UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Kashmere Gate Campus, Delhi
RESEARCH PAPER, 2013-14
Balancing Heritage and Contemporary Architecture in Delhi
Kavya Gupta Roll no. - 1790701610 Fourth Year, 2013-2014
GUIDE Ar. Vijay Matange
UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Kashmere Gate, Delhi
APPROVAL Research Paper title: title: Balancing Heritage Heritage and Contemporary Architecture in Delhi The following study is here by approved as a creditable work on the approved subject, carried out and presented in a manner sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as a pre-requisite to the degree for which it has been submitted. It is to be understood that by this approval, the undersigned does not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study for the purpose of which it is submitted and which satisfies the requirements laid down by the Research Paper Committee. Date: 16th May 2014
Submitted by:
Kavya Gupta Roll no. - 1790701610 2013-2014
Guide: Ar. Vijay Matange
External Examiner
Research Paper Co-ordinators i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is a matter of great privilege and honour to express my sincere thanks and deep sense of gratitude to my guide Ar. Vijay Matange for his invaluable assistance throughout the semester that reinforced the development of all aspect of this study. I would like to thank Ar. Sumant Sharma, the academic coordinator for his continual input and critical assessment that helped in successful completion of work. No words are sufficient to express affection and regards to my parents and friends for their unflinching words of encouragement that made me tide over moments of stress and enabled me to succeed in this endeavour.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Approval .............................................................................................................................. .................................................................................. ............................................ i Table of Contents ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................................. .............. iii List of Figures ................................................. ........................................................................................................ ..................................................................... .............. v List of Tables .................................................. ......................................................................................................... ..................................................................... .............. vi Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 1 1. Introduction 1. Introduction .............................................. ................................................................................................... ..................................................................... ................ 3 1.1 Background ................................................. ..................................................................................................... ........................................................... ....... 4 1.2 Research Questions ..................................................... ............................................................................................... .......................................... 4 1.3 Hypothesis .................................................... ........................................................................................................ ........................................................... ....... 5 1.4 Methodology........................................................ .......................................................................................................... .................................................. 5 2. Significance of Heritage and Conservation ........................................................ ............................................................. ..... 6 2. 1 Heritage .................................................................................................................. 7 2.2 Conservation ........................................................ .......................................................................................................... .................................................. 8 3. Heritage 3. Heritage Policies ........................................................................................................... 9 3.1 Concept of Buffer Buffer Zone .............................................. ...................................................................................... ........................................ 11 3.2 Heritage Laws of Delhi ................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................ 15 3.2.1 Ancient Monuments Monuments and Archaeological Archaeological Sites and Remains Act 2010 .................................................... .................................................................................................... ................................................ 15 3.2.2 Delhi Ancient and Historical Monuments and and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act 2004 .................................................... .................................................................................................... ................................................ 18 4. Case Studies ...................................................... .......................................................................................................... ......................................................... ..... 20 4.1 Delhi’s Delhi’s Heritage Heritage .................................................... .................................................................................................... ................................................ 21 4.2 Shershah Gate & Khairul Manazil Manazil Mosque, Pragati Maidan ......................... 28 4.2.1 Relevance of choosing choosing ................................................. ................................................................................ ............................... 28 4.2.2 Present status ................................................. ................................................................................................. ................................................ 28 4.2.3 Historical Background................................................................................ Background................................................................................... ... 29 4.2.4 Conservation Objectives Objectives .............................................. ............................................................................. ............................... 30 4.2.5 Proposed Heritage Bye Laws................................................. ....................................................................... ...................... 30 4.2.6 Conservation Approach Approach ............................................... .............................................................................. ............................... 32 iii
4.2.7
Inferences .................................................. .................................................................................................. ................................................ 33
4.3 LIC Building, Connaught Place .................................................... .......................................................................... ...................... 36 4.3.1 Relevance of choosing choosing ................................................. ................................................................................ ............................... 36 4.3.2 Connaught Place ................................................. ......................................................................................... ........................................ 36 4.3.3 LIC........................................ LIC.............................................................................................. ............................................................................ ...................... 37 4.3.4 Inferences....................................................... ....................................................................................................... ................................................ 40 5. Conclusions 5. Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 42 6. Appendices.............................................. ................................................................................................... ................................................................... .............. 46 7. Reference 7. Reference list ...................................................... .......................................................................................................... ......................................................... ..... 52 8. Bibliography ................................................................................................................ 53
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 : Relationship between built heritage and surrounding ............................. 13 Figure 2 : Graphical Representation of AMASRA 2010; Source : Google Earth image ...................................................... .......................................................................................................... ......................................................... ..... 17 Figure 3 : Graphical Representation Representation of DAMASRA DAMASRA 2004; Source : Google Earth image ...................................................... .......................................................................................................... ......................................................... ..... 19 Figure 4 : Delhi Map highlighting core Delhi having all built heritage, and area which has been later zoomed in; Source : Author .................................... 21 Figure 5 : Map showing Nominated World Heritage Zones, World and National Heritage Monuments in area spread from Kamla Nagar to Mehrauli; Source : Author ............................................... ............................................................................................... ................................................ 23 Figure 6 : Map showing Nominated World Heritage Zones, World and National Heritage Monuments along with prohibited, regulated and buffer areas, in area spread from Kamla Nagar to Mehrauli; Source : Author ............................................... ............................................................................................... ................................................ 25 Figure 7 : Location Map of Sher Shah Gate and Khairul Manzil Mosque; Source wonobo.com .................................................. .................................................................................................. ................................................ 28 Figure 8 : Sher Shah Gate; Source : commons.wikimedia.org ................................. 29 Figure 9 : Khair – Khair – ul – ul – Manazil Manazil Mosque; Source : Author ............................................ 29 Figure 10 : Distribution of regulated zone into 4 for control co ntrol of height ..................... 30 Figure 11 : Proposed prohibited and regulated areas around Sher Shah Gate and Khairul Manzil Masjid ................................................................. 32 Figure 12 : Temporary Shed of NDMS; Source : INTACH ............................................ 32 Figure 13 : View of Cars parked from the monument; Source : www.wikipedia.com..................................................................... 32 Figure 14 : View of the building from monument; Source : INTACH ........................ 32 Figure 15 : Proposed Design for Site by INTACH; I NTACH; Source : INTACH .......................... 33 Figure 16 : Proposal for buffer area of Sher Shah gate and khairul manzil mosque for their better integration i ntegration with the urban context; Source : Author .... 35 Figure 17 : Sketch plan of present Connaught place; Source : www.rudi.net ...... 36 Figure 18 : Aerial view of Connaught place; Source: groupsolus.wordpress.com ........................................................ ........................................................... ... 37 Figure 19 : Architecture features of Connaught Place; Source : worldtourbharat.blogspot.com ................................................... .................................................................................. ............................... 37 Figure 20 : Location plan of LIC; Source: Charles Correa architect in India by Hasan-uddin-Khan, Public building- LIC Centre, Delhi. ....................... ... 37 Figure 21 : LIC Building contrasting architecture of Connaught place; Source : travel.cnn.com .............................................. ............................................................................. ............................... 38 Figure 22 : Roof top plan of LIC; Source: Charles Correa architect in India by by Hasan-uddin-Khan, Public building- LIC Centre, Delhi. ....................... ... 39 v
Figure 23 : View of LIC; Source: Charles Correa architect in India by Hasan-uddin-Khan,Public building - LIC Centre, Delhi. ....................... ... 39 Figure 24 : Font view vi ew of LIC from central park of Connaught Place; Source : Bala photo blog, unlimitedperspective.wordp unlimitedperspective.wordpress.com ress.com ......... 39 Figure 25 : Skyline of Connaught place; Source : www.touristlink.com .................. 41 Figure 26 : Plan showing LIC building falling in Regulated zone of Jantar Mantar; Source : Google Earth image i mage............................................... ..................................................................... ...................... 41 Figure 27 : Plan showing Steinabad falling falling under regulated zone zone of Lodhi tombs; Source : Google Earth image i mage............................................... ..................................................................... ...................... 45
LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Comparison between Connaught place and LIC; Source : Author …40 …40
vi
ABSTRACT
‘One cannot hope, a city to move into the future if its buildings represent only the past. And also if we neglect our built heritage, it is to our, and future generations', detriment. Without the monuments to our past, our presence has no meaning, uprooted and detached from the succession of events which whi ch carry us into the future.’ ( Nancy H. Welsh , 2011)
Heritage precincts represent the style of “their time”. They are unique to us culturally, aesthetically and historically. Every country owns a set of heritage precincts which represents their glorious past. And since architecture is irreplaceable and irreversible, every country is trying their best to conserve them for benefit of our present and future generations. Conservation offers this unique opportunity of making our past a part of our future. Every city has its own set of heritage building laws, to deliver the heritage in best possible way to our present and future generations. One of the laws that many cities have is, enforcement of a buffer zone around a heritage building, to prevent unwelcomed development around it. A buffer zone comprises of either both prohibited and regulated zone or one of them. No construction is allowed to take place in a prohibited zone which is considered to be of prime importance for protection of heritage values of the building; and minimal construction (according to a set of building guidelines) is allowed in a regulated zone which is considered to be of secondary importance for the protection of same. Existence of these buffer zones might help us by preventing encroachment in heritage buildings, but somewhere they encourage a gap between our past and present. They isolate and differentiate the heritage buildings from urban context as the difference between the historic urban fabric and other get easily noticeable and often result in making them museums scattered all over the urban fabric. Even in places where we get a chance to build around a heritage 1
building having no buffer zone around it, we end up making buildings which are sensitive towards the heritage but not true to contemporary architecture. And by doing so, we end up giving more importance i mportance to our past than present. It is said by many, that new buildings have value only when they present a challenge to the passing time. Buildings that have been given a status of heritage today are those representing a unique style which challenges the present. Therefore in order to make our present a heritage in future, it is our responsibility to be true to contemporary style. As we all know that if old represents our memories, then our present also represents our future memories. In this dissertation focus would be on city of Delhi, which is often referred as ‘living heritage.’ It has abundance of heritage buildings spread all over the city. Being one of the richest cities in the world in terms of historical significance, it is clear that Delhi can’t afford to lose l ose its buildings which represents the city’s past. Recently Ancient monuments and Archaeological Site and Remains act 2010 has been implemented for proper conservation of city’s precious world and national heritage precincts. This law states that each precinct will have a buffer zone around it, which does not permit any building to come up in proximity to them. By doing so, we are isolating them from the remaining urban fabric. Many countries do not encourage a buffer zone around heritage precincts and have succeeded in giving equal importance to heritage and contemporary architecture. With abundance of heritage, Delhi has an opportunity to let past and present survive right next to each other. And in order to make make Delhi a world class city it is important to look at how the area around the heritage precincts can work efficiently, promoting both heritage and contemporary architecture. If we do not look into this issue right now then we would only have abundance of buildings representing our past, and no traces would be seen of contemporary architecture, which will prevent the city from growing further.
