Contemporary
Lc.1rnif"lgAbout l~n};u\lgc C"....ncrnt Editors:
linguistics
Ccul Irey l••chonil M•dt shot 1, L.JI'<'~Jr.. l..bY!f-"'IY 0')' Coo\. h.rU~~ of f
An Introduction EdiredlJy Wlll,IAM O'CR/\OY MICMAEl 008ROVOLSKY FRANCIS l
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) LIST OF TECf-lNICt\l
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AIJIJREVIATIONS
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Ohl OE p Pass PC PCA PET PIE pl pp PR Prs
Pst R
R RC RE1\ recip• l~P
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oblique Old English preposition • passive Principal Component Principal Cornponcms Analysis Positron Emission
s
o SES
SG
sg SL1\ Spec th T TLN Top
Tornography
Proto-I ndo-European plural prepositional phrase phonetic representation present tense past tense rhyme
UG UR
UR
v v
rounded
relative clause right ear aclvantage •
VP
\V Wd
•
recipient
Received Pronunciation
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subject
syllable • • socro-econormc status spread glottis singular second language acquisition specifier title alone title+ last name topic• Universal Grammar underlyi11g representation
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The gift of langu,1ge is the sir1gle /1urnan trait that marks us all geneticall,v. setting 11s apart from t/1e rest of life.
unroundcd
••·Lewis TI10111as. The Lives of n Cell
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verb VO\Vel
verb phrase woman
Language is many things - a system of communication. a medium for thought. a vehicle for literary expression. a social institution. a matter for political controversy, a catalyst for nation building. All human beings normally speak at least one language and it is hard to imagine much significant social, intellectual. or artistic activity taking place in its absence . Each of us, then, has a stake in understanding something about the nature and use of language. This book provides a basic introduction to linguisti)cs, the discipline that studies these matters,
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Willian1 O'G·r·ady, lvlic/1ael Dobrovolsky and Francis Katamba
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What is human language? What does it mean to know a language? To answer these questions. it is first necessary to understand the resources that a language makes available to its native speakers. those who have acquired it as children i11 a natural setting . , The scope and diversity of human thought arid experience place great demands on language. Because communication is not restricted to a fixed set of topics. language must do something more than provide a package of ready. made messages, It must enable us to produce and understand new words, phrases, and sentences as the need arises. In short. human language must be creative - allowing novelty and innovation in response to new thoughts, experiences, and situations. ' Underlying tile creative aspect of language is an intricate mental system that defines the boundaries within which innovation can take place. The operation of this system can be illustrated by a relatively simple phenomenon in English (see Table 1.1 ): the process that creates verbs (roughly, words naming actions) from nouns (roughly, words naming things).
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lnformollnn. Co•;r:pl\ 1h>t )'\Ill osrn:otly tndinr '''•·•<<>eh I)( th~ «•lcnccs is no tJoubl p<'l'fcctly ccmprd ..'1U1ble lo )'<>'•. ii ii cx1rcrr1ely unl1~cly lh'll yw have ever JCCn any of U..m
8t"OUX 1tii~ l>sitlr mlJY be un(1m11i¥ re 1hc ;rvu2.ge L11\1~1~1l7 lt1J1ittil,
v.·111 devtlttt' <00tc ume to C'.'
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bc!<>r< "Thi-s :t.bi1.1y lo produce .und t1"Jc1111nd 11nroinih:ir uu.cr1ncx:s does no1 tf\SUre 01?tt ~ou can \lndcrM:a.Jtd or UJiC :any 1nt..i.g1ublio eott·be.,a11on o.f words. For.,.,, :pie. )ca d0<>blla.~t 1nc Ullt'rln«-rn llJ. Even 1hoviJ' 11U the Y.01ds u1cd l1t1c 11rc f:t.lnlliru ones lht} >s< 'in1ply 001 •"""Jed fo the "'ht "'"Y 10 ~ • o( £, cJW..
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rte t 1ap.1 a cti~ir kJ iu on
A1 W'llh nOicr urec•s or Jansuaac,. ahe ability to ram 1.ri.d in&uprct scn1c11cu JS sub;«t to 1)'1t~m3U·. t 1n:it.Ui<)~1.,
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Jing'1tUl Clll 1 &raa1tl'llt.
