Perencanaan Dan Desain Tambang Terbuka

PERENCANAAN DAN DESAIN TAMBANG TERBUKA

TUGAS TAMBANG TERBUKA Oleh Randy Renaldo Ydo !a"yan#o $%nda &ayan#% M( A)%) Al !a !a**% Rah+a# Sa San#o,a A+a# Sa."% E"o, S%#o+.l O#o S+a"a K And% Syahd% End% S"yana

03081002010 03081002020 0308100202' 0308100203' 030810020-2 030810020/ 030810020 0308100208' 0301002032 030100200'

UNI4ERSITA UNI4ERSI TAS S SRI5I&AY SRI5I& AYA A 6AKU$TAS TEKNIK  2011

1

PERENCANAAN DAN DESAIN TAMBANG TERBUKA

(8( PENAMBA!AN &A$AN

(8(1(Pendahlan &alan adalah ,alah ,a# a,.e .en#%n7 dala+ .e"enanaan #a+an7 #e"a( Pe+a#an 9alan ha", d%+a,an .ada a:al ."o,e, .e"enanaan a"ena 9alan da.a# ,ea"a ,%7n%)%an ,%7n%)%an +e+.en7a" +e+.en7a"h% h% ,d# le"en7 dan ,d# le"en7 yan7 d%.%l%h +e+%l%% .en7a"h ,%7n%)%an .ada adan7an( O;e"all Slo.e An7le, #an.a 9alan da.a# d%7naan dala+ de,a%n a:al( Da#a #e",e# da.a da.a## +en +enn9 n9 a an n ,e9 ,e9+l +lah ah e,a e,a"" .en7 .en7. .a,a a,an n #%da #%da  #e"en #e"ena ana na a#a a#a ,#e"%l%,a,% da"% ee"a.a adan7an #e"enana( Den7an a#a la%n< .enen#an ,lo.e ,lo.e an7l an7lee da.a da.a## d%la d%la a an n 9%a 9%a #e"d #e"da. a.a# a# 9ala 9alan( n( In% In% +n7 +n7% %n n #e"la #e"lal l on, on,e"; e";a#% a#%)) dan dan da.a da.a## d%a d%a#a #aa an n .e+ .e+o" o"o, o,an an da"%. da"%.ad adaa .eny .enye, e,a%a a%an n e#han( Sa+.a% Sa+.a% ,aa# %n%< 9al" .en7an7 .en7an7#an #an +e".aan +e".aan )a#o" #a+a dala+ o.e"a,% o.e"a,% #a+an #a+an7 7 #e"a #e"a(( Ka"ena Ka"ena e,l% e,l%#an #an den7an den7an #%n7 #%n7an an #a9a+ #a9a+ dan #an9a #an9aan an "a+ "a+<< any anya a :a# :a#  yan7 yan7 d%ha d%ha% %, ,an an oleh oleh .a"a .a"a .e"en .e"enan anaa #a+an7 dala+ e"",an den7an layo# 9alan dan de,a%n( Ka"e# .e"ala#an  .en7an7#an #elah d%len77a.% )le,%%l%#a, yan7 e,a" dan e+a+.an n# n#  +en7 +en7a#a a#a,% ,% e" e"a7 a7a% a% e, e,l% l%#an #an yan7 yan7 +n +nl l da"% da"% e#e e#e" "a# a#a,a a,an n  .e"enanaan .ada .%# ,aa# %n%( Na+n .%# aan +en9ad% le%h dala+ dan #eanan n# %aya .e+o#on7an e"lan9#( Ada ,e9+lah .e"#anyaan .en#%n7 yan7 ha", d%9a:a ,aa# .e+a#an  9alan =Co>en,< 1''? @ 1( Ke.# Ke.#,an ,an .e"#a+a .e"#a+a yan7 yan7 aan aan d%a+ d%a+%l %l adalah adalah d%+ana d%+ana 9alan 9alan ela" ela" da"% d%nd%n7 .%#( In% %nde.enden #e"hada. loa,% h",he" dan .o%n d+.( 2( !a", !a",ah ah ada le%h le%h da"% ,a# ,a# a,e, a,e, !al %n% +e+n7 +e+n7%n %nan< an< )le,%e )le,%ell den7an o.e"a,% #e#a.% %aya .en7.a,an #a+ahan %,a #%n77%( 3( &alan ha", ha", +en9ad% +en9ad% e,#e"n e,#e"nal al a#a %n#e"n %n#e"nal al e lan7 lan7 ha", ,e+en# ,e+en#a"a a"a a#a ,e+%.e"+anen

2

PERENCANAAN DAN DESAIN TAMBANG TERBUKA

(8( PENAMBA!AN &A$AN

(8(1(Pendahlan &alan adalah ,alah ,a# a,.e .en#%n7 dala+ .e"enanaan #a+an7 #e"a( Pe+a#an 9alan ha", d%+a,an .ada a:al ."o,e, .e"enanaan a"ena 9alan da.a# ,ea"a ,%7n%)%an ,%7n%)%an +e+.en7a" +e+.en7a"h% h% ,d# le"en7 dan ,d# le"en7 yan7 d%.%l%h +e+%l%% .en7a"h ,%7n%)%an .ada adan7an( O;e"all Slo.e An7le, #an.a 9alan da.a# d%7naan dala+ de,a%n a:al( Da#a #e",e# da.a da.a## +en +enn9 n9 a an n ,e9 ,e9+l +lah ah e,a e,a"" .en7 .en7. .a,a a,an n #%da #%da  #e"en #e"ena ana na a#a a#a ,#e"%l%,a,% da"% ee"a.a adan7an #e"enana( Den7an a#a la%n< .enen#an ,lo.e ,lo.e an7l an7lee da.a da.a## d%la d%la a an n 9%a 9%a #e"d #e"da. a.a# a# 9ala 9alan( n( In% In% +n7 +n7% %n n #e"la #e"lal l on, on,e"; e";a#% a#%)) dan dan da.a da.a## d%a d%a#a #aa an n .e+ .e+o" o"o, o,an an da"%. da"%.ad adaa .eny .enye, e,a%a a%an n e#han( Sa+.a% Sa+.a% ,aa# %n%< 9al" .en7an7 .en7an7#an #an +e".aan +e".aan )a#o" #a+a dala+ o.e"a,% o.e"a,% #a+an #a+an7 7 #e"a #e"a(( Ka"ena Ka"ena e,l% e,l%#an #an den7an den7an #%n7 #%n7an an #a9a+ #a9a+ dan #an9a #an9aan an "a+ "a+<< any anya a :a# :a#  yan7 yan7 d%ha d%ha% %, ,an an oleh oleh .a"a .a"a .e"en .e"enan anaa #a+an7 dala+ e"",an den7an layo# 9alan dan de,a%n( Ka"e# .e"ala#an  .en7an7#an #elah d%len77a.% )le,%%l%#a, yan7 e,a" dan e+a+.an n# n#  +en7 +en7a#a a#a,% ,% e" e"a7 a7a% a% e, e,l% l%#an #an yan7 yan7 +n +nl l da"% da"% e#e e#e" "a# a#a,a a,an n  .e"enanaan .ada .%# ,aa# %n%( Na+n .%# aan +en9ad% le%h dala+ dan #eanan n# %aya .e+o#on7an e"lan9#( Ada ,e9+lah .e"#anyaan .en#%n7 yan7 ha", d%9a:a ,aa# .e+a#an  9alan =Co>en,< 1''? @ 1( Ke.# Ke.#,an ,an .e"#a+a .e"#a+a yan7 yan7 aan aan d%a+ d%a+%l %l adalah adalah d%+ana d%+ana 9alan 9alan ela" ela" da"% d%nd%n7 .%#( In% %nde.enden #e"hada. loa,% h",he" dan .o%n d+.( 2( !a", !a",ah ah ada le%h le%h da"% ,a# ,a# a,e, a,e, !al %n% +e+n7 +e+n7%n %nan< an< )le,%e )le,%ell den7an o.e"a,% #e#a.% %aya .en7.a,an #a+ahan %,a #%n77%( 3( &alan ha", ha", +en9ad% +en9ad% e,#e"n e,#e"nal al a#a %n#e"n %n#e"nal al e lan7 lan7 ha", ,e+en# ,e+en#a"a a"a a#a ,e+%.e"+anen

2

( !a",ah !a",ah 9alan ,.%"al ,.%"al d% ,e%#a" .%# Me+.ny Me+.nya% a% ,:%#ha ,:%#ha d% ,a# ,%,% A#a o+%na,% -( Be"a.a Be"a.a anya anya 9al" 9al" ha", ha", d%a# d%a# A#"an A#"an ++ ."a#%, ."a#%, n# n# 2 lal l%n l%n#a, #a, 9ala 9alan n adal adalah ah@@ le lea" 9ala 9alan n le% le%h h e,a e,a"" da"% da"%  lea lea"" #" #"( Mena Mena+ +ah aha an n 9al" 9al" #a+a #a+aha han n n# n#  +e+ +e+n7 n7% %n nan an le:a# le:a# da.a da.a## +e+. +e+.e" e"e. e.a# a# ."od ."od #% #%;% ;%#a, #a, lal lal l%n# l%n#a,< a,< #e#a. #e#a.%%

%ay %ayaa .en7 .en7. .a,a a,an n

+en%n7a#( /( A.a yan7 yan7 ha", ha", +en9ad% +en9ad% 7"ade 9alan Se9+l Se9+lah ah .%# e"o.e" e"o.e"a,% a,% .ada 10  a% +en7n#n7an dan #%da +en7n#n7an n# +en7an7#( Seah 7"ade 8 le%h d%,a% a"ena +enyed%aan l%n#an7 le%h dala+ +e+an7n 9alan dan en#"% an7 .a,( Ya%# +enyed%aan hal %# #%da  +eny +enye ea aa an n

