Crimes and Other Wrongs

Cr i mesandOt herWr ongs December 24, 2014 by admin Leave a Comment

BY ANAGHA LAKSHMY RAMAN, NUALS ‘Editor’s Note: The Note: The author has give a !asi" uderstadig a!out #hat #h at is "r "ri$ i$e% e% Ho Ho# # it or orig igi iat ated ed a ad d is &e &err"e "eiv ived ed !' (a (a# #% Th The e di)eret s"o&e it has ad ho# it di)ers *ro$ * ro$ other #rogs%

CONSTI TUENTSOFACRI ME + -t is a a"t o* "o "o$$ $$is issi sio o or o$ o$is issi sio o,, o the art o* hu hu$a $a  !eig, that is "osidered har$*u( !' the state. / The trasgressio trasgressio o* su"h har$*u( har$*u( a"ts is &reveted !' a threat threat or sa"tio o* &uish$et ad$iistered !' the state. ad 0 Th The e gu gui(t i(t o* th the e a" a""u "use sed d s de dete terr$i $ie ed d a* a*te terr th the e a" a""u "usa satio tio  agaist hi$ has !ee ivestigates i (ega( &ro"eedigs o* a s&e"ia( 1id i a""orda"e #it the &rovisios o* (a#%2+3

DEFI NI TI ONS  Though it is di)eret to give a &re"ise de4itio o* "ri$e, $a' s"ho(ars have, *ro$ ti$e to ti$e, #hi(e *o"usig o oe or the other di$esio o* a &rohi!ited a"t, de4ed he ter$ "ri$e% William Black William Blackstone stone,, i his !oo1, 5o$$etaries o the La#s o*  Eg(ad, has de4ed 5ri$e as, 6a a"t "o$$itted or o$itted i vio(atio o* &u!(i" (a# *or!iddig or "o$$adig it%72/3 Ho#ever, the ter$ ‘&u!(i" (a#’ has di)eret a""e&ted "ootatios% Austi &er"eived it to !e ideti"a( #ith "ostitutioa( (a#, #hi(e so$e other  8urists e9uate it #ith &ositive (a# or ‘$ui"i&a( (a#’% Ea"h o* these ite i ter& r&rret etat atio ios s ha has s th thei eirr o# o#  $e $eri rits ts a ad d de de$e $eri rits ts%% er erha ha&s &s,, visua(i;ig these iade9ua"ies, B(a"1stoe gave aother de4itio, 6a vi vio( o(at atio io  o* th the e &u &u!( !(i" i" ri righ ghts ts a ad d du duti ties es du due e to th the e #h #ho( o(e e "o$$uit' "osidered as a "o$$uit'%7203 Sergeant Stephen, $odi4ed this de4itio to read, 6A 6A "ri$e is a vio(atio o* a right, "osidered i re*ere"e to the evi( tede"' o* su"h vio(atio as reg egar ards ds th the e "o "o$$ $$u uit it' ' at (a (arrge ge%7 %7 Ag Agai ai, , th this is de de4 4it itio io  is iade9 ia de9uat uate e as the ess esset etia( ia( "ha "hara" ra"ter terist isti" i" o* a "ri "ri$e $e is o ott the vio(atio o* a right, !ut the doig o* &rohi!ited a"ts
Both B(a"1stoe ad Ste&hes have stressed o the har$ or i8ur' "o$$itted to the "o$$uit' at (arge% Though this $a' !e true *or $a' "ri$es, ot a(( "ri$es a)e"t "o$$uit' at (arge% A(so, there $a' !e a"ts that are i((ega( ad "ause har$ to a (arge se"tio o*  "o$$uit', !ut sti(( are ot "osidered "ri$es% E%g%, the eg(iget $aage$et o* a "o$&a'’s a)airs%  John Gillin, has a(so de4ed "ri$es i ter$s o* har$ doe to others% 5ri$es, he sa's, is 6=a a"t that has !ee sho# to !e a"tua((' har$*u( to so"iet', or that is !e(ieved to !e so"ia((' har$*u( !' a grou& o* &eo&(e that has the &o#er to e*or"e its !e(ie*s, ad that &(a"es su"h a"t uder the !a o* &ositive &ea(ties%72>3

