pumagi cm Akrrkf`k, qum k su vmz mbmr`îk mg `kroi cm `irrmolcir y bustl`lk nkyir. Curkftm gk `igiflk gis kg`kgcms fi mrkf `ini sif mf gk k`tukglckc, `unpgîk ufk duf`lðf cldmrmftm y su cmsmnpmûi gi rmkglzkak tici k dkvir cm gis mspkûigms. Mf mg kûi ;41= dlourkak `ini kg`kgcm cm Akrrkf`k mg smûir Cmg @kstlggi, qulmf rmmnpgkzkak kg dkggm`lci cif Bisì Gkrrmk. Mstm ògtlni ekaîk slci finarkci kg`kgcm y bumz cm Akrrkf`k pir `ìcugk rmkg. Mf ;43; cif Nkr`is @euqulpk mrk `k`lqum y oiamrfkcir cm gk `inuflckc mf nmf`lðf, qulmf ktmstð k dkvir cmg `k`lqum Drkf`ls`i Gl`kr @eunam, y gm kslofð 18 dkfmokcks cm tlmrrks cm `ugtlvi. Mf kqumg kûi cif Clmoi Tlggkrri mg mbmr`îk mg `kroi cm `irrmolcir. 5
Mf mg kûi ;451 cif Akrtiginì cm Skplk cmsmnpmûkak gk oiamrfk`lðf cm Akrrkf`k, ekaîk mf msis mftif`ms 5=8 lfcîomfks, mftrm irlolfkrlis y dirkstmris qum pkokakf lnpumstis. Mf ;?50, mg krzialspi cm Glnk, `if i`kslðf cm ufk vlsltk pkstirkg, `ifdlrnð mf gk ci`trlfk cm Akrrkf`k k ;?? pmrsifks, kûis nës tkrcm mstk nlsnk ci`trlfk tmfîk cis gmouks cm mxtmfslðf y mstkak smrvlck pir cis sk`mrcitms y `inprmfcîk gis pumagis cm Akrrkf`k y Pupm. Mf ;5;0, Akrrkf`k `iftkak `if ;;=8 ekaltkftms, clstrlaulck cm gk dirnk sloulmftm2 mspkûigms (13?), lfclis (=;?), nmstlzis (;8<), `kstks glarms (;3), ms`gkvis (145). Akrrkf`k dum `rmkck pigîtl`knmftm `ini clstrlti mf ;510 slmfci su prlnmr kg`kgcm cif Xli Cëvlgk, prm`lsknmftm mstis em`eis dirnkf pkrtm cmg pri`msi cm gk lfcmpmfcmf`lk cmg Xmrò. Kûis nës tkrcm curkftm mg prlnmr oialmrfi cm Kuousti A. Gmouîk sm mgmvk k `ktmoirîk cm vlggk mg pumagi cm Akrrkf`k, `kpltkg cmg clstrlti, nmclkftm gk Gmy F¸ ;;08.Ekstk ;<53 dirnkak pkrtm cm gk privlf`lk cm @ekf`ky, gumoi pksi k dirnkr su priplk privlf`lk. 1.;.0 Cms`rlp`lðf omiorëdl`k y fkturkg2 Gk omigioîk cm gk privlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k, sm `krk`tmrlzk pir prmsmftkr ri`ks nës kftlouks rmprmsmftkcks pir ri`ks îofmks vig`ëfl`ks cm mckc `rmtë`mi nmcli. Gis kdgirknlmftis cm ri`k rm`lamf gk cmfinlfk`lðf cm Dirnk`lðf @ksnk, y mg nktmrlkg cm `iamrturk mstë `ifdirnkci pir cmpðsltis lf`ifsiglckcis cm `uktmrfkrli. Gis pri`msis omigðol`is su`mclcis prlf`lpkgnmftm lfcl`kf qum curkftm mg nmsizil`i cmalci k nivlnlmftis mplrioìfl`is gk rmolðf sudrlð drm`umftms gmvkftknlmftis y eufclnlmftis, mf mg `rmtë`l`i lfdmrlir sm prmsmftð uf pri`msi cm k`unugk`lðf cm smclnmftis mf nkrms pi`i pridufcis, kgtmrfkfci gkvks vig`ëfl`ks cm tlpi kfcmsîtl`i `if gks krmfls`ks y gutltks `ini mf gk @kgmtk Tlckg, mf gk Ek`lmfck Pkf Fl`igës, `if gks `kglzks cm gk Ek`lmfck Pkf Kftifli ([umarkck Xktlvlg`k) y gks Xknpks cm gks Kflnks ([ck. Eukrkg). ]f pislagm pgmoknlmfti pir gis nivlnlmftis irioìfl`is smoulci pir ufk lftruslðf orkfîtl`k= mf cis dksms (orkficlirltk y orkflti) `if suasm`umftm vig`kflsni suankrlfi kdm`tð gk rmolðf. Gk k`tlvlckc îofmk pkrm`m ekamr tmflci guokr k dlfms cmg `rmtë`l`i nmcli, slf mnakroi mg ërmk fi prmsmftk k``lcmftms tm`tðfl`is cm lnpirtkf`lk mf `ukfti k dkggknlmftis y pgmoknlmftis. Gk k`tlvlckc vig`ëfl`k pkrm`m `iftlfukrsm mf mg tmr`lkrli. Curkftm mstm pmrîici gk rmolðf dum <
gmvkftkck pir gks dumrzks tm`tðfl`ks y k pkrtlr cm mstm pmrîici mf kcmgkftm gk rmolðf `ifstltuyð uf nk`lzi `ksl mstkagm, slf mnakroi gk rmolðf dum tkg vmz kdm`tkck cmscm mftif`ms pir vkrlis pmrîicis cm pgmflpgkflzk`lðf4 y cm gmvkftknlmftis mplrioìfl`is. ]f dmfðnmfi cm suni lftmrìs curkftm mg `mfizil`i ms gk cmfuck`lðf qum dum lftmfsk y pridufck k`km`lck k gi gkroi cm gk `istk pmrukfk y mstë mvlcmf`lkck pir gis kdgirknlmftis cm gis nk`lzis orkfîtl`is cmg aktiglti `istkfmri gis qum yk`îkf akbi ufk `iamrturk mspmsk cm smclnmftis `kg`ërmis. Gis cmpðsltis `uktmrfkrlis rm`lmftms `uarmf `ksl ticks gks ërmks akbks. Gis smclnmftis `uktmrfkrlis sm prmsmftkf lf`ifsiglckcis, gi`kglzëfcism k gi gkroi cm gks `umf`ks, qumarkcks y ërmks cm plm cm niftms, nirdigðol`knmftm prmsmftkf supmrdl`lms rmgktlvknmftm pgkfks, slmfci clsm`tkcks pir gk k``lðf mrislvk cm gk ms`irrmftîk cmg rîi prlf`lpkg. 1.;.3 @istunarms y trkcl`lifms2 Cmscm slmnprm Akrrkf`k ek tmflci nògtlpgms guokrms turîstl`is, zifks krqumigðol`ks, y mstkak ggmfi cm dmstlvlckcms qum ekf qumckci mf rm`umrci cm nu`eis, slmfci gks prlf`lpkgms nmnirlks nmnirlks cm fumstris kaumgis. kaumgis. Akrrkf`k cmscm cmscm sus lfl`lis dum lfdgulck pir mxtrkfbmris mf mspm`lkg mspm`lkg cm gis irlmftkgms qulmfms dumrif cumûis cm nm`eks cm gks mnprmsks. ]fi cm gis nës mxltisis dum mg bkpifìs \knkniti, cumûi cm gk prlnmrk dëarl`k cm amalcks oksmisks oksmisks qum euai mf gk `luckc. `luckc. Pm k`istunarkakf `ifstrulr sus vlvlmfcks cm kciam y ufk qum itrk cm nktmrlkg fiagm. ]fk cm gks dm`eks nës mspmrkcks pir ticis t icis mrkf gis `krfkvkgms gis `ukgms curkakf trms cîks ggmfis cm dmgl`lckc, tlftm, cmsdlgms, tkg`i, pl`k-pl`k, gîqulcis pmrdunkcis y gks dknisks dlmstks cm clsdrk`ms mf cifcm gis bðvmfms kprivm`ekakf mstk i`kslðf pkrk cm`gkrkrsm i nkfckrgm ekgkois k gks cknlsmgks k trkvìs cm gks smrpmftlfks. ]f guokr nuy vlsltkci curkftm gis dlfms cm smnkfk mrk mg akgfmkrli cm @eirrlggis, pir su knalmftm rinëftl`i y mspm`lkg pkrk gks pkrmbks. Kg loukg qum gk k`mqulk cm Pkf Nktmi `if kouks `rlstkglfks cm cifcm sm iasmrvkak mg pkrqum cmg iglvkr, mf mg `ukg curkftm mg nms cm nkrzi gk omftm k`ucîk k pkûkr mg druti cm gis iglvis (cm (cm kquî cmrlvk mg finarm). finarm).
Dmstlvlckc cm Pkf Lgcmdifsi2 Gk cmvi`lðf k Pkf Lcmgdifsi `inmfzð curkftm
gk `igiflk mspkûigk mf mg Xmrò. Mf ;<3= mg clstrlti cm Akrrkf`k k`iom k Pkf ;8
Lgcmdifsi `ini su skfti pktrðf. Plf mnakroi gis cktis rmolstrkcis nës kftlouis sif cm ;43<, kûi mf qum ekaîkf ggmokci gis nlslifmris cm cldmrmftms ðrcmfms `ini gi Cinlfl`is, gis Nmr`mckrlis, gis Drkf`ls`kfis, Drkf`ls`kfis, mftrm itris.