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+en7 +en7. .a, a,

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+enyl%#an #a#a le#a( ( A#"an lal lal l%n#a, +ana yan7 d%7naan d%7naan Tan7an Tan7an anan anan a#a lal l%n#a, #an7an %"% d% .%# 8( A.aah A.aah #"ol% +e+an# +e+an# n# .e"#%+an7an .e"#%+an7an #" yan7 yan7 laya Ba7a%+ana Ba7a%+ana  .en7a"h #a#a le#a

D%,%n% %#a #%da +enoa n# +en9a:a .e"#anyaan.e"#anyaan d% a#a,( a#a,( 6o,n 6o,nya ya adalah adalah ."o,ed ."o,ed" " ,e.e"#% ,e.e"#% a.a yan7 yan7 aan aan d%la d%laan an n#  n#  +enen# +enen#a an n ,e7+en ,e7+en 9alan 9alan .en7a .en7a#a #an n yan7 yan7 da.a# da.a# d%#a+ d%#a+ah ahan an e .%# de,a%n( de,a%n( P"o,ed" P"o,ed" da.a# d%laan d%laan den7an den7an #an7an #an7an a#a den7an den7an o+.#e"( o+.#e"( Se#elah 9alan #elah d%#a+ahan< e"a7a% .e"ala#an ,%+la#o" %ne"9a da.a# d%#e"a.an n# +e"anan7 dan +en7e;ala,% e"a7a% .%l%han(

(8(2( De,a%n da"% 9alan ,.%"al  d% dala+ :all  Sea7a%+ana #elah d%aha, dala+ a7%an (3< .ena+ahan 9alan e  .%# +el%a#an :all e"7e"a a% e dala+ lan7 dan a"ena %# eh%la eh%lan7a n7an n ee"a. ee"a.aa +a#e"% +a#e"% =++n =++nya ya %9%h? %9%h? a#a a#a e la" la" dan den7an den7an de+%% de+%%an an +ena+ +ena+ah ah ee"a. ee"a.aa +a#e"% +a#e"% =++n =++nya ya :a,#e?( :a,#e?( Con#oh Con#oh de,a%n de,a%n +e+.e"# +e+.e"#%+ %+an7 an7an an a,, a,, .e"#a+ .e"#a+aa =d% dala+ dala+ .%# :all :all yan7 yan7 a,l%?( a,l%?( Ka,, Ka,,

3

eda aan d%aha, dala+ a7%an e"%#( .%# %n% #e"d%"% da"% e+.a# enhe, yan7 "e,# yan7 d%#n9an .ada Ga+a" <8'( eda 9a"%9a"% a% dan "e,#  "e,# yan7 d%#n9an .ada Ga+a" ('0( d%+en,% "e,#"e,# adalah /0 )#< #%n77% enhe, adalah 30 )# dan 9alan +e+%l%% lea" '0 a% dan 7"ade 10 aan aan d%#a+ah d%#a+ahan an e :all #a"a( #a"a( Benh Benh )ae +e+%l%% +e+%l%% ,d# ,d# -/ ( ᵒ

a( &alan d%7a+a"an den7an 7a"%, +ed%an  ( Pa"a en#e"l%ne, d%#a+ahan ( Ga"%, a% dan .na d%#a+ahan .ada 9a"a 1- a% da"% 7a"%, +ed%an =lea"

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Ga+a" (88 $an7ah 1( De,a%n 9en%, %n% n# 9alan d%+la% d% a7%an a:ah .%#( Un#  ala,an yan7 aan d%aha, e+d%an< #%#% d% +ana 9alan +e+enh% 7a"%, "e,# .e"#a+a d%.%l%h den7an ha#%ha#%( ha#%ha#%( Dala+ hal %n%< 9alan aan #e", #"n

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e #%n7a# .e"#a+an7an yan7 le%h "endah ,e.an9an7 d%nd%n7 #a"a dan #%+"<

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d%.%l%h(

$an7ah $an7ah 2( $oa,% d% +ana +ana 9alan e"ha,%l +e+enh% +e+enh% "e,#, "e,#, yan7 ,ea"an7 ,ea"an7 d%#en#an( Ka"ena #%n77% enh ! adalah 30 )# dan 9alan 7"ade G adalah 10< 9a"a ho"%>on#al(

Ga+a" Ga+a" <8'( <8'( E+.a# E+.a# enh enh .%# den7an den7an "e,# d%#a+. d%#a+.%l %lan( an(

Ga+a" ('0( e+.a# enh .%# den7an 7a"%, .#,.#, d%#a+ahan(

-

D e.%ndah den7an #" na% e #%n7a# e"%#nya adalah

D=

=

= 300 ft

T%#% B d% "e,# < enh e"%#nya e"ada den7an +en7" 9a"a 300 )# den7an .en77a"%, a#a oleh aynan ," ,e,a% den7an o+.a,( T%#% C dan D #e"le#a dala+ a"a yan7 ,a+a(

Ga+a" ('1( #%#% %n%,%a,% 9alan dan "e,# %n#e"e.#,

Ga+a" <'2( .ena+ahan lea" 9alan =lan7ah 3?

/

$an7ah 3( Se7+en 7a"%, "e,# +enn9an loa,% 9alan yan7 aan d%#a+ahan .ada ,d# anan e 9al" "e,# a7a d% ,d# anan 7a"%, 9alan( Oleh a"ena %# +e"ea +e+%l%% .an9an7 ( lea" 9alan yan7 ena" =

)  yan7 le%h .an9an7 da"%

?( Se.e"#% da.a# d%l%ha# .ada 7a+a" <'2< ,d# =

? yan7 +e+a# 9alan den7an 7a"%, "e,# adalah =

= 11.5

Oleh a"ena lea" 9alan 9ela,

=ah:a yan7 d%#a#a?< #e"a%# den7an lea" 

 9alan yan7 ena" den7an

=

= 1.20

= 1.20 x90 = 92 ft

Un# #9an yan7 .al%n7 ."a#%,< ha,%l ,ed%%# e,alahan da"% +en77naan

= W 

Ga"%, .an9an7 5 d%#a"% #e7a l", e 7a"%, .na da"% #%#% A< B< C dan D #elah d%#a+ahan n# +ena"% ('3a( ,ela%n 7a"%,7a"%, .ende e"9alan ,e9a9a" den7an "e,# d%+la% da"% 9n7 a"%, %n% #elah d%#a+ahan( $%ne, A.aah ,a# a"%, #e",e#(

$an7ah ( $%ne

adalah d%.e".an9an7 e a"ah 9n7 a"a# .%#( !al

 .e"#a+a yan7 e"9alan ,e9a9a" den7an 7a"%, .na ,eel+nya #e#a.% ,ea7a% ah%" .%# .endea#an %# +elen7n7 n# +e+a# #"an,%,% hal, den7an 7a"%, "e,# a,l%( !al %n% d%#n9an .ada 7a+a" ('3( .e"anan7 +e+%l%% ee"a.a )le,%%l%#a, #en#an7 a7a%+ana #"an,%,% %n% #e"9ad%( Se#elah e.#,an %n% d%a# +aa 9al" .na ,%,a d%#a"% ,e9a9a" ,a# %n% #e"le%h dahl( !a,%lnya d%#n9an .ada 7a+a" ('3(



$an7ah -( Ga"%, e#"aneo, yan7 #e",%,a da"% de,a%n a,l% ,ea"an7 d%ha.,( Ga"%, "e,# yan7 d%ha,%lan den7an 9alan yan7 d%,e"#aan adalah d%#n9an  .ada Ga+a" <' $an7ah /( 9alan %n% d%.e".an9an7 da"% "e,# e .%# #e"endah e a:ah .%#( !al %n% d%#n9an .ada Ga+a" <'-( 7a"%, #oe #elah d%#a+ahan n#  +e+an# dala+ ."o,e, %n%( Dala+ 7a+a" <'-< le"en7 #elah a+an n#  +e+an# dala+ ;%,al%,a,%( Te.% 9alan 7a"%, =EOR? #a+.%l 97a 7a"%, "e,#(

Ga+a" ('3a( +enyele,a%an 7a"%, "e,# a" =lan7ah ?

Ga+a" ('3( +enyele,a%an 7a"%, "e,# a" =lan7ah ?

8

Ga+a" ('3( +enyele,a%an 7a"%, "e,# a" =lan7ah ?

Ga+a" <'( .%# yan7 #e"a%# den7an 9alan =lan7ah -?

Ga+a" <'-( .ena+ahan 9alan +a, dan 7a"%, #oe =lan7ah /?

(8(3(De,a%n Ra+. S.%"al  d% $a" D%nd%n7 P%#

'

Pada a7%an ,eel+nya .ena+ahan "a+. ,.%"al e"a"%n7 d% dala+ lan7 on#" a,l% #elah d%9ela,an( Pena+ahan yan7 d%+a,d adalah  ee"a.a +a#e"% yan7 a:alnya d%9ad:alan n# .e"#a+an7an aan #e"#%n77al d% .%#( Un# a,, yan7 d%9ela,an d% a7%an %n% adalah d% +ana  9alan d%#a+ahan d% la" de,a%n ,hell .%# a:al< ahan #a+ahan ha", d%h%lan7an( Ta+an7 e+.a# enh yan7 ,a+a ,e.e"#% yan7 d%9ela,an ,eel+nya aan d%7naan@ T%n77% Benh  30 )# &a"a Pna.na  /0 )# $ea" &alan  '0 )# Kela, =7"ade? &alan  10 Benh Slo.e An7le  -/ o

$an7ah 1 De,a%n P"o,e, d%+la% den7an .na enh .al%n7 a#a,( Ke.#,an ha", +en7ena% #%#% .%n# +a, a7% 9alan ,e"#a a"ah ha", d%a#( Se.e"#% d%#n9an dala+ 7a+a" <'/< .%n# +a, ha", .ada #%#% A dala+ a"ah yan7 d%#n9an( M%ll dan d+.%n7 a"ea +e".aan )a#o" #a+a dala+ +e+%l%h #%#% 9alan +a,( Da"% #%#% %n%< ," .an9an7 $ ,a+a den7an  ."oye,% "enana .an9an7 9alan an#a"a enh d%#a"%( $oa,% %n% +e".aan #%#% B( Da"% #%#% B ," .an9an7 $ d%#a"% h%n77a #%#% C< d,#(

10

Ga+a" ('/ In#e",e.,% T%#% A:al Ra+. dan T%#% Pna  $an7ah 2 Da"% ,e#%a. .e",%+.an7an #%#% A< B< C dan D< 7a"%, .an9an7 5a =lea"   9alan? yan7 d%a# no"+al =#e7a l",? #e"hada. +a,%n7+a,%n7 7a"%,  .na( !al %n% d%#n9an .ada Ga+a" ('( Seah 7a"%, .ende d%#a"%  ,e9a9a" den7an 7a"%, .na da"% 9n7 e a"ah 9alan(

Ga+a" ('( Pena+ahan $ea" Ra+. $an7ah 3 D%+la%

den7an

.na

.al%n7

a:ah<

";a

hal,

d%#a"% 

+en7hn7an .na a" den7an yan7 la+a( !al %n% d%#n9an .ada Ga+a" <'8(

11

Ga+a" ('8( Pen77a+a"an Ga"%, Pna Ba" $an7ah  Ba7%an ,%,a da"% 7a"%, .na yan7 a" d%#a"% ,e9a9a" den7an .na  e"9a .e"#a+a da"% enh #e"endah(

$an7ah Ga"%, yan7 #%da d%.e"lan d%ha., da"% de,a%n =7a+a" (''?

