Head Up Display

HEAD-UP DISPLAYS

1. INTRODUCTION

The head-up head-up dis play play (HUD) cr eates eates a new form of pr esen esenting ting informati nformation on by by ena bli bling a user ser to simul simulta tan neous ously view a r eal eal scene and supe uper imposed mposed informati nformation on withou withoutt large rg e move movements of the of the head or eye or eye scans. HUDs HUDs hav have been een used for va var ious ous a ppli pplication ationss such uch as fli flight mani pulati pulation, on, vehi vehicl clee dr iving, ma machin hine main ainten tenance nce, and s por ts, ts, so that the user ser s improve mprove situ situation ationaal compr ehen ehension sion with the r ealeal-ti tim me informati nformation on.. R ecent downsizing sizing of the dis play play dev devices will will ex pa pand the HUD uti utillization ization into mor e new ar eas. eas. The head-moun head-mounted ted dis play play (HMD) has been een used as a head-moun head-mounted ted ty pe pe of HUDs HUDs for wear wear a ble ble computi computing ng that gives user ser situ situation ationaal informati nformation on by wear wear ing a por ta ta ble ble compute computerr like l ike clothes clothes,, a bag, and a wr istwatc istwat ch. A compute computer r has has come come to inter ter act intell telliigently with people based based on the context context of the of the situ situation ation with sen sensing sing and wir wir eless communi communication ati on system syste ms.

1.1 HISTORY

The f ir st st HUDs HUDs wer wer e der der ived from static static gun sig sight tec technology nology for mi militar itar y f ighter hter ai aircr rcr af t. t. Rudi Rudim mentar tar y HUDs HUDs proje projected a "pi "pi ppe pper" t o aid aircr aircr af t gun aim ai ming. ng. As HUDs HUDs adv ad va nced nced,, mor e (a nd mor e complex compl ex)) informati nformation on was added. HUDs HUDs soon dis played played computed computed gunne gunner y soluti olution onss, using si ng aircr aircr af t informati nformation on such uch as air air s peed peed a nd a ngle ngle of attac attack , thu thus gr eatl eatly incr easing easing the accur acy pilots lots could could achiev hieve in air air tto air air batt battlles.

HUD tec technology nology was next adv adva nced nced in the Bucca Bucc aneer, eer, the prot prot oty pe pe of whi of whicch f ir st st flew flew on 30 Apr il 1958. 1958. The aircr aircr af t's t's design design ca c alled ll ed for a for a n attac attack sig sight that would ould provide provide na vigation ati on and wea pon r elease informati nformation on for the for the low low level attac attack mode. mode.

Ther Ther e was f ierc iercee competiti competition on betwee b etween n suppor ter ter s of the of the new HUD design design a nd suppor ter ter s of the old old electro-me ro-mechan ha nical gun sig sight, ht, with the HUD bei being ng descr descr i bed bed as a r adic adi cal, even foolha fool har r dy dy opti option on.. The Air Arm br a nch nch of the Ministr istr y s pons pons or ed ed the dev developme lopm ent of a

Dept. of IT, Dr. AIT

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HEAD-UP DISPLAYS Str ike ike Sight. The Roya Royall Ai A ircr af t Esta blish blishm ment (RAE) design desi gned ed the equ equi pme pment, it was bui built by by Cintel, tel, a nd the system syste m was f ir st st integr te gr ated ated in 1958. 1958. The Cintel te l HUD busi busin ness was taken taken ove over by Elli Elliott Fli Flight Aut Automati omation on a nd the Bucca Buccaneer eer HUD was ma nuf actur ed ed a nd fur ther ther dev developed loped conti continu nuiing up to a Mar k k III ve ver sion sion with a total ta l of 375 system systems made; it was given a `f it it a nd forget' forget' titl title by the Roya Royall Na vy and it was still still in serv serviice nearl early y 25 year year s later ater . BAE Syste System ms thu thus has a clai claim m to the world's orl d's f ir st st Head Up Dis play play in ope oper ation ati onaa l serv serviice.[2] e.[2]