One of 1t\ro ftlOSl (unrl:.unc11~1 tl111ns, u( modt.m ll11gu1
1:an~a2JCI hct\~ a 1nm1n:ir "rhi' tlL'I be •enfitd bt c0t.s1dcnf'I 3 ltw ~irl'lp1e !Jets Sion •II 11•1••1., a e ipo\cn, 11>
phooolo1icnl sy.,cms:•inc:e dind since tllCK ._.i, IWI stf'l< 1C<1 have 1ysic1n:uic me:ininp. dlC-R nbvlCK1sly n1w.t be 'cm:i.n11c pri.ocipla na 'wit A1
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As we h>we XCl'I • .speakcn ot a lartav-re aro abtc to produce 1ad ,111dcm.and san u"limitcd number of uncmn,c:s, lnc:lud1n.g m:arly lhi.c :lfO oowcl NMi u11(omlllar. Thb o!nli1y. which is ofl"1'l calla! lh1gulstl< <0n1pcljocisnuu or 1 •• ...,,.11cs and or U.b trool<. In 1o•cS11J•llnc llng•IMi •nd 1.ierpr
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la•1u:au li>Vt.1hi11)1>< or sp~n. It b: nnt unus\H.1.1 co hear 1he J'(l:U11ttk thaf 1011~ IM4t1n1t- - Aca.di:in Prt.nc.h • Cree, or 5.,.ohjlj - 'hu dO gr.I. 1rc not ...1inr11 or b1~e ant )'tt befit •n.11l)'$crl by Westost1 scl1t>la1l.) Unfwnill:tr l~n1ua1d ~1ru:1t11"1eS 3ppt-nr tQru\ untta1nc.d ~,. W b•c no 11~1 iJnm~ ~~x ux:1r 1n.rt1 n:1ti(a1 syiic.mtarr t.itftr~lt (101"!1 1luo of bcucr..knnwfl l11111ac1gci. Jn W:ilblr1 ""' Pbon,1[11'1111 l:'111$U·l&t or /\11 oo lttt \hot the £ogti.s.h Jenlentc n1~ l\fl(J i/Dfl llOWU4 S'"l'ntl ~'tJRmPJ COiiidbe lrt11-.SlWCciJ
hy oho cquivolcnt or •ny of Ille (ollo.,.1n~ :
a. OO$S (wo now a« k,ng:\COflS~Yttl.l b. Sea 1ow do11 two k:ingoifOCI"
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Kanpmos '4:-Vcnal now sec dogs t¥-O.
Where"' W.ilblri "'">'not mnrlc1 •h• order 11f word< In oho wny Englippl•nbl< lO Ill doffe.._< • .....,. l»IJU"t<<: lllthough no t*O l:lll&U:tt.« lltvc t:~ac:tly the ~:i.mo 11•1J-rn1.r. lhcrc ~ no 1:-ingll.lges ivilhouc 11 gnmn&.1r. Asim.llrpoi"I CAO be mode :tbow tfifft-r":""n( v11'icbaofll'M: unW" lan1uqc. Ill to• ore 11")11.ibfvolrc llly oware, Enali.lh i• 1ho lo111uns< nl niony di(lcrcnt c01nmunh1!J. arotnd ~world. 1 he pardc1.1lat w.""1cly or ED,gl11~ f0tiirid will;.11
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Scmonllt!
