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GDRÍ IQMW OA \FMZF NAIID
HA_DODIDEMF BMAK_ÈJMBF7 HFKQFI \F^F AIFND^FÅÂD OA _AP_DR FBFOÇHMBDR) HDKDE^FJMFR) OMRRA^_FÅÑAR A _ARAR
QKMZA^RMOFOA ZAMEF OA FIHAMOF ‒ QZF ^md oa Gfkam~d ‒ ><<1
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GDRÍ IQMW OA \FMZF NAIID
HA_DODIDEMF BMAK_ÈJMBF7 HFKQFI \F^F AIFND^FÅÂD OA _AP_DR FBFOÇHMBDR) HDKDE^FJMFR) OMRRA^_FÅÑAR A _ARAR _~fnfi`d ~afimwfod |f~f jmkr oa d~maktfåâd a bdkrqitf odr artqofktar odr bq~rdr oa e~foqfåâd a |òre~foqfåâd) aifnd~fof |aid |~djarrd~ Gdrí Iqmw Naiid) od bq~rd oa \aofedemf) od Mkrtmtqtd oa Bmçkbmfr @qhfkfr a Rdbmfmr) of Qkmza~rmofoa Zamef oa Fihamof+
QKMZA^RMOFOA ZAMEF OA FIHAMOF ‒ QZF ^md oa Gfkam~d ‒ ><<1
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Ìr hmk`fr jmi`fr Fkf B~mrtmkf (f B~mbfa Iqbmfkf ( f Iqim-) Iqim-) |d~ apmrtm~ah3 Fd haq m~hâd Ja~kfkod Naiid (mk hahd~mfh-) hahd~mfh-) |aid apah|id3 Fdr artqofktar vqa j~avùaktf~fh hmk`fr rfifr oa fqif) |aid zdtd oa bdkjmfkåf+
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FE^FOABMHAK_DR Kf ~afimwfåâd oartf dn~f) oazd haq zdtd oa e~ftmoâd7 Ì \~djarrd~f Kmiof _azar) _azar) |d~ |a~hmtm~ f jí oa vqa aoqbf~) hfmr od vqa akrmkf~) í |a~hmtm~ jfwa~+ Nf~ndrf) |aif |drrmnmimofoa od t~fnfi`d+ Ì \~djarrd~f Iqbmf Nf~ndrf) Ì fhmef a bdiaef |~djarrd~f Oaihf ^fkbföd) ^fkbföd) |aifr bd~~aåñar kd bdkta÷od a |aifr rqeartñar vqa) |d~ mrrd) |doa~mf ra~ bdkrmoa~fof bdfqtd~f oarta t~fnfi`d+ N~frmi) |d~ ta~ bd~~memod dr oarimwar od fqtd~ vqfktd Fd fhmed a bdiaef |~djarrd~ Gdrí N~frmi) ì bd~~atf e~fhætmbf a d~tde~fjmf of ièkeqf |d~tqeqarf+ Fd haq m~hâd Hæ~bmd \mtfkeq} oa \fmzf Naiid |aifr od~ar oa bfnaåf ah ~afimwf~ d ~aemrt~d oartf dn~f+ Fdr artqofktar od fkd oa 6==0) 6==0 ) odr bq~rdr oa \aofedemf) _abkdidemf ah \~dbarrfhaktd oa Ofodr) Fohmkmrt~fåâd a Bmçkbmfr Bdktænamr) of Jaoa~fåâd oa Arbdifr a Jfbqiofoar Mktae~fofr Rmhdkrak) |d~ ta~ah ha |a~hmtmod f|~akoa~ tfhníh bdh aiar) |arvqmrfkod) artmhqifkod a dja~abakod ofodr |f~f vqa arta t~fnfi`d |qoarra ra~ jamtd+ Fdr artqofktar odr fkdr oa ><<< f ><<2) ><<2 ) odr bq~rdr oa \aofedemf) _q~mrhd) Nmdidemf) Iat~fr) Jmrmdta~f|mf) Dodktdidemf) Om~amtd) Jdkdfqomdidemf) Bmçkbmfr Fa~dkæqtmbfr a Hdof of Qkmza~rmofoa Zamef oa Fihamof QZF) |aid zdtd oa bdkjmfkåf ofod fd haq t~fnfi`d) bdhd |~djarrd~) a |d~ ta~ah bdkt~mnqèod b~mtmbfhakta kf fkæimra od bdkta÷od oarta t~fnfi`d+ Fdr artqofktar odr fkdr oa ><<6 f ><<2 ) od bq~rd oa \aofedemf of Qkmza~rmofoa Bftòimbf oa \at~ò|dimr QB\) |d~ ta~ah ha akrmkfod) ft~fzír od bf~mk`d) vqa hfmr od vqa bdkta÷od |~de~fhætmbd kf aoqbfåâd |~abmrfhdr oa rakrmnmimofoa+ Ìr |~djarrd~frartqofktar od Hqkmbè|md oa \at~ò|dimr) \at~ò|dimr ) zmkbqifofr fd Bakt~d oa Bf|fbmtfåâd J~am Hahò~mf) of Rab~atf~mf Hqkmbm|fi oa Aoqbfåâd oa \at~ò|dimr) \at~ò|dimr ) |d~ ta~ah ha akrmkfod vqa |f~f jfwa~ aoqbfåâd tfhníh í |~abmrd aka~emf) zdktfoa) bd~fåâd a `a~dèrhd+
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D eçkmd mkmbmf naifr dn~fr3 rò d t~fnfi`d fr ta~hmkf Gdra|` Gdqna~t
D ÷kmbd |~fwa~ za~ofoam~d í d of ftmzmofoa b~mfod~f Iadk _dirtdm
F rfnaod~mf odr rakrftdr a f ap|a~mçkbmf odr tah|dr oazah ra~ bdkra~zfofr |aifr bmtfåñar+ Omr~faim
6 Mkt~doqåâd7 Arta t~fnfi`d kâd tah f |~atakrâd oa fn~fkea~ tdofr fr vqartñar akzdizmofr ah Hatdodidemf Bmaktèjmbf+ Bmaktèjmbf+ _~ftfra) tâd rdhakta) oa qhf fgqof |f~f bdkrqitf |d~ |f~ta odr artqofktar odr bq~rdr oa e~foqfåâd) |doakod tfhníh bdkt~mnqm~ fdr artqofktar oa |òr e~foqfåâd+ Vqfivqa~ f|~djqkofhaktd taò~mbd dq |~ætmbd oaza~æ ra~ nqrbfod kf nmnimde~fjmf rqea~mof kd jmkfi oarta t~fnfi`d+ Kdrrf mktakåâd jdm f|akfr jfbmimtf~ f nqrbf odr artqofktar kd vqa omw ~ar|amtd fdr t~fnfi`dr oa |arvqmrf fbfoçhmbf+ F art~qtq~f oarta t~fnfi`d) |d~ rm rò) ra~za oa hdoaid |f~f qh t~fnfi`d ~afimwfod ah rfif oa fqif+ Fiíh omrrd) |~dbq~fhdr f|~araktf~ a ap|imbf~ fr ~ae~fr |f~f bfof |f~ta oa qh t~fnfi`d bmaktèjmbd+ Nfrafodr ah dnra~zfåñar |~ò|~mfr) rah bdkdtfåâd bmaktèjmbf) kdtfhdr vqa f omrbm|imkf oa Hatdodidemf Bmaktèjmbf í qhf ofr hfmr ~agamtfofr |aidr artqofktar ah |~ftmbfhakta tdodr dr bq~rdr oa e~foqfåâd+ Í) hfmr dq hakdr) bdhd d zai`d b`fzâd od ’ doamd hftahætmbf‘) hftahætmbf ‘) harhd vqa f hftahætmbf kâd ragf tâd ta~~èzai frrmh+ F omrbm|imkf Hatdodidemf Bmaktèjmbf í mhmkaktahakta |~ætmbf a oaza artmhqif~ dr artqofktar |f~f vqa nqrvqah hdtmzfåñar |f~f akbdkt~f~ ~ar|drtfr ìr rqfr o÷zmofr+ Ra kdr ~aja~mhdr f qh bq~rd rq|a~md~ artfhdr kftq~fihakta kdr ~aja~mkod f qhf Fbfoahmf oa Bmçkbmf a) bdhd tfi) fr ~ar|drtfr fdr |~dniahfr oa fvqmrmåâd oa bdk`abmhaktd oaza~mfh ra~ nqrbfofr ft~fzír od ~med~ bmaktèjmbd a f|~araktfofr ft~fzír ofr kd~hfr fbfoçhmbfr zmeaktar+ Omtd mrtd) |f~aba vqa jmbf bif~d vqa hatdodidemf bmaktèjmbf kâd í qh rmh|iar bdkta÷od f ra~ oabd~fod |aidr fiqkdr) |f~f ra~ za~mjmbfod kqh omf oa |~dzf3 t~ftfra oa jd~kaba~ fdr artqofktar qh mkrt~qhaktfi mkomr|akræzai |f~f vqa ragfh bf|fwar oa ftmkem~ dr dngatmzdr of Fbfoahmf) vqa râd d artqod a f |arvqmrf ah vqfivqa~ æ~af od bdk`abmhaktd+ _~ftfra aktâd oa ra f|~akoa~ jfwakod) bdhd rqea~a dr bdkbamtdr hfmr hdoa~kdr of \aofedemf+ \~dbq~fhdr) kf haomof od |drrèzai) raeqm~ ~med~drfhakta fr ~ae~fr oajmkmofr |aif Frrdbmfåâd N~frmiam~f oa Kd~hfr _íbkmbfr FNK_) |f~f aifnd~fåâd oa t~fnfi`dr bmaktèjmbdr+ Bfrd fieqhf ~ae~f kâd artagf rakod bqh|~mof) f ~ar|dkrfnmimofoa í of oarftakåâd od fqtd~+ F |~arakta dn~f |~dbq~f kâd omjmbqitf~ fr vqartñar vqa akzdizah f aifnd~fåâd oa qh |~dgatd a d ~aiftò~md of |arvqmrf) |d~tfktd |doa ra~ aktakomof bdhd qhf jfbmimtfod~f of f|~akomwfeah) dkoa dr artqofktar |doa~âd bdkrqitf~) f vqfivqa~ `d~f) |f~f rq|~mhm~ rqfr o÷zmofr vqfktd fdr |~dbaomhaktdr) tíbkmbfr a kd~hfr oa |arvqmrf+
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Vqfkod jfifhdr oa qh bq~rd rq|a~md~) artfhdr kdr ~aja~mkod) mkom~atfhakta) f qhf Fbfoahmf oa Bmçkbmfr) gæ vqa vqfivqa~ Jfbqiofoa kfof hfmr í od vqa d idbfi |~ò|~md of nqrbf mkbarrfkta od rfna~ bmaktèjmbd+ Karta raktmod) artf omrbm|imkf tah qhf mh|d~tîkbmf jqkofhaktfi kf jd~hfåâd od |~djmrrmdkfi+ Ra dr fiqkdr |~dbq~fh f Fbfoahmf |f~f nqrbf~ rfna~) |~abmrfhdr aktakoa~ vqa Hatdodidemf Bmaktèjmbf kfof hfmr í od vqa f omrbm|imkf vqa rfna~ ‘) ra aktakoa~hdr vqa ’ hítdod‘ vqa~ omwa~ bfhmk`d ’artqof dr bfhmk`dr od rfna~‘) omwa~ bfhmk`d)) ’ idemf‘ vqa~ omwa~ artqod omwa~ artqod a ’bmçkbmf‘ vqa~ omwa~ rfna~+ Hfr f|~akoa~ f |arvqmrf~ í hqmtd jæbmi+ Zagfh rò7
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> _m|dr oa Bdk`abmhaktdr Bdk`aba~ í mkbd~|d~f~ qh bdkbamtd kdzd) dq d~memkfi) rdn~a qh jftd dq jakÿhakd vqfivqa~+ D bdk`abmhaktd kâd kfrba od zfwmd a rmh ofr ap|a~mçkbmfr vqa fbqhqifhdr ah kdrrf zmof bdtmomfkf) ft~fzír oa ap|a~mçkbmfr) odr ~aifbmdkfhaktdr mkta~|arrdfmr) ofr iamtq~fr oa imz~dr a f~tmedr omza~rdr+ Akt~a tdodr dr fkmhfmr) kòr) dr ra~ar `qhfkdr) rdhdr dr ÷kmbdr bf|fwar oa b~mf~ a t~fkrjd~hf~ d bdk`abmhaktd3 rdhdr dr ÷kmbdr bf|fwar oa f|imbf~ d vqa f|~akoahdr) |d~ omza~rdr hamdr) kqhf rmtqfåâd oa hqofkåf od bdk`abmhaktd3 rdhdr dr ÷kmbdr bf|fwar oa b~mf~ qh rmrtahf oa rèhndidr) bdhd f imkeqfeah) a bdh aia ~aemrt~f~ kdrrfr |~ò|~mfr ap|a~mçkbmfr a |frrf~ |f~f dqt~dr ra~ar `qhfkdr+ Arrf bf~fbta~èrtmbf í d vqa kdr |a~hmta omwa~ vqa rdhdr omja~aktar odr eftdr) odr bâar) odr hfbfbdr a odr iañar+ Fd b~mf~hdr arta rmrtahf oa rèhndidr) ft~fzír of azdiqåâd of ar|íbma `qhfkf) |a~hmtmhdkdr tfhníh fd |akrf~ a) |d~ bdkravùçkbmf) f d~oakfåâd a f |~azmrâd odr jakÿhakdr vqa kdr ba~bf+ Apmrtah omja~aktar tm|dr oa bdk`abmhaktdr7
>+6 Bdk`abmhaktd Ah|è~mbd (dq bdk`abmhaktd zqief~) dq rakrdbdhqhÍ d bdk`abmhaktd dntmod fd fbfrd) f|òr mk÷ha~fr taktftmzfr) dq ragf) d bdk`abmhaktd fovqm~mod ft~fzír oa fåñar kâd |ifkagfofr+ Apah|id7 F b`fza artæ ah|a~~fkod kf jab`foq~f a) oa tfktd ap|a~mhaktf~hdr fn~m~ f |d~tf) fbfnfhdr |d~ oarbdn~m~ (bdk`aba~- qh gamtmk`d oa em~f~ f b`fza rah ah|a~~f~+
>+> Bdk`abmhaktd Jmidròjmbd Í j~qtd od ~fbmdbèkmd a of ~ajiapâd `qhfkf+ Í d bdk`abmhaktd ar|abqiftmzd rdn~a jakÿhakdr) ea~fkod bdkbamtdr rqngatmzdr+ Nqrbf of~ raktmod fdr jakÿhakdr ea~fmr od qkmza~rd) qit~f|frrfkod dr imhmtar jd~hfmr of bmçkbmf+ Apah|id7 ’D `dhah í f |dkta akt~a d fkmhfi a d fiíh(`dhah‘ fiíh(`dhah‘ (J~mao~mb` Kmatwrb`aKmatwrb`a-
>+? Bdk`abmhaktd Bmaktèjmbd Í d bdk`abmhaktd ~fbmdkfi) rmrtahætmbd) apftd a za~mjmbæzai of ~afimofoa+ Rqf d~meah artæ kdr |~dbaomhaktdr oa za~mjmbfåâd nfrafodr kf hatdodidemf bmaktèjmbf+ \doahdr aktâd omwa~ vqa d Bdk`abmhaktd Bmaktèjmbd7 Í ~fbmdkfi a dngatmzd+ ( Ftíh(ra fdr jftdr+ ( _~fkrbakoa fdr jftdr+ ( Í fkfiètmbd+ ( ^avqa~ apftmoâd a bif~awf+ ( Í bdhqkmbæzai+ bdhqkmbæzai+ ( Í za~mjmbæzai+ ( Oa|akoa oa mkzartmefåâd hatòombf+ ( Nqrbf a f|imbf iamr+ ( Í ap|imbftmzd+ ap|imbftmzd+ ( \doa jfwa~ |~aomåñar+ ( Í fna~td+ ( Í ÷tmi (EFIIMFKD) ÷tmi (EFIIMFKD) 6=5=) |+ >?2<-+ Apah|id7 Oarbdn~m~ qhf zfbmkf vqa azmta qhf odakåf3 oarbdn~m~ bdhd ra oæ f ~ar|m~fåâd ~ ar|m~fåâd odr nft~ævqmdr+
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2 F Bmçkbmf 2+6 Od haod ì Bmçkbmf F azdiqåâd `qhfkf bd~~ar|dkoa fd oarakzdizmhaktd oa rqf mktaimeçkbmf+ mktaimeçkbmf+ Rakod frrmh |doahdr oajmkm~ t~çr kèzamr oa oarakzdizmhaktd of mktaimeçkbmf odr ra~ar `qhfkdr oaroa d rq~emhaktd odr |~mham~dr `dhmkèoadr7 d haod) d hmrtmbmrhd hmrtmbmrhd a f bmçkbmf+
f- D haod7 Dr ra~ar `qhfkdr |~í`mrtò~mbdr kâd bdkraeqmfh aktakoa~ dr jakÿhakdr of kftq~awf+ \d~ arta hdtmzd) rqfr ~afåñar a~fh rah|~a oa haod7 tmk`fh haod ofr tah|artfoar a od oarbdk`abmod+ Bdhd kâd bdkraeqmfh bdh|~aakoa~ d vqa ra |frrfzf omfkta oaiar) kâd i`ar ~artfzf fita~kftmzf rakâd d haod a d ar|fktd ofvqmid vqa |~arakbmfzfh+