In the United United K ingd ngdom, it was soon noted noted that pilots lots flyi flying ng with the new gun-si gun-sig ghts wer wer e be becomi coming bette better r at at piloti loting ng their their ai aircr rcr af t.[c t.[ citation itation needed needed]] At this poi point, the HUD ex pa pa nded its purpose purpose beyon eyond d wea pon aim ai ming to gene r al piloti loting ng.. In the 1960s 1960s, Fr ench nch test -pi -pilot lot Gilbe lb er t Klopf stein stein cr eated eated the f ir st st mode modern rn HUD and a stan standar dar dized dized system syste m of HUD symbol symbolss so that pilots lots would ould only only hav have t o lea learn rn one one system system a nd could could mor e easil easily tr a nsition sition betwee between n aircr aircr af t. t. The mode modern rn HUD used used in instrum strumeent fli flight rules rul es a pproa pproaches t o la nding ding was dev developed loped in 1975.[ 1975.[3] 3] Klopf stein stein pionee oneer r ed ed HUD tec te chnology nology in militar itar y f ighter hter jets and hel helicopte copter r s, aim ai ming t o c entr alize cr itic itical fli flight data within withi n the pilot's lot's f iel ield of vision isi on.. This a pproa pproach s ought ought t o incr ease ease the pilot's lot's sca n eff icienc iency y a nd r educ educee "task satur satur ation" ati on" a nd informati nformation on ove overload. rload.

Use of HUDs HUDs then then ex pa pa nded beyon eyond d militar itar y aircr aircr af t. t. In the 1970s 1970s, the HUD was introd ro duced uced to comme commercia rc iall aviation, iation,[4 [4]] a nd in 1988, the Olds Oldsmob mobiile Cut Cutlass Supr eme be beca me the f ir st st prod producti uction on ca car with r with a head-up head-up dis play.[ play.[5] 5]

Unti Untill a f ew ew year year s a go, the Embr aer aer 190 and Boei Boeing ng 737 New N ew Gener ation ati on Aircr af t (737600,700,800, and 900 ser ser ies) ies) wer wer e the only only comme commercia rc iall passeng assengeer aircr aircr af t avail aila ble bl e with HUDs. HUDs. Howe Howev ver, the tec te chnology nology is becomi coming mor e common with aircr aircr af t such uch as the Ca nadair adair RJ, Ai Airbus rbus A318 and sev se ver al busi busin ness jets f eatur eatur ing the dis plays. plays. HUDs HUDs hav ha ve be become come stan sta ndar dar d equ equi pme pment on the Boei Boeing ng 787.[ 787.[6] 6] Fur thermor thermor e, the Airbus rbus A320, A330, A34 A340 and A380 f a milies ar e curr ently unde undergo rgoiing the cer tif tif ication ati on process proc ess for a HUD.[ HUD.[7] 7] HUDs HUDs ar e als o added t o the Spa Space S huttl tt le orbite orbiter r .


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HEAD-UP DISPLAYS

2. PRINCIPLE

Head-up dis play have now become so compact and lightweight that an emerging use is for dis playing information to wor ker s on site locations such as power stations, airpor ts and events. A new br eed monocular head up dis plays (HUD) cater for this a pplication. These dis plays ar e discr eet and easy to use and ar e being used in the f ield by engineer s, secur ity and police forces. Head-up dis play utilizes a low power ed laser device to liter a lly project a laser image onto the viewer 's r etina. We ar e awar e of the harmful eff ects of the laser and may be wonder ing a bout the saf ety of aiming laser light dir ectly into the eye. To ensur e that its device is saf e, Micro vision a pplied r igorous saf ety standar ds from the Amer ican National Standar ds Institute, Washington, D.C., and the International Electro technical Commission, Geneva, der ived from year s of studying the eff ects of light on the eye. Laser light can be harmful because its beam is intense, ca pa ble of concentr ating its power in a tiny ar ea of incidence. This could b e a problem if a f i xed beam-as opposed to a scanned beam-wer e allowed to dwell on just one s pot. We ensur e that the r etina is never over whelmed by limiting the power of the laser light enter ing the eye to a bout a thousandth of a watt and using a high -r elia bility interlock circuit that turns on the laser only when the beam is scanning. Fur thermor e, because this ver y low-power light is continuously scanned onto the r etina, its energy is dis per sed over an ar ea hundr eds of thousands, of times larger than a single s pot of an incident beam. Head-Up Display, also k nown as a Heads-Up Display or simply HUD, is any ty pe of dis play that pr esents data without blocking the user 's view. In civil aviation the HUD is k nown as a Head-Up Guidance System (HGS).