ro*essor SW Keeton has stated that, 6A "ri$e toda' #ou(d see$ to !e a' udesira!(e a"t, #hi"h the state 4ds $ost "oveiet to "orre"t !' the istitutio o* &ro"eedigs *or the i?i"tio o* a &ea(t', istead o* (eavig the re$ed' to the dis"retio o* so$e i8ured &erso%7 ro*essor Goodhart has si$&(' de4ed "ri$e as a' a"t #hi"h is &uished !' the state% 5ri$e is de4ed i Ha(s!ur'’s La#s o* Eg(ad as 6a u(a#*u( a"t or de*au(t #hi"h is  o)e"e agaist &u!(i" ad reders the &erso gui(t' o* the a"t or de*au(t (ia!(e to (ega( &uish$et%72@3 ther i$&ortat ad ote#orth' de4itios o* "ri$e are as *o((o#s% 5ri$e is a serious atiso"ia( a"tio to #hi"h the state rea"ts "os"ious(' !' i?i"tig &ai  o*  the -5 +FC states that ‘a o)e"e deotes a thig $ade &uisha!(e !' the "ode%’ Russell, i his "(assi" #or1,  5ri$es sa's that "ri$e is the resu(t o* hu$a "odu"t #hi"h the &ea( &o(i"' o* the state see1s o &revet%2F3 BA Wrotley "o$!ies $ora( ad (ega( e(e$et ad &uts *orth his de4itio as *o((o#s, 6A "ri$e is a o)e"e agaist the (a#, ad is usua((' a o)e"e agaist $ora(it', agaist a $a’s so"ia( dut' to his *e((o# $e$!ers o* so"iet'. it reders the o)eder (ia!(e to &uish$et%7

ORI GI NOFCRI MI NALLAW Uderstadig the origis o* "ri$ia( (a# he(&s uderstad its s"o&e !etter% Broad(', there are *our theories regardig the origi o*  "ri$ia( #rog, a$e(', "ivi( #rog, so"ia( #rog, $ora( #rog ad grou& "o?i"t theor'%

+ The "ivi( #rog theor' regards "ri$ia( (a# to have origiated *ro$ torts% A""ordig to this theor', iitia((' the i8ured &arties sought redress to #rogs doe to the$, ad (ater, so$e #rogs "a$e to !e rea(i;ed as a)e"tig the so"iet' at (arge% Thus the grou&, ad (ater the state, too1 over the "harge o* the treat$et i its o# hads%  This $a' !e true *or "ri$es (i1e de"eit, de*a$atio et", !ut &roves iade9uate *or "ri$es su"h as treaso, seditio et" that, *ro$ the ver' !egiig #ere regarded as #rogs agaist so"iet'% / So"ia( #rog theor' &ostu(ates that "ri$ia( (a# origiated as a atioa( &ro"ess o* ui4ed so"iet'% Thus so"iet' $a1es regu(atios to &revet the re&etitio o* #rogs% Agai, though this theor' $a' ho(d true i "ases o* serious o)e"es (i1e $urder, ro!!er', da"oit' et", it does ot e&(ai ho# "ri$ia( (a# deve(o&ed over the "ourse o* ti$e% 0 The $ora( #rog theor' sa's that "ri$ia( (a# origiated i ad is the "r'sta((i;atio * $ora(s, traditios ad the (i1e% 5usto$s that &ersisted over (ogs &eriods o* ti$e, got a ethi"a( *oudatio ad its vio(atio "a$e to re"eive hosti(e rea"tio *ro$ the so"iet'% ea( (a#s ad &uish$ets #ere *or$u(ated agaist su"h a"ts% Ho#ever, this e&(ais o(' "ovetioa( "ri$es agaist &ersos ad &ro&ert', !ut ot $a' e"oo$i" ad other so"ia( "ri$es (i1e hoardig, ta evasio et"% > The grou& "o?i"t theor' ho(ds that "ri$ia( (a# deve(o&ed i the "o?i"ts !et#ee riva( grou&s i order to &rote"t ea"h other’s iterests% Thus, through "ri$ia( (a#, the &o#er*u( grou& *or"es the state to &rohi!it a"ts that $a' edager their &ositio% Ho#ever, o)e"es agaist the state ad &u!(i" tra9ui(it' et" are ot e&(aied !' this theor', though so$e o)e"es re(atig &ro&ert' iterests $a' !e e&(aied a#a'%