n- D hmrtmbmrhd7 Kqh raeqkod hdhaktd) f mktaimeçkbmf `qhfkf azdiqmq od haod |f~f f taktftmzf oa ap|imbfåâd odr jakÿhakdr ft~fzír od |akrfhaktd |akrfhaktd hæembd) ofr b~akåfr a ofr rq|a~rtmåñar+ A~f) rah o÷zmof) qhf azdiqåâd gæ vqa taktfzfh ap|imbf~ d vqa zmfh+ Frrmh) fr tah|artfoar |domfh ra~ j~qtd oa qhf m~f omzmkf) f ndf bdi`amtf of nakazdiçkbmf odr hmtdr) fr oare~fåfr dq fr jd~tqkfr od bfrfhaktd od `qhfkd bdh d hæembd+
b- F bmçkbmf7 Bdhd fr ap|imbfåñar hæembfr kâd nfrtfzfh |f~f bdh|~aakoa~ dr jakÿhakdr dr ra~ar `qhfkdr jmkfihakta azdiqè~fh |f~f f nqrbf oa ~ar|drtfr ft~fzír oa bfhmk`dr vqa |qoarrah ra~ bdh|~dzfodr+ Oartf jd~hf) kfrbaq f bmçkbmf hatòombf) vqa |~dbq~f rah|~a qhf f|~dpmhfåâd bdh f iòembf+ D ra~ `qhfkd í d ÷kmbd fkmhfi kf kftq~awf bdh bf|fbmofoa oa |akrf~+ Artf bf~fbta~èrtmbf bf~fbta~èrtmbf |a~hmta vqa ragf bf|fw oa ~ajiatm~ rdn~a d rmekmjmbfod oa rqf |~ò|~mf ap|a~mçkbmf+ ap|a~mçkbmf+ Frrmh rakod) í bf|fw oa kdzfr oarbdna~tfr a oa t~fkrhmtmifr t~fkrhmtmifr f raqr oarbakoaktar+ D oarakzdizmhaktd od bdk`abmhaktd `qhfkd artæ mkt~mkrabfhakta imefod ì rqf bf~fbta~èrtmbf oa zmza~ ah e~q|d) dq ragf) d rfna~ oa qh mkomzèoqd í t~fkrhmtmod f dqt~d) vqa) |d~ rqf zaw) f|~dzamtfra oarta rfna~ |f~f rdhf~ dqt~d+ Frrmh azdiqm f bmçkbmf+
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2+> F azdiqåâd of Bmçkbmf Dr aeè|bmdr gæ tmk`fh oarakzdizmod qh rfna~ tíbkmbd azdiqèod) |~mkbm|fihakta kfr æ~afr oa hftahætmbf) eadhat~mf a kf haombmkf) hfr dr e~aedr jd~fh |~dzfzaihakta dr |~mham~dr f nqrbf~ d rfna~ vqa kâd tmzarra) kabarrf~mfhakta) qhf ~aifåâd bdh ftmzmofoa oa qtmimwfåâd |~ætmbf+ F |~adbq|fåâd odr |~abq~rd~ar of jmidrdjmf ( jmid 8 fhmed # rdjmf ( rò|`dr rò|`dr8 rfna~ a vqa~ omwa~ fhmed omwa~ fhmed od rfna~ - a~f nqrbf~ bdk`aba~ d |d~vqa a d |f~f vqa oa tqod d vqa ra |qoarra |akrf~+ D bdk`abmhaktd `mrtò~mbd odr ra~ar `qhfkdr rah|~a taza qhf jd~ta mkjiqçkbmf oa b~akåfr a odehfr ~aimemdrdr+ Kf Mofoa Híomf) f Me~agf Bftòimbf ra~zmq oa hf~bd ~aja~akbmfi |f~f |~ftmbfhakta tdofr fr moímfr omrbqtmofr kf í|dbf+ F |d|qifåâd kâd |f~tmbm|fzf od rfna~) gæ vqa dr odbqhaktdr |f~f bdkrqitf artfzfh |~ardr kdr hdrtam~dr ofr d~oakr ~aimemdrfr+ Jdm kd |a~èdod od ^akfrbmhaktd) f|~dpmhfofhakta akt~a dr ríbqidr PZ a PZM (fkdr 6?<< a 61<<- vqa) raeqkod fieqkr `mrtd~mfod~ar) dr ra~ar `qhfkdr ~atdhf~fh d |~fwa~ oa |akrf~ a |~doqwm~ d bdk`abmhaktd ft~fzír ofr moímfr+ Karta |a~èdod fr f~tar) oa qhf jd~hf ea~fi) tdhf~fh qh mh|qird rmekmjmbftmzd+ Hmb`aifkeaid Nqdkf~~dta arbqi|mq f artætqf oa Ofzmo a |mktdq d tatd of Bf|aif Rmrtmkf) Rmrtmkf) kf Mtæimf3 _`dhfr Hd~qr arb~azaq F Qtd|mf (qtd|mf í qh ta~hd vqa oa~mzf od e~aed dkoa q 8 kâd # td|dr 8 iqef~ a vqa~ omwa~ ah omwa~ ah kak`qh iqef~ -3 -3 _dhfrd Bfh|fkaiif arb~azaq F Bmofoa od Rdi3 Rdi3 J~fkbmr Nfbdk) F Kdzf Ftiîktmbf3 Ftiîktmbf3 Zditfm~a) Hmb~ÿhaefr) Hmb~ÿhaefr) bf~fbta~mwfkod qh |akrfhaktd kâd oarb~mtmzd of ~afimofoa) hfr b~mfod~ oa qhf ~afimofoa moafi) od oaza~ ra~+ Kd ríbqid PZMM a PZMMM (fkdr 6:<< a 65<<- f nq~eqarmf frrqhmq qhf bf~fbta~èrtmbf |~ò|~mf oa |akrfhaktd) takoakod |f~f qh |~dbarrd vqa tmzarra mhaomftf qtmimwfåâd |~ætmbf+ Bdh mrrd rq~emq d Miqhmkmrhd) Miqhmkmrhd) bd~~akta jmidròjmbf vqa |~d|ÿr . f iqw of ~fwâd rdn~a fr t~azfr odr odehfr ~aimemdrdr .+ D |akrfod~ ^akí Oarbf~tar hdrt~dq ra~ f ~fwâd f arrçkbmf odr ra~ar
`qhfkdr) rq~emkod f j~fra . |akrd) ided apmrtd.+ Kd fr|abtd |diètmbd d hdzmhaktd Miqhmkmrtf ap|~arrdqra |aif kabarrmofoa od |dzd arbdi`a~ raqr edza~kfktar ft~fzír oa imz~a arbdi`f of zdktfoa |d|qif~+ Iahn~ahdkdr oa vqa jdm karta |a~èdod vqa dbd~~aq f ^azdiqåâd J~fkbarf ah 650=+ D Hítdod Bmaktèjmbd rq~emq bdhd qhf taktftmzf oa d~efkmwf~ d |akrfhaktd |f~f ra b`aef~ fd hamd hfmr foavqfod oa bdk`aba~ a bdkt~dif~ f kftq~awf+ Gæ kd jmh od |a~èdod od ^akfrbmhaktd) J~fkbmr Nfbdk |~aefzf d hítdod mkoqtmzd bdhd hamd oa ra |~doqwm~ d bdk`abmhaktd+ Arta hítdod aktakomf d bdk`abmhaktd bdhd ~arqitfod oa ap|a~mhaktfåñar bdktèkqfr a od f|~djqkofhaktd od bdk`abmhaktd ah|è~mbd+ \d~ dqt~d ifod) ft~fzír oa raq
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Omrbq~rd rdn~a d hítdod) hítdod ) ^akí Oarbf~tar oajakoaq d hítdod oaoqtmzd bdhd fvqaia vqa |drrmnmimtf~mf f fvqmrmåâd od bdk`abmhaktd ft~fzír of aifnd~fåâd iòembf oa `m|òtarar a f nqrbf oa rqf bdkjm~hfåâd dq kaefåâd+ F Me~agf a d |akrfhaktd hæembd hæembd baoa~fh iqef~ f qh |~dbarrd oakdhmkfod) |d~ fieqkr `mrtd~mfod~ar) oa .ifmbmwfåâd . ifmbmwfåâd of rdbmaofoa.+ rdbmaofoa .+ Ra f Me~agf t~fwmf ftí d jmh of Mofoa Híomf f `aeahdkmf odr artqodr a of ap|imbfåâd odr jakÿhakdr ~aifbmdkfodr ì zmof) f bmçkbmf tdhdq f j~akta oarta |~dbarrd) jfwakod of Me~agf a od |akrfhaktd ~aimemdrd ~fwâd oa ra~ odr artqodr bmaktèjmbdr+ Kd ríbqid PMP (fkdr 60<<- f bmçkbmf |frrdq f ta~ qhf mh|d~tîkbmf jqkofhaktfi+ \f~abmf vqa tqod rò tmk`f ap|imbfåâd ft~fzír of bmçkbmf+ Bdhd ra d vqa kâd jdrra bmaktèjmbd kâd bd~~ar|dkoarra f za~ofoa+ Ra Kmbdifq Bd|í~kmbd) Efimiaq Efimiam) Emd~ofkd N~qkd) akt~a dqt~dr) jd~fh |a~raeqmodr |aif Me~agf) ah jqkåâd oa rqfr moímfr rdn~a dr jakÿhakdr od hqkod) d ríbqid PMP ra~zmq bdhd ~aja~çkbmf oa oarakzdizmhaktd od bdk`abmhaktd bmaktèjmbd ah tdofr fr æ~afr+ Kf rdbmdidemf Fqeqrtd Bdhta oarakzdizaq rqf ap|imbfåâd oa rdbmaofoa) b~mfkod d \drmtmzmrhd) \drmtmzmrhd) zmkod ided f|òr dqt~dr |akrfod~ar3 kf Abdkdhmf) Cf~i Hf~p |~dbq~dq ap|imbf~ f ~aifåñar rdbmfmr ft~fzír ofr vqartñar abdkÿhmbfr) ~arqitfkod kd Hfta~mfimrhd Omfiítmbd3 Omfiítmbd3 B`f~iar Of~umk ~azdiqbmdkdq f Fkt~d|didemf) ja~mkod dr odehfr rfb~fimwfodr |aif ~aimemâd) bdh f _ad~mf of @a~aomtf~maofoa ofr Ar|íbmar dq _ad~mf of Azdiqåâd+ Azdiqåâd + F bmçkbmf |frrdq f frrqhm~ qhf |drmåâd vqfra vqa ~aimemdrf omfkta ofr ap|imbfåñar odr jakÿhakdr rdbmfmr) nmdiòembdr) fkt~d|diòembdr) jèrmbdr a kftq~fmr+
2+2 F kaqt~fimofoa bmaktèjmbf Í rfnmod vqa) |f~f ra jfwa~ qhf fkæimra oarf|fmpdkfof oa vqfivqa~ tahf) í kabarræ~md vqa d |arvqmrfod~ hfktak`f qhf ba~tf omrtîkbmf ahdbmdkfi od frrqktd fnd~ofod+ Hfr ra~æ mrrd |drrèzai4 Ra~mf |drrèzai qh |fo~a) fd fkfimrf~ f azdiqåâd `mrtò~mbf of Me~agf) hfkta~ra fjfrtfod oa rqf |~ò|~mf `mrtò~mf oa zmof4 Dq fd bdkt~æ~md) qh |arvqmrfod~ ftaq fnd~of~ qh tahf ~aimemdrd rah qh bdkravùakta akzdizmhaktd moadiòembd kdr bfhmk`dr oa rqf |arvqmrf4 \~dzfzaihakta f ~ar|drtf ra~mf kâd+ Hfr) fd harhd tah|d) f bdkrbmçkbmf oartf ~afimofoa |doa kdr |~a|f~f~ |f~f t~fnfi`f~ artf zf~mæzai oa jd~hf vqa dr ~arqitfodr of |arvqmrf kâd rdj~fh mkta~ja~çkbmfr fiíh ofr ar|a~fofr+ Í |~abmrd vqa d |arvqmrfod~ tak`f bdkrbmçkbmf of |drrmnmimofoa oa mkta~ja~çkbmf oa rqf jd~hfåâd hd~fi) ~aimemdrf) bqitq~fi a oa
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rqf bf~ef oa zfid~ar |f~f vqa dr ~arqitfodr of |arvqmrf kâd ragfh mkjiqakbmfodr |d~ aiar fiíh od fbamtæzai+
6:
? _m|dr oa \arvqmrf Arta bf|ètqid kâd a~f |f~f apmrtm~) gæ vqa kâd zagd f hakd~ mh|d~tîkbmf kf kabarrmofoa oa qh |arvqmrfod~ ta~ vqa oajmkm~ d tm|d oa |arvqmrf vqa zfm apabqtf~+ D mh|d~tfkta í vqa d |arvqmrfod~ rfmnf qrf~ dr mkrt~qhaktdr foavqfodr |f~f akbdkt~f~ ~ar|drtfr fd |~dniahf vqa aia tak`f iazfktfod+ Kd aktfktd râd tfktfr fr |arrdfr vqa ha bdkrqitfh ft~fzír oa hmk`f `dha |fea(6rdn~a arta frrqktd vqa ~ardizm fb~arbaktf~ arta bf|ètqid+ D vqa dbd~~a fvqm |f~aba ra~ fvqaia iahf bdk`abmod |aidr artqomdrdr of omkîhmbf aoqbfbmdkfi7 ’ ra ’ ra |doahdr bdh|imbf~ |f~f vqa rmh|imjmbf~4‘ rmh|imjmbf~4‘ \arvqmrf í d harhd vqa nqrbf dq |~dbq~f+ \arvqmrf~) |d~tfktd) í nqrbf~ dq |~dbq~f~ ~ar|drtf |f~f fieqhf o÷zmof dq |~dniahf+ Ah ra t~ftfkod oa Bmçkbmf f |arvqmrf í f nqrbf oa rdiqåâd f qh |~dniahf vqa d fieqíh vqam~f rfna~ f ~ar|drtf+ Kâd edrtd oa omwa~ vqa ra jfw bmçkbmf) hfr vqa ra |~doqw bmçkbmf ft~fzír oa qhf |arvqmrf+ \arvqmrf í |d~tfktd d bfhmk`d |f~f ra b`aef~ ì bmçkbmf) fd bdk`abmhaktd+ Í kf |arvqmrf vqa qtmimwf~ahdr omja~aktar mkrt~qhaktdr |f~f ra b`aef~ f qhf ~ar|drtf hfmr |~abmrf+ D mkrt~qhaktd moafi oaza~æ ra~ artm|qifod |aid |arvqmrfod~ |f~f ra ftmkem~ dr ~arqitfodr moafmr+ Kqh apah|id e~drram~d aq kâd |doa~mf |~dbq~f~ qh tardq~d kqhf |~fmf bfzfkod qh nq~fbd bdh qhf |mbf~atf3 aq |~abmrf~mf oa qhf |æ+ Of harhf jd~hf aq kâd |doa~mf jfwa~ qh nq~fbd kd bmhaktd bdh qhf |æ3 aq |~abmrf~mf oa qhf |mbf~atf+ Karta raktmod) hfmr mh|d~tfkta od vqa oajmkm~ d tm|d oa |arvqmrf vqa ra artæ ~afimwfkod) í oajmkm~ vqa mkrt~qhaktfmr oa |arvqmrf ra~âd qtmimwfodr |f~f vqa fr jdktar |drrfh dja~aba~ qh hfta~mfi oa vqfimofoa |f~f ra~ t~fnfi`fod+ F Bmçkbmf) ft~fzír of azdiqåâd oa raqr bdkbamtdr) artæ omzmomof |d~ æ~afr od bdk`abmhaktd+ Frrmh) `dga tahdr bdk`abmhaktd ofr Bmçkbmfr @qhfkfr) Rdbmfmr) Nmdiòembfr) Apftfr) akt~a dqt~fr+ Harhd artfr omzmrñar tçh dqt~fr rqnomzmrñar bqgf oajmkmåâd zf~mf raeqkod bdkbamtdr oa hqmtdr fqtd~ar+ F Bmçkbmf Rdbmfi) |d~ apah|id) |doa ra~ omzmomof ah Om~amtd) @mrtò~mf) Rdbmdidemf atb+3 fr Bmçkbmfr Apftfr ah Hftahætmbf) Jèrmbf) Eadhat~mf atb++ Í |~dzæzai vqa dr iamtd~ar akbdkt~ah mk÷ha~fr omzmrñar a bifrrmjmbfåñar |f~f fr bmçkbmfr+
_aktfkod oarbdh|imbf~ |~ajm~d oajmkm~ dr tm|dr oa |arvqmrf oartf jd~hf7
\arvqmrf Ap|a~mhaktfi7 Í tdof |arvqmrf vqa akzdiza fieqh tm|d oa ap|a~mhaktd+ Apah|id7 \mkefra qhf edtf oa æbmod kqhf |ifbf oa hatfi |f~f dnra~zf~ d ~arqitfod+
\arvqmrf Rdbmfi7 Í tdof |arvqmrf vqa nqrbf ~ar|drtfr oa qh e~q|d rdbmfi+ Apah|id7 Rfna~ vqfmr dr `ænmtdr fimhaktf~ar oa qhf bdhqkmofoa ar|abèjmbf+
\arvqmrf @mrtò~mbf7 Í tdof |arvqmrf vqa artqof d |frrfod+ Apah|id7 Rfna~ oa vqa jd~hf ra oaq f \~dbifhfåâd of ^a|÷nimbf n~frmiam~f+
\arvqmrf _aò~mbf7 Í tdof |arvqmrf vqa fkfimrf qhf oata~hmkfof tad~mf+ Apah|id7 Rfna~ d vqa í f Kaqt~fimofoa Bmaktèjmbf+
