Diseño de estructura para gasolinera

7=:3 Osfuolj co Inaoniords Incustrijlos co Jlgjfoto, _FL@

FWIVSÖGJL KOVÛV RJLCO]OÚJV DFSJRID

UCIVOÚD CO OVSW_FS_WJ OVSW_FS_WJ ]JWJ AJVDLINOWJP AJVDLINOWJP On osto soauncd trjgjkd vj`ds j pljntojr ciborontos cisoúds y robloxidnjr sdgro ciborontos jspoftds roljfidnjcds fdn lds pjrêòtrds ostrufturjlos co unj ostjfiön co sorvifid.

Osfuolj co Inaoniords Incustrijlos co Jlgjfoto, _FL@ CIVOÚD CO OVSW_FS_WJ ]JWJ AJVDLINOWJ

ÀNCIFO CO FDNSONICDV :

@O@DWIJ ........................................................................................................................ : :.: @O@DWIJ COVFWI]SIRJ ............................................................................................... : :.:.: Jntofocontos ..................................................................................................................... : :.:.7 Dgkotd ................................................................................................................................ : :.:.6 Vitujfiön aodarêbifj .......................................................................................................... : :.7 @O@DWIJ FDNVSW_FSIRJ ........................................................................................... : :.7.: Fjrjftoràstifjs fdnstruftivjs col ocibifid .......................................................................... : :.6 ]LIOAD CO FDNCIFIDNOV ................................................ .............................................................................................. .............................................. 7 :.6.: ]rdarj`j co nofosicjcos ................................................................................................. 7 :.6.7 Auàj col trjgjkd ................................................................................................................. 7 :.3 NDW@JSIRJ Y LOAIVLJFIÖN ......................................................................................... 6 :.3.: Fu`pliìontd col FSO ....................................................................................................... 6 :.? BJGWIFJNSOV ............................................................................................................... 6

7

COVJWWDLLD COL SWJGJKD............................................................................................... 3 7.: OVSI@JFIÖN CO FJWAJV .............................................................................................. 3 7.:.: Jffidnos por`jnontos ...................................................................................................... 3 7.:.:.:

]osd co ljs fdrrojs ................................... ................. ................................... ................................... .................................... ........................ ...... 3

7.:.:.7

]osd col forrjìontd forrjì ontd .................................. ................ ................................... ................................... .................................... ..................... ... 3

7.:.7 Jffidnos vjrijglos ............................................................................................................. ? 7.:.7.:

Vdgrofjraj Vdgrofjr aj co usd ................................. ............... ................................... ................................... .................................... ........................... ......... ?

7.:.7.7

Riontd .................................. ................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... ........................... ......... 2

7.:.7.6

Niovo.................................. ................. .................................. .................................. ................................... .................................... .............................. ............ 9

7.7 OVSW_FS_WJ CO LJ AJVDLINOWJ ..................................................... ........................... :: 7.7.: ]WI@OW CIVOÚD ............................................................................................................... :: 7.7.:.:

Intrdcuffiön Intrdcu ffiön co lj ostrufturj ostruft urj ................................. ................ ................................... .................................... ......................... ....... ::

7.7.:.7

Intrdcuffiön Intrdcu ffiön co ljs fjrajs ................................. ............... ................................... ................................... ............................... ............. :7

7.7.:.6

Fêlfuld co lj ostrufturj ostruftu rj .................................. ................ ................................... ................................... .................................. ................ :6

7.7.:.3

Fdnflusidnos Fdnflusid nos col ]riòr Cisoúd ................................... .................. ................................... ................................... ..................... :3

7.7.7 VOA_NCD CIVOÚD ........................................................................................................... :? 7.7.7.:

Intrdcuffiön Intrdcu ffiön co lj ostrufturj ostruft urj ................................. ................ ................................... .................................... ......................... ....... :?

Fristögjl Kosûs Rjlcopoújs Dftjvid


7.7.7.7

Intrdcuffiön Intrdcu ffiön co fjrajs ................................... ................. ................................... ................................... .................................. ................ :2

7.7.7.6

Fêlfuld co lj ostrufturj ostruftu rj .................................. ................ ................................... ................................... .................................. ................ :1

7.7.7.3

Cotjllos fdnstruftivds fdnstru ftivds ................................. ............... ................................... ................................... .................................... .................... :1

7.7.6 D]SI@I[JFIÖN COL CIVOÚD. CIVOÚD BINJL ................................................................... :9 7.7.6.:

]ljntojìontd ]ljntoj` iontd ................................. ................ ................................... ................................... ................................... ............................... ............. :9

7.7.6.7

Ostrufturj Ostruft urj rosultjnto rosultjnt o................................... ................. ................................... ................................... .................................... .................... :9

7.7.6.6

Fêlfuld co lj ostrufturj ostruftu rj .................................. ................ ................................... ................................... .................................. ................ 7=

7.7.6.3

Cotjllos fdnstruftivds fdnstru ftivds ................................. ............... ................................... ................................... .................................... .................... 7=

7.7.6.?

]rinfipjlos ]rinfipj los fd`prdgjfidnos......... fd`prdgj fidnos........................... ................................... ................................... .................................. ................ 76

7.7.6.2

Fdnflusidnos Fdnflusid nos col Cisoúd Binjl ................................... .................. ................................... ................................... ...................... ..... 79

7.6 CIVOÚD CO ]LJFJV GJVO ............................................................................................ 6= 7.6.: Fdnfoptds provids ........................................................................................................... 6= 7.6.:.:

@jtorijlos.............. @jtori jlos............................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ...................... ..... 6=

7.6.:.7

Osbuorzds Osbuorz ds on gjso co piljr ................................. ............... ................................... ................................... ............................... ............. 6=

7.6.:.6

@dcd co fdnstruffiön............ fdnstru ffiön.............................. ................................... ................................... .................................... ...................... .... 6:

7.6.7 Ciònsidnjcd co lj pljfj ............................................................................................... 6: 7.6.7.:

]rociònsidnjcd ]rociòn sidnjcd .................................. ................ .................................... ................................... ................................... ......................... ....... 6:

7.6.7.7

Êroj pdrtjnto pdrtjnt o .................................. ................. ................................... ................................... ................................... ............................... ............. 67

7.6.7.6

Fd`prdgjfiön Fd`prdgj fiön co ciònsidnos ciònsidn os................................. ................ ................................... ................................... ...................... ..... 66

7.6.7.3

Fd`prdgjfiön co osposdr. Wiaicoz co lj pljfj ................... ............................ .................. .................. ............ ... 63

7.6.7.?

Oloffiön co jr`jcurjs jr`jcur js ................................... ................. ................................... ................................... .................................. ................ 6?

7.6.7.2

Fd`prdgjfiön Fd`prdgj fiön j fdrtjnto fdrtjnt o ................................. ............... ................................... ................................... ............................... ............. 62

7.6.6 Wosultjcds ....................................................................................................................... 62 6

FDNFL_VIDNOV AONOWJLOV ................................................ ............................................................................................ ............................................ 68

3

JNOXDV.......................................................................................................................... 69 3.: JNOXD I; FÊLF_LD CO VOFFIDNOV FDN _VSJSIF .................................................. .......................................................... ........ 69 3.:.: Voffiön ............................................................................................................................. 69 3.:.7 ]rdpiocjcos ..................................................................................................................... 69 3.7 JNOXD II; JNVYV QDWEGONFH :3 .................................................... ........................... 3: 3.7.: Ontdrnd arêbifd o i`pdrtjfiön co lj ostrufturj ................ ......................... ................... ................... .................. .................. ......... 3: 3.7.7 Fdncifidnos co fdntdrnd y fjrajs ................................................................................... 37



3.7.6 Wosultjcds ....................................................................................................................... 37 3.7.6.:

Vtjtif Vtrufturjl Vtruftur jl .................................. ................. ................................... ................................... ................................... ............................ .......... 36

3.7.6.7

Linojr Gufelina (]jncod) ................................... ................. ................................... ................................... ............................... ............. 33

3.7.6.6

@dcjl jnjlysis ................................. ................ ................................... ................................... ................................... ............................... ............. 3?

?

GIGLIDAWJBÀJ.................................................. ......................................................................................................... ....................................................... ........ 32

2

]LIOAD CO ]LJNDV .................................................... .................................................... ... = 2.: OVSW_FS_WJ FD@]LOSJ .............................................................................................. = 2.7 FD@]DNONSOV ............................................................................................................ 7 2.7.: ]iljros y cintolos ................................................................................................................ 7 2.7.7 Fdrrojs ............................................................................................................................... 6 2.7.6 Fjrtoljs .............................................................................................................................. 3 2.7.6.:

Fjrtolj hjfij jrrigj .................................. ................ ................................... ................................... .................................... ........................ ...... 3

2.7.6.7

Fjrtoljs Fjrtolj s hjfij jgjkd ................................. ............... ................................... ................................... .................................... ........................ ...... 3

2.7.3 Wiaicizjcdros y unidnos ..................................................................................................... ? 2.7.3.:

]iljros tipd : y 7 ................................. ................ ................................... ................................... ................................... .............................. ............ ?

2.7.3.7

]iljros tipd 6 ................................. ................ ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................... ?

2.7.? ]ljfj gjso .......................................................................................................................... =


Osfuolj co Inaoniords Incustrijlos co Jlgjfoto, _FL@ : CIVOÚD CO OVSW_FS_WJ ]JWJ AJVDLINOWJ

: @O@DWIJ Cotjlljro`ds j fdntinujfiön lds jspoftds j fdnsicorjr on ol cisoúd co nuostrj ostrufturj pjrj lj ostjfiön co sorvifid.

:.: @O@DWIJ COVFWI]SIRJ

:.:.: Jntofocontos :.:.: Jntofocontos Cogicd j lj nofosicjc co prdyoffiön co unj ostjfiön co sorvifid on ol fontrd pdrtujrid co lj fiucjc co Jlifjnto, so prdfoco jl cosjrrdlld col siauionto trjgjkd tituljcd “CIVOÚD CO OVSW_FS_WJ ]JWJ AJVDLINOWJ‐.

:.:.7 Dgkotd Wojlizjro`ds ol jnêlisis co lds siauiontos oloòntds, jtoncioncd j ciborontos fjìnds pdsiglos y bdr`js co ovjlujr sdlufidnos, òkdrjs y dptiìzjfidnos on ol rosultjcd binjl; -

Ontrj`jcd, pörtifds y ostrufturj prinfipjl co lj ostjfiön co sorvifid. ]ljfjs gjso co lds sdpdrtos prdyoftjcds.

:.:.6 Vitujfiön aodarêbifj Ol o`pljzjìontd d situjfiön co nuostrj dgrj, jspoftd ùy i`pdrtjnto on lj fdnsicorjfiön co fjrajs y sdlifitjfidnos, os unj zdnj pdrtujrij co lj fiucjc co Jlifjnto. Fd`d cosfdndfo`ds lj pdsigilicjc co onfdntrjr njvos fdlincjntos quo rocuzfjn lds vjldros co fjrajs, so fdnsicorj lj pdsigilicjc co nd tonor ninaunj, pdr ld quo ciònsidnjncd co ostj bdr`j ovitjro`ds lj orrönoj supdsifiön co fdncifidnos.

:.7 @O@DWIJ FDNVSW_FSIRJ On osto trjgjkd so cisoújrên lds jspoftds ostrufturjlos, pdr ld quo ol rostd co oloòntds nds vionon cjcds, j lds fujlos toncro`ds quo jcjptjr lj prdyoffiön co lj fugiortj y lds pörtifds.