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MorcoVf'r.even ch~h yoo c:a1' prub"\b~y l111Jc:1'$l:and :a untcnce Juell QS 1a}, 1>1 -ion pcrlup.< ...;th 7bJ, Wn: 11 Somtthin1 :iJ>o<.1 11 d,.. moku i1 >0und lc~s 1h:i11 ICC'tflih~e. n
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c:iC'h nf tl\tte OOJflfn1:1nit1t• hni llit own charnctcnr.1it pron11nc1:ninn vt'!CJlhU· l:uy. ond ~~c•«: palh:m•. Tnt•·l•J•IStOAothcr w;y o( soy1ng tl1>t •>
l y: .11 nars are equ31
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Whh Unllrnilt"d vM11tiC'IC\, one would el~tt I.he tquivnlen\ of C:.u;liith 110110
oetu• in diffc1cnt posilionJ within the sc111iencc in cfifTc:rent l~n&\MICS· 11'us. WC! n11ght l'N'Cdic~ th11t C'~b of the roUQWUtg: poss1bililia ~lUu)d OCtur lvllh n1ughly equ•I fn:
\Vhcnc_vcr there ta modcm finguisrics. ll m\\k,M no mare iwsc. re &ay 1h:u one ••dt the gr'Ain-Pl.V nf Eogli$h IS bct1cr (or \fi't,l~t) 1ha.n ~be antmrrmrofThnt All t"1ngtuaacs anU :i:U v:uicticr. Qr~ ~tk1'1at l1n1uag:c bnve gnutUMI"$ thllt cnitblo d'k':it tpcd;cr~ m exprt!.~~ a,ny ptopo~it1on 11~1 the hum:in mlnd ~" pmd>oct In Icons of thl• >11-impcn•nt critenon, lhcn. all vorictlei of long••KC tire :ibsollifcl1 equal n.s inM;nlM!!nl6 o( tom.Tiuoicalinn nnd thought. The 100:1 ~( <01lft"1Jl0rory llnnul .. lc onoly•i• i> not lo rank I~• on some irn.l\1in1u·y scale of 1upc:rictlty. R.ruhcr, linguists J.Cck to ucdmtand the. nt'O..tc. or ~"' grant<1u~ieul •ysoen1< th•t •llow pooplc to •lXllk •nd und
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nc¥011we 5(X:1;l coosequcnccs: it m:::.y bi: hurdu 10 win a ~llol:trship. 10 get 1 Jt~• to be xents of El]gllsh (and olhcr lon1uogc.'4l. t.hpy permit 1heir UICl'J to tXpre.$$ and u~1dcrmtnd the s.i.n1e 11ollm11rd r:1ns• or thoo&I•~• and idc:u.
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tll•t ti«~ nrc imporoant gromniotlcnl prlnrlpl~• >nd IMdOfl•"4 by •II hum.in f:t1lgU:age:s. Orie c;uch J?rincirle 1ovoJwie chr m:uu1cr 10 wh~1 11e:n1rn'C'es ,\1'$ nc.g,ucd.
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l:ingu.i'-~• Thia ,.,n~ ('Otl'lt iJ s0tm::thne1 miadio bf A\ltin& that lin1u1~dcr:: is ducrip· lh·c. .not prt~cripti\le. "rhta n~"'ns chat lin1\ll$LS seek Ul t/.J!Scribc human llngu1stic ;sbility and ktiowledge, 1'01 to prrscnbe one S)'&tem In rrc(erence 10 >nO!hCcd In ocllc: sdcndllc dl"'lpllocs "' ~'Cll, TI1e fit~I c:onccm ~r:211 ~lenlt$l$ i$ to de:tc:nbc a,nd eix.pl:iin 1bd f11Q.t1.Chey· ebserve. 11ot ~ ch11ngc them. Evtn thou11h it rcjcd• ptt•crir•rvism. m<>Jcm linguL
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Nm l':n I.< here.
b.
Pn1 not 1s here.
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Pat 11 not here. P.at is here noL
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A.J It hnppcns. the first and rounh p::1.1tcrm: -:arc very run:. tn virtu:dly ti.II la.nguagc111, 4)eg1ttvc ctcmcuu such .u rio1 cuhcr 11nn;cdiiAely precede vr
inmicdhnel)' follow 1hc verb. TI1c JchurYe ordcrin& ofother clcmcn11bl11(,:"subjccl t!J~nstnnnt!l. To "cc this. we need onl)' causidcr lhc six login.Hy possible orders far i111implc three· word 5\DlCO\etn 1utih ;:v A11.11roliro" likt cr1(kc1. 10)
a. AtWni.bnns like cricket. I>. A~MJ'rlli~n-scriclc:cl like. c Likoi i\ustrnli~M cr!t~ct
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Uke Crld.."t.l Alf;Strnli2ns,
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Crtckct hkc AuJlnA•••· C11~kct Au'llrll~ons lilr.c.
