Dafta Da ftar I si
Material Polimer Material Polimer dan Elastomer
BAGIAN I. PENDAHULUAN 1. 2. 3. 4.
3 sks
5. 6.
SinopsismatakuliahM PE Sisteminformasibahanteknik Contohkelompokbahanteknik Gambaranumumsifat mekanisbahanteknik Ciri danperilaku mekanisumummaterial polimerdan elastomer TugasMK I mendaftarsifat-sifatumumbahanteknik
BAGIAN II.KLASIFIKASI MATERIAL POLIMER DAN ELASTOMER
Hands-out Kuliah
1. 2. 3.
Dr. Eko Marsyahyo, ST., MSc
4. 5.
Kl asifikasi berdasarkansumberasal bahan Kl asifikasi berdasarkanilmu kimia molekular Perbandingantermoplastikdan termoset Prosesproduksibahanpolimer/plastik Bahankatalis
BAGIAN III. PERILAKU MEKANIS BAHAN POLIMER
Prodi Prodi Tekni Teknik k Mesin Mesin S-1 Fakultas Teknologi Industri Industri Institu Institutt Teknologi Teknologi Nasional Nasional Malang Malang Maret2010
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Pengaruhtemperaturterhadapperilaku mekanis Model patahanbahanpolimer Deformasi strukturmikro Peningkatankekuatandan kekakuanbahanpolimer Pengaruhl ingkungan
BAGIAN IV. ELASTOMER 1. 2. 3. 4.
Sejarahkaret Perbedaankaret alamdanvulkanisasi Kelompokbahanelastomer Perilakumekaniselastomer
BAGIAN V. ANALISIS PERILAKU VISKOELASTIS POLIMER 1. 2.
Tuju Tu jua an khusus pembela laja jarran MPE
Model viskoel astis hubungantegangan-regangan Contohperhitungan perilakuviskoelastis
BAGIAN VI. MEKANIKA KEGAGALAN POLIMER 1. 2. 3.
Model patahan PerilakuK rip( creep) creep) Ketangguhanbebanimpak
Mahasiswamenguasai dandituntu dandi tuntut: Mampumendeskripsikanperb eskripsikan perbedaankelomp an kelompok polime poli mer M ampume pu mendeskripsikan peril akusifat aku sifat mekanis polime poli mer Mampumenjelaskan perilaku hubungan antarastruktur molekul, temperatur dansifat dansi fat mekanis polime poli mer M ampume pu mendeskripsikan jenis cacat dankegagalanpoli alan polime mer M ampume pu menghitung proses pembentukanpolimer tukanpol imer Mampumelakukan pemil ihanda ihan dan pengujian bahanpolimer anpol imer M ampume pu mendeskripsikan pemanfaatanbah tan bahanpoli an polime mer di bidangteknik
BAGIAN VII. PROSES PEMBENTUKAN PRODUK POLIMER (PPPP) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Ekstrusi Injection moulding Thermoforming Calendering Rotational moulding Compression/transfer moulding
BAGIAN VIII. ANALISIS PPPP: ALIRAN POLIMER KONDISI LELEH /MELTING FLOW 1. 2.
Analisis alirani sothermal Contohperhitungan
BAGIAN IX. CONTOH APLIKASI PRODUK DARI BAHAN POLIMER DI OTOMOTIF 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Interior Eksterior Mesin Chasis Keuntungan
BAGIAN X. PENGENALAN POLIMER ALAM 1. 2. 3.
Pentingnyapemili hankelompokpolimeralam Kelompokpoli meralam: seratdanmatrik Contohpemanfaatanpoli anpoli mer alam(biopolimer/biokomposit/biomaterial)
Sumber pustaka
Stevens, Malcol m. P., 2001. KimiaPolimer , TerjemahanI is Sopyan, pen.Pradnya Paramita, J akarta.
I. PENDAHULUAN
Crawford, R.J .2002, Plastics Engineering , Edisi ke- 3, pen. ButterworthHeinemann, Oxford, I nggris. Characterization and Failure Analysis of PLASTICS, 2003, ASM I nternational,
sumber web:www.asminternational.org ional .org..