Ga+a" (''( Mod%)%a,% P%# oleh Adanya Ra+. $an7ah / Ga"%, a% %# n# enh #e"endah d%#a+ahan dan 9alan +en9  a:ah .%# d%#a+ahan( Dala+ Ga+a" (100< le"en7 #elah d%a",%" n#  +e+an# dala+ +el%ha# 9alan(

12

Ga+a" (100 Pena+ahan &alan Ma, Ra+. dan Ga"%, Ka%

(8( De,a%n ,:%#ha  Dala+ +e+.o,%,%an 9alan ,e"%n7al% +nl .e"#anyaan @ a? Un# a.aah 9alan ,.%"al d% ,e%#a" .%#  ? Un# a.aah +e+%l%% ,e9+lah ,:%#ha, d% ,a# ,%,% .%#< a#a ? Un# a.aah +en77naan ee"a.a o+%na,% U++nya =Co>en,< 1''? %n% d%.e"lan n# +en7h%nda"%  .en77naan ,:%#ha dala+ .%#( S:%#ha,@  Cende"n7 +e+.e"la+a# lal l%n#a,<  Penyea ea,an an yan7 le%h e,a"<  Penyea e"a7a% +a,alah .e+el%ha"aan<  Mn7%n le%h anya +en%+lan ahaya e,ela+a#an da"%.ada 9alan ,.%"al

=+a,alah

.en7l%ha#an<

.enan7anan

+e,%n<

dll?(

Kadan7adan7 ond%,% .en77naan ,:%#ha, +en9ad% +ena"%@  Ke#%a ada on#a %9%h landa% yan7 +e+e"%an "an7 n# ee"9a d% ,:%#ha, den7an %aya .en7.a,an e%l

13

 In% +n7%n le%h a% n# +e+%l%% ee"a.a ,:%#ha, d% ,%,% .%# "endah da"%.ada ha", +elaan anya .en7.a,an .ada ,%,% yan7 #%n77% Pe"enana ha", +en7a+%l en#n7an da"% halhal #e",e#(Sa# eena"an ++ ah:a ha", +e"anan7 .%# a7a" ,e,a% den7an en#  de.o,%# dan an ,eal%nya( &%a ,:%#ha, d%.e"lan .e"enana ha",@  Meny%,aan a7%an yan7 . .an9an7 d% ,:%#ha, n# dae"ah da#a" .ada eloan ,eh%n77a #" #%da .e"l e"o.e"a,% .ada #an9aan yan7 ,an7a# "a+ .ada a7%an dala+ #%n7an  Me+.e"#%+an7an a"ah lal l%n#a,  Me+.e"#%+an7an +a,alah d"%;e" +n7%n +en7ena% .en7l%ha#an  Me+.e"#%+an7an .en7a"h ond%,% aa .ada de,a%n =e,< h9an de"a,< dll? S:%#ha aan #e"9ad% an#a"a enh eda dan e#%7a .ada d%nd%n7  .%# #a"a( Pada a7%an %n% lan7ah yan7 d%.e"lan n# +ena+ahan ,:%#ha e dala+ .%# aan d%9ela,an( $an7ah 1 De,a%n aan d%+la% da"% da,a" .%#( Dala+ hal %n% 9alan e".%ndah e d%nd%n7 .%# yan7 #elah d%"anan7( Ga+a" <101 +enn9an .%# d%+od%)%a,% den7an 7a"%, .na d%7a+a" .ada enh  =.al%n7 a:ah? dan 3( In% adalah ."o,ed" yan7 ,a+a ,e.e"#% den7an 9alan ,.%"al( Ke#%n77%an  enh #elah d%.%l%h ya%# 30 )# dan 7"ad%en 9alan adalah 10( Oleh a"ena %#< .e"enanaan R 9a"a adalah 300 )#

1

Ga+a" (101 P%# A:al Un# Pena+ahan S:%#ha d% D%nd%n7 U#a"a

$an7ah 2 C .,a# d%7naan n# +e+an7n ,:%#ha yan7 ,ea"an7 #e"le#a ,e.e"#% yan7 d%#n9an .ada 7a+a" <102( Ada #%7a 9a"a #e"l%a# $1< $2< dan $3( $2 adalah 9a"a .na.na yan7 d%e"%an( &a"a $1 dan $3 ,ea"an7 ha", d%#en#an ,eh%n77a $1 F $3  R  $2 Dala+ a,, h,, %n% $1  0<- R  1-0 )#< a"ena $2  /0< +aa $3  '0 )#( P,a# C e"loa,% d% $2  2  30 )# da"% 3 7a"%, on,#",%( Seah 7a"%, ;e"#%al ,e,a% den7an lea" 9alan 5 d%#a"% .ada ah%" $3(

Ga+a" (102 Kon,#",% Ga"%, n# Pen77a+a"an S:%#ha  $an7ah 3 Pada 7a+a" <103 ";a den7an "ad%, R2  $2  2 d%a+%l da"% C( In% +en9ad% 9a"%9a"% 9alan a7%an dala+( In% ha", d%and%n7an den7an 9a"%  9a"% al% a7% #" yan7 d%7naan( Seah R3  25 9a"%9a"% eda 97a d%#a"% da"% C( Pe".o#on7an ";a den7an 7a"%, ho"%>on#al yan7 d%#a"% da"% C +en9ad% #%#% .na d% enh 2( Pe"l d%a#a# ah:a de,a%n yan7 ,eena"nya da.a# +en77naan n%la% R3 e"eda da"% yan7 d%"eo+enda,%an d% ,%n%( In% adalah n%la% ha,( Ba7%an da"% 7a"%, .na enh 2 #elah d%#a+ahan .ada 9a"a yan7 #e.a#(

1-

Ga+a" (103 Ga"%, Pna dan T%#% Pna Un# Benh 2

$an7ah  Seah ";a hal, aan d%#a+ahan da"% 7a"%, a +elal% #%#%   .na CP e 7a"%, d( Pe"anan7 da.a# +en77naan ee"a.a .en%la%an #en#an7 en# a"%, #"an,%,% %n%( Ga+a" <10 +enn9an ha,%lnya( Ga"%, d%,e%#a" #%#% C hanya +e".aan .%n77%" 9alan =EOR?(

Ga+a" (10( K";a T"an,%,% #elah D%#a+ahan $an7ah Ga"%, .na n# enh 1 e+d%an d%#a+ahan ,e9a9a" den7an yan7 d%7a+a" .ada enh 2 =7a+a" <10-?

1/

Ga+a" (10-( Ga"%, Pna n# Benh 1 #ela h D%#a+ahan

$an7ah / Ga"%, "e."e,en#a,% .na )%nal .%# d%7a+a" =7a+a" <10/?( Se.e"#% yan7 %,a d%l%ha# ,:%#ha +ene+.a#% ,a# dae"ah yan7 le%h la, d%and%n7an den7an 9alan .ada ++nya( Den7an de+%%an da.a# ,ea"a lo7%, d%#e+.a#an d% a7%an da#a" da"% o;e"all .%# ,lo.e(

Ga+a" (10/( Ga"%, Ah%" Pna P%# den7an S:%#ha  $an7ah  Ga"%, e"a% d%7a+a" dan a7%an a:ah da"% 9alan =an#a"a enh   .na dan lan#a% .%#? d%#a+ahan =7a+a" <10?

1

Ga+a" (10 &alan Ma, Ra+. Pal%n7 Ba:ah dan Toe #elah d%#a+ahan

Da on#oh ,:%#ha, d%#n9an .ada 7a+a" <108

18

Ga+a" (108 Seah on#oh yan7 +enn9an 2 ,:%#ha Yan7 e"eda ,%#a,% ="e7%on-20 dan "e7%on 100? =o>en< 1''?

(8(-(4ol+e yan7 D%"e."e,en#a,%an oleh &alan Pena+ahan =9alan an7#? hal "oad e ,eah .%#< +enn9an  ah:a ;ol+e yan7 e,a" da"% +a#e"%al #a+ahan yan7 ha", d%ha., a#a ;ol+e yan7 ,e".a d% .%# yan7 d%,#e"%l%,a,% =#e"##. oleh 9alan?( &ad% +e,%.n )le,%%l%#a, ."od,% da.a# d%#%n7a#an dan ea+anan yan7 +e+%l%% ee"a.a a,e, e .%# da.a# +en7a%a#an .en7he+a#an yan7 la%n ,e.e"#% an#a" 9al" le"en7 "a+< 9alan an7# #a+ahan yan7 #e"a%# den7an  %aya yan7 ,%7n%)%an( Un# +e+aha+% %n%< ada ,eah #%n9aan .%# yan7 d%#n9an .ada

Ga+a" ( 1 0'< yan7 #%da

an7#(

1'

+en7andn7

9alan

P%# yan7

,a+a

den7an

9alan

d%#a+ahan<

d%#n9an

.ada

Ga+a" (110( Dae"ah yan7 e"ayan7 +enn9an .e"edaan an#a"a  a7%an A< B< C< D dan E den7an 9alan dan #an.a9alan( Dala+ .e"enanaan  .an9an7 =$? da"% 9alan adalah @

$=No(o) enhe  #%n77% Benh? 100=7"ade&alan =??=  3  100?101200)#

20

Ga+a" (10' Pe"enanaan dan #a+.%lan Se#%on da"% ,eah e+.a# .%# enh #an.a "a+. =9al"?