Interestingly. the overwh rtrs1 three ordm for h"'lc AIA1Cment1, Only> h:ind/1~ DI lllngu:ig.. U'< ony of the: l:ii.r-.i thttc orders. :11 bu.tic. TI1t, once :.g.i1n rellecu die t.:..i.i1ce11cc or coa(1t:1hus 11nd pre(trtnee$lhru limt1 vnnation :smong l11nguAgcs Tbe~c :u:e no1 IKOl:i~d tat:unp~ .. A., J:uctr ~eci wUI 1how, \Dnle grnm•·.,iicol COJegoriq ond prfno:lple! nrc unlvcl"eOr.tnetS. ll1tn. the&Cl or gooJT111\M5 leo.'Tltd nod ""'d l)y hunllln being$ is limited in signir~nrwoy$
or l:tngu.ogc U') communlt!tte pre11.1ppn!tCS n gmn1mo.r. h follow~ 1ha1 •Ii of• l•nt••ge mu!< hove knowledge <>f Iii gr:imn<:r. However. dii• lo10wledse dirfm rroo' looowlttfs< or orithmcrlc. mod >0ft1r. and
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11\ierc nrs: "'~''>' (Jiflcrcnccs amoni l.ln~u.ltcs. as CV(:n ft supcrticltll CX4tnin.~ 1i0fl 1)r thtir ~nand pottcro.s.. vocabul;aries. and word onJcr rcvc.:al•. Bur th(s doc-. ncl4 mc::in lhol lhcrc JJ't: ~ Utnlts l)fl ~lt type or 1ramm:i.B fh.i1 hUl"il:li\ h.:lng'. c.;in w:quirc ~nd t~.c Qut(e ", the eonITT&ry. a.tl'TCJ\L rc,o;carcta 6UU,tSts
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hunted
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The womon who incervlcwcd e.·>
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Nonee th:u whel\':1.1~ YPu ~:ay i(lin /urrrf1(1, you t,:t'f 1 in ;tlippcd a.nd din /Htt.ud. Moe .. fllb/,,d and ptqn1>uncc •h• Clldnlg u d. Aht.,ugh 11 ii unhl:dy d•'ll you huve CVct t'Jil:M 3WCU'c O( lh~ phtAQtnCnQJt before: 11(1W, )'OU nnllce thO$C dislfnction,J :i.uL01n:atic::aUy if ynu :ll'O" l' n11ivc s~ktr of EogJ~h. This is because you •
fiend
cat' 1c(.:ro11Jy lu !twncnna nor tnenliM'"d in thesc11lcn«. ln Cflfllra11 ft(et
U'J ~h indl'l'ldunJ 1n 1he
jltllUp ~c•i@nolA:d l!y the phnlcl1b•.•. Since ~km ore •hlo 10 moke f ii, Cr.imm•r
l,.lngt.1lstJ usie U.c ti:m1 fl'Ot11utnr 10 refer to A ~1,1bcoo~ci.\lu~ fiugu1'if1C s.ymcm of n parriculnr tyrie. Consistmg of •••cmr e<>mpoi1
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,_.,ith wh 1l l111ppcns 1n ie1uc.nce /JJ. ltl! cnnoot
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l.anau:tite '""i\hoot k.nowlcdlJC or II~ arnmuu1r tli.e study
lnckl:d
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wronged
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11)e words in 1ha
len f»ind column obey an obscure CO/l:SlHHnl oo the.itlcctioiJ
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$YSttln$ hM contc. to be '11e (QC.u~ of" c.onte1llp0rary fioguisttc: 1nilym. A$ 110tcU abo¥C. U1e grnmm31·ii;-;al knowlcd1c nccdcd to use ind u11(~r.u:1nd loin1u11c b ~ai.ulrcd withou1 1he bc1,cf'h of in~tn.WJt;u11 •nd it for the m~t 5uboonsc:lous. Sinca we dlttefore c.:i:nnot 1n\•csdplc gr.unmnr by $11,.r>ly