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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
3
1.1
BACKGROUND
Every country has an abundance of heritage precincts which helps them to stay rooted to what they were and are now today. They are unique to us culturally, aesthetically and historically. And since architecture is irreplaceable and irreversible, every country is trying their best to conserve them for benefit of our present and future generations. A series of heritage laws have been introduced to conserve them in best possible way. In an attempt to conserve our past today one shouldn’t forget to pave way for future developments. As it is said, if old represents our memories, then our present also represents our future memories. Thus, one needs to make sure that conservation of heritage does not hinder contemporary developments. The most common law for protection of heritage precincts is enforcement of a buffer zone around it, which plays a major role in establishing a relationship between the heritage precincts and contemporary co ntemporary developments. This research aims to look at this concept of buffer zones more closely to understand its implementation better. And hopes to investigate the ways via which a balance between heritage and contemporary architecture can be attained in a developing city like Delhi which is soon going to be tagged as a world heritage city.
1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS This investigation attempts to question the current practice of conservation of heritage precincts to explore strategies which will not only help in protection of monuments but will also make sure that they do not remain isolated from their urban context – ‘An exploration of of idea of heritage and contemporary architecture standing next to each other .’ .’ Questions aiding this research are :
Why do we need a buffer zone around a heritage monument? 4
Do these buffer zones encourage isolation of valued heritage from city fabric?
In Delhi, do we have the confidence in building a visually bold structure next to our built heritage?
1.3 HYPOTHESIS An assertive approach when designing in proximity of heritage buildings can add more character to the place, respecting both heritage and contemporary architecture. This needs to be considered, as we always tend to construct a subtle structure when given an opportunity to construct in proximity of these building, due to the heritage building laws, which are based on the principle of giving more importance to future of our past, than future of present.
1.4 METHODOLOGY The procedure followed is : 1. Understanding heritage and its significance in contemporary world. 2. Significance of a buffer zone around a heritage building. 3. Heritage polices of Delhi (emphasising on policies regarding buffer zones) 4. Case studies : I.
Shershah gate & Khairul manazil mosque, Pragati Maidan
II.
LIC Building, Connaught place
5. Concluding the nature of buffer zones in Delhi and how a balance can be established between heritage and contemporary architecture.
5
Chapter 2
SIGNIFICANCE OF HERITAGE AND CONSERVATION
6
2. 1
HERITAGE
Heritage is anything that people want to inherit, due to its uniqueness. It can be a building, an object, or traditions and cultures. In architecture heritage resources are built and natural features possessing, a unique set of social, spiritual, historical, architectural, artistic, aesthetical, natural, scenic, scientific and cultural significance. In UNSECO’s 1972 charter, Heritage has been defined as, ‘Groups of buildings, separate or connected, which because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science.’ (Basic Texts of the 1972 World Heritage Convention, p.10)
Many buildings and precincts have been identified all over the world having atleast one or combination of values mentioned above. According to richness of these values, they have been classified into different classes, specifying varying importance of them. There are heritage monuments, archaeological parks and heritage cities having world, national, state and local importance. The built heritage of the city is an irreplaceable and a non-renewable resource. Apart from being a part of every day’s life they have educational and recreational potentials attached to them. They help in enhancing city’s environment, giving it identity and character. Interestingly, if we look at the places that visitors choose to see when travelling to any city in the world, one would notice that it includes the old parts and inner parts of the city in order to feel the true culture of the city. One relates heritage to true culture of city. Also these heritage precincts, act as assets for the city by promoting tourism.
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2.2
CONSERVATION
Conservation
involves
identifying
heritage
resources,
interpreting
their
signification and protecting and using them in best possible way to serve both individual and community needs. It is a tool through which one can preserve a heritage building to its original form. And at the same time, enable them to adapt to evolving culture of changing societies. Main Objectives of conservation are:
Retaining visual identity Today in this globalising world, visual spaces around us are rapidly becoming homogenised. Thus, in order to retain the unique visual identity of a place we need to maintain the original ori ginal visual appearance of architectural precincts.
Protection from unwanted encroachments Our historical precincts need to be protected from their misuse in order to protect its architectural elements and to maintain the ambience of the precinct.
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Chapter 3
HERITAGE POLICIES
9
As mentioned above, main aim of conservation is to retain outstanding universal value of heritage buildings. But due to differences in the cultural, social and economic aspects of the cities, every city has a different set of laws and regulations which it follows. In a city as well, every heritage building has its own significance and is present in a unique urban context. Thus the attention that each one of them demands also varies. Therefore the heritage policies should be such that it can take care of varying demands of heritage buildings. ‘The protection of cultural heritage is an integrated approach in which nature meets culture, the past meets the present and the monumental and movable heritage meets the intangible, the protection of cultural heritage,
as
an
expression
of
living
culture,
contributes
to
the
development of societies.’ (http://www.unesco.org/en/cultural-diversity/heritage)
Therefore when we talk about protection of a heritage building, only the building can’t be of prime importance. The area around it which leads us towards it is also equally important and needs to be protected. Thus we need a protection zone around it. Nature of this protection zone varies for different cities according to the policies that they follow. A good policy for protection zone is the one which provides flexibility in terms of its nature, usage and construction. These protection zones are termed – termed – ‘Buffer ‘Buffer zones’. They are often referred as transition zones as well. Over many years numerous international conservation guidelines by UNSECO have been drawn out in order to help cities to conserve universal values of their world historic sites and have proposed the need of having a buffer zone around the heritage to protect it from all negative influences, but it is not mandatory. Many World Heritage properties face problems that are directly or indirectly linked to the situation of their buffer zone. On one hand, new constructions co nstructions within 10
a buffer zone may have an impact on the World Heritage precinct and could threaten its Outstanding Universal Value and on the other hand, non-legalisation and poor management a buffer zone can impact the conservation and protection of heritage precinct. Therefore it is important to look at what these buffer zones are all about.
3.1 CONCEPT OF BUFFER ZONE In everyday life the word ‘buffer zone’ is referred as a zone which separates two incompatible objects, and provides protection to them from one another. In heritage field, buffer zones have a deeper meaning, even though the basic concept remains the same, of separating the heritage building from the city fabric and hence protecting it from negative influences of ci ty. The main document in field of conservation of heritage which deals with implementation and issues issue s of buffer zones is “Operational Guidelines for the implementation of World heritage Convention” from UNSECO. Concept of buffer zones was first introduced in 1977, and was initially implemented around a natural heritage site in order to protect it from human use. Soon after, in year 2000, buffer zones of minimum 200-400 metres started getting established around many cultural heritage sites. In the latest 2005 Operation guideline, buffer zone has been defined as follo ws: ‘For the purposes of effective protection of the nominated property, a buffer zone is an area surrounding the nominated property which has complementary legal and/or customary restrictions placed on its use and development to give an added layer of protection to the property. This should include the immediate setting of the nominated property, important views and other areas or attributes that are functionally important as a support to the property and its protection. The area constituting the buffer zone should be determined in each case through appropriate mechanisms. Details on the size, characteristics and authorized uses of a buffer zone, as well as a map indicating the precise 11
boundaries of the property and its buffer zone should be provided in the nomination.’ (World Heritage papers 25 - World Heritage and Buffer Zones - International Expert Meeting on World Heritage and Buffer Zones Davos, 2008, p. 26)
From the above definition it is clear that a buffer zone implementation has certain benefits associated with it. Some of them can be listed as follows :
They act as an added layer of protection, supporting outstanding universal values of heritage building.
These zones mostly landscaped, help in adding value and beauty to heritage by integrating it with nature. This also helps in strengthening the existence and distinctive character of heritage building.