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1 D \~dgatd of \arvqmrf 1+6 Arbdi`f od _ahf Apmrtah odmr jftd~ar |~mkbm|fmr vqa mkta~ja~ah kf arbdi`f oa qh tahf |f~f d t~fnfi`d oa |arvqmrf+ Fnfmpd artâd ~aifbmdkfofr fieqhfr vqartñar vqa oazah ra~ iazfofr ah bdkrmoa~fåâd kartf arbdi`f7
1+6+6 Jftd~ar mkta~kdr Fjatmzmofoa ah ~aifåâd f qh tahf dq fitd e~fq oa mkta~arra |arrdfi+ \f~f ra t~fnfi`f~ qhf |arvqmrf í |~abmrd ta~ qh hèkmhd oa |~fwa~ kartf ftmzmofoa+ F arbdi`f od tahf artæ zmkbqifof) |d~tfktd) fd edrtd |aid frrqktd f ra~ t~fnfi`fod+ _~fnfi`f~ _~fnfi`f~ qh frrqktd vqa kâd ragf od raq fe~fod td~kf~æ f |arvqmrf kqh apa~bèbmd oa td~tq~f a rdj~mhaktd+ _ah|d omr|dkèzai |f~f f ~afimwfåâd od t~fnfi`d oa |arvqmrf+ Kf arbdi`f od tahf tahdr vqa iazf~ ah bdkrmoa~fåâd f vqfktmofoa oa ftmzmofoar vqa ta~ahdr vqa bqh|~m~ |f~f apabqtf~ d t~fnfi`d a haomif bdh d tah|d odr t~fnfi`dr vqa tahdr vqa bqh|~m~ kd kdrrd bdtmomfkd) kâd ~aifbmdkfod ì |arvqmrf+ D imhmta i mhmta ofr bf|fbmofoar od |arvqmrfod~ ah ~aifåâd fd tahf |~atakomod+ Í |~abmrd vqa d |arvqmrfod~ tak`f bdkrbmçkbmf oa rqf imhmtfåâd oa bdk`abmhaktdr |f~f kâd akt~f~ kqh frrqktd jd~f oa rqf æ~af+ Ra hmk`f æ~af í f oa bmçkbmfr `qhfkfr) oazd |~dbq~f~ ha fta~ fdr tahfr ~aifbmdkfodr f artf æ~af+
1+6+> Jftd~ar Apta~kdr F rmekmjmbfåâd od tahf arbdi`mod) rqf kdzmofoa) rqf d|d~tqkmofoa a raqr zfid~ar fbfoçhmbdr a rdbmfmr+ Kf arbdi`f od tahf oazahdr tdhf~ bqmofod |f~f kâd apabqtf~hdr qh t~fnfi`d vqa kâd mkta~arrf~æ f kmkeqíh+ Ra d t~fnfi`d ha~aba ra~ jamtd vqa aia tak`f qhf mh|d~tîkbmf vqfivqa~ |f~f |arrdfr) e~q|dr oa |arrdfr dq |f~f f rdbmaofoa ah ea~fi+ D imhmta oa tah|d omr|dkèzai |f~f f bdkbiqrâd od t~fnfi`d+ Vqfkod f mkrtmtqmåâd oata~hmkf qh |~fwd |f~f f akt~aef od ~aiftò~md jmkfi of |arvqmrf) kâd |doahdr kdr akza~aof~ |d~ frrqktdr vqa kâd kdr |a~hmtm~âd bqh|~m~ arta |~fwd+ D
6=
tahf arbdi`mod oaza artf~ oaimhmtfod oakt~d od tah|d |drrèzai |f~f f bdkbiqrâd od t~fnfi`d+ Hfta~mfi oa bdkrqitf a ofodr kabarræ~mdr fd |arvqmrfod~+ Qh dqt~d |~dniahf kf arbdi`f od tahf í f omr|dkmnmimofoa oa hfta~mfi |f~f bdkrqitf+ Hqmtfr zawar d tahf arbdi`mod í |dqbd t~fnfi`fod |d~ dqt~dr fqtd~ar a kâd apmrtah jdktar rabqkoæ~mfr |f~f bdkrqitf+ F jfitf oarrfr jdktar dn~mef fd |arvqmrfod~ nqrbf~ jdktar |~mhæ~mfr vqa kabarrmtf oa qh tah|d hfmd~ |f~f f ~afimwfåâd od t~fnfi`d+ Arta |~dniahf kâd mh|aoa f ~afimwfåâd of |arvqmrf) hfr oaza ra~ iazfod ah bdkrmoa~fåâd |f~f vqa d tah|d mkrtmtqbmdkfi kâd ragf qit~f|frrfod+
1+> Iazfktfhaktd oa Jdktar dq ^azmrâd oa Imta~ftq~f D Iazfktfhaktd oa Imta~ftq~f í f idbfimwfåâd a dntakåâd oa odbqhaktdr |f~f fzfimf~ f omr|dkmnmimofoa oa hfta~mfi vqa rqnrmomf~æ d tahf od t~fnfi`d oa |arvqmrf+ Arta iazfktfhaktd í ~afimwfod gqktd ìr nmnimdtabfr dq ra~zmådr oa mkjd~hfåñar apmrtaktar+ 1+>+6 Rqeartñar |f~f d Iazfktfhaktd oa Imta~ftq~f 1+>+6+6 Idbfmr oa bdiatfr Oata~hmka bdh fktabaoçkbmf vqa nmnimdtabfr) feçkbmfr edza~kfhaktfmr dq |f~tmbqif~ar) mkrtmtqmåñar) mkomzèoqdr mkomzèoqdr dq fba~zdr oaza~âd ra~ |~dbq~fodr+
1+>+6+> ^aemrt~d oa odbqhaktdr Artagf |~a|f~fod |f~f bd|mf~ dr odbqhaktdr) ragf ft~fzír oa pa~dp) jdtde~fjmfr dq dqt~d hamd vqfivqa~+
1+>+6+2 D~efkmwfåâd Ra|f~a dr odbqhaktdr ~abdi`modr oa fbd~od bdh dr b~mtí~mdr oa rqf |arvqmrf+ D iazfktfhaktd oa imta~ftq~f |doa ra~ oata~hmkfod ah odmr kèzamr7 f Kèzai ea~fi od tahf f ra~ t~ftfod+ ^aifåâd oa tdofr fr dn~fr dq odbqhaktdr rdn~a d frrqktd+
><
n Kèzai ar|abèjmbd f ra~ t~ftfod+ ^aifåâd rdhakta ofr dn~fr dq odbqhaktdr vqa bdktak`fh ofodr ~aja~aktar ì ar|abmjmbmofoa ar|abmjmbmofoa od tahf f ra~ t~ftfod+
1+2 \~dniahf D \~dniahf í f hdif |~d|qird~f oa tdod d t~fnfi`d oa |arvqmrf+ |arvqmrf+ Oa|dmr oa oajmkmod d tahf) iazfktfra qhf vqartâd |f~f ra~ ~ar|dkomof ft~fzír oa qhf `m|òtara) vqa ra~æ |arvqmrf+ D \~dniahf í b~mfod |aid |~ò|~md bdkjm~hfof dq kaefof ft~fzír od t~fnfi`d oa |arvqmrf+ fqtd~ a ~aifbmdkfod fd tahf arbdi`mod+ D fqtd~) kd bfrd) b~mf~æ qh vqartmdkfhaktd |f~f oajmkm~ f fn~fkeçkbmf oa rqf |arvqmrf+ |arvqmrf+ Kâd `æ ~ae~fr |f~f ra b~mf~ qh \~dniahf) \~dniahf) hfr fieqkr fqtd~ar rqea~ah vqa aia ragf ap|~arrd ah jd~hf oa |a~eqktf+ \f~tmbqif~hakta) |~ajm~d vqa d \~dniahf ragf oarb~mtd bdhd qhf fjm~hfåâd+ Apah|id7 _ahf7 F aoqbfåâd of hqi`a~7 f |a~|atqfåâd of mkgqrtmåf+ \~dniahf7 F hqi`a~ í t~ftfof bdh rqnhmrrâd |aif rdbmaofoa+
1+? @m|òtara @m|òtara í rmkÿkmhd oa rq|drmåâd+ rq|drmåâd+ Karta raktmod) @m|òtara í qhf fjm~hfåâd bftaeò~mbf (qhf rq|drmåâd-) rq|drmåâd-) vqa taktf ~ar|dkoa~ fd \~dniahf iazfktfod |aid tahf arbdi`mod |f~f |arvqmrf+ |arvqmrf+ Í qhf |~írdiqåâd |f~f d \~dniahf iazfktfod+ D t~fnfi`d oa |arvqmrf) |arvqmrf ) aktâd) m~æ bdkjm~hf~ dq kaef~ f @m|òtara (dq rq|drmåâd- iazfktfof+ Apah|id7 \~dniahf7 F hqi`a~ í t~ftfof bdh rqnhmrrâd |aif rdbmaofoa+ @m|òtara7 F rdbmaofoa |ft~mf~bfi) ~a|~araktfof |aif jd~åf hfrbqimkf) apbiqm fr hqi`a~ar odr |~dbarrdr oabmrò~mdr+
1+1 Gqrtmjmbftmzf F Gqrtmjmbftmzf kqh |~dgatd oa |arvqmrf) |arvqmrf ) bdhd d |~ò|~md kdha mkombf) í d bdkzakbmhaktd oa vqa d t~fnfi`d oa |arvqmrf í jqkofhaktfi oa ra~ ajatmzfod+ Í fvqm vqa d
>6
tahf arbdi`mod |aid |arvqmrfod~ a f @m|òtara iazfktfof râd oa rqhf mh|d~tîkbmf) |f~f f rdbmaofoa dq |f~f fieqkr mkomzèoqdr) oa ra~ bdh|~dzfof+ Oazara tdhf~ d bqmofod) kf aifnd~fåâd of Gqrtmjmbftmzf) Gqrtmjmbftmzf) oa kâd ra taktf~ gqrtmjmbf~ f @m|òtara iazfktfof) dq ragf7 taktf~ ~ar|dkoa~ dq bdkbiqm~ d vqa zfm ra~ nqrbfod kd t~fnfi`d oa |arvqmrf+ |arvqmrf+ F Gqrtmjmbftmzf apfitf f mh|d~tîkbmf od tahf f ra~ artqofod) dq gqrtmjmbf f kabarrmofoa mh|a~mdrf mh|a~mdrf oa ra iazf~ f ajamtd tfi ah|~aakomhaktd+
1+: Dngatmzdr F oajmkmåâd odr Dngatmzdr oata~hmkf dkoa d |arvqmrfod~ vqa~ b`aef~ bdh f ~afimwfåâd od t~fnfi`d oa |arvqmrf+ |arvqmrf+ Dngatmzd í rmkÿkmhd oa hatf) hatf) jmh+ jmh+ Fieqkr fqtd~ar ra|f~fh dr Dngatmzdr ah Dngatmzdr Ea~fmr a Dngatmzdr Ar|abèjmbdr) Ar|abèjmbdr) hfr kâd `æ ~ae~f f ra~ bqh|~mof vqfktd f mrtd a dqt~dr fqtd~ar bdkrmoa~fh oarkabarræ~md omzmom~ dr Dngatmzdr ah bftaed~mfr+ Qh hfbata |f~f ra oajmkm~ dr Dngatmzdr í bdidbæidr bdhaåfkod bdh d za~nd kd mkjmkmtmzd7 arbif~aba~ tfi bdmrf3 oajmkm~ tfi frrqktd3 |~dbq~f~ fvqmid3 |a~hmtm~ fvqmid dqt~d) oahdkrt~f~ fieqhf bdmrf atb++
1+5 Hatdodidemf F Hatdodidemf í f ap|imbfåâd hmkqbmdrf) oatfi`fof) ~med~drf a apftf oa tdof fåâd oarakzdizmof kd hítdod (bfhmk`d- od t~fnfi`d oa |arvqmrf+ |arvqmrf + Í f ap|imbfåâd od tm|d oa |arvqmrf) od mkrt~qhaktfi qtmimwfod (zagf raåâd :7 vqartmdkæ~md) akt~azmrtf atb+-) od tah|d |~azmrtd) of avqm|a oa |arvqmrfod~ar a of omzmrâd od t~fnfi`d) ofr jd~hfr oa tfnqifåâd a t~ftfhaktd odr ofodr) akjmh) oa tqod fvqmid vqa ra qtmimwdq kd t~fnfi`d oa |arvqmrf+
1+0 B~dkde~fhf D B~dkde~fhf í f |~azmrâd oa tah|d vqa ra~æ efrtd kf ~afimwfåâd od t~fnfi`d oa fbd~od bdh fr ftmzmofoar f ra~ah bqh|~mofr+ Fr ftmzmofoar a dr |a~èdodr ra~âd oajmkmodr f |f~tm~ ofr bf~fbta~èrtmbfr oa bfof |arvqmrf a odr b~mtí~mdr oata~hmkfodr |aid fqtd~ od t~fnfi`d+
>>
Dr |a~èdodr |doah artf~ omzmomodr ah omfr) rahfkfr) vqmkwakfr) harar) nmhart~ar) t~mhart~ar atb++ Artar ra~âd oata~hmkfodr f |f~tm~ odr b~mtí~mdr oa tah|d fodtfodr |d~ bfof |arvqmrfod~+ Apah|id7
F_MZMOFOAR 6 > 2 ? 1 : 5
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1+= ^abq~rdr Kd~hfihakta fr hdkde~fjmfr) fr omrra~tfåñar a fr tarar fbfoçhmbfr kâd kabarrmtfh vqa ragfh ap|~arrdr dr ~abq~rdr jmkfkbam~dr+ Dr ~abq~rdr rò ra~âd mkbiqèodr vqfkod d \~dgatd jd~ f|~araktfod |f~f qhf mkrtmtqmåâd jmkfkbmfod~f oa \~dgatdr oa \arvqmrf+ Dr ~abq~rdr jmkfkbam~dr |doah artf~ omzmomodr ah Hfta~mfi \a~hfkakta) Hfta~mfi oa Bdkrqhd a \arrdfi) rakod vqa artf omzmrâd zfm ra~ oajmkmof f |f~tm~ odr b~mtí~mdr oa d~efkmwfåâd oa bfof qh dq ofr apmeçkbmfr of mkrtmtqmåâd dkoa artæ rakod f|~araktfod d \~dgatd+ 1+=+6 Hfta~mfi |a~hfkakta Râd fvqaiar hfta~mfmr vqa tçh qhf oq~fnmimofoa |~didkefof+ Kd~hfihakta Kd~hfihakta í oajmkmod bdhd nakr oq~æzamr vqa kâd râd bdkrqhmodr oq~fkta f ~afimwfåâd of |arvqmrf+ \doa ra~7 eaifoam~fr) f~ ~aj~mea~fod) bdh|qtfod~ar) bdh|qtfod~ar) mh|~arrd~fr atb+ Apah|id7 BQR_D (^/-
M_AH Bdh|qtfod~ Mh|~arrd~f Rbfkka~ Harf |f~f d bdh|qtfod~ Bfoam~f |f~f f harf _D_FI7 _D_FI7
6+5<<)<< 1<<)<< ?<<)<< 2<<)<< ><<)<< 2+6<<)<<
>2
1+=+> Hfta~mfi oa Bdkrqhd Râd fvqaiar hfta~mfmr vqa kâd tçh qhf oq~fnmimofoa |~didkefof+ Kd~hfihakta í oajmkmod bdhd nakr vqa râd bdkrqhmodr oq~fkta f ~afimwfåâd of |arvqmrf+ \doa ra~7 |f|ai) tmktf |f~f mh|~arrd~f) efrdimkf) hfta~mfi oa imh|awf) bfkatf atb+ Apah|id7 QKM_Æ^MD
Vtoa+ M_AH 6< Bfmpf oa omrvqata |f~f bdh|qtfod~ 6< ^arhf oa |f|ai tm|d F? 6< Bf~tqb`d oa tmktf |f~f mh|~arrd~f
BQR_D (^/-
6<)<< ><)<< :1)<< _D_FI7 _D_FI7
6<<)<< ><<)<< :1<)<< =1<)<<
1+=+2 \arrdfi Í f ~aifåâd oa |fefhaktd bdh |arrdfi) mkbiqmkod oar|arfr bdh mh|drtdr+ Apah|id7 M_AH 6 artfemæ~md |arvqmrfod~ 6 oftmiòe~fjd 6 ~azmrd~ Mh|drtdr mkbmoaktar (`m|dtítmbd ( `m|dtítmbd-_D_FI7
BQR_D HAKRFI 1<<)<< ><<)<< 5<<)<<
BQR_D _D_FI(^/(6< harar-
1+<<<)<< >+<<<)<< >+<<<)<< ?+<<<)<< 62+<<<)<<
1+6< ^aja~çkbmfr Fr ~aja~çkbmfr odr odbqhaktdr bdkrqitfodr |f~f f aifnd~fåâd od \~dgatd í qh mtah dn~meftò~md+ Kaifr kd~hfihakta bdkrtfh dr odbqhaktdr a vqfivqa~ jdkta oa mkjd~hfåâd bdkrqitfodr kd Iazfktfhaktd oa Jdktar+ Apah|idr |f~f aifnd~fåâd ofr ^aja~çkbmfr) raeqkod fr kd~hfr of Frrdbmfåâd N~frmiam~f oa Kd~hfr _íbkmbfr ‒ FNK_) artâd ap|~arrfr kd Fkapd oarta t~fnfi`d+
1+66 Eidrræ~md Râd fr |fifz~fr oa qrd ~art~mtd fd t~fnfi`d oa |arvqmrf dq |dqbd bdk`abmofr |aid zm~tqfi iamtd~) fbdh|fk`fofr oa oajmkmåâd+ _fhníh kâd í qh mtah dn~meftò~md+ Rqf mkbiqrâd jmbf f b~mtí~md od fqtd~ of |arvqmrf) bfrd `fgf kabarrmofoa oa ap|imbf~ ta~hdr vqa |drrfh ea~f~ avqèzdbdr oa mkta~|~atfåâd |d~ |f~ta od iamtd~+
>?
