Cost analysis of LNG refuelling stations: European Commission Dg Move

EUROPEAN COMMISSION DG MOVE

SEVENTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME GC.SST.2012.2-3 GC.SST. 2012.2-3 GA No. 321592 321 592

Cost analysis of LNG refuelling stations LNG Blue Co!"o# Po$e%& !# #u''o&e" () &*e Euo'e+, Co!##!o, u,"e &*e See,&* F+e/o Po+e FP4. T*e #ole e#'o,#!(!l!&) o &*e %o,&e,& o &*!# "o%ue,& l!e# /!&* &*e +u&*o#. 6& "oe# ,o& ,e%e##+!l) ele%& &*e o'!,!o, o &*e Euo'e+, 7,!o,. Ne!&*e &*e FP ,o &*e Euo'e+, Co!##!o, Co!# #!o, !# e#'o,#!(le o +,) u#e u #e &*+& +) (e +"e o &*e !,o+&!o, %o,&+!,e" &*ee!,.

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Executie Su!!ary A& &*e &!e o 'e'++&!o, o &*!# 8el!e+(le? 12 euell!, #&+&!o,# +e !, o'e+&!o, o u,"e %o,#&u%&!o, !, &*e Po$e%&. T*e) +e ,o& &*e !#& LNG euell!, #&+&!o,# &o %oe !, o'e+&!o, !, Euo'e? (u& &*e) #u(#&+,&!+ll) +"" o, &o &*e &o&+l ,u(e o &*e 1@4. T*e) /ee %o,%e!e" /!&* + %o'e*e,#!e ,e&/o !, !," /*e, %*oo#!, lo%+&!o,#. W*e, !& %oe# &o &*e %o#&#? #oe +&e o u,%e&+!,&) !# #&!ll !, 'l+%e. Mo#& o &*e e'o&e" !ue# +e (+#e" o, &*e e#'o,#e !e, () &*e %o'+,!e# (u!l"!, #&+&!o,#? /*o +e '+&,e# o &*e Po$e%&. 6, Euo'e &*e &o&+l CAPE< o + LNG euell!, eue ll!, #&+&!o, +l#o #ell!, # ell!, L-CNG? L-CNG? !# /!&*!, &*e +,e 50.000  1.150.000? (u& !, #oe %+#e# !& %+, 'e+ u' &o 1.00.000 ? ,o& !,%lu"!, &*e %o#& o l+,". Lo/e %o#& !# 'o##!(le? !, &*e +,e 500.000>00.000 o #&+&!o,# ,o& #ell!, L-CNG? (u& &*!# o'&!o, !*& &u, ou& &o (e + #*o&-#!*&e" o,e? (e%+u#e !, e,e+l &*e CNG +e& !# +le+") eD!#&!,? +," %+, +,)/+) *+e + +#&e #&+&-u' &!e. Fo &*!# e+#o,? ee, /*e, o!, o &*!# lo/-CAPE< o'&!o,? !& !# +"!#+(le &o !,%lu"e #oe #'+e 'l+%e? +," + #e& o #&u%&ue# e+") o + #u(#eue,& e+#) !'lee,& /!&* &*e !,#&+ll+&!o, o &*e L-CNG +%!l!&). Lo/e CAPE< !# +l#o 'o##!(le o e) #+ll #&+&!o,#? o "eo,#&+&!o, 'u'o#e# +," +# #&+& o +e& !, ,e/ +e+#. Al#o #+ll CAPE< !# 'o##!(le !, %+#e o o(!le o u+(le euel!, #&+&!o,#? !, &*e +,e 300.000500.000 . T*e +,+l)#!# "o,e #*o/# &*+& &*e (e#& o'&!o, o &*e euell!, #&+&!o, !# &*+& oe!, (o&* L-CNG +," #u'e #+&u+&e" LNG. 6& !# &*e o#& eD'e,#!e o'&!o,? e,e+ll) o, &*e *!*e e," o &*e +,e. 6& !# +,)/+) +l#o l!el) &o 'o!"e &*e (e&&e &u,oe +," + #*o&e '+)-(+% &!e? ! + NGV +e& !# !, 'l+%e? o %+, (e "eelo'e" lo%+ll) !, + e+#o,+(le le,&* o &!e? /*!%* # *oul" (e &*e &+e& o +ll E7 %ou,&!e#? +," /*!%* !# + +,"+&e o &*e 8!e%&o) 201=9=E7 8AF64. 6& !# +l#o oe leD!(le &*u# oe #+&!#+%&o) &o %u#&oe# ,ee"#. T*e %o#& #. (e,e!& +,+l)#!# #*o/# !,&ee#&!, !ue# #&+&!, o + #+le +&e !, eD%e## o 0 &o, 'e o,&* o uel LNG +," CNG4? +," o + LNG +," CNG '!%e +& &*e 'u' o 1 = o,. Re+#o,+(l) oo" e%o,o!%+l e#ul&# +e +l#o 'o##!(le !, %+#e o lo/e #+le +&e +," '!%e +& 'u'? ! ,o o e) e"u%e" eD%!#e "u&!e# +e +''l!e"? o /!&* lo/e CAPE
'o"u%& oee"? oee"? !.e. o,l) LNG o (o&* LNG +," L-CNG !," o #&+&!o,? !.e. o,o-uel o o  ul&!-uel %*o#e, &e%*,olo)? e.. #+&u+&e" o #u'e #u' e #+&u+&e" #!;e o #&o+e lo/ +&e o 'u'# %ou,&) /*ee &*e #&+&!o, o'e+&e# l+% o *+o,!;e" #&+,"+"#.