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or con:rro11:JJ'1-stqucn1;CS 1n wnrd.. Onal po.drJon· when o. voweJ 1$ lqrig ,,nd r~lfow® by IWO COn•orutft!.< (pint) Or when 0 YOW<( if shon .. d rolfowed by three 1;an~OJ'~nt sounds (nm. p1onounccd 'rwtbt' J, the fin:il t'(KlSOnant must Ol"'1lys be Me mode win10•Ills1~\Q!>0loglc•I cor11lroin1 f1ho ri&h<·hondcolurnn)nro 1mncUlltlCly m;ike Qc.:isions abOUl die OC'Ccpinbiliiy n.f ronns based C\n subcomclC)t1$ k.nowlcd1e or tuch
r<'by ~r.o:'"rlc:ms n:qul1u <001>ldcrnblo efT011 ond inicnuhy. Al ~ ihe co
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inrerenc~s abour the someiiines inv1xi:bic mcch.inl'fm~ f:uom~. cell;.. 9t ,gr:am1TJ:irs. 4i 1hc etse 1n~y be:' tb;11 N"C uh11n:ucty rct.pou ....iblc fur tl1dc pheonn""•i.f\ good dcol of rbix book I< COllC:O
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Con,;ldor one fiu•I '"'mpl•~ Spc•kCl'S or En&lish know a ,:ingle i11dividu1t ou~lde ih.'U pWp.
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ft is o "!<11..,.rablishcd "'" tho• 1hc g<11mmm ot all l>n!~•s.. are coos•mcly c:l11ngl11g. Some lhe$e cbangelf nrc n::tativeJy m1nr-r .111fl oc:wr very quk·kly (for e.x.:..111ple. the :u:fdltioo or fic,v wtifds such U~tht1lr('ltnr11iug, f(Jf11 dQC.1ur.
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0RAMMAJI$
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E!K:'h bey whotm) 1he tVOnui.n 1nu;rvleiV!d 1hJnk! th:a he 1,. o.&ernu1.
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yupp1t. glfUliosl, .mbl»ncroq. ol;l~..J>«iUm. th"'""'' l11tf!.t1JC!I. """'"'""· vtge/ttrrgv. gm11gc •nd ndd lt~1iµ: 10 tho •O<'Jlbut~1y of Eogli>111. Othu changes h~ve 1more dram;uic dTci.1 an rhe oYt'mJI (C'lfln o(thc f:i111u11ge ond lyplc>lly Ink< pl•ce ovcro long period or ..... The ft>mlotilm •"'li'llivc
or
sll\lQuru tn r111gll.!h11:'.s under1unc lhlJ type of ch••1!• Prior ro 1200. En9iil;h
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formed nepdyd_ CQn5'ruct40o1~ ~)' pl11~mg:
(•omcdm<.<~ptlllod ,.,.., l aflcrlt.
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1•1 "· le ee ""Y" nnt. ("I doat>oy.') b. lie nupc~c•h nawt, ('He dl'CJ not '!'<•IL') 13y 1~00 or 01c1<111laut~. ,,. wos 11.«1tl lnrr
VH7 i9(Jd. Tbc Aincnou., !'14\VC-fllt.11t)",hu1 UI tlKl.f
Stt1pkt, not glll.exJ. irtk TI~ l)ri•t•I W(lfd! ilo l\Ol a«otd wn .. tod:i1's t1htc:MI01"1!!J theory. by wbui.h nllp1.1pll• 11111 atcpi.Kd a 'abk•ot 'k!$t;'bto· cic.. SJ1rr
Scr'11rtl~ ·Scrv.aMt' ll now IW1 oMat)e -.i.·ord. 1111ron*' who advtnb:i:d u1 1tide tern\~ would g.ct no 1cpl1c:s Clo.
l !C)IC nnt lht wcrdes. b. We ~w nowl the kny&hJC$,
II
Hu~so~ •01nd• 111 o long line of p<11i:11• "'"" 1'1•• bl)lh:lllted ind ri~iculcd clmn&c u cvidcf1cc orl dlvlf I '11 go). Judr,u1g by current ui•se. lM:" objected in "\lln..
