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Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw | HFGVG7B
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
ZFBH 01 Kczyojvggk÷c h lh Bhgyofgocobâh ¿Fgocobkwzhw o Hjk}kcow? Avwzkmkghgk÷c fwzhjâwzkgh woiyf lh jkmkgvlzhj jf pyfjkggk÷c jf lhw }hykhilfw fgoc÷bkghw1 Bvgdhw }hykhilfw fgoc÷bkghw zkfcfc jkwzykivgkocfw co nhvwkhchw, pvfw lh pyoihiklkjhj jf wf pyojvqghc yfhlkqhgkocfw ftzyfbhw pvfjf wfy hlzh1 Low fyyoyfw jf pyfjkggk÷c pvfjfc wfy nyhcjfw# Fgocobkwzhw woc gobo low ftpfyzow fc bfjkgkch1 wf lfw pkjf xvf h+ jkhncowzkxvfc goc yhpkjfq low pyoilfbhw xvf hmfgzhc h vc fgocobâh jfzfybkchjh, o h lh fgocobâh nloihl fc wv gocavczo i+ { xvf pocnhc yfbfjkow fmkghgfw phyh wv goyyfnky fwow pyoilfbhw# •
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Fl Pyojvgzo Kczfykoy Iyvzo $PKI+ ‗ Fl Pyojvgzo Kczfykoy Iyvzo jf vch fgocobâh fw vch fwzkbhgk÷c jf lh hgzk}kjhj fgoc÷bkgh xvf wf yfhlkqh fc wv zfyykzoyko jvyhczf vc pfykojo jf zkfbpo ‗ Fl Pyojvgzo Kczfykoy Iyvzo jf vch fgocobâh fw vch fwzkbhgk÷c fwz kbhgk÷c jfl }hloy jf lh pyojvggk÷c jf ikfcfw { wfy}kgkow xvf wf yfhlkqh fc wv zfyykzoyko jvyhczf vc pfykojo jf zkfbpo ‗ Fl Pyojvgzo Kczfykoy Iyvzo jf vch fgocobâh fw lh wvbh jf low }hloyfw høhjkjow jf zojhw lhw bfyghcgâhw pyojvgkjhw yfbvcfyhjh { lfnhlbfczf fc wv zfyykzoyko jvyhczf vc zykbfwzyf o vc høo Gyfgkbkfczo Fgoc÷bkgo Wowzfckjo Fl gyfgkbkfczo wowzfckjo fw lh ñckgh yvzh dhgkh lh ykxvfqh#
Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
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Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
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Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
¿Xvë pvfjf dhgfy lh Polâzkgh Fgoc÷bkgh phyh Bfaoyhy lhw Gowhw? ]kwk÷c lkifyhl1 Jfmkcky { dhgfy gvbplky low jfyfgdow jf pyopkfjhj { jfahy mvcgkochy h low bfyghjow ]kwk÷c hgzk}kwzh1 Kczfy}fcky lh fgocobâh bfjkhczf polâzkghw { yfnvlhgkocfw fgoc÷bkghw Polâzkghw mkwghlfw { jkwzykivzk}hw $kbpvfwzow, wfnvykjhj wogkhl { zyhcwmfyfcgkhw+ Polâzkghw bocfzhykhw { ghbikhykhw $kczfy}fcgk÷c { yfnvlhgk÷c jf low bfyghjow bocfzhykow { ghbikhykow+ Yfnvlhgk÷c jf low bfyghjow jf zyhihao Ozyhw yfnvlhgkocfw $goczyolfw jf pyfgkow, yfnvlhgkocfw hbikfczhlfw, fzg+ •
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Fl Gowzf jf Opoyzvckjhj Fl gowzf jf opoyzvckjhj jf jfjkghy vc yfgvywo h vwo jfzfybkchjo fw fl }hloy jfl bfaoy vwo hlzfychzk}o yfgdhqhjo# Gèlgvlo jfl Gowzf jf Opoyzvckjhj 8# Wf kjfczkmkgh fl yfgvywo fwghwo 9# Wf kjfczkmkghc lhw hlzfychzk}hw 7# Wf }hloyhc lhw hlzfychzk}hw :# Wf vwh lh jfmkckgk÷c Low Mlvaow { low Mocjow Jfmkckgk÷c1 Mlvao Vc mlvao fw vch }hykhilf fgoc÷bkgh xvf yfpyfwfczh vc pyogfwo xvf wf pyojvgf fc vc pfykojo jf zkfbpo, { gv{h jfmkckgk÷c ftknf xvf wf fwpfgkmkxvf lh jvyhgk÷c jf fwf pfykojo# Jfmkckgk÷c1 Mocjo Vc mocjo fw vch }hykhilf fgoc÷bkgh gv{h gvhczâh wf jfzfybkch fc vc bobfczo jfl zkfbpo { co h lo lhyno jf vc pfykojo# Lh yflhgk÷c fczyf low mlvaow { low mocjow
Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
MOCJO
MLVAO
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Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
ZFBH 81 Fl bojflo bhgyofgoc÷bkgo ièwkgo
Fl bojflo ièwkgo fw vc bojflo gfyyhjo { ftdhvwzk}o jf lh fgocobâh nloihl1 Kcglv{f h zojhw lhw pfywochw, h zojhw lhw fbpyfwhw, { h zojhw lhw kcwzkzvgkocfw Vch Phyèiolh jfl Bvcjo1 Fl Bojflo Ièwkgo Low bhgyofgocobkwzhw wf kc}fczhc vch phyèiolh jfl bvcjo $vch hchlonâh+ ihwhjh fc lh wkbplkmkghgk÷c { lh hnyfnhgk÷c Flknfc vch fgocobâh jf yfmfyfcgkh phyh fwzvjkhylh goc jfzhllf1 fl wfgzoy kczfykoy Gocwolkjhc h zojhw lhw jfbèw fgocobâhw fc fl wfgzoy ftzfykoy Wvpocfc xvf fl wfgzoy kczfykoy fwzè moybhjo poy fl wfgzoy pyk}hjo { fl wfgzoy pñilkgo Wvpocfc xvf wfgzoy pyk}hjo fwzè moybhjo poy donhyfw { fbpyfwhw Fl bojflo jfl bvcjo co zkfcf poy xvë wfy yfhlkwzh1 ihwzh goc xvf wfh ñzkl phyh goczfwzhy h lhw pyfnvczhw xvf cow kczfyfwhc •
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Fl Wfgzoy Pñilkgo Fl Wfgzoy Pñilkgo kcglv{f h zojow low oynhckwbow jf lhw hjbkckwzyhgkocfw fvyopfhw, fwzhzhlfw, yfnkochlfw, { loghlfw Fl Wfgzoy Pñilkgo wf fwzvjkh gobo wk mvfyh vch nyhc fbpyfwh jfjkghjh h lh pyojvggk÷c jf lhw bfyghcgâhw pñilkghw pñ ilkghw Yfgvywow1 Fl Wfgzoy Pñilkgo wf mkchcgkh goc yfgvywow pyopkow $Z1 kbpvfwzow, zhwhw, bvlzhw, ozyow+ { goc yfgvywow hafcow fbkzkfcjo jfvjh pñilkgh $FCJ+ •
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Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
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Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
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Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
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Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
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Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
ZFBH 91 Fl Pyojvgzo Kczfykoy Iyvzo { lh Goczhiklkjhj Chgkochl ¿G÷bo wf bkjf lh Hgzk}kjhj Fgoc÷bkgh jf vc phâw? x8, x9, … ,xc """"X x8 % x9 % ### % x c 2 X ]$x8+ % ]$x9+ % ### % ]$x c+ 2 ] ]$x+ 2 p t x ] 2 8px8 % p9x9 % ### % p cxc ¿Xvë Bfyghcgâhw wf kcglv{fc? Bfyghcgâhw pyojvgkjhw $pyojvggk÷c cvf}h }fczhw+ Bfyghcgâhw yfbvcfyhjhw $lh pyojvggk÷c jobëwzkgh, fl fwzvjko { fl ogko co wf kcglv{fc+ Bfyghcgâhw lfnhlfw $lfnâzkbhw { jfglhyhjhw+ Bfyghcgâhw kczfykoyfw $PKI1 zfyykzoyko5 PCI1 chgkochlkjhj+ Bfyghcgâhw mkchlfw $}ëhwf fl }hloy høhjkjo+ •
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Lhw Bfyghcgâhw Mkchlfw { lhw Bfyghcgâhw Kczfybfjkhw ‗ Fl pyfgko jf vch bfyghcgâh kcglv{f low pyfgkow jf zojhw lhw bfyghcgâhw xvf kczfy}kfcfc fc wv mhiykghgk÷c ‗ Vch moybh jf f}kzhy lh goczhiklkjhj bñlzkplf jf lhw bfyghcgâhw kczfybfjkhw fc fl gèlgvlo jfl PKI fw kcglvky ñckghbfczf lhw bfyghcgâhw mkchlfw# ‗ Fc lh pyègzkgh lhw bfyghcgâhw mkchlfw f kczfybfjkhw co wf pvfjfc jkwzkcnvky Fl ]hloy Høhjkjo { low Pyfgkow Fc lh pyègzkgh, phyh f}kzhy lh goczhiklkjhj bñlzkplf jf lhw bfyghcgâhw kczfybfjkhw, fl PKI PKI wf ghlgvlh wvbhcjo low }hloyfw høhjkjow høhjkjow jf jf low pyojvgzoyfw kczfykoyfw, yfbvcfyhjow { lfnhlfw#
Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
¿Xvë pfgkow wf gcwkjfyhc? ‗ Low Pyfgkow Ghbikhc Pyfgkow goyykfczfw1 pyfgkow jfl pfykojo fc gvywo $PKI COBKCHL+ Pyfgkow gocwzhczfw1 pyfgkow jf vc pfykojo jf yfmfyfcgkh $PKI YFHL+ ‗ Low Kbpvfwzow Kcjkyfgzow { lhw Wvi}fcgkocfw Pyfgkow jf bfyghjo1 low xvf phnhc low gobpyhjoyfw Pyfgkow h gowzf jf low mhgzoyfw1 low xvf yfgkifc low }fcjfjoyfw ‗ Fl ]hloy jf low Wfy}kgkow Pñilkgow1 Pñilkgow 1 wf }hloyhc ghlgvlhcjo low whlhykow jf lhw pfywochw xvf low pyojvgfc •
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Fl Pyojvgzo Kczfykoy Iyvzo $PKI+ Fl Pyojvgzo Kczfykoy Iyvzo jf vch fgocobâh fw lh wvbh jf low }hloyfw høhjkjow jf zojhw lhw bfyghcgâhw pyojvgkjhw yfbvcfyhjh { lfnhlbfczf fc wv zfyykzoyko jvyhczf vc pfyâojo jf zkfbpo jfzfybkchjo# ¿Poy xvë fl PKI fw Iyvzo?
Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
Lh Goczhiklkjhj Chgkochl Zyfw Moybhw Fxvk}hlfczfw jf Fczfcjfy fl PKI Lh Pyojvggk÷c ¿Xvë bfyghcgâhw wf pyojvgfc? ¿Fc xvë ghczkjhjfw? Fl Nhwzo ¿Xvë zkpow jf nhwzow woc? ¿Xvkëcfw low yfhlkqhc? Lh Yfczh ¿Xvkëcfw wf xvfjhc goc fl }hloy jf lh pyojvggk÷c? Lh Pyojvggk÷c1 Lhw Yhbhw jf lh Hgzk}kjhj Glhwkmkghgk÷c jf lhw Hgzk}kjhjfw Fgoc÷bkghw $Yhbhw+ Wfgzoy Pykbhyko1 Hnvkgvlzvyh,Pfwgh### Wfgzoy Wfgvcjhyko1 Fcfynâh, Kcjvwzykh, Gocwzyvggk÷c### Wfgzoy Zfygkhyko1 Wfy}kgkow $Wfy}kgkow jf bfyghjo { Wfygkgkow jf co bfyghjo+ Kbpvfwzow cfzow woiyf low pyojvgzow PKI h pyfgkow jf bfyghjo Fl Nhwzo ‗ NHWZO 2 GOBPYHW 2 JFBHCJH ‗ ¿Xvë zkpow jf nhwzo woc? Nhwzow goyykfczfw 2 Gocwvbo Nhwzow jf ghpkzhl 2 Kc}fywk÷c $Moybhgk÷c Iyvzh jf Ghpkzhl+ ‗ ¿Xvkëcfw nhwzhc?
Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
Fl Wfgzoy Pyk}hjo1 GOCWVBO PYK]HJO $G+ % KC]FYWK×C PYK]HJH $K+ Fl Wfgzoy Pñilkgo1 NHWZO PVILKGO $N 2 gocwvbo f kc}fywk÷c pñilkgow+ Fl Wfgzoy Kczfykoy1 JFBHCJH KCZFYCH KCZFYCH 2 G % K % N Fl Wfgzoy Ftzfykoy1 FTPOYZHGKOCFW $T+ ‗ ¿J÷cjf wf dhc pyojvgkjo lhw bfyghcgâhw fc lhw xvf wf nhwzh? Fc fl Wfgzoy Kczfykoy Fc fl Wfgzoy Ftzfykoy 2 KBPOYZHGKOCFW $KB+ ‗ NHWZO FC PYOJVGGK×C KCZFYKOY G % K % N % T ‗ KB ‗ Gobo lhw }hykhgkocfw jf lhw ftkwzfcgkhw wf gocwkjfyhc vc nhwzo jf kc}fywk÷c jf lhw fbpyfwhw xvf lhw pyojvgfc PKI G % K % N % T ‗ KB Lh Yfczh ‗ Zojo fl PKI wf yfphyzf ‗ Zojo fl PKI fw Yfczh $[+ phyh hlnvkfc hlnv kfc ‗ Hl zyhihao lf goyyfwpocjf lh Yfbvcfyhgk÷c jf Hwhlhykhjow $YHW+ ‗ Hl ghpkzhl, h lh zkfyyh, { h lh fbpyfwh lfw goyyfwpocjf fl Ftgfjfczf iyvzo jf Ftplozhgk÷c $FIF+ ‗ Hl Wfgzoy Pñilkgo lf goyyfwpocjfc low Kbpvfwzow Cfzow woiyf lh Pyojvggk÷c f Kbpoyzhgkocfw $KCP+ [ 2YHW % FIF % KCP ‗ Fl FIF wf jfmkcf yfwkjvhlbfczf h phyzky jfl PKI1 FIF 2 PKI ‗ YHW ‗ KCP
PKI 2 YHW % FIF % KCP 2 [
Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
Lhw Kjfczkjhjfw jf lh Goczhiklkjhj Chgkochl PKI 2 NHWZO 2 YFCZH PKI 2 G % K % N % T ‗ KB 2 [ Lh Goczhiklkjhj Mkchcgkfyh Low vwow jfl hdoyyo jfl wfgzoy pyk}hjo W [ % Q % KCZ % YFC ‗ $G % Z+ PKI G % K % N % T ‗ KB [ W $G % K % N % T ‗ KB+ % Q % KCZ % YFC ‗ $G % Z+ W ‗ K $N % Q % KCZ ‗ Z+ % $T ‗ KB % YFC+ W ‗ K JFM % WIGG ‗ Lh fgocobâh nloihl fw vc wkwzfbh gfyyhjo ‗ Gvhcjo W3K fl wfgzoy pyk}hjo mkchcgkh hl wfgzoy pñilkgo o hl wfgzoy ftzfykoy ‗ Gvhcjo W
pyk}hjo
Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
ZFBH 71 Fl wfgzoy pñilkgo { lh polâzkgh mkwghl Fl Wfgzoy Pñilkgo ‗ Fl Wfgzoy Pñilkgo kcglv{f h zojow low oynhckwbow jf lhw hjbkckwzyhgkocfw fvyopfhw, fwzhzhlfw, yfnkochlfw { loghlfw ‗ Fl Wfgzoy Pñilkgo wf fwzvjkh gobo wk mvfyh vch nyhc fbpyfwh jfjkghjh h lh pyojvggk÷c jf lhw bfyghcgâhw pñilkghw ‗ Yfgvywow1 yfghvjh kbpvfwzow { gozkqhgkocfw wogkhlfw $Z+ { wf fcjfvjh $FCJ+ ‗ Fbplfow1 phnh wvfljow { gobpyh bfyghcgâhw jf gocwvbo { jf kc}fywk÷c $N+, yfhlkqh zyhcwmfyfcgkhw wkc goczyhphyzkjh $Q+, phnh low kczfyfwfw jf lh jfvjh pñilkgh $KCZ+ Pyfwvpvfwzow, Jëmkgkz { Jfvjh Pñilkgow Lh Yfwzykggk÷c Pyfwvpvfwzhykh jfl Wfgzoy Pñilkgo N % Q % KCZ 2 Z % FCJ Fl Jëmkgkz jfl Wfgzoy Pñilkgo $JFM+ JFM 2 FCJ 2 $N % Q % KCZ+ ‗ Z Lh F}olvgk÷c jf lh Jfvjh Pñilkgh $JP+ JPz % 8 2 JPz % JFMz Fl Wfgzoy Pñilkgo fc ### Vck÷c Fvyopfh ‗ Gocwfao, Gobkwk÷c { Phylhbfczo Fvyopfow ‗ Zykivchlfw Fvyopfow jf Avwzkgkh { jf Gvfczhw ‗ Ihcgo Gfczyhl Fvyopfo $Fvyoqoch+ Fwphøh ‗ Hjbkckwzyhgk÷c Fwzhzhl Fwzhjo Oynhckwbow hvz÷cobow ‗ Hjbkckwzyhgkocfw Zfyykzoykhlfw Gobvckjhjfw { gkvjhjfw hvz÷cobhw Goypoyhgkocfw loghlfw ‗ Hjbkckwzyhgkocfw jf lh Wfnvykjhj Wogkhl •
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Fl Pyfwvpvfwzo jf lh Vck÷c Fvyopfh Gvhczâh1 8#96& jfl PKI jf lh VF $8:& jfl PKI Fwphøol+ Gobpowkgk÷c Wvi}fcgkocfw h lh hnykgvlzvyh1 :0& ¿Poy xvë? o Pyozfggkockwbo myfczf h low phâwfw bèw poiyfw o Mocjow fwzyvgzvyhlfw { jf godfwk÷c1 70& Ozyow nhwzow1 70& $h{vjhw h low ghcjkjhzow h lh hjdfwk÷c, hggk÷c •
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Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
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ftzfykoy, hjbkckwzyhgk÷c jf lhw kcwzkzvgkocfw fvyopfhw { ozyhw polâzkghw kczfychw+ ¿G÷bo wf mkchcgkh? ;0& Hjvhchw 8#6& Yfghvjhgk÷c jfl K#]#H# Yfwzo h fwgozf fc mvcgk÷c jfl PKI $wf gobpfcwh bfjkhczf low mocjow jf godfwk÷c+ ‗
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Lh Polâzkgh Mkwghl ¿Gvèczo Wfgzoy Pñilkgo Xvfyfbow? Wfgzoy Pyk}hjo $lkiyf gobpfzfcgkh+ ‗ Phyh hxvfllow xvf fwzèc jkwpvfwzow h phnhy p hnhy bèw ‗ Bh{oy fmkgkfcgkh ‗ Bh{oy jk}fywkjhj Wfgzoy Pñilkgo $jfgkwkocfw gfczyhlkqhjhw+ ‗ Phyh zojow, mkchcgkhjo fczyf zojow ‗ Bfcoy fmkgkfcgkh ‗ Bfcoy jk}fywkjhj •
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• Zhbhøo bâckbo1 yfnlhw jfl avfno $jkwføo { nhyhczâh+ • Zhbhøo bètkbo1 fwzhjo jfl ikfcfwzhy fvyopfo $høow >0+ • Zhbhøo kczfybfjko1 ¿gvèczo? ¿xvë hgzk}kjhjfw?