1+6> Fkapdr Arta mtah tfhníh rò í mkbiqèod bfrd `fgf kabarrmofoa oa gqktf~ fd \~dgatd fieqh odbqhaktd vqa zak`f of~ fieqh tm|d oa arbif~abmhaktd fd taptd+ F mkbiqrâd) dq kâd) jmbf f b~mtí~md od fqtd~ of |arvqmrf+
1+62 Arvqahf od _~fnfi`d Bdkbiqèod d \~dgatd) d |arvqmrfod~ aifnd~f~æ qh Arvqahf od _~fnfi`d vqa í qhf ar|íbma oa arndåd ofvqmid vqa aia |~atakoa mkra~m~ kd raq ^aiftò~md Jmkfi of |arvqmrf+ D Arvqahf od _~fnfi`d eqmf d |arvqmrfod~ kf aifnd~fåâd od taptd jmkfi+ \d~ ra t~ftf~ oa qh arndåd arta Arvqahf |doa ra~ tdtfihakta fita~fod oq~fkta d oarakzdizmhaktd od t~fnfi`d+ Vqfkod bdkraeqmhdr omzmom~ d tahf eakí~mbd ah |avqakfr |f~tar) dq mtakr) |doa~ahdr ~aomem~ rdn~a bfof qhf ofr |f~tar) jfbmimtfkod rmekmjmbftmzfhakta d oarakzdizmhaktd od taptd+ Oa|dmr oa bdkbiqèof f |arvqmrf) arta Arvqahf m~æ ra td~kf~ kd Rqhæ~md od t~fnfi`d jmkfi+ Apah|id7 Aoqbfåâd of hqi`a~7 f |a~|atqfåâd of mkgqrtmåf 6 Mkt~doqåâd > @mrtò~mbd od |f|ai |f|ai of hqi`a~ kf kf rdbmaofoa rdbmaofoa >+6 Kf |~í`mrtò~mf >+> Kf fktmeqmofoa >+2 Kf mofoa hdoa~kf 2 F mkjiqçkbmf ~aimemdrf 2+6 Fr ~aimemñar b~mrtâr 2+6+6 Bftòimbfr 2+6+> Azfkeíimbfr 2+> Hqåqihfkf 2+2 Ar|è~mtf 2+? Gqofmbf 2+1 Dqt~fr ? D |~dbarrd oa aoqbfåâd ?+6 Ah bfrf ?+> Kf arbdif
>1
1 D |f|ai of hqi`a~ kf jfhèimf 1+6 F vqartâd of hfta~kmofoa 1+> Om~amtdr a oaza~ar 1+2 F hd~fi of jfhèimf 1+? Bfrfhaktd7 qh ndh kaeòbmd 1+1 F zmdiçkbmf : F zmrâd hfrbqimkf 5 Bdkbiqrâd
6 ‒ Mkt~doqåâd (dn~meftò~md> ‒ Iazfktfhaktd oa Jdktar (dn~meftò~md2 ‒ \~dniahf (dn~meftò~md? ‒ @m|òtara (dn~meftò~md1 Dngatmzdr (dn~meftò~md: ‒ Gqrtmjmbftmzf (dn~meftò~md5 ‒ Hatdodidemf (dn~meftò~md0 ‒ B~dkde~fhf ( ra ra fb`f~ kabarræ~mdkabarræ~md= ‒ ^abq~rdr ( ra ra fb`f~ kabarræ~mdkabarræ~mdDnra~zfåâd7 F art~qtq~f od odbqhaktd jmkfi od \~dgatd oa \arvqmrf oaza bdkta~7 ‒ Bf|f ‒ Bf|f dq Jfirf Jdi`f oa ^drtd (dn~meftò~md-3 Jdi`f oa ^drtd (dn~meftò~md-3 ‒ Rqhæ~md ‒ Rqhæ~md (dn~meftò~md-3 _aptd od |~dgatd (nfrafod kfr bf~fbta~èrtmbfr akqkbmfofr fbmhf- (dn~meftò~md-3 ‒ ^aja~çkbmfr (dn~meftò~md Eidrræ~md ( ra ra fb`f~ kabarræ~mdkabarræ~md ‒ Fkapdr a F|çkombar ( ra ra fb`f~ kabarræ~mdkabarræ~md ‒ Bf|f ‒ Bf|f ( ra ra vqmra~ -+ -+
>:
: Mkrt~qhaktdr oa Bdiatfr oa Ofodr :+6 Vqartmdkæ~md D Vqartmdkæ~md) kqhf |arvqmrf) í qh mkrt~qhaktd dq |~de~fhf oa bdiatf oa ofodr+ Ra rqf bdkjabåâd í jamtf |aid |arvqmrfod~) raq |~aakb`mhaktd í ~afimwfod |aid mkjd~hfkta+ F imkeqfeah qtmimwfof kd vqartmdkæ~md oaza ra~ rmh|iar a om~atf |f~f vqa d ~ar|dkoakta bdh|~aakof bdh|~aakof bdh bif~awf d vqa artæ rakod |a~eqktfod+ Kâd í ~abdhakofod d qrd oa eè~mfr) f kâd ra~ vqa ra jfåf kabarræ~md |d~ kabarrmofoa oa bf~fbta~èrtmbfr oa imkeqfeah od e~q|d (e~q|d oa rq~jmrtfr) |d~ apah|id-+ _dod vqartmdkæ~md f ra~ akzmfod oaza |frrf~ |d~ qhf atf|f oa |~ítarta) kqh qkmza~rd ~aoqwmod) |f~f vqa ra |drrfh bd~~mem~ azaktqfmr a~~dr oa jd~hqifåâd+
:+6+6 Bdkta÷od oa qh vqartmdkæ~md7 :+6+6+6 Bf~tf Ap|imbfåâd F Bf~tf Ap|imbfåâd oaza bdkta~7 ‒ F |~d|drtf of |arvqmrf3 ‒ Mkrt~qåñar oa |~aakb`mhaktd3 |~aakb`mhaktd3 ‒ Mkrt~qåñar |f~f oazdiqåâd3 ‒ Mkbaktmzd |f~f d |~aakb`mhaktd3 |~aakb`mhaktd3 Fe~foabmhaktd+ Fe~foabmhaktd+
:+6+6+> Mtakr oa Moaktmjmbfåâd od ^ar|dkoakta \f~f vqa fr ~ar|drtfr |drrfh ta~ hfmd~ rmekmjmbfåâd í mkta~arrfkta kâd moaktmjmbf~ om~atfhakta d ~ar|dkoakta bdh |a~eqktfr od tm|d KDHA) AKOA^AÅD) _AIAJDKA atb+) f kâd ra~ vqa `fgf apt~ahf kabarrmofoa) bdhd |f~f raiabmdkf~ fieqkr vqartmdkæ~mdr |f~f qhf |drta~md~ akt~azmrtf (t~ftf~ahdr ofr tíbkmbfr oa akt~azmrtfr |drta~md~hakta-+
F b~mfåâd odr mtakr od jd~hqiæ~md raeqa fr ~ae~fr fnfmpd+
:+> Akt~azmrtf Dnra~zfåñar mkmbmfmr7 Í kabarræ~md ta~ qh |ifkd |f~f f akt~azmrtf |f~f vqa kd hdhaktd ah vqa aif artagf rakod ~afimwfof fr mkjd~hfåñar kabarræ~mfr kâd oampah oa ra~ bdi`mofr+ Fr akt~azmrtfr |doah ta~ d bf~æta~ ap|id~ftò~md dq ra~ oa bdiatf oa mkjd~hfåñar+ Ra f oa bf~æta~ ap|id~ftò~md í ~aiftmzfhakta art~qtq~fof) f oa bdiatf oa mkjd~hfåñar í fitfhakta art~qtq~fof+
:+>+6 Rqeartñar oa |ifkagfhaktd :+>+6+6 Vqah oaza ra~ akt~azmrtfod \~dbq~a raiabmdkf~ |arrdfr vqa ~afihakta tçh d bdk`abmhaktd kabarræ~md |f~f rftmrjfwa~ rqfr kabarrmofoar oa mkjd~hfåâd+
:+>+6+> \ifkd of akt~azmrtf \~a|f~a bdh fktabaoçkbmf fr |a~eqktfr f ra~ah jamtfr fd akt~azmrtfod a f d~oah ah vqa aifr oazah fbdktaba~+
:+>+6+2 \~ítarta \~dbq~a ~afimwf~ qhf akt~azmrtf bdh fieqíh vqa |doa~æ jfwa~ qhf b~ètmbf oa rqf |drtq~f fktar oa ra akbdkt~f~ bdh d akt~azmrtfod akt~azmrtfod oa rqf arbdi`f+
:+>+6+? Omfkta od akt~azmrtfod Artfnaiaåf qhf ~aifåâd fhmrtdrf a kâd t~fza qh oanfta oa moímfr+ Kâd oahdkrt~a mkraeq~fkåf dq fohm~fåâd apbarrmzf omfkta od akt~azmrtfod |f~f vqa mrtd kâd zak`f |~agqombf~ f ~aifåâd akt~a akt~azmrtfod~ a akt~azmrtfod+ Oampa vqa fr vqartñar rq~gfh kftq~fihakta) azmtfkod vqa f akt~azmrtf frrqhf qh bf~æta~ oa qhf mkvqmrmåâd dq oa qh mkta~~deftò~md |dimbmfi) dq fmkof vqa f akt~azmrtf ra td~ka qh .vqartmdkæ~md d~fi.+
>=
Ragf dngatmzd) gæ vqa akt~azmrtfr hqmtd idkefr |doah ra td~kf~ bfkrftmzfr |f~f d akt~azmrtfod+ \~dbq~a akbd~fgf~ d akt~azmrtfod akt~azmrtfod |f~f fr ~ar|drtfr) azmtfkod azmtfkod vqa aia ra rmktf jfifkod rdwmk`d+ Zæ fkdtfkod fr mkjd~hfåñar od akt~azmrtfod) rah oampf~ vqa aia jmvqa ar|a~fkod rqf |~òpmhf mkofefåâd) akvqfktd zdbç arb~aza+ Bfrd qra qh e~fzfod~) kâd oampa oa |aom~ rqf |a~hmrrâd |f~f tfi+ Iahn~fhdr vqa d qrd od e~fzfod~ |doa mkmnm~ d akt~azmrtfod+
:+2 Dnra~zfåâd :+2+6 Rqeartñar |f~f qhf dnra~zfåâd rftmrjftò~mf :+2+6+6 Bdk`abmhaktd |~ízmd od vqa dnra~zf~ Fktar oa mkmbmf~ d |~dbarrd oa dnra~zfåâd) |~dbq~a apfhmkf~ d idbfi+ Oata~hmka vqa tm|dr oa jakÿhakdr ha~aba~âd ~aemrt~dr+
:+2+6+> \ifkagfhaktd oa qh hítdod oa ~aemrt~d B~ma) bdh fktabaoçkbmf) qhf ar|íbma oa imrtf dq hf|f oa ~aemrt~d oa jakÿhakdr+ \~dbq~a artm|qif~ fieqhfr bftaed~mfr omekfr oa dnra~zfåâd+
:+2+6+2 Jakÿhakdr kâd ar|a~fodr Artagf |~a|f~fod |f~f d ~aemrt~d oa jakÿhakdr vqa rq~gfh oq~fkta f dnra~zfåâd) vqa kâd a~fh ar|a~fodr kd raq |ifkagfhaktd+
2<
:+2+6+? ^aemrt~d jdtde~æjmbd dq zèoad \f~f ~afimwf~ ~aemrt~dr mbdkde~æjmbdr mbdkde~æjmbdr (jdtde~fjmfr) jmihar) zèoadr atb+-) bfrd d dngatd oa rqf dnra~zfåâd ragfh mkomzèoqdr dq e~q|dr oa |arrdfr) |~a|f~adr |f~f tfi fåâd+ Aiar kâd oazah ra~ |aedr oa rq~|~arf+
:+2+6+1 ^aiftò~md \~dbq~a jfwa~ qh ~aiftò~md d hfmr baod |drrèzai+
:+? Fkæimra oa Bdkta÷od Dr odbqhaktdr) bdhd jdkta oa |arvqmrf) |doah ra~ |~mhæ~mdr dq rabqkoæ~mdr+ rabqkoæ~mdr+ Fr jdktar |~mhæ~mfr râd dr odbqhaktdr vqa ea~f~âd fkæimrar |f~f |drta~md~ b~mfåâd oa mkjd~hfåñar+ \doah ra~ oab~atdr djmbmfmr) jdtde~fjmfr) bf~tfr) f~tmedr atb+ Fr jdktar rabqkoæ~mfr râd fr dn~fr kfr vqfmr fr mkjd~hfåñar gæ jd~fh aifnd~fofr (imz~dr) f|drtmifr) tarar) hdkde~fjmfr atb+) |d~ apah|id-+ :+?+6 Rqeartñar |f~f fkæimra oa odbqhaktdr7 :+?+6+6 Idbfmr oa bdiatfr7 Oata~hmka bdh fktabaoçkbmf vqa nmnimdtabfr) feçkbmfr edza~kfhaktfmr dq |f~tmbqif~ar) mkrtmtqmåñar) mkomzèoqdr mkomzèoqdr dq fba~zdr oaza~âd ra~ |~dbq~fodr+ :+?+6+> ^aemrt~d oa odbqhaktdr7 Artagf |~a|f~fod |f~f bd|mf~ dr odbqhaktdr) ragf ft~fzír oa pa~dp) jdtde~fjmfr dq dqt~d hamd vqfivqa~+ :+?+6+2 D~efkmwfåâd7 Ra|f~a dr odbqhaktdr ~abdi`modr oa fbd~od bdh dr b~mtí~mdr oa rqf |arvqmrf+
26
:+?+> F Mkta~kat F Mkta~kat ~a|~araktf qhf kdzmofoa kdr hamdr oa |arvqmrf+ _~ftfra oa qhf ~aoa hqkomfi oa bdhqkmbfåâd zmf bdh|qtfod~) dkoa fr mkjd~hfåñar râd t~dbfofr imz~ahakta akt~a tdodr+ Rah o÷zmof) f Mkta~kat ~a|~araktf qhf ~azdiqåâd kd vqa bdkba~ka ì t~dbf oa mkjd~hfåâd+ F |f~tm~ oaif) tdodr |doah mkjd~hf~ f tdodr+ Hfr) ra aif |doa jfbmimtf~ f nqrbf a f bdiatf oa ofodr) fd harhd tah|d dja~aba fieqkr |a~medr3 kf za~ofoa) fr mkjd~hfåñar |frrfofr |d~ arrf ~aoa kâd tçh b~mtí~mdr oa hfkqtakåâd oa vqfimofoa of mkjd~hfåâd+ Ap|imbfkod hai`d~7 vqfivqa~ qh |doa bdidbf~ rqf .@dha|fea. (dq rqf \æemkf- kf ~aoa+ Zfhdr rq|d~ vqa qh mkomzèoqd bdidvqa rqf |æemkf kf .kat. (~aoa- a d dngatmzd oartf |æemkf ragf jfif~ rdn~a f @mrtò~mf od N~frmi7 aia |doa |a~jamtfhakta) rah vqa kmkeqíh d mh|aåf) omwa~ vqa d N~frmi jdm oarbdna~td . |d~ Omded of Rmizf) kd fkd oa 62>1 .+ Rakod frrmh) oazahdr iazf~ ah bdktf vqa tdof a vqfivqa~ mkjd~hfåâd bdi`mof kf Mkta~kat oaza~æ ra~ bdkjm~hfof fktar oa qtmimwfof+ qtmimwfof+
:+?+2 Jmb`fhaktdr D Jmb`fhaktd í qhf |f~ta mh|d~tfkta kf d~efkmwfåâd |f~f f ajatmzfåâd of |arvqmrf oa odbqhaktdr+ Aia |a~hmta qh jæbmi fbarrd fdr ofodr jqkofhaktfmr |f~f f bdkbiqrâd od t~fnfi`d+ Dr ~aemrt~dr a f d~efkmwfåâd ofr jmb`fr oa|akoa~æ of bf|fbmofoa oa d~efkmwfåâd oa bfof qh+ Dr ~aemrt~dr kâd râd jamtdr kabarrf~mfhakta kfr t~fombmdkfmr jdi`fr |avqakfr oa bf~tdimkf |fqtfof+ \doah ra~ jamtdr ah jdi`fr oa |f|ai bdhqh dq) hfmr hdoa~kfhakta) ah vqfivqa~ |~de~fhf oa nfkbd oa ofodr oa qh bdh|qtfod~+ D mh|d~tfkta í vqa aifr artagfh nah d~efkmwfofr a oa fbarrd jæbmi |f~f vqa dr ofodr kâd ra |a~bfh+ Apmrtah t~çr tm|dr nærmbdr oa jmb`fhaktdr7 d jmb`fhaktd nmnimde~æjmbd) d jmb`fhaktd oa ~arqhd dq bdkta÷od a d jmb`fhaktd oa bmtfåñar+
:+?+2+6 Jmb`f Nmnimde~æjmbf Í f oarb~måâd) bdh bdhaktæ~mdr) odr tò|mbdr fnd~ofodr ah qhf dn~f mktam~f dq |f~ta oaif
2>
Apah|id7 Aoqbfåâd of Hqi`a~7 f \a~|atqfåâd of Mkgqrtmåf @mrtò~mbd od \f|ai of Hqi`a~ kf Rdbmaofoa
(6(>-
Kf Mofoa hdoa~kf
(2-
>+2 (?-
_AIAR) Hf~mf Fhíimf oa Fihamof+ N~aza `mrtò~mf od jahmkmrhd kd N~frmi+ Râd \fqid7 N~frmimakra) 6==2+ 606 |+ (_qod í @mrtò~mf) 6?1Mkra~ara kd bfh|d od artqod of @mrtò~mf a of Fkt~d|didemf Rdbmfi+ F fqtd~f ra qtmimwf oa jdktar rabqkoæ~mfr) bdi`mofr ft~fzír oa imz~dr) ~azmrtfr a oa|dmhaktdr+ F fnd~ofeah í oarb~mtmzf a fkfiètmbf+ Fnd~of dr fr|abtdr `mrtò~mbdr of bdkomåâd jahmkmkf kd N~frmi f |f~tm~ od fkd 61<< oa kdrrf a~f+ Fiíh of azdiqåâd `mrtò~mbf of bdkomåâd jahmkmkf) f fqtd~f oarakzdiza fieqkr tò|mbdr ar|abèjmbdr of iqtf ofr hqi`a~ar |aif bdkomåâd bmofoâ+ Bdkbiqm jfwakod qhf fkæimra oa bfof atf|f of azdiqåâd `mrtò~mbf jahmkmkf) oampfkod ap|~arrf rqf bdkt~fomåâd fd hdzmhaktd |òrjahmkmrtf) |~mkbm|fihakta ìr moímfr oa Bfhmia \feimf+ Kd jmkfi of dn~f jfw fieqhfr mkombfåñar oa iamtq~fr rdn~a d tahf Hqi`a~+
(1-
Dnra~zfåâd7 Karta a kdr dqt~dr apah|idr oa Jmb`fr dr k÷ha~dr akt~a |f~çktarar ~a|~araktfh d vqa artæ ap|imbfod fnfmpd7 (6- _ètqid od t~fnfi`d ('-+ (>- Raåâd |~mhæ~mf od t~fnfi`d ('-+ (2- Raåâd rabqkoæ~mf a ta~bmæ~mf od t~fnfi`d) ra `dqza~ ('-+ (?- Kqha~fåâd od mtah f vqa ra ~aja~a d jmb`fhaktd ('-+ (1- Bdhaktæ~mdr dq fkdtfåñar od |arvqmrfod~ rdn~a f dn~f ~aemrt~fof+ ('- bdkjd~ha ap|~arrd kd apah|id od mtah ?+62
:+?+>+> Jmb`f oa ^arqhd dq Bdkta÷od Í qhf rèktara ofr |~mkbm|fmr moímfr bdktmofr kf dn~f+ D |arvqmrfod~ aifnd~f artf rèktara bdh rqfr |~ò|~mfr |fifz~fr) kâd rakod kabarræ~md raeqm~ f art~qtq~f of dn~f+
22
Apah|id7 Aoqbfåâd of Hqi`a~7 f \a~|atqfåâd of Mkgqrtmåf @mrtò~mbd od \f|ai of Hqi`a~ kf Rdbmaofoa
Kf Mofoa hdoa~kf
>+2
_AIAR) Hf~mf Fhíimf oa Fihamof+ N~aza `mrtò~mf od jahmkmrhd kd N~frmi+ Râd \fqid7 N~frmimakra) 6==2+ 606 |+ (_qod í @mrtò~mf) 6?1D t~fnfi`d of fqtd~f nframfra ah fkæimra oa taptdr a kf rqf |~ò|~mf zmzçkbmf kdr hdzmhaktdr jahmkmrtfr) bdhd qh ~aiftd oa qhf |~ætmbf+ F fqtd~f omzmoa raq taptd ah jfrar `mrtò~mbfr bdh|~aakomofr akt~a N~frmi Bdiÿkmf (61<<60>>-) Mh|í~md (60>>600=-) ^a|÷nimbf (600=6=2<-) Raeqkof ^a|÷nimbf (6=2<6=:?-) _a~bam~f ^a|÷nimbf a d Edi|a (6=:? 6=01-) d fkd oa 6=:0) Fkd Mkta~kfbmdkfi of Hqi`a~ (6=51-) fiíh oa fkfimrf~ f mkjiqçkbmf apta~kf kdr hdzmhaktdr jahmkmrtfr kd N~frmi+ Ah bfof qh oarrar |a~èdodr í iahn~fod dr kdhar ofr hqi`a~ar vqa hfmr ra rdn~arrfè~fh a rqfr ftqfåñar kfr iqtfr |aif imna~tfåâd of hqi`a~+ F fqtd~f t~fnfi`f fmkof frrqktdr bdhd fr hqi`a~ar of |a~mja~mf oa Râd \fqid) f |f~tmbm|fåâd ofr hqi`a~ar kf iqtf f~hfof) f iqtf |d~ b~ab`ar) zmdiçkbmf) |f~tmbm|fåâd ofr hqi`a~ar kf zmof rmkombfi a e~azar) d t~fnfi`d ~q~fi) rf÷oa) rapqfimofoa a akbdkt~dr jahmkmrtfr+ Oa|dmr oa rqfr bdkbiqrñar dkoa) akt~a dqt~dr frrqktdr t~ftfodr) jfw qhf b~ètmbf fd |òrjahmkmrhd oajakomod |d~ Bfhmia \feimf) mkombf fieqkr imz~dr |f~f iamtq~f+
Dnra~zfåâd7 Apmrtah odmr tm|dr oa ~arqhdr7 f- Mkjd~hftmzd7 râd fr mkjd~hfåñar ar|abèjmbfr bdktmofr kd odbqhaktd+ Kartf jmb`f |doara ~aiftf~ rdn~a dngatmzdr) hítdodr) ~arqitfodr a bdkbiqrñar+ bdkbiqrñar+ Rqf |~abmrâd |doa rqnrtmtqm~ f iamtq~f od odbqhaktd d~memkfi+ n- Mkombftmzd7 râd oarb~måñar ea~fmr od odbqhaktd) rah akt~f~ ah oatfi`ar of dn~f fkfimrfof (d apah|id fbmhf ~aja~ara f qh ~arqhd mkombftmzd-+
:+?+>+2 Jmb`f oa Bmtfåñar Í f ~a|~doqåâd jmai ofr j~frar vqa ra |~atakoa qrf~ bdhd bmtfåâd kf ~aofåâd od t~fnfi`d+
2?