SCOPE I .ECONOMI CCRI MESAGAI NSTTHESOCI ETY - a Laisse;*aire e"oo$', the #aste o* &ro&ert' is, (i1e its a""u$u(atio, a $atter o* &rivate "o"er% Toda', ho#ever, there are o(' a s$a(( &er"etage o* &eo&(e #ho sti(( !e(ieve i the sa"tit' o* &ro&ert', i$$ui;atio *ro$ o"ia( iter*ere"e or regu(atio% A i$&ortat *a"tor i the "hage i &u!(i" &hi(oso&h' has !ee the tota( #ar i the t#etieth "etur'% utside the e$erge"ies o* #ar "oditios, the gro#ig re"ogitio o* the so"ia(

*u"tio ad use o* &ro&ert' has (ed to $ore &er$aet "hage i the (ega( va(ues%2I3 - -dia, si"e the ear(' Is, e"oo$i" have "aused havo" i the Gover$et $aaged istitutios (i1e Ba1s, u!(i" Se"tor uderta1igs, Te(e"o$ de&art$et, -sura"e 5o$&aies et"% this has !e"o$e a serious "o"er to the gover$et ad the &eo&(e% Eve as ear(' at +FC, #he the &ea( "ode #as ea"ted, &rovisios *or "heatig /, "ri$ia( !rea"h o* trust I, 5outer*eit o* "ois , 5etra( E"ise ad Sa(t A"t, +I>>, Ba1ig Regu(atio A"t, +I>I, ass&ort A"t, +I/ et"%

I ISEXUALPERMI SSI VENESSANDTHECRI MI NALLAW 5ertai t'&es o* idividua( !ehavior, o"e severe(' "ode$ed !' &reva(et "o"e&ts o* $ora(it' ad &u!(i" order, have !e"o$e #ide(' to(erated ad $ore a""e&ta!(e to so"iet'% This tred is see great(' i the area o* seua( !ehavior as "a !e see *ro$ the gro#ig a!o(itio o* "ri$ia(it' o* ho$oseua( "odu"t !et#ee "osetig adu(ts "arried out i &rivate% The ra&id(' gro#ig u$!er o* 8urisdi"tios that have a!o(ished, or great(' (i$ited, the "ri$ia(it' o* a!ortio is 'et aother ea$&(e%  The greater &er$issiveess to#ards ho$oseua(it' is essetia((' a &rodu"t o* "haged ideas o* so"ia( $ora(it'%2+3 No#ada's, ho$oseua(it' is ot "osidered $ora((' so !(a$e#orth' that it re9uires "ri$ia( attetio% The re&ea(ig o* Se"tio 0DD o* the -5 i -dia i /I #as *o((o#ig the re"ogitio o* this *a"t%  The "hagig vie# o a!ortio is, ho#ever, a &rodu"t o* so"ia( "hage% -t is a res&ose to the #or(d#ide &o&u(atio gro#th o# re"ogi;ed as oe o* the $a8or dagers to the "ivi(i;ed surviva( o* 