21

Ga+a" (110 Pe"enanaan dan #a+.%lan Se#%on da"% e+.a# enh .%# den7an "a+. =9al"?

Ka"ena 9alan e"o"%en#a,% .ada ,d# #e"hada. d%."oye,%an ,e.an9an7 a,%, ya%#

22

,+

.%#<

.an9an7

 

=(-?

A"ea &alan n# ,e#%a. a7%an d%#a+.%lan .ada Ga+a" <111( o#ao#a e"ayan7 adalah da"% dae"ah yan7 ,a+a A  5A  #%n77% Benh A"ea 9alan da.a# e"a"%, ,e.e"#% d%#n9an .ada Ga+a" ( 111a( In% .ada 7%l%"annya da.a# d%.lo# ,e.e"#% d%#n9an .ada Ga+a" ( 111(

Ga+a" (111( Kon,#",% n# +e+.e"l%ha#an ;ol+e 9alan #%a. ,e#%on

4ol+e yan7 #e"andn7 dala+ 9alan adalah ,eah ,e7%#%7a .ada# 5A lea"< .an9an7 $2 dan #%n77% e";a"%a,% ,ea"a l%nea" da"% O e edala+an .%# =G"( <112?(

Ga+a" (112(4ol+e yan7 #e"l%a# dala+ &alan

23

In% da.a# d%nya#aan ,ea7a% @

4  12 5a  $2  P%# edala+an12 5a  $ o, H  edala+an P%# =(/?

yan7 da.a# d%,ede"hanaan

  =(? Ka"ena ayan7an lea" 9alan =5a? ,a+a den7an

R+, ;ol+e 9alan da.a# d%,ede"hanaan +en9ad%

 

=(8?

Dala+ a,, %n% ;ol+e adalah

Un# )a#o" #ona,e ,ee,a" 12(-

,#
Pan9an7 e,el"han 9alan =$o;? d%#en#an oleh

Dala+ hal %n% adalah

2

('( KONSTRUKSI &A$AN

('(1(Pendahlan &alan .en7an#an yan7 a% adalah n% e,,e,an o.e"a,% #a+an7 #e"a( &alan yan7 d%"anan7 "< d%an7n dan d%.el%ha"a +e".aan on#"%#o" #a+a #e"hada. %aya .en7an7#an yan7 #%n77% dan +en%+lan ahaya dala+ ea+anan( Pada a7%an %n% ee"a.a a,.e  de,a%n da,a" aan d%aha,( Ga+a" (113 +enn9an .ena+.an7 ha, +elal% 9alan( U++nya #e"da.a# e+.a# la.%,an yan7 e"eda yan7 #e"l%a# @ •

S7"ade

•

Sa,e

•

Ba,e

•

5ea"%n7 ,")ae

S7"ade adalah la.%,an da,a"( In% adalah ,#"#" yan7 .ada ah%"nya ha", +endn7 ,e+a ean yan7 +nl e :ea"%n7 ,")ae( Dala+  ee"a.a a,, la.%,an %n% hanya aan +en9ad% .e"+aan +% yan7  e".a en#an7an ala+( Dala+ a,, la%n dan le%h %a,a< %# aan +en9ad%  a#an yan7 d%.ada#an( 5ea"%n7 ,")ae +enyed%aan #"a,%< +en7"an7% "e,%,#en,% #"a,%< daya #ahan #e"hada. a"a,%< "e;el%n7 dan ,hea"< +en#"an,+%,%an ean e  a,e dan +en#. a,e #e"hada. na%nya a%" .e"+aan( Pe"+aan %n% +n7%n e".a a,.al a#a e#on< ,ea7%an e,a" %a,anya adalah a# yan7 d%han"an( Ba,e adalah la.%,an ,#a%l%#a, dan e.ada#an yan7 ,an7a# #%n77%( In%  e"#9an n# +enyea"an #eanan yan7 d%%.#aan oleh ean "oda

2-

yan7 ee"9a .ada :ea"%n7 ,")ae< ,eh%n77a #%da aan +en7ha,%lan de)o"+a,% e"le%han(

('(2(De,a%n Ra, &alan Dala+ +e"anan7 a7%an 9alan< d%+la% den7an e"a# +a,%++ ala#  .en7an7#an yan7 aan +en77naan 9alan( d%a,+,%an ah:a #"   .en7an7#an +e+%l%% e"a# +a,%++ enda"aan o#o" 200<000 l, #e"+a, -8 .ayload ,# +e"ea( ean d%d%,#"%,%an ,ea7a% e"%#@ 

33 .ada an de.an< dan



/ .ada an elaan7 7anda( Bean .ada +a,%n7+a,%n7 an de.an 33(000 l,( n# +a,%n7

+a,%n7 da"% e+.a# an elaan7 =2 ,e# dal,? ean adalah 33(-00 l,( ,eh%n77a 9+lah +a,%++ n# +e+aa% .e"+aan d%#e"a.an oleh an  elaan7( +e,%.n #eanan on#a an#a"a "oda dan 9alan #e"7an#n7 .ada #eanan %n)la,% an dan eaan da"% d%nd%n7 ,%,% an< n# #9an ."a#%,< #eanan on#a d%a,+,%an ,a+a n# #eanan an( a"ena n# #" %n%< #eanan %n)la,% ,e%#a" '0 .,%< #eanan an#alan .ada .e"+aan 9alan adalah '0 .,% a#a 12('/0 a% .e",e7%( ,ea7a% .en77an#% n# +en7e#ah% a#a +elaan #eanan %n)la,%< Ka)+an  al# =1'?< +enn9an ah:a n%la% da"% 1/(000 a% .e",e7% =110 .,%?< 9a"an7 aan #e"la+.a%( A"ea on#a   an adalah @  %dan7 on#a =%n2?  an ean =l,?  an %n)la,% #eanan =.,%? n# an elaan7 @  %dan7 on#a =%n2?  33(-00  '0  32 %n2 Me,%.n a"ea on#a yan7 ena" adalah e"en# el%.,< ,e"%n7 n# le%h +dahnya %dan7 on#a d%an77a. dala+ en# +el%n7a"( #eanan on#a   %a,anya d%a,+,%an #e"d%,#"%,% ,ea"a +e"a#a( Ka"ena J " 2  32 %n2 &a"%9a"% a"ea on#a an adalah@

2/

"  11 %n dan #eanan yan7 d%#e"a.an "a#a"a#a ,e%#a" '0 .,% =12<'0 .,)?( ,alah ,a#  a7%an e"7e"a e a:ah< 9ah da"% .e"+aan 9alan< ea#an an #e",ea"  d%

a"ea

yan7

,e+a%n

+en%n7a#

dan

#eanan

an#alan

aan

 e""an7( Un# le%h +dahnya< %n% ean .enyea"an d%a,+,%an #e"9ad% .ada ,d# - o( %n% d%#n9an .ada Ga+a" <11(

de+%%an .ada edala+an 10 %n% d% a:ah an< #eanan 9a"%9a"% aan +en%n7a# +en9ad% 21 %n% dan #eanan #elah #"n +en9ad% 2< .,% =3-/0  .,)?( Na+n< n# #" %n% +e+%l%% "oda elaan7 7anda( $ea" an ,e%#a" 22 %n, dan 9a"a 7a"%, #en7ah n# an dala+ ,a#an +a,%n7+a,%n7 ,e%#a" 2 %n%( !al %n% d%#n9an d%a7"a+ .ada Ga+a" <11-(

2

Se.e"#% yan7 %,a d%l%ha#< #eanan ola an#alan da"% ,e#%a. an #+.an7 #%nd%h( Pen7a"h #e"e,a" yan7 d%a+a#% ,e.an9an7 7a"%, yan7 +e+%,ahan an( Pe"ahan %n% #e"9ad% a"na %n#e"a,% an#a"a lea" an<  .e+%,ahan

an

dan

edala+an

d%

a:ah

.e"+aan

a,( Un# 

+e+.e"#%+an7an hal %n%< Ka)+an  al# =1'? +enya"anan +en77naan .e"ala#an ean "oda an #n77al =$ E? ,e%#a" 20 le%h #%n77% da"% .ada ean an #n77al =$ T?( de+%%an<

$E  1(20  $T

Dala+ a,, #" e"a.a,%#a, -8 ,#

$E  1<20  33(-00  0(000 l

Ko+%na,% an#a"a ,a,e< a,e< dan e#ealan .e"+aan yan7 d%.aa% ha", . e,a" ,eh%n77a #e7an7an yan7 #e"9ad% .ada #anah da,a"  #%da aan +enyeaan d%,#o",% e"le%han a#a .e".%ndahan da"% la.%,an ,7"ade( Sea7a% .andan .e"#a+a< ,e,eo"an7 da.a# +e+and%n7an #eanan +e+aa% .e"+aan yan7 d%#han n# daya dn7 da"% e"a7a%  ahan ,7"ade( Ada yan7 d%e"%an dala+ #ael (/(

28

Se.e"#% da.a# d%l%ha#< ,e#%a. ,7"ade yan7 "an7 on,ol%da,% da"% ,o)# "o aan +e+e"lan ahan #a+ahan dala+ +e+an7n da,a" yan7 ,#a%l( &%a +%,alnya< ,7"ade adalah #anah .a,%"le+.n7 o+.a den7an daya dn7 /(000 .,)< +aa +a#e"%al da,a" a#a +a#e"%al .onda,% a:ah +e+%l%% ea#an yan7 ,e,a% ha", d%#e+.a#an d%a:ah n#  +ena+ah 9a"a an#a"a .e"+aan +e+aa% dan ,7"ade( Men77naan  .endea#an yan7 d%9ela,an ,eel+nya J =11 F #? 2  /(000  J =11? 2  12('/0