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HEAD-UP DISPLAYS 2.1 TYPES

Fixed- In which the user looks through a dis play element attached to the airfr a me or vehicle chassis. Commercial aircr af t and motor vehicle HUDs ar e of this ty pe. The system determines the image to be pr esented de pending on the or ientation of the vehicle. The size and weight of the dis play system can be much gr eater than in the other ty pe which is:

Helmet-mounted, or head-mounted-In which the dis play element moves with the user 's head. This r equir es a system to pr ecisely monitor the user 's dir ection of gaze and determine the a ppropr iate image to b e pr esented. The user must wear a helmet or other headgear which is secur ely f ixed to the user 's head so that the dis play element does not move with r es pect to the user 's eye. Such systems ar e of ten monocular . One use of this ty pe of HUD is in the AH-64 Apache and in the Nor wegian F-16 Fighting Falcons.

2.2 CHARACTERISTICS

The dis play element is largely tr a ns par ent, meaning the informati on is dis played in contr a sting superposition over the user 's normal environment

The information is projected with its focus at inf i nity. Doing this means that a user does not need to r efocus his eyes (which takes sever a l tenths of a second) when changing his attention between the instrument and the outside world.


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HEAD-UP DISPLAYS The company uses microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices to scan the beams back and for th and, wher e a ppropr i ate, to mix diff er ent color s to produce white light. Because the beam swee ps over the r etina instead of dotting it, lines need not be serr a ted and images need not be gr ainy. Br ight as the pictur e will seem to the naked eye, it will consume bar ely a microwatt, potentia lly saving hugely on batter y power . And, by sending light only wher e it's needed, the system can kee p nosy neigh bor s in ad jacent airline seats from snooping on your wor k (or play). With a suff iciently incons picuous eye piece, one might even f eign attention to a s peech or lectur e while, in f a ct, watching televisi on.

2.3 RESOLUTION, COLOUR DEPTH AND BRIGHTNESS

The overr iding design f a ctor for these ty pe of Head-up dis play is their compactness which means that the r esolution of these models is not yet as high as some of the vir t ual r eality Head-up dis play. Older HUD's off er s r esolutions star ting from 320x240 (qVGA) up to 640 x 480 (VGA) and includes true color models. They ar e also availa ble in binocular conf i gur ations to give twice the dis play ar ea. Micro vision¶s Nomad has a r esolution of 800 x 600 and is r ed monochrome. Color is not impor tant for many a pplicati ons wher e content is mainly technical data and text. Micro vision¶s dis plays use r ed laser light. One of their strong points is that they ar e ver y br i ght and can easily be viewed in strong sunlight Field of view (FOV) Aver a ge human vision cover s an ar ea of a bout 200 degr ees hor izontally by 150 degr ees ver tically. FWD FOV f igur es ar e ty pically given as diagonal FOV. That is the perceived angle from one corner of the scr een to the opposite corner .


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(a)Approx. human horizontal f i l of-vi

(b) Approx. human verti al f iel -ofview

One of t e most impor t nt factors for head-up information display is that any text or technical diagrams are clear ly legible. These Head-up display are currently not designed to immerse the user with wrap-around images but instead to provide the equivalent of a 'f loating monitor' tak ing up par t of the user's f ield of view

Dep t of I

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HEAD-UP DISPLAYS

3. DESIGN FACTORS Ther e ar e sever al f actor s that engineer s must consider when designing a HUD: 

Field of vision²because the human eyes ar e se par ated, each eye r eceives a diff er ent image. To pr event pilots' eyes from having to change focus between the outside world and the dis play of the HUD, the dis play is collimated (focused at inf inity). In automobiles the dis play is gener ally focused near the distance to the bumper .



Eye box ² dis plays can only be viewed while the viewer s' eyes ar e within a thr eedimensional ar ea called the head motion box or eye box. Modern HUD eye boxes ar e usually a bout 5 by 3 by 6 inches. This allows viewer s some fr eedom of head movement. It also allows pilots the a bility to view the entir e dis play as long as one of their eyes is inside the eye box.



Luminance/contr ast ² dis plays must be ad justa ble in luminance and contr ast to account for ambient lighting, which can var y widely (e.g., from the glar e of br ight clouds to moonless night a pproaches to minimally lit f ields).