A& &*!# #&+e? !& !# +le+") 'o##!(le &o "+/ &*e e+l) %o,%lu#!o, %o,%lu#!o, &*+& &*e Po$e%& 'oe# u!&e #u%%e##ul +# !,!&!+&o? +# #oe +""!&!o,+l LNG euell!, #&+&!o,# +e !, oo" 'oe## o *+e (ee, 'u& !, o'e+&!o, +le+")? +," #oe o&*e +e 'l+,,e"? ou& o &*e #%o'e o &*e Po$e%&? &*+,# +!,l) &o &*e eD+'le eD+ 'le !e, () !&# '!o,ee '!o ,ee!, !, #&+&!o,#.















Reision "istory "istory an# State! State!ent ent Of Originality Revision Revision History

Rev

Date

Author

Organization

01

April A pril 2016

Flavio Mariani

NGVA Europe General content

02

October 2016

Flavio Mariani

NGVA Europe Inclusion of new data

0

October 2016

!avier "ebrato

I#IA#A

Description

$evision

Statement of originality: T*!# "el!e+(le %o,&+!,# o!!,+l u,'u(l!#*e" /o eD%e'& /*ee %le+l) !,"!%+&e" o&*e/!#e. o&*e/!# e. A%,o/le"ee,& o 'e!ou#l) ' e!ou#l) 'u(l!#*e" +&e!+l +," o &*e &* e /o o o&*e# *+# (ee, +"e &*ou* +''o'!+&e %!&+&!o,? uo&+&!o, o (o&*.















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Introduct Introduction ion)))))))))))))))))))) ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) )))))) , 1)1 "NG -lue .orridors pro/ect ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 6 1)2 #isclai'er #iscla i'er    ), ), 1) e anal(sis    )), )), 1)3 "NG stations in "NG -lue .orridors pro/ect 4 &tations as of April 2016 ))5

2

Infrastructure cost overview   )10 )10 2)1 ecnolo+ies    )10 )10 2)2 e "4.NG operation    ))1 ))1 2) Main Ma in co'ponents of te "NG station   )13 )13 2)3 "NG tecnolo+( tecno lo+( options    1 1



(pes of costs    ))15 ))15 )1 .o''on costs    )15 )15 )2 Variable costs    ))17 ))17 ) .o''on .o ''on costs of stationar( "NG stations  ))20 ))20 )3 Variable Var iable costs of stationar( "NG stations s tations   )2 )2 ) &pecific features of te different tecnolo+ies  30 30 )6 Furter Fur ter develop'ent of te "NG infrastructure infr astructure in Europe  )31 )31

3

Operational costs of "NG and "4.NG refuellin+ stations  32 32



Anal(sis of profitabilit( of "NG and "4.NG refuellin+ stations  3 3

6

8anora'ic of "NG price in Europe   )35 )35

,

"NG sale rate of stations stations  0 0

5

.onclusions    2 2

7

Appendi%















7) E% a'ple of odorisa tion s(ste' for "4.NG station station  ))3 ))3 7)3 E%a'ple E% a'ple of "NG cr(o+enic road tan9er : cost;benefit anal(sis "NG truc9 truc93 3