:.7.: Fjrjftoràstifjs fdnstruftivjs col ocibifid Vo puocon vor on lds pljnds jckuntds j lj auàj col prdyoftd. Ljs fjrjftoràstifjs `ês costjfjglos sdn ljs siauiontos; -

Fugiortj fdn ?» co inflinjfiön co 7= ` co ljraj y :3 co jnfhj. Huofd pjrj tioncj y fjkj co 3.?x3.?x:3 òtrds co jnfhd, jltd y ljrad. Osto huofd cogorê sor rospotjcd y, on ol fjsd co fdldfjr oloòntds quo ld frufon, toncro`ds lj dgliajfiön co cjr unj icoj co ld quo cogoràj cjrso on ol ontdrnd col oloòntd quo trjspjsj.


Osfuolj co Inaoniords Incustrijlos co Jlgjfoto, _FL@ 7 CIVOÚD CO OVSW_FS_WJ ]JWJ AJVDLINOWJ

-

Lj ldfjlizjfiön co lds cistriguicdros viono cjcj y lj co lds piljros on porbil tj`gién. Vin o`gjrad, lj pdsifiön co lds ìs`ds on pljntj nd so hj cotjlljcd, pdr ld quo toncro`ds quo pljntojrlj.

:.6 ]LIOAD CO FDNCIFIDNOV

:.6.: ]rdarj`j co nofosicjcos -

-

-

Cogon rospotjrso ljs fdtjs on pljntj, aêligds y jnfhurj co pistjs incifjcjs on ol pljnd. Iaujlònto lj pdsifiön co lds jpjrjtds surticdros co fd`gustiglo os inj`dviglo. Ol vdluòn pdstoridr `jrfjcd on pljnds so costinjrê j tioncj, jsods o instjljfidnos co lj ostjfiön co sorvifid, sorvifi d, nd sioncd nofosjrij su cobinifiön ni su ostucid on osto trjgjkd, sin gion hj co fdnto`pljrso cifhd vdluòn on lj drajnizjfiön y jnêlisis co lds oloòntds ostrufturjlos co lj ostjfiön co sorvifid. Sdcds lds oloòntds òtêlifds so prdyoftjrên fdn porbilos co jford V71? K=. Lj cispdsifiön co lds ontrj`jcds, drajnizjfiön co lds pörtifds prinfipjlos, jrridstrjìontds y rostd co oloòntds sorê co ligro l igro oloffiön pdr ol jlu`nd. Iaujlònto quocj j oloffiön col jlu`nd lj utilizjfiön co porbilos si`plos, fd`puostds, foldsàjs, otf, soaûn so ostiò fdnvonionto.

:.6.7 Auàj col trjgjkd Ljs pjutjs quo cogoro`ds soauir pjrj lj fdrroftj oljgdrjfiön col trjgjkd sorên ljs siauiontos.

-

Wojlizjr pdr drconjcdr lj osti`jfiön co ljs fjrajs y sdgrofjrajs sdgro lj fugiortj, soaûn FSO-CG-VOJO ]ljntojr ol `dcold (d `dcolds ) co drajnizjfiön co lj ostrufturj on gjso j su cobinifiön aod`étrifj. @dcoljcd, jnêlisis y ciònsidnjìontd co lds oloòntds rosistonto co lj ostrufturj. Rjldrjfiön on posd co lds `jtorijlos o`plojcds. Dptiìzjfiön co lj ostrufturj d fritorids co dptiìzjfiön. Fêlfuld pdr drconjcdr co ljs pljfjs gjso co lds sdpdrtos. Fd`prdgjfiön `jnujl co unj co olljs (j oloair) Wocjffiön co ò`drij kustibifjtivj y co fêlfuld, cobinifiön co oloòntds, fritorids co dptiìzjfiön soauicds, fêlfulds pdr drconjcdr y fdnflusidnos. Wojlizjfiön pljnd jfdtjcd fdn lds oloòntds prdyoftjcds.



:.3 NDW@JSIRJ Y LOAIVLJFIÖN

:.3.: Fu`pliìontd col FSO Ljs ndr`js y cdfuòntds gêsifds quo ho`ds `jnokjcd hjn sicd lds col FSO. - FSO-CG-VO-JO - FSO-CG-VO

:.? BJGWIFJNSOV Oloai`ds j lj o`prosj Jrfoldr@ittjl, lj fujl tiono lds porbilos quo nofositjro`ds, jco`ês co ùfhds dtrds quo puocjn sor ûtilos on ol rostd co instjljfidnos co nuostrj ajsdlinorj. _n puntd j bjvdr co lj ìs`j os quo ostê gjstjnto oxtoncicj, pdr ld quo nds sorê tjroj bêfil pdnornds on fdntjftd y rojlizjr ol pocicd.

Dtrd jspoftd j tonor on fuontj soràj lj forfjnàj co lds jl`jfonos co lj o`prosj j lj prdvinfij co Jlifjnto, junquo on prinfipid, nd ho`ds onfdntrjcd unj `ês forfj quo dbrozfj ljs ìs`js vontjkjs quo Jrfoldr. Ljs fdnsultjcjs hjn sicd ljs siauiontos;



7 COVJWWDLLD COL SWJGJKD 7.: OVSI@JFIÖN CO FJWAJV Ol fêlfuld co ljs ìs`js nd so cotjlljrê fdn oxfosd, yj quo ostd ìs`d buo rojlizjcd pjrj ol priòr trjgjkd tituljcd “CIVOÚD CO F_GIOWSJ ]JWJ OCIBIFID INC_VSWIJL‐.

7.:.: Jffidnos 7.:.: Jffidnos por`jnontos Ol trjgjkd vj j sor rojlizjcd fdn ol prdarj`j co cisoúd co fêlfuld co ostrufturjs “N@6C‐, pdr ld quo nd toncro`ds quo prodfupjrnds inifijlònto co lds posds prdpids co ljs viajs y oloòntds quo pdcj`ds intrdcufir on ol ìs`d. Vin o`gjrad, lds `jtorijlos co fugiortj y forrjìontd nd sdn fdnsicorjcds pdr ol prdarj`j, jsà quo toncro`ds quo prosontjr unj osti`jfiön co ljs fjrajs quo supdncrên cifhds oloòntds.

7.:.:.: ]osd co ljs fdrrojs Osti`j`ds unj fdldfjfiön co fdrrojs j :.7? òtrds co òcij, sioncd un porbil nd ùy oxjaorjcd ol 77?x7.?. Fdn ostd, toncràj`ds :2 fdrrojs y un posd pdr òtrd fujcrjcd co vjldr ol quo so ùostrj on lj siauionto tjglj. ] (eN/`) Ldnaituc (`) N» Fdrrojs (-) Sdtjl (eN/`7)

FDWWOJV ]orbil osti`jcd; F 77?x7,?

=,=29

7=.6

::

=,=?2

7.:.:.7 ]osd col forrjìontd Ho`ds co supdnor un forrjìontd co fhjpj pjrj tdcj lj fugiortj. Ol posd pdr fjcj òtrd fujcrjcd co fhjpj os ol siauionto; ] (eN/`7) Osposdr (``) Vugtdtjl (eN/`7)

@JSOWIJL CO F_GIOWSJ Jford (] fjcj =.8 ``)

=,:7

=,8

=,:7

]jrj jkustjrnds `ês j lj osti`jfiön co ljs fjrajs, vj`ds j fjlfuljr ol posd co ld quo soràj tdcd ol kuoad co fhjpjs y ld civiciro`ds ontro lj suporbifio quo dfupj pjrj dgtonor lj fjraj rojl.


Osfuolj co Inaoniords Incustrijlos co Jlgjfoto, _FL@ ? CIVOÚD CO OVSW_FS_WJ ]JWJ AJVDLINOWJ

Vup. Fhjpj (`7)

Vup. Fugiortj (`7)

Sdtjl (eN/`7)

?93

78=

=,7?32

F_GIOWSJ Fhjpj co forrjìontd

7.:.7 Jffidnos 7.:.7 Jffidnos vjrijglos 7.:.7.: Vdgrofjraj co usd Ostj sdgrofjraj so cogo j lj jfuùljfiön co posds quo puocon arjvitjr sdgro ol ocibifid pdr rjzön co su usd. ]jrj ol fjsd co nuostrj fugiortj, tono`ds un jpjrtjcd on ol föciad téfnifd FSO-VO-JO Sjglj 6.: quo nds ùostrj ld quo cogoràj`ds fdnsicorjr.

3; ol vjldr incifjcd so robioro r obioro j lj prdyoffiön hdrizdntjl co lj suporbifio co lj fugiortj.



7.:.7.7 Riontd ]jrj fdnsicorjr lj jffiön col viontd toncro`ds on fuontj ciborontos hipötosis, ljs fujlos so cotjlljrên j fdntinujfiön. 7.:.7.7.: ]rosiön ostêtifj



      

Ol vjldr co , os cofir, lj prosiön cinêìfj col viontd, coponco co lj zdnj aodarêbifj cdnco nds onfdntro`ds pjrj Jlifjnto un vjldr co =.3? eN/`7. Cifhd vjldr so dgtiono co ùltiplifjr =.? pdr :.7? (consicjc col jiro) pdr lj voldficjc gêsifj jl fujcrjcd quo nds cj ol arêbifd, lj fujl, pjrj lj zdnj co Jlifjnto, os 71. 7.:.7.7.7 Fdobifiontos

                         

:.- Fdobifionto co oxpdsifiön; oxpdsifiön; Ol vjldr col fdobifionto co oxpdsifiön coponco co lj jlturj col puntd puntd fdnsicorjcd y col col arjcd co jsporozj jsporozj col ontdrnd. Ol vjldr quo nds cj ol jpjrtjcd 6.6.6 y ol jnokd C os ol quo so ùostrj j fdntinujfiön. Vioncd; -



7.- Fdobifionto oölifd; vjldr oölifd; vjldr col fdobifionto co prosiön oxtoridr d oölifd coponco co lj ciroffiön col viontd, co lj bdr`j col ocibifid, co lj pdsifiön col oloòntd fdnsicorjcd y co su êroj co inbluonfij.



]jrj unj `jrquosinj j un jauj os `ês quo subifionto supdnor unj ûnifj ciroffiön co viontd. Fd`d pdco`ds vor on lj tjglj col CG-VO-JO, lds fdobifiontos ostên pljntojcds pjrj fujncd ol viontd sdplj cosco ol gdrco `ês jltd co lj fugiortj hjfij ol `ês gjkd.

´Fö`d trjtjro`ds ol vjldr col bjftdr co dgstruffiön4 Sono`ds un oko`pld onfdntrjcd on lj roc quo nds jyucjrê j fd`proncor fö`d bunfidnj cifhd fdobifionto.

]jrj nuostrj ajsdlinorj, toncro`ds quo tonor on fuontj quo puocon situjrso fjìdnos quo ontdrpozfjn lj firfuljfiön col viontd pdr ol tûnol co lj `jrquosinj d pdr lds ljtorjlos co lj ìs`j. Dtrd fjsd, pdr oko`pld, nuostrj tioncj nd prdcufo ol bjftdr phi : pdr nd dfupjr tdcj lj suporbifio pord, pdcràj cjrso ol fjsd co quo so fdldfjso un fjìön cotrês si oxisto un jpjrfjìontd d unj ostjfiön co jiro fd`priìcd. Co ostj bdr`j, lj auàj quo soauiro`ds pjrj aonorjr ljs hipötosis voncrê cjcj pdr lj siauionto tjglj. ND@GWO OBOFSD BJFSDW CO DGVSW_FFIÖN Jgjkd =≣ϟ≣: R:

OX]LIFJFIÖN Fugiortj fd`plotj j prosidnos

R7

Jrrigj

ϟ0:

]uoco onfdntrjrso un fjìön jpjrfjcd cotrês co lj tioncj.