Ke#ealan yan7 d%.e"lan +%n%+al =#? aan #  - %n Ten% %n% ,e"%n7 d%7naan n# +enen#an .e"+aan e"9a< da,a" dan e#ealan .onda,% a:ah< +el%a#an .en77naan ";a Cal%)o"n%a

ea"%n7

"a#%o=CBR?( U9%

CBR

#en%

ane+.%"%al

n# 

+enen#an daya dn7 "ela#%) da"% ahan a7"e7a# yan7 #e"l%a# dala+ on,#",% 9alan( Dala+ .en79%an %n%< ahan a7"e7a# den7an "an +a,%++ L %n% d%#e+.a#an d% dala+ e#aan lo7a+ / d%a+e#e"( Ma#e"% yan7 d%.ada#an den7an e"lan7 al% +en9a#han e"a# 10 l da"% e#%n77%an 18 %n ,e#elah .e+ada#an< .%,#on ,%l%nde" +e+%l%% la, ah%" 3 %n2 d%do"on7 e .e"+aan .ada #%n7a# 0<0- %n  +en%#( CBR d%h%#n7 den7an dala+nya #eanan .%,#on .ada 0<1 a#a 0<2 d% .ene#"a,% oleh n%la%n%la% aan 1(000 .,% ,ela+a 0<1 %n dan 1(-00 .,% n# 0(2 %n ,#anda" n%la%n%la% %n% +e".aan #eanan yan7 d%a+a#% n# al%#a, #%n77%< yan7 d%n%la% +a#e"% "e)e"en,% ",hed ,#one(Ra,%o #eanan d%h%#n7 den7an d%al%an 100 n#  +e+e"%an n%la% CBR( Ke#ealan $PB #elah d%.lo# #e"hada. CBR  9en%, #anah n# ean e"a7a% "oda( Un# +ende+on,#"a,%an .en77naan ";a %n%< +e+.e"#%+an7an #" a.a,%#a, -8 ,# e"9alan ,e.an9an7 9alan .en7an7#an d%+ana ahan ,7"ade adalah #anah l%a# e"de< .la,#%,%#a, +enen7ah =CBR  -?( e#%a +ene+an .e",%+.an7an CBR  - dan ean "oda

0(000 l ,e#a"a

den7an an #n77al( Be"7e"a ,ea"a ho"%>on#al d%#e+an ah:a 9a"a 

2'

yan7 d%.e"lan an#a"a ,7"ade de+n7an :ea"%n7 ,")ae +%n%+al ha", 28 %n%( C. .a,%" e",%h den7an CBR  1- #e",ed%a n# +elayan% ,ea7a%  ahan ,a,e( Men7lan7% ."o,e, ,eel+nya< a7%an %n% ha", #e#a. 1 %n% da"% .e"+aan ea,an( Bahan da,a" yan7 d%n%la% e".a a# yan7 d%han"an den7an "a#%n7 CBR  80( .e",%+.an7an a#a, da,a" dan :ea"%7 ,")ae d%+a,dan n# +ena+.n7 e#ealan .e"+aan a,( &%a  .e"+aan +e+aa% a#al le%h #%.%, da"% %n%< "an7 yan7 #e",%,a hanya d%#a+ahan e e#ealan da,a" =CBR ,a+a den7an ,ed%%#nya 80?( Ga+a" <11 +enn9an ha,%l ah%" =Ka)+an  al#< 1'?(

Pada ,ea7%an e,a" #a+an7 #e"a< :ea"%n7 ,")ae d%a# da"%  a# yan7 d%han"an den7an d%+en,% +a,%++ le%h e%l da"% yan7 d%7naan ,ea7a% da,a"( a"ena lal l%n#a, load%n7 ,ea"a lan7,n7 d%#e"a.an .ada la.%,an a7"e7a#< la.%,an .al%n7 a#a, a7"e7a# ha", +e+%l%% ea#an yan7 . dan e#ahanan al" n# +e+%n%+alan eda  Daya dn7 e7a7alan< dan  al" yan7 d%da.a# 7a7al dala+ la.%,an( $a.%,an a7"e7a# 97a ha", +e+%l%% e#ahanan a, yan7 a% n#  +e+%n%+alan a##"%#%on nde" #"a))%( Tael ( +enn9an d%,#"%,% "an d%#e"%+a a7"e7a# =7"ada,%? n# :ea"%n7 ,")ae %n%(

30

G"ada,% .a"#%el adalah d%,#"%,% da"% e"a7a% )"a,% "an .a"#%el dala+ a7"e7a#( Seah a7"e7a# yan7 d%n%la% +e+%l%% "e."e,en#a,% yan7 a%  da"% ,e+a )"a,% .a"#%el "an da"% "an +a,%++ +elal% "an yan7 le%h e%l( !al %n% d%.e"lan a7a" .a"#%el.a"#%el e",a+a,a+a +e+en# loack  .e"+aan< .ada# o+.a( Pen77naan ";a CBR +e+#han #e, lao"a#o"%+ a#a a,+,% n%la%

CNR

,7"ade<

 a:ah( Ko+%na,%

dan

yan7

a,e

.al%n7

#e",ed%a

eono+%,

a#a

ahan

d%7naan(K";a

.onda,% CBR 

+enn9an ,ea"a lan7,n7 #o#al #eal d%.e"lan ,ela+a ,e#%a. #anah ,7a"de( Pa"a ,a,e #o#al dan e#ealan da,a" d%%.#aan den7an +ele#aan ,eah la.%,an ,e"% "ela#%) #%.%, da"% +o%,#"e on#en#( Pe+ada#an d%laan an#a"a la.%,an(

('(3(De,a%n &alan $", Ga+a" (118 +enn9an ,eah 7a+a"an ,%)a# da"% ,eah 9alan an7# #a+an7 den7an da 9al"( Se.e"#% yan7 da.a# d%l%ha# .ada 7a+a"  ada 3 o+.onen #a+a ya%#@ a( $ea" 9alan  ( Ton9olan .en7a+an ( S%,#e+ d"a%na,e U"an da"% ,e#%a. o+.onen d% a#a, e"#a+ah ,e,a% den7an #o#al lea" 9alan(

31

K"%#e"%a lea" 9alan an7# n# 9al" l", ha", e"da,a"an lea"  enda"aan yan7 d%7naan( Men"# AAS!O Manal o) R"al !%7h:ay De,%7n =1'/-? #%a. #e.% 9alan  a% ,eelah %"% +a.n anan ha", +e+e"%an "an7 ,ee,a" ,e#en7ah al% lea" da"% enda"aan( Da.a# d%l%ha# .ada 7a+a" (12/ n# ,eah #" den7an lea" 12 )#( Un# #" den7an "an lea" yan7 la%n da.a# d%l%ha# .ada #ael (8 T%.%al "an lea" da"% #" an7# yan7 %a,a d%7naan .ada #a+an7 #e"a #e"da)#a" .ada #ael ('( $ea" 9alan den7an 9al" 7anda yan7 %a,a d%7naan .ada #a+an7 o.en .%#  e"daa,a"an #he "le o) #h+ a#a an7a .e"%"aan #%da le%h da"%  al% lea" #" =o>en,<1'0? @ $ea" 9alan    lea" #"

=(12?

Ga+a" (118 T%.%al d%,a%n lea" 9alan an7# n# da 9al"  +en77naan a.a,%#a, #" 8- ,# =o>en,<1''?

32

Ga+a" (11' Ra7a+ lea" 9al" 9alan

Bee"a.a #a+an7 +e+%l%% 2 9al" 9alan dala+ 1 a"ah n# 9alan le:a# +a#an yan7 e"a#( Sedan7an n# +a#an yan7 o,on7 . den7an 1 9al"(Be"da,a"an "le o) #h+nya lea" 9alan den7an 3 9al"  adalah - al% lea" #"( $an7ah  lan7ah yan7 .e"l d%.e"ha#%an dala+ .e+%l%han ,a# d%,a%n lea" 9alan adalah =a)+an  Al#<1'? @ 1( Men7e#ah% lea" ,el"h enda"aan yan7 +elal% 9alan an7# #e",e# 2( Men7+.lan da#a d%+en,% da"% Ala# ala# e"a# yan7 a" n#  +en7an#%,%.a,% 3( Mende#e"+%na,%an o+%na,% ala#  ala# e"a# ,ea"a e,el"han yan7 +n7%n +ele:a#% 9al"( ( Men77a+a"an loa,% da"% ,e+en  ,e+en yan7 +e+e"lan lea"   9alan yan7 le%h da"% ++nya( Ada e+n7%nan a7%an  a7%an da"% 9alan d% +ana ada  .en77an7an 9al" 9alan ,e.e"#% dea# ,a# ",he"( T%n7an  #%n7an dan #e+.a# #e+.a# +an;e" +nd" +e+e"lan .e"ha#%an h,,( !al %n% aan d%d%,,%an ,elan9#nya(

Tael (8( U"an "an lea" 9al" yan7 d%%>%nan n# a7%an  a7%an yan7 e",%n77n7an

33

Tael (' "a7a+ "an lea" a7%an elaan7 da"% d+. #" ="an lea"  #e"+a, e"+ .en7a+an ?(