$ Intro#uction $%$ LNG &lue Corri#ors 'ro(ect T*e LNG Blue Co!"o# 'o$e%&# +! !# &o e#&+(l!#* LNG +# + e+l +l&e,+&!e o e"!u- +," lo,"!#&+,%e &+,#'o&I!#& &+,#'o&I!#& +# + %o'lee,&+) uel +," l+&e +# + , +"eu+&e #u(#&!&u&e o "!e#el. 7' &o ,o/ &*e %oo, u#e o +# +# uel *+# (ee, o *e+) e*!%le# u,,!, o, ,+&u+l +# NG4 o,l) o u,!%!'+l u,!%! '+l u#e? #u%* +# + # u(+, (u#e# +," +(+e %olle%&!o, &u%#. 6, (o&* &)'e# o +''l!%+&!o,? e,!,e 'eo+,%e +," +u&o,o) +e oo" /!&* 'e#e,& &e%*,olo!e#? +# &*e) +e /ell +"+'&e" &o &*!# +l&e,+&!e +l&e,+ &!e %le+,e uel. u el. Ho/ee? +,+l);!, &*e %o,#u'&!o, "+&+? &*e eu!+le,%e !, +u&o,o) o 1 l!&e o "!e#el o!l !# 5 l!&e# o CNG Co'e##e" N+&u+l G+#4? %o'e##e" &o 200 (+. F!e &!e# oe olue o uel 'ee,&# &*e u#e o CNG !, *e+) o+" &+,#'o&? (e%+u#e (e%+u#e !&# olue +," /e!*& /oul" (e &oo e+& o + lo,"!#&+,%e &u%. T*!# o'e,# &*e /+) o LNG L!ue!e" N+&u+l G+#4? /*!%* !# &*e /+) ,+&u+l +# !# &+,#'o&e" () #*!' &o +,) 'o!,& o &*e lo(e. NG l!ue!e# +& 1>2J C (elo/ ;eo? +," &*e %o#& !, e,e) !# o,l) 5@ o &*e o!!,+l +#. T*!# #&+&e o NG !e# LNG &*e +"+,&+e o e) *!* e,e) %o,&e,&. O,l) 1? l!&e# o LNG +e ,ee"e" &o ee& &*e eu!+le,& +u&o,o) o u#!, 1 l!&e o "!e#el o!l. A 0-&o, o+" &+%&o !, Euo'e ,ee"# + &+, o 00 &o 500 l!&e# o + 1.000  &!' !&# eu!+le,& olue /!&* l!u!" +# /oul" (e 00 &o 900 l!&e# o LNG? + &+, "!e,#!o, &*+& %oul" e+#!l) (e !&&e" &o &*e #!"e o &*e &u% %*+##!#. LNG &*eeoe o'e,# &*e /+) &o &*e u#e o NG o e"!u e"!u- +," lo,"!#&+,%e o+" &+,#'o&. LNG *+# *ue 'o&e,&!+l o %o,&!(u&!, &o +%*!e!, Euo'e# 'ol!%) o($e%&!e#? #u%* +# &*e Co!##!o,# &+e&# o ee,*ou#e +# e"u%&!o,? +! u+l!&) &+e&#? /*!le +& &*e #+e &!e e"u%!, "e'e,"e,%) o, %u"e o!l +," u++,&ee!, #u''l) #e%u!&). N+&u+l +# *e+)-"u&) e*!%le# +le+") %o'l) /!&* Euo V e!##!o, #&+,"+"# +," *+e e,oou# 'o&e,&!+l &o e+%* u&ue Euo V6 e!##!o, #&+,"+"#? #oe /!&*ou& %o'leD eD*+u#& +# +&e-&e+&e,& &e%*,olo!e#? /*!%* *+e !,%e+#e" !,%e+ #e" 'o%uee,& +," +!,&e,+, +!,&e,+,%e %e %o#&#. To ee& &*e o($e%&!e#? + #e!e# o LNG euel!, 'o!,&# *+e (ee, "e!,e" +lo, &*e ou %o!"o# %oe!, &*e A&l+,&!% +e+ ee, l!,e4? &*e Me"!&e+,e+, e!o, e" l!,e4 +," %o,,e%&!, Euo'e# Sou&* /!&* &*e No&* (lue l!,e4 +," !&# We#& +," E+#& )ello/ l!,e4 +%%o"!,l). 6, o"e &o !'lee,& + #u#&+!,+(le &+,#'o& ,e&/o o Euo'e? &*e 'o$e%& *+# #e& &*e o+l &o (u!l" +''oD!+&el) 1 ,e/ LNG #&+&!o,#? (o&* 'e+,e,& +," o(!le? o, %!&!%+l lo%+&!o,# +lo, &*e Blue Co!"o# /*!l#& (u!l"!, u' + lee& o +''oD!+&el) 100 He+)-8u&) Ve*!%le# 'o/ee" () LNG. Figure 1-1. Impression of the LNG Blue Corridors

T*!# Euo'e+, 'o$e%& !# !,+,%e" () &*e See,&* F+e/o Po+e FP4? /!&* &*e +ou,& o .9> M &o&+l !,e#&e,&# +ou,&!, &o 1.33 M4? !,ol!, 2 '+&,e# o 11 %ou,&!e#.

T*!# "o%ue,& %oe#'o,"# &o &*e "el!e+(le 3. /!&*!, /o '+%+e 3. 6& !# + "o%ue,& "e#%!(!, &*e LNG #&+&!o,# %o#& +,+l)#!# !, &*e 'o$e%&. T*!# "o%ue,& /!ll (e ++!l+(le +& &*e 'o$e%& /e(#!&e

