Apah|id7 Aoqbfåâd of Hqi`a~7 f \a~|atqfåâd of Mkgqrtmåf @mrtò~mbd od \f|ai of Hqi`a~ kf Rdbmaofoa
Kf Mofoa hdoa~kf
>+2
_AIAR) Hf~mf Fhíimf oa Fihamof+ N~aza `mrtò~mf od jahmkmrhd kd N~frmi+ Râd \fqid7 N~frmimakra) 6==2+ 606 |+ (_qod í @mrtò~mf) 6?1.Qhf ofr |~mham~fr jahmkmrtfr od N~frmi) Kèrmf Jid~artf N~frmiam~f Fqeqrtf) oajakoaq f fndimåâd of arb~fzftq~f) fd ifod oa |~d|drtfr bdhd f aoqbfåâd a f ahfkbm|fåâd of hqi`a~ a f mkrtfq~fåâd of ^a|÷nimbf+. (|+ 2<’Rdq katf) rdn~mk`f a m~hâ oa eaka~fi‘ (+++- ’Fvqm kartf bfrf jdm jqkofof f Bfhoa+ Haq m~hâd) Fktÿkmd Hakodkåf Hdimkf) zmk`f t~fnfi`fkod `æ hqmtd tah|d kd Ra~zmåd Rab~atd od Apí~bmtd bdkt~f dr bdhqkmrtfr+ Karra omf) 6> oa gqk`d oa 6=:>) aq tmk`f ~aqkmod fvqm fieqkr zmwmk`dr) >> jfhèimfr fd tdod+ A~f |f~ta oa qh t~fnfi`d haq |f~f f |f~òvqmf Kdrrf Rak`d~f of \fw+ Karra omf d zmeæ~md omrra frrmh7 ‐Hfr f bdmrf artæ |~atf+ Mrrd tqod kâd fomfktf kfof |d~vqa f bdmrf artæ hqmtd ~qmh a aq fb`d vqa ra fr hqi`a~ar kâd ra hata~ah) kòr artf~ahdr |a~omodr+ F hqi`a~ oaza ra~ dnaomakta+ Aif í mktqmtmzf) akvqfktd d `dhah í dngatmzd”+‘ (Fhíimf Hdimkf Nfrtdr f|qo _aiar) |+ 1?.Kf Gqrtmåf n~frmiam~f) í bdhqh dr frrfrrmkdr oa hqi`a~ar ra~ah fnrdizmodr rdn f fiaefåâd oa oajarf oa `dk~f+. (|+ 62>-
21
5 Art~qtq~f oa F|~araktfåâd od _~fnfi`d Art~qtq~f
\~ítaptqfmr
_aptqfmr
\òrtaptqfmr
Aiahaktd bf|f jdi`f oa ~drtd jdi`f oa f|~dzfåâd oaombftò~mf (' fe~foabmhaktdr (' a|èe~fja (' ~arqhd ah ièkeqf |d~tqeqarf ~arqhd ah ièkeqf art~fkeam~f imrtf oa miqrt~fåñar (' imrtf oa tfnaifr (' imrtf oa fn~azmfåñar a rmeifr (' rqhæ~md mkt~doqåâd oarakzdizmhaktd oarakzdizmhaktd bdkbiqrâd ~aja~çkbmfr eidrræ~md (' fkapd(r- ('-
('- Aiahaktdr fombmdkfodr oa fbd~od bdh fr kabarrmofoar (d|bmdkfmr-+ Dr oahfmr aiahaktdr râd dn~meftò~mdr+
Hdoaid oa art~qtq~f oa qh t~fnfi`d bdh|iatd7
2:
5+6 Bf|f (KN^ 6<56=Gdrí Iqmw oa \fmzf Naiid
Oaza bdkta~7 Kdha of Mkrtmtqmåâd (d|bmdkfi Kdha od fqtd~ _ètqid (a rqntètqid- od t~fnfi`d Ra `dqza~ hfmr oa qh zdiqha) f
Aoqbfåâd of Hqi`a~7 f |a~|atqfåâd of mkgqrtmåf
ar|abmjmbfåâd od ~ar|abtmzd zdiqha+ Bmofoa a fkd oa bdkbiqrâd od t~fnfi`d Bf|f DNRA^ZFÅÂD7 F Frrdbmfåâd N~frmiam~f oa Kd~hfr _íbkmbfr kâd oata~hmkf f omr|drmåâd oartar ofodr kf jdi`f+ Artf omrt~mnqmåâd oaza ra~ oajmkmof |aid |~djarrd~ dq |aif Mkrtmtqmåâd) |f~f qkmjd~hmwfåâd odr t~fnfi`dr fbfoçhmbdr+
QKMZA^RMOFOA ZAMEF OA FIHAMOF QZF ^md oa Gfkam~d ‒ ><<1
Gdrí Iqmw oa \fmzf Naiid
Aoqbfåâd of Hqi`a~7 f |a~|atqfåâd of mkgqrtmåf Hdkde~fjmf f|~araktfof) bdhd |~í~avqmrmtd oa bdkbiqrâd od bq~rd oa \aofedemf) bdh `fnmimtfåâd ah Eartâd Arbdif~) fd Mkrtmtqtd oa Bmçkbmfr @qhfkfr a Rdbmfmr) of Jfbqiofoa oa Aoqbfåâd) of Qkmza~rmofoa Zamef oa Fihamof) d~maktfof |aif \~djf+ Hf~mf of Rmizf+
Fr mkjd~hfåñar arrakbmfmr of d~meah od t~fnfi`d
QKMZA^RMOFOA ZAMEF OA FIHAMOF QZF ^md oa Gfkam~d ‒ ><<1
Jdi`f oa ^drtd Apah|idr oa mkjd~hfåñar arrakbmfmr rdn~a f d~meah od t~fnfi`d7 _~fnfi`d f|~araktfod |f~f fzfimfåâd od ~akomhaktd arbdif~ kf omrbm|imkf oa Hatdodidemf Bmaktèjmbf) od bq~rd oa \aofedemf) bdh `fnmimtfåâd ah Fohmkmrt~fåâd Arbdif~) od Bakt~d \aofeòembd) of Qkmza~rmofoa Jaoa~fi od Ar|è~mtd Rfktd) hmkmrt~fof |aid |~djarrd~ Gdâd of Rmizf+ Hdkde~fjmf f|~araktfof bdhd |~í~avqmrmtd oa bdkbiqrâd od bq~rd oa \aofedemf) od Bakt~d \aofeòembd) of Qkmza~rmofoa Jaoa~fi od Ar|è~mtd Rfktd) takod bdhd d~maktfod~f f |~djarrd~f Hf~mf of Rmizf+
25
5+2 Jdi`f oa f|~dzfåâd
Gdrí Iqmw oa \fmzf Naiid
Oaza bdkta~7 Aoqbfåâd of Hqi`a~7 f |a~|atqfåâd of mkgqrtmåf
Kdha od fqtd~ _ètqid od t~fnfi`d a rqntètqid (ra `dqza~ Kftq~awf
Dngatmzd7 Oarzaif~ f jd~hf |aif vqfi í dja~abmof f aoqbfåâd fd rapd jahmkmkd+
Dngatmzd Kdha of mkrtmtqmåâd
QKMZA^RMOFOA ZAMEF OA FIHAMOF ‒ QZF Bq~rd oa \aofedemf) bdh `fnmimtfåâd ah Aoqbfåâd Mkjfktmi+
Æ~af oa bdkbakt~fåâd bdkbakt~fåâd Oftf of f|~dzfåâd Kdha) tmtqifåâd) frrmkftq~f odr bdh|dkaktar of nfkbf a fr mkrtmtqmåñar f vqa |a~takbah+
Oftf oa f|~dzfåâd7 TTT oa TTTTTTTT oa >
Jdi`f oa F|~dzfåâd
5+? Oaombftò~mf _ah f jmkfimofoa oa ra oaombf~ d t~fnfi`d f fieqíh) bdhd qhf `dhakfeah oa e~ftmoâd ar|abmfi+ Arta mtah í omr|akræzai+
5+1 Fe~foabmhaktd Í f ~azaifåâd oa e~ftmoâd ìvqaiar vqa bdkt~mnqè~fh kf aifnd~fåâd od t~fnfi`d+ _fhníh í qh mtah omr|akræzai+
5+: A|èe~fja Í f bmtfåâd oa qhf dq hfmr j~frar oa qh dq hfmr fqtd~ar vqa ap|~arrah) oa jd~hf bdkrmrtakta) d bdkta÷od od t~fnfi`d+ F idbfimwfåâd jmbf f b~mtí~md of artítmbf od fqtd~ od t~fnfi`d+ Oaza zm~ fbdh|fk`fof od kdha od fqtd~ of j~fra+ \doah artf~ idbfimwfofr tfhníh kfr jdi`fr oa fna~tq~f ofr raåñar |~mhæ~mfr+ Í qh mtah omr|akræzai+
20
5+5 ^arqhd ah Ièkeqf \d~tqeqarf _aptd (a kâd tò|mbdr- vqa ~a|~arakta qh ~arqhd bdkbmrd od t~fnfi`d+ Kâd oaza qit~f|frrf~ 1<< |fifz~fr+ Í qh mtah dn~meftò~md+
5+0 ^arqhd ah Ièkeqf Art~fkeam~f _~foqåâd) |f~f d mkeiçr) ar|fk`di dq j~fkbçr) od ~arqhd ah ièkeqf |d~tqeqarf+ Í qh mtah dn~meftò~md+
5+= Imrtf oa Miqrt~fåñar F|~araktfof kf d~oah ah vqa f|f~aba kd t~fnfi`d) bdh d kdha of miqrt~fåâd a f |æemkf dkoa ra akbdkt~f+ Bfrd `fgf hfmr oa qh tm|d |doa ra~ f|~araktfod ra|f~fofhakta (jdtde~fjmfr) e~æjmbdr) e~æjmbdr) tfnaifr atb+-+ Í qh mtah d|bmdkfi+
5+6< Imrtf oa Fn~azmfåñar a Rmeifr Fn~azmfåñar a rmeifr f|~araktfofr kd taptd) f|~araktfof ah d~oah fijfnítmbf+ Í qh mtah d|bmdkfi+ Apah|id7 FNAO Frrdbmfåâd N~frmiam~f oa Aoqbfåâd f Omrtîkbmf FNK_ Frrdbmfåâd N~frmiam~f N~frmiam~f oa Kd~hfr _íbkmbfr FKOMJAR Frrdbmfåâd Kfbmdkfi Kfbmdkfi odr Om~meaktar oa Mkrtmtqmåñar Jaoa~fmr oa Akrmkd Rq|a~md~+ FK\AO Frrdbmfåâd Kfbmdkfi Kfbmdkfi oa \òrE~foqfåâd a \arvqmrf ah Aoqbfåâd+ F\H Frrdbmfåâd oa \fmr a Hart~ar+
5+66 Rqhæ~md (KN^ :<>5 . Akqha~fåâd ofr |~mkbm|fmr omzmrñar) raåñar a dqt~fr |f~tar oa qh odbqhaktd) kf harhf d~oah ah vqa f hftí~mf kaia ra rqbaoa . (KN^ :<>5-+ D tètqid oa bfof raåâd oaza ra~ oftmide~fjfod bdh d harhd tm|d oa iat~f ah vqa f|f~aba kd bd~|d od taptd+ F mkombfåâd ofr |æemkfr idbfimwfra ì om~amtf oa bfof raåâd a í mkra~mod f|akfr d k÷ha~d of |æemkf dkoa ra mkmbmf f mkombfåâd+
5+6> _aptd Í f |f~ta dkoa tdod d t~fnfi`d oa |arvqmrf í f|~araktfod a oarakzdizmod+ D taptd oaza ap|d~ qh ~fbmdbèkmd iòembd) ra~ nah art~qtq~fod) bdh d qrd oa qhf imkeqfeah rmh|iar) bif~f a dngatmzf+
5+6>+6 Mkt~doqåâd Mkt~doqåâd) d tahf í f|~araktfod a arbif~abmod fdr iamtd~ar bdhd Kf Mkt~doqåâd) mkombfåñar oa iamtq~f od t~fnfi`d+ Í bdhd ra jdrra qhf |~ízmf od vqa d iamtd~ m~æ akbdkt~f~ fd ia~ d t~fnfi`d+ \d~ arra hdtmzd) |d~ ra~ qhf ar|íbma oa d~maktfåâd oa iamtq~f) í f ÷itmhf tf~ajf f ra~ ~afimwfof kd t~fnfi`d+ F Mkt~doqåâd rò |doa ra~ ajatmzfof vqfkod d fqtd~ bdkbiqm~ raq t~fnfi`d a |doa~ eqmf~ d iamtd~ kf art~qtq~fåâd oa rqf dn~f+ Fiíh omrrd) í kf Mkt~doqåâd vqa d tahf í omrbqtmod |aid fqtd~+ Í fè vqa fr `m|òtarar f ra~ah tartfofr râd f|~araktfofr oa jd~hf bif~f a dngatmzf+ A fmkof râd f|~araktfodr dr dngatmzdr od t~fnfi`d a f ~azmrâd oa imta~ftq~f oaza ~arqhm~ fr dn~fr gæ t~fnfi`fofr rdn~a d harhd frrqktd+ Oazara tfhníh hakbmdkf~ f mh|d~tîkbmf od t~fnfi`d)
?<
gqrtmjmbfkod rqf mh|a~mdrf kabarrmofoa oa ra ~afimwf~ tfi ah|~aakomhaktd a ap|imbf~ hmkqbmdrfhakta tdof f hatdodidemf fodtfof |f~f ra b`aef~ ìr bdkbiqrñar+
5+6>+> Oarakzdizmhaktd od _aptd Kd vqa ra ~aja~a ~ aja~a fd bdkta÷od od t~fnfi`d) artf |f~ta í vqfra qhf bdh|mifåâd) bdh|mifåâd) dkoa d fqtd~ m~æ ra zfia~ oa bmtfåñar) fkæimrar oa akt~azmrtfr) ~arqitfodr oa dnra~zfåñar) tfnqifåñar oa vqartmdkæ~mdr dq d t~ftfhaktd oa dqt~d mkrt~qhaktfi vqfivqa~) |f~f ra~zm~ oa ~aja~çkbmfr kf oajarf oa raq |drmbmdkfhaktd+
5+6>+2 Bdkbiqrâd F bdkbiqrâd í f |f~ta dkoa d fqtd~ ra bdidbf bdh imna~ofoa bmaktèjmbf) fzfimfkod dr ~arqitfodr dntmodr) |~d|dkod rdiqåñar a f|imbfåñar |~ætmbfr+ Í kartf |f~ta vqa d fqtd~ bdkjm~hf~æ dq kaef~æ f @m|òtara b~mfof |f~f raq t~fnfi`d+ Kf Bdkbiqrâd d fqtd~ oajmkm~æ rqfr bdkbiqrñar bdh rqfr |~ò|~mfr |fifz~fr) frrqhmkod fr ~ar|dkrfnmimofoar |d~ aifr+
5+62 ^aja~çkbmfr7 (KN^ :<>2Í d bdkgqktd oa mkombfåñar vqa |drrmnmimtfh f moaktmjmbfåâd oa odbqhaktdr) |qnimbfåñar) kd tdod dq ah |f~ta+ Dr apah|idr artâd ap|~arrdr ah Fkapd+
5+6? Eidrræ~md Í f ap|imbfåâd odr ta~hdr tíbkmbdr) za~natar dq ap|~arrñar vqa bdkrtah od taptd+ Rqf bdidbfåâd í d|bmdkfi+
5+61 Fkapdr dq F|çkombar Í tdod hfta~mfi rq|iahaktf~ oa rqrtaktfåâd fd taptd (mtakr od vqartmdkæ~md f|imbfod) ~dtam~d oa akt~azmrtf dq dnra~zfåâd) qhf iam omrbqtmof kd bd~|d od taptd) |doara bdidbf~ fè
?6
e~æjmbdr) tfnaifr atb+-+ Kâd í qh mtah dn~meftò~md a d fqtd~ rò fb~arbaktf~æ fieqh odbqhaktd ra fb`f~ vqa `æ mh|a~mdrf kabarrmofoa omrrd+
?>
0 D~efkmwfåâd od Bd~|d od _aptd 0+6 Bmtfåñar Vqfkod ra vqa~ t~fkrb~aza~ d vqa qh fqtd~ arb~azaq+ (KN^ 6<1><0+6+6 Bmtfåâd Om~atf Í f t~fkrb~måâd imta~fi oa |f~ta of dn~f od fqtd~ bdkrqitfod+ f- Bmtfåâd Om~atf Bq~tf (bdh 2 imk`fr dq hakdr- Oaza ra~ jamtf kf bdktmkqfåâd od taptd) akt~a fr|fr oq|ifr+ Apah|id7 Hf~mf D~tmw) hd~fod~f of Ifoam~f od \aidq~mk`d) ah Rfizfod~) vqa oa rqf gfkaif gdedq æeqf ja~zakod kdr mkzfrd~ar `difkoarar) mkbaktmzfkod dr `dhakr f bdktmkqf~ah f iqtf+ Oatfi`a |mtd~arbd í vqa kf `d~f od fihdåd) akvqfktd dr hf~modr bdhmfh) fr hqi`a~ar iqtfzfh ah raq iqef~+ Arta jftd iazdq dr aq~d|aqr f fb~aomtf~ah vqa ’d nfmfkd fd hamd omf zm~f hqi`a~ ‘ (HD__) 6=00) |+ 62-+ Dnra~zfåâd7 HD__ fqtd~f vqa jfw f bmtfåâd+ 6=00 d fkd oa |qnimbfåâd of dn~f oartf fqtd~f kfr ~aja~çkbmfr+ |+ 62 ~aja~ara fd k÷ha~d of |æemkf kf dn~f dkoa d fqtd~ jaw f bmtfåâd+ n- Bmtfåâd Om~atf Idkef (bdh hfmr oa 2 imk`fr- Fr hf~eakr râd ~abqfofr ì om~amtf ah ? bh) ah ar|fåd qh (6- (D taptd oaza ra~ omemtfod ah ar|fåd oq|id-) bdh f iat~f hakd~ vqa f qtmimwfof kd taptd a rah fr|fr (KN^ 6<1><) mtah 1+2-+ Apah|id7 Fiíh omrrd) f vqfimofoa od akrmkd jd~kabmod a~f oqzmodrf) qhf zaw vqa fr hqi`a~ar vqa d hmkmrt~fzfh kâd artfzfh |~a|f~fofr |f~f apa~ba~ tfi jqkåâd+ F hfmd~ omjmbqiofoa oa f|imbfåâd of iam oa 60>5 ~armomq kd |~dzmhaktd ofr bfoam~fr ofr arbdifr jahmkmkfr+ Kâd dnrtfkta rdn~arrfè~ah fr hqi`a~ar kd akrmkd ofr |~akofr odhírtmbfr) fr |dqbfr vqa ra f|~araktfzfh |f~f ~aea~ qhf bifrra odhmkfzfh tâd hfi fvqmid vqa oaza~mfh akrmkf~ vqa kâd ide~fzfh çpmtd ah t~fkrhmtm~ raqr apèeqdr bdk`abmhaktdr+ Ra dr |~ò|~mdr `dhakr) fdr vqfmr d fbarrd ì mkrt~qåâd a~f hqmtd hfmr jæbmi) ra ~azaifzfh mkbf|fwar oa hmkmrt~f~ d akrmkd oa |~mham~fr iat~fr) ifrtmhæzai a~f d kèzai od akrmkd kfr arbdifr jahmkmkfr) bqgfr hart~fr artmza~fh rah|~a hfmr dq hakdr hf~emkfimwfofr od rfna~ (RFJJMD_M) 6=5:) |+ 6=2-+