Calister, W.D., 2005, Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering, edisi ke-5, pen.J ohn Wiley andSons, New York. Ashby, M.F., M.F ., J ones, D.R., 1999, Engineering Materials 2:An Introduction to Microstructures, Processing and Design , E disi ke-2, pen. Butterworth-
Heinemann, Oxford, I nggris.
Natural fibers, biopolymers, and biocomposites ., 2005, editedby Amar K . Mohanty, Manjusri Mi sra, Lawrence,T. Drzal, pen. CRC Press, Flori Florida da. Lampiransertifikat akreditasilaboratoriumno. LP-106-IDN, 2009, 2009,
LaboratoriumSentraTeknologi Polimer - Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Polimer – BPP T, Jaka J akarta.
1
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Contohba Contoh bahan teknik
Sist Si ste em informasi bahan teknik
Gambaran umum sifat mekan Gambaran mekanis is bahan: bahan:Perba Perbanding ndingan an nilai E dan bahan
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Perbandinga Perban dingan n nilai σ dan tem temper peratu aturr mak makss
Pentingnyaba Pentingnya bahan poli polim mer dan elastome el astomer
4 ke kellompo pok k po pollimer teknik
(a) The Thermoplas lastics ics such as polyethylene olyethylene, which whi ch soften on heating. (b) The Thermosets or resinssuch resins such as epoxy which whi ch harden when two components (a resin resin and a hardener) are heated together. (c) (c) Elastomers or rubbers. rubbers. (d) Natural polymerssuch polymers such as cellulose, lignin and protein, which whi ch provide provide themechanical basis of most plant and animal life.
K elompok Elas El astomer
Polime Polimer adalahsa alah salah satuba tu bahan rekayasa bukan logam(non-metallic talli c material) yang penting. Saat ini bahan polimerte polimer telah banyak digunakanse kan sebagai bahan substitusi untuk logamterutama karenasif na sifat atsifatn sifatnyayan ya yang ringan, tahan korosi dan kimia, dan murah, khususnyauntu ya untuk aplikasi-aplik li kasi-aplikas asi pada temperatur rendah. Hal lain yangbanyak menjadi pertimbangan adalah dayaha ya hantar listrik li strik dan panas yang rendah, kemampuanuntuk puanuntuk meredamkebisinga kebisi ngan, warnadan rna dan tingkat transparansi yang bervariasi, kesesuaian desain danm dan manufaktur.
Ciri umu Ciri umum m kelo kelompo mpok k bah bahan an pol polime imerr dan elastomer
K elompok Polim Poli mer
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Perilaku Perila ku mekani mekaniss tegan tegangan-r gan-regang egangan an bahan bahan::
Polim Poli mer dan elastomer
L ogam
Tabel contoh kekuatan dan modulu Tab lus s tarik bahan teknik
Ringka Ring kasa san defi finis nisii po poli lim mer vs vs.. elastome el astomer A Polimer is a solid material composed primarily of a polymer of high molecular weight. An Elastomer is a solid polymeric material that can experience large and reversible elastic strains. Istilah plastik , yangsering digunakan oleh masyarakat awamuntukme awamuntuk menyebut sebagian besar bahanpolimer, anpol imer, mulai digunakan padatahun1909. Isti lah tersebut berasal dari kata Plastikos yangberarti mudahdiben dahdi bentuk dandicetak. dandi cetak.Teknologi modern plastik barudi mulai tahun 1920-an, yaitu denganmulai an mulai digunakannya polimer yangberasal dari produkde uk derivatif minyak bumi, seperti misalnya Polyethylene. Salahsatujenis plastik yang sering kitajump kita jumpai adalahL DPE (Low (L ow Density Poly Ethylene Ethyl ene) yangbanyak digunakan sebagai plastik pembungkus yanglunak dansangat mudahdibentuk. ah dibentuk.
II. KLASIFIKASI MATERIAL POLIMER DAN ELASTOMER
K lasifikasi lasif ikasi berdasarkansum rkan sumber asal bahan:
Naturalllly y occurringpolymers (derived from plants plants and animals) have beenused for centuries centuri es (wood, rubber, cotton, wool, leather, silk). sil k). Synthetics polymers(rubber, polymers (rubber, plastics, and fibers).