They provide protection from negative influences of city like encroachment by people, pollution etc.
Since regulations and laws are set up for any construction in these zones, it helps in achieving visual integrity.
It provides an opportunity to link heritage with the urban context in all aspects (culturally, visually, economically etc.)
Apart from these benefits that one can get, there are a set of disadvantages linked to the buffer zone; some of them are listed below:
Buffer zones create a physical divide between the heritage and the urban context in which it has grown since hundreds of years. This division helps in making a clear distinction between the two objects and hence its separation often results in conversion of these heritage buildings into museums. Therefore promoting differences in past and present, rather than making past a part of present.
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This isolation can change the perspective of people about their heritage. They might tend to think that they are only a symbol of our past and have no function of its own.
Buffer zones focus more on the maintenance of the heritage building than its context, which deprive the context from evolving its own unique style, as many restrictions are enforced to maintain and enhance value of heritage.
These zones give rise to setting (setting is a zone of secondary importance around a heritage which is much larger than buffer zones and help in supporting buffer zones, the area of prime importance) therefore it is clear that a large part of area around the heritage is not flexible to change.
Buffer zones can be effective if their size, characteristics, use is properly analysed for every heritage site before its implementation. And for doing so we need to be clear of, what kind of relationship city wants to establish between the heritage and its surrounding urban fabric. Broadly these zones can help in establishing three kinds of relationships – relationships –
Figure 1: Relationship between built heritage and surrounding urban fabric via different kinds of buffers ; Source : Author
Clear Separation : Buffer zone is introduced to keep the two at a distance from each other, having a common green space in between them which they share. This type of separation intends to acknowledge both heritage and context as two separate
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identities, and gives far more importance in maintaining the identity of heritage than development of context. Gradual Change : Buffer zone acts as a flexible area which takes care of needs of both, the heritage and context. It results in formation of types of buildings which are an amalgamation of heritage building style and contemporary style. It acts as a perfect transition zone between the past and present, but results in development of buildings having similar appearance. No barrier or Separation : Buffer zone in this case does segregate the heritage and context by a minimal distance. Structures are encouraged to exist in close proximity to each other, and thus making both share a common context. This approach leaves a little buffer zone for conservation and helps in acting as an appropriate protective barrier.
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3.2 HERITAGE LAWS OF DELHI The agencies concerned with the protection of Delhi’s Built Heritage are Heritage Conservation Committee (HCC) under Ministry of Urban Development, Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), State Archaeological Department, Govt. of NCT of Delhi, Delhi Development Authority (DDA), MCD (EDMC, SDMC, NDMC), Cantonment Board, Delhi, INTACH, Aga Khan Trust. Tr ust. ASI protects monuments having national significance following the Ancient Monuments
and
Archaeological
Sites
and
Remains
(Amendment
and
Validation) Act, 2010, and the GNCTD protects monuments of State level significance
following
Delhi
Ancient
and
Historical
Monuments
and
Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 2005. The MCD and NDMC protect monuments of local level significance following the Building Byelaws defined under the Delhi Development Act, 1957.
3.2.1 Ancient Monuments Monuments and and Archaeological Archaeological Sites and Remains Remains Act Act 2010 2010 In Delhi, there are 175 heritage monuments mo numents of world and /or national importance which are protected under this law. The law states implementation of a buffer zone having two layers of protecting zones, viz. prohibited zone and regulated zone. In the gazette of India, the law has been stated as follows : ‘ 20 A Every area beginning at the limit of the protected area or the protected monument, as the case may be, and extending to a distance of one hundred metres in all directions shall be the prohibited area in respect of such protected area or protected monument. Provided that the central Government may, on the Recommendation of the authority, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify an area more than one hundred metres to be prohibited area having regard to the classification of any protected monument or protected area, as the case may be,
15
under section 4A.No person other than an archaeological officer, shall carry out and construction in any prohibited zone. 20 B Every area beginning at the limit of prohibited area in respect of every the protected ancient monument and archaeological site and remains, declared as of national importance under section 3 and 4and extending to a distance of two hundred metres in all directions shall be the regulated
area
in
respect
of
every
ancient
monument
and
archaeological site and remains. Provided that the central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify an area more than two hundred metres to be the regulated area having regard to the classification of any protected monument or protected area, as the case may be, under section 4A. 20 C (1) Any person, who owns and building or structure, which existed in a prohibited area before the 16th day of June 1992, or, which had been subsequently constructed with the approval of the Director-General and desires to carry out any repair and renovation of such building or structure may make an application to the competent authority for carrying out such repair or renovation, as the case maybe. maybe. (2) Any person who owns or possess any building or structure or land in any regulated area, and desires to carry out any construction or reconstruction or repair or renovation of such building or structure on such land, as the case maybe, may make an application to the competent authority for carrying out construction or re- construction or repair or renovation, as the case maybe.’ maybe.’ (The Gazette of India, Extra Ordinary, part II, Section I, 2010, p.2)
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Heritage Bye laws for each of the protected monument and areas are drawn individually by a heritage body notified by central government. These laws include matter related to heritage control of the area, such as
Height
Facades – Facades – Material Material and Architectural Elements
Drainage systems
Roads and service infrastructure (including electric poles, water and sewer pipelines etc.)
Boundary around the protected monument
The Ancient monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains act 2010, diagrammatically can be represented as,
Figure 2 : Graphical Representation of AMASRA 2010; Source : Google Earth image
The prohibited zone, where no new construction is allowed, acts as a barrier between the heritage building and context via a green space in case of presence of open land around the heritage building. And regulated zone ensures construction of similar kinds of buildings (similar height, elevation etc.) leading to formation of a homogenous space. 17
3.2.2
DELHI ANCIENT AND HISTORICAL MONUMENTS AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL
SITES AND REMAINS ACT 2004 This Act provides preservation of Ancient and Historical Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains other than those declared to be of national importance in Delhi. The law states implementation of a buffer buffer zone having two layers of protecting zones, viz. prohibited pr ohibited zone and regulated zone. In the gazette of India, the law has been stated as follows : 17 An area up to fifty meters from the protected protected limits of monument shall be declared as prohibited area for any construction and mining activities near or adjoining protected monuments and further beyond it up to one hundred meters as regulated area i n which construction and mining activities can be undertaken only after getting permission of the Government and further subject to any rules made under this Act 18 If the Government is of opinion that for the purpose of preserving the reasonable amenities of any any protected monument, it is necessary necessary so to do, the Government may, subject to the provisions of this section, by notification in the official Gazette, in respect r espect of any area comprising or adjacent to the site of such monument, specified in such notification (hereinafter referred to as “the controlled area”) a) Prohibit or restrict the construction, erection or execution of building, structure and other work within the controlled area, or the alteration or extension of any such building, structure, or work in such manner as to materially affect their external appearance; b) Prescribe the position, height, site, materials, colour and screening and otherwise regulate the external appearance of buildings, structures and other work within the controlled area; c) require any local authority – authority – 18
i.
To construct any approach road to any protected monument; or
ii.
To demolish any public convenience vesting in it, that is to say, a latrine, urinal, dustbin, rubbish dump and the like, located lo cated close to or in the vicinity of any protected monument;
d) Otherwise restrict the use of the land within the controlled area; e) Otherwise restrict the use of the land within the controlled area to such extent as is necessary for the purpose of preserving the reasonable amenities of the protected monument; and f) Provide for such matters as appear to the Government to be incidental to or consequential on the foregoing provisions of this section, or to be necessary for for giving effect to those those provisions.’ (Department of Law, Justice and Legislative Affairs Notification, Delhi Act 9 of 2005, 2005, p. 6)
The Delhi Ancient and Historical monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains act 2004, diagrammatically can be represented as,
Figure 3 : Graphical Representation of DAMASRA 2004; Source : Google Earth image
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Chapter 4
CASE STUDIES
20
4.1 DELHI’S HERITAGE Delhi has evolved over a long period of time and today is one of the few cities having a rich diversity of culture and traditions. Delhi has been a capital of 16 cities6 and as a result has large number of significant heritage resources, dating from the 11th century onwards scattered
in
area
between
Mehrauli and Kamla Nagar. Today these historic remains not only form, an
integral
component
of
the
contemporary city, but also are of immense historical, archaeological, architectural, functional, economic, recreational and educational value to the citizens. Figure 4 : Delhi Map highlighting core Delhi having all built heritage, and area which has been later zoomed in; Source : Author
Statistics of built and natural heritage of Delhi are as follows :
Heritage monuments - 1208
World heritage monuments
- 3
Heritage monuments having national importance
Heritage monuments monuments having having state and local importance importance - 1038
Heritage Zones - 15
Walled City of Delhi, Shahjahanabad Shahjahanabad
Central Vista
Nizamuddin and Humayun’s Tomb Complex
Qutab Complex World Heritage Site and Mehrauli area
Vijay Mandal – Mandal – Begumpur – Begumpur – Sarai Sarai Shahji – Shahji – Lal Lal Gumbad
Chirag Delhi
Delhi University and Northern Ridge 21
- 168
Lutyen’s Delhi including: Connaught Place, Gole Market Area Barracks, Lutyens
Bungalow Zone and Safdarjang’s Tomb, Lodhi Garden and Delhi Golf Club
Firozabad – Firozabad – Firoz Firoz Shah Kotla
Purana Quila, Delhi Zoo and Sundar Nursery Nur sery
Hauz Khas – Khas – Deer Deer Park
Tughlaquabad – Tughlaquabad – Adilabad – Adilabad – Nai Nai ka Kot
Delhi Cantonment Area
Archaeological parks – parks – 3 3
Mehrauli
Tughlaquabad
Sultan Garhi
On the next page is Delhi map showing Nominated World Heritage Zones and; World and National Heritage monuments under protection of ASI (Refer to appendix A for names and locations) l ocations)
22
Figure 5 : Map showing Nominated World Heritage Zones, World and National Heritage Monuments in area spread spread from Kamla Nagar Nagar to Mehrauli; Source : Author 23
In order to conserve such large heritage typologies spread all over Delhi as visible in above plan, many agencies are very energetically working for their conservation. Various acts like Ancient Monuments and archaeological Sites and remains Act 2010, Delhi Ancient and Heritage Monuments and archaeological Sites and remains Act 2004, Delhi Development Act, Development in Special zones etc. have been implemented for conservation of these valuable heritage precincts. Also Delhi has been nominated for world heritage city for which four area have been nominated viz. Mehrauli, Nizamuddin, Shahjahanabad and Lutyens Delhi. In Delhi, for protection of all heritage precincts holding world and national importance, implementation of buffer zones has been made compulsory. The Following map shows the 170 national heritage precincts and 4 nominated zones along with their buffer zones.