$a1id% A(so, the rea(i;atio o* the *a"t that $i((ios o* i((ega( a!ortios have (og $ade a $o"1er' o* the (a#, ad that gro#ig &ressure to#ards a!ortio #i(( $a1e (ega( sa"tios i"reasig(' ie)e"tive $a' !e 'et aother "otri!utor' *a"tor to this% Uti( re"et(', the great $a8orit' o* "ri$ia( (a#s (ega(i;ed a!ortio o(' #here the (i*e
I I IENVI RONMENT ALPOLLUTI ONANDTHECRI MI NALLAW A i"reasig use o* "ri$ia( sa"tio, #hi"h is o*te "o$&(i$etar' to da$ages ad ad$iistrative sa"tios, has resu(ted *ro$ the re"ogitio o* the dagers o* $assive &o((utio o* the eviro$et, through des&o(iatio o* the (ad, #ater ad the air, !' idustria( #aste, "he$i"a(s, oi(, the du$&ig o* gar!age, the idis"ri$iate use o* &esti"ides et"% the a#areess has da#ed that it threates the ver' "oditios o* so"ia( surviva(% Thus a area, #hi"h uti( re"et(', has re$aied outside the (ega( regu(atio a(together has !e"o$e a $a8or o!8e"t o* so"ia( "ode$atio, su&&orted !' "ri$ia( sa"tios% Uder the -5, se"tio /CF de4es ‘&u!(i" uisa"e’% - the se"tio *o((o#ig &u!(i" uisa"e, severa( s&e"i4" ista"es o* &u!(i" uisa"es ad their &uish$ets are give% Those i$&ortat *ro$ the &ers&e"tive o* eviro$eta( &rote"tio are the *o((o#ig% Se"%/DD "overs #ater &o((utio, Se"%/DF at$os&heri" &o((utio, Se"%/F> dea(s #ith eg(iget "odu"t #ith res&e"t to &oisoous su!sta"es% Ss% /I ad /I+ geera( se"tios dea(ig #ith &uish$ets *or &u!(i" uisa"es ot other#ise &rovided *or ad *or "otiua"e eve a*ter issua"e o* i8u"tio order% Severa( (egis(atios have !ee $ade *or the &rote"tio ad "oservatio o* the sa$e i severa( "outries a"ross the #or(d% -dia a(so has &assed $a' (a#s su"h as the Bio(ogi"a( iversit' A"t, //, Eviro$et <rote"tio A"t, +IFC, Jorest <5oservatio A"t, +IF, Air <revetio ad 5otro( o* o((utio A"t, +IF+, ater <revetio ad 5otro( o* o((utio A"t, +ID>, the i(d(i*e <rote"tio A"t, +ID/ et"%  There are so$e &rovisios uder the eviro$eta( &rote"tio (a#s, the vio(atio o* #hi"h is visited #ith &ea( "ose9ue"es% There*ore, su"h a"ts o* vio(atios are o)e"es ad he"e "ri$ia( i ature% Jor ista"e, Se" @+ o* the i(d(i*e <rote"tio A"t, +ID/ &rovides &ea(ties *or "o$$issio o* o)e"es de4ed ad &rovided *or i the A"t%

I VCYBERCRI MES

 Toda', "'!er "ri$es are e$ergig as a serious threat% Gover$ets, &o(i"e de&art$ets ad ite((ige"e uits have started to ta1e serious iitiatives *or "outer this threat% S&e"ia( "'!er "e((s have !ee "reated !' the -dia &o(i"e, ad ste&s have to !ee ta1e to edu"ate the &ersoe( ad the &u!(i" o the issue%  The e$erge"e o* iteret ad i"reasig re(ia"e o it *or "o$$ui"atio, e"o$$er"e et", has ot 8ust i$&roved o&&ortuities ad $ade our (ives easier, !ut has a(so &rovided s"o&e *or a e# t'&e o* "ri$e"'!er "ri$e% 5'!er "ri$e is a ter$ used to !road(' des"ri!e "ri$ia( a"tivit' i #hi"h "o$&uters or "o$&uter et#or1s are a too(, a target, or a &(a"e o* "ri$ia( a"tivit' ad i"(ude ever'thig *ro$ e(e"troi" "ra"1ig to deia( o*  servi"e atta"1s% -t is a(so used to i"(ude traditioa( "ri$es i #hi"h "o$&uters or et#or1s are used to ea!(e the i((i"it a"tivit'%2+/3  The severa( *or$s o* "'!er "ri$es are uauthori;ed a""ess ad ha"1ig, Tro8a horse, virus ad #or$ atta"1, e$ai( ad -teret Re(a' 5hat <-5R re(ated "ri$es, e"o$$er"e, ivest$et re(ated "ri$es, de*a$atio, !rea"h o* &riva"' ad "o4detia(it' et"%  The "ri$ia( a"tivities traditioa( i ature "a !e dea(t #ith usig &rovisios o* the -5 dea(ig #ith *orger', de*a$atio, the*t, *raud et"% The -*or$atio Te"ho(og' A"t, / is a (egis(atio that &rovides #a's to dea( #ith "'!er "ri$es% This A"t ai$s to &rovide the (ega( i*rastru"ture *or e"o$$er"e i -dia% The (ega( *ra$e#or1 &rovides sa"tit' to e(e"troi" re"ords ad other a"tivities "arried out !' e(e"troi" $eas ad a(so grats a""e&ta"e to "otra"ts e&ressed !' e(e"troi" $eas o*  "o$$ui"atio% The A"t &rovides *or Regu(atio o* "erti*'ig authorities, "'!er regu(atio a&&e((ate Tri!ua(, de4es the o)e"es ad &uish$ets *or s&e"i4" o)e"es <"ha&ter - et"%