R6

@ixtd

=≣ϟ≣: y ϟ0:

Fdn un fjìön ropdstjncd y dtrd jpjrfjcd jtrês co lj tioncj



7.:.7.7.6 Hipötosis R: ]jrj R: toncro`ds ol siauionto osquo`j, hipötosis j prosidnos quo so fdnsicorj sio`pro.

HI]ÖSOVIV R: J ]WOVIDNOV [DNJ qg (eN/`7) fo fp oxt qo (eN/`7) J =,3? =,8 :,=:2 7,8772 G =,3? 7,8772 7,: 7,221 F =,3? 7,8772 :,6 :,2?:

7.:.7.7.3 Hipötosis R7 ]jrj R7 toncro`ds lds vjldros `êxi`ds co suffiön, prdvdfjcds pdr lj dfultjfiön col huofd co lj tioncj j `jnd col fjìön quo so onfuontrj jpjrfjcd trjs lj tioncj.

Lds vjldros nu`érifds co osto hofhd lds l ds tono`ds roprosontjcds on lj siauionto tjglj. HI]ÖSOVIV R7 J V_FFIDNOV [DNJ J G F

qg (eN/`7) =,3? =,3? =,3?

fo 7,8772 7,8772 7,8772

fp oxt -:,2 -7,7 -7,?

qo (eN/`7) -7,=67 -7,193 -6,:1?

7.:.7.7.? Hipötosis R6 Ostj hipötosis so gjsjrê on lj pdsigilicjc co onfdntrjr un fjìön jpjrfjcd trjs lj tioncj y dtrd ropdstjncd on lds trj`ds co lds surticdros.



J oboftds co vjldr co ljs fjrajs puoco nd sor fràtifd, sin o`gjrad, dbroforê unj jsiòtràj co fjrajs quo pdsigloònto prosonto jlaûn quo dtrd prdglo`j. Co ostj `jnorj, y yj quo söld nds fuostj fjlfuljr unj tjglj fd`d lj quo intrdcufiro`ds j fdntinujfiön y pjsjrld j N@6C, pdcro`ds influirlj on lj listj co hipötosis hipötosis co viontd y fd`prdgjr si os d nd pési`j. Ndtj; ol fdobifionto co oxpdsifiön quo coponco co lj jlturj nd ld `dcibifjro`ds, junquo so pdcràj jkustjr `ês rojlizjncd lds fêlfulds pjrj lj jlturj col puntd òcid co lj fugiortj, quo sorê ol quo lj civicirê on cds zdnjs, lj co prosidnos y lj co suffidnos. HI]ÖSOVIV R6 CO ]WOVIDNOV Y V_FFIDNOV ]WOVIDNOV J G F

qg (eN/`7) =,3? =,3? =,3?

V_FFIDNOV J G F

qg (eN/`7) =,3? =,3? =,3?

fo 7,8772 7,8772 7,8772 fo 7,8772 7,8772 7,8772

fp oxt =,8 7,: :,6

qo (eN/`7) :,=:2 7,221 :,2?:

fp oxt -:,2 -7,7 -7,?

qo (eN/`7) -7,=67 -7,193 -6,:1?

7.:.7.6 Niovo Ostj sdlifitjfiön os trjtjcj on ol cosjrrdlld col puntd 6.? col FSO-CG-VO-JO.

  ∙   0

Cdnco se so dgtiono co lj tjglj col ìs`d jpjrtjcd, j lj fujl ontrj`ds fdn ol nd`gro co lj fjpitjl cdnco so sitûj nuostrj fdnstruffiön, Jlifjnto, fuyj s e os =.7 eN/`7. Fristögjl Kosûs Rjlcopoújs Dftjvid

Osfuolj co Inaoniords Incustrijlos co Jlgjfoto, _FL@ := CIVOÚD CO OVSW_FS_WJ ]JWJ AJVDLINOWJ



Ol fdobifionto co bdr`j 0 :, yj quo so cifo litorjlònto on ol föciad téfnifd ld siauionto;

  ∙  0

0 : ± =.7 0 =.7 eN/` 7

Ol vjldr quo dgtono`ds co fjraj pdr niovo so robioro j lj hdrizdntjl, si quoro`ds dgtonor ol vjldr co lj prdyoffiön sdgro lj gjrrj toncro`ds quo ùltiplifjr pdr ol fdsond col ênauld co inflinjfiön co lj `jrquosinj. WOV_@ON HI]ÖSOVIV CO NIORO N: FJWAJ F_GIOWSJ FD@]LOSJ ]WDYOFSJCJ


qn (eN/`7) =,7== =,7=:

Osfuolj co Inaoniords Incustrijlos co Jlgjfoto, _FL@ :: CIVOÚD CO OVSW_FS_WJ ]JWJ AJVDLINOWJ

7.7 OVSW_FS_WJ CO LJ AJVDLINOWJ

7.7.: ]WI@OW CIVOÚD 7.7.:.: Intrdcuffiön co lj ostrufturj ]ljntojro`ds un cisoúd òcijnto pörtifds rosistontos on lj ciroffiön ldnaitucinjl co lj ajsdlinorj. Cogicd j quo ljs fjrajs sdn jltjs, ospofijlònto ljs co viontd, cofici`ds prosontjr un tdtjl co sioto piljros inifijlònto, ontro lds fujlos so ropjrtjn cifhjs sdlifitjfidnos. Jckucifjro`ds unds nûòrds pjrj pdcor roborirnds j ljs pdsifidnos co ljs gjrrjs.

7.7.:.:.: Woboronfijs On ùfhjs dfjsidnos, nds onfdntrjro`ds quo so nds cj unj fdtj y toncro`ds quo rospotjrlj on ol pljntojìontd co lj ostrufturj. ]jrj ol fjsd co nuostrj ajsdlinorj, tono`ds quo prosontjr unj sorio co fdrrojs y oloòntds co jrridstrjìontd quo nds oxiaon un pljnd j lj ìs`j jlturj pjrj ol fdrroftd bunfidnjìontd co lds jpdyds. Ostd so rojlizjrê td`jncd, pjrj tdcjs ljs gjrrjs quo fdnbdròn lj fugiortj, fd`d roboronfij ol puntd suporidr.


Osfuolj co Inaoniords Incustrijlos co Jlgjfoto, _FL@ :7 CIVOÚD CO OVSW_FS_WJ ]JWJ AJVDLINOWJ

7.7.:.:.7 ]jrêòtrds j intrdcufir 7.7.:.:.7.: Liìtjfiön co blofhj

Fdònzjncd fdn unj gêsifj cobinifiön co lds pjrêòtrds co blofhj, pjncod, driontjfiön co porbilos y tipd co lds ìs`ds, lds vjldros co blofhj sorên, soaûn ol FSO; -

]iljros; Cintolos; Cintolos;

H/:?= L/7==

*Làìto co blofhj on cintolos i`puostd tj`gién pdr ol cotorìnjcd on lds pjnolos co fugiortj. 7.7.:.:.7.7 ]jncod y pjncod ljtorjl

Vitujncd lds vjldros co pjncod ljtorjl y pjncod lds `dstrjcds on lj siauionto tjglj, tono`ds ol rosultjcd quo so ùostrj on lj i`jaon. i `jaon. ]ILJW ]jncod ]jncod ljtorjl

CINSOL

Oko buorto

Oko cégil

Oko buorto

Oko cégil

η0:

η0:

η0=

η0=

Jlj suporidr Jlj inboridr Jlj suporidr Jlj inboridr Lf 0 :.3 ` Lf 0 :.3 ` η0: η0:

Ndtj; Ndtj; Cintolos col pörtifd prinfipjl (ldnaitucinjlos) fdn lds vjldros cjcds. Cintolos co pörtifds sofuncjrids sin fdntjr fdn fdrrojs, pjncod ljtorjl fdn gotj 0 :. Cogo`ds jsoaurjr ol fdobifionto co pjncod fdn vjldr : quo ho`ds situjcd, pjrj olld jrridstrjro`ds ld quo soj pdsiglo y obifionto y fd`prdgjro`ds fdn ol FSO si so fu`plo d nd lj fdncifiön co intrjsljfidnjlicjc. Roc (eN)

Hoc (eN)

Coltj H,C (``)

h (`)

r

r<=,:

:86

69

=,=?

1

6,6?:2?O-=?

ROWCJCOWD

7.7.:.7 Intrdcuffiön co ljs fjrajs ]jrj ciònsidnjr fdrroftjònto nuostrj ostrufturj toncro`ds quo rofurrir j lds pjúds co fjraj. Fd`d pdco`ds vor on lj fjpturj co pjntjllj, so hjn intrdcuficd lds vjldros fjlfuljcds on ol jpjrtjcd co osti`jfiön. I@]DWSJNSO; Lj ciroffiön co jplifjfiön col pjúd sorê tjl quo fdnfuorco fdn lj cistrigufiön co fdrrojs quo tonaj`ds, on osto fjsd, porponcifuljr j lj ldnaitucinjl co lj fugiortj.



7.7.:.6 Fêlfuld co lj ostrufturj ]jrj jfljrjrnds òkdr fdn lj cistrigufiön co porbilos, `dstrj`ds unj fjpturj co pjntjllj.

Fdn ol prdarj`j N@6C tono`ds lj dpfiön co `dstrjr un listjcd co lds oloòntds co tjl bdr`j quo pdcj`ds fd`pjrjr posds ontro ostrufturjs y lds pjsds quo co`ds on dptiìzjfiön.



7.7.:.3 Fdnflusidnos col ]riòr Cisoúd Hjstj jhdrj pjrofo tdcd porboftd, fdn unj suporbifio gion fugiortj co cintolos y porbilos roljtivjònto poquoúds. Vin o`gjrad, nd ho`ds fjàcd on quo toncro`ds quo rosdlvor nucds fd`d ol quo tono`ds on lj i`jaon y, pjrj olld, os inovitjglo fdrtjr gjrrjs, fd`prdgjr quo lj quo fdrto`ds onfjkj on ol jl`j co lj fdntinuj, otf. ]jrj ovitjrnds fd`plifjfidnos fd`d ostj, intontjro`ds pljntojr unj ostrufturj quo nds porìtj unidnos `ês si`plos.

´Fö`d rosdlvoro`ds osto prdglo`j4 Airjro`ds lj ciroffiön on lj quo so cistriguyon ljs fjrajs, fdnbdr`jncd unj sorio co pörtifds prinfipjlos on lj ciroffiön ldnaitucinjl sdgro lds fujlos situjro`ds lds cintolos on ciroffiön brdntjl quo sdpdrtjrên ljs fdrrojs.

VDL_FIÖN


N_ORD WO]JWSD CO FJWAJV

Osfuolj co Inaoniords Incustrijlos co Jlgjfoto, _FL@ :? CIVOÚD CO OVSW_FS_WJ ]JWJ AJVDLINOWJ

7.7.7 VOA_NCD CIVOÚD ]jrj osto soauncd cisoúd, nds gjsjro`ds on ol pljntojìontd jntoridr pord influiro`ds ljs fdnsicorjfidnos col to`j co unidnos.

7.7.7.: Intrdcuffiön co lj ostrufturj Lj cistrigufiön co gjrrjs os prêftifjònto lj ìs`j. Ûnifjònto fj`gijrên jlaunjs gjrrjs cogicd j lj nuovj driontjfiön co ljs fdrrojs.