Area Calculation:
Delhi ……………………………………………………. 148300 Hectare
Nominated Zones :
Protected Area …………………………………. 3335 Hectare
Mehrauli
- 330.55 Hectare
Nizamuddin
- 363.72 Hectare
Shahjahanabad Shahjahanabad - 673.27 Hectare
Lutyens Delhi
Buffer zone …………………………………
- 1967.45 Hectare 2006 .23 Hectare
National Heritage Precincts :
Protected Area Area ………………………………. 159.33 Hectare
Prohibited Zone …………………………….... …………………………….... 830.78 Hectare
Regulated Zone ……………………………... ……………………………... 2454.34 Hectare
24
Figure 6 : Map showing Nominated World Heritage Zones, World and National Heritage Monuments along with prohibited, regulated and buffer areas, in area spread from Kamla Nagar Nagar to Mehrauli; Source : Author Author 25
Heritage bye laws for prohibited zones of all 170 national protected monuments under ASI, would be drawn individually for each monument by INTACH. Building Bye-laws for the nominated zones, buffer zone, and regulated zone would follow laws proposed in Handbook of Conservation of heritage Buildings, CPWD, which are as follows :
‘Restrictions on development / re-development re -development / repairs etc. No development or redevelopment or engineering operation or additions / alterations, repairs, renovations including painting of the building, replacement of special features or plastering or demolition of any part thereof of the said listed buildings or listed precincts or listed natural feature areas shall be allowed except with the prior permission of Commissioner, Municipal Corporation /Vice Chairman, Development Authority.
Alteration / modification / relaxation in development norms On the advice of the said Heritage Conservation Committee to be appointed by the Government and for reasons to be recorded in writing, the Commissioner, Municipal Corporation / Vice Chairman, Development Authority shall follow the procedure as per Development Authority Au thority Act, to alter, modify or relax the Development Control Norms prescribed in the Master Plan, if required, for the conservation or preservation or retention retention of historic or aesthetic or cultural or architectural or environmental quality of any heritage site.
Incentive uses for heritage buildings In cases of buildings located in non-commercial use zones included in the Heritage Conservation List, if the owner / owners agree to maintain the listed heritage building as it is in the existing state and to preserve its heritage state with due repairs and the owner / owners / lessees give a written undertaking to that effect, the owner / owners / lessees may be allowed with the approval of the Heritage Conservation Committee within permissible use zone to convert part or whole thereof of the noncommercial area within such a heritage building to commercial/office
26
use/hotel. Provided that if the heritage building is not maintained suitably or if the heritage value of the building is spoiled in any manner, the commercial / office / hotel use shall be disallowed.
Maintaining skyline and and architectural harmony After the guidelines are framed, buildings within heritage precincts or in the vicinity of heritage sites shall maintain the skyline in the precinct and follow the architectural style (without any high-rise or multi-storeyed development) as may be existing in the surrounding area, so as not to diminish or destroy the value and beauty of or the view from the said heritage sites. The development within the precinct or in the vicinity of heritage sites shall be in accordance with the guidelines framed by the Commissioner, Municipal Corporation / Vice- Chairman, Development Authority on the advice of the Heritage Conservation Committee or separate regulations / guidelines, if any, prescribed for respective zones by Municipal Corporation / Development Authority.
Approval to preserve the beauty of the area The Heritage Conservation Committee shall have the power to direct, especially in areas designated by them, that the exterior design and height of buildings should have their approval to preserve the beauty of the area.
Signs and outdoor display structures / including street furniture on heritage sites Commissioner, Municipal Corporation/ Vice- Chairman, Development Authority on the advice of the Heritage Conservation Committee shall frame regulations or guidelines to regulate signs, outdoor display structures and street street furniture on heritage sites.’ (Chapter 7 : Model Building Bye-laws,, p. 17-20)
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4.2
SHERSHAH GATE & KHAIRUL MANAZIL MOSQUE, PRAGATI MAIDAN
4.2.1 Relevance of choosing Shershah gate and Khairul manazil mosque are first two heritage monuments of national importance for which INTACH has released heritage bye laws. By studying these laws, one would attempt to look at its influence on the nature of buffer zones and development around these monuments.
4.2.2 Present status The monuments – Sher Shah Gate and Khairul Manazil mosque are located in Pragati Maidan and have Purana Qila and Delhi zoo in close proximity to them. It attracts some visitors who come to visit Purana Qila and the mosque which is still used to offer namaaz to Allah attracts few more visitors. But at the same time due to traffic intersection on one side of the monument and heavy traffic on the road in front leads to many visitors in skipping these monuments. One of the
Figure 7 : Location Map of Sher Shah Gate and Khairul Manzil Mosque; Source : wonobo.com
heritage walks conducted by INTACH covers these monumnets as well. Sher Shah Gate and Khairul Manzil mosque along with Purana Qila forms a precinct of historical monuments of the period of Sher Shah Suri. Both these monuments have been recognised as A-Grade Monuments (that is, are of national importance) by ASI and are protected under AMARS Act 2010.
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4.2.3 Historical Background Sher Shah Gate : Gateway is believed to mark southern edge of Sher Shah’s city of Shergarh which was constructed around 1545 AD. Remains of fortified wall of Shergarh are still seen attached to the gate. Also on either sides of the road leading south from the gate, there are remains of arcades that are assumed to have been rows of shops. Gateway along with the old fort formed an important cultural landscape of Sher Shah Suri era. The gate is often referred as Lal Darwaza due to the red sandstone which has been used as decorative accent to the grey quartzite from which the structure has been constructed. One can also see ornamental stone inlay and tile work done on the gate for decoration. One could see the huge gateway reminding of existence of Shergarh city while passing across Mathura road, until Aug 2012, when the gateway was found to be unstable. Today, unfortunately, the Sher Shah Gate is found to be partially filled with bricks, making it unpleasant to look at.
Figure 9 : Khair – Khair – ul – ul – Manazil Manazil Mosque; Source : Author Author
Figure 8 : Sher Shah Gate; Source : commons.wikimedia.org commons.wikimedia.org
Khair-ul-Manazil mosque: It is the Mughal-period madrasa and a mosque, built by Akbar’s wet nurse, Maham Anga in 1561-1562 AD. The mosque is still used to offer namaaz. ASI tried to ban it i t in 1992 stating that it is causing damage to the monument but didn’t succeed in doing so. The namazis also act as part-time attendants and one can 29
see them in good numbers in mornings and evenings. Also there is a hauz inside the monument which is not functional fu nctional anymore.
4.2.4 Conservation Objectives Main objectives are as follows:
Maintaining architectural, historical and archaeological value of monument.
Safeguarding them from negative influences of development pressures, urbanization, population pressures.
Visibility from the monument or area and visibility from regulated area.
Land use of surrounding area need to be such that it enhances the experience of the monument.
Due to presence of a number of isolated monuments along Sher Shah Suri Marg, there is a possibility to find archaeological remains in future; therefore any future construction should not prevent digging of regulated area.
Integrating it to surrounding monuments.
Maintaining the skyline visible from the monument and regulated area.
Maintain homogeneity in buildings in regulated zone.
Spreading awareness and increasing participation of citizens in conservation of the monuments.
4.2.5 Proposed Heritage Bye Laws Details of heritage bye laws as proposed by INTACH are as follows:
‘The
maximum
permissible
heights
for
buildings in the Regulated Zone are:
RZ-1 -
7.5 meters
RZ-2 - 30.0 meters
RZ-3 -
RZ-4 - as per prevailing Building Byelaws
Figure 10 : Distribution of regulated zone into 4 for control of height
3.5 meters
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The regulation of height as above should restrict the FAR as per the Building Bye-laws and Master Plan for Delhi 2021.
The open spaces shall be appropriately landscaped to integrate the visual image and experience of the influence zone of the monument.
Uniform signage as approved by ASI to be provided in the influence zone of the monument.