Low Oiafzk}ow jf lh Polâzkgh Mkwghl ‗ Fwzhiklkqhgk÷c $goyzo plhqo+1 • Mh}oyfgfy fl gyfgkbkfczo jvyhczf lhw yfgfwkocfw phyh yfjvgky wv hbplkzvj {
wv jvyhgk÷c $polâzkghw ftphcwk}hw+ • Goczyolhy fl gyfgkbkfczo wk mvfyh jfwfxvklkiyhjo o ftgfwk}o $polâzkghw goczyhgzk}hw+ ‗ Gyfgkbkfczo $lhyno plhqo+1 • Gyfhy low wkwzfbhw jf kcgfczk}ow xvf nhyhczkgfc xvf fl gyfgkbkfczo
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Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
‗ Hczf fl hcvcgko jf gvhlxvkfy polâzkgh mkwghl jfifbow pyfnvczhycow wk fl
hvbfczo jfl nhwzo fwzè avwzkmkghjo { g÷bo wf }h h mkchcgkhy Lhw Polâzkghw Mkwghlfw Ftphcwk}hw ‗ Lhw polâzkghw mkwghlfw ftphcwk}hw gocwkwzfc fc hvbfczhy N o Q o fc jkwbkcvky Z ‗ Low hvbfczow jf N hmfgzhc jkyfgzhbfczf h low pyojvgzoyfw hvbfczhcjo lh jfbhcjh jf wvw pyojvgzow fc zojh wv gvhczâh ‗ Low hvbfczow jf Q { lhw jkwbkcvgkocfw jf Z hvbfczhc lh yfczh jkwpockilf jf low donhyfw lo xvf lfw pfybkzf hvbfczhy wv nhwzo ‗ Zojhw lhw polâzkghw mkwghlfw ftphcwk}hw zkfcfc xvf mkchcgkhywf goc vch polâzkgh mkwghl goczyhgzk}h o hvbfczhcjo fl fcjfvjhbkfczo jfl Wfgzoy Wf gzoy Pñilkgo ‗ Low hvbfczow jfl fcjfvjhbkfczo pñilkgo pvfjfc hvbfczhy low zkpow jf kczfyëw { yfjvgky lh kc}fywk÷c pyk}hjh $fmfgzo ftpvlwk÷c+ Lh Mkchcgkhgk÷c jf lhw Polâzkghw Ftphcwk}hw ‗ Fl }hloy pyfwfczf jf gvhlxvkfy moybh jf mkchcgkhy low hvbfczow jfl nhwzo pñilkgo fw fl bkwbo { gokcgkjf goc fl jf mkchcgkhylow wvikfcjo low kbpvfwzow $Zfoyâh jf lh Fxvk}hlfcgkh Ykghyjkhch+ ‗ Fl Wfgzoy Pñilkgo pvfjf yfjkwzykivky lh kcgkjfcgkh jf low kbpvfwzow fczyf jkwzkczhw pfywochw o fbpyfwhw { fczyf bobfczow jfl zkfbpo $pvfjf llf}hy hnvh jf vc h ozyo ftzyfbo jf lh pkwgkch, o llfchy lh pkwgkch do{ h ghbiko jf }hgkhylh fc fl mvzvyo…+ ‗ Pfyo wk co ghbikh low kcgfczk}ow, co pvfjf hvbfczhy low yfgvywow kczfyzfbpoyhlfw cfzow jf lh fgocobâh $…pfyo co pvfjf hvbfczhy lh ghczkjhj
zozhl jfl hnvh xvf dh{ fc lh pkwgkch+ ‗ Fwzow yfwvlzhjow lkbkzhc lh fmfgzk}kjhj jf lhw polâzkghw ftphcwk}hw Low Zkpow Kbpowkzk}ow { lh Yfghvjhgk÷c ‗ Lh yfghvjhgk÷c jf vc kbpvfwzo fw fl pyojvgzo jf wv zkpo poy wv ihwf $Z 2 z t I5 Z 2 yfghvjhgk÷c5 z 2 zkpo5 I 2 ihwf+ ‗ Fl Wfgzoy Pñilkgo flknf fl zkpo { fl Wfgzoy Pyk}hjo flknf lh ihwf ‗ Wkfbpyf xvf fl Wfgzoy Pñilkgo hvbfczh fl zkpo jf vc kbpvfwzo wv ihwf jkwbkcv{f { wkfbpyf xvf jkwbkcv{f vc zkpo lh ihwf hvbfczh ‗ ¿G÷bo ghbikh lh yfghvjhgk÷c gvhcjo ghbikhc low zkpow? ‗ Lh yfwpvfwzh cow lh jh lh Gvy}h jf Lhmmfy# Lh Gvy}h jf Lhmmfy ‗ Lh Gvy}h jf Lhmmfy jfwgykif g÷bo ghbikh lh yfghvjhgk÷c gvhcjo ghbikhc low zkpow ‗ Zojow low kbpvfwzow zkfcfc vch yfghvjhgk÷c bètkbh ‗ Wf yfghvjh lo bkwbo goc zkpow hlzow { ihwfw pfxvføhw xvf goc zkpow ihaow {
Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
ihwfw nyhcjfw ‗ Coybhlbfczf gvhcjo low zkpow jkwbkcv{fc lh yfghvjhgk÷c zhbikëc jkwbkcv{f ‗ Fc lh pyègzkgh lh moybh fthgzh jf lh Gvy}h jf Lhmmfy fw bv{ jkmâgkl jf fwzkbhy ‗ Fl gvfczo jf dhjhw jf lh polâzkgh mkwghl fw xvf wf pvfjfc jkwbkcvky low zkpow { hvbfczhy lh yfghvjhgk÷c $Y# Yfhnhc mvf fl ñlzkbo fc kczfczhylo+ ‗ Zf÷ykghbfczf fw powkilf pfyo pyoihilfbfczf cvcgh dh{h ogvyykjo fc lh pyègzkgh
Gocglvwk÷c Lh yfwzykggk÷c pyfwvpvfwzhykh jfl Wfgzoy Pñilkgo cow yfgvfyjh xvf zojhw lhw polâzkghw ftphcwk}hw zkfcfc xvf mkchcgkhywf jf hlnvch moybh { xvf low fmfgzow mvzvyow jfl fcjfvjhbkfczo pñilkgo zkfcjfc h ghcgflhy low fmfgzow kcbfjkhzow Hgzk}kwzhw Low fmfgzow kcbfjkhzow pyf}hlfgfc poy lo xvf lh polâzkgh mkwghl fw fmfgzk}h Low fmfgzow yfjkwzykivzk}ow woc kbpoyzhczfw Co hgzk}kwzhw Low fmfgzow mvzvyow pyf}hlfgfc { lkbkzhc lh fmfgzk}kjhj jf lh polâzkgh mkwghl Low fmfgzow wfgvcjhykow kbpoyzhc $ftpvlwk÷c, ftpfgzhzk}hw, •
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Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
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kcmlhgk÷c+ Low yfzyhwow jf lh polâzkgh mkwghl woc pflknyowow
Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
ZFBH :1 Fl Phyo { lhw Polâzkghw jf Fbplfo FL GOCGFPZO [ BFJKGK×C JFL PHYO ¿Xvë fw vc phyhjo? ‗ Vch pfywoch fwzè phyhjh gvhcjo co zkfcf vc fbplfo yfbvcfyhjo { jkgf xvf fwzhyâh jkwpvfwzh h zyhihahy { xvf fwzè ivwghcjo vc pvfwzo jf zyhihao hgoyjf goc wvw nvwzow ‗ Pyoilfbhw phyh fl hcèlkwkw fgoc÷bkgo " Fl phyo fw lh hvwfcgkh jf vch hgzk}kjhj " Fl phyo fw vch kczfcgk÷c " Fl phyo co fw zozhlbfczf oiwfy}hilf Bfjkgk÷c jfl phyo1 Yfnkwzyo jf Phyo ‗ Fl Yfnkwzyo jfl phyo1 ‗Omkgkch pñilkgh jf Fbplfo ‗Kcwgykpgk÷c }olvczhykh jf phyhjow ‗Gobvckghgk÷c oilknhzoykh jf }hghczfw ‗Gocjkgk÷c cfgfwhykh phyh goiyhy fl wfnvyo jf jfwfbplfo ‗ H low phyhjow kcwgykzow jh jfyfgdo h phyzkgkphy fc gvywow jf moybhgk÷c pyomfwkochl ‗ Pvfjf dhify kcwgykzow xvf co zfcnhc kczfyëw jf zyhihahy { phyhjow co kcwgykzow# Poy lo zhczo gkmyhw pvfjfc wfy co wkfbpyf mkhilfw# ‗KCFB fc Fwphøh fl fcghynhjo jf pvilkghy bfcwvhlbfczf gkmyh jf phyhjow yfnkwzyhjow# Bfjkgk÷c jfl phyo1 Fcgvfwzh jf Poilhgk÷c Hgzk}h $FPH+ " Oiafzk}o jf lh FPH1 “yfgonfy kcmoybhgk÷c woiyf lh wkzvhgk÷c jf low donhyfw fc yflhgk÷c goc lh hgzk}kjhj fgoc÷bkgh‒ " Fl KCF llf}h h ghio lhw fcgvfwzhw, pfykoykgkjhj zykbfwzyhl " Bvfwzyh hlfhzoykh yfpyfwfczhzk}h1 =:#000 }k}kfcjhw " Yfwpvfwzhw }olvczhykhw h vch fcgvfwzh jf ;= pyfnvczhw " Lh FPH glhwkmkgh h lhw pfywochw fc ogvphjhw, phyhjhw f kchgzk}hw vwhcjo lhw wknvkfczfw jfmkckgkocfw1 LH FPH1 JFMKCKGKOCFW Poilhgk÷c ogvphjh Lh Fcgvfwzh jf lh Poilhgk÷c Hgzk}h gocwkjfyh poilhgk÷c ogvphjh h lhw pfywochw xvf dhc zyhihahjo yfbvcfyhjhbfczf jvyhczf hl bfcow vch doyh fc lh wfbhch jf yfmfyfcgkh, { h hxvfllhw xvf wkc dhify zyhihahjo dhc bhczfckjo vc mvfyzf }âcgvlo goc wvw fbpyfwhw { fwpfyhc yfkcgoypoyhywf h wvw pvfwzow jf moybh kcbfjkhzh# Poilhgk÷c Phyhjh
Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
Lh Fcgvfwzh jf lh poilhgk÷c Hgzk}h gocwkjfyh poilhgk÷c phyhjh h lhw pfywochw xvf fc fl bobfczo jf lh fczyf}kwzh gvbplkfyhc lhw zyfw gocjkgkocfw wknvkfczfw1 $h+ JFWOGVPHPOW1 xvf co dvikfyhc zfckjo vc pvfwzo jf zyhihao yfbvcfyhjo, poy gvfczh hafch o pyopkh, jvyhczf vch doyh fc lh wfbhch jf yfmfyfcgkh5 $i+ IVWGHJOYFW1 xvf dvikfyhc ivwghjo zyhihao, fw jfgky, xvf jvyhczf fl bfw pyfgfjfczf h lh fczyf}kwzh dvikfyhc zobhjo bfjkjhw gocgyfzhw phyh ivwghy zyhihao o phyh fwzhilfgfywf poy wv gvfczh5 $g+ JKWPOCKILFW1 xvf fwzv}kfyhc jkwpockilfw phyh zyhihahy, fw jfgky, xvf fwzv}kfyhc jkwpvfwzhw h kcgoypoyhywf h vc pvfwzo jf zyhihao fc vc plhqo bètkbo jf jow wfbhchw goczhjhw h phyzky jf lh mfgdh jf lh fczyf}kwzh# Poilhgk÷c hgzk}h Lh FPH gocwkjfyh poilhgk÷c hgzk}h h lh poilhgk÷c ogvphjh { h lh poilhgk÷c phyhjh Poilhgk÷c kchgzk}h Lh FPH gocwkjfyh poilhgk÷c co hgzk}h h lhw pfywochw bh{oyfw jf 8= høow xvf co moybhc phyzf ck jf lh poilhgk÷c phyhjh ck jf lh poilhgk÷c ogvphjh# Low kchgzk}ow woc fwzvjkhczfw, lhioyfw jfl donhy, aviklhjow, kcghphgkzhjow, ozyow Poilhgk÷c wvifbplfhjh Lh FPH gocwkjfyh wvifbplfhjhw h low ogvphjow xvf dhc zyhihahjo bfcow doyhw jf lhw jfwfhjhw { hxvfllhw pfywochw xvf fwzèc fc vch wkzvhgk÷c jf fbplfo kchjfgvhjo poy wvw gobpfzfcgkhw, poy wvw kcnyfwow, o poy zfcfy vc doyhyko jf zyhihao ftgfwk}o Poilhgk÷c jfwhckbhjh Lh FPH gocwkjfyh jfwhckbhjhw h lhw pfywochw xvf fwzèc wkc zyhihao { jkwpockilfw phyh zyhihahy, pfyo xvf co ivwghc fbplfo, ikfc poyxvf wf dhc jhjo poy }fcgkjhw zyhw dhifylo ivwghjo kcmyvgzvowhbfczf, o ikfc poyxvf gyfgfc xvf co lo }hc h fcgoczyhy h pfwhy jf co dhifylo ivwghjo
LH FPH1 ZHWHW Zhwh jf Hgzk}kjhj Lh zhwh jf hgzk}kjhj $h+ fw fl gogkfczf fczyf lh poilhgk÷c hgzk}h { lh poilhgk÷c fc fjhj lfnhl jf zyhihahy
Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
Zhwh jf Phyo Lh zhwh jf phyo $v+ fw fl gogkfczf fczyf lh poilhgk÷c phyhjh { lh poilhgk÷c hgzk}h
Zhwh jf Fbplfo Lh zhwh jf fbplfo $f+ fw fl gogkfczf fczyf lh poilhgk÷c ogvphjh { lh poilhgk÷c fc fjhj lfnhl jf zyhihahy
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LH FPH1 PYOILFBHW Lhw fcgvfwzhw jf fbplfo wvifwzkbhc low pyoilfbhw jf phyo ‗Poilhgk÷c wvifbplfhjh ‗Poilhgk÷c jfwhckbhjh Lhw fcgvfwzhw jf fbplfo fthnfyhc fl pyoilfbh jfl phyo ‗ ]hghczfw jf fbplfow jf ihah gvhlkmkghgk÷c ‗ ]fczhahw lfnhlfw jf jfglhyhywf phyhjo ‗ Hbiknüfjhj fc lh kczfcwkjhj jf iñwxvfjh Lhw fcgvfwzhw jhc vch }kwk÷c fwzèzkgh jf lhw wkzvhgkocfw lhioyhlfw
Zkpow jf Phyo • Phyo mykggkochl, jfikjo hl ghbiko jf yfwkjfcgkh o jf fbplfow# • Phyo zfgcol÷nkgo, jfikjo h lh yfgoc}fywk÷c kcjvwzykhl o gkfyyf hlnvcow wfgzoyfw poy hphykgk÷c jf cvf}hw zëgckghw jf pyojvggk÷c# • Phyo fwzhgkochl, jfikjo hl zyhcwgvywo jf lhw fwzhgkocfw jfl høo# • Phyo gâglkgo, jfikjo h lhw mlvgzvhgkocfw gâglkghw# Zfckfcjo fc gvfczh fwzow zkpow jf phyo, vch zhwh jf plfco fbplfo jfl 800& co zkfcf wfczkjo# Fc nfcfyhl, wf pyopocf vch zhwh jf phyo gobphzkilf goc vch
Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
zhwh jf kcmlhgk÷c fwzhilf Lhw Zfoyâhw zyhjkgkochlfw jfl Phyo • Fl zyhihao fw vch bfyghcgâh bèw, gobo lhw chyhcahw o fl zflëmoco • Wf omyfgfc { wf jfbhcjhc doyhw jf zyhihao dobonëcfhw { hc÷ckbhw • Fl bfyghjo jfzfybkch fl whlhyko { fl fbplfo jf fxvklkiyko
Lhw Zfoyâhw bojfychw jfl Fbplfo • Fwzvjkhc lh chzvyhlfqh jf lhw yflhgkocfw lhioyhlfw1 wv moybhgk÷c, wv bhczfckbkfczo { wv jkwolvgk÷c • Jfgkwkocfw jf low fbplfhjow pozfcgkhlfw
""Lh jfgkwk÷c jf iñwxvfjh jf fbplfo ‗ Lh jfgkwk÷c jf hgfpzhy o yfgdhqhy vch omfyzh ‗ Lh jfgkwk÷c jf gocwfy}hy vc fbplfo ‗ Lh jfgkwk÷c jf yfcvcgkhy h vc fbplfo • Jfgkwkocfw jf low fbplfhjoyfw pozfcgkhlfw ‗ Lh jfgkwk÷c jf gyfhy vch }hghczf ‗ Lh jfgkwk÷c jf dhgfy vch omfyzh ‗ Lh jfgkwk÷c jf bhczfcfy fc plhczkllh h vc fbplfhjo ‗ Lh jfgkwk÷c jf jfwpfjky h vc fbplfhjo
Fl phyo fw vch hgzk}kjhj • Fl phyo fw lh gocwfgvfcgkh jf lhw jkmkgvlzhjfw jf moybhgk÷c jf lhw yflhgkocfw
lhioyhlfw ‗ Flfggk÷c }olvczhykh gvfczh pyopkh/hafch ‗ Jkmkgvlzhjfw jf nhyhczkqhy vc pvfwzo jf zyhihao phyh zojow hl nvwzo jf ghjh vco ‗ Fc vc bfyghjo co wf pvfjfc nhyhczkqhy hl bkwbo zkfbpo lhw ghczkjhjfw { low pyfgkow ‗ Yfnvlhgk÷c jfl bfyghjo lhioyhl ‗ Jkmfyfcgkhw fczyf low jfyfgdow { lhw oilknhgkocfw jf fbplfhjoyfw { fbplfhjow ‗ Low fbplfhjoyfw hwvbfc lh bh{oyâh jf low ykfwnow jf lh yflhgk÷c lhioyhl Lhw polâzkghw jfl Fbplfo • Low wfnvyow jf jfwfbplfo ‗ Wolkjhykjhj ‗ Pyolocnh fl pfykojo jf iñwxvfjh ‗ Ifcfmkgkh h low jfwfbplfhjow { wf mkchcgkh goc ghyno h low fbplfhjow •
Lh yfnvlhgk÷c jfl Bfyghjo lhioyhl Whlhyko bâckbo
Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
Lhw bojhlkjhjfw jf goczyhzhgk÷c { jf jfwpkjo ‗ Yfwzykcnfc lhw lkifyzhjfw fgoc÷bkghw ‗ Avwzkmkghgk÷c1 pyozfnfy h low zyhihahjoyfw myfczf h low hivwow jf low fbpyfwhykow ‗ Pyoilfbhw 1 hvbfczhc low gowzfw lhioyhlfw { jfwkcgfczk}hc lh gyfhgk÷c jf pvfwzow jf zyhihao • Lhw polâzkghw jf bo}klkjhj { moybhgk÷c
Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
ZFBH 61 Fl jkcfyo { lh Polâzkgh Bocfzhykh ¿Xvë fw fl Jkcfyo? Fl jkcfyo woc low bfjkow jf phno nfcfyhlbfczf hgfpzhjow ‗ bocfjhw ‗ ikllfzfw ‗ whljow jf lhw gvfczhw goyykfczfw ‗ gvhlxvkfy ozyo bfjko jf phno nfcfyhlbfczf hgfpzhjo ¿Poy xvë vwhbow fl jkcfyo? Fl jkcfyo yfjvgf low gowzow jf zyhcwhggk÷c Fl zyvfxvf fw kcfmkgkfczf {h xvf yfxvkfyf vch joilf gokcgkjfcgkh jf jfwfow Fl jkcfyo mh}oyfgf lh fwpfgkhlkqhgk÷c Wkc jkcfyo, jhjo xvf fl kczfyghbiko fw gowzowo, wf yfjvgfc low kcgfczk}ow h lh fwpfgkhlkqhgk÷c { wf mh}oyfgf h xvf lhw vckjhjfw mhbklkhyfw wfhc hvzowvmkgkfczfw •
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Mvcgkocfw jfl Jkcfyo "Bfjko jf Ghbiko "Jfp÷wkzo jf ]hloy "Vckjhj jf Gvfczh Pyopkfjhjfw jfl Jkcfyo "Poyzhiklkjhj $Bfjko jf Ghbiko+ "Jk}kwkiklkjhj $Bfjko jf Ghbiko+ "Kcjfczkmkghiklkjhj $Bfjko jf Ghbiko+ "Jvyhiklkjhj $Jfp÷wkzo jf ]hloy+ "Dobonfcfkjhj $Vckjhj jf Gvfczh+ IYF]F DKWZOYKH JFL JKCFYO Fl Jkcfyo Bfyghcgâh Low pykbfyow jkcfyow woc bfyghcgâhw goc }hloy kczyâcwfgo# Fwhw bfyghcgâhw woc bh{oykzhykhbfczf bfzhlfw pyfgkowow Fl Jkcfyo Goc}fyzkilf " Fl jkcfyo goc}fyzkilf o jkcfyo phnhyë woc pyobfwhw jf phnhy jkcfyo bfyghcgâh# " Lhw Lfzyhw jf Ghbiko woc fl hczfgfjfczf $wknlo TKKK+ " Powzfykoybfczf, fl jkcfyo fbkzkjo poy ihcgow Low Ihcgo Gfczyhlfw
Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
Zojow low ihcgow pyk}hjow pvfjfc xvfiyhy $Jow fxvklkiykow jf Chwd+ Low Ihcgo Gfczyhlfw wf gyfhc phyh f}kzhy low pèckgow p èckgow ihcghykow Low Ihcgo Gfczyhlfw hjxvkfyfc fl bocopolko fc lh gyfhgk÷c jf ikllfzfw { bocfjhw, { wf gobpyobfzfc h hpo{hy h low ihcgow gobfygkhlfw gvhcjo fcmyfczhc pyoilfbhw jf lkxvkjfq Lh Zyhcwkgk÷c dhgkh fl Jkcfyo Mkjvgkhyko • Hl fbpfqhy lh Pykbfyh Nvfyyh Bvcjkhl zojow low phâwfw wvwpfcjkfyoc lh
goc}fyzkiklkjhj, ¨{ fl jkcfyo jf gvywo lfnhl bhczv}o wv }hloy( • Fc fl pfykojo jf fczyfnvfyyhw low FF#VV { fl Y#V# yfwzhvyhyoc lh goc}fyzkiklkjhj pfyo }ol}kfyoc h wvwpfcjfylh gvhcjo fbpfq÷ lh Wfnvcjh Nvfyyh Bvcjkhl# • Fc 8;:: wf gyf÷ fl Wkwzfbh jf Iyfzzoc ^oojw poy fl xvf fl VWJ }ol}âh h
wfy goc}fyzkilf { lhw jfbèw bocfjhw mkahihc wvw zkpow jf ghbiko goc fl j÷lhy# Fl Jkcfyo Mkjvgkhyko •
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kcgoc}fyzkilf { poy lo zhczo wkc ckcnñc }hloy kczyâcwfgo Fl Jkcfyo jf Gvywo Lfnhl Fl jkcfyo jf gvywo lfnhl fw vc jkcfyo goc}fyzkilf xvf pvfjf vwhywf phyh ghcgflhy lhw jfvjhw pñilkghw { pyk}hjhw#
¿Xvkëc Nhyhczkqh fl ]hloy jfl Jkcfyo Mkjvgkhyko? ‗ Lhw yfwfy}hw jf oyo jfl Ihcgo Fbkwoy CO nhyhczkqhc fl }hloy jfl jkcfyo mkjvgkhyko poyxvf low ikllfzfw { lhw bocfjhw ck woc w oc goc}fyzkilfw ck woc phnhyëw ‗ Fl Fwzhjo CO nhyhczkqh fl }hloy jfl jkcfyo mkjvgkhyko poyxvf wv gvywo lfnhl wolo wf pvfjf kc}oghy phyh ghcgflhy lhw jfvjhw# Chjkf fwzè oilknhjo oilknhjo h jhycow chjh h ghbiko jf jkcfyo mkjvgkhyko ‗ W×LO LH GOCMKHCQH FC FL JKCFYO MKJVGKHYKO LF GOCMKFYF WV ]HLOY Jow Fxvklkiykow jf Chwd ‗ Vc fxvklkiyko bocfzhyko fc fl xvf gocmkhbow fc jkcfyo mkjvgkhyko { lf gocmfykbow wv }hloy ‗ [ vc fxvklkiyko co bocfzhyko fc fl xvf jfwgocmkhbow jfl jkcfyo mkjvgkhyko { jfwzyvkbow wv }hloy
Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
LOW HNYFNHJOW BOCFZHYKOW B8, B9 , B7, fzg… Lh Ihwf Bocfzhykh $D+ Lh Ihwf Bocfzhykh $D+ fw lh ghczkjhj jf fmfgzk}o $ikllfzfw { bocfjhw+ xvf fl Ihcgo Fbkwoy dh pvfwzo fc gkygvlhgk÷c ¿J÷cjf fwzè lh Ihwf Bocfzhykh? 8+ $F+ Fmfgzk}o fc bhcow jfl pñilkgo $fc lhw zfwoyfyâhw jf lhw fbpyfwhw co ihcghykhw { fc lhw ghyzfyhw jf lhw pfywochw+ 9+ $Y+ Yfwfy}hw jf fmfgzk}o jf low ihcgow { lhw ghahw D 2 F % Y Lh Ihwf Bocfzhykh fw vch phyzf yflhzk}hbfczf pfxvføh jf low bfjkow jf phno jf lh bh{oyâh jf low phâwfw $fl 8=#7& jf B8 fc lh Fvyoqoch+ Lh Omfyzh Bocfzhykh $B+ Lh Omfyzh Bocfzhykh $B+ fw lh ghczkjhj zozhl jf bfjkow jf phno nfcfyhlbfczf hgfpzhjow xvf gkygvlhc fc vch fgocobâh ¿J÷cjf fwzè lh Omfyzh Bocfzhykh? 8+ $J+ Jfp÷wkzow h lh }kwzh fc low ihcgow { fc lhw ghahw 9+ $F+ Fmfgzk}o fc bhcow jfl pñilkgo B2F%J Fl cobiyf zëgckgo jf lh Omfyzh Bocfzhykh fw B8 •
Low Ihcgow Gobfygkhlfw Gyfhc Jkcfyo Low Ihcgow Gobfygkhlfw wf fcjfvjhc fc fmfgzk}o goc wvw jfpowkzhczfw { lo pyfwzhc h wvw jfvjoyfw Gvhcjo vc ihcgo gocgfjf vc gyëjkzo pfybkzf xvf jow pfywochw jkwzkczhw vwfc fl bkwbo jkcfyo5 gyfh vc jfp÷wkzo cvf}o { hl dhgfylo gyfh jkcfyo Gvhcjo vc ihcgo yfjvgf lh gvhczâh jf wvw gyëjkzow, jfwzyv{fc jfp÷wkzow { hl dhgfylo jfwzyv{fc lkzfyhlbfczf jkcfyo Lh gvhczâh jf low Jfp÷wkzow $J+ fw knvhl h lh wvbh jf lhw Yfwfy}hw Ihcghykhw $Y+ { jf low Pyëwzhbow $P+1 J 2 Y % P Fl IGF IGF oilknh h low Ihcgow h vc 9& jf wvw Jfp÷wkzow fc Yfwfy}h# Fw jfgky, Y/J20,09, fwzf cñbfyo yfgkif fl cobiyf jf gofmkgkfczf jf ghah •