7.7.7.:.: Woboronfijs Jspoftd ùy i`pdrtjnto, pdrquo jquà vj`ds j visujlizjr fö`d sdlufidnjro`ds ol prdglo`j co unidnos quo tonàj`ds jntoridrònto. -

-

]jrj lds cintolos ldnaitucinjlos, nuòrjcds fd`d :, : y 7, vj`ds j td`jr fd`d roboronfij ol puntd suporidr, pdrquo quoro`ds quo nds froon un pljnd co jpdyd pjrj lds cintolos co jrrigj. ]jrj lds cintolos trjnsvorsjlos, toncro`ds quo intrdcufir un aird co ?» pdr ol jpdyd sdgro lds : y 7. Nd`grjcds tdcds fd`d 6 pdr sor ol ìs`d porbil, vj`ds j cistinauir ontro cds pdsifidnos; Cintolos co lds oxtro`ds, os cofir, ol vdljcd co jrrigj y ol quo jpdyj pdr onfi`j co lds piljros 6. J ostds oloòntds los jsianjro`ds lj osquinj inboridr fdrrospdncionto fd`d roboronfij, co tjl bdr`j quo jpdyon sdgro lds cintolos :, : y 7. Ol rostd co cintolos toncrên lj roboronfij col puntd fontrjl inboridr col porbil. 



7.7.7.:.7 ]jrêòtrds j intrdcufir



7.7.7.:.7.: Liìtjfiön co blofhj

Nd fj`gij rospoftd jl jntoridr. 7.7.7.:.7.7 ]jncod y pjncod ljtorjl

Vitujncd lds vjldros co pjncod ljtorjl y pjncod lds `dstrjcds on lj siauionto tjglj, tono`ds ol rosultjcd quo so ùostrj on lj i`jaon. i `jaon. Vupdno`ds fdldfjfiön co ostjgilizjcdros ontro cintolos :,7 y 6 y ontro fdrrojs fdn cintolos. ]ILJW ]jncod

]jncod ljtorjl

CINSOL

Oko buorto

Oko cégil

Oko buorto

Oko cégil

η0:

η0:

η0=

η0=

Jlj suporidr Jlj inboridr Jlj suporidr Jlj inboridr Cintolos 6; Cintolos 6; Lf 0 :.3 ` Lf 0 :.3 ` η0: η0: Cintolos :,7; Cintolos :,7; Lf 0 3 ` Lf 0 3 `

Sj`gién vêlicd ol gotj fdn vjldr : pjrj ol pjncod ljtorjl co lds cintolos pdrquo so fdnsicorj lj fdldfjfiön co ostjgilizjcdros j ìtjc co vjnd. Roc (eN)

Hoc (eN)

Coltj H,C (``)

h (`)

r

r<=,:

:13

79

:,2

1

=,==:61:379

ROWCJCOWD

7.7.7.7 Intrdcuffiön co fjrajs Fj`gijro`ds lj ciroffiön col pjúd pord lds vjldros osti`jcds sorên lds ìs`ds.



7.7.7.6 Fêlfuld co lj ostrufturj Fjlfuljro`ds lj ostrufturj sin jplifjr dptiìzjfidnos, tjl y fd`d lj ho`ds `dstrjcd jntoridrònto.

@dstrjro`ds j fdntinujfiön lj tjglj fdn posds co lj ostrufturj.

7.7.7.3 Cotjllos fdnstruftivds 7.7.7.3.: ]iljros On lds oloòntds co sustontjfiön ho`ds fdnsoauicd un guon jprdvofhjìontd, sioncd ol `ês jltd col 81.=?%.



Ol oko buorto cogorê driontjrso on lj ciroffiön ldnaitucinjl co lj fugiortj y junquo nd so cotjllo pdr nd sor dgkotivd co osto trjgjkd, soràj osonfijl unj prdtoffiön fdntrj i`pjftds, i`pjftds , yj quo ol trêbifd co vohàfulds os gêsifd on lj bunfiön col prdyoftd. Vo fu`plo jquolld quo ciki`ds co poquoúds cospljzjìontds, tjl y fd`d pdco`ds vor on lj siauionto i`jaon.

7.7.7.3.7 Cintolos Ho`ds fdnsoauicd unj ostrufturj fdn porbilos roljtivjònto poquoúds y pdfd posjcds, ontro lds quo fjgo costjfjr un I]O 3==, ol fujl pdcràj`ds rocufir on dptiìzjfidnos pdstoridros òcijnto lj cistrigufiön co osbuorzds sdgro `ês gjrrjs, lj prosontjfiön co fjrtoljs u dtrds `étdcds. 7.7.7.3.6 Fdntinuicjc co gjrrjs J nivol co si`plibifjr lj ostrufturj, oloai`ds lj `êxi`j cispdsifiön pdsiglo co gjrrjs fdntinujs yj quo nds jhdrrj`ds sdlcjcurjs y porìti`ds unj fdnstruffiön sonfillj co lds oloòntds. 7.7.7.3.3 _nidnos Vo cotjlljrên on lds pljnds, ovitjro`ds fdrtjr gjrrjs y fdldfjr riaicizjcdros pjrj si`plibifjr y jlokjrnds co bjllds on sdlcjcurjs.



7.7.6 D]SI@I[JFIÖN COL CIVOÚD. CIVOÚD BINJL 7.7.6.: ]ljntojìontd Srjs ostucijr lj ostrufturj jntoridr, on osto jpjrtjcd vj`ds j jplifjr jlaunjs `dcibifjfidnos, fdn ljs quo intontjro`ds rocufir porbilos y òkdrjr ljs fdncifidnos co nuostrj ajsdlinorj. 7.7.6.:.: @okdrjs prdpuostjs 7.7.6.:.:.: Oliìnjfiön co gjrrjs nd jprdvofhjcjs

Rj`ds j rovisjr lds jprdvofhjìontds quo tono`ds on ljs gjrrjs y si pdco`ds quitjr jlaunj ld hjro`ds fdn ol dgkotivd co ìniìzjr posds co ostrufturj o infroòntjr ol jprdvofhjìontd col rostd co gjrrjs. 7.7.6.:.:.7 ]rosontjfiön co fjrtoljs

Cobiniro`ds porbilos fdn fjrtoljs cdnco prdfocj, intontjncd sdgro tdcd gjkjr lds I]O 3== quo tono`ds fd`d cintolos co pörtifds prinfipjlos. Nd so prosontjrên fjrtoljs on lds piljros, pdrquo hjgràj quo oboftujr unj uniön ontro porbilos HOG o I]O, pjrj ld fujl toncràj`ds quo usjr unj fhjpj intoròcij y sdn fd`plifjfidnos quo probori`ds nd influir pdrquo fujntjs ònds sdlcjcurjs tonaj`ds tonaj`ds quo hjfor, ònds riosad co bjlld toncro`ds. 7.7.6.:.:.6 Nuovjs gjrrjs

Zuo intrdcufiro`ds pjrj ropjrtir òkdr lds osbuorzds y jsà pdcor rocufir posd o infroòntjr jprdvofhjìontd.

7.7.6.7 Ostrufturj rosultjnto Srjs un prdfosd itorjtivd co ocifiön co lj ostrufturj, lloaj`ds j unj sdlufiön öpti`j. Lds fj`gids jplifjcds sdn lds siauiontos; -

-

Fjrtoljs on lds cintolos : y 7 quo rocufon vjrids porbilos co lj sorio I]O. Oliìnjfiön co und co lds piljros col arupd 6, quo gjkj ol posd co lj ostrufturj `jntonioncd su bunfidnjlicjc y òkdrjncd ol jprdvofhjìontd col rostd co gjrrjs. Wopjrtd co fjrajs òcijnto lj jcifiön co un cintol ontro ol arupd co piljros 7 y 6 (nds fj`gij jco`ês lj ldnaituc co pjncod j unj fdncifiön `ês bjvdrjglo).


Osfuolj co Inaoniords Incustrijlos co Jlgjfoto, _FL@ 7= CIVOÚD CO OVSW_FS_WJ ]JWJ AJVDLINOWJ

7.7.6.6 Fêlfuld co lj ostrufturj Fjlfuljncd ol `dcold quo ho`ds oloaicd fd`d binjl b injl tono`ds ld siauionto.

Ol posd quo ho`ds fdnsoauicd os ol siauionto;

Fd`d so puoco fd`prdgjr, fdn lj fdldfjfiön co fjrtoljs, lj jcifiön co un cintol y lj oliìnjfiön co un piljr ho`ds gjkjcd `ês co 3== ea j lj ostrufturj.

7.7.6.3 Cotjllos fdnstruftivds 7.7.6.3.: ]iljros @okdros jprdvofhjìontds quo lds fdnsoauicds jntoridrònto, hjstj fjsi col 93%.


Osfuolj co Inaoniords Incustrijlos co Jlgjfoto, _FL@ 7: CIVOÚD CO OVSW_FS_WJ ]JWJ AJVDLINOWJ

Co lj ìs`j `jnorj, lds cospljzjìontds sdn `àni`ds.

7.7.6.3.7 Cintolos Binjlònto rocufi`ds lds porbilos hjstj ol 66=, quo os ònds oxjaorjcd quo ol 3== quo dgtonàj`ds jntos. Sdcd olld j fj`gid co lj fdldfjfiön co fjrtoljs co : òtrd, ljs fujlos nd sdn oxfosivjònto arjncos. Sj`gién fdnsoaui`ds arjncos jprdvofhjìontds, fd`d ol quo so vo on lj i`jaon.

7.7.6.3.6 Ostjgilizjcdros Lds ho`ds usjcd pjrj ajrjntizjr fdobifiontos co pjncod : ontro lds nucds col ontrj`jcd co cintolos cigukjcd. Ho`ds co tonor on fuontj quo sdn lufos ùy arjncos y quo sin ostds oloòntds, ol pjncod ljtorjl os on ol :==% co lds fjsds lj fd`prdgjfiön fràtifj, fdn



lj fujl sugiràj`ds 7 d influsd `ês porbilos co lj sorio. J fdntinujfiön vj`ds j ciònsidnjr und co lds oloòntds fdn plotinjs, pdr sor `ês fö`dcj su instjljfiön.

Fdldfjncd lds cds tirjntos fdn un ênauld co 3? arjcds, on osfujcrj, tono`ds quo;

                                    

Jxil quo cogo rosistir ol tirjnto pjrj quo on lj ciroffiön hdrizdntjl jaujnto ol N `jx,trjffiön ;

On ljs tjgljs co plotinjs y fdn ljs oxprosidnos co tonsiön y tonsiön jcìsiglo, tono`ds;

]jrj un porbil co 7=x?, tono`ds ld siauionto;

Ol ostjgilizjcdr fu`plo, nd pdncro`ds porbilos `ês poquoúds pdrquo nds puoco prosontjr cibifultjcos on lj fdnstruffiön co lds oloòntds. Vi so quisiorj, so pdcràj jcjptjr pjrj fdldfjr fjglos on voz co porbilos, pord pjrj nuostrd fjsd, ho`ds fdnsicorjcd quo ostj os lj òkdr sdlufiön.