VCRI MI NALLAW I NTHEWELFARESTATE A #ho(e e# area o* "ri$ia( (a# deve(o&ed out o* the steadi(' i"reasig res&osi!i(ities o* the $oder state *or the $aitea"e o* "ertai "ru"ia( stadards de$aded !' the &ro&er *u"tioig o*  a $oder ad idustria(i;ed so"iet'% These stadards are e$!odied i a great variet' o* statutor' regu(atios% The' "o"er sa*et' a&&(ia"es ad saitar' stadards i *a"tories ad $ies, the $ii$u$ stadard i housig a""o$$odatio, &urit' ad $ii$u$ 9ua(it' o* *ood stu), drugs ad $edi"a( &re&aratios o)ered to the &u!(i", "o$&(ia"e to the statutor' o!(igatios, ue$&(o'$et isura"e ad other *or$s o* so"ia( se"urit', registratio o*  &ro*essioa( ad trade 9ua(i4"atios et"% The statutes $ost(' &rovide *or the *u(4(($et o* su"h o!(igatios $ai(' i the *or$ o*  4es%

 The &u!(i" #e(*are o)e"es are essetia((' $ore stadardi;ed ad su"h o)e"es are "osidered ought to !e &uished stri"t(' i the iterest o* &u!(i" #e(*are, irres&e"tive o* the "osideratios o* gui(t% A vast &ro&ortio o* these o)e"es are i$&uta!(e to "or&oratios rather tha the idividua(s su"h as i the "ase o* so"ia(isura"e o!(igatios, *ood ad hea(th stadards et"% it is i *a"t desira!(e that the "or&oratios are he(d (ia!(e istead o* idividua(s% The ver' (arge u$!er o* "ases uder su"h o)eses $a1es the deter$iatio o*  idividua( gui(t ver' di"u(t there!' 8usti*'ig the i$&ositio o*  stri"t (ia!i(it' i the (ight o* so"ia( #e(*are%