No construction of any type or nature shall be allowed in prohibited area of 100 metres from the protected monument in contravention to the AMASR Act and Rules and any temporary or permanent structure already constructed shall be removed forthwith.
No encroachment on public land of whatsoever nature shall be allowed.
No unauthorized or illegal activity of whatsoever nature shall be allowed in the prohibited or regulated area.
No dustbin (Dhalao), hoarding or vending - even authorized shall be allowed within 100 meters of the protected area especially on Shershah Suri Marg and Mathura Road.
The roofs are to be designed in such a manner that water tanks, pipes, cables and other structures are not unaesthetically exposed.
The colour and building material on the exterior of the building within Regulated Area should be in harmony with existing developments.
The premises shall be used for prescribed purposes only and no negative trade or usages like godown, warehouse etc., shall be allowed which may affect adversely the ambience around the site.
The development within the High Court Complex is currently very chaotic
and
disturbs
the
ambience
of
the
monument.
The
development of this complex should be rationalized to remove temporary
structure,
vehicle
parking
etc.
and
appropriately
landscaped to positively contribute to the ambience of the monument. The existing Mosque within the High Court campus should be conserved and the area around it appropriately landscaped after removing the parking of vehicles in its vicinity. vicinity. 31
All new construction in the Regulated Zone and any proposed reconstruction should be as per the provisions of MCD Act and MPD 2021 and the Heritage Bye-laws.’ Bye-laws.’ (2012, p. 20-22)
4.2.6 Conservation Approach Under AMARS Act 2010, Sher Shah Gate and
Khairul
Manzil
mosque
have
a
designated prohibited zone of 100m and a regulated zone of 200 m around it. Heritage bye laws for these zones have been proposed after a thorough survey of protected monuments, existing buildings (and
their
functions)
and
activities
Figure 11 : Proposed prohibited and regulated areas around Sher Shah Gate and Khairul Manzil Masjid
present in surrounding regulated areas. Focus has been given to sites visible from the protected monument which interferes with the ambience of the monument.
Figure 12 : View of Cars parked from the monument; Source : www.wikipedia.com www.wikipedia.com
Figure 13 : View of the building from monument; Source : INTACH
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Figure 14 : Temporary Shed of NDMS; Source : INTACH
Due to presence of protected open areas of Purana Qila and zoo on eastern and south eastern sides of the monuments, and Purana Qila also representing the Sher Shah Suri’s era an attempt has been made to integrate them via proper landscape of open spaces.
Figure 15 : Proposed Design for Site by INTACH; Source : INTACH
In order to maintain uniform skyline in the area and to ensure visibility of desired elements from the protected area of monuments, heights have been decided for any future construction that might be allowed to take place in regulated area.
4.2.7
Inferences
Sher shah suri gate and Khairul manzil mosque being smaller monuments go unnoticed as they lie on a high traffic road and are in close proximity to old fort, a larger monument providing better recreational opportunities. For encouraging usage of sher shah gate and khairul manzil mosque, there is an instant need to first increase awareness about these smaller monuments among public. The heritage walks initiated by INTACH is one step which has led to increased 33
awareness of these monuments among citizens and has improved number of visitors to the place. But this does not ensure regular visit of citizens and for that we need to introduce a public function within the boundary of these monuments which shall increase its usability and ensure protection of them. Secondly the laws proposed are way too rigid. They will encourage homogenous buildings to come up in the regulated areas. We all know that an area evolves over time, and people connect to it by using and changing it according to changing society and requirements, but implementation of these laws do not leave any room for change. In a way the rigidity of laws are proposing freezing of the surroundings along with the monuments. These laws need to be relaxed a bit to provide flexibility for changes and developments that will not only help in protection of the monuments but will also play a role in improving the quality of life. The laws also talk about the visual elements that one gets to see from the monument and has accordingly restricted the heights so that they do not deteriorate the ambience of the monument, but they do not talk about the view that one gets of these monuments while standing on the road. One sees them through high metal fences, used to demarcate the physical boundary of protected zone of monument. This view through the metal fences not only highlights the fact that the building is old, but also strengthens the gap between our past and present by propagating the idea of them being the live museums or objects in space. The heritage laws are encouraging buffer zones of the type which highlights two separate entities viz. the monument and its urban context having a common green in between. An attempt to integrate the monument with its context via landscaping the common green area in between is not sufficient in a city like Delhi, where people don’t even know about the abundance of heritage that the city has. People will hardly bother about these small landscaped areas due to availability of much larger and well landscaped greens in the city until and
34
unless these smaller greens or/ and monuments offers the people which a function that will improve their quality of life. One of the solution for Sher Shah gate and Khairul Manzil mosque for better integration with the surroundings, which will not only ensure its protection but will also increase its usability is as given below :
Figure 16 : Proposal for buffer area of Sher Shah gate and khairul manzil mosque for their better integration with the urban context; Source : Author
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4.3
LIC BUILDING, CONNAUGHT PLACE
4.3.1 Relevance of choosing LIC building is perhaps the most noticeable building marking a stark contrast to its heritage context of Connaught place. Through this study one would attempt to analyse as to how an assertive approach of designing in a heritage precinct can add character to it.
4.3.2 Connaught Place 4.3.2.1 Construction
The Master Plan for lutyens zone was prepared in 1912-13 by British architects Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker in which Connaught place was proposed as partially commercial and partially residential area.
After the completion of lutyens zone in 1944, construction of high rise building in it were banned.
In 1970’s 1970’s permission was given to construct high rise in the heritage zone of lutyens Delhi. This relaxation allowed many high rise buildings to come up in and
around
Connaught
place,
which
changed the skyline of Connaught place completely.
In 1988, lutyen’s zone was w as declared a heritage zone, prohibiting building activities within it. It meant that incase any building or a future development is permitted within this area, it would have to match with original parameters of design, materials, landscaping and building techniques. And now this zone has been nominated for world heritage site.
36
Figure 17 : Sketch plan of present Connaught place; Source : www.rudi.net
4.3.2.2
Architectural Vocabulary :
Connaught Place is designed in the shape of a horse shoe. Have 3 circles – outer, middle and inner.
Consist of two storeyed building, with a double height colonnaded passage at the ground level.
Architecture followed in the whole circle is monotonous, thus one finds it difficult to orient themselves.
Figure 19 : Architecture features of Connaught Place; Source : worldtourbharat.blogspot.com
Figure 18 : Aerial view of Connaught place; Source : groupsolus.wordpress.com
4.3.3 LIC 4.3.3.1 Location LIC building is located in outer circle of Connaught place to right of the central axis connecting shahajanbad to parliament house, built in year 1986 and designed by architect Charles Correa. Figure 20 : Location plan of LIC; Source: Charles Correa architect in India by Hasan-uddin-Khan, Public building- LIC Centre, Delhi.
37
4.3.3.2
Relevance of Building
LIC building is often referred as ‘New Delhi’s new monument’. monument’ . Due to its location, it acts as a transition between the low rise Connaught Place and high rise towers. Due to its contrasting architectural vocabulary from rest of the Connaught’s place, it has always been in a debate, some appreciates while others criticises. In few newspaper articles, writers mention different views of people about the LIC. Some of them are as follows: “It’s a really cool building and is pretty modern. It makes for a good view in Connaught Place.” (New Delhi’s new monument, monument, Hindustan Times, 2010)
“The LIC building is a great piece of architecture. Amid the old buildings of Connaught Place (CP), it juts out like a paean to the need of modern times and gives a hint of the new-century skyline that may follow in the years ahead. Have you noticed that it is just across the road from the very colonial-looking Regal cinema building? The contrast could not be starker and yet it is so aesthetically aesthetically pleasing.” (New Delhi’s new monument, monument, Hindustan Times, 2010)
Figure 21 : LIC Building contrasting architecture of Connaught place; Source : travel.cnn.com
38
"The building has got great location as well as aesthetics ," (LIC tower to host unique dance, Times of India, 2010)
“It’s ugly. It doesn’t gel with the surroundings. The high-rise high -rise has no relevance to CP’s architecture where buildings were never supposed to be multi- storied”. storied”. (New Delhi’s new monument, monument, Hindustan Times, 2010)
4.3.3.3
Design Principles and Architectural Vocabulary
Building has been aliened to the axis linking shahjahanbad and parliament house.
Figure 22 : Roof top top plan of LIC; LIC; Source: Charles Correa architect in India by Hasan-uddin-Khan, Public building- LIC Centre, Delhi.
Figure 23 : View of LIC; Source: Charles Correa architect in India by Hasan-uddin-Khan, Public building - LIC Centre, Delhi.
Figure 24 : Font view of LIC from central park of Connaught Place; Source : Bala photo blog, unlimitedperspective.wordpress.com
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It comprises of two building blocks which are connected through a 98 metre long steel frame, designed to act as a gateway for pedestrians.
It has a glass Façade facing the Connaught place to reflect its buildings and trees. While rest of the building is cladded with red sand stone, to link it with Delhi’s heritage which has immense use of red sandstone.
Building due to its height, massive space frame, large flight of steps in front, contrasting red colour and curtain glass wall gives monumental scale to the building.