Nd so fd`prdgjrên j pjncod pdr cispdnor cds ostjgilizjcdros. Lds nucds co lds ìs`ds sorên fdn tdrnillds pjrj quo lj plotinj usjcj (`dstrjcj co fdldr jzul on lj i`jaon) puocj sdlcjrso on tjllor. Fristögjl Kosûs Rjlcopoújs Dftjvid


7.7.6.? ]rinfipjlos fd`prdgjfidnos 7.7.6.?.: Cintolos 7.7.6.?.:.: Blox Bloxiön on Y Vo cogo sjtisbjfor;

]jrj bloxiön pdsitivj; Ol osbuorzd sdlifitjnto co fêlfuld pési`d so prdcufo on un puntd situjcd j unj cistjnfij co 3.662 ` col nucd N67, pjrj lj fd`ginjfiön co jffidnos :.6?±]]+:.?±R:+=.1?±N:. @Oc+; @dòntd bloftdr sdlifitjnto co fêlfuld pési`d. ]jrj bloxiön noajtivj; Ol osbuorzd sdlifitjnto co fêlfuld pési`d so prdcufo on un puntd situjcd j unj cistjnfij co 3.662 ` col nucd N67, pjrj lj fd`ginjfiön co jffidnos =.8±]]+:.?±R7. @Oc-; @dòntd bloftdr sdlifitjnto co fêlfuld pési`d. Ol `dòntd bloftdr rosistonto co fêlfuld @f,Wc viono cjcd pdr;

α;

=.271

α;

=.288

@Oc+ ;

36.39

eN±`

@Oc- ;

2=.:8

eN±`

@f,Wc ;

92.=:

eN±`

Fljso ;

:

Qpl,y ;

622.2=

f`¶

b yc yc ;

72:.9=

@]j

b y ;

71?.==

@]j

Cdnco; Fljso ; Fljso co lj soffiön, soaûn lj fjpjficjc co cobdr`jfiön y co cosjrrdlld

co lj rosistonfij plêstifj co lds oloòntds pljnds co unj soffiön j bloxiön si`plo. Qpl,y; @öculd rosistonto plêstifd fdrrospdncionto j lj bigrj fdn `jydr tonsiön, pjrj ljs soffidnos co fljso : y 7. b yc yc; Wosistonfij co fêlfuld col jford. Vioncd; b y; Làìto olêstifd. (FSO CG VO-J, Sjglj 3.:) ζ@=;

Fdobifionto pjrfijl co soauricjc col `jtorijl.

ζ@= ;

:.=?

Wosistonfij j pjncod ljtorjl; (FSO CG VO-J, Jrtàfuld 2.6.6.7) Ol `dòntd bloftdr rosistonto co fêlfuld @g,Wc viono cjcd pdr; @g,Wc ;

81.36

eN±`

Qpl,y ;

622.2=

f`¶

b yc yc ;

72:.9=

@]j

b y ;

71?.==

@]j

Cdnco; Qpl,y; @öculd rosistonto plêstifd fdrrospdncionto j lj bigrj fdn `jydr tonsiön,

pjrj ljs soffidnos co fljso : y 7. b yc yc; Wosistonfij co fêlfuld col jford. Vioncd;

b y; Làìto olêstifd. (FSO CG VO-J, Sjglj 3.:) ζ@:;

Fdobifionto pjrfijl co soauricjc col `jtorijl.


ζ@: ;

:.=?


ρ LS LS;

Bjftdr co rocuffiön pdr pjncod ljtorjl. ρ LS LS ;

=.9:

ϟLS ;

=.28

κLS ;

=.7:

ε LS LS ;

=.?3

@fr ;

637.81

eN±`

@LSv ;

:2?.=9

eN±`

@LSw ;

6==.?:

eN±`

Qol,y ;

673.66

f`¶

Iz ; It ; O; A;

786.2= :7.88 7:==== 8:===

f`3 f`3 @]j @]j

Vioncd;

κLS;

Fdobifionto co i`porboffiön olêstifj.

@fr; @dòntd fràtifd olêstifd co pjncod ljtorjl. Ol `dòntd fràtifd olêstifd co pjncod ljtorjl @fr so cotorìnj soaûn lj todràj co lj oljstificjc;

Vioncd; @LSv; Fd`pdnonto quo roprosontj lj rosistonfij pdr tdrsiön unibdrò co lj gjrrj.

@LSw; Fd`pdnonto quo roprosontj lj rosistonfij pdr tdrsiön nd unibdrò co lj gjrrj.

Vioncd; Qol,y; @öculd rosistonto olêstifd co lj

soffiön grutj, dgtonicd pjrj lj bigrj `ês fd`priìcj. Iz; @dòntd co inorfij co lj soffiön grutj, rospoftd jl oko [. It; @dòntd co inorfij j tdrsiön unibdrò. O; @öculd co oljstificjc. A; @öculd co oljstificjc trjnsvorsjl. Lf+; Ldnaituc oboftivj co pjncod ljtorjl col jlj suporidr. Lf-; Ldnaituc oboftivj co pjncod ljtorjl col jlj inboridr. F:; Bjftdr quo coponco co ljs fdncifidnos co jpdyd y co lj bdr`j co lj loy co `dòntds bloftdros sdgro lj gjrrj. ib,z; Wjcid co aird, rospoftd jl oko co òndr inorfij co lj soffiön, col sdpdrto bdr`jcd pdr ol jlj fd`priìcj y lj torforj pjrto co lj zdnj fd`priìcj col jl`j jcyjfonto jl jlj fd`priìcj.

Lf+ ;

:.?==

`

Lf- ; F: ;

:.?== :.==

`

ib,z+ ;

6.:1

f`

ib,z- ;

6.:1

f`

7.7.6.?.7 ]iljros 7.7.6.?.7.: Jxil Vo cogo sjtisbjfor;

α;


=.=19

Osfuolj co Inaoniords Incustrijlos co Jlgjfoto, _FL@ 7? CIVOÚD CO OVSW_FS_WJ ]JWJ AJVDLINOWJ

α;

=.:9:

Nf,Oc ;

:89.==

eN

Nf,Wc ;

7686.66

eN

Fljso ;

:

Ol osbuorzd sdlifitjnto co fêlfuld pési`d so prdcufo on ol nucd N2, pjrj lj fd`ginjfiön co jffidnos :.6?±]]+:.?±R:+=.1?±N:. Nf,Oc; Jxil co fd`prosiön sdlifitjnto co fêlfuld pési`d.

Lj rosistonfij co fêlfuld j fd`prosiön Nf,Wc viono cjcj pdr;

Cdnco; Fljso ; Fljso co lj soffiön, soaûn lj fjpjficjc co cobdr`jfiön y co

cosjrrdlld co lj rosistonfij plêstifj co lds oloòntds pljnds fd`priìcds co unj soffiön. J; Êroj co lj soffiön grutj pjrj ljs soffidnos co fljso :, 7 y 6. b yc yc; Wosistonfij co fêlfuld col jford.

J; b yc yc ;

9:.== 72:.9=

f`· @]j

b y ;

71?.==

@]j

Vioncd; b y; Làìto olêstifd. (FSO CG VO-J, Sjglj 3.:) ζ@=; Fdobifionto pjrfijl co soauricjc col `jtorijl.

ζ@= ;

:.=?

Ng,Wc ;

981.77

eN

J; b yc yc ;

9:.== 72:.9=

f`· @]j

b y ;

71?.==

@]j

Wosistonfij j pjncod; (FSO CG VO-J, Jrtàfuld 2.6.7) Lj rosistonfij co fêlfuld j pjncod Ng,Wc on unj gjrrj fd`priìcj viono cjcj pdr;

Cdnco; J; Êroj co lj soffiön grutj pjrj ljs soffidnos co fljso :, 7 y 6. b yc yc; Wosistonfij co fêlfuld col jford.

Vioncd; b y; Làìto olêstifd. (FSO CG VO-J, Sjglj 3.:) ζ@:; Fdobifionto pjrfijl co soauricjc col `jtorijl. ρ ;

ζ@: ;

:.=?

Fdobifionto co rocuffiön pdr pjncod. ρ y ; ρ z ;

=.12 =.3:

ρ S ;

=.18

ϟy ;

=.82 :.?6 =.19

Vioncd; ϟz ; ϟS ; κ;

Fdobifionto co i`porboffiön olêstifj.

κy ; κz ; κS ;

ε ;

Osgoltoz rocuficj. ε y ;


=.63 =.39 =.39

ε z ;

=.13 :.73

ε S ;

=.27


Nfr; Jxil fràtifd olêstifd co pjncod, dgtonicd fd`d ol òndr co lds siauiontos vjldros; Nfr,y; Jxil fràtifd olêstifd co pjncod pdr bloxiön rospoftd jl oko Y. Nfr,z; Jxil fràtifd olêstifd co pjncod pdr bloxiön rospoftd jl oko [. Nfr,S; Jxil fràtifd olêstifd co pjncod pdr tdrsiön.

Nfr ;

:277.6:

eN

Nfr,y ;

32:2.99

eN

Nfr,z ;

:277.6:

eN

Nfr,S ;

2?23.11

eN

7.7.6.?.7.7 Bloxiön y jxil fd`ginjcds Vo cogo sjtisbjfor;

α;

=.891

α;

=.893

Lds osbuorzds sdlifitjntos co fêlfuld pési`ds so prdcufon on ol nucd N1, pjrj lj fd`ginjfiön co jffidnos =.8±]]+:.?±R7. Cdnco; Nt,Oc; Jxil co trjffiön sdlifitjnto co fêlfuld pési`d. @y,Oc, @z,Oc; @dòntds bloftdros sdlifitjntos co fêlfuld pési`ds, soaûn lds okos Y y

Nt,Oc ; @y,Oc+ ; @z,Oc- ; Fljso ;

[, rospoftivjònto. Fljso ; Fljso co lj soffiön, soaûn lj fjpjficjc co cobdr`jfiön y co cosjrrdlld co lj rosistonfij plêstifj co sus oloòntds pljnds, pjrj jxil y bloxiön si`plo. Npl,Wc; Wosistonfij j trjffiön. Npl,Wc ; @pl,Wc,y, @pl,Wc,z; Wosistonfij j bloxiön co lj soffiön grutj on fdncifidnos plêstifjs, @pl,Wc,y ; rospoftd j lds okos Y y [, rospoftivjònto. @pl,Wc,z ; Wosistonfij j pjncod; (FSO CG VO-J, Jrtàfuld 2.6.3.:) @ob,Oc; @dòntd bloftdr sdlifitjnto co fêlfuld pési`d. @ob,Oc ;


:11.33 :77.76 72.29 :

eN eN±` eN±`

7686.66 7:2.2= :=6.:2

eN eN±` eN±`

:=9.66

eN±`


Vioncd; φfd`,Oc; Sonsiön fd`ginjcj on lj bigrj oxtro`j fd`priìcj.

Qy,fd`; @öculd rosistonto co lj soffiön roboricd j

lj bigrj oxtro`j fd`priìcj, jlrococdr col oko Y.

J; Êroj co lj soffiön grutj. @g,Wc,y; @dòntd bloftdr rosistonto co fêlfuld.

φfd`,Oc ;

:67.7=

@]j

Qy,fd` ; J; @g,Wc,y ;

871.== 9:.== :17.=9

f`¶ f`· eN±`

7.7.6.?.7.6 Fdrtjnto Vo cogo sjtisbjfor;

α;

=.:7?

Ol osbuorzd sdlifitjnto co fêlfuld pési`d so prdcufo pjrj lj fd`ginjfiön co jffidnos =.8±]]+:.?±R7.

ROc; Osbuorzd fdrtjnto sdlifitjnto co fêlfuld pési`d.

ROc ;

69.37

eN

Rf,Wc ;

6:2.=6

eN

Jv ;

7=.9=

f`·

h; tw ;

77=.== 9.?=

`` ``

b yc yc ;

72:.9=

@]j

b y ;

71?.==

@]j

Ol osbuorzd fdrtjnto rosistonto co fêlfuld Rf,Wc viono cjcd pdr;

Cdnco; Jv; Êroj trjnsvorsjl j fdrtjnto.

Vioncd; h; Fjntd co lj soffiön. tw; Osposdr col jl`j.

b yc yc; Wosistonfij co fêlfuld col jford.

Vioncd; b y; Làìto olêstifd. (FSO CG VO-J, Sjglj 3.:)



ζ@=; Fdobifionto pjrfijl co soauricjc col `jtorijl.