Dis play accur acy ² aircr af t HUD components must be ver y accur ately aligned with the aircr af t's thr ee axes ± a process called bore sighting ± so that dis played data conforms to r eality ty pically with an accur acy of 7.0 mill r adians. In this case the wor d "conform" means, "When an object is projected on the combiner and the actual object is visi ble, they will be aligned". This allows the dis play to show the pilot exactly wher e the ar tif icial hor izon is, as well as the aircr af t's projected path with gr eat accur acy. When Enhanced Vision is used, for example, the dis play of runway lights must be aligned with the actual runway lights when the r eal lights become visi ble. Bor e sighting is done dur ing the aircr af t's building process and can also be performed in the f ield on many aircr af t.[3]



Compati bility ²HUD components must be compati ble with other avionics, dis plays, etc.


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HEAD-UP DISPLAYS

4.

WORKING

A ty pical HUD contains thr ee pr imar y components: a combiner , projector unit , and video generation computer. The combiner is the par t of the unit located dir ectly in front of the pilot, providing the surf a ce onto which the information is projected for view. Combiner s can be concave or flat, and have a s pecial coating that r eflects the monochromatic light projected onto it from the projector unit while allowing all other wavelengths of light to pass through. On some aircr af t the combiner s ar e easily r emova ble (or can be rotated out of the way) by aircr ew.[3] The projection unit projects the image onto the combiner for the pilot to view. In early HUDs, this was done using r efr action, although modern HUDs use r eflection. Projection units use Tubes, light, or liquid cr ystal dis plays to project the image. Projection units can be either below (as with most f ighter aircr af t) or a bove (as with tr ans por t/commercial aircr af t) combiner s. The computer is usually located with the other avionics equi pment and provides the interf ace between the HUD (i.e. the projection unit) and the systems/data to be dis played. On aircr af t, these computer s ar e ty pically dual inde pendent r edundant systems. They r eceive input dir ectly from the sensor s (pitot-static, gyroscopic, navigation, etc.) a boar d the aircr af t and perform their own computations r ather than r eceiving pr eviously computed data from the flight computer s. Computer s ar e integr ated with the aircr af t's systems and allow connectivity onto sever al diff er ent data buses such as the ARINC 429, ARINC 629, and MIL-STD1553.

[3]


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HEAD-UP DISPLAYS 4.1

PROJECTION METHODS

The most common means by which curr ent HUDs ar e implemented is to project the image onto a clear glass optical element ('combiner '). Tr aditionally, the source for the projected image has been a Cathode R ay Tube (CR T), however newer image sources based on microdis play technologies ar e now being introduced. Micro-dis play technologies that have been demonstr ated include Liquid Cr ystal Dis play (LCD), Liquid Cr ystal On Silicon (LCOS), Digital Micro Mirror s (DMDs), Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) and Laser .


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HEAD-UP DISPLAYS De pending on the a pplicat ion and cost and size r equir ements, we can use single color or multi ple low-power solid-state laser s, laser diodes, or LEDs as the light source. In the cas e of a full-color electronic viewf i nder dis play on a camer a wher e low cost and power consumption ar e cr itical, I modulated r ed, gr een, and blue LEDs produce color pixels of var ied intensities to gener ate a complete palette of color s and shades. If

the

light

source

is

the

paint,

Micro

visi on¶s

propr ietar y

microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) biaxial scanner is the brush that a pplies the image to the r etina. The scanner 's main component is a minor 1.5 millimeter s in diameter that r a pidly swee ps the light beam hor izontally to position the pixels in a row, also moving the beam downwa r d, to dr aw successive rows of pixels. This process continues until an entir e f ield of rows has been placed and a full image a ppear s to the user-quite similar to the process in a r egular cathode -r ay televisi on, in which the magnetic deflection coils dir ect the electron beam to scan the phos phor-coated scr een. But while a conventional dis play can cr eate jagged edges on images because the pixels ar e f ixed onto scr een har dwar e, a scanned-beam dis play has no har d pixels: the continuously scanning beam cr eates a much smoother image.

For a pplicat ions in which the scanned-beam dis play is to be worn on the head or held closely to the eye, we need to deliver the light beam into what is basically a moving target: the human eye. Consta ntly dar ting around in its socket, the eye has a r a nge of motion that cover s some 10 to 15min. One way to hit this target is to focus the scanned beam onto an optical element called an exit pupil ex pander . When light from the ex pander is collected by a lens, and guided by a mirror and a se e-through monocle to the eye, it cover s the entir e ar ea over which the pupil may roam. For a pplications that r equir e better image quality using less power, we can dis pense with the exit pupil ex pander altogether either by using a larger scan mirror to make a larger exit pupil or by actively tr acking the pupil to steer light into it.