$%) Disclai!er* T*!# e'o& %o,&+!,# l+e +ou,& o !,o+&!o, 'o!"e" () &*e P+&,e# o &*e LNG Blue Co!"o# Po$e%&? /*o +e +l/+)# !# *+!, +l#o + (u#!,e## 'l+, ou&#!"e o &*e Po$e%&. T*e e'o& !# !,&e,"e" o %!%ul+&!o, +o, + /!"e 'u(l!%? +# !, &*e e,e+l +," +ee" o($e%&!e o &*e Po$e%&. P+& o &*e 'o!"e" !,o+&!o, !# +,)/+) + #u($e%& *+!, %o,!"e,&!+l!&) +#'e%&#? +# !& !# u#e" !, &*e (+l+,%e (oo# o &*e Co'+,!e# /*o +e &*e P+&,e#. To #!ul&+,eou#l) ee& &*e +,"+&e o &*e Po$e%& !, &e# o 'u(l!% %!%ul+&!o, o +ll &*e "o%ue,&#? +," &*e ,ee"# o %o,!"e,&!+l!&) o &*e P+&,e#? ,o %o,,e%&!o, !# #*o/, +%o## +ll &*e e'o& (e&/ee, &*e "+&+ !,%lu"e" +," &*e! #ou%e. No %le+ %lue !# !,&e,&!o,+ll) !,&e,&!o,+ ll) oee"? /*!%* !*& +llo/ &*e & *e !"e,&!!%+&!o, !"e,&!!%+&!o, o &*e P+&,e 'o!"!, &*e u#e" +," #*o/, # *o/, !,o+&!o, +," !ue#. Fo eD+'le? +ll euell!, #&+&!o,# *+e (ee, &+e, +# eee,%e o o'e+&!o,+l "+&+? +# CAPE< +," OPE
NO+E* 6, +ll !ue# !, &*e &eD&? %o+ !# u#e" +# "e%!+l #e'++&o? +," "o& !# u#e" +# &*ou#+,"# #e'++&o. #e'++&o.

$%, +-e analysis T*!# "o%ue,& +!# +& +, +,+l)#!# o &*e &o&+l %o#& o &*e 'u(l!% !,+#&u%&ue# ,ee"e" &o "el!e LNG !, l!u!" o &o LNG &u%#? &+!, !,&o +%%ou,& +l#o &*e o'&!o, o "el!e!, CNG &o L8 e*!%le#? o(&+!,e" !+ LNG *!* 'e##ue 'u' +," +'o!;+&!o,. T*e %o#&# o %o,#&u%&!o, +," o'e+&!o, o &*e #&+&!o, +e eD+!,e". 8!ee,& &e%*,olo!e# +e +''l!%+(le &*e "o%ue,& &+e# !, %o,#!"e+&!o, &*e +!, &e%*,olo!e# +& 'e#e,& +"o'&e" () +,u+%&ue# o &*e#e &* e#e 'l+,&#. Soe %o,#!"e+&!o, *+# (ee, !e, +l#o &o &*e o'&!o, o o(!le LNG euel!, #&+&!o,#? +# + &ool &o !,%e+#e leD!(!l!&) !, &*e "eelo'e,& #&+&e) o &*e LNG !,+#&u%&ue. Mo(!le LNG euell!, #&+&!o,# &e," &o *+e ,e%e##+!l) l!!&e" 'o&e,&!+l !, &e o &o&+l %+'+%!&) o #&oe" 'o"u%& e.. 20 3? !.e. 10 &o,4. He,%e +l#o l!!&e" !# &*e +D!u ,u(e o !ll!, o'e+&!o,# 'e "+) +e+e +ou,& o LNG !, e+%* !ll!, 115 4. T*e) oe +,)/+) + *!* o'e+&!o,+l leD!(!l!&) !, &e# o

















!,+,%!+l eo&? +," +, e+lu+&!o, &ool o *o/ ee%&!e +," !+(le !# &*e !,e#&e,& o !,+,%!+l e#ou%e# !, &*!# !el"? &+!, !, %o,#!"e+&!o, + e+#o,+(le leel o u,%e&+!,&). T*e leel o u,%e&+!,&) !# +,)/+) e"u%!, +# oe #&+&!o,# +e (u!l& o, + l+e '+& o &*e Euo'e+, &e!&o). T*e !,%e+#e o ,u(e o #&+&!o,# *+# &*e #),e!%+l ee%& o /!"e,!, &*e %oee" +e+? &*u# e,%ou+!, ,e/ %u#&oe#? +," !,%e+#!, &*e +e& 'o&e,&!+l o e+%* #!,le eD!#&!, #&+&!o,. 6& !# +l#o !'o!, &*e #%+le ee%& o ,e/ #&+&!o,# &o %oe? +," !#!, u' &*e %o,!"e,%e o &*e o'e+&o# !, &+!, "e%!#!o,# o, ,e/? #u(#&+,&!+l !,e#&e,&#.