Ciri polim olime er ala lam m
BahanPolimer Alam; didapat dari tumbuh-tumbuhan dan
binatang yangmengandungsusunan molekul dari selulosa, polisakarida,protein dankaret alam. Padaumumnyaberb nya berbentuk serat. Sifat-si Si fat-sifat fat polimer polimer alam kurangmenguntungkan. Contohnya, karet alam kadang-kadang cepat rusak, tidak elastis, el astis, dan berombak. Hal tersebut dapat terjadi karena karet alam tidak tahan terhadap minyak bensin bensi n atau minyak tanah serta lama terbuka di udara. Contoh lain, l ain, sutera dan wol merupakan senyawa protein protein bahan makanan bakteri, ri , sehingga sehingga wol dan sutera cepat rusak. Umumnya polimer alam mempunyai sifat hidrofilik (suka air), sukar dilebur dan sukar dicetak, sehingga sangat sukar mengembangkan fungsi f ungsi poli mer alam untuk tujuan-tujuan tujuan-tuj uan yang lebih l uas dalam kehidupan masyarakat sehari-hari.
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L ih iha at bab X …..
Polimer Polimer Alam
Organic
Inorganic
Mineral Fibers Animal Fibers
Plant Fibers
Asbestos Fibers
Fibers from Dicotyledons
Fibers from Monocotyle dons
Hairs and Thread
Bahan Polimer Polimer Sintetis Sintetis; bahanpoli an polime mer sintetis adalah susunan ikatanatom ikatan atomhidrokarbonyang memiliki mili ki konfigurasi rantai ikatanyan ikatan yang berulang-ulang. Bahanini Bahani ni terbagi dalamdua kelompok: (a) termoplastik dan (b) termoset. (Calli (Cal liste ster, 2000) (Matth (M atthew dan Rawlings Rawli ngs,1994). Term T ermoplastik adalahkelomp alah kelompok polime poli mer plastik yang mampu secara berulang-ulangdipana lang-ulang dipanaskan agar menjadi lunakdandi lunak dandikera keraskankembali dengan pendinginan. J enisterm enis termoplastik antaral ain polime poli merstyrene, acrylics, cellulostics, polyethylene, vinyls, nylonsda nylonsdan jenis flourocarbon. flourocarbon. Sed S edangkanterm kan termoset adalah kelompok polime poli mer plastik yang akanme kan mengalami degradasi (tidak mampu kembali kebe ke bentuksus ntuk susunan molekul awalnya) kimia akibatpan akibat panas. Term Termasuk kelompokini adalah lah amino ino (melam lamine ine danurea), polyester, polyester, alkyds, alkyds, epoxy danphenolic dan phenolic (Plastik Handbook, 1995). 1995).
Definisi Synthetic Polymer
Termoplastik
Fully polimerised
Elastomer
Termoset
Monomer
Partially Polimerised
Tattanamadan je Ta jen nis ik ika atan poli(mer)
Polim Poli merdide er didefinisikanseb fini sikansebagai molekul besar (makromolekul) yang terbentuk dari beberapaunit pa unit molekul (monomer) secaraberu ra berulang. Reaksi monomermonomer tersebutdinam but dinamakan reaksi polime poli merisasi (poly=banyak, mer=unit). Ikata I katan kimia polime poli mer memiliki mili ki polastruktur rantai linier, li nier, bercabangda ng dan ikat-silang (crosslinke (crossli nked) sertajari rta jaringa ngan.
secondary bonding
Linear
Bra nc nc he d
Cr os ss- Li Lin ke ked
Network
No Polimer
Monomer
1.
Polietena
Etena
2.
Polipropena
Propena
3.
PVC
Vinilklorida
Pipa paralon, pelapis lantai
4.
Polivinil alcohol
Vinilalcohol
Bakair
5. Teflon
Tetraflu rafluoroet oroetena ena
Terdapat pada
Kantung, kabel plastik Tali, karu karung, botolplast otolplastik
Wajanataupancianti lengket
6.
Dakron
Metiltereftalat danetilena glikol Pipa rekammagnetik, kainatautekstil kainatautekstil (wol sintetis)
7.