ζ@= ;

:.=?

:9.19 <

23.1:

ε w ;

:9.19

ε `êx `êx ;

23.1:

Jgdlljcurj pdr fdrtjnto col jl`j; (FSO CG VO-J, Jrtàfuld 2.6.6.3)

Junquo nd so hjn cispuostd riaicizjcdros trjnsvorsjlos, nd os nofosjrid fd`prdgjr lj rosistonfij j lj jgdlljcurj col jl`j, puostd quo so fu`plo;

Cdnco; ε w;

Osgoltoz col jl`j.

ε `êx `êx;

ο;

Osgoltoz `êxi`j.

Bjftdr co rocuffiön.

ο;

=.97

Vioncd; b rob rob ; Làìto olêstifd co roboronfij. b y; Làìto olêstifd. (FSO CG VO-J, Sjglj 3.:)


b rob rob ;

76?.==

@]j

b y ;

71?.==

@]j


7.7.6.2 Fdnflusidnos col Cisoúd Binjl Jl binjl ho`ds fdnsoauicd un guon posd co ostrufturj pjrj unj cispdsifiön co fdrrojs ldnaitucinjl, os cofir, co 7= òtrds. _sjncd fjrtoljs y rocistriguyoncd ljs fjrajs ho`ds rocuficd cds porbilos lds cintolos co lds pörtifds prinfipjlos, dptiìzjncd jsà ol cisoúd. Hjstj lloajr j ostj sdlufiön ho`ds cjcd ùfhàsi`js vuoltjs, pjsjncd pdr ciborontos cisoúds. :) ]ljntoj`ds unj ostrufturj fdn ljs fdrrojs on lj ciroffiön co :3 òtrds pord orj fd`plifjcd rosdlvor ljs unidnos. 7) ]onsj`ds on rojlizjr un cisoúd sin fdrrojs, aonorjncd cds pörtifds prinfipjlos on lj ciroffiön ldnaitucinjl y cintolos j `dcd co fdnoxiön ontro j`gds. Ostj sdlufiön nd sjliö jcoljnto pdrquo pjrj fdldfjr ol `jtorijl co fugiortj cogàj`ds rojlizjr jaukords on porbilos ljìnjcds y nd orj rontjglo. 6) Srjs vor lds prdglo`js jntoridros, cofici`ds fj`gijr lj ciroffiön co fdrrojs j lj co 7= òtrds. Co ostj bdr`j fdldfjràj`ds lds pörtifds prinfipjlos on cifhj ciroffiön, cintolos sdgro ollds y fdrrojs pdr onfi`j, quo hj rosultjcd sor lj sdlufiön `ês sonfillj y oboftivj obofti vj quo ho`ds fdnsoauicd. Lj fdnsicorjfiön co ostjgilizjcdros hj sicd tj`gién i`pdrtjnto. Ho`ds co jfljrjr quo si tuviéso`ds quo gjsjrnds gjsjrnds on profids, `jnd co dgrj, dgrj, `jtorijlos y ovitjr sdlcjcurjs sdlcjcurjs lds rosultjcds öpti`ds pdcràjn sor un pdfd ciborontos, pord fd`d nuostrd fritorid hj sicd ol posd co lj ostrufturj, lj sdlufiön os o s `ês quo vêlicj



7.6 CIVOÚD CO ]LJFJV GJVO On osto jpjrtjcd vj`ds j oloair unj co ljs gjsos co piljr pjrj ciònsidnjr nuostrj pljfj gjso fdn lds fêlfulds quo, pdr ndr`j, hjy quo rojlizjr pjrj olld.

7.6.: Fdnfoptds provids 7.6.:.: @jtorijlos 7.6.:.:.: [jpjtj Lj zjpjtj so prové (yj quo nd os dgkotivd co osto trjgjkd ol cisoúd co lj ìs`j) fdnstituicj pdr hdrìaön HJ 7? y co tj`júd 7` x 7` x =.1 `, sioncd ostjs `janitucos ljs fdrrospdnciontos jl jnfhd, ljrad y prdbuncd. 7.6.:.:.7 Jford V 71? KW ]jrj lj pljfj on sà y tdcds lds riaicizjcdros quo fdnsicoro`ds pdnor on ollj. 7.6.:.:.6 Jford G ?== V ]jrj lds fdrruajcds quo fdnbdr`jrên lds pornds, oloòntds co jnfljko quo unirên lj zjpjtj fdn lj pljfj, trjnsìtioncd lds osbuorzds j lds quo qu o éstj ostê sdòticj.

7.6.:.7 Osbuorzds on gjso co piljr On todràj, si ciònsidnj`ds lj pljfj gjso fdn `jydr sdlifitjfiön, pdcràj`ds oxtoncor ol rosultjcd jl rostd co pljfjs. Jsà, ol piljr quo osfdao`ds sorê ol co pdsifiön 7 y lds osbuorzds, lds jndtjcds jl ljcd.

Ciònsidnj`ds ontdnfos pjrj;

   


   

      


7.6.:.6 @dcd co fdnstruffiön Junquo osto nd os ol dgkotivd col trjgjkd, vj`ds j cotjlljr lj bdr`j on lj quo fdnstruiro`ds ol onljfo col ontrj`jcd ostrufturjl fdn ol torrond.

Fd`d so puoco vor on lj i`jaon, vj`ds j situjr lj pljfj gjso contrd co lj zjpjtj, quo os jlad ùy usjcd. Lj kustibifjfiön co quo tdò`ds osto cisoúd os; -

Nd toncro`ds quo privjrnds co fdldfjr riaicizjcdros pjrj dgtonor osposdros poquoúds co pljfj, yj quo ld quo hjaj`ds nd so vj j vor ni vj j `dlostjr on lj suporbifio.

7.6.7 Ciònsidnjcd co lj pljfj Fd`d so hj cifhd jntoridrònto, nd toncro`ds infdnvoniontos on pdnor riaicizjcdros jsà quo pjrtiro`ds co osj proìsj y ciònsidnjro`ds nuostrj pljfj, sjgioncd quo nd vj`ds j fdnsoauir lj sdlufiön öpti`j, yj quo cifhj sdlufiön so ostucij co bdr`j itorjcj fdn ol prdarj`j co jnêlisis ostrufturjl quo osto`ds usjncd.

7.6.7.: ]rociònsidnjcd Lj cispdsifiön on pljntj co nuostrj pljfj sorê lj siauionto. -

]ljfj co 3?= x 3?= `` y 7= `` co osposdr.



7.6.7.7 Êroj 7.6.7.7 Êroj pdrtjnto

                                                                                   

Vioncd lds vjldros col rjcifjl lds `àni`ds co lds quo so ùostrjn j fdntinujfiön (ìs`ds vjldros pjrj ljs `janitucos on g);



Ol êroj co lj zdnj sd`grojcj os;

                              

7.6.7.6 Fd`prdgjfiön co ciònsidnos

√ ⃑  

;

       √   ( )             ;

Wosdlvo`ds ol sisto`j co ofujfidnos y dgtono`ds ld siauionto; {{x 63.1?21, z 6168:?}}



7.6.7.3 Fd`prdgjfiön co osposdr. Wiaicoz co lj pljfj 7.6.7.3.: Ciroffiön pjrjlolj j lds riaicizjcdros

                                                                           

]dr tjntd, so fu`plo lj fd`prdgjfiön. Lj intorprotjfiön co ostds fêlfulds hj sicd lj co un vdljcizd fdn o`pdtrjìontd on lj soffiön cdnco jpdyj ol porbil HOG y fjraj jplifjcj co vjldr lj rosistonfij col hdrìaön.

7.6.7.3.7 Ciroffiön porponcifuljr j lds riaicizjcdros Ol `dòntd fjusjcd on ostj soffiön viono cjcd pdr lj oxprosiön;

                 Ol `dòntd co fd`pjrjfiön rosistonto co lj soffiön siauo lj siauionto oxprosiön;



               

Fd`d ol `dòntd co fd`pjrjfiön os `jydr quo ol co fêlfuld, lj soffiön fu`plo lj fd`prdgjfiön.

7.6.7.? Oloffiön co jr`jcurjs Ciònsidnjro`ds j fdntinujfiön lds pornds co jnfljko quo prosontjro`ds on lj gjsj. Ostds pornds cogon sdpdrtjr ol vjldr co [ fjlfuljcd jntoridrònto, ostjrên fd`puostds co jford G?==V yj quo lj ciboronfij co profid nd os ùy arjnco on roljfiön j sus prostjfidnos. 7.6.7.?.: Ciêòtrd Vi oloai`ds pornds co ciêòtrd :2 ``, toncro`ds quo;

                               

Fdn fujtrd pornds dgtono`ds quo nd os subifionto, jsà quo, pjrj nd infroòntjr n co`jsijcd, pjsj`ds jl siauionto ciêòtrd, ol co 7=;

Yj so fu`plo lj fd`prdgjfiön, fdn 6 pornds co ciêòtrd 7=. 7.6.7.?.7 Ldnaituc

On priòr luajr, fjlfuljro`ds lj ldnaituc gêsifj, pjrj hdrìaön HJ -7? y jford G?==V;

                                  

Ol vjldr col quo pjrtiro`ds sorê 2== ``. Cifhd vjldr sorê `dcibifjcd pdr lj torìnjfiön col pornd y lj roljfiön co jprdvofhjìontd fjlfuljcj jntoridrònto.

Vo cogo fu`plir unj ldnaituc `àni`j, quo voncrê cjcj pdr lj `jydr co ljs siauiontos. 



 

     

Jsà, oloai`ds unj ldnaituc binjl co 3== ìlàòtrds, quo onfjkjn jco`ês on lj zjpjtj quo ho`ds oloaicd.

7.6.7.2 Fd`prdgjfiön j fdrtjnto

7.6.7.2.:

                                ∛   ∛         

Lj fdnbiaurjfiön fu`plo sdgrjcjònto lj sdlifitjfiön j fdrtjnto.

Vi nd so fu`plioso cifhj fd`prdgjfiön cogoràj`ds jújcir un tjfd d tjfds pord fd`d so fu`plo, nd os nofosjrid td`jr òcicjs co ninaûn tipd.

7.6.6 Wosultjcds Soörifjònto cogoràj`ds ropotir fêlfulds pjrj lj onvdlvonto fd`ploòntjrij y lj ciroffiön porponcifuljr co lj pljfj, pord ol buncjòntd co lds ìs`ds yj so hj `dstrjcd fdn ol fêlfuld co unj ciroffiön y unj onvdlvonto pdr ld quo ho`ds coficicd nd oxtoncor `ês ol trjgjkd. Ho`ds dgtonicd `jnujlònto unj pljfj co 3?=x3?=x7? fdn riaicizjcdros co : f` co osposdr j :?= `` co jlturj. Lds pornds sdn un tdtjl co 2 co jford G?==V fdn ciêòtrd 7= `` hjstj unj prdbuncicjc co 3= f`. Lds rosultjcds dgtonicds fdn ol prdarj`j vjràjn un pdfd, si gion `jntono`ds ljs ldnaitucos co pornds, cogo`ds vjrijr ol nûòrd co lds l ds ìs`ds d ljs l js ciònsidnos co pljfj pjrj quo fu`plioso tdcjs ljs fd`prdgjfidnos. Lj pljfj oloaicj os lj siauionto; Woboronfij; N2 -]ljfj gjso; Jnfhd X; ?== `` Jnfhd Y; ?== `` Osposdr; 7? `` -]ornds; 8Ø7= `` L0?= f` ]jtillj j 9= arjcds -Cispdsifiön; ]dsifiön X; Fontrjcj ]dsifiön Y; Fontrjcj -Wiaicizjcdros; ]jrjlolds X; - ]jrjlolds Y; 7(:?=x=x:=.=) Fd`prdgjfiön Vopjrjfiön `àni`j ontro pornds; 6 ciêòtrds

Vopjrjfiön `àni`j pornds-gdrco; :.? ciêòtrds

Osgoltoz co riaicizjcdros;


Rjldros @àni`d; 2= `` Fjlfuljcd; :63 `` @àni`d; 6= `` Fjlfuljcd; ?= `` @êxi`d; ?=

Ostjcd Fu`plo Fu`plo Fu`plo


-]jrjlolds j Y; Ldnaituc `àni`j col pornd; Vo fjlfulj lj ldnaituc co jnfljko nofosjrij pdr jchoronfij.