Fig 1-2 Scheme of the LNG production and utilization sstem !source" #N#$G%C$&%'

















S&+&!o,# !, o'e+&!o, o'e+&!o, +& &*e e," o 201> • • • • • • • • • • •

P!+%e,;+ P!+%e,;+ 6&+l) EN6 Po,&e"e+ 6&+l) EN6 K+llo Bel!u 8R6VE e(o S/e"e, SGA C+e+"o Po&u+l 8O7ROGAS El+# Po&u+l 8O7ROGAS M+&o#!,*o# Po&u+l GALP B+%elo,+ S'+!, GNF Ne# F+,%e GNVERT Ru,!# F+,%e GNVERT L)o, F+,%e GNVERT

S&+&!o,# u,"e u,"e %o,#&u%&!o, +& &*e e," o 201> • •

S!,e# Po&u+l Bel!, Ge+,)

GALP L6V6S

S&+&!o, o/,e# +," +,u+%&ue# &*e +l'*+(e&!% +,!, "o ,o& +&%* &*+& o &*e euell!, #&+&!o,#4 • • • • • • • • • • •

CLO78 ENERG 8R6VEE SSTEMS 8R6V ENG6E EN6 ENOS LNG GALP ENERG6A GAS NAT7RAL FENOSA GOL8 ENERG HAM L6V6S VANQETT6 VANQE TT6 ENG6NEER6 ENG6NEER6NG NG

















) Infrastructur Infrastructure e cost oerie2 oerie2 )%$ +ec-nologies T*e !el" o LNG euel!, !,+#&u%&ue !# &e%*,olo!%+ll) +&ue +," #e&&le". 6, Euo'e !& #&!ll #ue# o l+% o #%+le ee%&? #!,%e +# u%* +# 0 LNG euell!, #&+&!o,# +e o'e+&!e !, Euo'e !, 2015? ,o& (e!, + l+e !,+#&u%&ue /e( )e&. 6, #oe o&*e '+&# o &*e /ol" &*ee !# u%* oe #%+le ee%&. 6, C*!,+ +& le+#& 1.500 LNG euell!, #&+&!o,# +e !, o'e+&!o,. 6, No&* Ae!%+ &*ee +e *u,"e"# *u,"e "# o &*e. & *e.

Fig 2-1 Scheme o f LNG and L-CNG station

T*e "!ee,& &e%*,olo!e# ++!l+(le o, &*e +e& No/+"+)#? !, &*e o'!,!o, o &*e eD'e&# %+, (e +,e" !, &e# o &e%*,olo!%+l %o'leD!&). T*e) u#& (e eD+!,e" !, o"e &o "e&e!,e *o/ &*e)

















•

• •

•

S&+&!, &*e (u#!,e## +l#o !, &*e CNG +e&? o /*!%* + l+e ou' o %u#&oe# !# +le+") ++!l+(le !, +,) Euo'e+, %ou,&!e# +(ou& 1.300.000 NGV +e !, %!%ul+&!o, !, Euo'e4? &*u# !,%e+#!, !,%e+ #!, &*e !+(!l!&) o &*e !,e#&e,&? ee, ! +& &*e %o#& o + l+e l+ e !,e#&e,&. No& eu!!, ,e%e##+!l) ,e%e##+!l) + !,!u lee& o H8 LNG e*!%le# &o (e ( e !+(le Po"u%!, CNG /!&*ou& &*e u#e o +, eD'e,#!e +," e,e) "e+,"!, %o'e##o &*e LCNG %o,%e'& !# (+#e" o, 'u'!, + l!u!" !,#&e+" o %o'e##!, + +#? &*u# #+!, 90@ o &*e e,e) %o,#u'&!o,? o &*e #+e CNG e," 'e##ue o 200 (+. T)'!%+l e,e) %o,#u'&!o, /!&* %o'e##o? !,&+e 'e##ue 10 (+ 0?3 W*=N 3 &)'!%+l e,e) %o,#u'&!o, %o,#u '&!o, /!&* lo/ 'e##ue l!u!" 'u'? !,&+e 'e##ue 10 (+ 0?03 W*=N 3 eu!+le,&. Sell!, + 'e!u u+l!&) CNG !, &e# o #&+(!l!&) o %*++%&e!#&!%#? +," !, &e# o e!%!e,& !ll!, o o,-(o+" CNG &+,#? "ue &o &*e lo/e &e'e+&ue +& /*!%* L-CNG !# u#u+ll) ++!l+(le &*e lo/e &*e !,&+e +# &e'e+&ue? &*e lo/e +l#o &*e !,+l #&o+e &e'e+&ue? +," &*e *!*e &*e +ou,& o CNG !, 4 #&oe" +& &*e #+e 'e##ue 200 (+4. T*!# (e,e!& !# oe !'o&+,& &*+, 'eo'le ,o+ll) eD'e%&# &*e %o'e##!o, o CNG !, &*e o,-(o+" &+, 'o"u%e# !,e!&+(l) +, +"!+(+&!% &e'e+&ue !#e? !, %+#e o u!% !ll? !.e. !, ,o+l 'u(l!% euel!, #&+&!o,#. T*e CNG le+!, &*e *!* 'e##ue e+'o+&o !# + %ol"e &*+, &*e CNG le+!, &*e %o'e##o? ee, !, %+#e o e!%!e,& !,&e-#&+e +# %ool!,. T*!# %+, l!!& &o + #u(#&+,&!+l eD&e,& &*e *e+&!, ee%& !, &*e CNG &+,. W!&* &*!# !," o !ll &*e %u#&oe %+, eD'e%&& &o "!e lo,e. eD'e% lo, e.