VICORPORATI ONANDCRI MI NALLI ABI LI TY  The "or&oratio, toda', is a &redo$iat uit ad a or$a( de*edat, i a"tios o* e"oo$i" ad so"ia( i$&a"t has a &ro*oud e)e"t o this !ra"h o* "ri$ia( (a#% A "or&orate !od' is, !' the (a#, e9uated to &h'si"a( idividua(, !ut it is ot a idividua(% E"e&t *or the &ure(' ad$iistrative or #e(*are o)e"e, the "ri$ia( (a# a&&ears to !e idividua(% -t "a dire"t itse(* to "or&orate !od' o(' !' a *urther &ro"ess o* i$&utatio% A""ordig to the "ri$ia( res&osi!i(it', the "or&oratio itse(* divides ito severa( as&e"ts% Jirst  a "(ear disti"tio shou(d !e $ade !et#ee vi"arious (ia!i(it' o* the $aster *or the a"ts o* the servat, ad i$&utatio o* the a"tios o* a &erso i the e$&(o'$et, or a"tig o !eha(* o* the "or&oratio #hi"h are &ro&er(' i$&uta!(e to the (atter% -$&uted (ia!i(it' is ot vi"arious !ut origia(% Se"od(' the ature o* the "ri$ia( sa"tios i$&oses "ertai o!vious (i$itatios o the "ategories o* "ri$es #hi"h $a' !e i$&uted to a "or&oratio% 5or&oratios "aot !e ee"uted or i$&risoed ad there*ore #ou(d e"(ude "ertai grave o)e"es (i1e $urder ra&e et" ad either &ra"ti"e or do"trie has hitherto eteded res&osi!i(it' o) "or&oratio to these o)e"es%  Third the re8e"tio o* vi"arious as disti"t *ro$ i$&uted, (ia!i(it' i the 4e(d o* "ri$ia( (a# $a1es it e"essar' to de4e the t'&e o*  re(atioshi& to $a1e to &ro&er to i$&ute the "ri$ia( a"tio o* a idividua( to the "or&oratio%

VCOMPARI SONBETWEENCRI MESANDOTHERWRONGS 5. 1MORALI TY,ETHI CSANDCRI MI NALWRONGS

 The #ord ‘"ri$e’ is derived *ro$ the Gree1 #ord ‘1ri$os’, #hi"h is s'o'$ous #ith the Sas1rit #ord ‘1ar$a’ #hi"h $eas so"ia( order% -t is a(so derived *ro$ a Lati #ord $eaig ‘to a""use’% 5o$!iig the $oder $eaig o* !oth the roots, ‘"ri$e’ is ‘a $ost

va(id(' a""usa!(e a"t’%2+03 Thus ‘"ri$e’ #ou(d !e a&&(i"a!(e 6to those a"ts that go agaist the so"ia( order ad are #orth' o* serious "ode$atio%72+>3 Garafalo, a e$iet "ri$io(ogist, sa's, 65ri$e is a i$$ora( ad har$*u( a"t that is regarded as "ri$ia( !' &u!(i" o&iio !e"ause it is a i8ur' to so $u"h o* the $ora( sese as to "o$$uit'a $easure #hi"h is idis&esa!(e *or the ada&tatio o* the idividua( to so"iet'%72+@3 Ho#ever, 5ri$ia( (a# is arro#er tha $ora(it'% 5ri$e ivo(ves so$e de4ite, gross, udeia!(e i8ur' "aused !' so$e overt a"tio% -gratitude, hard heartedess, (oathig et" are ot "ri$es ad he"e ot &uisha!(e, though the' $a' !e "osidered #rogs *ro$ a $ora( &ers&e"tive% The overt a"ts or o$issios $ust !e "a&a!(e o* !eig disti"t(' &rove to i?i"t so$e de4ite evi(s either o s&e"i4" &ersos or at the "o$$uit' at (arge% Here, the ter$ evi( re*ers to a ‘har$’ ad ot a ethi"a( or $ora( va(ue% 5osiderig #rogs ad "ri$es to !e t#o iterse"tig "ir"(es, the iterse"tio o* the t#o #ou(d !e the "ri$es su"h as ra&e, ro!!er', $urder et" that are #rogs eve #ithout the !a"1ig o* "ri$ia( (a#% isti"tio !et#ee the t#o "a !e see *ro$ severa( ista"es% hi(e a iegh!our $a' !e $ora((' !oud to he(& a starvig eigh!our,
 The #rogs serious eough *or state a"tios are res&oded to !' the state i t#o #a's, at the ista"e o* the idividua( or grou&, or !' itse(* ta1ig a dire"t a"tio% i%e%, #he the gravit' or $agitude o*  i8ur' is $ore "o"etrated o the idividua(, the #rog doer is as1ed to "o$&esate the i8ured i ter$s o* $oe'% E%g% (i!e(, uisa"e, eg(ige"e et"% this t'&e o* #rog is ter$ed ‘"ivi( #rog’ or ‘tort’ ad "ivi( re$edies are o&e *or su"h #rogs%