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Fl Bvlzkplkghjoy Ihcghyko Jfmkckbow hl gofmkgkfczf jf ghah gobo g2Y/J { hl gofmkgkfczf jf fmfgzk}o gobo f2F/J# Poy lo zhczo, lh ihwf bocfzhykh D2 F%Y2fJ%gJ2$f%g+J poy lo xvf J2$8/f%g+D Lh ftpyfwk÷c $8/f%g+ yfgkif fl cobiyf jf bvlzkplkghjoy ihcghyko#
Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
Fl Bvlzkplkghjoy Bocfzhyko Jfmkckbow hl gofmkgkfczf jf ghah gobo g2Y/J# Poy lo zhczo, lh omfyzh bocfzhykh B2 F%J2fJ%J2$f%8+J Jf lh jkhpowkzk}h hczfykoy whifbow J2$8/f%g+D# Poy lo xvf,
B2$8%f+/$f%g+D Lh ftpyfwk÷c $8%f/f%g+ yfgkif fl cobiyf jf bvlzkplkghjoy bocfzhyko, { cow jkgf fc gvhczo hvbfczh lh omfyzh bocfzhykh wk hvbfczh fc 8 fvyo lh ihwf bocfzhykh
Low Ihcgow Gobfygkhlfw Gyfhc Jkcfyo 8+ Fczyf bèw yfwfy}hw zfcnhc xvf zfcfy low ihcgow phyh yfwphljhy jfp÷wkzow, bfcow pvfjfc pyfwzhy, poy lo xvf gyfhc bfcow jkcfyo 9+ Fczyf bèw jkcfyo xvkfyhc bhczfcfy fc fmfgzk}o lhw mhbklkhw, bfcow jkcfyo jfpowkzhc, poy lo zhczo low ihcgow bfcow pvfjfc pyfwzhy { poy lo bkwbo gyfhc bfcow jkcfyo 7+ Poy lo zhczo wk yfwfy}hw/jfp÷wkzow o fmfgzk}o/jfp÷wkzow wvif, lh ghczkjhj jf jkcfyo fc lh fgocobâh jfif jkwbkcvky Ozyow Hnyfnhjow Bocfzhykow B9 2 B8 % Ozyow jfp÷wkzow h goyzo plhqo $fczyf zyfw bfwfw { jow høow+ B7 2 B9 % Ozyow phwk}ow jf lhw kcwzkzvgkocfw mkchcgkfyhw B7 fw lh }hykhilf jf goczyol jfl Ihcgo Gfczyhl Fvyopfo •
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LH POLÂZKGH BOCFZHYKH Low Oiafzk}ow jf lh Polâzkgh Bocfzhykh ‗ Fl Ihcgo Ihcgo Gfczyhl Gfczyhl Fvyopfo $IGF+1 Fl oiafzk}o pykcgkphl jf jf lh Polâzkgh Bocfzhykh jfl IGF fw bhczfcfy lh fwzhiklkjhj jf low pyfgkow# Fl IGF IGF bhczfcjyè vch zhwh jf kcmlhgk÷c kcmfykoy pfyo gfyghch hl 9& fc fl bfjko plhqo# Fl Fvyowkwzfbh goczykivkyè h bhczfcfy vch zhwh jf gyfgkbkfczo )wowzfckilf { co"kcmlhgkochykh)# ‗Lh Yfwfy}h Mfjfyhl Mfjfyhl jf Fwzhjow Vckjow $MFJ+1 Wf mkahyè mkahyè lh zhwh jf gyfgkbkfczo h lhyno plhqo jf low hnyfnhjow bocfzhykow { gyfjkzkgkow phyh gocwfnvky low oiafzk}ow jf bètkbo fbplfo, pyfgkow fwzhilfw { zkpow jf kczfyëw h lhyno plhqo bojfyhjow# ¿G÷bo wf Gocwknvfc fwow Oiafzk}ow? "" Lh mhlzh jf lkxvkjfq pvfjf pyo}oghy vch yfgfwk÷c { lh hivcjhcgkh jf lkxvkjfq pvfjf mh}oyfgfy vch ftphcwk÷c
Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
"" Poy lo xvf goczyolhcjo lh lkxvkjfq jfl wkwzfbh low ihcgow gfczyhlfw pvfjfc kcmlvfcgkhy fc low gkglow fgoc÷bkgow Lh Hyzkgvlhgk÷c jf lh Polâzkgh Bocfzhykh
Opfyhgkocfw jf Bfyghjo Hikfyzo Lh zhwh jf kczfyëw kbplâgkzh jf vc ioco jfl zfwoyo z fwoyo fw1
Fl jkwføo jf lh Polâzkgh Bocfzhykh Polâzkghw Bocfzhykhw Goczyhgzk}hw1 Fl Ihcgo Fbkwoy hvbfczh wv zkpo jf kczfyëw o }fcjf jfvjh fc fl bfyghjo hikfyzo phyh yfjvgky lh ihwf bocfzhykh gvhcjo lh zhwh jf kcmlhgk÷c fw wvpfykoy h lh jfwfhjh# •
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Polâzkghw Bocfzhykhw Ftphcwk}hw1 Fl Ihcgo Fbkwoy yfjvgf wv zkpo jf kczfyëw o gobpyh jfvjh fc fl bfyghjo hikfyzo phyh hvbfczhy lh ihwf bocfzhykh gvhcjo lh zhwh jf gyfgkbkfczo jfl PKI yfhl $o lh zhwh jf kcmlhgk÷c+ fw kcmfykoy h lh jfwfhjh#
Lh Zyhcwbkwk÷c jf lh Polâzkgh Bocfzhykh Opfyhgkocfw jf bfyghjo hikfyzo xvf bojkmkghc lh ihwf bocfzhykh $kcwzyvbfczo+ Ghbikow fc fl zkpo jf kczfyëw jfl bfyghjo $}hykhilf kczfybfjkh+ Ghbikow fc lhw jfgkwkocfw jf gocwvbo, hdoyyo f kc}fywk÷c •
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Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw •
Ghbikow fc lh jfbhcjh hnyfnhjh { fc lh zhwh jf kcmlhgk÷c $oiafzk}o+
Lhw Jkmkgvlzhjfw jf lh Polâzkgh Bocfzhykh Fl Ihcgo Fbkwoy yfjvgf low zkpow jf kczfyëw h goyzo plhqo goc lh fwpfyhcqh jf xvf jkwbkcv{hc low zkpow jf kczfyëw h lhyno plhqo { wf pyojvqgh vch ftphcwk÷c •
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Pfyo fwzo co ogvyykyè wk fl wfgzoy pyk}hjo jfwgocmâh $gvhlxvkfy ozyh yhq÷c xvf lf llf}f h jfwgocmkhy jfl gyfgkbkfczo fc fl mvzvyo+ Lh polâzkgh bocfzhykh fw bèw fmkghq phyh goczyolhy lhw kcmlhgkocfw xvf phyh whlky jf lhw yfgfwkocfw $llf}hy fl ghihllo hl hnvh fw mègkl, pfyo oilknhylf h ifify fw bvgdo bèw gobplkghjo+
Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
ZFBH =1 Low âcjkgfw jf pyfgkow { lh kcmlhgk÷c ¿Xvë woc low âcjkgfw jf pyfgkow? ‗Low Kcjkgfw jf Pyfgkow woc bfjkhw pocjfyhjhw jf pyfgkow jf bfyghcgkhw ‗Fl Âcjkgf jf Pyfgkow jf Gocwvbo $KPG+1 fw vch bfjkh pocjfyhjh jf low pyfgkow yflhzk}ow jf bfyghcgâhw jf gocwvbo jf low donhyfw yfwkjfczfw ‗Fl Âcjkgf jf Pyfgkow jf Gocwvbo Hybockqhjo $KPGH+1 fw vc KPG xvf wf ghlgvlh wknvkfcjo wknvkfcjo lhw jkyfgzykgfw jf lh VF $kcglv{f fl nhwzo jf low zvykwzhw { co kcglv{f fl nhwzo jf low fwphøolfw fc fl ftzyhcafyo+# ‗Fl Âcjkgf jf Pyfgkow Kcjvwzykhlfw $KPYK+1 $KPYK+ 1 fw vch bfjkh pocjfyhjh jf low gowzfw jf pyojvggk÷c yflhzk}ow h vch gfwzh jf bhcvmhgzvyhw ‗Fl Jfmlhgzoy Kbplâgkzo jfl Pyojvgzo Kczfykoy Iyvzo $JML+1 fw fl âcjkgf xvf wf oizkfcf hl jk}kjky fl PKI Cobkchl fczyf fl PKI Yfhl Fl Kcjkgf jf Pyfgkow jf Gocwvbo jf 900= ‗Fl KPG goc ihwf 900= fw vch bfjkh pocjfyhjh jf low pyfgkow yflhzk}ow jf :;8 bfyghcgâhw jf gocwvbo# ‗Lh gobpowkgk÷c jf lh gfwzh { lhw pocjfyhgkocfw wf ghlgvlhyoc vwhcjo low nhwzow jf lhw pfywochw { lhw mhbklkhw jf lh Fcgvfwzh Goczkcvh jf Pyfwvpvfwzow Mhbklkhyfw $4#000 donhyfw+# ‗Fc lh gfwzh wf kcglv{fc lhw bfyghcgâhw jf gocwvbo xvf wvpocfc bèw jf vc 7 poy 80#000 jfl nhwzo zozhl jfl golfgzk}o# ‗Lh pocjfyhgk÷c jf lh bfyghcgâh k, wf jfmkcf gobo fl gogkfczf xvf yfwvlzh jf jk}kjky fl nhwzo zozhl fc fwh bfyghcgâh, nk, poy fl nhwzo zozhl jfl golfgzk}o, N $k2nk/N+ ‗Lh gfwzh wf ghbikh ghjh gkcgo høow# "‗Low 990#000 pyfgkow bfcwvhlfw xvf wf zkfcfc fc gvfczh phyh ghlgvlhy fl KPG wf yfgonfc fc vc bvfwzyh moybhjh poy 8>> bvckgkpkow# Âcjkgf jf Pyfgkow hl Gocwvbkjoy
Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
¿Xvë fw lh Kcmlhgk÷c $ +? ‗Lh kcmlhgk÷c fw fl hvbfczo goczkcvhjo { wowzfckjo jf zojow low pyfgkow { wf bkjf poy lh zhwh jf }hykhgk÷c jf vc âcjkgf â cjkgf jf pyfgkow ‗Dh{ zhczhw bfjkjhw jf lh kcmlhgk÷c gobo âcjkgfw jf pyfgkow ‗Lh bfjkjh bèw popvlhy jf lh kcmlhgk÷c fw lh zhwh jf }hykhgk÷c jfl Kcjkgf jf Pyfgkow jf Gocwvbo $KPG+ ‗Lh kcmlhgk÷c wvi{hgfczf fw lh zhwh jf }hykhgk÷c jfl Kcjkgf jf Pyfgkow jf low Wfy}kgkow { jf low Ikfcfw Flhioyhjow { Co Fcfynëzkgow $KPWIFCF+ ‗Ozyhw bfjkjhw jf lh kcmlhgk÷c vwhc fl Jfmlhgzoy jfl PKI, fl Âcjkgf jf Pyfgkow Kcjvwzykhlfw, low âcjkgfw jf pyfgkow jf lhw ftpoyzhgkocfw o jf lhw kbpoyzhgkocfw,…
PKI Yfhl
Jfmlhgzoy jfl PKI
Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
Lh Kcmlhgk÷c { low Whlhykow Fl pojfy hjxvkwkzk}o jf low whlhykow fw fl }hloy yfhl jf low whlhykow o, lo xvf fw lo bkwbo, lh ghczkjhj jf bfyghcgâhw xvf wf pvfjfc gobpyhy goc fllow Phyh xvf fl whlhyko yfhl jkwbkcv{h co fw wvmkgkfczf goc xvf wvihc low pyfgkow Low Gowzfw jf lh Kcmlhgk÷c 8# Lh zhwh jf kcmlhgk÷c xvf bèw cow kbpoyzh fw lh zhwh jf }hykhgk÷c jfl âcjkgf jf pyfgkow kcjk}kjvhl jf ghjh vco poyxvf fw lh xvf jfzfybkch fl gowzf jf cvfwzyhw }kjhw# 9# Co fw gkfyzo xvf lh kcmlhgk÷c fyowkocf wkwzfbèzkghbfczf fl pojfy hjxvkwkzk}o jf low whlhykow# 7# Lh kcmlhgk÷c yflhzk}h cow dhgf bfcow gobpfzkzk}ow fc low bfyghjow kczfychgkochlfw# Lh Zfoyâh Gvhczkzhzk}h jfl Jkcfyo B t } 2 P t [ B" Jkcfyo }" ]flogkjhj jf gkygvlhgk÷c jfl jkcfyo P " Kcjkgf jf Pyfgkow [" PKI yfhl Fc zhwhw jf gyfgkbkfczo $N+1 Nb % N} 2 Np % N{ Wk lh }flogkjhj fw gocwzhczf $}+, { gobo Np fw kcmlhgk÷c, Nb
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LOW ZKPOW JF KCZFYËW ¿Xvë woc low zkpow jf kczfyëw? ‗Low zkpow jf kczfyëw woc low pyfgkow jf fwpfyhy dhwzh vc bobfczo
Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
jfzfybkchjo jfl mvzvyo ‗Fl zkpo jf kczfyëw cobkchl $k+1 fw fl pyfgko jf fwpfyhy bfjkjo fc vckjhjfw bocfzhykhw ‗Fl zkpo jf kczfyëw yfhl $y+1 fw fl pyfgko jf fwpfyhy bfjkjo fc vckjhjfw jf gocwvbo Low Zkpow jf Kczfyëw Yfhlfw pyfwzhjo h vc zkpo jf kczfyëw kczfyëw cobkchl mkao, ‗ Pyoilfbh1 Gvhcjo pyfwzo o pkjo pyfwzhjo k, co wf gvèl }h h wfy bk zkpo jf kczfyëw yfhl, y, poyxvf co wë gvèl }h h wfy lh zhwh jf kcmlhgk÷c, π ‗ Ft"hczf1 fl zkpo jf kczfyëw kczfyëw yfhl fwpfyhjo fw hpyotkbhjhbfczf hpyotkbhjhbfczf knvhl knvhl hl zkpo jf kczfyëw cobkchl bfcow lh zhwh jf kcmlhgk÷c fwpfyhjh, yf 2 k ‗ πf kczfyëw yfhl oizfckjo fw hpyotkbhjhbfczf hpyotkbhjhbfczf knvhl hl zkpo ‗ Ft"powz1 fl zkpo jf kczfyëw jf kczfyëw cobkchl bfcow lh zhwh jf kcmlhgk÷c oiwfy}hjh, y 2 k ‗ π ‗ Wk lh zhwh jf kcmlhgk÷c oiwfy}hjh fw bh{oy xvf lh fwpfyhjh wf pyojvgf vch nhchcgkh phyh low pyfwzhbkwzhw { vch pfyjkjh phyh low pyfwzhzhykow knvhl h y ‗ yf 2 π ‗ πf
Lh Fgvhgk÷c jf Mkwdfy
¿Poy xvë cow kbpoyzhc low Zkpow jf Kczfyëw?
Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
Poyxvf woc vc gobpocfczf jf low nhwzow { jf low kcnyfwow jf low donhyfw { jfzfybkchc wvw jfgkwkocfw jf gocwvbo, gocw vbo, hdoyyo f kc}fywk÷c Poyxvf woc vc gobpocfczf jf low nhwzow jfl wfgzoy pñilkgo { gocjkgkochc lh polâzkgh mkwghl# Poyxvf hmfgzhc h low zkpow jf ghbiko Poyxvf pvfjfc hmfgzhy h lh zhwh jf gyfgkbkfczo gyfg kbkfczo jf lh fgocobâh
Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
ZFBH >1 Low zkpow jf ghbiko { lh Polâzkgh Ghbikhykh Yfgoyjfbow jf Gvfczhw Chgkochlfw xvf…
K2$["G+%$Z"N+%$KB"T+ Jfwjf lvfno, phyfgf wfy xvf vc hlzo jëmkgkz fc lh ihlhcqh gobfygkhl fw hlno ivfco Wk fwzo fw gkfyzo, ¿poy xvë zhczow z hczow phâwfw wf pyfogvphc jf vc hlzo hlz o jëmkgkz? VCH BKYHJH BÈW GFYGHCH H LH IHLHCQH JF PHNOW COW JHYÈ VCH YFWPVFWZH Lh Fwzyvgzvyh jf lh Ihlhcqh jf Phnow IHLHCQH POY GVFCZH GOYYKFCZF Bfyghcgâhw Wfy}kgkow $Zvykwbo $Zvykwbo { ]khafw, Ozyow Wfy}kgkow+ Yfczh jfl Zyhihao { jfl Ghpkzhl Zyhcwmfyfcgkhw Goyykfczfw#
IHLHCQH MKCHCGKFYH Kc}fywkocfw Kc}fywkocfw jf Fwphøh fc fl ftzfykoy $Jkyfgzhw, Jf ghyzfyh+ Kc}fywkocfw jfl ftzfykoy fc Fwphøh $Jkyfgzhw o Ghyzfyh+ ]hykhgk÷c jf Yfwfy}hw
IHLHCQH POY GVFCZH JF GHPKZHL Zyhcwmfyfcghw jf ghpkzhl cfzhw
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FYYOFW [ OBKWKOCFW
Whljo jf lh Ihlhcqh Gobfygkhl $WIG+1 Jkmfyfcgkh fczyf fl }hloy jf lhw Ftpoyzhgkocfw { fl jf lhw Kbpoyzhgkocfw Whljo jf lh Ihlhcqh poy Gvfczh Goyykfczf $WIGG+1 Whljo jf zojhw lhw opfyhgkocfw goyykfczfw goc fl ftzfykoy $WIGG2WIG%YFC+
Lh Wowzfckiklkjhj jfl Jëmkgkz Ftzfykoy Mhgzoyfw h zfcfy fc gvfczh ‗Gvhczâh ‗Jvyhgk÷c ‗Ghvwhw $gocwvbo, kc}fywk÷c+ ‗Mkchcgkhgk÷c $kc}fywk÷c jkyfgzh, ghpkzhlfw h goyzo plhqo, ghpkzhlfw h lhyno plhqo+
¿Xvë woc low Zkpow jf Ghbiko?
Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw •
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Fl zkpo jf ghbiko cobkchl $f+ fw fl pyfgko jf vch bocfjh fc zëybkcow jf ozyh $bocfjh ftzyhcafyh poy bocfjh chgkochl, f#n# */ €+ Fl zkpo jf ghbiko yfhl $f Y + fw fl pyfgko jf vch bfyghcgâh ftzfykoy fc zëybkcow jf vch bfyghcgâh kczfykoy $vckjhjfw jf lh bfyghcgâh ftzfykoy poy vckjhjfw jf lh bfyghcgâh kczfykoy+ $f Y 2fP/P!+ 2fP/P!+ Ozyow zkpow jf ghbiko ‗Low zkpow jf ghbiko fmfgzk}ow woc bfjkhw pocjfyhjhw jf zkpow jf ghbiko cobkchlfw o yfhlfw $wpoz/moy~hyj+1 fczyfnh hl ‗Low zkpow jf ghbiko goczhjo/mvzvyo $wpoz/moy~hyj+1 goczhjo/fczyfnh mvzvyh jf jk}kwhw
Gvhcjo cvfwzyh bocfjh wf hpyfgkh… ‗Lh pyojvggk÷c kczfykoy wf fcghyfgf phyh low ftzyhcafyow, lh pyojvggk÷c
ftzfykoy wf hihyhzh phyh low yfwkjfczfw, { pfyjfbow gobpfzkzk}kjhj $fa# low zvykwzhw ftzyhcafyow ivwghc ozyow jfwzkcow { cowozyow }khahbow bèw hl ftzyhcafyo+# ‗Lhw ftpoyzhgkocfw jkwbkcv{fc, lhw kbpoyzhgkocfw hvbfczhc { lh ihlhcqh gobfygkhl zkfcjf h }ol}fywf jfmkgkzhykh ‗Fl gowzf jf lhw bfyghcgâhw kbpoyzhjhw jkwbkcv{f { fl Kcjkgf jf Pyfgkow jf Gocwvbo zkfcjf h jkwbkcvky ‗Low hgzk}ow kczfykoyfw wf fcghyfgfc { lhw kc}fywkocfw ftzyhcafyhw fc fl kczfykoy zkfcjfc h jkwbkcvky $goc cvfwzyhw kc}fywkocfw fc fl ftzfykoy ogvyyf lo goczyhyko+ ‗Lh yfczhiklkjhj fc jk}kwhw jf lhw kc}fywkocfw kczfykoyfw jf low ftzyhcafyow hvbfczh { lh yfczhiklkjhj fc bocfjh chgkochl jf cvfwzyhw kc}fywkocfw ftzfykoyfw jkwbkcv{f ‗Zfcfbow xvf zyhihahy bfcow phyh oizfcfy vch vckjhj jf bocfjh ftzyhcafyh { cow fcykxvfgfbow fc zëybkcow jf bfyghcgâhw ftzfykoyfw ‗Low kbpoyzfw fc bocfjh kczfykoy jf lhw jfvjhw jfcobkchjhw fc jk}kwhw jkwbkcv{fc { fl ykfwno jf zfcfy vch gykwkw mkchcgkfyh jkwbkcv{f
¿Poy xvë cow kbpoyzhc low Zkpow jf Ghbiko? ‗Gobpfzkzk}kjhj1 low zkpow jf ghbiko ghbiko jfzfybkchc fl pyfgko yflhzk}o jf lh pyojvggk÷c kczfykoy { lh pyojvggk÷c ftzfykoy ‗Yfczhiklkjhj jf lhw kc}fywkocfw1 low zkpow jf ghbiko jfzfybkchc low gowzfw jf low hgzk}ow { lhw yfczhiklkjhjfw yflhzk}hw jf lhw kc}fywkocfw kczfykoyfw { ftzfykoyfw
Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
Low Jfzfybkchczfw jf low Zkpow jf Ghbiko • Lh f}olvgk÷c jf lh yfczhiklkjhj bfjkjh poy fl jkmfyfcgkhl jf low zkpow jf
kczfyëw • Lh f}olvgk÷c jf low whljow poy gvfczh goyykfczf { low ghbikow fc fl
fcjfvjhbkfczo { fc fl ykfwno jf ghjh phâw Lh Jfzfybkchgk÷c jf low Zkpow jf Ghbiko Whljo jf lh ihlhcqh goyykfczf { jf ghpkzhl % Kc}fywkocfw ftzyhcafyhw jkyfgzhw $cfzhw+ % Ghpkzhlfw h lhyno plhqo $cfzow+ Wvpfyè}kz jf lh I# jf Phnow
Jëmkgkz jf lh I# Jf Phnow
$ftgfwo $ftgfwo jf jfbhcjh jf lh
$ftgfwo $ftgfwo jf omfyzh jf lh
bocfjh chgkochl+
bocfjh chgkochl+
Hpyfgkhgk÷c jf lh bocfjh
Jfpyfgkhgk÷c jf lh bocfjh
Chgkochl
Chgkochl
$Ivfc bobfczo phyh }kwkzhy lh
$Zhl }fq ghcgflfbow fl }khaf
Nyhc Bhcqhch+
h C[G+
Lh Phykjhj jf low Zkpow jf Kczfyëw 8%k2$8%k!+fz/fz%8 •
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HL ZKPO JF GHBIKO FWPFYHJO $fz%8 z%8+ WF HAVWZH JF ZHL BHCFYH XVF FWZHW KCJKMFYFCZF H KC]FYZKY FCZYF HBIOW PHÂWFW# POY LO BKWBO, FC BFYGHJOW JF MVZVYOW, FL MOY^HYJ WF HAVWZH DHWZH WHZKWMHGFY LH KNVHLJHJ HCZFYKOY, JF LO GOCZYHYKO HIYÂH HYIKZYHAF $¿poy xvë?+ Fc zhwhw jf }hykhgk÷c, fwzh ftpyfwk÷c fxvk}hlf h f
2 k! ‗ k
Fl Lhyno Plhqo1 Lh Phykjhj jfl Pojfy Hjxvkwkzk}o Yfgoyjfbow hl zkpo jf Ghbiko Yfhl jocjf 1 $f 2 P!/P fY 28+ 28+ Wk wf gvbplf lh Zfoyâh jf lh Phykjhj jfl Pojfy Hjxvkwkzk}o lh }hykhgk÷c jfl zkpo jf ghbiko ghbiko fczyf lhw bocfjhw jf jow phâwfw wf •
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Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
jfzfybkch poy lh jkmfyfcgkh fczyf wvw zhwhw jf kcmlhgk÷c $ f 2 p! " p+ Low phâwfw goc vc jkmfyfcgkhl jf kcmlhgk÷c pfywkwzfczf zkfcjfc h pfyjfy gobpfzkzk}kjhj { wvw bocfjhw zkfcjfc h jfpyfgkhywf Lkbkzhgkocfw ‗Lhw bfyghcgâhw co gobfygkhilfw ‗Lhw bfyghcgâhw kczfykoyfw { ftzfykoyfw co wkfbpyf woc wvwzkzvzhw pfymfgzhw
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LH POLKZKGH GHBIKHYKH Low Yfnâbfcfw Ghbikhykow Zkpow jf ghbiko mlftkilfw Hpyfgkhgk÷c / jfpyfgkhgk÷c Zkpow jf ghbiko mkaow Yfmfyfcgkh1 oyo, ozyh bocfjh, vch gfwzh jf bocfjhw b ocfjhw Yf}hlvhgk÷c / jf}hlvhgk÷c Zkpo ñckgo / ihcjh Phzy÷c oyo, ghahw jf goc}fywk÷c, jolhykqhgk÷c Zkpow jf ghbiko mkaow havwzhilfw Mlozhgk÷c wvgkh / Kczfy}fcgk÷c jfl Ihcgo Gfczyhl Phpfl jf lhw yfwfy}hw Goczyolfw jf ghbiko Low Zkpow jf Ghbiko Mlftkilfw Zf÷ykghbfczf woc kcbvcfw h lhw gykwkw •
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Jfpfcjfc w÷lo jf mhgzoyfw “mvcjhbfczhlfw‒
Lh fwpfgvlhgk÷c fw bv{ jkmâgkl Fc lh pyègzkgh woc kcfwzhilfw Owgklhgkocfw myfgvfczfw h goyzo plhqo Hbplkhw jfwhlkcfhgkocfw h lhyno plhqo Fl phâw gocwfy}h fl goczyol jf wv polâzkgh bocfzhykh Fafbplow1 j÷lhy, fvyo, {fc, lkiyh, myhcgo wvkqo, fzg Zkpow jf Ghbiko Mkaow Wf vzklkqhc gobo hcglhaf jf lh polâzkgh bocfzhykh Pfybkzfc goczyolhy lh kcmlhgk÷c f kcgfczk}hc lhw fczyhjhw jf ghpkzhlfw Lh polâzkgh bocfzhykh jfif wvioyjkchywf hl bhczfckbkfczo jfl zkpo jf ghbiko Lhw ftphcwkocfw bocfzhykhw woc kc}khilfw Fafbplow1 Vck÷c Fgoc÷bkgh { Bocfzhykh Fvyopfh, Ghahw jf goc}fywk÷c, Phzy÷c Oyo Zkpow jf Ghbiko Havwzhilfw Fc zfoyâh woc fwzhilfw jfczyo jf vch ihcjh i hcjh jf mlvgzvhgk÷c Lhw ihcjhw wf pvfjfc havwzhy gvhcjo lhw gkygvcwzhcgkhw lo yfxvkfyfc ‗
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Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH
Vck÷c jf Fwzvjkhczfw jf Gkfcgkhw Fgoc÷bkghw
Fc lh pyègzkgh woc bv{ kcfwzhilfw f kcgfczk}hc low bo}kbkfczow fwpfgvlhzk}ow Lh polâzkgh bocfzhykh zkfcf vc gkfyzo bhynfc jf lkifyzhj jfczyo jf lh ihcjh pfyo wf }f lkbkzhjh poy fl bhczfckbkfczo b hczfckbkfczo jfl zkpo jf ghbiko Fafbplow1 Iyfzzoc ^oojw,Wkwzfbh Bocfzhyko Fvyopfo $WBF+ VCKOCFW BOCFZHYKHW ]FCZHAHW1 Vch bocfjh fwzhilf pyobvf}f fl gobfygko fczyf low phâwfw bkfbiyow jf lh vck÷c# JFW]FCZHAHW1 Low bkfbiyow zkfcfc xvf gfjfy fl goczyol jf lh polâzkgh bocfzhykh# •
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Yfhlkqhjo { Jkwzykivkjo poy QDOVAKF BH