Nilon
Asam adipatdan heksametilena Tekstil stil diamin
8.
Polibutadiena
Butadiena
Ban motor
9.
Poliester
Ester dan etilenaglikol
Ban mobil
10. Melamin
Fenol formaldehida
Piring dangelas melamin
11. Epoksiresin
Metoksi benzenadanalcohol sekunder
Penyalut cat (cat epoksi)
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Perbedaan
Persamaan
K las lasif ifikas ikasi berdasarkan il ilm mu kim kimia ia molekular Karakteristik Molekul Polimer
Kimiawi:K omposisi Mer
Ukuran: Beratmolekul
Linier
Bentuk: susunan ikatan dan panjangrantai
Bercabang
Struktur:J enisikatan rantai
Ikat-si la lang
Kondisi Isomerik
Stereoisomer
Isi otakti k
sindi otaktik
Geometrik Is Isomer
A taktik
cis
Trans
J ari ngan
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Penggambaran raniikatan poli polim mer stereoisome stereoi somer
Kimia polimer
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Berat ratm mol ole ekul Beratmolekul dari polime poli mer pada dasarnyaadalahpenjumlahan dari
beratmolekul-molekul mer-nya. J adi semakin tinggi beratmolekul dari suatu polime poli mer tertentu, semakin besarpan ar panjangrata jang rata-rata dari rantai polime poli mernya. Hubungan Hubu ngan BeratMolekul dengan dengan Perilaku Perilaku Tm dan Tg: sedangkan hubungan antaraberat molekul dengantemperatur melting lti ng(T m) mulai berubahfas ahf ase cair sertaglass (Tg) mulai berubahfas ahf ase padat.
Semakin besar berat molekul olekul polime poli mer semakin tinggi tinggi temperatur Tm Tm dan Tg yang berarti sifat sif at mekanis semakin kin keras dan sulit suli t deforma deformasi. si. T mobile liquid
viscous liquid
crystalline solid
Callister, rubber Fig. 16.9 tough plastic
partially crystalline solid
Molecular weight
Tm Tg
Derajjat Dera atpoli polim meri risa sasi
Derajatpolim jat polimerisa erisasi (DP) dari suat suatu polimer adalah rasio atau perbandingan beratm rat molekul polim polimer dengan beratm rat molekul mer-nya. Suatu polyethylene (PE) (PE ) dengan beratm rat molekul 28.000 g misalnya, memiliki il iki derajatpolimerisas rajat polimerisasi 1000 karenabe na berat molekul dari mer-nya(C2H4) er-nya (C2H4) adalah 28 (12x2+ 1x4). DP menggambarkan ukuran molekul dari suatu polim polimerberd er berdasarkan atas jumlahda jumlah dari monomer penyusunnya.
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Terrmopla Te las stik
Terrmopla Te las stik
Terrmoset Te
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Baha Bah an ka kata talis untu tuk k po polilim mer
Bahan katalis li s adalahba alahbahan yang mampube pu bereaksi sempurna dengan polim polimeryan er yang berfungsi dapat meningkatkan unjuk unjuk kerja kerja di dalamaplikasi bahan dimanakara na karakteristik dansifat-sif dansi fat-sifat atbah bahanda an dapat memenuhi syarat-syarat yang diharapkanm diharapkan misalnya memilki il ki sifat sifatkeka kekakuan, gesekanren kan rendah, kekerasan, tahan terhadaptem dap temperatur dankelemb dan kelembaban, kekenyalan, tahan mulur, tahan radiasi ultraviolet,, dayareka ya rekat tinggi tinggi dan lain-lain.
