Anno Anno X X X V ’
NovembreNovembre-Dicem Dicembre bre 193 19 3 3
Dispensa 11**12* 11 **12*
La Bibliofilia RIVISTA DI DI STORIA DEL LIBRO LIBRO E D EL LE ARTI GRA FICHE DI BIBLIOGRAFIA ED ERUDIZIONE DIRETTA
DA
LEO S. O LSCHKI
Cardanus’ Horoscope ot Vesalius An A n E a r l y C o py
h e
copy of the Fabrica of 1543 in my library has a ho
roscope written under the portrait of Vesalius. It is in dark black ink with some of the astronomic signs and numbers in red ink. Between the horoscope and the por trait, there are six lines written in a pale, brownish ink. quite different from the writing of the horoscope both in color and in penmanship. It was natural to suspect that the horoscope was that of Vesalius; this was proved only when I found the horos horoscop copee of V esaliu s as figured and descri described bed in Carda nus, « De Sup ple ment) Almanach. De restitutione temporum. De judiciis geniturarum, etc., Norimbergae. Ioh. Petreius, 1547 ». This is a second edition, the first having a p p e a r e d i n 1 5 4 3 It is of interest that ,the Vesalius horoscope did not appear in the first edition. The accompanying reproduction is taken from No. 2230
.
of the Osier Library, through the kindness of Dr. Francis. A c a r e fu l c o m p ar iso is o n o f the th e w r it t e n h oros or os co p e in the th e F a b r i c a a n d th e one on e published in Cardanus’ book proves that they agree in all respects both as to symbols and figures excepting one. On the right side the figures following the sign of Jupiter are 7.22 in the printed and 7.27 in the written horoscope; pro bably a lapsus calami. H av in g convinc convinced ed m yse lf that that the horos horoscop copee in my copy o f V esaliu s was practically identical with the printed copy of Cardanus, it was tempting to study the two more carefully, as well as the personal relations between Vesalius and Cardanus with a hope of discovering the writer of the horoscope in the Fabrica. The following is a transcription of the interpretation printed under the horoscope in Cardanus’ published work, together with the written notes on the sides of the horoscope in Vesalius « Fabrica » arranged in parallel columns: /.a Rtblio/ilta. anno
XXX XXXV, V, dispensa n*n*-i2»
422
HARRY FRIEDENWALD
IN T E R P R E T A T I O N O F H O R O SC O PE. Printed copy.
Manuscript in Vesalius’ Fabrica.
Hie in dissectione corporum admirabilis, antiquisque merito comparandus, opu opuss prima juuenta ( i ) scripsit, scripsit, sane adeo egregium, ut negotium pene totum absoluerit, Celebris in uita, iam nunc Caesaris medicus, & post fata etiam Celebris futurus. Si genitura haec sua est, ad amussim omnia conueniunt, r
nam na m Mars in quadrato Lunae potentis in octava,
(I) Mars in quadrato Lunae potentis in octava, in propria domo,
studium & agilitatem manuum prae-
studium & agilitatem manuum (stat?)
stat. Mars aspicit solem quadrato in sua exaltatione existentem. existentem. M ercurius in trino Jo u is, & Venu s
(I I) Mercurius Mercurius in in trino trino Jou is, et et Ve
in quadrato, ingenium mirabile, & fa-
nus in quadrato, ingenium mirabile &
cundiam cundiam p ro ar tis conditi conditione, one, imo imo supra
facundiam pro artis conditione, imo
earn, decernunt.
supra earn decernunt.
est enim medicus insignis.
Est n(enim) medicus insignis
Luna in opposito Solis, memoriam
(III) Luna in opposito solis, memo
& scientiam, & multos dat hostes cla-
riam & scientiam, et multos dat hostes.
rum etiam facit: quia nocturna est
Facit etiam clarrissimos quia nocturna
genitura
est genitura.
Saturn us cum cum corde corde Sc orp ij, in sexti-
(I V ) Saturnu s ccum um cor corde de Scorpij in
li Mercurij, ingenium profundum, me
sextili Mercurij, ingenium profundum,
moriam, studium.
memoriam & studium.
Spica Virginis in corde coeli, glo-
(V) Spica Virginis in corde coeli dat
riam ex arte,
gloriam ex arte,
( i)
Correction Correction from inuenta to iuuenta iuuenta as made in the the errata on the last leaf le af of
Cardanus’ book.
CA RD AN US ’
H O R OS O S C O PE PE O F V E S A L I U S
^ f N D R E ^ f E
424
V
E S k J L I I .