?2
0+6+> Bmtfåâd oa Bmtfåâd Í f t~fkrb~måâd oa qhf bmtfåâd gæ jamtf |d~ dqt~d |arvqmrfod~+ Apah|id7 D Mh|a~fod~ Kf|diaâd Ndkf|f~ta omwmf vqa ’ fr hqi`a~ar kfof hfmr râd od vqa hævqmkfr oa jfwa~ jmi`dr ‘ (f|qo IDM) 6=00) |+ 21-+
0+6+2 Bmtfåâd Mkom~atf Í vqfkod qh fqtd~ bmtf qh taptd) bdh rqfr |~ò|~mfr |fifz~fr) arb~mtd |d~ qh dqt~d fqtd~) rah fita~f~ fr moímfr d~memkfmr+ Dq aktâd7 aq ~a|~doqwd rah omrtd~ba~) bdh hmk`fr |~ò|~mfr |fifz~fr) fr moímfr oarakzdizmofr |d~ qh dqt~d fqtd~+ (\doa ra~ b`fhfof tfhníh oa |f~æj~fra-+ |f~æj~fra-+ Apah|id7 Rdhakta ah 61 oa dqtqn~d oa 60>5) oa|dmr oa idkef iqtf) jdm bdkbaomod ìr hqi`a~ar d om~amtd ì aoqbfåâd |~mhæ~mf) hfr harhd frrmh) d akrmkd of f~mthítmbf kfr arbdifr oa hakmkfr jmbdq ~art~mtd ìr vqft~d d|a~fåñar+ Kdtara vqa d akrmkd of eadhat~mf a~f imhmtfod ìr arbdifr oa hakmkdr) bf~fbta~mwfkod qhf omja~akbmfåâd bq~~mbqif~ (BDRAKWF) 6==2) |+ :-+
0+> Idbfimwfåâd ofr Bmtfåñar f- Kd taptd F bmtfåâd zah ided f|òr fd taptd) bdkjd~ha kdr apah|idr fbmhf+ n- Ah kdtf oa ~dof|í Kd ~dof|í of |æemkf dkoa f|f~aba f bmtfåâd+ Karta bfrd bdidbfra qh k÷ha~d dq qh frta~mrbd rdn~arb~mtd vqa oaza~æ ra~ ~a|atmod kd ~dof|í of |æemkf+
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0+2 \femkfåâd (KN^ :<>? a KN^ 6<56= Fr |æemkfr râd kqha~fofr ravùakbmfihakta ah fief~mrhdr f~ænmbdr) bdidbfodr kd bfktd rq|a~md~ om~amtd) f > bh+ of nd~of rq|a~md~ a of nd~of om~amtf of jdi`f+ F bdktfeah ofr jdi`fr mkmbmfra mkmbmfra f |f~tm~ of Jdi`f oa ^drtd+ F kqha~fåâd rò í bdidbfof f |f~tm~ of |~mham~f jdi`f of |f~ta taptqfi++
= ^aja~çkbmfr FRRDBMFÅÂD N^FRMIAM^F OA KD^HFR _ÍBKMBFR FNK_+ Fn~azmfåâd kf oarb~måâd nmnimde~æjmbf+ nmnimde~æjmbf+ KN^ 6<1>>+ ^md oa Gfkam~d) dqt+ 6=00+ TTTTTTTT+ Akt~fofr |f~f kdhar oa ièkeqf |d~tqeqarf ah ~aemrt~dr nmnimde~æjmbdr + KN^ 6<1>2+ ^md oa Gfkam~d) dqt+ 6=00+ TTTTTTTT+ ^arqhdr+ ^arqhdr+ KN^ :<>0+ ^md oa Gfkam~d) hfmd 6==<+ TTTTTTTT+ F|~araktfåâd oa |qnimbfåñar djmbmfmr+ djmbmfmr + KN^ 62<26+ ^md oa Gfkam~d) rat+ 6==2+ TTTTTTTT+ ^aja~çkbmfr nmnimde~æjmbfr nmnimde~æjmbfr++ KN^ :<>2+ ^md oa Gfkam~d) fed+ ><<<+ TTTTTTTT+ F|~araktfåâd oa bmtfåñar ah odbqhaktdr+ odbqhaktdr + KN^ 6<1><+ ^md oa Gfkam~d) gqi+ ><<6+ TTTTTTTT+ _~fnfi`dr fbfoçhmbdr F|~araktfåâd+ F|~araktfåâd+ KN^ 6?5>?+ ^md oa Gfkam~d) gqi+ ><<6+ BDRAKWF) Emira+ Qkmza~rmtæ~mfr+ Qkmza~rmtæ~mfr+ ^azmrtf \~arakåf Hqi`a~) Hqi`a~ ) Râd \fqid) z+ :) k+ >?) |+ :5) gfk+$jaz+$hf~+) 6==2+ EFIIMFKD) F+ Eqmi`a~ha+ D hítdod bmaktèjmbd7 bmaktèjmbd7 tad~mf a |~ætmbf+ Râd \fqid7 @f~n~f) 6=0:+ ><< |+ EDIOAKNA^E) Hm~mfk+ F f~ta oa |arvqmrf~7 |arvqmrf~ 7 bdhd jfwa~ |arvqmrf vqfimtftmzf ah Bmçkbmfr Rdbmfmr+ >+ ao+ ^md oa Gfkam~d7 ^abd~o) 6==0+ 6<5 |+ IFCF_DR) Azf Hf~mf) HF^BDKM) Hf~mkf oa Fko~foa+ Hatdodidemf bmaktèjmbf+ bmaktèjmbf+ >+ ao+ Râd \fqid7 Ftifr) 6==6+ >26 |+ IDM) Mrmod~d+ F hqi`a~+ hqi`a~+ Râd \fqid7 Gfnqtm) 6=00+ 12 |+ HD__) Hf~mf I÷bmf oa Nf~~dr+ Rqnhmrrâd a ~armrtçkbmf7 ~armrtçkbmf7 f hqi`a~ kf iqtf bdkt~f f arb~fzmoâd+ Râd \fqid7 Bdktaptd) 6=00+ 0: |+ RFJJMD_M) @aiamat` Mf~f Ndkemdzfkm+ F hqi`a~ kf rdbmaofoa oa bifrra7 bifrra 7 hmtd a ~afimofoa+ \at~ò|dimr7 Zdwar) 6=5:+ 202 |+ ZA^F) F~hfkod Frtm+ Hatdodidemf of |arvqmrf bmaktèjmbf+ bmaktèjmbf+ \d~td Fiae~a7 Eidnd) 6=5:+
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6< Eidrræ~md
6<+6 \fifz~fr qtmimwfofr ah |arvqmrf
Fe~foabmhaktd7 Í f hfkmjartfåâd oa e~ftmoâd od fqtd~ of |arvqmrf ìr |arrdfr vqa bdifnd~f~fh kd raq t~fnfi`d+ Oaza ta~ f bf~fbta~èrtmbf oa ra~ bq~td a dngatmzd+ Fhdrt~f7 Í qhf |f~baif rmekmjmbftmzf od qkmza~rd |arvqmrfod dq of bdiatf oa ofodr+ Fkæimra7 Í d t~fnfi`d oa fzfimfåâd odr ofodr ~abdi`modr+ Rah aif kâd `æ ~aiftò~md oa |arvqmrf+ Fkapd7 Í qhf |f~ta d|bmdkfi oa qh ~aiftò~md oa |arvqmrf+ Kaia oaza bdkrtf~ d hfta~mfi vqa bdkt~mnqm |f~f hai`d~ arbif~aba~ d taptd od ~aiftò~md ~ aiftò~md oa |arvqmrf+ F|çkomba7 Vqfkod d fqtd~ oaragf fb~arbaktf~ fieqhf mkjd~hfåâd ~aiazfkta vqa kâd ra~mf tâd kabarræ~mf fd bd~|d od taptd+ Í qhf |f~ta d|bmdkfi oa qh ~aiftò~md oa |arvqmrf+ Fqtd~7 \arrdf(r- jèrmbf(r- ~ar|dkræzai(mr- |aif b~mfåâd od bdkta÷od mktaiabtqfi dq f~tèrtmbd oa qh odbqhaktd+ Fqtd~
aktmofoa7
Mkrtmtqmåâd(ñar-)
d~efkmwfåâd(ñar-)
ah|~arf(r-)
bdhmtç(r-)
bdhmrrâd(ñar-) akt~a dqt~dr) ~ar|dkræzai(mr- |d~ |qnimbfåñar ah vqa kâd ra omrtmkeqa fqtd~mf |arrdfi+ Bfoa~kd7 Jdi`f mh|~arrf) fkza~rd a za~rd) vqa) oa|dmr oa odn~fof) ~arqitf ah ?) 0) 6:) 2> dq :? |æemkfr+ Bf|f7 6+ Ra~za |f~f |~dtaea~ d t~fnfi`d a oaif oaza bdkrtf~ d kdha od fqtd~) d tètqid od t~fnfi`d a f mkrtmtqmåâd dkoa f |arvqmrf jdm ~afimwfof+ >+ Bdna~tq~f oa hfta~mfi jiapèzai (n~db`q~f- dq ~èemod (bf|f oq~f bf~tdkfof dq akbfoa~kfof- vqa ~azarta d bd~|d od imz~d+ Bf|ètqid7 Í qhf ofr |f~tar of omzmrâd od ~aiftò~md oa |arvqmrf+ Iahn~fkod vqa d |~mham~d bf|ètqid ra~æ f Mkt~doqåâd a d ÷itmhd fr Bdkbiqrñar od fqtd~+ Akt~a aiar (Mkt~doqåâd a Bdkbiqrâd- d taptd of |arvqmrf+ Bmçkbmf7 Í qh bdkgqktd d~efkmwfod oa bdk`abmhaktdr ~aiftmzdr f qh oata~hmkfod dngatd bdkvqmrtfodr ft~fzír oa hítdodr |~ò|~mdr oa bdiatf oa mkjd~hfåâd+ Bmtfåâd7 Í vqfkod ra t~fkrb~aza dq ra ~aja~a d vqa qh dqt~d fqtd~ arb~azaq+ Bmtfåâd oa bmtfåâd7 Qh fqtd~ jfw qhf bmtfåâd) om~atf dq mkom~atf) gæ bmtfof |d~ dqt~d fqtd~+ Bmtfåâd om~atf7 Í f t~fkrb~måâd imta~fi oa |f~ta of dn~f od fqtd~ bdkrqitfod+ \doa ra~ bq~tf (bdh t~çr imk`fr dq hakdr- dq idkef (hfmr oa t~çr imk`fr-+ Bmtfåâd mkom~atf7 Í vqfkod qh fqtd~ bmtf qh taptd) bdh rqfr |~ò|~mfr |fifz~fr) arb~mtd |d~ qh dqt~d fqtd~) rah fita~f~ fr moímfr d~memkfmr+ \doa ra~ b`fhfof tfhníh oa |f~æj~fra+ |f~æj~fra+
?5
Bdiaåâd7 Bdkgqktd imhmtfod oa imz~dr) oa qh dq omza~rdr fqtd~ar) ~aqkmodr rdn qh tètqid bdhqh) |doakod bfof imz~d ta~ tètqid |~ò|~md+ Bdiatf oa Ofodr7 Í f jfra of |arvqmrf ah vqa ra ~a÷kah ofodr ft~fzír oa tíbkmbfr ar|abèjmbfr+ Bdkbiqrâd7 Í f |f~ta jmkfi od t~fnfi`d dkoa d fqtd~ ra bdidbf bdh imna~ofoa bmaktèjmbf) fzfimfkod dr ~arqitfodr dntmodr) |~d|dkod rdiqåñar a f|imbfåñar |~ætmbfr+ Bdk`abmhaktd Bmaktèjmbd7 Í d bdk`abmhaktd bdk`abmhaktd ~fbmdkfi) rmrtahætmbd) apftd a za~mjmbæzai of ~afimofoa+ Rqf d~meah artæ kdr |~dbaomhaktdr oa za~mjmbfåâd nfrafodr kf hatdodidemf bmaktèjmbf+ \doahdr aktâd omwa~ vqa d Bdk`abmhaktd Bmaktèjmbd7 Í ~fbmdkfi a dngatmzd+ ( Ftíh(ra fdr jftdr+ ( _~fkrbakoa fdr jftdr+ ( Í fkfiètmbd+ ( ^avqa~ apftmoâd a bif~awf+ ( Í bdhqkmbæzai+ bdhqkmbæzai+ ( Í za~mjmbæzai+ ( Oa|akoa oa mkzartmefåâd hatòombf+ ( Nqrbf a f|imbf iamr+ ( Í ap|imbftmzd+ ap|imbftmzd+ ( \doa jfwa~ |~aomåñar+ ( Í fna~td+ ( Í ÷tmi (EFIIMFKD) ÷tmi (EFIIMFKD) 6=5=) |+ >?2<-+ Bdk`abmhaktd Ah|è~mbd (dq bdk`abmhaktd zqief~-7 zqief~-7 Í d bdk`abmhaktd dntmod fd fbfrd) f|òr mk÷ha~fr taktftmzfr) dq ragf) d bdk`abmhaktd fovqm~mod ft~fzír oa fåñar kâd |ifkagfofr+ Bdk`abmhaktd Jmidròjmbd7 Í j~qtd od ~fbmdbèkmd a of ~ajiapâd `qhfkf+ Í d bdk`abmhaktd ar|abqiftmzd rdn~a jakÿhakdr) ea~fkod bdkbamtdr rqngatmzdr+ Nqrbf of~ raktmod fdr jakÿhakdr ea~fmr od qkmza~rd) qit~f|frrfkod dr imhmtar jd~hfmr of bmçkbmf+ Bdk`abmhaktd _adiòembd7 Bdk`abmhaktd ~azaifod |aif jí omzmkf dq b~akåf ~aimemdrf+ Kâd |doa) |d~ rqf d~meah) ra~ bdkjm~hfod dq kaefod+ Oa|akoa of jd~hfåâd hd~fi a ofr b~akåfr oa bfof mkomzèoqd+ Bd~|d od _aptd7 Í d oarakzdizmhaktd od tahf |arvqmrfod) omzmomod ah |f~tar) bf|ètqidr dq mtakr) apbiqmkodra f Mkt~doqåâd a f Bdkbiqrâd+ Oaombftò~mf7 \f~ta d|bmdkfi vqa fn~a d t~fnfi`d `dhakfeafkod fjatmzfhakta fieqh mkomzèoqd) e~q|dr oa |arrdfr dq dqt~fr mkrtîkbmfr+ Oaoqåâd7 Bdkbiqrâd nfrafof ah fieqhfr |~d|drmåñar dq ~arqitfodr oa ap|a~mçkbmfr+
?0
Omrra~tfåâd7 Í qh t~fnfi`d oa |arvqmrf) bdh f|~djqkofhaktd rq|a~md~ f qhf hdkde~fjmf) |f~f dntakåâd od e~fq oa Hart~a) |d~ apmeçkbmf od \f~aba~ =55$:1) od aktâd Bdkrai`d Jaoa~fi oa Aoqbfåâd+ Odbqhaktd7 Vqfivqa~ rq|d~ta vqa bdktak`f mkjd~hfåâd ~aemrt~fof) jd~hfkod qhf qkmofoa) vqa |drrf ra~zm~ |f~f bdkrqitf) artqod dq |~dzf+ Mkbiqm mh|~arrd) hfkqrb~mtd) ~aemrt~dr fqomdzmrqfmr fqomdzmrqfmr a rdkd~dr) mhfeakr) akt~a dqt~dr+ Aomåâd7 Bdkgqktd oa apah|if~ar oa qh imz~d) mh|~arrdr f |f~tm~ oa qhf harhf hft~mw) bdh MRNK |~ò|~md+ \a~takbah ì harhf aomåâd oa qhf dn~f) tdofr fr rqfr mh|~arrñar) ~amh|~arrñar) tm~feakr atb+) |~doqwmofr om~atfhakta dq |d~ dqt~dr hítdodr) rah hdomjmbfåñar) mkoa|akoaktahakta od |a~èdod oabd~~mod oaroa f |~mham~f |qnimbfåâd+ Aomtd~7 ^ar|dkræzai mktaiabtqfi dq bmaktèjmbd vqa ftqf kf ~aqkmâd oa f~tmedr |f~f qhf ~azmrtf) gd~kfi atb+ dq vqa bdd~oakf dq d~efkmwf f |~a|f~fåâd oa bdiatîkafr+ Aomtd~f7 Bfrf |qnimbfod~f) |arrdf(r- dq mkrtmtqmåâd ~ar|dkræzai |aif |~doqåâd aomtd~mfi+ Bdkjd~ha d rq|d~ta odbqhaktfi) dqt~fr oakdhmkfåñar+ râd qtmimwfofr7 |~doqtd~f (|f~f mhfeakr ah hdzmhaktd-) e~fzfod~f (|f~f ( |f~f ~aemrt~dr rdkd~dr-) akt~a dqt~fr+ Aiahaktdr bdh|iahaktf~ar7 Râd fr mkjd~hfåñar vqa) fb~arbaktfofr fdr aiahaktdr arrakbmfmr) arrakbmfmr) |a~hmtah hai`d~ bf~fbta~mwf~ dr odbqhaktdr+ Ah oata~hmkfodr tm|dr oa odbqhaktdr) oa fbd~od bdh d rq|d~ta jèrmbd) fieqkr aiahaktdr mkombfodr bdhd bdh|iahaktf~ar |doah td~kf~ra arrakbmfmr+ arrakbmfmr+ Aiahaktdr oa ~aja~çkbmf7 F ~aja~çkbmf í bdkrtmtqèof oa aiahaktdr arrakbmfmr a) vqfkod kabarræ~md) fb~arbmof oa aiahaktdr bdh|iahaktf~ar+ bdh|iahaktf~ar+ Aiahaktdr arrakbmfmr7 Râd fr mkjd~hfåñar mkomr|akræzamr ì moaktmjmbfåâd od odbqhaktd+ Dr aiahaktdr arrakbmfmr artâd art~mtfhakta zmkbqifodr fd rq|d~ta odbqhaktfi a zf~mfh) |d~tfktd) bdkjd~ha d tm|d+ Akbf~ta7 Jdi`f dq bfoa~kd) ah ea~fi oa |f|ai dq jd~hftd omja~akta) bdktakod dq kâd miqrt~fåñar+ Oaza ra~ mkta~bfifod kd hmdid) rah ra~ mkbiqèod kf kqha~fåâd+ Akt~azmrtf7 Í qh mkrt~qhaktd oa |arvqmrf qtmimwfod kf jfra oa bdiatf oa ofodr+ A~~ftf7 Imrtf ofr |æemkfr a imk`fr ah vqa dbd~~ah a~~dr) raeqmodr ofr oazmofr bd~~aåñar+ F|~araktfra vqfra rah|~a ah ~atfi`d oa |f|ai fzqird dq akbf~tfod) fb~arbmod fd imz~d oa|dmr oa mh|~arrd+ Ap|a~mhaktd7 Rmtqfåâd |~dzdbfof bdh d dngatmzd oa dnra~zf~ f ~afåâd oa oata~hmkfod jakÿhakd+ Jmb`fhaktd7 Râd fr fkdtfåñar oa bdiatfr oa ofodr ~aemrt~fofr ah jmb`fr |f~f |drta~md~ bdkrqitf+