Beberapa contohkatali lis s ataudisebut jugasebagai aditif yang ditambahkan kanpad pada poli polime mer untuk menghasil silkan kanhigh high performance komposit adalah sebagai berikut:
Genera Gene rasi si baru pla plast stik ik (high performance plastic)
Antistatic agent:m agent: memperbaiki sifat konduktifitas if itaslilistrik strik padapermukaan bahanpoli an polime mer coupling agent: agent: memperbaiki sifat sif atdayarekat/bond dayarekat/bonding denganma an material inorganic l ain fillers: berfungsi sebagai extender, ataupengem ataupengembangyang bang yangmampu memperbaiki pembentukanataupen tukanatau pencetakan polime poli mer F lame retardants: retardants: berfungsi mengurangi dayanyala atau kemudahan terbakar lubricants: lubricants: berfungsi memperbaiki viskositaspolimersaa viskositaspolimer saat proses pembentukan pigments; pigments; penambahwarna, ah warna, sebagai fungsi estetika Plasticisers: Plasticisers: memiliki beratmolekul rendah, berfungsi memperbaiki sifat dankarakteristik polime poli mer pada prosespembentukan seperti kompatibili tibi li tas denganresin denganresin lain lai n ataumed tau media penguatanya Reinforcement: Reinforcement: penambahanmediapenguatuntukmena at untukmenaikkansi ikk ansi fat kekuatandan kekakuan polime poli mer Stabilizers: Stabilizers: berfungsi memperbaiki sifat kimia akibat pengaruh li ngkungan, stabili taspanasdan kelembaban sertatahanradiasi sertatahanr adiasi ultraviol et
Padua Pad uan po pollimer plastik
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BAGIAN III. PER PERIL ILAK AKU U MEKANIS POLIMER
3 kelompo kelompok k peri rillaku meka kanis nis
Perilakum Perilaku mekanik dari polimer thermoplastik secaraum ra umum dapatdikelompokka at dikelompokkan menjadi 3 bagian, yaitu: (1) Perilaku P erilaku Elastik, (2) perilakuPlast erilakuP lastik, dan (3) PerilakuV ril akuV isko-Elas isko-El astik. Perilakuthermop Peril akuthermoplastik secaraum ara umumadalahelastik umadalah elastik non-linea non-li near yang tergantungpa tung padawaktu da waktu(ti (time me-dependent). Hal H al i ni dapat dijelaska dij elaskan dari 2 mekanisme yang terjadi pada daerahelastis, rah elastis, yaitu: (1) distorsi keseluruhanbag luruhan bagian yang mengalami deformasi, dan (2) regangan dandistorsi dandi storsi ikatan-ikatan kovalennya. Perilaku Peril akuelastik elastik non-inear atau non-proporsional pada daerahelastis rah elastis terutama berhubungan denganmekanisme distorsi dari keseluruhanranta luruhan rantai molekulnya yangli near atau linear dengancaban gan cabang.
K euntu tung nga an sif sifa at meka kanis nis po pollimer Respon tegangan-regangan akibatvar ibat variasi laju regangan
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Membaca ca5 5 daera rah h tra trans nsiisi poli polim mer
Daerah glassy: The The glass temperature, Tg rature, Tg,, you wil w il l remember, is the temperature
at which the secondary bonds start to melt. Well below Tg below Tgthe the polymer polymer molecules olecules pack tightly together, either in an amorphous tangle, or i n poorly organ or ganised crystallites crystall ites wi th amorphous material ri al i n between. Load stretches the bonds, giving givi ng elastic deformation which i s recovered on unloading. Daerah transisiglass/leathery: As A s the temperature is raised, r aised, the secondary bonds start to melt. Then segments of the chains can slip sli p relative to each other like li ke bits of greasy string, and the modulus falls fal ls steeply. On O n unloading, these elastic regions pull the polymer back to i ts origi nal shape, though they must doso against the reverse viscous sli ding of the molecules, and that takes time ti me. The T he result is that the polymer polymer has leathery properties, as do low-dens low- density polyethylene and plastici sed PV C at roomtem room temperature. Daerah rubbery: A As s the temperature is raised above Tg above Tg,, one might expect that fl ow in i n the polymer should become easier and easier, until it becomes a rather sticky li quid. Linear polymers with fairly short chains ( DP D P <103) do just this. But polymers with longer chains ( DP >104) pass through a rubbery state. state. Daerah viskos: At A t yet higher temperatures (>1.4 Tg) Tg) the secondary bonds melt completely and even the entanglement points sli p. Thi s is i s the regime in which thermoplastics are moulded: li near polyme pol ymers become viscous li quids.