It 1Y11s not until about'""' oenJuries lotcr 11131 El1g~•b dcvclopl!ll ll$ ourrcn1 prneticc of •llow\ngno110 occur llf1or OC\Jy ccn:dn IYJ>Cli of •cells (SU
171 I wlll ""' u• •He s.;w no11he knlghlS.)
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11•t$(1modlnc:utons1llu11n1te l.licc.xu:1n tO whitth.gt:lmm2rrcan cho.11"-eovtr hfl'lt-. 1"he llf\lC:tllttl exemplified U\ 16) tre nrthialc hy 1oday·a ~1ad1nd.s Qtld tho.<$In 15) "1Und cnmplttely foreiso 10 onosuplceril Qf 111odau Eo1lish.
Elgh le
TIPWgh 1ho cct•turics. ln;Uvid.ualt:;nd 013wll£Btions who bc.UeWi 1h~cxn11n1 "!1rtCllt:"$of l«l"Jlilge 3J'e bcllet th:'lrt nchers Jmvc frcquenJly CJP'f,ssedconcern o•cr 1Vho1 Ibey perceive to be the dctenonumn of Eii&li~ Today, 1iu. Lnm<:•!JlllOOS of tilde puri>lscon be rouoo In boob llkd. Si1no"'$ l>arodi~mJ losr: Rtjl•c1fq11sen UrrrtJc.• 1t1"1 its D~~llnc publi1bed in Am('ti~ ln 19ft0 1nd J, Honey's 71,. Lo1111wac Trop: Rott. Clim a11d 1/rr 'SumdanJ Engl/Jh. bo 8nr1Jh Sd1<1'Jlt. which Pppt."ed lo Engbnd In 1983.
r..,,.,
Same o( the dcnund•~<>slS or docline have bkt:n 1hc form or d~on•rles I~ which the .,Ulm
IMt
hol(
-ccnh1.(V h~a; !ttll
v.·CHkt41hb 1"1'>1 wne4 kt l1c!llh.
L.tJSubtt
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•Of qu11c,
rrc~ io11"")1J uuttp the ,..,gn1 ·good*.
MXIM! l'!()Werf'UL D.11\l ;.bvnd()nll) J~cirttd,cridt'IUJU
or
ti~ llW:tt:tPng COCTU.Jl'iono( the EiiJht.h b1tt1001c. LS. IJ~. f:ll. Lcuvis,. 01SC)1~ 0.,.cll 111,J \\' II. f\l9.ltn COl~f.10 mind IM once. Ewtier .sttll thf'l'Ct w~ E1.n Pou1nt't puskw\i.ti: u.enii,)n d11u wbc'n o llt(lt113tc g:uu «Ktcll the very JUb~-onee.o! cur lhovJl1t11 •'d ferlia.,g.s rouratten le>.).
