MODU MODULE LE 1 DETERMINATION OF GAS SPESIFIC GRAVITY AND OIL SPESIFIC GRAVITY
PRACTICUM REPORT
Name
:
Muhamad Choirul Azis
NIM
:
12213060
Group
:
2
Practicum Date
:
Oktober, 7 2014
Due Date
:
October, 14 2014
Lecturer
:
Zuher Syihab ST, Ph.D.
Module Assistant
:
Alris Alfharisi ((1 12211014)
nd
Shift Shift Group Group 2 th
th
Achmad Zulfikar Zulfikar K (12211082) (12211082)
LABORATORY LABORATORY OF RESERVOIR FLUID ANALYS ANALYSIS IS MAJOR OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING BANDUNG INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY 2014
CONTENTS
CONTENTS...........................................................................................................
i
LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................
ii
BAB I
PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENT 1.1 Purpose of experiment.............................................................
BAB II
PRINCIPLE OF EXPERIMENT 2.1 Principle of experiment ...........................................................
BAB III
3 4
ANALYSIS 4.1 Assumption ............................................................................. 4.2 Practicum Sustainability.......................................................... 4.3 Tool.......................................................................................... 4.4 Result Analysis........................................................................
BAB V
1
DATA PROCESSING 3.1 Experimental Data.................................................................... 3.2 Data Processing........................................................................
BAB IV
1
6 6 6 7
CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION 5.1 Conclusion................................................................................ 8 5.2 Recomendation.......................................................................... 8
BAB VI
IMPRESSION AND SUGGESTION 6.1 Impression................................................................................ 9 6.2 Suggestion.................................................................................... 9
BAB VII
REFERENCES 7.1 Bibliography.............................................................................
10
i
LIST OF TABLES 0
Table 1 Experiment data API with hydrometer....................................... 3 Table 2 Experiment data with picnometer................................................ 3 Table 3 Experiment data with effusiometer.......................................... 3 Table 4 Data Processing for Picnometer............................................... 4
ii
DETERMINATION OF GAS AND OIL SPESIFIC GRAVITY I.
PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENT
1. Understand the determination of the physical properties of gases, namely SG, density, viscosity, and gas compressibility factor. 2. Determining gas SG using effusion. 3. Determining the physical properties of the fluid gas 4. Determine specific gravity of crude oil 5. Knowing the effect of temperature towards specific gravity of crude oil II.
PRINCIPLE OF EXPERIMENT
Specific Gravity (SG) is one of the most important parameters in petroleum industry . SG is a general property of a fluid that states heaviness of fluid itu. In petroleum industry, specifically SG certify the quality of the fluid. The purpose of the quality here is a measure of how heavy hydrocarbons per unit volume. A hydrocarbon has good quality if SG is low, which means it will have a heavy hydrocarbon that is small per unit volume is so much easier to flow in the reservoir. As has been revealed in the explanation, the principle of this experiment is the law of effusion / diffusion which is a function of flow time on efusiometer tool. Diffusion is basically a process of equalization of physical state spontaneously. When it comes to two different substances, then the diffusion is mixing the particles of the substance evenly. While effusion is the process of diffusion through narrow gaps or pores. There are two laws that underlie this experiment. The first is the law of Graham (1830) which basically states that the ratio of the rate of effusion / diffusion of two gases ternalik versus the square root of its density at the same temperature and pressures. Mathematically it can be written as follows ?1 ?2
where,
=
? ?2 ? ?1
v = rate of diffusion / effusion d = density of gas (subscript 1 and 2 show of the different gases) 1
While the second is the Avogadro's Law states that the conditions of pressure, temperature and specific volume, the density of the gas is directly proportional to the number of molecules. Mathematically it can be written as follows ?1 ?2
where,
=
?1 ?2
M = number of gas molecules
With reference to the understanding of diffusion and effusion, then for the same mileage Graham Law and Avogadro's law can be combined into: ?12
= 2
?2
?22
?2 ?2 = = ?1 ?1 ?12
If d2 is the density of the gas which we will specify its SG and d1 is the density of the air is dry, then the ratio between d2 and d1 is an SG value of the gas whose value is proportional to the square of the ratio of flowrate at the same distance and measured at a temperature and pressure same. In this experiment we use a tool efusiometer, so SG obtained from the above calculation must be corrected for the vapor pressure of dry (W), chamber pressure (P), and the average pressure (p) is defined as follows ?2 2 ? ?2 2 ?? ∗ = ? ? + 0.627 ?? ? − 1? ?1 ? + ? − ? ?1
2
III.
