Discipline and Ideas in Applied Social Sciences
Principles of Counselling *Advice / Advice giving – has to avoid breeding a relationship in which the counselee feels inferior and emotionally dependent on the counselor *Reassurance – a valuable principle that can bring about a sense of relief that may empower a client to function normally again *Release of emotional tension – opportunity to ger emotional release from their pent-up frustrations and other personal issues. *Clarified Thinking – encourages a client to accept responsibility for problems and to be more realistic in solving them *Reorientation – involves a change in the client’s emotional self through a change in basic goals and aspirations *Listening Skills – attempt to understand both the content of the client’s problem as they see it, and the emotions thy experiencing related to the problem. *Respect – put their personal feelings aside and treat the client with respect. In all circumstances, clients must be treated with RESPESCT, no matter how peculiar or utterly different they are from the counselor. *Empathy and Positive Regard – Empathy requires the counselor to listen and understand the feelings and perspective of the client; Positive Regards is an aspect of respect. *Clarification, confrontation and interpretation – Clarification is an attempt by the counselor to restate what the client is either saying or feeling, so the client may learn something to understand the issue better. *Transference and Countertransference – When clients are helped to understand transference reaction, they are empowered to gain understanding of important aspects of their emotional life. Countertransference helps both clients and counselors to understand the emotional and perceptional reactions. Core Values of Counseling 1. *Respect for human dignity. This means that the counselor must provide a client unconditional positive regard, compassion, non-judgmental attitude, empathy, and trust. 2. Partnership. A counselor has to foster partnerships with the various disciplines that come together to support an integrated healing that encompasses various aspects such as the physical, emotional, spiritual, and intellectual. 3. *Autonomy. This entails respect for confidentiality and trust in a relationship of counseling and ensuring a safe environment that is needed for healing. It also means that healing or any advice cannot be imposed on a client. 4. Responsible caring. This primarily means respecting the potential of every human being to change and to continue learning throughout his/her life, and especially in the environment of counseling. 5. Personal integrity. Counselors must reflect personal integrity, honesty, and truthfulness with clients. 6. *Social justice. This means accepting and respecting the diversity of the clients, the diversity of individuals, their cultures, languages, lifestyles, identities, ideologies, intellectual capacities, personalities, and capabilities regardless of the presented issues. •
*Applied Social Science - An integrated science cutting across and transcending various social science disciplines in addressing a wide range of issues in a contemporary, innovative, and dynamic way - the application of Social Science, theories and concepts. Three Disciplines in Applied Social Science*
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Counseling - The process of guiding a person during a stage of life when reassessments or decisions have to be made about himself or herself and his or her life course Social Work – associated with government welfare and social programs aimed at achieving social justice, fairness and attainment of social equilibrium. Communication – deals with how human use verbal and non-verbal messages to create meaning in various contexts.
Discipline in Counseling – a relationship characterized by the application of one or more psychological theories and recognized set of communication skills appropriate to a client’s intimate concerns, problems or aspirations. *Counseling is designed to facilitate positive change in student behavior, feelings and attitude. *Psychometric Test – a kind of tests that measure the intelligence, traits and others.
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*Context and Basic Concepts of Counseling Urie Bronfenbrenner Peers as Context – kind of context that introduced by their friends or family. Neighborhood as Context Culture as Context *Culture – source of norms, values, symbols, and language Counseling as Context Client Factors – everything that a client brings to the counselling context Counselor Factors – personality skills, and personal qualities of a counselor can significantly impact the outcomes of the counselling relationship. Contextual Factors – environment where to conduct the counseling sessions o *Quiet, Warm and Comfortable Place away from distraction *Process Factors – actual counseling undertaking. The goal towards INDEPENDENCE. Developing trust o o Exploring problem areas o Helping to set goals Empowering into action o Helping to maintain change o o Agreeing when to end the helping relationship Counseling aimed at empowering a client. Client empowerment means that they develop skills and abilities that require self-management and improved motivation toward actions that are good for one’s self and develop positive outlook toward the past.
Counselling provides clients the opportunity to get * emotional release from their pent-up frustrations and other personal issues.