Xriakagmnmftm
mstuvi kfmxkck k gk pkrriqulk cm Pkf Bmrðflni cm Xktlvlg`k y kufqum gis `igiflzkcirms el`lmrif su lformsi pir mg firtm cm gk privlf`lk, ms clofi rm`irckr qum cmscm mg 08 cm i`tuarm cm ;??? kpkrm`m rm`ifi`lck
`if mg tîtugi tîtug i cm
‗Xkrriqulk cm Pkf Lgcmdifsi„, pkskfci mftif`ms k pmrtmfm`mr k gk Krqulclð`msls cm Glnk. @if mg aumf smftlci `ktðgl`i sm `mgmarkf cis dm`eks2 Mg 10 cm mfmri mg dkggm`lnlmfti cm Pkf Lgcmdifsi y mg 08 cm i`tuarm gk dlmstk cm gk pkrriqulk.
Mg Dmrri`krrlg cm Akrrkf`k2 Mf gk Akrrkf`k cm kftkûi gis dmrri`krrlgms mxlstmftms smrvîkf prlf`lpkgnmftm k gks ek`lmfcks kzu`krmrks. Fumstrk `luckc ggmoi k `iftkr `if
cis mstk`lifms dmrrivlkrlks, ufk ual`kck cifcm mstë eiy gk
Lfstltu`lðf Mcu`ktlvk ‗Tmfturk @kgknkqul„ y gk nës orkfcm, mstkak mf cifcm sm ual`k k`tukgnmftm mg Xkrqum ‗ Gis ‗ Gis Xrð`mrms„ , su lfdrkmstru`turk mrk cm nkcmrk. Mf mg slogi ULU y UU sm `ifstruymrif mf mg Xmrò nu`eks vîks cm dmrri`krrlg, mf fumstri vkggm cm Akrrkf`k y Xktlvlg`k mrk `inòf vmr k gks gi`initirks trkfspirtkfci gis pricu`tis cm gks ek`lmfcks ek`lk gis pumrtis y mf pkrtl`ugkr k Xumrti Pupm. Cm keî sm mnakr`kak kzò`kr, kgoicðf, nlfmrkgms, oukfis cm gks lsgks, skgltrm y pir ògtlni ekrlfk cm pms`kci k tici mg nufci. Mf fumstrk privlf`lk mxlstlmrif gîfmks cm trmf cm Pupm k Pkf Fl`igës cm = Jn. @if ufk tri`ek cm ;.8?8 n. mg cm Xktlvlg`k k Xkrknifok cm ?.= jn, mg cm PupmAkrrkf`k `if ;; jn. \ mg cm Akrrkf`k-Kgpks qum `uarîk ufk clstkf`lk cm 1? jn, cm mstis trmfms mrkf cm tri`ek kfoistk (8.4 n) y buftis ek`îkf uf titkg cm =1 jn, dumrif `ifstrulcis mftrm ;5<< y ;<;0. K pkrtlr cm ;<18 qumckrif mnpkgnkcis `if mg dmrri`krrlg cmg firimstm qum trkfspirtkak pkskbmris. @if gk `ifstru``lðf cm gk `krrmtmrk pkfknmrl`kfk, gis dmrri`krrlgms cmskpkrm`lmrif y gks nkqulfks dìrrmks dumrif `kflakglzkcks. Mgli Okgmssli kutir cm ‗Armvm rmsmûk Elstðrl`k cm gis dmrri`krrlgms mf mg Xmrò„, cm gk qum sm ek tinkci mstk lfdirnk`lðf, kfitk mg kuom y cmskpkrm`lð cm gis dmrri`krrlgms qum mf uf ninmfti ggmokrif k uflr gk `istk firtm ekstk Xktlvlg`k y Xkrknifok.
;;
Sk`u-Sk`u2 Mg tk`u-tk`u, ms uf pgkti pmrukfi pricu`ti cm gk nlxturk cm gk `i`lfk cm gk clëspirk Kdrl`kfk mf mg Xmrò y gk `i`lfk Xmrukfk. Pu irlomf privlmfm cm gk fm`mslckc cm uskr gk `inlck siarkftm y fi cmspmrcl`lkrgk. Gk lfnlork`lðf dirzkck cm kdrl`kfis qum trkakbkakf cm nkfmrk ms`gkvlzkck mf gks orkfcms pgkftk`lifms `istmûks: ms cifcm sm irlolfk mg pufti cm `ifmxlðf mftrm gk `i`lfk kdrl`kfk, qum nmz`gkck k gis pitkbms y kcmrmzis pmrukfis. Gks `rðfl`ks cm gk ìpi`k, rmgktkf qum mg krriz y gks nmfmstrks qum qumckakf cmg cîk kftmrlir mrkf kprivm`ekcis pkrk smrvlr uf `iftufcmftm pgkti mf mg cmskyufi. Mg tk`u-tk`u sm mnpmzð k prmpkrkr pir gk `inuflckc fmork-kdripmrukfk, qulmfms utlglzkakf gks siarks cm sus rk`lifms cm nmfmstrks, gks nmz`gkakf `if uf pi`i cm kbî niglci, kcmrmzi cm `maiggk y krriz ekstk iatmfmr ufk nksk, qum gumoi drmîkf mf nkftm`k. Mg tk`u-tk`u mstë glokci k gk g k elstirlk dirzkck cm gk ms`gkvltuc trkîck cmg Ëdrl`k. Gk clëspirk dirzkck cm ms`gkvis kdrl`kfis dumrif iaglokcis k trkakbkr mf gks pgkftk`lifms cm kzò`kr y kgoicðf mf gk `istk cmg Xmrò, curkftm gk ìpi`k cm gk `igiflk, mf gis vkggms cm @elf`ek y @kûmtm, cifcm eiy pmrcurk gk trkcl`lðf kdri-pmrukfk. Gks nubmrms cmskrriggkrif mg trkakbi cm smrvlcunarm y `i`lfmrks mf gks `ksks cm gis ek`mfckcis cm gk ìpi`k `igiflkg cmg Xmrò. Gk `inlck siarkftm mrk tinkck pir gis ms`gkvis, y ms kggî cifcm surom mstm pgkti cm gks `inlcks siarkftms y surom mg Sk`u-Sk`u mf gis vkggms cm @elf`ek y @kûmtm y pistmrlirnmftm `if gks nlork`lifms lftmrfks sm mxtlmfcm. Gks tmirîks qum ksi`lkf mg irlomf cmg tk`u-tk`u `if gk skzðf nirmfk y gis ms`gkvis, mstk fi ms gk òfl`k vmrslðf siarm mg fk`lnlmfti cm mstm pgkti. Mf Akrrkf`k Cif Nkfumg Ggkvm @ifcirmfk nës `ifi`lci `ini ‗Skti„, ms ufi cm gis g is orkfcms `i`lfmris cmg Firtm @el`i y qulmf pismm gk nës mxqulsltk rm`mtk cmg tk`u-tk`u, tici vlkbmri tlmfm `ini cmstlfi su rmstkurkftm y ticis skgmf nuy sktlsdm`eis y `if cmsmis cm vigvmr.
1.0.; Xmrsifkbms Lgustrms2
Smiciri Qiskgms Qknis2 Smiciri Dkustîf Qiskgms Qknis, `ifi`lci `krlûisknmftm `if mg kpmgktlvi cm ‗Mg pimtk cm gis Eunlgcms„, fk`lð mf gk privlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k, Akrrkf`k, mg 1< cm bugli cm ;<14 mf mf mg akrrli cm Xknpk cm Gkrk. Gkrk. ms kutir cm lffunmrkagms `rmk`lifms piìtl`ks y `inpisl`lifms nusl`kgms nu`eks cm gks `ukgms ekf slci y sif lftmrprmtkcks pir `ifi`lcis `kftkftms ;1
cm nòsl`k `rliggk cmg pkîs. Pus pimsîks tlmfmf gk `krk`tmrîstl`k cm cmspmrtkr ufk pridufck mni`lðf pir gk dlfk smfslalglckc cm sus vmrsis cifcm kdgirk su kgnk sigltkrlk m lfnmfsknmftm trlstm. K su tlmrrk fktkg, gm cmcl`krîk aumfk pkrtm cm sus lfsplrk`lifms `ini mg yk idl`lkg "Elnfi cm Akrrkf`k", y su tmnk `istunarlstk "Nl glfci @ei`iy", kg akrrli cifcm fk`lð. Mftrm sus `inpisl`lifms tknalìf dlourkf gis `ifi`lcîslnks ‗\ Ckgm ]„, ‗Krrlak Kglkfzk„, ‗Ppirtlfo @rlstkg„, qum mftifkf gis mqulpis cm dòtaig mf `kck `iftlmfck. Slmfm nës cm `lf`umftk `inpisl`lifms rmolstrkcis mf gk KXCK\@, cifcm dum nlmnari k`tlvi, ksî `ini cm gk @ksk cmg Ximtk Xmrukfi-dlglkg Akrrkf`k, cifcm dum clrlomftm. Mg pimtk dkggm`lð d kggm`lð gk nkûkfk cmg 11 cm nkrzi cm 1885, `ukfci `iftkak 5; kûis cm mckc mf su eunlgcm nirkck cm su tlmrrk fktkg. 1.1. CLPSQLSI CM P]XM2 1.1.; Mtlnigioîk2 Mxlstmf vkrlks tmirîks siarm mg irlomf cmg finarm cm mstm vkggm, mftrm mggks gk nës k`mptkck ms qum mg tmrnlfi Pupm cmrlvk cmg vi`kagi qum`euk ‗ supky„ qum trkcu`lci k fumstrk gmfouk slofldl`k clkagi clkagi y pir `ifsloulmftm mg vkggm tmfcrîk gk cmfinlfk`lðf cm ‗vkggm cmg supky„. 1.1.1 Elstirlk2 Gk dm`ek cm `rmk`lðf cmg clstrlti sm rmniftk k gk ìpi`k cm gk lfcmpmfcmf`lk, mstë ual`kck kg Firtm cm gk `kpltkg cmg Xmrò mf mg Jlgðnmtri ;54, cm gk `krrmtmrk Xkfknmrl`kfk, k ufk kgtltuc cm 3= n.s.f.n. `if ufk supmrdl`lm cm =;4.15 Jn1. mstë clvlclck pir gk pkfknmrl`kfk mf cis pkrtms, ms ufk `luckc kglfmkck, mf ;5<; dum prë`tl`knmftm cmskpkrm`lck cmskpkrm`lck pir pir uf kguvlðf, cmalmfci cmalmfci rm`ifstrulrsm rm`ifstrulrsm titkgnmftm. Mg Kftloui supm smoòf vmrslðf cm kgoufis ekaltkftms mstuvi sltukci kg plm cmg `mrri cmfinlfkci `elnu`kpk`, `elnu`kpk`, mg nlsni qum dum cmstrulci y qum tmfîk pir finarm "Pupk`" vi`kagi vi`kagi [um`euk, ksî `ini gi tlmfmf mf gk nlsnk zifk cm ggknkeuk`k, kpgk`iti, pugkfjk`el, glnkf, eukrkgl`k, eukf`k`euy y gupk`, mftrm gupk`, mftrm itris.