Ga+a" (120 d%,a%n e+%"%n7an ,lo.e

3

Pe"+aan 9alan %a,anya +enan9a ,e.e"#% yan7 #e"l%ha# .ada 7a+a"  (120 n# +en7al%"an a%" h9an( Ke+%"%n7an le"en7 d%nya#aan dala+ %nh% .e" )ee# da"% lea"nya( &alan #a+an7 ++nya d%on,#",% da"% 7"a;el dan han"an a#an( Dala+ a,, %n%< eal% +a,alah e, dan l+."< e+%"%n7an ,lo.e adalah  %nh .e" )oo# =0<0 )#)#?( Un#   .e"+aan 9alan yan7 "ela#%) hal, ,e.e"#% a,.hal#% on"e#e

yan7 da.#

+en7al%"an a%" den7an de"a, a#a 9alan  9alan yan7 +e+%l%% +a,alah e, dan l+."< e+%"%n7an ,lo.e da"% Q %nh .e" )oo# =0<02 )#)#? adalah #e.a#( Un# 9al" #n77al< hal %n% d%.e"lan :ala.n ,%,% ,eelah %"% le%h #%n77% da"% yan7 anan a#a ;%,e  ;e",a( Un# .e"+aan 3 9al"< ha", ada e+%"%n7an ,lo.e yan7 e",a+n7 n# da 9al" yan7 +e+%l%% a"ah yan7 ,a+a( !al yan7 .e"l d%a#a# %alah ah:a ,a# e+%"%n7an ,lo.e +en%n7a#an ,aha .en7endal%an e+d% oleh .en7e+d%( Oleh a"ena %# ha", ada ,a# e,e%+an7an d%an#a"a ,%,#e+ e+d% den7an ,%,#e+ d"a%na,e( ('((De,a%n #%n7an Un# 9al" l", d%"eo+enda,%an ah:a "an7 d% ,eelah %"% dan anan enda"aan ha", +e+%l%% "an7 ,e#en7ah da"% lea" enda"aan #e",e#( Pada

a,, #%n7an %n% 9a"a ha", d%#%n7a#an a% .ada

o;e"han7 enda"aan dan e,l%#an e+d%( Tael (10 and (11 +enya9%an de,a%n lea" ,ea7a% ,a# )n7,% da"% "ad%, .,a# 9alan da"% e"a7a% +aa+ o+%na,% da"% "an enda"aan<  9en%, enda"aan< dan 9en%,  9en%, 9alan( Un# "e)e"en,% .e"ahan yan7 +endea#%

"ad%% d%%nd%a,%an den7an a#e7o"% e"a# o#o" enda"aan

dala+ #ael (12 Sea7a% on#oh< 9%a ,a# n%# #" an7# da"% la,%)%a,% e 3 +ele:a#% ,a# #%n7an den7an "ad%, +%n%++ 100 )#

lea" 9al" 

,eha",nya /' )#( Ka"ena e)e da"% #%n7an #e",e# #e"9ad% .ena+han lea" 9alan ,ee,a"  )#(

3-

Kenda"aan  enda"aan yan7 +ele:a#% #%n7an +en7ala+% 7aya la"  ya%# 7aya ,%n#"%)7al( Un# .e"+aan yan7 da#a" ,e.e"#% %n% #e"9ad% %n#e"a,% an#a"a e"a# enda"aan dan 7aya 7e,ean an#a"a 9alan den7an an enda"aan = )%7((121?(

Ga+a" (121 Un# o+%na,% yan7 #e.a# da"% ee.a#an dan "ad%, 7aya ,en#"%)7al aan ,e%+an7 a#a +ele%h% 7aya "e,%,#%n7nya( Se.e"#% on#oh < enda"aan #e"7el%n%" da"% ,%,% 9alan( Un# +e+an# enda"aan +ele:a#% #%n7an<9alan ,e"%n7 d%a# +%"%n7( Ke+%"%n7an #%n7an %a,a d%,e# ,.e" ele;a,%(

&+lah da"% ,.e" ele;a,% =e+%"%n7an ,lo.e? n# 

+en7a#a,% 7aya ,en#"%)7al( Pe",a+aan da,a"nya e F )  ; 21- R

=(13?

Tael (10

Tael (11

3/

Tael (12

d%+ana e adalah #%n7a# ,.e"ele;a,% =)#)#? ) adalah oe)%,%en 7e,e< ; adalah ee.a#an enda"aan =+.h? R adalah "ad%, #%n7an =)#? 9%a )  0< +aa enda"aan aan +ele:a#% #%n7an #an.a +en7endal%an 7aya .ada e+d%( Me,%.n de+%%an .en7e+d% aan +en7a#" ee.a#an yan7  e"eda

da"%

yan7

d%7naan

.ada

d%,a%n<

e+d%an

d%a

ha",

+en7endal%an .,lo.e =a,, d+ana ee.a#a #e"lal "endah? da"% do:n,lo.e =ee.a#an #%n77I?n# +en7a#" .ola eda"( D%a:ah ond%,% e, dan ,al9<ee.a#an yan7 "endah .ada ,.e"ele;a,% da.a# +enyeaan ,l%.( Tael (13 +e"eo+enda,% #%n7a#an ,.e"ele;a,% ,ea7a% ,a# )n7,% da"% "ad%, #%n7an dan ee.a#an enda"aan( Tael #e",e# 97a da.a# d%7naan ,ea7a% .e"#%+an7an ee.a#an yan7 a+an n# "ad%, yan7 d%e"%an dan #%n7a#an ,.e"ele;a,%( Tael (13

3

Ada 9a"a #e"#en# yan7 d%.e"lan n# +e+a# #"an,%,% da"% "o,,   ,lo.e ,e#%on e .o",% ,.e"ele;a,% dan e+al% la7%( !al %n% d%,e# ,.e"ele;a,% "no#( T9annya adalah n# +e+dahan o.e"a#o" n#  +a, dan ela" da"% #%n7an( Ba7%an da"% #"an,%,% %n% da.a# e"#e+.a# d%  9alan l",

=#an7en#? dan .ada #%n7an< "%#e"%a d%,a%n da"% 13 dala+

#%n7an dan 23 .ada #an7en# d%7naan d% ,%n%( T%n7a#an yan7 d%"eo+enda,%an da"% "o,,,lo.e e"ah ,ea7a% ,a# )n7,% ee.a#an yan7 d%e"%an .ada #ael (1

Un# +en7%l,#"a,%an .en77naan #ael %n%< d%a,+,%an enda"aan den7an ee.a#an 3- +.h .ada #an7en# den7an  "o,,,lo.e no"+al 0<0 )# d% ,eelah anan( In% e"%n#e"a,% den7an #%n7an e a"ah %"% +en7ha",an #%n7a# ,a# ,.e"ele;a,% da"% 0<0/ )#)# e a"ah %"%( To#al "o,, ,lo.e yan7 d%#han e"ah 0<10 )#)# =0<0 F 0<0/?( Tael %n% +e"eo+enda,%an 0<0- )#)# "o,, ,lo.e e"ah +en9ad% 100 )#( Ka"ena #o#al .an9an7 "no# d%h%#n7 ,ea7a% 200 )# =0<100<0-?  100  200( Ke ,a# e #%7a da"%  .an9an7nya #e"le#a .ada #%n7an dan e da  e #%7a .ada #an7en#(

('(-(De,a%n Be"+ Pa"alel Kon;en,%onal Undan7ndan7 )ede"al AS =MS!A< 1''2? e"%,% .andan e"%# +en7ena% .e"lnya e"+  .a7a" d% #a+an7 #e"a =a7%an -<'300?@

38

1( Tan77l a#a .a7a" ha", d%,ed%aan dan d%.el%ha"a .ada an, da"% 9alan yan7 +ana d"o.o)) ada yan7 +e+ada% ada" a#a edala+an a"ena 9%a #%da da.a# +enyeaan enda"aan #e"al% a#a +e+ahayaan o"an7 yan7 e"ada dala+ .e"ala#an( 2( Tan77l a#a .a7a" +e+%l%% +%n%+al e#%n77%an ,e#en7ah da"% a, "oda  .e"ala#an e"7e"a yan7 d% 9alan( 3( Tan77l +n7%n +e+%l%% aan yan7 lea" yan7 d%.e"lan n#  d"a%na,e 9alan( ( A.a%la 9alan "aya d%#%n77%an yan7 9a"an7 +elaan .e"9alanan dan hanya d%7naan oleh enda"aan ,e";%, a#a .e+el%ha"aan< #an77l a#a  .a7a" #%da d%.e"lan =e#%a ond%,% yan7 ,an7a# ,.e,%)% #e"#en# #e".enh%?( T9an #a+a da"% #an77l %n% adalah n# +en7a"ahan enda"aan e+al% e 9alan dan 9ah da"% #e.%( E)e#%;%#a, +e"ea dala+ hal %n% adalah d%endal%an oleh e"+ )ae an7le< e"+ )a%n7< e"+ %n%dene< dan #e"#a+a den7an #%n77% #an77l( Pe+e"han#%an enda"aan yan7 e"7e"a  d%laan den7an e"+ +ed%an =aya# ('(/? a#a e,a.e:ay, h,,( Salah ,a#

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=(1?