4.3.4
Inferences Connaught Place
LIC
Year of Completion
1933
1986
Height
G +1
G + 12
Colour
White
Red
Building Materials
Brick, Lime, Paint, Glass
Architectural Vocabulary
Red sandstone, Glass and steel
Colonnades, Circular
Space frame, one large
columns, Circular arches,
triangular column, stone
Glass windows
cladding
Table 1 : Comparison between Connaught place and LIC; Source : Author
From above table it is clear that LIC building stands out in Connaught place due to its contrasting nature with its heritage context. And at the same time it is interesting to note that LIC building design has been inspired from various traditional elements of Delhi like the gateway, axis connecting Shahjahanabad to Parliament house and traditional materials like sandstone etc. The design also displays sensitivity to its context via an attempt to reflect the buildings and landscape of Connaught place through its glass facade and emphasising on the fact that past will always be an integral part of present. 40
One cannot deny the fact that LIC acts as the landmark for Connaught Place and gives its users a sense of direction due to its easy visibility from every point in the circle and its different built edges viz. glass façade on one side and a triangular column on other. Even though its construction led to major alteration in the skyline of Connaught place and broke the monotonous architectural vocabulary of 2 storeys white built it has succeeded in adding more character to the place. LIC building is perhaps an only example of assertive construction in close proximity to heritage in Delhi, giving respect to the heritage of its context and at the same time marking its presence through its contrasting modern architectural vocabulary.
Figure 25 : Skyline of Connaught place; Source : www.touristlink.com www.touristlink.com
Looking at larger context of LIC building one can notice that LIC building falls in regulated zone of a national heritage monument - Jantar mantar. But in reality it is difficult to figure it out since there is no connection between the two as one cannot establish any visual connection between them and architectural vocabulary of LIC has no adverse effect on heritage value of jantar mantar, instead instead it’s a pleasant site, to sight buildings of different era while moving along the Sansad Marg road.
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Figure 26 : Plan showing LIC building falling in Regulated zone of Jantar Mantar; Source : Google Earth i mage
Chapter 5
CONCLUSIONS
42
Buffer zones are an important management tool to protect heritage monuments and sites all over the world. In Delhi, we follow a system of buffer zones having two levels, viz. prohibited zone and regulated zone. In past years, many monuments have been harmed by invasion of people into the monuments, which has resulted into more striker rules regarding the buffer zones. The radii of both prohibited and regulated zones have been doubled to ensure
greater
protection
of
the
monuments
from
further
human
encroachments. Further, according to the grade of the monuments and sites the radii of buffer zones have been fixed. What the system fails to look at is the varying sizes of the monuments falling under the same grade. Be it a bigger monument or smaller one both have 100 m radii prohibited zone and 200 m radii regulated zone for monuments having national importance. In Delhi out of 174 national heritage monuments under ASI, many monuments are of a size of approximately 5 by 5 metres. And they actually do not require such large buffer zones around them for their proper protection. What is required is striker implementation of the laws rather than blindly increasing the size of buffer. The buffer zones set limits to protect views, settings, land use and other aspects, keeping in mind the monument. The heritage bye laws for these areas aims at achieving homogeneity around them and promotes monuments to stand apart as strangers in their own green buffer, bounded within a fixed boundary wall separated from the city. It is strengthening the gap between our past and present by highlighting the monument and context as two different entities. Monuments are being looked upon as live museums. It is clear that Delhi follows a very monument centric approach for conservation of its built heritage and heritage laws are way too rigid. What one is failing to realise is that historicity not only lies in these monuments alone but in the whole city. In order to stay connected to the past and yet progress it is important to work towards conservation and improvement of whole city.In order to achieve it we need to rethink our heritage laws to make them more flexible so that they take into consideration not only built heritage but the whole city to improve the
43
quality of life and live up to the true cultural trait of Delhi of having ‘Diversity’ in every field be it architectural buildings, religion or cultural values. The monument centric approach also encourages people to believe that heritage is of prime importance and not the contemporary development of the city, thus many people finds it i t difficult to give respect to heritage and the people who respects does not encourages people to play around with contemporary styles in Delhi. As today we stand on the platform of getting the tag of living heritage and at the same time are developing at a fast pace it is important to think about what we want to be in future. We should make people aware of heritage of the city and at the same time encourage people to learn from it and develop a new contemporary style. Recently an attempt has been initiated to recognise modern heritage of Delhi as well to strengthen contemporary style of Delhi as well, which is a great step to think about the future of past and present both. LIC being one of the buildings to get title of modern heritage may not be a perfect example of a contemporary building adding more character to its heritage context, but encouragement and recognition of such attempts would only allow Delhi to find a way to be sensitive towards heritage and yet being true to contemporary architecture. It is important to look at how the area around the heritage precincts can work efficiently, promoting both heritage and contemporary architecture. If we do not look into this issue right now then we would only have abundance of buildings representing our past, and no traces would be seen of contemporary architecture, which will prevent the city from growing further. Nancy H welsh in one of the writings stated, ‘One cannot hope, a city to move into the future if its buildings represent only the past. And also if we neglect our built heritage, it is to our, and future generations', detriment. Without the monuments to our past, our presence has no meaning, uprooted and detached from the succession of events which carry us into the th e future.’ ( Nancy H. Welsh , 2011)
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An assertive approach when designing in proximity of heritage buildings gives us an opportunity to add to the character c haracter to a place. This needs to be considered, as we always tend to construct a subtle structure when given an opportunity to construct in proximity of these building, due to the heritage building laws, which are based on the principle of giving more importance to future of our past. Two contrasting structures standing next to each other will also add surprise element to the place. This concept of integrating old and new should be introduced in the laws itself. Efforts need to be made to make heritage precincts a part of our daily social life to allow, both heritage and development to go hand in hand. One needs to make sure that none of them overpowers others presence. One should encourage adaptive reuse of these monuments or build new contemporary buildings in close proximity to them so that it becomes easy for people to relate to them. People stop treating them as ‘useless ruins from the past’ and will learn to value the monuments if they start playing a role in improving their quality of life. There is an urgent need to rethink about the way we need to con serve our city’s history. Steinabad is an example of a group of modern buildings falling under the regulated zones of lodhi tombs, which would have not been built since none of them have building parameters similar to that proposed for regulated zone. The group of modern buildings have taken inspiration from its heritage context, and today they stand boldly and gives an opportunity to people to view modern buildings right before entering
the
heritage
precinct
of
lodhi
gardens.
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Figure 27 : Plan showing Steinabad falling under regulated zone of Lodhi tombs; Source: Google Earth image
APPENDICES Appendix A ASI alphabetical List of Monuments of National Importance – Importance – Delhi Delhi S.no
Name of Monumnet / Sites
Location Adchini
2. 3. 4. 5.
Bastion, where a wall of Jahan panah meets the wall of Rai Pithora fort. Ramp and gateway of Rai Pithora's Fort Marble Tomb reputed to be that of Newab BahadurJawid Khan Lal Bangla Khair-ul-Manzil
6.
Kos Minar or Mughal Mile stone
7.
The Moti Gate of Shershah, Delhi
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
Begampuri Masjid Phool Chadar aquduct near Najafgarh Jhil aquduct Lal Gumbad Tomb of Bahlol Lodi Ajmeri Gate Alipur Cemetery
14.
Ashoka'a pillar
15. 16.
Bara Khamba Cemetry Chauburji
17. 18.
Eremo Cementry Delhi fort or Lal Qila, Naubat Khana, Diwan-i-am, Mumtaz Mahal' Rang Mahal, Baithak,Maseu Burj, diwan-i-Khas' Moti Masjid, sawan Bhadon ,Shah Burj, Hammam with all su rrounding including the gardens, paths, terraces and water courses. Delhi Gate Enclosure containing the grave of Lt. Edwards and others, murdered in 1857. Enclosure wall with Tomb of Najaf Khan Flag Staff Tower
1.
19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.
25.
26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.
Jantar Mantar Kashmeri Gate and portion of the City Wall on either side of the Kashmeri Gate on the side and on the the other upto and including including the water Bastions at the Northern corner of the wall and also including the dith outside the City wall where this is exposed. Kotla Ferozabad with the remaining walls, bastions and gateways and gardens, the old Mosque, and well and all other ruins buildings it contains. Lal Darwaza, the northern gate of the outer walls of the Delhi of Shershah. Lothian Road Cemetery The Mosque Mutiny telegraph Memorial Nicholson (Or Kashmeri Gate) Cemetery Nicholson statue and its platform and the surrounding gardens paths and enclosure wall. Old Baoli immediately to the west of Hindu Rao's House.
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Adchini Aliganj Babarpur (Kaka Nagar) Babarpur Bazipur (Kakanagar) Babarpur Bazipur (Kakanagar) Babarpur Bazipur (Kakanagar) Begampur Chaukri Mubarakabad Chirag Delhi Chirag Delhi Bazar Ajmeri Gate Delhi-Alipur Camping group. Ferozabad(Ferozshah Ferozabad(Ferozshah Kila or Vikram Nagar Colony) Imperial City Ridge near Hindura Hospital Kishanaganj Railway Stn. Red fort
Daryaganj North Ridge near flag Staff tower, Civil Lines. Safdarjang Fly over 400 yards North of Cheuburji Mosque Connaught place Kashmeri Gate
Two furlangs east of jail and three furlangs due south of S.E. Corner of Shahjahanabad, Delhi. Three furlang due south of Delhi Gate, Kashmeri Gate Qudsia Garden In front of Old Telegraph Building, Kashmeri Gate, Kashmeri Gate Outside Kashmeri Gate On the ridge, Delhi
33. 34. 35. 36. 37.