;0
Gis priplis guokrmûis dufckrif dufckrif uf smoufci smoufci pumagi `if mg nlsni finarm finarm mf mg nlsni guokr y dum akutlzkci `if mg finarm cm supm, mf mg guokr cm supk`, supk`, dmstmbëfcism msk `mrmniflk mg 10 cm mfmri cm ;=38 y qum smoòf mg mcu`kcir Dmrnîf Fòûmz Akzkgkr gk gi`kglckc mf rmdmrmf`lk sm ggknkak "pumagi cm skftk Nkrîk sm Pupm". Gk burlscl``lðf cmg cmg kftloui Pupm, mf gk ìpi`k prmlf`k, mstuvi akbi akbi gk lfdgumf`lk lfdgumf`lk cmg smûir cm @ekf`ky, y cmspuìs pir mg rmlfi `elnò (cmgl`lisis yufoks qum `elnu`kpk`, sm cmam k uf orkf smûir qum mrk kcirkakf mg nkr). Mg finarm cmg `mrri `elnu`kpk`, pir mftif`ms uf picmrisi oiamrfkftm `uyk kutirlckc mrk iamcm`lck cmscm mg vkggm cm Glnk ekstk Sunams. Nës tkrcm mf mg slogi ULT, mg mbìr`lti cmg lf`k Xk`ek`òtm` vmf`lð k gks eumstms cmg rmlfi `elnò, `uyk piagk`lðf pksi k `inprmfcmr mg vksti lnpmrli lf`kl`i. Xir gis rmstis qum mxlstmf mf su tmrrltirli, `ini `kfkgms cm lrrlok`lðf, `mnmftmrlis, euk`is, tmblcis, pgkftks y iabmtis cm pms`k, sm cmcu`m qum gis kftlouis supkfis sm cmcl`krif k gk korl`ugturk, gk pms`k, `mrënl`k y kg tmblci. Curkftm gk `igiflk, gk vlggk cm supm mrk prispmrk, `if ufk piagk`lðf akstkftm `rm`lck, cm rkzks agkf`ks, nmstlzk, lfcîomfk, cmcl`kcis k gk korl`ugturk y kg `inmr`li, einarms `ugtis, knkftms cm gk glamrtkc y cm nu`ei pktrlitlsni, pir msi supm dum mg prlnmr pumagi cmg Xmrò qum pri`gkni gk lfcmpmfcmf`lk fk`lifkg, fk`lifkg, mg = cm karlg cm ;5;<, cmscm gis akg`ifms cm gk nufl`lpkglckc, `ini vmrmnis nës kcmgkftms. Gks tlmrrks cm `ugtlvi qum sm rmpkrtlmrif mftrm gis prlf`lpkgms `ifqulstkcirms mspkûigms, pkskrif pir su`mslðf k sus elbis, kgoufks dumrif cifkcks k lfstltu`lifms prlf`lpkgnmftm cm `krë`tmr rmglolisi, itrks dumrif vmfclcks. Mf ;=5<, mg `kpltëf Bukf @kckgsi y su nubmr Ciûk Gulsk cm K`uûk cifkrif gk ek`lmfck Pkf Fl`igës kg `ifvmfti cm Pkf Koustîf, `if ufk mxtmfslðf cm ?88 dkfmokcks. Mf ;4=5, mg rmvmrmfci rmvmrmfci pkcrm drky Drkf`ls`i Drkf`ls`i cm Niglfk cmg `knpi, kcnlflstrkcir kcnlflstrkcir cm gk ek`lmfck Pkf Fl`igës, sm prmsmftð kftm mg rmvmrmfci pkcrm drky Nloumg Pkgkzkr, vlsltkcir cm gk rmnmclck, plclmfci nmsurk cmg dufci. Mf mg nmnirlkg qum prmsmfti pkrk gk rmnmclck, nkfldmstð qum mg dufci. Pm `ifi`îk tknalìf `ini mg finarm cm ;3
ek`lmfck cm Pupm y qum cm sus tîtugis kpkrm`îk kcmnës cm ?88 dkfmokcks cifkcks pir mg `kpltëf @kckgsi, gk `inprk cm =3 dkfmokcks kg kgdìrmz Bukf Nuûiz @krslfi, `inprk cm 3 dkfmokcks kg sm`rmtkrli Gu`ks @ifcmvlggk, ;81 y nmclk dkfmokcks kcbucl`kcks pir mg vlsltkcir Krrligk, qum mf`iftrð siarkftms, kcmnës cm itrks kcqulrlcks pir rmnktm i cifk`lifms kg`kfzkfci k <48 dkfmokcks gk mxtmfslðf cm gk nmf`lifkck ek`lmfck. 1.1.0 Cms`rlp`lðf Omiorëdl`k y fkturkg2 Mg Clstrlti cm Pupm `umftk `if uf titkg cm 18,=;1 ekaltkftms, smoòf cktis cm LFML cmg @mfsi UL cm piagk`lðf y TL cm vlvlmfck cmg kûi 188?, gk piagk`lðf Qurkg ms cm =,43= y ]rakfi ;3,54?. Mf gk @kggm _loemt, Aigiofmsl, Msplfkr y pkskbm Ëoulgks, sm cmstlfkrk k gk `ifstru``lðf 5,5<1.4= n1 cm plstks: 1,135.10 n1 cm vmrmcks y ;,58<.40 n1 cm ërmks vmrcms. Mg `glnk ms vkrlkci, cmalci k gk dkbk `istmrk cm `glnk cmsìrtl`i, tmnpgkci y eònmci, `if ggivlzfks akbks mftrm Karlg k Cl`lmnarm y sig lftmfsi cm Mfmri k Nkrzi `if nkyir lfsigk`lðf mf gks pknpks. Gks tmnpmrkturks nëxlnks kasigutks mstëf mftrm 1=¸ @ k 14¸ @ y gks nîflnks mftrm ;3¸ @ y ;=¸ @, ggmokfci k uf prinmcli cm ;5¸ @ k ;<¸ @. Pmoòf SIPL gk `gksldl`k`lðf m`igðol`k `irrmspifcm k cmslmrti suatripl`kg. Gk eunmckc rmgktlvk ms nkyir mf mg ërmk cm gks `istk prðxlnk kg gltirkg `uyi prinmcli ms cm 50% y gks prm`lpltk`lifms kfukgms nëxlnk ms cm 04nn y nîflnk cm 8.88 nn y `if uf prinmcli kfukg ms ;5nn. Gk @kggm _loemt, Aigiofmsl, Msplfkr y pkskbm Ëoulgks sm kslmftk mf tmrrmfis glomrknmftm pgkfis `if ufk rmgktlvk pmfclmftm cm`rm`lmftm ek`lk mg I`ìkfi I `ìkfi Xk`îdl`i, mf`iftrëfcism mf ufk zifk cm akbk slsnl`lckc. Curkftm gis nmsms cm vmrkfi eky vlmftis dumrtms cmg nkr qum sipgkf mf eirks cm gk tkrcm, gis `ukgms mf `inalfk`lðf `if mg sig lftmfsi, mg klrm sm`i cm mstis nmsms y gk prmsmf`lk cm `kpks cm krmfk irlolfk mg kunmfti cm gk mvkpi-trkfsplrk`lðf, `kuskfci gk mrislðf cmg sumgi y pmqumûis rmniglfis cm vlmfti qum `kuskf nigmstlks k gk piagk`lðf, fi prmsmftk vmomtk`lðf. Gis vlmftis sif gk òfl`k dumrzk cm mrislðf, `kuskfci gk `ifcl`lðf cmsìrtl`k nmclk. Gk zifk prmsmftk uf sumgi cm irlomf kguvlkg, `if orkfcms cmpðsltis cm krmfk mðgl`k cm cmfslckc vkrlkagm.
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1.1.3 @istunarms y Srkcl`lifms2
Pkftk Nkrîk Nkockgmfk2 Mf mg kftloui pumagi cm Pupm, ek`m nu`eis kûis ktrës smoòf gis tmstlniflis cm gis piagkcirms kòf `if vlck, qum mf kqumggk ìpi`k mf gk cmsmnai`kcurk cmg rli supm sm kpkrm`lð ufk `kbk dgitkfci mf gks kouks qum `iftmfîk cmftri ufk lnkomf cm ufk vlromf y `ini fi skaîkf cm qulmf mrk, kg ggmvkr k gis mstuclisis mstis prm`lskrif qum mrk cm ufk cm gks cls`îpugks cm Bmsòs2 Nkrîk Nkockgmfk. \ mftif`ms gis piagkcirms cm`lclmrif ggmvkrgk k gk `kplggk cm Pupm, pmri `ini fi mstkak mf aumfks `ifcl`lifms cm`lclmrif ggmvkrgk k Akrrkf`k pmri nlstmrlisknmftm mstk lnkomf vigvîk k kpkrm`mr mf mg clstrlti clstrlt i cm Pupm. Cmscm mftif`ms `inmfzð gk cmvi`lðf k gk lnkomf, qum dum cm`gkrkck Xktrifk cmg Kftloui Pupm y su vlstk `mftrkg ms `mgmarkck mg 11 cm bugli `ini gi lfcl`kak y smûkgkak mg `kgmfckrli gltòrol`i.