Fig 2-2 energ (enefit of the L-CNG option !source" C)*$+'

Be#!"e# &*!#? +,o&*e !'o&+,& '++e&e &o "!#&!,u!#* &*e LNG euel!, #&+&!o,# !# &*e #e!%e



















l!e e+#!e o +,u+%&ue# +," o'e+&o# o euel!, #&+&!o,# +," /oul" (e +l#o (e,e!%!+l !, & e# o + (!& lo/e CAPE<.

Fig 2-, some eamp les of LNG serice pressures !source" C$&% S+*$'

A,o&*e !'o&+,& '++e&e !# &*e /+) o *+,"l!, (o!l-o. No e##el %+, (e 'ee%&l) +"!+(+&!% le& +lo,e %)oe,!% e##el#. T*e l+e &e'e+&ue "!ee,%e (e&/ee, !,#!"e +," ou&#!"e o &*e &+, !# +l/+)# %+)!, e,e) &*ou* &*e /+ll#? "e#'!&e &*e! *!* &*e+l !,#ul+&!o,. T*e o"e, #&o+e &+,# *+e "ou(le /+ll #&u%&ue? /!&* +%uu (e&/ee, /+ll#? +," #u'e !,#ul+&!, l+)e# +(oe ou&e



















Fig 2-/ (oiling temperatures ersus pressure

T*e #e!%e 'e##ue o &*e #&+&!o, *+# #oe !,lue,%e o, &*e #)#&e +"o'&e" o LNG &+,#e o #&+&!o, &+, &o e*!%le &+,. T*!# %+, (e "o,e e!&*e () e+,# o 'e##ue "!ee,&!+l? o %e,&!u+l lo/ 'e##ue 'u'. 6, %+#e o 'e##ue "!ee,&!+l? &*e "!#'e,#e ,ee"# &o (e /!&*!, + +D!u "!#&+,%e o &*e #&+&!o, &+,. 6 &*e %o,,e%&!, '!'e !# &oo lo,? &*e "),+!% ") ,+!% e#!#&+,%e &o l!u!" lo/



















)%, Main co!'onents of t-e LNG station C)oe,!% LNG LNG &+, PE8 = A8P4 6& !# ,o+ll) + #u'e-!,#ul+&e"? +%uu-#e'++&e" +%uu-#e'++&e" &/o-/+ll e##el. 6& e%e!e# e %e!e# LNG o &*e &+,e &u%? +," "el!e# "el!e# !& &o &*e #&+&!o, "!#'e,#e# u,"e eue#& o &*e %u#&oe? +# L-CNG H8 +," L8 e*!%le#4 e*!%le #4 +," LNG H8 e*!%le#4. •

• • • • •

T)'!%+l %+'+%!&) %+'+%!&) o 5 &o 130  3 !& !# &*e & *e /+&e %+'+%!&)? !.e. !,&e,+l eoe&!% olue 3 ++!l+(le o LNG o,e  %o,&+!,# +(ou& *+l &o, o LNG o #+e #+e&) &) e+#o,#? &*e &+, %+, (e !lle" u' &o 95@ o /+&e %+'+%!&)4 % +'+%!&)4 Pe##uee o 5 &o 15 (+ Pe##u 6,,e &+, !, #&+!,le## #&eel ou&e 6,,e ou&e &+, /+ll %+, (e !, ! , "!ee,& "!ee,& e&+l# Pel!&e !,#ul+&!o, !,#ul+&!o, o%4  +%uu  +%uu Flo/e&e M+## Co!ol!#4 Flo/e&e Su''l) %o,,e%&o P+e P+e +," + ," Ko"!+

C)oe,!% *!* 'e##ue LNG 'u' 6& &+e# lo/ 'e##ue LNG o &*e #&+&!o, &+,? +," 'u' !& u' &o 200 : 250 (+ &o + *e+& eD%*+,e? &*u# 'o"u%!, 'o"u%!, CNG. • • • •

T)'!%+l lo/ +&e +&e 1-20 l=!, M+D "!#%*+e 'e##ue 350 (+ T)'!%+l #u%&!o, 'e##ue 5-15 (+ T)'!%+l !'elle !'elle #'ee" 50 =!,



















A&o#'*e!% A&o#'*e !% LNG +'o!;e !, %+#e o L-CNG #&+&!o,4 6& &+e# 200-250 (+ LNG o &*e *!*-'e##ue 'u' +," +'o!;e# !&? e,e+ll) () u#e o +(!e,& +! *e+&? *e+&? &o "el!e CNG +& !&# ou&'u&. • • • •