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Jdi`fr oa eqf~of7 Jdi`fr odn~fofr fd hamd a bdifofr kd bdhaåd a kd jmh od imz~d) |f~f |~akoa~ d hmdid ìr bf|fr oq~fr+ _fhníh b`fhfofr eqf~ofr+ Jdi`f oa ~drtd7 Í f jdi`f raeqmkta f bf|f a oaza bdkta~ fr harhfr mkjd~hfåñar bdktmofr kf Bf|f a fr mkjd~hfåñar arrakbmfmr rdn~a f d~meah od t~fnfi`d+ Eidrræ~md7 Râd fr |fifz~fr oa qrd ~art~mtd fd t~fnfi`d oa |arvqmrf dq |dqbd bdk`abmofr |aid zm~tqfi iamtd~) fbdh|fk`fofr oa oajmkmåâd+ E~æjmbd7 Í f ~a|~araktfåâd e~æjmbf ofr arbfifr vqfktmtftmzfr ~abdi`mofr oq~fkta d t~fnfi`d oa |arvqmrf+ @m|òtara7 Í f rq|drmåâd oa qhf ~ar|drtf |f~f d |~dniahf jd~hqifod ah ~aifåâd fd tahf+ F @m|òtara |doa ra~ bdkjm~hfof dq kaefof+ Mkombfod~7 \~dgaåâd dq bfzmofoa kf ifta~fi om~amtf ofr jdi`fr od imz~d) |f~f oartfbf~ iat~fr) k÷ha~dr dq dqt~dr aiahaktdr+ Èkomba (dq (dq Èkomba ^ahmrrmzd-7 ^ahmrrmzd-7 Í qhf imrtf vqa |doa ra~ oa frrqktdr) oa kdhar oa |arrdfr bmtfofr) bdh f mkombfåâd of(r- |æemkf(r- kd taptd dkoa f|f~abah+ Fieqkr fqtd~ar ~aja~ahra f Èkomba bdhd d harhd vqa Rqhæ~md+ Rqhæ~md+ Mkoqåâd7 ’ \~dbarrd haktfi |d~ mkta~híomd od vqfi) |f~tmkod oa ofodr |f~tmbqif~ar) rqjmbmaktahakta bdkrtftfodr) mkja~a(ra qhf za~ofoa ea~fi dq qkmza~rfi) kâd bdktmof kfr |f~tar apfhmkfofr ‘ (IFCF_DR) HF^BDKM) 6==6) |+ ?5-+ Mkrt~qhaktdr oa bdiatf oa ofodr7 Hfta~mfi qtmimwfod |aid |arvqmrfod~ |f~f bdi`a~ ofodr |f~f f |arvqmrf+ \doa ra~7 akt~azmrtf) vqartmdkæ~md) dnra~zfåâd dnra~zfåâd dq fkæimra oa bdkta÷od+ Mkt~doqåâd7 Í d |~mham~d bf|ètqid oa qh ~aiftò~md oa |arvqmrf) dkoa d |arvqmrfod~ m~æ f|~araktf~) ah imk`fr ea~fmr) d vqa d iamtd~ akbdkt~f~æ kd bd~|d od taptd+ \d~ mrrd) f|arf~ od kdha Mkt~doqåâd) í f ÷itmhf |f~ta f ra~ arb~mtf |aid fqtd~+ Imz~d7 \qnimbfåâd kâd|a~mòombf bdh qh hèkmhd oa bmkbd |æemkfr) apbiqèofr fr jdi`fr oa eqf~of) a vqa ragf dngatd oa MRNK (K÷ha~d Mkta~kfbmdkfi od Imz~d- (za~ KN^ 6<1>6-+ Idhnfof7 Od~rd od imz~d) bd~~ar|dkoakta ì æ~af oa bdrtq~f dq oa bdifeah odr bfoa~kdr (za~ KN^ 6>>>1-+ Hf~bfod~7 Jmtf |~arf akt~a d hmdid a f idhnfof od imz~d) |f~f hf~bf~ f |æemkf oa iamtq~f+ Hítdod7 F |fifz~f hítdod oa~mzf od e~aed a vqa~ omwa~ bfhmk`d+ Hítdod aktâd) kd kdrrd bfrd) í f d~oakfåâd oa qh bdkgqktd oa atf|fr f ra~ah bqh|~mofr kd artqod oa qhf bmçkbmf) kf nqrbf oa qhf za~ofoa dq |f~f ra b`aef~ f qh oata~hmkfod bdk`abmhaktd+
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Hatdodidemf7 .Hat`dod. bfhmk`d) .idemf . idemf.. rmekmjmbf artqod+ artqod+ Í d artqod odr Hat`dod. rmekmjmbf bfhmk`d) bfhmk`dr f ra~ah raeqmodr |f~f ra jfwa~ bmçkbmf+ Kd \~dgatd of \arvqmrf a kd ^aiftò~md Jmkfi of \arvqmrf í f oarb~måâd hmkqbmdrf odr |frrdr f ra~ah fodtfodr dq fodtfodr |f~f f bdiatf a fkæimrar odr ofodr+ Hmdid7 Bdkgqktd oa jdi`fr) ~aqkmofr vqfra rah|~a ah bfoa~kdr) vqa jd~hfh d bd~|d od imz~d+ Hdkde~fjmf7 ’Hdkd‘ Hdkd‘ rmekmjmbf qh qh)) ’ e~fjmf‘ e~fjmf‘ rmekmjmbf arb~mtf) arb~mtf) dq ragf) ’arb~mtf ’ arb~mtf oa qh‘+ qh ‘+ Í qh artqod bmaktèjmbd) bdh t~ftfhaktd arb~mtd mkomzmoqfi) oa qh tahf nah oata~hmkfod a imhmtfod) vqa zak`f bdkt~mnqm~ bdh ~aiazîkbmf ì bmçkbmf+ D~ai`f7 Bfof qhf ofr apt~ahmofoar of rdn~abf|f dq of bf|f od imz~d) odn~fof |f~f oakt~d a) ah ea~fi) bdh taptd rdn~a d fqtd~ dq d imz~d+ \f~æj~fra7 Í f bmtfåâd oa qh taptd) arb~mtd |d~ qh dqt~d fqtd~) rah fita~f~ fr moímfr d~memkfmr+ Dq aktâd7 aq ~a|~doqwd rah omrtd~ba~) bdh hmk`fr |~ò|~mfr |fifz~fr) fr moímfr oarakzdizmofr oarakzdizmofr |d~ qh dqt~d fqtd~+ \arvqmrf7 Í f fåâd hatòombf |f~f ra nqrbf~ f bdkjm~hfåâd dq kaefåâd oa qhf `m|òtara (rq|drmåâd-3 nqrbf3 mkzartmefåâd+ \~ahmrrfr7 Râd |~d|drmåñar vqa zâd ra~zm~ oa nfra |f~f qhf bdkbiqrâd+ \~mham~f aomåâd7 \~mham~f |qnimbfåâd oa qh d~memkfi+ Ah bfrd oa t~foqåâd) f aomåâd hakbmdkfof oaza bd~~ar|dkoa~ bd~~ar|dkoa~ ì of dn~f t~foqwmof a kâd ì od d~memkfi+ \~dniahf7 Í d hf~bd ~aja~akbmfi oa qhf |arvqmrf+ Í f o÷zmof mkmbmfi vqa ifkåf d |arvqmrfod~ fd raq t~fnfi`d oa |arvqmrf+ \qnimbfåâd7 Bdkgqktd oa |æemkfr mh|~arrfr bdh f jmkfimofoa oa omzqief~ mkjd~hfåâd+ \qnimbfåâd ra~mfof7 \qnimbfåâd ah vqfivqa~ tm|d oa rq|d~ta) aomtfof ah qkmofoar jèrmbfr rqbarrmzfr) bdh oarmekfåñar kqhí~mbfr a dq b~dkdiòembf) a oartmkfof f ra~ bdktmkqfof mkoajmkmofhakta+ Fr |qnimbfåñar ra~mfofr mkbiqah |a~mòombdr) gd~kfmr) |qnimbfåñar fkqfmr (~aiftò~mdr) fkqæ~mdr atb+-) ~azmrtfr) ftfr) bdhqkmbfåñar bdhqkmbfåñar oa rdbmaofoar) rdbmaofoar) akt~a dqt~dr+ ^aaomåâd7 Aomåâd omja~akta of fkta~md~) ragf |d~ hdomjmbfåñar jamtfr kd bdkta÷od dq kf jd~hf oa f|~araktfåâd od imz~d (aomåâd ~azmrtf) fh|imfof) ftqfimwfof atb+-) ragf |d~ hqofkåf oa aomtd~+ Bfof ~aaomåâd ~abana qh k÷ha~d oa d~oah7 > f aomåâd) 2 f aomåâd+++ ^aja~çkbmf7 Bdkgqktd |fo~dkmwfod oa aiahaktdr oarb~mtmzdr) ~atm~fodr oa qh odbqhaktd) vqa |a~hmta rqf moaktmjmbfåâd mkomzmoqfi+ ^aja~çkbmfr7 Í f imrtf oa dn~fr qtmimwfofr dq rqea~mofr |aid fqtd~ od t~fnfi`d oa |arvqmrf+
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^amh|~arrâd7 Kdzf mh|~arrâd oa qh imz~d) rah hdomjmbfåñar kd bdkta÷od dq kf jd~hf oa f|~araktfåâd) apbatd fr bd~~aåñar oa a~~dr oa bdh|drmåâd dq mh|~arrâd+ ^arak`f7 Í qhf oarb~måâd hmkqbmdrf oa qh imz~d) oa qh bf|ètqid oa qh imz~d dq oa |f~ta oarta imz~d) oa qh f~tmed) oa qhf f|drtmif dq vqfivqa~ dqt~d odbqhaktd+ Ra|f~ftf7 \qnimbfåâd oa |f~ta oa qh t~fnfi`d (f~tmed oa |a~mòombd) bf|ètqid oa imz~d) bdifnd~fåñar ah bdiatîkafr atb+-) hfktakod apftfhakta fr harhfr bf~fbta~èrtmbfr tm|de~æjmbfr tm|de~æjmbfr a oa jd~hftfåâd of dn~f d~memkfi) vqa ~abana qhf bf|f) bdh fr ~ar|abtmzfr mkjd~hfåñar mkjd~hfåñar vqa f zmkbqifh fd tdod) a f ap|~arrâd .Ra|f~ftf+ oa. ah azmoçkbmf+ Fr ra|f~ftfr râd qtmimwfofr |f~f omrt~mnqmåâd |aid |~ò|~md fqtd~ of |f~ta) dq |aid aomtd~+ Rí~ma7 Bdkgqktd mimhmtfod oa imz~dr) rdn~a qh tahf ar|abèjmbd) bdh fqtd~ar a tètqidr |~ò|~mdr) ~aqkmodr rdn qh tètqid bdhqh+ Rdn~abf|f7 Bdna~tq~f rditf) ah ea~fi oa |f|ai) vqa |~dtaea f bf|f od imz~d+ Rqntètqid7 Mkjd~hfåñar f|~araktfofr) ah raeqmof fd tètqid) zmrfkod arbif~abçid dq bdh|iahaktæid) bdh|iahaktæid) oa fbd~od bdh d bdkta÷od od odbqhaktd+ Rq|iahaktd7 Odbqhaktd vqa ra fombmdkf f dqt~d |f~f fh|imæid dq f|a~jamådæid rakod rqf ~aifåâd bdh fvqaia f|akfr aomtd~mfi a kâd jèrmbf) |doakod ra~ aomtfod bdh |a~mdombmofoa |a~mdombmofoa a$dq kqha~fåâd |~ò|~mf+ _íbkmbf7 Í f jd~hf hfmr raeq~f a æemi |f~f ra bqh|~m~ fieqh tm|d oa ftmzmofoa) qtmimwfkodra qtmimwfkodra oa qh mkrt~qhaktfi f|~d|~mfod+ _ad~mf7 . Í qh bdkgqktd oa |~mkbè|mdr a oajmkmåñar vqa ra~zah |f~f of~ d~efkmwfåâd iòembf f fr|abtdr raiabmdkfodr of ~afimofoa ah|è~mbf+ Fr |~d|drmåñar oa qhf tad~mf râd bdkrmoa~fofr iamr ra gæ jd~fh rqjmbmaktahakta bdh|~dzfofr a `m|òtarar ra bdkrtmtqah fmkof |~dniahf oa mkzartmefåâd. mkzartmefåâd. (EDIOAKNA^E) 6==0) |+ 6<:6<5_ara7 Í qh t~fnfi`d rahai`fkta f Omrra~tfåâd) omrtmkeqmkodra |aif ajatmzf bdkt~mnqmåâd kf rdiqåâd oa |~dniahfr a |aid fzfkåd bmaktèjmbd kf æ~af ah vqa d tahf jd~ t~ftfod+ _m~feah7 Vqfktmofoa Vqfktmofoa oa apah|if~ar oa bfof mh|~arrâd od imz~d+ _ètqid7 _a~hd dq ap|~arrâd qtmimwfodr |f~f oarmekf~ qh imz~d+ \doa ra~ rq|iahaktfod |d~ qh rqntètqid+ _dhd7 Qkmofoa iòembf) vqa |doa dq kâd bdmkbmom~ bdh f qkmofoa jèrmbf od imz~d+ _ò|mbd7 Í f rqnomzmrâd od frrqktd dq od tahf+ Qkmza~rd7 Í d bdkgqktd oa jakÿhakdr f ra~ah t~fnfi`fodr) oajmkmod bdhd b~mtí~md eidnfi of |arvqmrf+
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Zf~mæzai7 bdkbamtd qtmimwfod |f~f oarb~aza~ dr jakÿhakdr vqa râd ar|a~fodr dq vqa dbd~~ah oq~fkta f bdiatf oa ofodr ah qhf |arvqmrf+ Zdiqha7 Qkmofoa jèrmbf od imz~d+
F|çkomba 6 Fieqkr apah|idr oa aifnd~fåâd oa ~aja~çkbmfr oa jdktar 6+6 ^aja~çkbmfr oa Imz~dr f Fqtd~ (dq bdd~oakfod~) dq d~efkmwfod~) dq aomtd~- Arb~azara |~mham~d d rdn~akdha |fta~kd od fqtd~) ah bfmpf fitf) a) f raeqm~) d ~artfkta od kdha) f|òr qhf ra|f~fåâd |d~ zè~eqifr+ n _ètqid a rqntètqid D tètqid í ~afiåfod |d~ kae~mtd) mtæimbd dq rqnimk`fod+ b K÷ha~d of aomåâd (f |f~tm~ of raeqkof aomåâd-+ aomåâd-+ Kâd ra qrf d oabmhfi ( f-+ o Idbfi of |qnimbfåâd Í d kdha of bmofoa dkoa f dn~f jdm aomtfof a) f|òr f ~aja~çkbmf oa idbfi oaza) ra~ e~fjfod odmr |dktdr ( 7-+ Kâd ra bdidbf artfod dq |fèr+ a Aomtd~f Rò ra bdidbf d kdha of aomtd~f+ Kâd ra bdidbf f |fifz~f Aomtd~f) Itof) dq R+F+ atb+ \d~ apah|id7 of Aomtd~f Ætmbf Itof) bdidbf~ramf f|akfr Ætmbf+ j Fkd of |qnimbfåâd Í d fkd ah vqa f dn~f jdm aomtfof+ e K÷ha~d oa zdiqhar (ra `dqza~-+ ` \femkfåâd Vqfktmofoa oa |æemkfr of dn~f+ m Kdha of rí~ma dq bdiaåâd) k÷ha~d of |qnimbfåâd kf rí~ma dq bdiaåâd (d bdkgqktd í bdidbfod akt~a |f~çktarar-+ Dnra~zfåâd7 f- D fimk`fhaktd oaza artf~ tdod ì arvqa~of of ~aja~çkbmf n- Ah dn~fr fzqirfr râd qrfofr fr raeqmktar fn~azmftq~fr7 d~e+ dq d~er+ d~efkmwfod~(arao+ dq aor+ aomtd~(arbdd~o+ dq bdd~or+ bdd~oakfod~(arApah|idr7 Fqtd~ |arrdf jèrmbf7 fijfnatmwfåâd 7 qhf |~d|drtf IMHF) Fo~mfkf Jiæzmf Rfktdr oa Dimzam~f+ \~íarbdif a fijfnatmwfåâd7 nfrafof ah \fqid J~am~a a Gafk \mfeat+ >+ ao+ \at~ò|dimr7 Zdwar) 6=0:+ >>0 |+ IÙOCA) Hakef3 HAOMFKD) Wíimf (bdd~or+-+ Fzfimfåâd kf arbdif oa 6· E~fq7 qhf fkæimra rdbmdiòembf+ rdbmdiòembf+ :+ ao+ Bfh|mkfr7 \f|m~qr) ><<6+ Ftí t~çr fqtd~ar7 BDR_F) Hf~mf Hf~mf Fèof Fèof N+3 GFBBDQO) Za~f3 Za~f3 BDR_F) Naft~mw+ Naft~mw+ HAN7 qhf `mrtò~mf oa hqmtdr+ \at~ò|dimr7 Zdwar) 6=0:+ 6>1 |+ (Bfoa~kdr oa Aoqbfåâd \d|qif~) 6<-+ IFCF_DR) Azf Hf~mf3 HF^BDKM) Hf~mkf oa Fko~foa+ Hatdodidemf bmaktèjmbf+ bmaktèjmbf+ >+ ao+ Râd \fqid7 \fqid7 Ftifr) 6==6+ 6==6+ >26 |+