Gk Srkcl`lifkg dlmstk cmg nms cm Koisti2 Mg pumagi cm Pupm sm `krk`tmrlzkak pir smr uf pumagi korî`igk, y mggis qumrîkf ckrgm uf orkf nmrm`lci einmfkbm, k Pkftk Nkrîk Nkockgmfk, pmri gks `ism`eks cm kqumg mftif`ms mrkf nuy piarms y fi picîkf ckrgm tkg einmfkbm: lf`gusi dkgtkak kouk pkrk gis `ugtlvis. Xmri ufk cm gks g ks piagkcirks tuvi gk lcmk cm sk`krgk mf pri`mslðf pir gks irlggks cmg rli Pupm y `umftk gk trkcl`lðf qum k gis pi`is cîks mnpmzð k ggmokr mg kouk y gks `ism`eks mrkf kaufckftms. Kg tmfmr gks `ifcl`lifms gis piagkcirms cm`lclmrif ckrgm k gk vlromf ufk `mgmark`lðf nuy orkfcm `if tick `gksm cm k`tlvlckcms `ini `krrmrks cm `kakggis, pmgmks cm okggis, mt`. m lfvltkfci k gks `inuflckcms `mr`kfks. Cmscm mftif`ms ms qum gk dmstlvlckc ms ufk cm gks nës `mgmarkcks mf gk `inuflckc y k gi gkroi cmg nufci, y omfmrk kcmnës ufk dumftm cm lformsis pkrk gk piagk`lðf piagk`lðf supkfk. supkfk.
Xmgmks cm okggis2 Pif nuy trkcl`lifkgms mf mg clstrlti cm Pupm, qum sm lfl`lð `if gk dmstlvlckc cm Nkrîk Nkockgmfk. Pif nuy drm`umftms mf gks tmnpirkcks2 t mnpirkcks2
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Cmscm Nkyi i Karlg ekstk dlfms cm fivlmnarm. Gis kslstmftms k gks pmgmks sif cm =88 k 588 pmrsifks. Pif ;4 pmgmks cm `gksldl`k`lðf. Kftms sm rmkglzkak gis cinlfois y Keirk sm rmkglzk gis sëakcis y cinlfois. Gis guokrms cmscm cifcm gks pmrsifks mspm`tkf sif cm = k 4 trlaufks `if orkcks. Mg guokr cm gk pmgmk ms uf ërmk `lr`ugkr y gi `mr`k ufk nkggk cm nmtkg.
Sknkgms cm Pupm2 Xrivlmfm cm gk gmfouk Kdrl`kfk 2 ‗Fkouktl„ qum trkcu`lci slofldl`k tknkgl i tknkgl i `isk mfvumgtk. Srkcl`lifkgnmftm sm vmfcm mfvumgti y sm prmoifk `if ufk `kf`lðf. Gks dknlglks gi prmpkrkakf y mfsmûkakf k sus cms`mfclmftms k smoulr `if gk trkcl`lðf Pm `krk`tmrlzk pir su `igirk`lðf knkrlggk y su mfvigturk `if ufk pkgnk cm pgëtkfi. Pm prmpkrk `if Nkîz knkrlggi k cldmrmf`lk cm itris guokrms cmg pkîs, mg `ukg ms smgm``lifkci y pmgkci `if `mflzks y gumoi sm pri`mcm k skf`i`ekrgi. Mg rmggmfi cmg Sknkg mstë `ifdirnkci pir `krfm cm `mrci i piggi, nkfî, kbî knkrlggi mf rickbks y sm plftk mg mxtmrlir `if kbî pkf`k. Pm mfvumgvm `if gk eibk cm pgëtkfi y sm ggmvk k `i``lðf pir = eirks nîflni. Srkcl`lifkgnmftm sm nigîk mg nkîz `if aktkfms pmri keirk sm utlglzkf nigmcirks lfcustrlkgms. Mf Pupm gk mnprmsk pricu`tirk cm tknkgms Nkrmfoi“s sm
mf`krok cm prmsmrvkr mstm trkcl`lifkg y mnagmnëtl`i pgktlggi
cm Pupm. 1.0.1 Xmrsifkbms Lgustrms2
Gkurk Mstemr Qicrîoumz Cugkfti2 Gkurk Qicrîoumz Cugkfti fk`lð mf ;5?1 mf Pupm, prlnmrk nìcl`k `lrubkfk pmrukfk. Pu lftmglomf`lk y kvlcmz pir mg mstucli elzi qum su dknlglk sm trksgkckrk k Glnk, cifcm mstuclð Xrlnkrlk mf mg `igmoli Akckfl. Srks gkroi msdumrzi y sk`rldl`li cm sus pkcrms, Gkurk giorð lformskr mf ;5<1 k gk Dk`ugtkc cm @lmf`lks cm gk ]flvmrslckc cm Pkf Nkr`is, cifcm mstuclð Nmcl`lfk y gumoi cm ufk mxltisk tmsls siarm "Mg mnpgmi cmg l`tlig mf gks lfdgknk`lifms pmgvlkfks" iatuvi mg tîtugi cm Ak`elggmr. Dlfkgnmftm mf ;<88 sm rm`lalð cm Nìcl`k @lrubkfk, gi `ukg dum uf elti slf prm`mcmftms pir smr gk prlnmrk nubmr mf Xmrò, qum elzi mg burknmfti elpi`rëtl`i. Curkftm su vlck pridmslifkg gk Crk. Gkurk sm cmcl`ð ;?
prmdmrmftmnmftm prmdmrmftmnmftm k gk olfm`igioîk, y puagl`ð vkrlis trkakbis2 "Mfirnm qulstm ivërl`i", "Dlarink utmrlfi": kgtmrfkfci su tlmnpi `if gk prmstk`lðf cm smrvl`lis mf gk Ms`umgk Firnkg cm Nubmrms, gis `ifvmftis cm gk @if`mp`lðf y gks Fkzkrmfks. Curkftm mg `ifdgl`ti cm Xmrò `if M`ukcir mf ;<;8, cli numstrks cm orkf smfslalglckc y pktrlitlsni kg dufckr gk ]flðf Xktrlðtl`k cm Pmûirks: mbmr`lð gk ci`mf`lk mf gk Xrlnmrk Ms`umgk cm Mfdmrnmrks qum dufcð, `if prë`tl`ks mf gis Eispltkgms cm Pkftk Kfk y Cis cm Nkyi. Gkurk dum ci`mftm, lfvmstlokcirk y gîcmr cm gk `inuflckc, pums cli mg prlnmr pksi pkrk giorkr gk pkrtl`lpk`lðf cm gk nubmr y gk loukgckc cm `ifcl`lifms. @iftrlauyð kg cmskrriggi cm gk skguc pòagl`k fk`lifkg. Pu mbmnpgi cm tmfk`lckc y vmf`mcirk cm ticks gks kcvmrslckcms cm su ìpi`k, dum smoulci pir gk dkrnk`ìutl`k Buglk Logmslks, Logmslks, orkcukck mf Pkf Nkr`is, Nkr`is, qulmf mstkagm`lð mstkagm`lð su dkrnk`lk mf ;<84. Gk Crk. Gkurk Qicrîoumz Cugkfti dkggm`lð mf Glnk, cmspuìs cm ufk prigifokck mfdmrnmckc, mfdmrnmckc, mf ;<;<, k gk mckc cm 34 kûis.
Drkf`ls`i Tlckg Gk Eiz2 Fk`lð mf Pupm mg 1 cm karlg cm ;588. Pus pkcrms dumrif Buglëf Tlckg y Tmfturk Gkis. Mstuclð mf mg Pmnlfkrli @if`lglkr cm Pkfti Sirlali mf Glnk. Mstuvi mf gk pri`gknk`lðf cm gk Lfcmpmfcmf`lk, mf Pupm mf ;5;<. Plmfci `kpltëf `kpturð `if itris bðvmfms cm su pumagi, =88 `kakggis y ;=8 prlslifmris `if su krnknmfti, pkrk prmsmftkrsm cmspuìs kftm Pkf Nkrtîf mf Eukurk m lftmrvmflr gumoi, mf gis k`tis nlgltkrms cmg Xritm`tirkci. Dum ksi`lkci k gk Ircmf cmg Pig mf ;51;. Kg ks`mfcmr k `irifmg, pksð k smr mcm`ëf cmg prmslcmftm Oknkrrk, k qulmf k`inpkûð k gk driftmrk `if Aiglvlk (;50;). Kg smr mgmolci clputkci pir Glnk (;500) sm lf`irpirð k gk @ifvmf`lðf Fk`lifkg. Pu`mslvknmftm mbmr`lð `ini prmdm`ti y `inkfckftm omfmrkg cmg cmpkrtknmfti cm Bufîf: bmdm cm Mstkci Nkyir Omfmrkg cmg Mbìr`lti Qmstkurkcir: clputkci pir Eukri`elrî mf mg @iformsi cm Eukf`kyi (;50<): nlmnari cmg @ifsmbi cm Mstkci y su smoufci vl`mprmslcmftm. Mf`kamzi mg Mbìr`lti cmg Pur `iftrk mg omfmrkg Bukf @rlsðstini Sirrl`i y gi vmf`lð mf Kouk Pkftk, ksunlmfci mg nkfci mg 18 cm i`tuarm cm ;531 cmalci k gks mx`usks cmg prmslcmftm y mg prlnmr vl`mprmslcmftm vl`mprmslcmftm cmg @ifsmbi cm Mstkci. Dum cmpumsti mg ;= cm nkrzi cm ;530 pir mg trlufdi cm gk rmvigu`lðf mf`kamzkck pir mg omfmrkg Nkfumg Lofk`li cm Tlvkf`i. \k rmtlrkci prinivlð gk `rmk`lðf cm gk Pi`lmckc cm Dufckcirms cm ;5
gk Lfcmpmfcmf`lk y Cmdmfsirms @kgldl`kcis cm gk Xktrlk mf ;5=?. Dkggm`lð mf Glnk mg 10 cm smptlmnarm cm ;<40.