HARRY FRIEDENWALD
423
424
HARRY FRIEDENWALD
quantam quisquam alius, decet etiam etiam animaduertere
maxima
Martem aspicere Solem in sua exaltatione existentem, turn Lunam in suo esse domicilio, haec gratiam apud Principes decernunt. illud solum deest, quod nullus Planeta horuscopi locum possidet, iuxta decreta nostra.
Translation of the above interpretation in Cardanus’ book: He, famous in dissecting bodies, and rightly comparable with the ancients, wrote a work in his early youth, in truth so excellent that it almost entirely explains the wh ole ol e diff di ffic icul ultt s u b je c t ; illu ill u st rio ri o u s w h ilst il st li v in g as p h y s ic ia n to Caesar, Caesa r, in ke epin g with the fates he is to to becom becomee still more famou s. I f these are the stars under which he was born, all signs agree exactly; for Mars in quadrature (i) wit w ith h the th e f u l l Moon Moo n in O ctan ct antt ( 2 ) as su re s a ss id u it y in s tu d y and an d a g il e h and an d s. Mercury in trine (3) with Jupiter, and Venus in quadrature (4) indicate won derful genius and eloquence as related to (his) art or even beyond it. He is an illustrious physician. The moon in opposition (5) to the Sun gives memory, science and many enemies, but at the same time makes one famous. Because it is a night star Saturnus with the heart of Scorpio in the scxtiles (6) of Mer cury, indicates profound ability, memory and assiduity. The spica (7) of Virgo in the midst of heaven indicates fame in his own art, as much as any other person. It behooves also to consider Mars looking at the Sun shining in all its glory, and also the Moon standing in her own house, these indicate favor wit w ith h P rinc ri nc es . T h i s o n ly is la c k in g th at no plan pl an et , ac co rd in g to our ou r d et er m i nation, holds a place in the horoscope. The Roman numbers correspond to the several notes and are inserted by the writer to make identification easy. The portions placed opposite to each other will be found to correspond exactly. The parts indented also correspond, but less accurately in form, and are not in the same order. Thus the clause
(1) Distant 90". (2) Distant 45°. (3) Distant 120". (4) Distant 90°. (s) Distant 180“. (6) Distant 6o°. (7) A star o f first magnitude magnitude situate situated d in the the Const Constellat ellation ion V irgo. irgo .
CARD ANUS*
D
s
HOROSCOPE OF VESA LIUS
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425
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15* 1 4 * d i e 3 0 D e c c m b r i s , h o r a 1 7 . m i 4 j\ p o ft m e rid ie m .
O 1 9 . 18 18 * ¥
7 . 34*
k in di( di(Te<3 ione corporu admirabilis.antiquis'cgrneritocoparandu*, o pu s prima inuenta (cripfit, (cripfit, fane fane adeo adeo «greg «gregif ifi» i»ut ut n egon um penetotu abfoluerit, Cel Celeb ebri riss in uita,iam nu ncC afiarism cd Ku s.& poll fata fata etiam etiam ce# ce# lebris futurus. Si gemturaharc fuaef^adamuf-insomnia conueniunt,nam M ar s in qua drato Lunar pocemis pocemis in octaua, ftudiu ftudiu & agilitatc agilitatc manuu P1"* P1"* * flat. flat. M ercurius ercurius in trino trino louis, & V en us in quadrato, ingemu ingemu mirabile mirabil ,o e i facundiam p.o arfis conditione, imofupraeam.decernunt.eltenirn medi* c u s i n fi fi gn gn i s. s. L u n a i n o p p o l i t o S o l i s , m e m o r i 5 & f c i c n t n , & n i u h o s d a t h e/ e/ ftes,daru eciam eciam facitrqu lano A urn a eftgenitura Saturnus cu1corde bcorprj. bcorprj. infexuli infexuli Mcrcurn,inocnm Mcrcurn,inocnm profundu.mcm ona/tudiu.Spica \ irgm isiiuo r de cp :li,glo ria ex arte, quanta quif quifcp cp alius, alius, dece decett etii aniroaducrtor aniroaducrtoree M an e afpicereSolc infua exaltat exaltatione ione exift exiftent entc. c.tu tu L u n iin iu o cile Jo m in lio , li liacc gratia apud P rincipesd ecernu t.illudfo t.illudfo lum d ccft,quod nullusl lanc lancta tali livj vj« « r u i c o p i io i o c u p o l s id id e y u x u d c c r e u n o f t r a , YY 0
H
P h o t o g r ap a p h o f H o r o s c o p e o f V e s a l i u s t a ke ke n f r o m C a r d a m i s ' book dated 1547.