DATA PROCESSING
Experimental Data 0 Table 1 Experiment data API with hydrometer Suhu ( F)
API
78
38.5
78
38.5
78
38.5
Table 2 Experiment data with picnometer No
Sampel
0
1
Minyak (T=32 C)
2
Minyak (T=29 C)
0
Massa picnometer kosong (gr)
Massa picnometer +
Volume
sampel (gr)
11,67 11,66 11,66 11,67 11,66 11,66
16.55 16.55 16.56 16.56 16.55
picnometer (ml) 5 5 5 5 5 5
Table 3 Experiment data with effusiometer Sample
Experiment
Time (s)
N2
I
44.37
II
44.11
III
43.88
I
37.93
II
37.20
III
37.18
I
45.28
II
45.25
III
45.91
CO2
Dry Gas
3
Data Processing
a)
Measurement spesific gravity of crude oil using hydrometer
Sampel air
˚? ? ? = ?ata-rata ˚? ? ? =
141,5 ??
= 38.5
− 131,5 = 38.5
Maka, SG = 0,832352
b)
Measurement spesific gravity of crude oil using picnometer Table 4 Data Processing for Picnometer
*
T( C)
0
Sample
32
Crude oil
29
Crude oil
Average mass (gr) picnometer Picnometer+sampel kosong 11.663 16.55 11.663 16.56
Sample mass (gr) 4.887
Density 3 (g/cm )
4.897
0.9794
0.9774
with assumption density of water at the same pressure and temperature is 1 3
g/cm
0
#T= 32 C SG=
ρ oil ρ water
=
0.9771 1
= 0.99774
0
#T= 29 C SG=
ρ oil ρ water
=
0.9794 1
= 0.9794
4
Average time : tN2
= 44.12 s
tCO2
= 36.10 s
tdry
= 45.48 s
Assume : Pdry (W) = 0.0298 mmHg Proom (P) = 760 mmHg Pavg (p) = 12 mmHg SG Nitrogen =
? ? 2 ^2 ? ? ?? ^2
=
1946.57 2068.43
= 0.941 ;SGCO2 =
? ?? 2 ^2 ? ??? ^2
=
1303.45 2068.43
= 0.630
After correction : SG N2 = 0.885
; SGCO2 = 0.62999
5
IV.
ANALYSIS
Assumption
Asumsi yang digunakan dalam praktikum ini adalah 1. The inert gas used, meaning that no reaction occurs between the water or the dry gas with a facilitator. 2. The experiments were conducted in laboratory conditions of temperature and pressures are constant. 3. The process of bleach-off was done perfectly without leaving the previously used gas in pipelines or equipment. 4. There is no leakage in the pipe Effusiometer tools and pipelines. 5. The distance traveled during the effusion of gas in the same tube. 6. All equipment used to function properly. 7. When measuring the density with picnometer, oil filled
Practicum Sustainability
Practicum this time goes well and there are no barriers.
Tools 1. Hidrometer
Principle Using Archimedes law that objects immersed in a fluid will get upward thrust equal to the weight of the displaced fluid. How it work Hydrometer is immersed into the fluid would have thrust is proportional to the displaced fluid and stable when it manandakan that upward thrust equal to the weight of the hydrometer submerged. And hydrometer 0 convert thrust into units of density ( API) .
6
2. Effusiometer
Principle Flowrate of fluid on a narrow slit in effusiometer characterize the physical properties of gases. How it work Air flow through a narrow slit into effusiometer assuming air flow per particle then air flow is stopped and there was a diffusion-effusion .Waktu characterize the physical properties of the gas flow
Result Alanysis
The essence of the experiment is to find the value times the SG of oil by using Hydrometer and Picnometer. Both tool can be used, but the selection of the tool depends on the accuracy that we want .Hydrometer measurement is much faster than the picnometer because the results 0
obtained are a direct readout API. However if we use picnometer we do not directly get the value of the SG, but it is necessary to process the mass distribution of the volume. Measurements with a hydrometer hydrometer basically just dunked on a sample of crude oil in the measuring cup. If the API does not reach the scale of the sample, then replace the appropriate hydrometer. then dividing by the volume of the sam ple container. On experiment using picnometer the results s howed that increasing the temperature of the lower density of crude oil because the volume of crude oil is expand. On experiment using effusiometer, semakin ringan gas maka semakin cepat laju gas dan densitasnya semakin mirip dengan udara sehingga spesific gravitynya makin besar.
7
V.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION Conclusion :
With hydrometer,crude oil has spesific gravity = 0,832352
With Picnometer at T=29 C, crude oil has spesific gravity = 0.9794
With Picnometer at T=32 C, crude oil has spesific gravity = 0.99774
With Effusiometer, N2 gas has spesific gravity = 0.885
With Effusiometer, CO2 gas has spesific gravity = 0.62999
0 0
Recomendation :
In this experiment all the tools and materials are available and can be used properly so strongly support the sustainability of the practicum. Keep it!
8
VI.
IMPRESSION AND SUGGESTION Impression :
This is the easiest one practicum of all that I have taken and the assistants are also very relaxed so I do not worry. Suggestion:
Keep your goodness assistant!!
9
VII.
REFERENCES
McCain, William D.Jr., The Properties of Petroleum Fluids , 2nd Edition, PennWell Publishing Co., 1990, Tulsa, Oklahoma. W.R. Siagian, Utjok. Diktat Kuliah Fluida Reservoir. Departemen Teknik Pertambangan dan Perminyakan. 2002. Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung.
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