Hlld«in'< d\c1mn:uy \J inlcmkd lo 11em the sot by tX!"'Sing Ille cancer~"'' •t111ru d•< E11gll•.h lonsi•"gt· HiJI ••lscd Enili>h rure 10 ncurl)' ~60 !"'&"'·A ""'1'Flc of •nines will gj.e yo11 • [l;ivoor of ~le boo~:
•
"nte rci:.li111 l~il 1hc l:u1gun&c.. f~ toticrin.w
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~t t"('
ettsc- o.f the
11by~' 'tlfili
p•rt1eul:ttly Wong In the clghu:cmh J~ Pll. for <>•mplc. Jo1111lh•ll Swirl (lhe ao\horof (;.rt/i.,.r~ rro1·tls) oe llngtlm Tong•c to Ille. Loni Hi&h Tre...:urer. Rol;oen the E:11I of OxfO
My lbrd. 1 doh.~. irt i11C ~111it u( o.U th.a l~mcd nnd polhoc: rc:r,t11is (If che ft~kln. cornplnfnlO 7ourlntd~fp. ;w Fi"' /rft'flJ1~r,;d1,.1ou1 b1,gu11c ls C"~tricly lrnpcrf«t; that 1ti d1Hy ln1pro~ncplt 0:1c: by t161'f1<-3QS-ln proporuon 10 f\, i1•tlf (OmipllPl\1: thQI ~he prcfa1ilcs-'iO polld\ ~Ad rcHM ''- hllK C'iliiell)' MUhipHetl f1b11&U :.nd a.b!iurdllic1tt..; .ul. lh:.tIn '~~y frpt.11nc6.fl oll'e.cu~l
ut(11lo11 10 rtp or lhc U$e or con~tt:d (om1.1 of '--e(b\, 5ttt.h tit t'O"? ror cannot l'lnd /It~$ (or ht Is. :&hhoush hi: h{li\J nQ objC1>1ion to Ttrlor 11 (f. PuriJts have .1l\.\'3)'Ji htc.n e:!lu lO ldcn~fy tho culpnurespon:nblt fof tho dcgcnrn11._,n or 1ho l•ngu•gc. s ..1rt den~upt •nd the llberut ct!ucotion e,<1obTI Qrc Jingled ou1 beenuse nlod~rn lln_gutsdc xic:nct insists,. M we h:lve ~:ecn. thttl imo.
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h~ :alwi.y;e; bcc11 Uwttd by tNny tn lM. tc!I of\\tcJ'UD E4.if'011C. A e&11rwy 1rl-.;r S"ill, Ille Ccrn"n pholol<>c)q l•oob Crimin (b
''"'"'ti
In rc~ci;,,. c1utf111ly 1hc o&s;t c{ •tlictt d'lt bt.. lr.:lrtllll.:.•i.i•t ,.ow~d:i~s do f!otclll(_a d1t",.m•• ,. J.2 Olld ltoli.\1°' hJld 'lrwlion Jlcriod«mn ~Jin C'ltKa """' ro•ndcd In IS82 aorl 1he Madln•I• /m••flllu In 16)S. Th
Thc rrtnch
'il-'C:C1t:aift' (i ~.. Jtandatdiu) the Eti•li1h llLrgui,e arod flUip h (rorn ~,ir.g hy pnxnh1nc Md proicribina ""'I•· ... l1ho•rh 1hc nll to< on ""'dcmy op b1"'-~_.,.,,,ccrtnln C'Qrtttntcd chlten> \00~ it tiron tnernsd\jcl «> s.artauard lh.C' p11nly or lhc l.,~11nge. Bel°'< I~< oJghtecnlh Clll!Wy "'V CUI ohc Eaglnn 1"rf1U>p was ro.LOcd • ..111ond1Rllrtd 1:>1 k:xlcog1•pbcn ind gr.11nm:on1M
.,a<~,....,
Or johns<>t''S dlction.iry
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1lie mo~ nQC'lble o( lhesc ~1ndJtd1:z.ers Dr Samuel Jof,:nson wt10. in IH1. rublllhcd A of I~< IAJl;Jh U...11.n1< In Ille r«f.oo:<, he the pul'J'>O'l'l Q(l111 dktlnn1ry very c:f.toa.r. ... kavc a •~tlM'IJ tl"fldc:PCY to t·Cicnc:Dllor. we h::iv~ 1on.e pcct;("r'H.J o•"' coruclt.._t.n11. I~ uy n1:1~ ,_'M,IC 11ruaJi" (or OUl' 111111~··~ T(lie•·C'~ l1"-t ~...,.~