426
HARRY FRIEDENWALD
« Mars aspicit » etc. in the written copy corresponds to « Martem aspicere » etc., but the past is changed into the infinitive form required in the literary account; and the word « quad rato » follow s « solem solem » in the written notes, — but not in the printed copy; the « in propria domo » of the written copy corresponds to the printed « in suo... domicilio ». It will be noted that I and V are in regular order. Comparison of these notes with the printed text, clause by clause ac cord ing to to its Roman number, number, shows strik ing si m ila rit y ; the phrases are made up of the same wrords in the same order; even the slight differences are only in gram m atical fo rm ; there are but the the few transpositions transpositions o f phrases noted noted.. Th e last word in I appears to be « stat » and not « praestat » as in the printed copy. In I II we find find « clarum clarum etiam etiam fa c it » instead instead of « fac it etiam etiam clarissimus clarissimus » in the the Fa brica copy. I t is espec ially inte resting th at the interpretation interpretation « haec gratiam apud Principes » is absent in the Fabrica horoscope, while on the other hand the word « quadrato » is present in the written copy in I but absent in the printed form. The comparison of the two horoscopes, the general agreement of terms, their forms and order make one suspect that they were the work of the same man and that the written notes were the preliminary form used in w r i t i n g the th e fin fi n a l te x t p re pa re d f o r p u b lica li ca tio ti o n . T h e su sp icio ic io n is in cr e a se d by the few differing words and especially by the absence of the final conclusion « haec gratiam » etc. The absence of the date of birth and the hour would also be explained if Cardanus himself wrote his draft into the Fabrica. Having prepared the horoscope there would have been no longer need of such note. But in the printed copy the date, hour and the name are of necessity added. The first six lines in brown ink above the written horoscope are: « Natus est Vesalius anno anno Salutis humanae humanae 15 14 Calendis Janu arij quo anno Persarum Persarum Rex Turcos in m ajori A rm enia magna strage vicit. P atria eius eius Bruxella. Is dum mense Aprili anno 64 in Cyprum profectus reditum domum parat, et fluctibus tempestateque in Zazynthum insulam applicat, ibi decumbere expetit (?) et paucos post dies in loco deserto, et in miserrimo tugureolo inter barbaros barbaros et agrestos hominos hominos omni omni humana ope ope destitutus e vita d iscessit » (1 ). W h a t re la tio ti o n , i f a n y , h a s th is w ith it h the th e ho rosc ro scop op e be ne ath at h i t ? A s po inte in ted d out ou t abo ab o ve , th is is in q u ite a d iffe if fe re n t s c ri p t a n d in v e r y d i f ferent ink, and is undoubtedly of much later date. It is written after the death of Vesalius by one who was very inaccurate in his statements. For (a) it is evident that he did not have the published horoscope before him for his bears
( 1) Tr anslatio n: Vesalius Vesalius was born born in in the the year o f human human salvat salvation ion 1 5 1 4 on the the first of January, in which year the king of the Persians vanquished the Turks in a great defeat in greater Armenia. His fatherland was Brussels. In the month of April the year 64 setting out for Cyprus he prepared to return home; by reason of the storm and tempest, he landed on the Island of Zanthe, where he wished to lie down and after a few days in a deserted place and in a miserable hut among strangers and peasant people, robbed of all human aid he departed from life.
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H O R O SC S C O PE PE
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HARRY FRIEDENWALD
the the date date of Vesalius’ birth birth as « 15 14 , C alendis Jan ua rij », or or the the first first of J a nu ary 15 14 a year too too early , (b) the the writer o f the superscri superscription ption describes describes the the ye y e a r as the th e one in w h ich ic h « the th e K i n g o f the th e P e rs ia n s d e fe at ed the th e T u r k s », but but it it is a well well kno known wn fact that it it was in 1 5 14 that the the Sultan S alim of T urk ey severely defeated defeated Shah Ismail o f P ersia and entere entered d the the Persian capital, T a briz, in triumph. These lines were evidently inserted at a later date; the closeness of the last four lines shows that the writer was pushed for space, could not continue as in the first two lines, and was forced to write much more closely. We may eliminate this part from further consideration. The suspicion is strong that the written horoscope, as suggested above, was w as the th e work wo rk o f C a rd a n u s b ef or e the publ pu blish ish ed m an u sc ript ri pt w as prep pr ep ared ar ed . I t was w as f o r th is reaso re ason n th at effo ef fort rt s w ere er e m ade ad e to obtai ob tain n au th e ntic nt ic copies cop ies o f C a r danus’ writing; in this I had the valued help of the house of Olschki of Flo rence and Rome, and through them I