38. 39. 40.
41.
The Old Entrance Gateway of the Garden. The Pirghaib to the north and near Hindu Rao's House Portion of City wall near which Brij Jahn Nicholson was mortally Wounded on 14th Sept. , 1857. The Punjabi gate in the Roshanara bagh Purana Quila (Inderpat) or Delhi With all its walls Arcades, gateways and Bastions, gardens, the Mosque of SherShah (Kila Kohna Masjid). The Sher Mandala and entrances to Subteranean passages. Rajpur (Mutiny cemetery) The remaining gateways of the old Magazira with their adjoining buildings. Sher shah's gate with the adjoinining curon walls and Bastions and the remains of the double line of structure to its front
42.
Site of Siege battery Known as the Sammy House Battery bearing the following Inscriptions Battery , Sammy house, Major Remington Tank, RA Commanding armament armament 89 pounds. To command ground near Mori Bastion. Site of siege Battery with inscription.
43.
Site of siege Battery with inscription.
44.
Site of siege Battery with inscription.
45. 46.
Sunehri Masjid near Delhi Fort Tomb of Capt. Mac. Barnatt & others who fall in an attack on Kishanganj. Tomb of Ghiasuddin Khan, Tomb of Roshanara & Baradari Tomb of Razia Begum in Mohalla Bulbuli Khana Tomb of Safdarjang (Mirza Muqim Mansur Ali Khan) with all the enclosure walls, gateways, gardens and the mosque on the eastern side of the garden. Tripolia Gateways Uggar Sain's Baoli Tomb of Darya Khan Baoli at Ghiaspur Tomb of Mirza Muzaffer, Chota Batasha No. 153, Ghiaspur Tomb of Amir Khusro, Ghiaspur Tomb of Mirza Muzaffer, Bara Batasha No. 151 Ghiaspur Tomb of Nizamuddin Aulia, Ghiaspur No. 197 Unknown tomb Ghiaspur 153, i. The tomb of Ferozshah ii. Domed Building to the west of No.1 iii. Dalan between 1&2 iv. Domed Building & its court to the south of No. 3, v. Dalans and all ruined Buildings to the north of no. 1 and existing upto No.10 vi. Five Chhatris to the case of No. 1& No.5 vii. Old Gate to the north of No.6 viii. Three Chhatris to the northwest of No.7
47. 48. 49. 50.
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
ix. Ruined courtyard and its Dalans wi th the Domed building to the north-west to the No.8 x. Old wall running east from No.4 xi. 2.23 Acres of land surrounding the above monuments and bouded on the North by house of Chhange and Mehra Chand sons of Hansram and house of Uderam, son of Kusha South Ghairmunkan Resta East By village site belonging belonging to village community community house
47
Qudsia Delhi On the ridge , Delhi On the ridge , Delhi Opposite Municipal Board school, Subji Mandi Two miles south of the Delhi Gate of Shahjahanabad, Delhi Old Rajpur Cantonment, North Distt. The post office , Delhi Opposite purana Qila immediately North-east of the Khairul Manazil Mosque 300 Yards East of mutiny memorial
East of the Hospital in police Line Compound of Curzon House In the garden near south west entrance to Delhi Club Ground Delhi Fort Kishan Ganj Tughlaqabad Sabzi Mandi Shahjahanabad Lodhi Road, New Delhi
Delhi-Karnal Road Near Jantar Mantar Kidwai Nagar East Nizammuddin Nizammuddin Nizammuddin Nizammuddin Nizammuddin Nizammuddin Hauz Khas
61. 62. 63.
of Nots Zadar sons of Jai Jai Singh Chhamar and field field Nos. 338 & 331 belonging to Naider and others West By field no. 185 belonging to Udaram, son of Kusal Jat and field No. 186 belonging to Jagins and Sajawal Rajput, No. 195 Ghairmunkin Johar, common of Jats and Musalmans and filed no. 196, Ghairmunkin Pall. Bag-i-Alam Gumbad with a Mosque Kali Gumti Tefewala Gumbad
64.
Arab Sarai
65. 66. 67. 68.
The Gate way of Arab Sarai facing North towards Purana Qila The Gate way of Arab Sarai facing East towards the tomb of Humayun Remainig Gateways of Arab Sarai and of Abadi-Bagh-Buhalima Abadi-Bagh-Buhalima Lakhar wal Gumbad (Tomb)
69.
Sunderwala Burj
70.
Sunderwala Mahal
71.
Bijay Mandal, neighbouring domes, buildings and dalan to north of Begumpur Old Lodi Bridge with approaches
72. 73.
77.
Mosque with the dalans and courtyard and the Bara Gumbaj (the domed entracne to the mosque) The tomb of Mohammed Shah known as Mubarak Khan- KaGumbaz Tomb of Sikander Lodi with its enclosure wall and bastions, gates & compound Unknown tomb with blue tiles decoration known as Shisha Gumbad Bandi or Poti ka Gumbad III-280
78.
Biran-Ka-Gumbad-282 Biran-Ka-Gumbad-282
79.
Biwi or Dadi-ka-Gumbad-281 Dadi-ka-Gumbad-281
80.
Chor Minar No. 289 Vol III
81.
Choti Gunti
82.
Idgah of Kharehra No. 287, Vol III
83.
Nili Mosque
84.
Sakri Gumti-284
85. 86. 87.
Khirkee Masjid Satpula-III – Satpula-III – 216 216 Tomb of Usuf-Quttal
88. 89. 90.
Jahaz Mahal Shamsid Tallab together with platform entrance gates. Moti Masjid
74. 75. 76.
48
Humayunpur Humayunpur (Hauz Khas) Humayunpur Deer Park (Hauz Khas) Patti, Ghiapur in Hauz Inderpat Near Arab Sarai Village Near Arab Sarai Village Near Arab Sarai Village Inderpat Estate (Sunder Nursery), Near Delhi Public School, Mathura Road, Nizamuddin Inderpat Estate (Sunder Nursery) Inderpat Estate (Sunder Nursery) In village Kalusarai (Sarvapriya Vihar) Near tomb of Sikander Lodi, Khairpur Khairpur Khairpur Khairpur Khairpur Kharera village between Hauz Khas and Qutab road Kharera village between Hauz Khas and Qutab road Kharera village between Hauz Khas and Qutab road Kharehra (Hauz Khas Enclave) Kharehra village Green Park Kharehra village, Hauz Khas Enclave Kharehra village, Hauz Khas Enclave Kharehra village Green Park Village Khirkee Village Khirkee At Khirkee in field no.81 min, Property of Shamlat deh. Mehrauli Mehrauli Mehrauli
91. 92.
Old Palace of Bahadur Shah II alias Lal Mahal in Mehrauli Bara Khamba-285
93.
The Qutab Archaeological Archaeological area as now fenced in, including the Mosque, Iron Pillar, Minar of Qutab-din, unfinished Minar, all colonnads, screen arches, tomb of Altmash, college, buildings of Aluddin, Tomb of Imam Zamin and all carved stoens in the above area with gardens, paths and water channels, and all gateways including the Alai-Darwaza , also all graves in the above area Tomb of Adam Khan (Rest House) Tomb and Mosque of Maulana Jamali Kamali Wall mosque Walls of Lal Kot and Rai Pithora's fort from Sohan Gate to Adam Khan's tomb including the ditch where there is an outer wall
94. 95. 96. 97.
98.
Walls of Lal Kot and Rai Pithora's fort at the point where they meet together
99. 100. 101.
Wall of Rai Pithora's fort including gateways and bastions Gates and walls of Mubarakpur, Kotla in village Mubarakpur Moti-ki-Masjid
102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109.
Inchla Wali Gunti Kala Gumbad Tombs of Bade-Khan, and Mubarakpur Kotla, Kotla Tombs of Chote Khan, Mubarakpur Tomb of Mubarik in Mubarakpur, Kotla Mosque attached to Mubarak shah Tomb Tomb of Bhura Khan Tin Burji Walla Gumbad
110.
Unnamed tomb
111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118.
Baoli Munda Gumbad Unnamed Mosque Unnamed Tomb Unnamed Tomb Unnamed Tomb Unnamed Tomb i. Unnamed Mosque
119. 120.