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HEAD-UP DISPLAYS

Di

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play using CR T

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HEAD-UP DISPLAYS

5.

ADVANTAGES

The head-up dis play is highly eff i cient with r es pect to power consumption, r equir ing f ar less power than the postage-sta mp LCD scr eens used commonly in today's mobile devices. A head-up dis play uses a bout a microwatt of power . Since head-up dis play dis plays project images dir ectly onto the r etina, they provide a sharp, clear image r egar dless of external lighting conditions. Head -up dis plays r equir e a fr a ction of the har dwar e of conventional dis play devices, allowing for lighter and mor e elegant mobile devices, in high demand for today's electronics mar ket. Head-up dis play shows strong potentia l to r e place LCD scr eens in cell phones, handheld computer s, handheld gaming systems, and eventually even larger computer s such as la ptops


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HEAD-UP DISPLAYS

6.

APPLICATIONS

Head-Up dis plays wer e pioneer ed for fighter jets and later for low-flying militar y helicopter pilots, for whom information overload was a signif icant issue, and for whom changing their view to look at the aircr af t's instruments could prove to be a f atal distr action. HGSs have been in use in commercial aviation since the 1970s, and ar e now in r egular use, nota bly with Alaska Airlines. Heads up dis plays have also been incorpor ated into automobiles, usually as a secondar y dis play for the most impor tant information from the gauges. Gener al Motor s was the f ir st to put the Heads up Dis play into car s in 1988. These early HUD units wer e made by Hughes Aircr af t Corpor ation, a GM subsidiar y. One of the f ir st vehicles to r eceive a HUD was the May 1988 Indiana polis 500's 1988 Cutlass Supreme Pacecar, as well as 50 custom conver ti ble pacecar r e plicas commissioned by GM. Since 1988 Gener al Motor s off er ed the Heads Up Dis plays as an option on the 1989-1994 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supr eme, 1989 to pr esent Pontiac Gr and Pr ix, and 1993 to pr esent Pontiac Bonneville, and mor e r ecently the Buick LeSa br e, Par k Avenue and R endezvous. Dur ing the 90's, Heads Up Dis plays wer e an option off er ed in Nissan models including the Silvia f a mily of car s.


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HEAD-UP DISPLAYS In 1999, Automotive HUD technology made a big quality lea p with the Chevrolet Corvette. The new Corvette, which uses a HUD to dis play vehicle s peed, engine RPM,

Navigation and mor e, has proven the HUD to be one of its most popular options. In 2000 Cadillac Pr emier ed an optional night vision driving system as a secondar y aid for dr iver s. It utilizes a monitor set in the dash that dis plays a gener ated night vision image of the road, using an infr ar ed camer a As of 2006 BMW now f eatur es the head-up dis play as an option on their 5 and 7 ser ies vehicles, with mor e HUDs being antici pated from other European and Ja panese OEMs.

As the doctor s oper ate the patient, the surgeons ar e viewing vital patient data, including blood pr essur e and hea r t r ate. And in such procedur es as the placement of a catheter stent, overlaid images pr e par ed from pr eviously obtained magnetic r esonance imaging or computed tomogr a phy scans assist in surgical navigation.


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HEAD-UP DISPLAYS

Sever a l militar y units, including the U.S. Army's Str yker Br igade, ar e using ada ptations of the system. The commander of a Str yker, an eight wheel light-armor ed vehicle, can view its onboar d battlef ield computer with a helmet-mounted daylight r eada ble dis play. This enhances the commander 's a bility to observe the surroundings, choose the


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HEAD-UP DISPLAYS Optimum path, command the vehicle, and use tactical information advantageously. Other militar y a pplications include a ser ies of prototy pe helmet-mounted dis plays developed with the U.S. Army and Boeing Co. of C hicago. Curr ently in the initial stages of flight-testing, the system could be a r elatively inex pensive way to provide utility - and attack -helicopter pilots with a digital dis play of the battle s pace.

Dis plays from both MicroOptical and 1Vlicrovision ar e suita ble for outdoor usage and both ar e ca pa ble of connecting to handheld PCs and PDAs. Microvision's Ex per t Technician System includes a wear a ble running Windows CE. NET and is tough enough to be used in industr ial environments. MicroOptical's dis plays ar e of ten used with wear a ble computing system. They ar e also availa ble with video inputs allowing use with DVD player s or Camcor der s.