obtained photographic copies of the first and last pages of Cardanus’ Testament dated 18th of January 1566, which are here reproduced. reproduced. T he e ssa y « U n T estame nto inedito del Carda no » published by Enrico Rivari in the fourth volume of « Studi e Memorie per la Storia dell’Universita di Bologna# (1916) reproduces the text of two documents to wh ich ic h C ar d a n u s at te sted st ed w it h h is sig si g n at u re , with wi thou outt fa c s im ile il e , an d the th e w ri te r has been unable to obtain such. It is interesting to compare the writing on the written horoscope with that of Cardanus in his Testament. Though the latter contains but twelve words, there are three wh ich are, also, found in the horoscope: « medicus », « manu » and « pro pria » ; in a ddit ion the le tter s « pro » are fou nd in « pr ofe sso r » in the testament and in « profund um » and « pro » and I may add « supra » in the horoscope. « Cor », « Corde », « Coeli » of the horoscope may be compared wit w ith h « C ar d an u s » in the th e test te stam amen en t. T h e fo rm o f « g » in « E g o » in the th e te stament bears gre at sim ilarit y to this this letter in « ingenium » (twice) « gen itura », « ins ign is », « agili tate m » and « glor iam » in the testament. Man Manyother letters bear stro ng resem blances; there are also some some differences, — but such are also found in different parts of the horoscope notes. One general cha racter which is similar in the two documents is the marked variation in slant of both writings. The one marked difference is that the « u » in the horoscope is alw ay s covered with a crescent thus « u », but there is an absence absence o f this mark in the testament. It must be borne in mind however that, if the supposi tion is correct, then twenty years had elapsed between the dates of the two do cuments; it is quite possible for a writer to discard such signs. It is interesting to learn that Vesalius and Cardanus bore friendly re lations to each other. Cardanus was thirteen years old when Vesalius was born, and took his degree in medicine at Padua long before Vesalius had arrived there, there, but, but, in his « De V ita Prop ria » ( 1) , he makes several references to his (1)
J e r o m e
New York, 1930.
Cardan'E,
The Book of My Life, translated by Miss Jean Stoner, Dutton,
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friend, Vesalius, and notes that in 1547 (the year of the publication of the above horoscope) Vesalius recommended him (Cardanus) as Court physician to the the K in g o f Denmark. It is even even Sta State ted d that Cardanus wrote wrote a life o f Ve sa lius, but if true this has been lost. Cardanus tells us that he and Vesalius had never met in person. I
submit m y evidence evidence to your readers readers fo r their judgem ent. U ntil con con
vin v in ce d th a t the th e horo ho rosco sco pe is not the th e h a n d w r it in g o f C a rd a n u s, it is p le a s a n t to let one’s fancy play with the thought that it was his original study of Vesalius' horoscope, and that the volume of the Fabrica was one of Cardanus’ « rare books amo ng the the thing s in which he took pleasure)) (1 ), and which he commends commends highly in his horoscope! Baltimore. Ha
r r y
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r ied e n w a l d
Marcello Marcello Scalini Scalini e la calligrafia calligrafia del del X V I seco secolo lo
Amanu Am anuensi ensi e T ipo ip o g rafi ra fi.. L ’invenzione ’invenzione dei dei caratter caratterii m obili obili e le le successive applicazioni applicazioni fiche fiche diedero diedero indubbiamente un colpo durissimo
tipogra-
a ll’arte della calligrafia,
sovrana assoluta prima di allora in o gni forma di scrittura, scrittura, fattrice fattrice prege v o l e d i o p e re c a p it a l i n e ll a s t o r ia d e ll e co n o sc e n z e c u l t u r a li .
L a c a la t a p o i
in Italia dei due pionieri Pan nartz e Sw eyn eym , il rapidissi rapidissim mo
fiori fiorire re
ogn i sing sing ola citta citta di tipografie tipografie locali, la perf perfezione ezione tecnica raggiu nta
in fa-
cilmen cilmen te da quelle fiorentine fiorentine e veneziane gettarono gettarono lo scom piglio nel campo dei ca lligrafi lligrafi italiani, italiani, ai quali lunghi secoli di umanesimo umanesimo a vev an concessa concessa la palma palma per nette nettezza zza di caratteri caratteri e classicis classicism m o di forme. forme. L ’agevo le molmoltiplicarsi deg li esemplari a stampa quindi quindi e l ’accessibilita del loro loro costo allontanarono ancor piti dagli amanuensi il favore delle folle, per le quali era giunto finalmente il secolo della emancipazione culturale, prodromo interessante delle conseguenti emancipazioni sociali e politiche. II
fenomeno fenomeno fu indubbiamente di natura rivoluz iona ria, un
passo gi-
gan tesco de ll’uma nita ve rso il domani ; ma fu trasformazione, trasformazione, piti che riri v o lu z io n e , p e r g l i e v id e n t ! s u o i c a r a t te ri d i le n te z z a , d ir e i q u a s i d i p a c if i c o
(1) J e r o
me
C a r d a x e , The Book of My Life, Chapter 18.