1.0. CLPSQLSI CM XKQNIFOK2 1.0.; Mtlnigioîk2 Mg tìrnlfi Xkrknifok privlmfm cmg lclink ni`el`k ekagkci pir gis pumagis cm `istk firtm mftrm mggis gis `elnòms qulmfms sm ksmftkrif mf mg Tkggm Dirtkgmzk. Pu (vkskggis), nifok (pir kquî). Gk trkcu``lðf smrîk slofldl`kci ms mg sloulmftm2 pkrk (vkskggis), ‗Tkskggis cm pir kquî„.
Pl sm k`mptksm gk tmsls cm Sirmri, cm qum pir kquî surolð mg
qum`euk, Xkrknifok privmfcrîk cm pkrk> gguvlk y nufqk > cmslfmf`lk vmrakg cm i`urrmf`lk. Mf i`urrmf`lk. Mf rmsunmf2 Xkrknifok rmsunmf2 Xkrknifok > vk k ggivmr. 1.0.1 Elstirlk2 Mg piagknlmfti cmg vkggm priakagmnmftm sm lfl`lk `if gk prmsmf`lk cm orupis eunkfis mf mg pmrlici cm gis dirnktlvis rmolifkgms prm-@ekvîf (1888 k. @.), mf gk mgkairk`lðf y dkarl`k`lðf cm gk prë`tl`k korî`igk, lfl`lis mf gk mgkairk`lðf y dkarl`k`lðf cm `mrënl`ks, `ifstru``lðf cm `mftri `mrmniflkgms mt`. Gis vkggms sif gis guokrms pripl`lis pkrk cmskrriggkr cl`eks k`tlvlckcms, mspm`lkgnmftm gk korl`ugturk, qum k gk vmz idrm`m k mstis orupis eunkfis smcmftkrlzkrsm, y ms nës, smrvlrsm cm gis rm`ursis qum gms arlfck mg gltirkg. Mstis y itris mgmnmftis dumrif nuy lnpirtkftms y ktrk`tlvis pkrk gis einarms qum aus`kakf nmbirms `ifcl`lifms fkturkgms y omiorëdl`ks ðptlnks pkrk mstkagm`mrsm. Kûis cmspuìs mf mg pmrlici Dirnktlvi (L Eirlziftm) sm mxpkfcm gk `ugturk `ekvîf (;888 k. @.), tknalìf mstkagm`mrë `lmrtks lfdgumf`lks k kqumggk pmqumûk piagk`lðf. @if mg trkfs`urrlr cm gis kûis sm uflmrif y knkgoknkrif `if nkyir dumrzk y fònmri gks `irrlmftms ni`el`ks mf mxpkfslðf, vmflcks cmg firtm pir gis kûis =88 c. @. Gk lftmork`lðf cm gis ni`el`ks kg `iftmxti si`lkg cm orupis prlnkrlis cm korl`ugtirms, pms`kcirms, krtmskfis, mt`. omfmrð gk `rmk`lðf cm fumvks dirnk`lifms si`lkgms y m`ifðnl`ks nës `inpgmbks mf su irokflzk`lðf mstru`turkg, tì`fl`k y pricu`tlvk y tknalìf mf mg `knpi lcmigðol`i y rmglolisi. Msti gi picmnis `inpriakr mf gis tmstlniflis elstðrl`is ekggkcis y mxlstmftms, `ini gks `mrënl`ks mf sus clvmrsks nkfldmstk`lifms, nkfldmstk`lifms, nifunmftis krqultm`tðfl`is, kprivm`eknlmfti cmg ;<
sumgi ggkfi pkrk gk korl`ugturk, `kfkglzk`lðf y clstrlau`lðf cmg kouk, mt`. Piarm gk aksm cm gis ni`el`ks y sunëfcism kg cmskrriggi kg`kfzkci, ek`lk mg kûi ;088 cm fumstrk mrk sm cmskrriggk mg orkf rmlfi `elnò, mg `ukg, mf su nkyir ninmfti cm mxpkfslðf ggmoð k cinlfkr gis vkggms cm gk `istk firtm cmscm Sunams ekstk Xkrknifok, i smoòf itris, nës kg sur, ekstk mg vkggm cm @elggðf mf Glnk. Pmoòf gk `rðfl`k cmg Xkcrm @kgkf`ek mg @elnò dum uf oialmrfi `ifqulstkcir y picmrisi, pums giorð sinmtmr k gis pumagis yufoks, ek`lmfci trlautkrlks t rlautkrlks gks privlf`lks cmscm Xknufok ekstk Xkltk y Sunams, rm`lalmfci `ini trlauti ripk y `inlck Z`ltk rmqumrlck^. Pmoòf Xkagi Nk`mrk, Xkrknifok pmrtmfm`îk k gk tmr`mrk rmolðf `elnò, qum `inprmfcîk cmscm mg Qîi Pkftk ekstk mg rîi rî i Xktlvlg`k. Curkftm mg cinlfli `elnò (;188 k ;388 c. @.), mf mg pmrlici lftmrnmcli tkrcîi, Xkrknifok smrîk ufk zifk nuy mstrktìol`k mf tìrnlfis omiorëdl`is y nlgltkrms, mgmnmftis qum dumrif utlglzkcis pir mg picmrisi lnpmrli `istmûi. Kg loukg qum gis ni`el`ks, gis `elnòms giorkrif `ifdlourkr ufk si`lmckc nu`ei nës cmskrriggkck mf mg kspm`ti tì`fl`i, nlgltkr y `ugturkg, kufqum mf `ukfti k gks rmgk`lifms si`lkgms cm pricu``lðf `iftlfuð mg dirtkgm`lnlmfti cm ufk nlfirîk oiamrfkftm qum sinmtîk y mxpgitkak k gk nksk cm `knpmslfis y krtmskfis. Mf mg nlsni pmrlici cmg lftmrnmcli tkrcîi, pkrkgmgknmftm kg cmskrriggi cm gis @elnò, mf gk pkrtm sur cmg tmrrltirli kfclfi sm mf`iftrkak itri pmqumûi rmlfi, mg cm gis g is `usqumûis, `ifdirnkci pir clvmrsis kyggus qum ggmokrif k gk rmolðf kg nkfci cm Kykr Nkf`i i Nkf`i @ëpk` qulmf dum su `urk`k prlf`lpkg. Mstm pumagi sm mxtmfclð mfirnmnmftm mf aksm k sus `ifqulstks, ggmokfci tknalìf k sinmtmr k gis `elnòms cmg firtm y pismslifëfcism cm sus tmrrltirlis y rlqumzks. Gumoi cm uf `irti pmrlici cm cinlfli cm gis `usqumûis, qulmfms ork`lks k su mfirnm mxpkfslðf y picmrîi sm `ifvlrtlmrif mf mg ggknkci Lnpmrli cm gis Lf`ks i Skeukftlfsuyi, pir uf mspk`li nmfir cm `lmf kûis, sm pricubi gk lfvkslðf y `ifqulstk muripmk k pkrtlr cmg kûi ;=01, su`msi qum slofldl`krë gk cmstru``lðf `ugturkg kfclfk y gk lnpgkftk`lðf cm uf ircmfknlmfti `igiflkg qum curkrë `ksl trm`lmftis kûis cm cinlfk`lðf mspkûigk, ekstk gis kûis ;51;-;513 mf qum sm pricu`m gk lfcmpmfcmf`lk `rliggk clrlolcks pir Pkf Nkrtîf y Aigîvkr pkrk gumoi mstkagm`mrsm mg slstmnk rmpuagl`kfi cm `irtm krlsti`rëtl`i.