T)'!%+l lo/ +&e +&e 00->00 N3 =* M+D!u M+D!u  /o!, 'e##ue 20  20 (+ P!'!, A6S6 30L  1>  D 2.5  O"o!#+&!o, #)#&e

C)oe,!% lo/ 'e##ue 'u' 6& %+, (e u#e" &o &+,#e LNG o &*e #&+&!o, &+, &o &*e e*!%le &+, "u!, euell!, o H8 LNG e*!%le#. • • •

T)'!%+l lo/ +&e 00-00 =!, M+D!u M+D!u  /o!, 'e##ue 3 (+ T)'!%+l 'o/e 'o/e 1> W*

Soe&!e#? "e'e,"!, o, &*e #&+&!o, "e#!,? !& !# 'o##!(le &o +o!" &*e u#e o &*!# %o'o,e,&? () +"o'&!, + *!* LNG #&+&!o, &+,? 15 : 20 e&e# *!* +(oe ou," leel4? +," +, +''o'!+&e LNG %o,"!&!o,e *e+& eD%*+,e4? /*!%* +llo/# + #u!%!e,&l) *!* lo/ +&e o LNG () #!'le 'e##ue +," leel "!ee,%e (e&/ee, #&+&!o, &+, +," e*!%le &+,. Ao!"!, &*!# lo/-'e##ue 'u' +llo/# #oe e,e) +," C+'eD #+!,. 6, '+&!%ul+ &*e +!, +"+,&+e oee" () + lo/-'e##ue 'u' ee



















Fig 2-0 crogenic pumps !source" anzetti'

)%. LNG tec-nology o'tions T*e +!, eD+'le# o LNG &e%*,olo!e# u,"e eD+!,+&!o, !, &*e LNG Blue Co!"o# Po$e%& +e • • • • • •

Te%*,olo) A #+&u+&e" LNG +& - (+ Te%*,olo) AM Te%*,olo) A? o(!le &)'e Te%*,olo) B #+&u+&e" LNG +," CNG L-CNG4 Te%*,olo) C #u'e #+&u+&e" 1 (+4 +," #+&u+&e" LNG Te%*,olo) D #u'e #+&u+&e" +," #+&u+&e" LNG +," CNG L-CNG4  L-CNG4 Te%*,olo) DM Te%*,olo) 8? o(!le &)'e





















AM

Te%*,olo) A? o(!le &)'e

8!ee,&!+l 'e##ue 'e## ue Mo(!le

O,l) lo/ 'e##ue &u%#

Rel+&!el) Lo/ CAPE< Rel+&!el) Lo/ OPE<

No CNG "el!e) Lo/ #'+%e eu!ee,&# eu!ee,&# No& (o!l-o e%oe) H!* el!+(!l!&) Lo/ euel!, +&e FleD!(!l!&) Cu#&o "e#!, A''o+l# B #+&u+&e"

LNG +," CNG L-CNG4

8!ee,&!+l 'e##ue

O,l) lo/ 'e## ' e##ue ue &u%#

Me"!u CAPE< Lo/ #'+%e eu!ee,&# eu!ee,&#

Bo!l-o e%oe) /!&* %o'e##o

LNG 8!#'e,#e 8!#'e,#e %+,,o& H!* el!+(l) (e +llo%+&e" +llo%+&e" + +/+) #u''l) &o CNG e*!%le# o &+, 8oe#,& eu!e + !,!u ,u(e





















o(!le &)'e

P!#&o, 'u'

LNG "!#'e,#e "oe#,& ,ee" &o (e ,e+() &*e #&o+e &+,. Lo/ %+'!&+l +," o'e+&!o,+l %o#&#. Lo/ #'+%e eu!ee,&#. FleD!(!l!&) "ue &*e o(!le %o,%e'&. CNG euel!, %+'+%!&). 8oe#,& eu!e + !,!u ,u(e ,u(e o LNG &u%#.





















, +y'es of costs Fo &*!# +,+l)#!#? e#&!+&e" +," e+l %o#&# *+e (ee, &+e, !,&o +%%ou,& o #&+&!o,+) euel!, #&+&!o,#? (+#e" o, e'o&# o &*e o/,e# +," +,u+%&ue# o LNG euel!, #&+&!o,# &*+& +e '+&,e# o &*e LNG BC Po$e%&. E#&!+&e" %o#&# *+e (ee, %o,#!"ee" o o(!le #&+&!o,#. 6& u#& (e &+e, !, %o,#!"e %o,#!"e+&!o, +&!o, &*+& #oe !&e#? e.. e .. %!!l /o#? +e #'e%!!% o e+%* #&+&!o, "e'e,"!, "e'e,"!,  o, &*e %o,"!&!o,# o &*e #!&e /*ee /* ee &*e #&+&!o, !# (u!l&. Ho/ee? +," +##u!, Ho/ee? +# #u!,  &*+& & *+& &*e %!!l /o# %o#&# %+,,o& % +,,o& (e +''l!e" o, +,) #&+&!o, !, e+%* #&+&!o, /!ll (e "!ee,&4? o&*e %o#&# "e!e" o (u!l& #&+&!o,# *+e (ee, &+e, +# + # + e,e+l eee,%e. T*e +''l!%+&!o, o LNG &o &*e NGV #e%&o !# el+&!el)  el+&!el) )ou, !, Euo'e? +," eD&e,#!e "+&+ +e ,o& )e& %oo,l) !, e+%*. 6, #oe %+#e#? /*e /*ee e +%&u+l "+&+ /ee ,o& ++!l+(le? #oe lo!%+l eD&+'ol+&!o,# *+e (ee, "o,e.





