here the gravit' or $agitude o* the o)e"e is $ore "o"etrated o the &u!(i" at (arge, &u!(i" "ode$atio  - a tort, the a"tio is !rought !' he i8ured, #hereas i a "ri$e, the &ro"eedigs are iitiated !' the state e"e&t *or o)e"es su"h as adu(ter', de*a$atio et" #here "o$&(ait has to !e $ade !' the aggrieved &art'% @ The e$&hasis is (aid $ore o the #rog "o$$itted !' the a""used i a "ri$ia( tria(, !ut i a tort, the e$&hasis is o the

vi"ti$’s i8ur'% He is *ree to iitiate the suit either i a "ivi( "ourt or a "osu$er *oru$ to see1 da$ages ad "o$&esatios% C The !urde o* &roo* di)ers as a(so the stadard o* &roo* re9uired, &roo* !e'od reasoa!(e dou!t i "ri$es as agaist, &re&odera"e o* &ro!a!i(it' i a tort% 5. 2. 2BREACHOFCONTRACTANDCRI MES

A *e# dagerous !rea"h o* "otra"t are "ri$ia((' &uisha!(e ad *e# t'&es o* de!t *rauds are "ri$es% But o the #ho(e, the (a# i this area is #ea1 ad uder e*or"ed% Jor the $ost &art, the !rea"h o* "otra"t is a "ri$e% -"urrig a "otra"ted de!t !' de"e&tio is o*te "ri$ia(, !ut gettig a "otra"tua( !ee4t ad the dishoest(' avoidig &a'ig *or it geera((' ot% The re$ed' *or the aggrieved &art' is to !rig a "ivi( a"tio *or de!t da$ages, s&e"i4" &er*or$a"e or i8u"tio% A "otra"tig &art' #ho *ai(s to "o$&(' #ith the "ourt’s order o* s&e"i4" &er*or$a"e or i8u"tio $a' !e set to &riso *or "ote$&t o* "ourt, !ut it is regarded "ivi(, rather tha "ri$ia(% 5. 3CRI MEASASOCI ALWRONG

 The de4itio give !' Ooh Gi((i is a so"io(ogi"a( de4itio o*  "ri$e% But this vie# a(so *ai(s to e&(ai a u$!er o* "ri$ia( !ehaviours% he the (egis(ature ea"ts that a "ertai a"t sha(( !e"o$e or "ease to !e"o$e a "ri$e, it does ot "hage the ature o* the a"t, !ut $ere(' its (ega( "(assi4"atio% - other #ords, a $ere "hage i the a$e attri!uted to the !ehaviour "hages #ithout a' "hage to the ‘so"ia( rea"tio’ to the a"t re$ais the sa$e *or, the ‘so"ia( iterest’ has re$aied ua(tered% E%g% though do#r' is a "ri$e, there is hard(' a' "hage i the &eo&(e’s attitude% - *a"t, &erha&s it is $ore evidet toda' #ith $ore re&orted "ases o* do#r' deaths ea"h 'ear%2+F3 5. 4CRI MESAND PROCEDURALWRONGS

rogs so$eti$es are di)eretiated o the !asis o* the di)ere"e i the &ro"edure iitiated% Austi sa's, 6A #rog #hi"h is &ursued !' the sovereig or his su!ordiates is a "ri$e% A #rog #hi"h is &ursued at the dis"retio o* the i8ured &art' ad his re&resetatives is a "ivi( i8ur'%7 Ho#ever, there are a u$!er o* ao)e"es i #hi"h the &rose"utio "a !e iitiated o(' at the ista"e o* the i8ured &art', 8ust (i1e i torts% No "ourt #i(( ta1e "ogi;a"e o* the o)e"e o* adu(ter' ad o*  "ri$ia( e(o&e$et <-5 ss >ID, >IF, e"e&t o "o$&(ait !' the hus!ad o* the #o$a%