Roles of a Guidance Counselor Assist the person or persons (clients) in realizing a change in behavior or attitude, in seeking achievement of goals, in finding help •
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Teach social skills, effective communication, spiritual guidance, decision-making, and career choices Aid in coping with a crisis
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*Philippine Republic Act No. 9258 defines a guidance counselor as a natural person who has been professionally registered and licensed by a legitimate entity and by virtue of specialized training to perform the functions of guidance and counseling. FOUNDATION SKILLS of a GUIDANCE COUNSELOR o Attending and Listening o *Active Listening – listening with purpose and responding in such a way that clients are aware that they have both been heard and understood. o *Reflective Skills – key skills are restating, paraphrasing and summarizing Probing skills – facilitate going deeper, asking more o directed or leading questions Four (4) Common Skills that Require Studying the Curriculum of Accumulated Scientific Knowledge 1. Communication skills These include the ability to actively listen, demonstrate understanding, ask appropriate questions, and provide information as needed. 2. Motivational skills These skills are the ones that influence a helpee to take action after the helping session or consultation. 3. Problem-solving skills These include differentiating between symptoms and the problem, pinpointing probable causes and triggers for the problem, and then generating a range of possible solutions to the actual problem. 3. Conflict resolution skills These involve learning about styles of conflict resolution including recognizing the signs of conflict and learning the process of conflict resolution. Areas of Specialization where Counselor works, 1. Child development and counseling* - includes parent education, preschool counseling, early childhood education elementary counseling, child counseling 2. Adolescent development and counseling Middle and high school counseling 3. Gerontology (the aged) Fastest growing field and essentially involves older citizen 4. Marital relationship counseling Premarital, marriage, family 5. Health Nutrition, exercise, health 6. Career/ Lifestyle Choices and decision-making pertaining to career or lifestyle 7. College and university Opportunities for college students 8. Drugs Substance abuse, alcohol, drugs 9. Consultation Agency and corporate consulting 10. Business and industry Training and development of personnel
CAREER OPPORUTUNITIES FOR COUNSELORS** Educational and school counselors o Rehabilitation counselors o
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Marriage and family counselors Mental health counselors Vocational or career counselors Addictions and behavioral counselors Genetics counselors
CODE OF ETHICS* - states that counselor live and work in accordance with the professional standards of conduct set forth for the practice of guidance and counseling. Principle 1 – Respect for the rights and dignity of the client They respect clients’ rights to privacy, confidentiality, self determination and autonomy, consistent with the law. to whatever professional action they propose. Principle 2 – Competence They recognize the limits of their expertise, engage in selfcare, and seek support and supervision to maintain the standard of their work. Principle 3 – Responsibility They are aware of their professional responsibility to act in a trustworthy, reputable, and accountable manner toward clients, colleagues, and the community in which they work and live. Principle 4 – Integrity They represent themselves accurately and treat others with honesty, straightforwardness, and fairness. Three Schools of Thought in Psychology 1. Psychoanalysis – Sigmund Freud - draw attention to the darker forces of the unconscious and the influence that is has on how we feel about ourselves 2. Behaviorism – BF Skinner - effects of reinforcement on observable behavior 3. Humanistic Perspective – Carl Rogers, Maslow, Kelly - understand the conscious mind, free will, human dignity and the capacity for self-refection and growth Basic Counseling Approaches Psychoanalytic Therapy* Sigmund Freud; human beings are basically determined by psychic energy and early experiences Adlerian Therapy* Alfred Adler; individual is greatly influenced by his/her pas and is primarily motivated by social urges Existential Therapy Frankl, Maslow, Rollo May; human capacity to define and shape his/her own life, give meaning to personal circumstances through reflection, decision making and self-awareness Person-centered Therapy* Carl Rogers; non-directive and focused on the client’s self discovery rather than input -*psychological imbalance results from disparity between conception of self and the real self Gestalt Therapy* Frederick Perls; encourages clients to confront and experience their feelings rather than to simply talk about them Transactional Analysis Eric Berne; emphasis on decisions and contracts that must be made by the client Behavioral Therapy Lazarus, Bandura, Skinner et al; targets the overt behavior by specifying treatment goals and making developing specific treatment plan Rational-emotive Therapy
Albert Ellis; cognitively-oriented behavioral therapy and id based on the assumption that human beings are born with s potential for both rational and irrational thinking Reality Therapy* William Glasser; Focuses on the client’s present circumstances and highlights his/her strengths that can be used to target realistic changes in behavior and thus achieve success. Frank Parsons – Father of Guidance and Counselling *ASCA – American School Counselor Association ASCA National Model – develop and precede by efforts at delineating the best way to organize and manage professional school counselor’s work *Ratio of Guidance Counselor and Student 1:250 recommended by ASCA 1:500 recommended by CHED 1:1000 worse situation (Ched Memorandum Order 21, s. 2006) *Needs Assessment – the systematic observation of symptoms of the client to determine the specific felt needs *Intervention/ Program Design – the process of planning the counseling methods and tools to be used for the client based on what is needed *Implementation – the process that involves acting on the plan for an effective counseling *Monitoring – the process of documenting the entire process of counseling while it is going on *Evaluation – the process of examining the results of counseling to find out if the intended results were met or unmet Discipline of Social Work – associated with government welfare and social programs aimed at achieving social justice, fairness and attainment of social equilibrium *SOCIAL WORK – promotes social changes, problem solving in human relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being - aim to protect vulnerable people from abuse, neglect, or self-harm and to help enhance their well-being and quality of life - the social work profession promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being Context of Social Work – a place that requires professionals to direct their service on the needs and empowerment of people who experience some forms of vulnerability, oppression and living in poverty CORE VALUES OF SOCIAL WORK *Compassion – the basis for someone to go out and become a voice to the voiceless and a friend to the people who need it most Service – directs social workers to go beyond purely performing a service for a pay and allow them to be generous with their time *Social Justice – a basis of their understanding of the need to ensure that everyone get serviced Dignity and worth of the person – provide the determination and drive for social workers to seek the marginalized in all forms Importance of human relationships – makes it possible for social workers to do their job as most human situations they seek to address Integrity – necessary in human endeavors
Competence – separates social caregiving from social work professional practice FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL WORK Consultancy – professional activities through which social workers and their clients plan, initiates and pursue actions toward desired change Resource Management – the act of coordinating, systematizing and integrating resources and services needed to support social functioning Education – provision of knowledge and critical information necessary for empowerment practice that facilitates informed decision-making, increased abilities and gain access to opportunities and resources foe a client