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Ga+a" (112 ('(/(De,a%n Med%an Be"+ Bee"a.a e"a"#% ha", d%,ed%aan .ada hal"oad, n# +en7"an7% ee.a#an #" a#a +enan7an% #" yan7 eh%lan7an "e+( !al %n% #e"#a+a  ena" e#%a .an9an7< #an7a.an +en"n d%+a# #e"l%a#( Saa# %n% #en%  yan7 .al%n7 e"ha,%l adalah +elal% .en77naan e"+ +ed%an< 97a d%enal ,ea7a% e"+ +en7an7an7 a#a ,+a# ohon7 e,a" =5%nle< 1'/a< ?( In% adalah #e"a# da"% e"d%"% a#a +a#e"%al e"#%" hal, la%n( T%n77% #an77l %n% d%"anan7 n# +en%+.a .adaa:ah e"e#a #"( Ka"ena 9a"a  yan7 ha, an#a"a .e"+aan 9alan +en9 a7%an a:ah adalah "#an 2 ,a+.a% 3 a% n# "en#an7 !ale", #e",ed%a< #%da .e"l n# +e+an7n ,eah .en7halan7 e,a" +enyed%aan hanyalah ahaya eelaaan( B%+%n7an dala+ de,a%n #an77l +ed%an d%,ed%aan oleh Ka)+an  Al# =1'? d%e"%an .ada Ga+a" <123( D%+en,% ,e,a% den7an h")   .ada 7a+a" d%e"%an dala+ Tael (1- dan (1/( Ka#e7o"%a#e7o"% enda"aan d%da,a"an .ada oo# #o#al( 0

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1

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('((G"ad%en &alan Pen7an7#an Se9+lah a#"an ."a#%, #en#an7 7"ad%en 9alan .en7an7#an #elah d%,ed%aan oleh Co>en, =1''?( In% d%e"%an d% a:ah %n%@ 1( Dala+ ,eah lan7 d% +ana #e"da.a# o+.onen ;e"#%al yan7 . n# e#han .en7an7#an< ela, aan ha", . "a+ n#  +en7"an7% .an9an7 9alan dan ahan #a+ahan yan7 d%.e"lan n#  +enyed%aan .an9an7 9alan( N%la% +a,%++ ."a#%, d%an77a. 10( Se9+lah

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2

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+en%n7a#< ";a #a9a+< dll( 2( .e"ahan dala+ "an .e"ala#an ,e"%n7 +e".aan .enyea +od%)%a,% 9alan< #e"#a+a lea"( P%# de,a%n ha", d% a#" ,ede+%%an ".a n# +e+a,an ,%,a 9alan yan7 :a9a" dala+ .en%n7a#an "an  .e"ala#an +a,a de.an( 3( e#%a a"+ada .en7an7#an den7an ee.a#an yan7 e";a"%a,% yan7 d%7naan a#a d% +ana #" .en7an7#an da"% da a#a le%h ,ho;el +en77naan 9alan an7# yan7 ,a+a< e#%a +ele:a#% 9al" .ada #an9aan .an9an7 ha", d%.e"#%+an7an( ( "ad%, #%n7an .ende +en7a%a#an .en"nan ."od#%;%#a,< %aya  an #%n77%< %aya .e+el%ha"aan #%n77% =#e"#a+a "oda l%,#"%? dan +e+.e"enalan ahaya ea+anan #a+ahan e dala+ o.e"a,%( Be"al%h e+al% ha", d%h%nda"% eal% .ee"9aan da"% .en7.a,an d%"an7% n# +enen#an on,#",% +e"ea( -( e#%a #%n7an yan7 d%.e"lan d% 9alan an7#< ,.e" ele;a,% ha", d%"anan7 e dala+ #%n7an( S.e" ele;a,% e"le%han ha", d%h%nda"%

3

a"ena ,eah .e"9alanan #" aan l%%n ,aa# h9an< .e+a,ahan yan7 le%h

da.a#

+eln"

e

dala+

dan

+e+n7%nan

#" 

#e"al%( S.e"ed =,.e" ele;a,%? #%n7an Te"lal +en7a%a#an e"a# yan7 e"le%han d%#e"%+a oleh an dan ea,an .ada an dala+( /( #%n7an ,e"%n7 d%an7n n# +e+e"%an 9alan a,e, e 9en9an7  .e"#a+an7an da"% 9alan an7# yan7 ende"n7 #a9a+( Un# +ene7ah  a7%an dala+ =dan a:ah? ,a+.%n7 da"% a,e, #%n7an ,.e" ele;a,%  e"ada d% le"en7 yan7 le%h "a+ da"% .ada 9alan an7# #a+a< hal %n%  .e"l n# +en7"an7% =+e"a#aan? #%n7a#an 9alan da"% ,eah #%n7an( T%n7a#an dala+ ,eha",nya #%da d%.e"olehan n#  +ele%h% #%n7a#an 9alan #a+a( &%a . "an7 #e",ed%a< le"en7 dala+ #%n7an ha", .ada enya#aannya +en9ad% da#a" da"% 9alan ela, #a+a n# +en7%+an7%  .en%n7a#an "oll%n7 "e,%,#en,%( Un# +ena.a% hal %n% de,a%n da"% ,.%"al #"an,%,% d%.e"lan( ( #%n7an

d%

a7%an 9a"a da#a"

,e.e"#%

dae"ah

#"#"

yan7

+en%n77alan ,ho;el . "%#%,( Ka"ena ea#an ,en#"%)7al yan7 d%,eaan oleh #%n7an< #+.ahan a#an d%le+.a"an e la"( &%a +e+n7%nan< 9al" e+al% ha", e"ada d% dala+ #%n7an n#  +en7h%nda"% #+.ahan 9a#h d% 9al" #" e+al% ,eh%n77a da.a# +e",a an( In% %,a d%a.a% den7an +en77naan .enye"an7an n#  +en7ah lal l%n#a, da"% 9al" anan e 9al" %"% a#a ,eal%nya d% dae"ah yan7 d%.e"lan( la+. .e"%n7a#an yan7 +e+ada% ha", d%7naan .ada +ala+ ha"% n# e,ela+a#an d% a"ea .enye"an7an #e",e#( B%aya .e"%n7a#an e%l d%and%n7an den7an .en7he+a#an  %aya an( 8( .e+an7an l%+ah ha", d%"anan7 n# .ene+.a#an d% .en%n7a#an da .e",en( !al %n% d%laan a"ena ala,anala,an e"%#@ a( .en%n7a#an #%n77% dan ;ol+e .e+an7an #e"9ad% den7an ,ed%%#  .en%n7a#an

ee.a#an

.en7an7#an



a#a

%aya

ahan

 aa"( Ka"ena .en%n7a#an ;ol+e .e+an7an e.a#< 9a"a da"%  .en7an7#an e""an7(  ( d"a%na,e yan7 le%h a% d% #e+.a# .e+an7an( ( e,ela+a#an #a+ahan

ee"a.a .en7enda"a d%e"%an n# 

+enyoon7 .e+an7an( d( 9%a .en%an .e+an7an ah%"nya d%"enanaan< d%,#"%,% a%"  le%h +"ah '( dala+ a"ea .e"#a+an7an< 9alan yan7 d%an7n da"% a#an ,e%#a" dan +nl den7an ahan #e"a% yan7 #e",ed%a dala+ 9a"a an7# yan7 :a9a"( Dala+ hal +en77naan a#an ,ela%n a#an ,e%#a" e  .e"+aan 9alan dala+ >ona %9%h< %aya .enan7anan 7anda ,e"#a  .ena+."an %9%h den7an a#an ,e%#a" ha", d%.e"#%+an7an( 10( 9alan #a+a e dala+ .%# %a,anya d%"enanaan n# :a#  .en77naan yan7 .an9an7 dan aan +enyeaan .en7ela"an le%h  anya n# .e+ada#an .onda,% a:ah dan .e"+aan da"% 9alan a,e, ,e+en#a"a( 11( 9%a d%+a,dan n# d%7naan ,ea7a% 9alan an7#< "eaya,a #a#a le#a ha", +endahl% .e+an7nan ahan .e+an7nan 9alan #e".ende a#a le"en7an( Pe#7a, ,";e% Ta+an7 ha", d%#e+.a#an  .ada .e"anan7an yan7 d%%n7%nan n# .o#on7an a:al dan +en7%,% #%n7a#an :%layah #e"+a, +enyele,a%an #%n7a#an "anan7an( 12( e#%a ,ho;el ee"9a d% dae"ah a,a"< .e"+aan a#an #a9a+<  .e+a#an ha", d%hen#%an ,ea"a .e"%od% n# +e+n7%nan +a#e"%al #e"a:a dan d%7naan n# +ela.%,% .e"+aan a"ea  .en7an#an( Ke7%a#an ,e".a ha", d%laan .ada #e+.a# .e+an7an l%+ah( 13( .e"ha#%an #e",+ene", n# .e"+aan 9alan .en7an7#an ,an7a# d%.e"lan( Te+.a# lna< lan7< a"ea a,a"< dll !a", d%.e"a%% ,ee.a# +n7%n( Pe"a%an %a,anya #e"d%"% da"% +en77al% ahan 9alan yan7 #%da o+.e#en dan +en77an#%annya den7an a#an yan7 le%h d%%n7%nan(

-

1( .en%n7a#an 9alan ,e"%n7 d%laan da"% ha,%l .en+.an d% #e.%  9alan( !al %n% da.a# +e+.e",e+.%# 9alan dan +ene+.a#an a#an #a9a+ dala+ .o,%,% n# +e",a d%nd%n7 ,a+.%n7 an( Pen+.an #e",e# ha", d%ha., oleh loade" a#a +en7a.l%a,%an 7"ade" den7an ha#%ha#%( 1-( .en%n7a#an 9alan dan .e+an7an ha", d%laan %la +e+n7%nan  .ada :a# d%+ana lal l%n#a, da.a# d%.%ndahan e dae"ah la%n( Banya   an #elah ",a oleh #" yan7 e"9alan +elal% :%nd"o:, =.en+.an +a#e"%al .ada ,%,% 9alan? oleh %# 7"ade" d%#7a,an n# +e+.e"a%%  9alan dan den7an de+%%an +en7"an7% %aya an( 1/( .e+el%ha"aan 9alan an7# adalah ,a+a .en#%n7nya den7an %aya  .en7an7#an yan7 a% #e"+a, 97a de,a%n dan on,#",%( Sea7%an  an le%h anya ",a d% dae"ah .e+a#an ,ho;el dan dae"ah  .e+an7an da"% .ada 9alan an7# ,eena"nya< .e+e",%han d% ,e%#a"  dae"ah o.e"a,%< ,ho;el ,e"%n7 d%#7a,an e 9alan an7# da"%.ada )n7,%  .e+a#annya ,end%"%( Dala+ .e+el%ha"aan 9alan< n# +en9ad% ,,e,< ha", +e+%l%% .en7a:a,an e"#an77n7 9a:a yan7 d%#7a,an n#  #7a, %n% ,end%"%(

(10

STRIPPING RATIO

Pe"#%+an7an adan %9%h yan7 d%#n9an .ada Ga+a" <12 yan7 +e+%l%% en# ,%l%nde" l%n7a"an #e7a(

/

Ga+a" (12 Badan B%9%h S%l%nde"  In% ,%n7a.an d% .e"+aan dan +ela, e edala+an h( 4ol+e da"% %9%h yan7 #e"andn7 d%n7a.an oleh V o

2

= π  r 

h

=(1-?

d%+ana " adalah 9a"%9a"% %9%h dan h adalah e#ealan %9%h( Dala+ on,e.< ,e#%danya< o"an7 %,a +en7ha., %9%h ,ea7a% .l7 #n77al dan hanya +en%n77alan lan7 yan7 #e",%,a( Dala+ ."a#enya< a7a%+ana.n< adan %9%h d%a7% #e"le%h dahl e dala+ ,e"an7a%an e#ealan enh ! =G"( <12-?(

Ga+a" (12-( ,%l%nd"%, adan %9%h d%#a+an7 ,ea7a% "#an d%a+e#e"  on,#an dan e#ealan enhenh ;ol+e ,e#%a. enh %9%h  Bi adalah @ V b

2

= π  r 

 H 

=(1/?