121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127.
ii. Unnamed Tomb Wajir pur- ki-Gumbad The Afsah-walla-ki-Masjid Afsah-walla-ki-Masjid situated outside the west gate of Humayun's tomb with its dalans and paved court bounded on the east by Humayun's tomb on the west by Abadi Arab Sarai on the north by road and Khasra No. 252 and on the south by Abadi Arab Sarai Bara Khamba outside north entrance to shrine Bara Pulah bridge near Nizammudin Chausath Khamba and tomb of Mirza Nizammudin Aziz-kaKokaltash Grave of Jahanara Begum Grave of Mohammed Shah Grave of Mirza Jahangir Humayun's tomb, its platforms, garden, enclosure walls and gateways Khasra No. 258 bounded on the east by Khasra No.180&181&244 of Miri Singh and on west by Kh. No. 268&253
49
Mehrauli Kherera village tombs between Hauz Khas, Qutab raod Mehrauli
Mehrauli Mehrauli Mehrauli Mehrauli Kh. No. 1783, 1765, 1766, 1767, 1770, 1772, 1773, 1798 & 1764 Near Jamali Kamali's Mosque Mehrauli Kh. No. 1754, Loddho Sarai Kh.No. 86,87 Mehrauli village Mubarakpur, Kotla Behind south externsion Part II. village Mubarakpur, Kotla village Mubarakpur, Kotla village Mubarakpur, Kotla Kotla village Mubarakpur, Kotla village Mubarakpur, Kotla village Mubarakpur, Kotla Mohammed pur village II, 304 Mohammed pur village , 305 Munirka II. 318. Munrika 302. Munirka 314. Munirka 313. Munirka 315. Munirka 316. Munirka 317. Munirka 321& Munirka 322 Munirka 312. Nizammudin
Nizammudin South of Nizammudin Nizammudin Nizammudin Nizammudin Nizammudin Nizammudin
161. 162. 163.
on the north by Khasra No. 266, on the south by Kh No. 245 of Miri Singh & Kh. No. 248 & 249 of Sayyed Mohummad Mohummad Nila Gumbad outside the south corner of the enclosure of Humayun's tomb (Kh. No. 243) bounded on the east by Kh. No. 182, on the west by Humayun's tomb, on the north by Kh. No. 181 & on the south by Kh. No. 244 of Miri Singh Nili Chhatri or Subz Burz . Tomb of Afsar-wala immediately near to the south of Afsar-walaki-Masjid Tomb of Atgah Khan The tomb of Isa Khan with its surrounding enclosure walls and turrest garden gateways and mosque (Kh. No. 281 ) bounded on the east by Arab Sarai Kh. No.236 on the west by Kh. No. 283 graveyard of Piare Lal and K.No. 283 of Bddon on the north by Kh. No. 236 of Pandit Brij Vallabh and on the south by Arab Sarai Kh. No. 238. Tomb of Khan-i-Khana Tomb with three domes near Rly.Station Sikargah Kushak-II -327 Gateways of Badli-Ki-Sarai Badli-Ki-Sarai Tomb of Sheikh Kaburuddin also known as Rakabwala Gumbad in field no.84 min. situated at sarai Shah 31 property of Thoks Shahpur and Adhehini Ruined line of walls, bastions & gateways of siri Kh. No. 88, 265 &447 at village Shahpur Jat Internal buildings of Siri Mehammadi wali-Kh. No. 14 Shahpur Jat Bul-Bul-Ki-Kh. No. 256 Shahpur Jat Makhdum ki Kh. No. 255 Shahpur Jat Baradari Shahpur Jat Motiyan wala dome Shahpur Jat Thana wala Shahpur Jat Nai-ka-kot. Tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaqabad. walls and bastions, gates and cause way including the tomb of Dad Khan Tomb of Mohammed Tughlaqabadshah Tughlaqabadshah Walls of old city of Tughlaqabad. Walls, gateways bastions and internal buildings of both inner and outer citadels of Tughlaqabad fort Walls, gate and bastions of Adilabad (Mohammadbad) (Mohammadbad) and causeway leading there to from Tughlaqabad. The Tomb The mosque Neighbouring Bridge Mound known as Jaga Bai comprise in part of surve plot no. 167 Ashoka rock Edict Mandi Mosque Rajon-ki-Bain with Mosque and Chhatri Badun Gate Gateway of Lal kot Gateway of Rai Pithoria's fort Walls of Rai Pithora's fort and Jahan Panah at the point where they meet together Tomb of Sultan Ghari Baoli known as diving wall locally known as (Candak-ki-baoli) (Candak-ki-baoli) Enlosure containing the tomb of Shah Alam Bahadur Shah, Shah Alam to and Akbar Shah II Houz Shamsi with central red stone pavilion situated at Mehrauli in field No. 157-81, 1586-97, 1614 &1624 Iron Pillar Hindu Anceint Mosque Sheesh Mahal
164.
Ashokan Pillar
128.
129. 130. 131. 132.
133. 134. 135. 136. 137.
138. 139.
140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160.
50
Nizammudin
Nizammudin East Nizammudin Nizammudin Nizammudin
Nizammudin Nizammudin Old Kushak Village Village Pipalthala Malviyanagar
Shahpur Jat Shahpur Jat
Tughlaqabad. Kotla Tughlaqabad. Badarpur Zail Badarpur Zail Tughlaqabad. Tughlaqabad. Wazirabad Wazirabad Wazirabad Jamia nagar East of Kailash colony Ladho Sarai Ladho Sarai Ladho Sarai Ladho Sarai Ladho Sarai Hauz Rani abd Lado Sarai Nalikpur Kohi Mehrauli Mehrauli Mehrauli Mehrauli Palam Shalimar Garden Village Hyderpur On the Ridge between
165. 166. 167.
Sarai Shahji Azim Khan Tomb Mazar of Sheikh Muhammad Ibrahim Zauq
168.
170. 171.
Fortification Wall Asad Burj, Water gate, Delhi Gate, Lahori Gate, Jahangiri Gate, Chhattra Bazar, Baoli Fortification walls, Gates, Bastions and Ancient Buildings of Salimgarh Fort Portion of the City Wall of Shahajanabad Sat Narain Bhawan
172.
Balban Khan's Tomb & Jamli Kamali
173. 174.
Unknown Tomb in the vicinitty of Jawahar Lal Nehru Stadium Mazar of Mirza Ghalib
169.
51
Hindu Rao Hospital Malaviya Nagar Lado Sarai ChindBagh, Kadam Sherif, Paharganj, Delhi Red Fort, Delhi Bela Road Ansari Road Delhi Sadhora Khurd, Dina Nath Marg, Roshanara Road, New Delhi. Lado Sarai, Mehrauli, Delhi Pragati Vihar, New Delhi Nizammudin
REFERENCE LIST
Handbook of Conservation of heritage Buildings CPWD, Chapter 7 : Model Building Bye-laws (Conservation of heritage sites including heritage buildings, heritage precincts and natural feature areas)
http://www.unesco.org/en/cultural-diversity/heritage/ LIC tower to host unique dance, Times of India (10 November 2010) New Delhi’s new monument, Hindustan Times(2 Times(2 August 2010) ORF Issue Brief, ‘Balancing Old and New in DelhiDelhi- Modern Delhi's Perspective on Built Heritage Conservation’, Nancy H. Welsh (July 2011, Issue brief # 29)
Proposed Heritage Bye-law for She shah Gate & Khairul Manazil Mosque, Delhi, 3rd october,2012 , INTACH, pg. 20-22 The Gazette of India, “The Ancient monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Amendment and validation) Act 2010”
The Gazette of India, “The Delhi Ancient and Historical monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act 2004”
World Heritage papers 25- World Heritage and Buffer Zones “International Expert Meeting on World Heritage and Buffer Zones Davos, Switzerland 11 – 11 – 14 14 March 2008”
52
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Papers, Articles and Reports
March 2008, World Heritage and Buffer Zones International Expert Meeting on World Heritage and Buffer Zones, Zones , World Heritage papers 25
Chapter 7 : Model Building Bye-laws, Bye-laws, Handbook of Conservation of heritage Buildings CPWD
INTACH, 3rd October 2012 , Proposed Heritage Bye-law for She shah Gate & Khairul Manazil Mosque, Delhi
Nancy H. Welsh, July 2011, Balancing Old and New in Delhi- Modern Delhi's Perspective on Built Heritage Conservation , Conservation , ORF Issue brief # 29
2010, The Ancient monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Amendment and validation) Act 2010, 2010 , The Gazette of India, Government of India
2005, The Delhi Ancient and Historical monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act 2004, 2004, The Gazette of India, Government of India Steven w. Semes , New Building among old INTACH, Connaught INTACH, Connaught Place and its surroundings, surroundings, INTACH Delhi Chapter Lutyen's Delhi - part 2 - Connaught place, place , arkistudentscorner.blogs arkistudentscorner.blogspot.in pot.in David Neustein, Proximity - lines through time , Byera hadley travelling scholarship report CUBA, Building CUBA, Building in context - new development in historic areas, English Heritage MPD 2021
Dissertations and Thesis
Ms. Shalini Mahajan, Mahajan, Learning to Live with Cultural Heritage in Urban Indian Contexts - Conservation Challenges and Preservation Dynamics , University IUAV of Venice and University of Nova Gorica Graduate Gr aduate School
Alok Shrivastava , 2010, Monuments in current urban context are in distress due to insensitive planning strategie’ strategie ’, University school of Architecture Architecture and and Planning
53
Vatsala Shahi , 2010, Something Old, something New:Architectural expression as an amalgamation of tradition and contemporary contemporary , University school of Architecture and Planning
Books
Lucy Peck, Delhi – Delhi – A A thousand Years of Building, Building, INTACH Roli Guide
Ratish nanda, Delhi, The Built Heritage: A Listing
Hasan-uddin-Khan, Charles Correa architect in India, India , Public building - LIC Centre, Delhi.
Websites
www.asi.nic.in
www.delhiheritagecity.org
www.hindustantimes.com
www.intach.org
www.unesco.org
www.observerindia.com
articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com
www.outlookindia.com
www.charlescorrea.net
54