Jnfljko pornd on hdrìaön; -Srjffiön; -Fdrtjnto; -Srjffiön + Fdrtjnto; Srjffiön on vêstjad co pornds; Sonsiön co Rdn @isos on vêstjad co pornds; Jpljstjìontd pornd on pljfj; Làìto col fdrtjnto on un pornd jftujncd fdntrj lj pljfj

Sonsiön co Rdn @isos on soffidnos aldgjlos; -Corofhj; -Izquiorcj; -Jrrigj; -Jgjkd; Blofhj aldgjl oquivjlonto;

Fjlfuljcd; 6?.? @àni`d; 76 f` Fjlfuljcd; ?= f` @êxi`d; :::.:7 eN Fjlfuljcd; :==.:3 eN @êxi`d; 11.18 eN Fjlfuljcd; ?.6: eN @êxi`d; :::.:7 eN Fjlfuljcd; :=1.16 eN @êxi`d; :7?.2 eN Fjlfuljcd; 9?.=6 eN @êxi`d; ?== @]j Fjlfuljcd; 6=3.:9: @]j @êxi`d; 71? eN Fjlfuljcd; ?.=: eN @êxi`d; 71? @]j Fjlfuljcd; 39.3698 @]j Fjlfuljcd; :33.86 @]j Fjlfuljcd; :81.29? @]j Fjlfuljcd; :=3.8=1 @]j

@àni`d; 7?= Fjlfuljcd; :?819.7 Fjlfuljcd; :?=3.?1 Fjlfuljcd; 387=.13 Fjlfuljcd; 867=.13 @êxi`d; 71? @]j Fjlfuljcd; :31.==2 @]j Sonsiön pdr trjffiön co pornds sdgro pljfjs on vdljcizd Vo fu`plon tdcjs ljs fd`prdgjfidnos Inbdr`jfiön jcifidnjl; - Woljfiön rdturj pési`j soffiön co hdrìaön; =.:17 - ]untd co tonsiön ld fjl `êxi`j; (-=.::, =.::)

Fu`plo Fu`plo Fu`plo Fu`plo Fu`plo Fu`plo Fu`plo Fu`plo Fu`plo Fu`plo Fu`plo

Liìtjfiön co lj cobdr`jgilicjc co lds vuolds

-Corofhj; -Izquiorcj; -Jrrigj; -Jgjkd; Sonsiön co Rdn @isos ldfjl;


Fu`plo Fu`plo Fu`plo Fu`plo Fu`plo


6 FDNFL_VIDNOV FDNFL_VIDNOV AONOWJLOV On priòr luajr, hjro`ds ònfiön ònfiön jl inònsd vjldr co lds cogjtos quo quo ho`ds rojlizjcd un poquoúd arupd co fljso. Vin cucj, fujncd trjgjkjs on oquipd, suraon ùfhds nuovds pljntojìontds y puntds co vistj, ld fujl to llovj j rovisjr ld jproncicd y prdbuncizjr on nuovds fdnfoptds. Arjfijs j tdcd olld, trjs hjgor prosontjcd ol cisoúd binjl co lj ajsdlinorj, nds sonti`ds `ês inaoniords y, sdgro tdcd, `ês fjpjfos co onbrontjrnds j nuovds prdglo`js. J nivol co fdntonicd, ò hj pjroficd rojlònto jcofujcj o intorosjnto lj icoj co prdpdnor osto trjgjkd. Voaûn tono`ds ontoncicd, dtrds júds so hj rojlizjcd ol cosjrrdlld co lj ostrufturj fd`plotj co unj njvo incustrijl, ld fujl os un ocibifid quo ostj`ds `ês jfdstu`grjcds j vor y quo, on ì inoxportj dpiniön, hugiorj cjcd ònds quo cogjtir y, pdr tjntd, jproncor. Lj arjn fjnticjc co sdbtwjro utilizjcd hj sicd tj`gién unj co ljs `jrtos `ês ndtjglos co osto prdyoftd. VdlicQdres hj oboftujcd un pjpol cotorìnjnto, yj quo jl `dcolizjr lj ostrufturj on tros ciònsidnos cosfugros rojlònto ljs fdtjs y ldnaitucos co gjrrj quo nofositjs, jsà fd`d lj nofosicjc co cobinir fljrjònto fö`d quioros quo soj prdyoftjcj lj ostrufturj. Ostd hj porìticd fdrroair fiortds jspoftds quo sin hjgor cigukjcd lj ajsdlinorj nd nds hugiérj`ds cjcd fuontj. Jco`ês, lj vontjkj co intrdcufir lj ostrufturj on un prdarj`j 6C os quo pdco`ds jnjlizjr su fd`pdrtjìontd òcijnto jplifjfidnos col `étdcd co lds oloòntds binitds, fd`d os JNVYV Qdregonfh. Osto prdarj`j, tjl y fd`d so ùostrj on ol poquoúd oko`pld col jnoxd, nds porìto jnjlizjr su rospuostj jnto ljs fjrajs, `dcds co pjncod, `dcds co vigrjfiön y ùfhjs dtrjs, ld fujl os ùy furidsd co usjr y jpdrtj arjncos fdnflusidnos fujncd so usj co bdr`j jcofujcj.



3 JNOXDV JNOXDV 3.: JNOXD I; FÊLF_LD CO VOFFIDNOV FDN _VSJSIF Fd`d ho`ds hofhd on dtrds trjgjkds, ljs prdpiocjcos co lj soffiön co lj gjsj ljs vj`ds j fjlfuljr òcijnto ol prdarj`j arjtuitd “_VSJSIF‐. ]dr un ljcd nds sirvo pjrj nd dlvicjrnds co lj bdr`j co bunfidnjìontd co ostds prdarj`js y, pdr dtrd, ovitj`ds rojlizjr fêlfulds `jnujlos, on lds fujlos lds orrdros sdn `ês fdùnos.

3.:.: Voffiön

3.:.7 ]rdpiocjcos ]WD]IOCJCOV CO LJ VOFFIÖN CO LJ ]LJFJ GJVO Jroj J Inorfij X rospoftd fontrdico Ix Inorfij Y rospoftd fontrdico Iy ]rdcuftd co inorfij XY rospoftd fontrdico Ixy @öculd rosistonto X rospoftd fontrdico Qx @öculd rosistonto Y rospoftd fontrdico Qy @öculd plêstifd X rospoftd fontrd plêstifd [x @öculd plêstifd Y rospoftd fontrd plêstifd [y @öculd co tdrsiön co Vjint-Ronjnt It @öculd rosistonto co tdrsiön co Vjint-Ronjnt Qt Fdnstjnto co jljgod rospoftd fontrd co fdrtjnto Iw @dòntd co inorfij prinfipjl `êxi`d I@jx @öculd rosistonto prinfipjl jsdfijcd j I@jx QI@jx @öculd plêstifd prinfipjl jsdfijcd j I@jx [I@jx @dòntd co inorfij prinfipjl `àni`d I@in @öculd rosistonto prinfipjl jsdfijcd j I@in QI@in @öculd plêstifd prinfipjl jsdfijcd j I@in [I@in Jnauld okos co inorfij prinfipjlos ς,I Fontrdico X Xa


:61.? :?63.28 7,:1O+=8 = :76.9=: 922.636 7?3.=92 :?78.:7 73=.8=3 1=6.376 :,8:O+=8 7,:1O+=8 922.636 :?78.:7 :?63.28 :76.9=: 7?3.=92 9= 77.?

f`^7 f`^3 f`^3 f`^3 f`^6 f`^6 f`^6 f`^6 f`^3 f`^6 f`^2 f`^3 f`^6 f`^6 f`^3 f`^6 f`^6 » f`


Fontrdico Y Fontrd co fdrtjnto X rospoftd driaon co fddrconjcjs Fontrd co fdrtjnto Y rospoftd driaon co fddrconjcjs Fontrd plêstifd X rospoftd driaon co fddrconjcjs Fontrd plêstifd Y rospoftd driaon co fddrconjcjs @janituc roljtivj jl `dòntd fràtifd @janituc roljtivj jl `dòntd fràtifd Fdobifionto co fdrtjnto oko X (hdrizdntjl) Fdobifionto co fdrtjnto oko Y (vortifjl) Fdobifionto co fdrtjnto oko XY Fdobifionto co fdrtjnto oko Y (prinfipjl) Fdobifionto co fdrtjnto oko [ (prinfipjl) Fdobifionto co fdrtjnto oko Y[ Fdobifionto co fdrtjnto oko : Fdobifionto co fdrtjnto oko 7 Jnauld okos co fdrtjnto prinfipjlos @dòntd ostêtifd X co tdcj lj soffiön rospoftd jl driaon @dòntd ostêtifd Y co tdcj lj soffiön rospoftd jl driaon ]jrêòtrd juxilijr co jsiòtràj ]jrêòtrd juxilijr co jsiòtràj ]jrêòtrd juxilijr co jsiòtràj Fontrd co fdrtjnto Y rospoftd fca Fontrd co fdrtjnto [ rospoftd fca ]jrêòtrd juxilijr jljgod ]jrêòtrd juxilijr jljgod ]jrêòtrd juxilijr jljgod ]jrêòtrd juxilijr jljgod Cistjnfij col fontrdico j lj bigrj + (Oko :) Cistjnfij col fontrdico j lj bigrj - (Oko :) Cistjnfij col fontrdico j lj bigrj + (Oko 7) Cistjnfij col fontrdico j lj bigrj - (Oko 7)


Ya Xf Yf Xp Yp Xk Yk Ex Ey Exy EY E[ EY[ E: E7 ς,V Vx Vy ηy ηz ηw yS zS Zw Iw Iyw Izw cI:+ cI:cI7+ cI7-

72:.623 f` 773.993 f` =.6:79:2 f` 77?.769 f` :?6.??? f` -?,??O-=: f` -6=3.368 f` :?1.?38 ?68.621 -2,??O-=: ?68.621 :?1.?38 2,??O-=: :?1.?38 ?68.621 =.==982=92 » 6?9.61? f`^6 6=96.1? f`^6 2=8.811 f` =.==:::=89 f` -9,61O-=: -76=.=17 f` ?,22O-=: f` 36.?:6 f`^3 7,92O+=8 f`^2 =.829=3 f`^? -?,==O+=8 f`^? 77.? f` -77.? f` :76.823 f` -72:.623 f`


3.7 JNOXD II; JNVYV QDWEGONFH QDWEGONFH :3 On osto jpjrtjcd, j nivol co furidsicjc furidsicjc vj`ds j prdpdnor un `dcold co jnêlisis fdn ùfhd pdtonfijl quo so pdcràj fd`ploòntjr jl jnjlizjcd fdn prdarj`js co gjso `jtrifijl fd`d os ol N@6C on ol quo so tonajn oboftds co dtrjs njturjlozjs, fd`d ol pjncod òcijnto jnêlisis pdr oloòntds binitds.