•

e&*+,e? *)"oe,. O &o&+l e+e o +, ol" eD!#&!, ul&!-uel #&+&!o, +," !,#&+ll+&!o, o +""!&!o,+l LNG 'l+,&# !, &*e #+e %o,"!&!o,# +# +(oe. 6,#&+ll+&!o, 6,#&+ll+ &!o, o +, LNG 'l+,& +," "!#'e,#e !,&o +, +le+") eD!#&!, ul&!-uel ul&!-uel euel!, #&+&!o,? /*!%* *+# + #u!%!e,& +ou,& o #'+e #'+%e ++!l+(le !,#!"e +," +ou," !&# 'e!#e#? +l#o &+!, !, +%%ou,& &*e +''l!%+(le eul+&o) #+e&) "!#&+,%e# !, &*e %ou,&).

T*e e,e+l %oo"!,+&e" %oo"!,+&e" loo o &*e #&+&!o, /!ll (e u#u+ll) (e&&e /!&* &*e !#& %*o!%e. T*e #e%o," !# &*e (e#& %*o!%e !, #oe o&*e e#'e%&#. 6& *+# +%%e## &o #oe eD!#&!, e+&ue# +," %+, %ou,& o, eD!#&!, o'e+&!, 'e#o,,el? +&e &*e "ue &+!,!,? #o !& !# u#u+ll) %*e+'e (o&* +# CAPE< +," OPE<. 6& u#& +%e &*e !,+,%!+l? %o,&+%&u+l +," !#%+l +#'e%& o el+&!o,#*!' (e&/ee, &*e o/,e=o'e+&o o/,e =o'e+&o o &*e eD!#&!, #&+&!o, +," &*+& o &*e +""e" 'l+,&? ! !& !# ,o& &*e #+e. 6, o#& %!%u#&+,%e#? &*e !el" %o#& !# ,o& +& +ll ,el!!(le? +," !& u#& (e &+e, !, %o,#!"e+&!o, +# +, u,'e"!%&+(le u,'e"!% &+(le !&e o, &o' o &*e %o#& +,+l)#!#. Al#o &*e %o#&# o l!%e,#e# +," 'e!&# +e #&!'ul+&e" o lo%+l oe,e,&#. T*eeoe? &*e) %+, (e "!ee,& "!ee ,& "e'e,"!, o, &*e lo%+&!o,.





















•

8!#'e,#e# o o

•

LNG CNG

7&!l!&!e# o o

Ele%&!%+l #u''l) !,#&+ll+&!o,# &o &*e #&+&!o, Ele%&!%+l W+&e #u''l) +," "+!,+e

Ge,e+ll) Ge,e +ll) &*e %o,#!"ee" %o#&# !,%lu"e eu!'e,& +%u!#!&!o,? !&# &+,#'o& +," +##e(l!, o, &*e #!&e. T*e ,u(e o LNG euel!, #&+&!o,# !, Euo'e !# #&!ll l!!&e"? #o ee, ! &*e +,+l)#!# !# ,e%e##+!l) (+#e" o, + l!!&e" ou," +," eD'e!e,%e %o!, o &*e #&+&!o,# (u!l& !, &*e Po$e%&? &*!# %+, (e %o,#!"ee" e'e#e,&+&!e e,ou* o &*e LNG #e%&o !, Euo'e. T*e ,u(e !# #u!%!e,& +,)/+) &o +e +, +##e##e,& e+#o,+(l) "e'e,"+(le? /*!le (e+!, (e+!, !, !," &*+& & *+& !, Euo'e &*!# !el" !# #&!ll +& + '!o,ee!, #&+e. A, eo& *+# (ee, "o,e &o eD&+%& &*e o#& e,e!% !ue# +# 'o##!(le? ee, ! #oe o &*e !ue# +e ,e%e##+!l) el+&e" &o #oe +%&u+l +%&u +l ,o, e'e+&+(le eD'e!e,%e o, !el". T*e LNG &+, !# o,e o &*e +!, %o,#&!&ue,&# o (o&* L-CNG +, LNG euell!, #&+&!o,#. T*e %+'+%!&) o &*e LNG &+, u#& (e %*o#e, &o &*e (e#& %o'o!#e (e&/ee, %o#& +," &!e (e&/ee, !ll!, ()























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