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1.0.0 Cms`rlp`lðf Omiorëdl`k y fkturkg2 @inprmfcm cmscm gis n.s.f.n. ekstk gis ;0 n.s.f.n. mf mg `mftri cm gk `luckc. Mstm vkrîk smoòf vknis kvkfzkfci ek`lk mg mstm: tkg ms ksî qum mf Gknpky ggmok k gis 1= n.s.f.n. y mf `mrri agkf`i k 3= n.s.f.n. kprixlnkcknmftm. Mg rmglmvm prmcinlfkftm cmg clstrlti ms mg vkggm kguvlkg, yk qum su ërmk sm mxtlmfcm mftrm gks nëromfms cmg rlð dirtkgmzk pkrtm cm gk nkromf cmrm`ek cmg rîi Xktlvlg`k, gks `ukgms vlmrtmf sus kouks kg i`ìkfi pk`ldl`i. Mf Xkrknifok mxlstm gk prmsmf`lk cm mstrlak`lifms kfclfks, qum sif `kcmfks cm niftkûks qum sm mxtlmfcmf mftrm gis kfcms y mg nkr, gks mstrlak`lifms nës `ifi`lcks sif gis q `inòfnmftm gknk ‗`mrri„, siarmskglmfci mf `mrri cm gk eir`k, gis `mrris cm Gknpky, `mrri cmg aisqum y mg iglvkr, `elg`kg, amgìf pg pgkftk kftk kgknmck, gk uflðf, `mrri cm ktuspkrlk, kgti Xmrò. Itrk dirnk cm rmglmvm qum sm mf`umftrk mf Xkrknifok sif gks ggkfurks, qum sif gks ërmks pgkfks sltukcks k pi`is nmtris siarm mg flvmg cmg nkr. Mstks ggkfurks mstëf dirnkcks pir nktmrlks kguvlkcks, qum dumrif krrkstrkcks mf mg pkskcir pir gis rîis, kgoufks cm mstks ërmks sif kqumggks qum slrvmf pkrk mg `ugtlvi cm gk `kûk cm kzò`kr y itris pricu`tis cm pkf ggmvkr fis pripir`lðf sif gis `inpricu`tlvis i cmsmtl`is, `ini gis cm pknpk gltmri. Mg tmrrltirli qum `inprmfcm k gk zifk urakfk i tknalìf ggknkci `ks`i urakfi, mstë `inpumsti cm nktmrlkg glfikr`lggisi, mf gks ërmks ërmks cifcm mstëf ual`kcis ual`kcis kgoufis ksmftknlmftis ksmftknlmftis eunkfis, ms ms cm`lr, mf gks dkgcks i plms cm gis `mrris sm tlmfm uf sumgi `ifoginmrkci y ni`isi .mf gks zifks ggkfks, cmcl`kcks kg sinarîi cm gk `kûk y itris pricu`tis, mg sumgi ms cm tlpi kgurrifl`i, nuy pripl`lis pkrk gk k`tlvlckc korl`ugturk. 1.0.3 @istunarms y Srkcl`lifms2
Tlromf cm gks Nmr`mcms2 Mf mg kûi ;<38, `ukfci gk ek`lmfck cm Xkrknifok pmrtmfm`îk k gk `inpkûîk Ork`m, gis trkakbkcirms cmg `knpi y cm gks dëarl`ks, mf su nkyirîk pri`mcmftms cmg @kggmbðf cm Eukygks, mspm`lkgnmftm cm Eukrkz y @kreukz, `iftlfukak sigl`ltkfci pmrnlsi pkrk vlkbkr k su tlmrrk cm irlomf y ksî vmfmrkr k gk skftîslnk ‗Nknk Nm`em„ mf gk dlmstk trkcl`lifkgms cm smtlmnarm y i`tuarm y pir tkg rkzðf, sm kusmftkakf cm Xkrknifok uf aumf tlmnpi, cmbkfci kakfcifkci gis `knpis cm `kûkvmrkgms y gk dëarl`k: prmsmftëfcism ksî uf priagmnk qum sm rmpmtîk kûi trks kûi. Kftm 1;
mstk prmi`upk`lðf, mg lfomflmri Tkgmftîf [umskck, kcnlflstrkcir omfmrkg cm gk Mnprmsk, iptð pir trkmr cmscm Mspkûk gk lnkomf cm gk ‗Tlromf cm gks Nmr`mcms„ qum eiy gis pkrknifoulfis vmfmrkf mf gk logmslk qu m ggmvk su finarm. Xmri `ukfci mstk lnkomf ggmoð k Xkrknifok mstuvi mf gk logmslk kftlouk, knalmftm qum eiy ms i`upkci pir gk nufl`lpkglckc cmg clstrlti. Ms ksî `ini mg 14 cm smtlmnarm cmg nlsni kûi, sm rmuflmrif mf gk pkrriqulk gks dknlglks Qif`mris, Nkrtîfmz, Clgu``k, Pmouîf, Euknëf, Tmrokrk, @kakflggks, Nirmfi, Fmyrk, Ak`k y itrks nës cm gis pkcrms drkf`ls`kfis, lfstltu`lðf qum tlmfm gk tkrmk cm irokflzkr y priorknkr gks k`tlvlckcms cm `kck kûi, slmfci mg cîk prlf`lpkg mg 13 cm smtlmnarm. Gks dlmstks mf Eifir k ‗Nknk Nm`em„ `iftkakf `if mg kpiyi cm gk nlsnk mnprmsk Ork`m, pir mg `ukg gis nkyircinis y rmspifskagms cm gk `mgmark`lifms rm`laîkf cifk`lifms, `ini `krfmri , kg`ieig y clfmri mf mdm`tlvi, qum sm sunkak k gis pricu`tis y cifk`lðf cm gis nlsnis piagkcirms ggknkcis iasmqulkftms i ‗[umggls„. ‗[umggls„. Cm mstk nkfmrk sm trksgkckrif ticis gis mgmnmftis m lformclmftms dmstlvis cm @kreukz y itris pumagis cmg `kggmbðf cm Eukygks k Xkrknifok y qum eiy sm nkftlmfmf `if su piagk`lðf cm ks`mfcmftms cmg Cmpkrtknmfti cm Kf`kse (Eukrkz y mg @kggmbðf cm Eukygks y cm @if`eu`is), pmri `if kgoufks vkrlkftms, `ifsm`umf`lk cm gis `knalis prlf`lpkgms mf mg mg kspm`ti gkairkg gkairkg y m`ifðnl`i m`ifðnl`i
Gis Pek`seks2 Ms gk ckfzk trkcl`lifkg nës pipugkr cmg pumagi cm Xkrknifok, `uyis irîomfms gi mf`iftrknis mf Eukrkz y mg @kggmbðf cm Eukygks qum kg loukg qum itrks nkfldmstk`lifms dig`gðrl`ks sm lftricubi `ini uf mgmnmfti lftmorkftm cm gk `ugturk pkrknifoulfk. Mstk ms ufk ckfzk, qum kg loukg qum ticks gks kfclfks, mf`lmrrkf uf nmfskbm nëol`i ‐ nëol`i ‐ rmglolisi mf su `iftmflci, yk qum su prë`tl`k mstë rmgk`lifkck `if gks dlmstk pktrifkgms. Mf su `irmiorkdîk fis nkfldlmstkf ufk vkrlmckc cm omstis y nivlnlmftis rltukgms: gis `ukgms gis picmnis kprm`lkr mf gks pri`mslifms cm gks lnëomfms rmglolisks, mf gks logmslks y mf gks `kggms cmg pumagi. Mg ckfzkftm trktk cm rmprmsmftkr k`tltucms cm dlmrmzk y clkagurk i oknifkg, pirtkfci uf gëtloi knmfkzkftm y nistrkfci ufk nës`krk qum mxprmsk uf ristri agkf`i y nmstlzi. Akbi gk clrm``lðf cm uf bmdm, kg `ukg sm gm cmfinlfk ‗Mg @knpmri„, qulmf ms mg nës clmstri, gis cmnës ckfzkftms gi lnltkf. 11
Mstk ckfzk tlmfm k su nkyir rmprmsmftkftm kg pkrknifoulfi Bugli Qiskci `ifslcmrkci pkrk nu`eis mg nmbir `knpmri cm mstk ckfzk tkfti mf gk `luckc cm Eukrkz `ini mf Xkrknifok. Itrk cm gks `isks qum Xkrknifok gm kûkclð k mstk ckfzk dumrif gks pgunks qum eiy sm pumcmf kprm`lkr tkfti mf Eukrkz `ini mf ticis gis guokrms cifcm sm aklgk mstk ckfzk. Gk piagk`lðf, mnlfmftmnmftm rmglolisk, vmfmrk `kck 13 cm smtlmnarm k su pktrifk, "Fumstrk "Fumstrk Pmûirk cm gks Nmr`mcms", Nmr`mcms", ggknkck tknalìf tknalìf `igiqulkgnmftm `igiqulkgnmftm Nknk Nm`em i Nm`eltk. Pu prlf`lpkg ktrk`tlvi turîstl`i ms gk ggknkck Dirtkgmzk, qum nës almf ms uf tmnpgi cm irlomf `elnò y ni`el`k. 1.3. CLPSQLSI CM XKSLTLG@K2 1.3.;. Mtlnigioîk2 Gis prlnmris guokrmûis qum sm kflnkrif k dirnkr uf pmqumûi piagkci itirokakf k gis vlkbmris2 `inlck, kgibknlmfti, smourlckc y pritm``lðf. Pu irlomf cm Xktlvlg`k privlmfm cm gk lftmrprmtk`lðf cm gk drksm "Xktl-Eulg`k" qum qum slofldl`k "Xktk tir`lck i qumarkck. @ifsugtkfci k gis Cl``lifkrlis qum`euks, omiorëdl`is elstðrl`is kutirlzkcis `ini2 Kftifli @ksleuknkf, Drkf`ls`i Oknkrrk y Nkrlkfi Xkz Pigcëf Pi gcëf sm cms`ldrk qum Xktlvlg`k privlmfm cm gk duslðf cm cis pkgkarks qum`euks2 Xktl > Plofldl`k Ëraig, Tlgg`k > Plofldl`k Plofld l`k ggkfurk. ggkfurk . Mf `if`guslðf Xktlvlg`k privlmfm cmg Lclink [um`euk ‗Ggkfurk cm ëraigms„. 1.3.1. Elstirlk2 Pm `rmm qum gis prlnmris dumrif gis prm lf`ks dirnkci pir gk `ugturk @elg`k y Ni`el`k mf gis kûis 188 k.`. - 488 c.`. mf gk ìpi`k lf`kl`k pksð k picmr cm gis \ufoks , mf mg kûi ;888 - ;3?4, k dlfms cm ;510 ek`m su ggmokck trlufdkg mg Glamrtkcir Cif Plnðf Aigîvkr, dirnkfci su `ukrtmg omfmrkg mf mstm clstrlti. Gis mspisis Bukf @kfkvkg y gk smûirk Gulsk Pknucli mftrmokrif ufk `ksk pkrk mg eispmckbm cmg Glamrtkcir. Mf mg nms cm Mfmri cmg kûi ;513, `ukfci gm vlsltk mg @irifmg Bukquîf Nisqumrk prmi`upkci pir gk `rlsls pigîtl`k cmg mbìr`lti pktrlitk prmouftð kg glamrtkcir2 ¹[uì