Dala+ a,, %n% aan d%a,+,%an ah:a ,e#%a. an7 .e",%, +e+enh%  ."od,% #ahnan yan7 d%#han( Oleh a"ena %# .%# aan +en%n7a# ,ea"a



+endala+ oleh 1 enh .e" #ahn( Ba#an l%+ah ,e%#a"nya #elah d%an77a. +e+%l%% ea#an #%n77% ,eh%n77a d%nd%n7 %n% '0  .%# da.a# den7an a+an d%a.a% dan d%.e"#ahanan( Dala+ ,e+a %n% #%da ada l%+ah .e"#a+an7an d%ha.,( Pada enya#aannya< le"en7 a#an ;e"#%al 9a"an7 d%a.a% eal% a#a, e#%n77%an ;e"#%al ,an7a# #e"a#a,( !al %n% 9ah le%h ++ n# +e"anan7 +en77naan ,d# le"en7 e,el"han 0( Se.e"#% da.a# d%l%ha# .ada Ga+a"  <12/ en# .e"ahan "an7 d%#a+an7 da"% ,%l%nde" l%n7a"an #e7a 

Ga+a" (12/( adan %9%h d%#a+an7 ,%l%nde" +elal% lan7 e"en#  e"#

n# ,eah e"# #e".o#on7 +el%n7a"( T%n77% a7%an d%.o#on7 e"# adalah ∆h =

r  #an Θ  

d%+ana

Θ

=(1?

adalah ,d# e+%"%n7an ,ea"a e,el"han( T%n77%

 H c

da"%

e"# yan7 +el%.#% adan %9%h %n% e+d%an  H c

=

h + ∆h = h + r #an Θ  

=(18?

R da,a" 9a"%9a"% e"# d%a#a,% adalah  R =

 H c #an Θ

=

h

+ r 

=(1'?

#an Θ

8

Men77naan "+, ;ol+e n# ,eah e"# l%n7a"an #e7a Vrcc

1

=

2

 Abc H c  

=(20?

d%+ana Abc adalah la, da,a" e"#<  H c adalah #%n77% e"#< dan ;ol+e e"# V rcc< o"an7 da.a# +ene+an ;ol+e e"%#@ D%.o#on7 9n7 V tip

1

=

r 2 ∆h

=(21?

π  

3

Se.enhnya d%a#a,% e"# V 

=

1

 R 2 H c

=(22?

π  

3

D%#a+an7 ;ol+e =%9%h F l%+ah? V m

= V  − V tip =

1

 R 2 H c

π  

3

−

1

r 2 ∆h

=(23?

π  

3

4ol+e l%+ah V W 

2

= V m − π  r 

h

=(2?

Salah

,a#

a"a

+en77a+a"an

e)%,%en,%

7eo+e#"%,

da"%

o.e"a,%

 .ena+an7an adalah +elal% .en77naan "a,%o .en7.a,an %,#%lah( !al %n% +en7a 9+lah ,a+.ah yan7 ha", d%an7 n# +e"%l%, an#%#a, %9%h yan7 d%e"%an( SR 

Ra,%o

%n%

.al%n7

,e"%n7

d%nya#aan

,ea7a%

waste=tons ? ore=tons?

 Na+n

e"a7a%

=(2-? n%#

la%n

yan7

d%7naan

97a(

Dala+

o.e"a,%

 .ena+an7an a#a"a ,#"%. +%,alnya e"%# %n% adan7adan7 #e"l%ha# SR  SR 

overburden thickness =  ft ? Coal  thickness =  ft ? overburden = yd 3 ? coal  =tone ?

Ra,%o l%+ah %9%h d%nya#aan dala+ n%# yan7 e"7na n# #9an de,a%n d% #an7an( Un# on#oh %n%< "a,%o aan d%de)%n%,%an ,ea7a%

'

SR 

waste = volume?

=(2/?

Ore =volume?

Pe"ha#%an ah:a 9%a l%+ah dan %9%h +e+%l%% e"a.a#an yan7 ,a+a< +aa Pe",a+aan =<2-? dan E*a#%on =(2/? adalah %den#%( &%a ;ol+e =a#a #on? yan7 d%7naan dala+ .e"h%#n7an SR ,e,a% den7an o"an7o"an7 =+la#%)? d%ela"an da"% +la% .ena+an7an ,a+.a% den7an ,aa# %n% +aa .e"h%#n7an "a,%o .en7.a,an #anah ,ea"a e,el"han ,edan7 d%h%#n7( Un# on#oh %n% "a,%o .en7.a,an ,ea"a e,el"han .ada :a# .e"#a+an7an  e"hen#% adalah SR =o;e"all? 

V W 

=

V m

V O

2

− π  r 

h

=(2?

r 2 h

π  

D% ,%,% la%n "a,%o .en7.a,an #anah 97a da.a# d%h%#n7 ,ela+a "en#an7 :a# yan7 9ah le%h ,%n7a#( A,+,%an ah:a ,ela+a - #ahn<  X  #on %9%h dan  X w #on

,a+.ah yan7 d%#a+an7( Ra,%o .en7.a,an n# - #ahn e+d%an

SR =yea" -? 

 X W   X O

In% da.a# d%,e# ,ea7a% "a,%o .en7.a,an ,e,aa# d%+ana %n,#an# dala+ hal %n% adalah 1 #ahn( &%a .ada ah%" #ahn <  X O! #on %9%h dan  X W! #on ,a+.ah #elah d%#a+an7 +aa "a,%o .en7.a,an ,ea"a e,el"han ,a+.a% den7an ah%" #ahn - adalah SR =o;e"all #o end o) yea" -? 

 X w

+  X w

 X o 

+  X o

&ela, %n,#an# da.a# d%de)%n%,%an ,ea7a% .e"%ode :a# yan7 le%h la+a a#a le%h ,%n7a#( &%a ,ela+a ha"% #e"#en# #a+an7 e"7e"a -(000 #on ,a+.ah dan 2(000 #on %9%h< "a,%o .en7.a,an ,e,aa# =n# ha"% %#? adalah SR =%n,#an#aneo,? 

-<000 2<000

=

2<-

Penen#an a#a, .%# ah%" ,e.e"#% yan7 aan d%9ela,an ,ea"a "%n% dala+ Ba -< +el%a#an .e"h%#n7an a#a, .%# ,#"%..%n7 "a,%o n# d%#e"a.an e ,#"%. ,e+.%# d% .%n77%"an .%#( Un# +en77a+a"an on,e. %n% +e+.e"#%+an7an

-0

,%lan7 ,ede"hanaa7%an yan7 d%#n9an .ada Ga+a" <12( In% aan d%a,+,%an ah:a@ -

 .%# %n% d%.e"dala+ ,ea"a e"#aha. #%n77% enh 2- )#

-

 .%# lea" +%n%++ adalah 100 )#

-

,d# e+%"%n7an ,ea"a e,el"han adalah - 

-

e.ada#an da"% %9%h dan l%+ah adalah ,a+a

-

 %9%h ela, on,#an(

$an7 a,l% .ada a7%an %n% =G"( <12?< #e"d%"% da"% / enh dan +e+%l%% edala+an 1-0 )# $a, %9%h Ao adalah

 Ao  Al  

200  100 F -0  1-0  2(-00 )#2

Dae"ah l%+ah AW  adalah  AW " #A#

 100  100  10<000 )#2

SR e,el"han "a,%o .en7.a,an =e,el"han? adalah SR =O;e"all? 

 AW   AO

=

10<000 2<-00

= 0<3/

Ga+a" (12 a7%an n# .e"h%#n7an "a,%o .en7.a,an #anah

-1

Me+.e"dala+ da"% lan7 oleh ,a# enh =enh ? +e+e"lan  .en7ha.,an 2A3 l%+ah( &+lah %9%h yan7 +en7e+a adalah  A! A  100  2- F 100  2-  -(000)# 2 2A3  12-  12-  100  100  -(/2- )# 2

Ra,%o .en7.a,an ,e,aa# adalah SR =In,#an#eneo,? 

-
= 1<12-

Ra,%o .en7.a,an #anah ,ea"a e,el"han den7an enh  d%ha., 1-(/2-

SR =O;e"all? 

32(-00

=

0<8

Den7an .e"#a+an7an enh 8< yan7 la%n -(000 )#2 %9%h =A/? aan d%ha.,( !al %n% +e+e"lan ,#"%..%n7 2 A$  =1-0?2  =12-?2  /<8- )# 2 l%+ah( Ra,%o .en7.a,an ,e,aa# adalah @ SR =In,#an#eneo,? 

/(8-(000

=

1(3-

Ra,%o .en7.a,an #anah e,el"han adalah 22 (-00

SR =O;e"all? 

3(-00

=

0
Un# enh ' @  A%

 -(000 )# 2

2 A&   =1-?2  =1-0?2  8(12- )# 2

SR =In,#an#eneo,?  SR =o;e"all? 

8(12-(000

30(/22(-00

=

=

1(/2-

0<2

Se.e"#% da.a# d%l%ha# dala+ on#oh ,ede"hana %n%< den7an +a,%n7+a,%n7 d%.o#on7< 9+lah yan7 ,a+a %9%h -(000 )#2 ha", +e+aya" n# .en%n7a#an

-2