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HEAD-UP DISPLAYS

7. y

FUTURE PROJECTS

Fighter pilots have had it for yea r s but Formula One dr i ver s have only just begun ex per i menti ng with heads-up dis plays, Motion R esearch Corpor ation is developing consumer heads-up dis play for motorcycle and bicycle helmets

y

The Spor tVue heads-up dis play for motorc ycl es and other motion s por ts is on the leading- edge of a wave of new technology for s por ts enthusiasts and has the potential to change the way motion s por ts user s acquir e and benef it from information.

y

Detroit - Gener al Motor s is wor king on a new gener ation of Head-Up dis play, with an enhanced vision system on the entir e car 's windscr een that would provide dr iver s with information on obstacles, even in bad weather conditions. Descr i bed as an enhancedvision system, the dis play uses sensor s and camer as to detect the sha pe and edge of the road and objects ahead, 'magically' projecting them onto the windscr een. Curr ent Head- Up dis play systems use only a small por tion of the windscr een.

y

DARPA is wor king on glasses that will endow the user with zoom vision, var ious forms of night sight, and act as a heads-up dis play besides. Per ha ps best of all, the proposed kit would also off er "full s pher e awar eness" ± that is, eyes in the back of your head. It is the goals of the DARPA Soldier Centr ic Imaging via Computational Camer as (SCENICC) project.


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HEAD-UP DISPLAYS

8. CONCLUSION The HUD technology incr eases the oppor tunities for information pr esentation. Information can not only be pr esented near er to the line of sight, but also in a larger focal distance. Both f actor s r educe the time for information perce ption. Availa ble HUDs still have a pr esentation ar ea too small for AR, but futur e development might ena ble large scale HUDs that ar e fully ca pa ble of pr esenting information embedded into the environment. The HUD extends the pr esentation s pace by an additional dimension. Information now can be pr esented in thr ee dimensions. Information objects can not only be r ender ed in a 3D per s pective sha pe, but also can be placed in di er ent focal de pths. The f act that the information can be s patially r elated to the object of concern introduces new oppor tunities for f ast and e cient information pr esentation but also gener ates new issues. Design pr inci ples from classic 2D dis plays ar e no longer a pplica ble in their full extend. The main r eason lies in the alter ed motion behavior of visualized objects. Compar ed to in-car dis play, a HUD has no static back ground. Instead, it image plane lies in the outside environment which makes it moving when the car moves. As a matter of f act, the fr a me of r ef er ence of objects in the HUD is di er ent. An object shown in a way that is a ppear s to be standing still on the ground at a cer tain position moves over the HUD dis play. Ma pping will take on a new leash of lif e with augmented r eality and GPS technology. User s will be a ble to see a ma p of their curr ent location dis played r i ght on top of the r eal thing. This will aid navigati on in cities and the countr yside, allowing str eet names to a ppear on ever y road and vir t ual sign-posts to lead you to your destinati on. Local information such as the near est police or tube station could be overlayed onto your view along with dir ections to the near est cash point or taxi r a nk.


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HEAD-UP DISPLAYS

9. REFERENCES List of journals: [1]

Doshi, A.;

Shinko Yuanhsien Cheng;

Trivedi, M.M.; Lab. for Intell. & Safe

Automobiles, Univ. of California, La Jolla, CA A Novel Active Heads-Up Display for

Driver Assistance Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics, IEEE Transactions, Feb. 2009, Volume 39, Issue 1, Pages 85  93. [2]

Pope, Stephen "The Future of Head-Up Display Technology" . Aviation International News, Jan. 2006.

[3]

Zhang Weiguang, Li Jianchao, Lei Xinye, "Automatic Parallax Measurement Method for Head-Up Display System" ICICTA Second International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation, 2009, Vol. 2, Pages 321 -324.

[4] [5]

Newman, R. L. (1995). Head up displays: designing the way ahead, Avebury Aviation Weintraub, D. J., Ensing, M. (1992). Human factors issues in head-up display design: the book of HUD (CSERIAC State-of -the-art Report), Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH: Crew System Ergonomics Information Analysis Center

Web sites:

[6]

En.wikipedia.org

[7]

htt p://www.autoevolution.com

[8]

htt p://www.gizmag.com


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