Tida Tidak seperti halny lnyaloga alogam, polimer umumnyatida atidak memiliki il iki temperatur leburyan lebur yang spesifik. sifik. Namun, polimerbiasa polimer biasanyam nya mengalami perubahan sifat-sifat sifat-sifat ataupe au perilaku ril akum mekanik yang jelas padaren da rentang temperatur tertentuyang ntu yangsangat sempit. Temperatur di mana terjadi transisi temperatur tersebutdikena ut dikenal sebagai temperatur gelas, Tg (Glass Temperature). Padatem Pada temperatur gelas, thermoplastik berubah keadaaan dan perilaku ril akunyada nyadari kaku, getas, padat
Pengaruh uh Kenai Kenaikan kan •Pengar Temperaturdan Laju Regan Temperaturdan Regangan gan terhadap terha dap PolimerThermopla PolimerThermoplastik stik
•The glass transition temperature is as important for polymers as the melting point is for metals
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Perillaku Peri akuteg tegangan-r n-reg egangan
peril aku hubungante antegangan Stress-strain behavior: perilaku regangan bahan polim polimerplastik er plastik ditentukan oleh struktur ikatan kimianya kimianya. Semakinkrista akin kristal dan ikatan silangting silang tinggi gi makasemakin keras sehinggasulit hinggasuli t mengalami deformasi mekanis. (MPa)
σ
x 60 brittle failure plastic failure
40
x
20 0 0 initial: amorphous chains are kinked,heavilycross-linked.
Temperatur vs. Tem derajat rajatpoli polim meri risa sasi
elastomer
2
4
6
Deformation is reversible!
ε
x
8
final: chains are straight, still cross-linked
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Crazing ant nta ar microfi crofibril bril
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Perila Peril aku cra cracki cking ng poli polim mer
Deformasi mikrostru krostruktur ktur
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Fakta Fak takim kimia ia po poli lim mer vs vssifat sifatm meka kanis nis
Vi skositas dan kekuatan polimer misalnya akan meningkat dengan meningkatnya berat molekul atau derajat polimerisasinya. Sebagai il ustrasi, kita dapatme pat membandingkan keadaan dari monomerethylene erethylene pada derajat polimerisasi yang berbeda-beda. Perbedaan dari sifatsifat sifat tersebut dapat dijelaskan skan oleh oleh fakta fakta bahwa semakin panjang njang rantai molekul suatu polimer, semakin besar energi yang diperlukan untuk mengatasi ikatanseku ikatan sekundernya.
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Struktur molekul poli Struktur polim mer: daera rah h kekristalan
Berat mole olekul kul dan kristalilinita nitas smaller Mw
larger Mw
• Tensile il e strength (TS): --oftenincreases --often increases with Mw. --Why? --Why? L onger chains are entangled (anchored) better.
• % Crysta Crystalli nity: % of material that is crystalline. --TS and E often increase with % crystallinity. ll inity. --A -- A nnealing ali ng causes crystalline regions to i.e., % crystallinity ll inity
crystalline region amorphous region
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K aret vulkanisasi
Proses vulkanisasi
Penambahan 30-40%Sulfur Sul fur akanm akan memperbanyak jum jumlah lah kaita itan silan ilang (cro (cross link) link) antar rantai molekulnyayan olekulnya yang akan berpengaruhte ruh terhadap sifat sifatsifat sifatda dan perilaku ril akukare karet alam. K ekerasan dan kekakuandari karet alamakanm alamakan meningkatde ingkat dengan proses vulkanisasi. K aret alamdengan jumlahkaitan jumlah kaitan silang sedikit akan kan bersifat rsifatre relatif latif lebih luna lunak dan fleks fl eksibel daripadakaret dakaret alamdenga mdengan jumlahkaita lah kaitan silanglebih silang lebihba banyak.
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Contohprod Contoh produk uk bahan elasto stom mer 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Ban (88%) Sabuk konveyor Selanghose Selanghose Sol sepatu-sandal Pembungkuskab gkus kabel-insu el-i nsulator Bantalan peredamgetaran-body -body mounting ounting Gasket Lem Lem Roller konveyor Mainanan ainananak-anak
BAGIAN V. ANALISIS PERILAKU VISKOELASTIS POLIMER
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