Ke' gives a $odi4ed versio, 65ri$es are #rogs #hose sa"tio is &uitive, ad is i o #a' re$issi!(e !' a' &rivate &erso, !ut is re$issi!(e !' the 5ro# a(oe, i* re$issi!(e at a((%72+I3 Ho#ever, there are a u$!er o* "o$&ouda!(e o)e"es that are re$issi!(e !' so$e grati4"atio *ro$ the a""used%2/3 5. 5CRI MESANDPUBLI CWRONGS

 The t#o de4itios give !' B(a"1stoe ad (ater !' Ste&he, (i$it the s"o&e o* "ri$e to vio(atios o* ‘&u!(i" (a#’% As su"h the' #ou(d "over o(' &o(iti"a( o)e"es, i%e% o)e"es agaist the state #hi"h, i a"tua(it' o(' "over a s$a(( &ortio o* "ri$ia( (a#% -* ‘&u!(i" (a#’ is ta1e as a e9uiva(et o* ‘&ositive (a#’ or ‘$ui"i&a( (a#’, it #ou(d !e"o$e too #ide, "overig a(( (ega( #rogs% -t "aot !e iter&reted to i"(ude !oth "ostitutioa( (a# ad "ri$ia( (a#, as it #ou(d !e *a((a"ious to de4e "ri$e i ter$s o* "ostitutioa( (a#% Ste&he’s su!se9uet de4itio a(so *a((s short as it "overs o(' rights% 5ri$ia( (a# a(so e"o$&asses o$issios i the &er*or$a"e o*  duties re9uired !' (a#% i((*u( o$issio to &rovide *ood, "(othig, she(ter to a "hi(d !' a *ather 2/+3 a &o(i"e o"er re$aiig &assive to aother &o(i"e o"er torturig a sus&e"t *or etortig "o*essio et" a$out to "ri$es 2//3  These de4itios a(so stress *or "ri$es to !e !rea"hes o* (a# #hi"h i8ure the "o$$uit'% As has a(read' !ee see, either are a(( "ri$es are i8urious to "o$$uit', or are a(( a"ts i8urious to "o$$uit', "ri$es% - *a"t, so$e ti$es, a"ts advatageous to the "o$$uit' or so"iet' as a #ho(e $a' a(so !e "osidered a "ri$e as i the "ase o* R v.Ward [23]

BI BLI OGRAPHY [1] Kenny’s Outline of Criminal Laws, +Ith ed, O5 Turer, A&&edi, &&%>, @%

2/3 Sir i((ia$ B(a"1stoe, Commentaries on the Laws of n!land, vo(% >, +Dth ed, +F0, &% @% 203 "#id. 2>3 Ooh Gi((i, Criminolo!y and $enolo!y% 0rd ed, Ne# Yor1, &% I 2@3 &al#s#ury’s Laws of n!land, 0rd ed, &% /D+% 2C3 A Boger, "ntrodu'tion to Criminolo!y % 2D3 Mi"hae( ad Ad(er, Criminal Law and (o'ial ('ien'e, +I00%

2F3 Russell on Crime% O 5e"i( Turer 3 S%S% Huda, *he $rin'i)les of the Law of Crimes in +ritish "ndia,  TLL, +I/, & + 2+@3 Criminolo!y , Litt(e Bro#, Bosto, +I+>, &% @I 2+C3 % Gaur, , *e-t +oo on "ndian $enal Code, /d Ed%, *ord P -BH+IIF, &% @IC% 2+D3 "#id. 2+F3 Se"tio 0 o* the o#r' rohi!itio A"t +IC+ &res"ri!es &uish$et *or givig do#r' or ta1ig o* do#r' u& to $ii$u$ o* si $oths’ i$&riso$et ad 4e o* Rs% +,% 2+I3 Kenny’s Outline of Criminal Laws, ieteeth ed, O5 Turer, A&&edi, &% @0I% 2/3 5ode o* 5ri$ia( ro"edure +I0, s 0/<+ ad D/>F% 2/03 <+F0C > A ad E 0F>