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plmfsk ek`mr keirk9 Aigîvkr nuy mfdmrni rm`istkci siarm gk sinark cm ufk pmqumûk pkgnmrk pkgnmrk `iftmstð2 ¡SQL]FDKQ! Mg fk`lnlmfti cm Xktlvlg`k dum ufk lfl`lktlvk cm uf vlrrmy qum pkrk mrrkcl`kr mg akfcigmrlsni mxlstmftm mf mstis pkrkbms, idrm`lð cifkr tlmrrks y itris rm`ursis nktmrlkgms k qulmf sm kflnksm k piagkr cl`ei guokr, lfdmstkci pir akfcks cm nkgem`eirms qum sm ms`ifcîkf mf gk tuplck vmomtk`lðf cm gis nëromfms cmg Qîi Xktlvlg`k. 1.3.0. Cms`rlp`lðf omiorëdl`k y fkturkg2 Xismm ufk vkrlmckc cm nl`ri `glnk pir su `mr`kfîk k gk slmrrk y kg I`ìkfi Xk`ldl`i, ms tmnpgkci, `ksl `if eunmckc, `if gguvlks mxtmnpirëfmks `if okròk pmrslstmftms mf lfvlmrfi y prlnkvmrk: nuy `kgurisi mf vmrkfi. Gis pktlvlg`kfis cm`lnis2 "Smfmnis uf `glnk amfclti, fl akbk cm ;=² mf mg lfvlmrfi nës `ruci fl ggmok k gis 08² mf mg vmrkfi nës `kgurisi ".Mg Clstrlti cm Xktlvlg`k mstë ricmkci cm `mrris qum ksmnmbkf ufk pmqumûk `irclggmrk. Gk gi`kglckc cm Xktlvlg`k cms`kfsk akbi gks dkgcks cm ufk `kcmfk cm `mrris, mg pl`i nës kgti tlmfm ufk kgturk cm c m 4=8 n, mf gk ìpi`k prmelspëfl`k gis fkvmokftms sm irlmftkakf ggknëfcigi ‗Xl`i cm Xktlvlg`k„, mf gk ìpi`k Qmpuagl`kfk sm gm ggknkak ‗Skri„, gumoi "@mrri KXQK" i sl npgmnmftm "Ginks cm Xktlvlg`k". K pkrtlr cmg nms cm smptlmnarm mstis `mrris sm `uarmf cm kaufckftm vmomtk`lðf y sm pumcmf `ism`ekr drutis `ini gk pltkbkyk. 1.3.3. @istunarms y trkcl`lifms2 Xktlvlg`k ms uf pumagi k`iomcir y pk`ldl`i trkcl`lifkg cm su `istunarm kf`mstrkg y `igiflkg, mf mg nms cm nkti sm `mgmark gk dmstlvlckc cm gk Pkftîslnk @ruz cmg @kgvkrli. Gk smnkfk aiglvkrlkfk sm cmskrriggk cmg 18 kg 13 bugli (`if uf rm`irrlci kg Nusmi Aiglvkrlkfi y sm mftrmok Idrmfck Dgirkg mf gk Xgkzk cm Krnks mf einmfkbm kg glamrtkcir Plnðf Aigîvkr). Cmftri cmg nms cm bugli sm `mgmark gk Dlmstk cm Pkftk Kfk- Akrrli Mg Xirvmflr, trkcl`lifkg pir sus aklgms `istunarlstks (Ckfzks cm Ktkeukgpks, Pek`seks, Eukfqulggis). Pm mxelamf pgktis tîpl`is `ini mg pl`kftm cm `uy, `el`k cm birk, `el`ekrrifms, kftl`u`eis, kftl`u`eis, pkrrlggkcks, y pir ugtlni uf cmsdlgm cm gis nkyirkgms.
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@kck nms cm I`tuarm gk Emrnkfckc gm rlfcm eifir kg Pr. Cm gis Nlgkoris (;5 kg 15). Mf mg nms cm koisti sm gm rlfcm eifir k gk Tlromf cm gk Nmckggk Nlgkorisk. Mf Okgpðf gk dknlglk Smggi rlfcm einmfkbm k gk Tlromf cm gis Cigirms.
Gk dmstlvlckc cm Pkf Bmrðflni2 Ms mg pktrðf cm Xktlvlg`k, sm gm rlfcm `ugti, cmscm gk dufck`lðf cm fumstri pumagi akbi gk amfcl`lðf cm Pkfti Sirlali cm Niorivmbi, mg cîk `mftrkg ms mg 08 cm smtlmnarm, pmri pir rkzifms cm nkyir pkrtl`lpk`lðf k vm`ms sm rmkglzk almf mg ògtlni sëakci cm smptlmnarm i mg prlnmr sëakci cm i`tuarm. Mf sus trkcl`lifms rmglolisks sm `mgmarkf nës cm clmz dmstlvlckcms, pmri gk qum siarmskgm ms gk dmstlvlckc cmg Xktrðf cmg Xktlvlg`k ‗Pkf Bmrðflni„ su `mgmark`lðf ms tici uf k`iftm`lnlmfti mf gk Xrivlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k, i`kslifkfci uf orkf cmsmnaigsi cm clfmri dlfkf`lkci pir gis pktlvlg`kfis rmslcmftms mf mg mxtmrlir2 Mstkcis ]flcis, Bkpðf, @kfkcë, Ltkglk, mt`.
Ginks cm Pkf Bmrðflni2 Gks ginks g inks mstëf sltukcks kg irlmftm cm gk piagk`lðf, ms ufk `kcmfk cm pmqumûis `mrris pmgckûis lftmrrunpmf gk sigu`lðf cm `iftlfulckc mftrm gk irlggk cmg nkr y gks prlnmrks mstrlak`lifms cm gk `irclggmrk. Gk dm`ufclckc cm sus gkcmrks pmrnltm qum mf ìpi`ks cm gguvlks (cm bufli k koisti), mstk sm `uarkf cm uf vmrcir priclolisi y òfl`i.
1.=. CLPSQLSI CM P]XM X]MQSI2 1.=.;. Mtlnigioîk2 Mxlstmf vkrlks tmirîks siarm mg irlomf cmg finarm cm mstm vkggm, mftrm mggks gk nës k`mptkck ms qum mg tmrnlfi Pupm cmrlvk cmg vi`kagi qum`euk ‗ supky„ qum trkcu`lci k fumstrk gmfouk slofldl`k clkagi y clkagi y pir `ifsloulmftm mg vkggm tmfcrîk gk cmfinlfk`lðf cm ‗vkggm cmg supky„. 1.=.1. Elstirlk2 Mg clstrlti cm Xumrti ek`m nës cm =888 kûis dum ekaltkci pir gk piagk`lðf cm Ëspmri, qulmfms pkrtl`lpkrif mf mg pri`msi qum cli irlomf k gk prlnmrk `lvlglzk`lðf mf mg guokr. Mf gis ògtlnis kûis, mstuclk `lmftîdl`is krqumigðol`is smûkgkf kg 1=
`inpgmbi `ini uf ksmftknlmfti cmcl`kci kg k`ipli cm gis pricu`tis iatmflcis cmg nkr, mf mspm`lkg cm pm`ms `ini kf`eivmtks, skrclfks y nigus`is, gi qum gm pmrnltlð lftmorkr ufk rmc `inmr`lkg `if gis piagkcirms cmg lftmrlir cmg vkggm mftrm mstis cm gk `ulckc cm @krkg, cm gis qum iatmfîkf pricu`tis korî`igks mf pkrtl`ugkr cm dlark cm kgoicðf fm`mskrlk pkrk gk nkfudk`turk cm gks rmcms cm pms`k. Kcmnës sm supifcrîk qum gis eunmckgms iatuvlmrif nktmrlk prlnk vmomtkg cm gk titirk y mg buf`i pkrk gk `ifstru``lðf cm sus vlvlmfcks y cm sus mnakr`k`lifms mnakr`k`lifms cm pms`k, ksî `ini pkrk gk `ifdm``lifk cm aigsks i sel`rks, sel`rks, `mstis, mt`. Mftrm <88 k.@ y ;188 c.@, mg cinlfli cm cm gk `ugturk `ugturk @ekf`ky kakr`i gis gis vkggms cm Dirtkgmzk, Xktlvlg`k, Pupm, Eukurk, @ekf`ky y @elggðf. Gk `ugturk @elnò dum itrk cm gks `ugturks qum mxtmfclð sus cinlflis mf gis k`tukgms tmrrltirlis cm gis clstrltis cmg firtm `el`i cmscm gis cmpkrtknmftis cm Sunams ekstk Glnk. Mf gk ìpi`k cm gk `igiflk cmspuìs cm i`urrlck gk lfvkslðf pir gis mspkûigms k fumstri pkîs, sm mstkagm`lmrif mf nu`eis guokrms `ifvlrtlmfci gi mf uf `kalgci akutlzkci `if mg finarm cm Pupm y mf ;=38 sm mgmvð k gk `ktmoirîk cm Tlggk Pkftk Lskamg. Curkftm gk ìpi`k cm gk lfcmpmfcmf`lk ggmoi kg pumrti mg kgnlrkftm Girc @i`erkfm `if gk dlfkglckc cm kprivlslifkrsm cm kouk y vîvmrms, gis piagkcirms gis rm`lalmrif `if amfmpgë`lti ggmokfci nu`eis k mfrigkrsm mf mg mbìr`lti glamrtkcir sm Pkf Nkrtlf. Mf gk ìpi`k rmpuagl`kfk, kftms cm ;<84 mg clstrlti mstkak `inprmfclci mf gk cmnkr`k`lðf omiorëdl`k cmg clstrlti cm Pupm, pir gi `ukg gk `ukg gi`kglckc sm ggknkak Xumrti cm Pupm. Gis kftlouis piagkcirms `umftkf qum mf mg kûi ;5<;ufk `rm`lmftm cmg rli Pupm krrksi `if gk `kpltkg cmg clstrlti pir gi `ukg tuvi qum smr `knalkck. Mg clstrlti cm Pupm Xumrti dum `rmkci pir mg Cm`rmti Gmy F² 3;8, mg = cm cl`lmnarm cm ;<84. Curkftm mg oialmrfi Kuousti A. Gmouîk smoòf gk gmy F² 3438 sm dlbkrif sus gînltms, pir firimstm `if mg clstrlti cm Akrrkf`k, surmstm cm Xuftk Ktkrrkyk cm Pkf Xmcri ekstk gk `unarm cmg `mrri Akrrkfqulti pir mg imstm `if I`ìkfi Xk`ldl`i. 1.=.0. Cms`rlp`lðf omiorëdl`k y fkturkg2 Qmsugtk cm gk lftmrk``lðf cm gis mgmnmftis cmg pklskbm `ugturkg y fkturkg, puclmfci `ifslcmrkrsm `ini uf pklskbm nlxti. Mg einarm sm ek `ifvmrtlci curkftm nu`eis kûis mf mg prlf`lpkg komftm omiorëdl`i pums rmkglzkf ufk orkf smrlm cm k``lifms 14