3.7.: Ontdrnd arêbifd o i`pdrtjfiön co lj ostrufturj On priòr luajr toncro`ds quo intrdcufir lds `jtorijlos y sus fjrjftoràstifjs, pjrj osto oko`pld, jfoptjro`ds ljs prdpiocjcos col “Vtrufturjl Vtool‐ quo nds dbrofo pdr coboftd. JNVYV nds porìto i`pdrtjr lds onsj`gljkos co VdlicQdres fdn un bdr`jtd co jrfhivd .IAV. ]jrj osto oko`pld voro`ds lds rosultjcds on und co lds pörtifds, dgvijònto nd sorê ld ìs`d quo si tuviéso`ds lj ostrufturj fd`plotj pord nd quoro`ds oxtoncor co`jsijcd ol trjgjkd.

Ol Cosian @dcolor sorê ol `öculd cdnco intrdcufiro`ds lj aodòtràj, quo on osto fjsd os, fd`d ho`ds cifhd, i`pdrtjcj.



3.7.7 Fdncifidnos co fdntdrnd y fjrajs ]jrj jnfljr nuostrj ostrufturj jl suold, vj`ds j pdnor lj fdncifiön co o`pdtrjìontd on ljs fjrjs inboridros co lds piljros. Osto pjsd so oboftûj on ol `öculd “@ofhjnifjl‐.

Lj fjraj quo lo fdrrospdnco j osto pörtifd os lj ìtjc co lj tdtjl pjrj lj hipötosis quo fdnsicoro`ds. ]jrj ol fjsd col viontd, pdr oko`pld, quo os porponcifuljr j lj suporbifio suporidr col porbil I]O 66= col cintol prinfipjl, toncràj`ds un vjldr co 39= eN jprdxi`jcjònto.

3.7.6 Wosultjcds Ol prdarj`j aonorj jutd`êtifjònto un `jlljcd, fdn un arjn nûòrd co ndcds, on lds fujlos so jplifjn ljs ofujfidnos fdrrospdncionto f drrospdnciontoss jl onsjyd quo osto`ds rojlizjncd.



3.7.6.: Vtjtif Vtrufturjl Oloai`ds dgtonor tonsiön co Rdn @issos on tdcds lds puntds co lj ostrufturj, tjl y fd`d so ùostrj on ljs siauiontos i`êaonos.



3.7.6.7 Linojr Gufelina (]jncod) ]jrj jújcir fd`prdgjfidnos j lj ostrufturj fjlfuljcj, ûnifjònto toncro`ds quo onljzjr y fd`pjrtir hjstj ol jpjrtjcd “sdlufidnos‐ col ]WDKOFS VFHO@JSIF. ]ociro`ds lds tros priòrds `dcds co pjncod co lj ostrufturj, quo sorên lds `ês fdùnos.

3.7.6.7.: ]riòr `dcd co pjncod Vo cosjrrdllj un ndtjglo pjncod ljtorjl on ljs jljs col cintol prinfipjl. Wofdrco`ds quo ostj`ds rojlizjncd un oko`pld y on lj rojlicjc tono`ds fdrrojs, cintolos y ostjgilizjcdros quo i`picon osto oboftd y jsoaurjn nuostrj ostrufturj.



3.7.6.7.7 Voauncd `dcd co pjncod ]jrj osto fjsd puoco puoco vorso fö`d pjncojràj ol piljr piljr co pdsifiön :.

3.7.6.7.6 Sorfor `dcd co pjncod Vo cjràj fujncd nuostrj ostrufturj pjncojso pdr ol arupd co piljros 6.

3.7.6.6 @dcjl jnjlysis Osto jnêlisis so gjsj on ljs rospuostjs co vigrjfiön co unj ostrufturj. Virvo pjrj ovitjr fjtêstrdbos fd`d lj quo sufociö on Sjfd`j, fuyd puonto so cospld`ö jl ontrjr on rosdnjnfij. Ol fêlfuld co rosultjcds so oboftûj òcijnto un `étdcd `jtrifijl y puocon vorso on jni`jfidnos fujncd sdlifitj`ds “Cobdr`jfiön tdtjl‐. Vin o`gjrad, ld quo rojlònto intorosj j lj hdrj co td`jr òcicjs, sdn ljs brofuonfijs co lds `dcds fjlfuljcds, j ljs fujlos nd cogorên jforfjrso lds oloòntds col ontdrnd co lj ostrufturj.



? GIGLIDAWJBÀJ Jyucj fdn ol ol trjtjìontd co co bjftdros on fjrajs fjrajs co viontd;

http;//www.sdldinaoniorij.not/bdrds/viowtdpif.php4b01&t07:=78 ]rdvoocdros y bjgrifjntos, gusfjcdros co cistriguicdros co jford;

http;//www.jforsjhiorrds.fd`/fdntont/jl`jfonos-co-jford.ht`l http;//fdrpdrjto.jrfoldrìttjl.fd`/ http;//www.quiìnot.fd`/ http;//spjnish.jligjgj.fd`/addcs/stool-strufturjl-wjrohdusos.ht`l Fdnsultj sdgro sdbtwjro

http;//fypofjc.fypo.os/ http;//holp.sdlicwdres.fd`/ -

Jpuntos co fljso. Srjgjkds co lj jsianjturj co “Cisoúd y fêlfuld co ostrufturjs òtêlifjs y co hdrìaön‐. Cdfuòntds Gêsifds col FSO. Ndr`j co hdrìaön OHO y co jford OJO. ]rdglo`js co ostrufturjs òtêlifjs jcjptjcds jl FSO. @dnbdrt. Jpuntos co “Fursd co intrdcuffiön jl `étdcd co lds oloòntds binitds‐.


2 ]LIOAD CO ]LJNDV 2.: OVSW_FS_WJ FD@]LOSJ Fd`d so puoco vor on lj i`jaon, tono`ds cds pörtifds prinfipjlos on lj ciroffiön ldnaitucinjl unicds fdn cintolos trjnsvorsjlos òcijnto sdlcjcurjs. Junquo nd jpjrofon roprosontjcds so fdnsicorjn ostjgilizjcdros j pjncod ljtorjl y pljfjs gjso on lj pdsifiön cosfritj jntoridrònto.

]LJND ]WINFI]JL   

J olld so lo su`j lj gjrrj ldnaitucinjl I]O :3= quo tono`ds ontro lds cds pörtifds prinfipjlos. Ostjgilizjcdros pjrj lds cintolos prinfipjlos jajrrjncd lds I]O 73= y pjrj lds I]O 73= jajrrjncd ljs fdrrojs. Ljs fdrrojs irên cispuostjs on lj ciroffiön ldnaitucinjl co 7= òtrds, toncrên unj ldnaituc co 7=.6 ` y sorên col porbil FB7?=x7.?. Lj cistjnfij ontro ljs ìs`js sorê co :.3= òtrds. Vi so quioro ciònsidnjr lj fhjpj co fugiortj, hj c o tonorso on fuontj quo lj ciroffiön prinfipjl co inorfij cogo sor d porponcifuljr j ljs fdrrojs, os cofir, ljs lànojs co d nculjfidnos cogoràjn situjrso on lj ciroffiön co lds :3 òtrds.

2.7 FD@]DNONSOV ]ljnds sofuncjrids aonorjcds fdn ljs òcicjs driainjlos fjlfuljcjs on VdlicQdres.

2.7.: ]iljros y cintolos -

Fdrto on lj pjrto suporidr co lds piljros fdn ênauld co ?». ]rosontjfiön col cintol I]O 66= fdntinud sdgro lds piljros jsontjncd sdgro ol ênauld co fdrto y fjrtoljs. On ol fjsd co quo so profiso uniön co gjrrjs pjrj fdnbdr`jr lds 7=.6 òtrds, rojlizjrlj fdn sdlcjcurj j trjvés co unj fhjpj co pjsd co osposdr iaujl jl co lds riaicizjcdros i`puostds (so fjlfuljràj fdn `ês cotjllo on dtrds cdfuòntds). _niön co j`gds òcijnto sdlcjcurj, fjrtoljs y riaicizjcdros, co tjl bdr`j quo jsoauro`ds lj trjnsìsiön co `dòntd bloftdr j lds sdpdrtos. 

-

2.7 FD@]DNONSOV ]ljnds sofuncjrids aonorjcds fdn ljs òcicjs driainjlos fjlfuljcjs on VdlicQdres.

2.7.: ]iljros y cintolos -

Fdrto on lj pjrto suporidr co lds piljros fdn ênauld co ?». ]rosontjfiön col cintol I]O 66= fdntinud sdgro lds piljros jsontjncd sdgro ol ênauld co fdrto y fjrtoljs. On ol fjsd co quo so profiso uniön co gjrrjs pjrj fdnbdr`jr lds 7=.6 òtrds, rojlizjrlj fdn sdlcjcurj j trjvés co unj fhjpj co pjsd co osposdr iaujl jl co lds riaicizjcdros i`puostds (so fjlfuljràj fdn `ês cotjllo on dtrds cdfuòntds). _niön co j`gds òcijnto sdlcjcurj, fjrtoljs y riaicizjcdros, co tjl bdr`j quo jsoauro`ds lj trjnsìsiön co `dòntd bloftdr j lds sdpdrtos. 

-

2.7.7 Fdrrojs Fjlfuljcjs on jntoridros trjgjkds, ostên fdnstituicjs pdr porbilos FB-7?=x7.?, sopjrjcjs :.3= òtrds y cispuostjs on lj ciroffiön ldnaitucinjl co lj fugiortj, jsontjncd sdgro lds cintolos co :3 òtrds. Vu ldnaituc sorê co 7=.6 òtrds.

2.7.7 Fdrrojs Fjlfuljcjs on jntoridros trjgjkds, ostên fdnstituicjs pdr porbilos FB-7?=x7.?, sopjrjcjs :.3= òtrds y cispuostjs on lj ciroffiön ldnaitucinjl co lj fugiortj, jsontjncd sdgro lds cintolos co :3 òtrds. Vu ldnaituc sorê co 7=.6 òtrds.

2.7.6 Fjrtoljs 2.7.6.: Fjrtolj hjfij jrrigj

2.7.6.7 Fjrtoljs hjfij jgjkd

2.7.6 Fjrtoljs 2.7.6.: Fjrtolj hjfij jrrigj

2.7.6.7 Fjrtoljs hjfij jgjkd

2.7.3 Wiaicizjcdros y unidnos Vorên lds oloòntds quo nds jsoauron lj nd jgdlljcurj col porbil I]O 66= col cintol prinfipjl. Vo prosontjrên riaicizjcdros on lj pdsifiön quo so vo on lj i`jaon y, jco`ês, pdr ol dtrd ljcd col porbil. Sdcd olld pjrj lds cds pörtifds prinfipjlos quo tono`ds.

2.7.3.: ]iljros tipd : y 7

2.7.3.7 ]iljros tipd 6

2.7.3 Wiaicizjcdros y unidnos Vorên lds oloòntds quo nds jsoauron lj nd jgdlljcurj col porbil I]O 66= col cintol prinfipjl. Vo prosontjrên riaicizjcdros on lj pdsifiön quo so vo on lj i`jaon y, jco`ês, pdr ol dtrd ljcd col porbil. Sdcd olld pjrj lds cds pörtifds prinfipjlos quo tono`ds.

2.7.3.: ]iljros tipd : y 7

2.7.3.7 ]iljros tipd 6

2.7.? ]ljfj gjso Lj pljfj gjso quo ho`ds dgtonicd `jnujlònto so prosontj on ol siauionto pljnd jfdtjcd.

2.7.? ]ljfj gjso Lj pljfj gjso quo ho`ds dgtonicd `jnujlònto so prosontj on ol siauionto pljnd jfdtjcd.

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