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Hfmr oa t~çr fqtd~ar7 DIMZAM^F) F~hfkod Ra~fjmh at fi+ Mkt~doqåâd fd |akrfhaktd |akrfhaktd jmidròjmbd+ 2+ ao+ Râd \fqid7 Id}dif) 6=01+ >66 |+ ^MB@F^ORDK) ^dna~td Gf~~} at fi+ \arvqmrf rdbmfi7 rdbmfi7 hítdodr a tíbkmbfr+ >+ ao+ Râd \fqid7 Ftifr) 6=0=+ >05 |+ Dnra~zfåâd7 at fi+ (at fiimfiim- vqa~ omwa~ a dqt~dr ah iftmh+ ^a|atmåâd oa kdha oa fqtd~7 IMHF) Fo~mfkf Jiæzmf Rfktdr oa Dimzam~f+ \~íarbdif a fijfnatmwfåâd7 fijfnatmwfåâd 7 qhf |~d|drtf nfrafof ah \fqid J~am~a a Gafk \mfeat+ >+ ao+ \at~ò|dimr7 Zdwar) 6=0:+ >>0 |+ TTTTTT + Fzfimfåâd arbdif~7 arbdif~ 7 gqiefhaktd p bdkrt~qåâd+ \at~ò|dimr7 Zdwar) 6==?+ 6:0 |+ Dnra~zfåâd7 Vqfkod d fqtd~ í ~a|atmod zæ~mfr zawar |doa ra~ rqnrtmtqèod |d~ qh t~fåd (avqmzfiakta f ramr ar|fådr- a qh |dktd+ Bfrd `fgf hqofkåf oa |æemkf d kdha od fqtd~ zditf f ra~ omemtfod |d~ aptakrd+ Omemtfra tfhníh |d~ aptakrd ra d fqtd~ ~aja~akbmfod fkta~md~hakta jd~ bdfqtd~ of dn~f raeqmkta+ Rah kdha od fqtd~7 D |akrfhaktd zmzd oa Kmatwrb`a+ Râd \fqid7 Hf~tmk Bif~at) 6==6+ 66< |+ Omrra~tfåâd $ _ara7 NAIID) Gdrí Iqmw oa \fmzf+ Ifq~d oa Dimzam~f Imhf7 qh aoqbfod~ aoqbfod~ n~frmiam~d+ n~frmiam~d+ Zmtò~mf) 6==1+ >6< |+ Omrra~tfåâd (Hart~fod ah Aoqbfåâd- \~de~fhf \~de~fhf oa \òrE~foqfåâd ah Aoqbfåâd \\EA) Qkmza~rmofoa Jaoa~fi od od Ar|è~mtd Ar|è~mtd Rfktd) Rfktd) 6==1+ Fqtd~ bd~|d~ftmzd7 QKMZA^RMOFOA JAOA^FI OD AR\È^M_D AR\È^M_D RFK_D+ \~de~fhf oa \òrE~foqfåâd \òrE~foqfåâd ah Aoqbfåâd $ \\EAQJAR+ Fzfimfåâd aoqbfbmdkfi7 kabarrmofoar a takoçkbmfr+ Zmtò~mf) \\EA$QJAR) 6=0?+ 6?2 |+ Bmtfåâd oa |f~ta oa qhf dn~f7 D fqtd~ od bf|ètqid bmtfod í tfhníh fqtd~ of dn~f7 IMHF) Ifq~d oa Dimzam~f) Dimzam~f) Ftmzfåâd odr odr |~dbarrdr omoætmbdr omoætmbdr kf arbdif rabqkoæ~mf+ rabqkoæ~mf+ ^md oa Gfkam~d7 Jd~akraQkmza~rmtæ~mf) 6=5:+ bf|+ 6>) |+ >62>2?7 F arbdif arbdif rabqkoæ~mf rabqkoæ~mf hdoa~kf7 d~efkmwfåâd) hítdodr a |~dbarrdr+ |~dbarrdr+
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D fqtd~ od bf|ètqid bmtfod kâd í d fqtd~ of dn~f7 @D^_F) Gdrí Rmizí~md Nfèf+ \ifkagfhaktd aoqbfbmdkfi+ Mk7 HAKOAR) Oqha~zfi _~meqam~d (d~e+-+ Jmidrdjmf of Aoqbfåâd N~frmiam~f+ ^md oa Gfkam~d7 Bmzmimwfåâd N~frmiam~f) 6==6+ |+ 6=1>2=+
6+> F~tmedr oa ~azmrtfr dq gd~kfmr7 f Fqtd~(ar- od f~tmed7 n _ètqid od f~tmed7 b _ètqid of ~azmrtf7 o Idbfi of |qnimbfåâd7 |qnimbfåâd7 a Aomtd~7 j j Mkombfåâd od zdiqha7 e Mkombfåâd od k÷ha~d dq jfrbèbqid7 ` Mkombfåâd oa |æemkf mkmbmfi a jmkfi od f~tmed7 m Oftf7
Apah|idr7 F~tmed oa qh fqtd~7 ND^_DIA__D) Hf~mrf Bmkt~f+ D vqa í ra~ hâa4 F azdiqåâd of bdkomåâd jahmkmkf kf hfta~kmofoa ft~fzír odr tah|dr+ Zmza~ \rmbdidemf) \rmbdidemf) Râd \fqid) z+ M) k+ 2) |+ >1>5) dqt+ 6==>+ Dnra~zfåâd7 Kd Dnra~zfåâd7 Kd bfrd oa hfmr oa qh fqtd~) raeqara f harhf ~ae~f ofr ~aja~çkbmfr odr imz~dr+ F~tmed kâd frrmkfod (rah kdha oa fqtd~-7 F AKA^EMF oqfi mkoèeakf mkoèeakf kd hqkod odr F}hf~f (Fkoar od \a~q a Ndièzmf-+ Ndièzmf-+ Hakrfeam~d) Hakrfeam~d) Naiíh) k+ :2) |+ 2125) fn~+$hfmd$gqk+) fn~+$hfmd$gqk+) 6==<+ Dnra~zfåâd7 Arb~azara ah hfm÷rbqif ftí f |~mham~f |fifz~f rmekmjmbftmzf od tètqid+ F~tmed oa gd~kfi frrmkfod7 OMKMW) Iamif+ Iamif Omkmw) Omkmw) qhf hqi`a~ rdif~+ Akt~azmrtf bdkbaomof fd \frvqmh+ \frvqmh+ Fihfkfvqa \frvqmh) \frvqmh) ^md oa Gfkam~d) k+ ar|abmfi) |+ 6<65) gqi+ 6=0>+ F~tmed oa gd~kfi kâd frrmkfod (rah kdha oa fqtd~-7 Eidnd) ^md oa Gfkam~d) 6 bfoa~kd) HQI@A^AR tçh vqa raeqm~ bòomed ~èemod+ D Eidnd) |+ ?<) 26 gfk+ 6==2+
1:
Dnr7 F ~aja~çkbmf oa hçr í ~aoqwmof f f|akfr t~çr iat~fr a qh |dktd+ Gfkam~d jmbf~mf rakod gfk+) gfk+) jaza~am~d) jaz+ atb+) bdh apbaåâd od hçr oa hfmd vqa ra arb~aza bdh tdofr fr iat~fr (hfmd (hfmd-- a rah d |dktd+ (zagf d apah|id ah F~tmed kâd frrmkfod-+ frrmkfod-+
6+2 \qnimbfåñar \a~mòombfr Bdiaåñar mktam~fr7 AOQBFÅÂD A BMÇKBMFR RDBMFMR+ Râd \fqid7 \fqid7 Bakt~d N~frmiam~d oa \arvqmrfr Aoqbfbmdkfmr) Aoqbfbmdkfmr) 6=1: Dnra~zfåâd7 _dofr fr ~azmrtfr rdn arta tètqid jd~fh bdkrqitfofr+ Rdhakta qhf |f~ta oa qhf bdiaåâd7 JD^QH AOQBFBMDKFI+ AOQBFBMDKFI+ _ad~mfr of f|~akomwfeah+ f|~akomwfea h+ ^md oa gfkam~d7 Jqkofåâd Eat÷imd Zf~efr) z+62) k+6$>) jaz+$hfmd 6=0=+ Dnra~zfåâd7 Artf ~aja~çkbmf mkombf vqa f ~azmrtf mktam~f jdm bdkrqitfof+ Oab~atdrIamr) \d~tf~mfr atb+ 7 N^FRMI+ N^FRMI+ Oab~atd =2+=21) oa 61 oa gfkam~d gfkam~d oa oa 6=05+ 6=05+ \~dhqief f bdkzakåâd bdkzakåâd rdn~a bdkra~zfåâd odr ~abq~rdr zmzdr zmzdr hf~mk`dr fktæ~tmbdr+ fktæ~tmbdr+ Omæ~md Djmbmfi (of ^a|÷nimbf ^a|÷nimbf Jaoa~ftmzf od N~frmi-) N~frèimf) z+ 6>1) k+ =) |+ 5=25==) 6: oa gfk+ 6=05+ Raåâd 6) |t+ 6+ \f~aba~ar) ^ardiqåñar atb7 BDKRAI@D JAOA^FI OA AOQBFÅÂD+ AOQBFÅÂD+ \f~aba~ k+ 6+?<: oa 1 dqt+ 6=5=+ Bdkrqitf rdn~a d |ifkd oa f|a~jamådfhaktd híombd f bf~ed od @dr|mtfi odr Ra~zmod~ar oa Râd \fqid+ ^aiftd~7 Fktÿkmd \far oa Bf~zfi`d+ Odbqhaktf) k+ >>5) |+ >65>><) dqt+ 6=5=+ _~fnfi`d |qnimbfod ah fkfmr oa bdke~arrd a dqt~dr azaktdr7 B@FZAR) Fktÿkmd+ Fktÿkmd+ \qnimbfåâd) \qnimbfåâd) ~a|~doqåâd) ~a|~doqåâd) apabqåâd7 apabqåâd7 om~amtdr om~amtdr fqtd~fmr+ fqtd~fmr+ Mk7 Bdke~arrd N~frmiam~d oa \qnimbfåñar) \qnimbfåñar) 6+) Râd \fqid) 1 f 6< oa gqi+ 6=06+ Fkfmr od M Bdke~arrd oa \qnimbfåñar+ Râd \fqid7 JANF\) 6=06+ |+ 66>=+ Fkfmr oa bdke~arrd kd tdod7 RAHMKÆ^MD OD \^DGA_D AOQBFÅÂD) 1+) >? dqt 6==:) ^md oa Gfkam~d+ Fkfmr od Z Rahmkæ~md od \~dgatd Aoqbfåâd+ ^md oa Gfkam~d7 Gfkam~d7 Jd~qh oa Bmçkbmf Bmçkbmf a Bqitq~f Bqitq~f QJ^G) 6==:+
15
6+? Dn~fr oa ^aja~çkbmf Ombmdkæ~md7 Aoqbfåâd+ Mk7 JA^^AM^F) Fq~íimd Nqf~vqa oa @difkof+ @difkof+ Hmkmombmdkæ~md of ièkeqf |d~tqeqarf+ >+ ao+ ^md oa Gfkam~d7 Kdzf J~dktam~f) 6=00+ |+ 601+ Akbmbid|íomf7 Omzò~bmd+ Mk7 Akbmbid|íomf Rf~fmzf oa Om~amtd+ Om~amtd+ Râd \fqid7 Rf~fmzf) 6=55+ z+ >=) |+ 6<5 6:>+ Fkqæ~md7 Hft~èbqif kdr bq~rdr oa e~foqfåâd ah qkmza~rmofoar a artfnaiabmhaktdr mrdifodr) |d~ æ~afr oa akrmkd) raeqkod fr qkmza~rmofoar qkmza~rmofoar of Jaoa~fåâd Jaoa~fåâd 6=500<+ Mk7 Jqkofåâd Mkrtmtqtd N~frmiam~d oa Eade~fjmf a Artftèrtmbf+ Artftèrtmbf+ Fkqæ~md artftèrtmbd od N~frmi+ ^md oa Gfkam~d) 6=0>+ Raåâd >) bf|+ 65) |+ >2<7 Akrmkd+
6+1 Mkta~kat Apah|id oa ~aja~çkbmf od .rmta. od fqtd~ oarta t~fnfi`d7 Jdbd ) NAIID) Gdrí Iqmw oa \fmzf+ Hatdodidemf Bmaktèjmbf+ Mk7 TTTTTTTT+ \aofedemf ah Jdbd) 6==0+ Ftqfimwfof ah7 6? jaz+ ><<>+ Omr|dkèzai ah 9`tt|7$$uuu+|aofedemfahjdbd+|~d+n~$hat<6+`th;+ Fbarrd ah7 >6 jaz+ ><<>+ NF^NDRF) Iqbmf Hf~tmkr at fi+ F ~a|~araktfåâ ~ a|~araktfåâdd rdbmfi od |~djarrd~ rdn d |dktd oa zmrtf od fiqkd+ ^azmrtf F|~akoa~ Zm~tqfi) Zm~tqfi) Hf~èimf) oaw+ ><<2+ Omr|dkèzai ah7 9`tt|7$$uuu+f|~akoa~zm~tqfi+bdh$za~Tkdtmbmf+|`|4bdomed82>;+ Fbarrd ah7 > jaz+ ><
6+: Mhfeah ah hdzmhaktd BMOFOA oa Oaqr+ Om~aåâd7 Ja~kfkod Ham~aiiar+ \~doqåâd7 Fko~íf Nf~ftf ^mnam~d a Hfq~èbmd Fko~foa ^fhdr+ Mktí~|~atar7 M ktí~|~atar7 Hft`aqr Kfb`ta~efaia3 Kfb`ta~efaia3 Fiapfko~a ^do~meqar3 Iafko~d Jm~hmkd of @d~f3 Gdkft`fk @ffeakrak3 \`aiim|a @ffeakrak3 Odqeifr Rmizf3 Ofkmai Wattai3 Raq Gd~ea+ ^dtam~d7 N~æqimd Hfktdzfkm+ SR+M+X7 <> Jmihar3 Zmoadjmihar ’Bmofoa oa Oaqr‘) ><<2+ 6 BO (62< hmk-) rdk+) bdid~+3 OZO+ F HMRRÂD+ Om~aåâd7 ^difko Gdjjí+ \~doqåâd7 Ofzmo \qtkfh+ Mktí~|~atar7 Ga~ah} M~dkr3 ^dna~t oa Km~d3 Imfh Kaardk3 Fmofk Vqmkk+ ^dtam~d7 ^dna~t Ndio+ _~mi`f rdkd~f7 Akkmd Hd~~mbdka+ SR+M+X7 Ediob~art Jmihr) 6=0:+ 6 OZO (6>6 hmk-) rdk+)bdid~+
10
> Rqeartñar oa Iamtq~f NFB@AIF^O) Efrtdk+ D kdzd ar|è~mtd bmaktèjmbd+ bmaktèjmbd+ ^md oa Gfkam~d7 _ah|d N~frmiam~d) 6=:0+ 616 |+ (Nmnimdtabf _ah|d Qkmza~rmtæ~md) 6>-+ NF^^DR) F+ G+ \+) IA@JAIO) K+F+R++ Jqkofhaktdr oa hatdodidemf+ hatdodidemf+ Râd \fqid7 HbE~fu@mii od N~frmi) N~frmi) 6=0:+ NFR_DR) Biaza~rdk) CAIIA^) Zmbakta+ F|~akoakod f f|~akoa~7 mkt~doqåâd ì hatdodidemf hatdodidemf bmaktèjmbf+ 6?+ ao+ \at~ò|dimr7 Zdwar) ><<<+ NFR_DR) Ièimf of ^db`f) \FMPÂD) I}~f) JA^KFKOAR) Iqbmf Hdktam~d+ Hfkqfi |f~f f aifnd~fåâd oa |~dgatdr |~dgatdr a ~aiftò~mdr oa |arvqmrf) tarar tarar a omrra~tfåñar+ omrra~tfåñar + 2+ ao+ ao+ ^md ^md oa Gfkam~d7 Wf`f~) 6=0>+ N^FKOÂD) Bf~idr ^do~meqar+ (d~e+- \arvqmrf |f~tmbm|fkta+ |f~tmbm|fkta+ 5+ ao+ Râd \fqid7 N~frmimakra) N~frmimakra) 6=00+ >66 |+ BF^ODRD) Rmizmf @aiakf+ Bq~rd oa Mkt~doqåâd ì Hatdodidemf Bmaktèjmbf7 Bmaktèjmbf 7 bdhd Aifnd~f~ qh \~dgatd oa \arvqmrf+ Omr|dkèzai ah7 9`tt|7$$uuu+kmn+qkmbfh 9`tt|7$$uuu+kmn+qkmbfh|+n~$rimoar$ |+n~$rimoar$|~a|f~f~6$; |~a|f~f~6$; Fbarrd ah7 >< hfmd ><<6+ BFR_^D) Biæqomd oa Hdq~f+ F |~ætmbf of |arvqmrf+ |arvqmrf + Râd \fqid7 HbE~fu@mii od N~frmi) 6=55+ TTTTTT + Art~qtq~f a f|~araktfåâd oa |qnimbfåñar+ |qnimbfåñar + Râd \fqid7 HbE~fu@mii od N~frmi) 6=55+ BA^ZD) Fhfod Iqmw) NA^ZMFK) \ao~d Fibmkd+ Hatdodidemf bmaktèjmbf7 |f~f qrd odr artqofktar qkmza~rmtæ~mdr+ qkmza~rmtæ~mdr+ Râd \fqid7 HbE~fu@mii od N~frmi) 6=55+ BDR_F) Fktÿkmd Ja~kfkod Edhar of+ Eqmf |f~f aifnd~fåâd aifnd~fåâd oa ~aiftò~mdr ~aiftò~mdr oa |arvqmrf7 hdkde~fjmf+ >+ ao+ ^md oa Gfkam~d7 QKM_AB+ 6==0+ >60 |+ OAHD) \ao~d+ Hatdodidemf bmaktèjmbf ah bmçkbmf rdbmfmr+ rdbmfmr + >+ ao+ Râd \fqid7 Ftifr+ 6=0=+ >05 |+ OMPDK) N+ \f~f vqa ra~za f bmçkbmf4 Râd \fqid7 Kfbmdkfi) 6=5:+ ABD) Qhna~td+ Fr jd~hfr od bdkta÷od+ bdkta÷od + Râd \fqid7 \a~r|abtmzf) 6=5?+ TTTTTTTT+ Bdhd ra jfw qhf tara+ tara + Râd \fqid7 \a~r|abtmzf) 6=0=+ JA^^F^M) Fijdkrd _~mgmiid+ Hatdodidemf of bmçkbmf+ bmçkbmf+ 2+ ao+ ^md oa Gfkam~d7 Cakkao}) 6=5?+ JA^^F^M) Fijdkrd _~mgmiid+ Hatdodidemf of |arvqmrf bmaktèjmbf+ bmaktèjmbf+ Râd \fqid7 HbE~fu@mii od N~frmi) 6=52+