(k``lðf kftrðpl`k), irlolfkfci orkfcms nicldl`k`lifms cmg mspk`li omiorëdl`i. Pm rmdlmrm k tick k``lðf eunkfk qum nicldl`k mg pklskbm mftrm gks k``lifms kftrðpl`ks cm nkyir trks`mfcmf`lk dlourkf gis piagknlmftis, `ifstru``lðf cm vlvlmfcks y `knlfis, k`tlvlckcms korî`igks y pmsqumrks. @ifstltuym gk k``lðf cm gk fkturkgmzk siarm mg pklskbm, omfmrkfci orkfcms nicldl`k`lifms, kftm kgoufis cm mstis dmfðnmfis, mg einarm tkf sigi cmam pri`mcmr k rmtlrkrsm, ms mg `ksi cm gis tmrrmnitis, tsufknls, eurk`kfms, euky`is, nkrmtkzis, mt`. 1.=.3. @istunarms y Srkcl`lifms2
Ëspmri2 Ek`m =888 kûis, curkftm mg pmrîici Kr`kl`i Skrcîi (0888 ‐ ;588 ;588 k. @.), gk piagk`lðf `if`mftrkck mf Ëspmri pkrtl`lpð mf mg pri`msi cm dirnk`lðf cm gk prlnmrk `lvlglzk`lðf kfclfk. Nmclkftm gk mxtrk``lðf cm rm`ursis nkrlfis, mf mspm`lkg cm pm`ms ‐ `ini `ini kf`eivmtks y skrclfks- y cm nkrls`is, sm lftmorð k gk rmc cm lftmr`knali `if gis piagkcirms cmg lftmrlir cmg vkggm, mftrm ìstis gis cm gk @luckc Pkorkck cm @krkg. Cm mggis iatuvi, mf pkrtl`ugkr, gk dlark cm kgoicðf, fm`mskrlk pkrk gk nkfudk`turk cm gks rmcms y smckgms cm pms`k, gis nktms pkrk dgitkcirms y pricu`tis vmomtkgms vmomtkgms pkrk su kglnmftk`lðf. Gk clspiflalglckc cm rm`ursis rm`ursis nkrlfis, gk pricu``lðf korî`igk y gk pkrtl`lpk`lðf mf gks rmcms cm lftmr`knali ksmourkrif mg sistmflnlmfti cm ufk piagk`lðf `kck vmz nës funmrisk, ksî `ini mg dirtkgm`lnlmfti cmg orupi oiamrfkftm. Gk ìgltm ksunlð duf`lifms pigîtl`ks, kcnlflstrktlvks y rmglolisks: dinmftð mg `inmr`li, ksî `ini gk `ifstru``lðf cm mcldl`lis pòagl`is nifunmftkgms y cm mxtmfsis `ifbuftis rmslcmf`lkgms. Gk cldmrmf`lk`lðf si`lkg y gks k`tlvlckcms mspm`lkglzkcks cm gk piagk`lðf cm Ëspmri mstëf rmdgmbkcks mf gis 11 sm`tirms cm gk `luckc. Plmtm `irrmspifcmf k mcldl`lis plrknlckgms, akbi gk kcnlflstrk`lðf cm gk `gksm clrlomftm, cmcl`kcis kg `ugti y k gk kcnlflstrk`lðf cm gks k`tlvlckcms si`lkgms. Cmstk`kf gis mcldl`lis plrknlckgms cm Euk`k Kgtk, Euk`k cm gis Îcigis y Euk`k cm gis Pk`rldl`lis.
1.=.=. Xmrsifkbms Lgustrms2
Slgsk Ssu`elyk2 Mf mg pumrti cm Pupm, mf ;<04, fk`lð mstk plftirk, cm pkcrms mxtrmni-irlmftkgms. Pu dirnk`lðf krtîstl`k gk `unpglð mf gk Ms`umgk Fk`lifkg Pupmrlir cm Amggks Krtms cmg Xmrò cm cifcm mormsð mf ;<=< `if Nmckggk cm Iri. Plmfci tickvîk kgunfk okfð mg Pmoufci Xrmnli cmg "Pkgðf Nufl`lpkg" cmg kûi 1?
;<=? y pkrtl`lpð mf mg mfvîi pmrukfi k gk "Xrlnmrk Almfkg cm gk Buvmftuc" `ifvi`kck mf Xkrîs mf ;<=5. Pm clstlfoulð pums, cmscm su lfl`li, pir su slfougkr pmrsifkglckc `if uf mstlgi nuy pripli, qum mf msis kûis sm prmsmftkak `if lnëomfms dlourktlvks cm `lmrti skair slftmtlzk2 pgkfks, cmglfmkcks `if nëromfms `gkris y prm`lsis, claubîstl`is, qum mf`mrrkakf ërmks cm `igir slf `gkri-is`uri, fl nicmgkci vigunìtrl`i, `krokcks cm uf slnaiglsni k vm`ms crknëtl`i2 pmri slmnprm slofldl`ktlvi, qum kciptkak ufk kprixlnk`lðf k gk vlslðf surrmkglstk cmg uflvmrsi mxtmrfi `ini priym``lðf cmg suyi pripli Lftmrfi. Mstm ‗yi pmrsifkL„ priym`tëfcism priym`tëfcism kg "yi uflvmrsi" k``mslagm k "gis itris" `ini lnkomf cmg "yi lfclvlcukg", ms mg qum Slgsk k qulmf sm gm `ifi`m pir mg finarm nës qum pir mg cldî`lgnmftm prifuf`lkagm kpmgglci- ek mxpumsti `ini nkcurk`lðf cm su dlginirdlk pmrsifkg y su su viguftkc cm `inufl`k`lðf, `inufl`k`lðf, cmspuìs cmspuìs cm ufk mstkcîk cm uf aumf fònmri cm kûis mf Xkrîs, kcifcm vlkbð mf gis prlnmris kûis cm gk cì`kck cmg 48, pmrnkfm`lmfci pmrnkfm`lmfci kggë ekstk " ;
15
@IF@G]PLIFMP @if`gulnis mstm trkakbi rm`kg`kfci gi nës lnpirtkftm qum tlmfm tl mfm numstrk privlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k, qum sif gks `istunarms y trkcl`lifms qum sif gis rmspifskagms sm ckrgm uf vkgir lfnmfsi k fumstrk privlf`lk. Sknalìf qumrmnis `if`lmftlzkr `if`lmftlzkr k gk piagk`lðf siarm mg orkf lnpk`ti qum ek tmflci mg kvkf`m cmg nufci siarm gks `istunarms, y qum sinis gis rmspifskagms cm nkftmfmr vlvk fumstrk dumftm cm rlqumzk. Lf`mftlvknis k `ifi`mr `ukgms sif gis pmrsifkbms qum nkr`krif kg elstirlk cm fumstrk privlf`lk y qum ek`mr pkrk smoulr smoulr sus pksis ek`lk ek`lk ìxlti. Dlfkgnmftm gis kgunfis mxprmsknis fumstri orkf kpiyi k gk `ifsmrvk`lðf cm fumstrks `istunarms, k gk lfvmstlok`lðf pridufck cm fumstrk clëspirk y kg `knali cm k`tltuc drmftm k gis `knalis qum sm sus`ltkf mf gk k`tukglckc.
1<
KFMUIP
08
;.- Nkpk cm gk Xrivlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k2
1.-Akgfmkrli cm @eirrlggis2
0;
0.- Gk `ksk cm gks Arubks (Xkrknifok)2
3.-@ugtlvis cm @kûk cm Kzò`kr2
01
=.- Dirtkgmzk cm Xkrknifok2
4.- Nusmi Aiglvkrlkfi2
00
?.- Xgkzk cm Krnks cm Xktlvlg`k2
5.- Qli Xktlvlg`k2
03
<.- Ëspmri2
;8.- Logmslk Nkrîk Nkockgmfk cm Pupm2
0=
;;.- Kgunfis cmg 3ti kûi cmskrriggkfci mg priym`ti2
04
0?
ÎFCL@M CMCL@KSIQLK……………………………………………………………………….; LFSQIC]@@LÐF……………………………………………………………………..1 @KXÎS]GI L2 TLPSK OMFMQKG CM GK XQITLF@LK CM AKQQKF@K………...0 ;.;. ]AL@K@LÐF OMIOQKDL@K………………………………………………….. OMIOQKDL@K…………………………………………………..00 ;.1 CLTLPLÐF XIGÎSL@K…………………………………………………………...0 ;.0 XKPKCI ELPSÐQL@I…………………………………………………………..3 E LPSÐQL@I…………………………………………………………..3 ;.3 K@SLTLCKMP M@IFINL@KP………………………………………………….= @KXÎS]GI LL2 CMP@QLX@LIF CM GIP CLPSQLSIP CM GK XQITLF@LK CM AKQQKF@K…………………………………………………………………………..4 1.; CLPSQLSI CLPSQLSI CM AKQQKF@K…………………………………………………….4 1.1 CLPSQLSI CM P]XM……………………………………………………………;1 1.0 CLPSQLSI CM XKQKNIFOK…………………………………………………;5 1.3 CLPSQLSI CM XKSLTLG@K…………………………………………………….11 1.= CLPSQLSI CM P]XM X]MQSI…………………………………………………13 @IF@G]PLIFMP……………………………………………………………………..15 KFMUIP………………………………………………………………………………1<
05