A\ r2 41 C"ln bt
OIOlOGICAl ~PfCIAllZATION
l
fOa
Cr.unrn1"
lANCUAG(
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I l
l
•
•• .,,n.,CI
tholl\ancf ye:iri. Ardiacok>tk"al e"idmn
i•
J.f!Mt" ·I' .ne "'Tl(IC:!\.iJJJ C"J,l'UIOI
itlS&t'-111 lhru
t:in@ntl&C csiM.r:d pn«
thw.1. lime roe f"(thapJ :'1$ IOA( ~ 100.000 )"CUL 1't:l 'W1r111•1ly tmlhlf\i i> 1mo.. n about ~111 pcn0<1 lingolltlc rrel•i""'Y or •boot h1,,.. lona•..igc ongh111tcd in the hnc pl.xt ffllcd apctCh 0<& n> !lh• lul>J.<. 1.rynx """11<. -~. 11,.. .... n !'l'lalt. >nd "'"'I J);\U>lCSI ... .,. - "''" Shll ore ((>
or pruJ.cnhf'
(j~rnman:int lr-o Kl ~hnut llte IUk or p1cn:nlng ltlt purify ni lhc IAng.1:\gc wlth cqwal de.1i:rrNn.ii1M arid cr.lh·Jtlasf'\ fn 1762 Robert ~ct\. a_ IC~~i ·~~o bier bcd hi< vuy lnR11cnli1I rnon11ol cn1uled A Sh,,,.. htfl0tf1actto'1to1;1t1U1h Crtrot1, •.a,.. Lowth CO"!'tph•1Mid \R the pr1'fxe '~"' '\be Encl"h L."''""C• as u "•Jl'l~cn by 1hc polilc>I pon of Ilic Mik>r1 orid :tt 11 -.c"'.Uld:c U\ 1tlc ...,rking1 o( oi;ar tnmt appro\.t:J aus.,M_ ofTcJKI• :tgO!oil"Ot C'IU'Y p.111 n! Ciniml'Nlt •.• ' He ~ how tven cluJta.. li\c ~he Kini Jomu Bible nnd lite "'O•ks of em""'"' writen llkc Diydu, "°I"' l!ld c-vcr S.-,.fihlr'l'l.'CU. ·~~ntt.lT1111~.lcd by •error· fOf if'ISll.nce. ar1 (\'ale 116, L11w1h ox1>l•i.tt• 11131 If U.e scatenu be Nc1,.I•.. the J\dYCtt> ""' is placed
drfecm1ntd, I~
he u:wcr:d 10 a corri1noo sourct R.Q1hc:r. 1he)' t.tc.111 u,l l'«:k>ng td .a 11undttr 11r dlsti1t!;!t (11rnJliiu wh:~ bislC>rie.~ CIJ1 be tr~,.. t?~ r.o f'!iCtt ll•&n I frw
CleJtly. tll<' diC
'
11kr 1hc A1ucitlary: :11 .. it 1fi1I 11r1 1a11eh hlin:" Ot•.. it tt'>f4cht" him,.,,, .. ' He lhr.tly uC ptxl•g thc M~ nnr htfQIC lh< ..m· In 'l t101oc. ony wd. "1id ho. I Ml nff<11t1· (l'lryd••· Fnblttl M> 11 ol lllC !""h gr.>mm" th>! h•ff bc:el> hooded down a .. r 1he IMI '.!SO ye>l'I (Jr so <111 bo bnck 10 l.owth ll\•n\.t lo him. ••tt><>•ivc 1cnet:11f<>•t> or pupil hJ"' bc<1> L'"""· f1.. <1'to1 ~"er th>> •·~ hy bis do•h (S..,ft to Pope '-""' 631. l'f<>cnloG31 ,ll•f< •how< lh:>t lhc tff"'1$ OC Uoc 1•1ng1< tO OJVC lhe 1.'llri\1-lliC rmm lllinr In UIClr bit1oiy ao•d th11 '8b~'l'"'"' en>ngM le1J 10 deJcnto•t...,, ood C'GITUJ'iiott N nottd :tOOvc~ tlttn. Mf' •h11pl)' no erot1nc.b for c1:lln1111» thac one syJtcm or 111mtn11r '' sou:)chaw ,urrrior 10 'noctl,.1 T~~ b lhetc(orc no t'Cl1IOI\ to t>iinlt thllt h~f'll\l.•I~ dtaese cnn Df" W111 1tndtnn1nc: thit ~u;icy Df £ni)l~h (O( 111y 01l1ct'l111t11.111~) Ma medium a( CQ"1t11uruc11Jnn
ei.,11.i. 'l'C"~·n; P«>;>lc ~l•~d ml by.,., l!IQr.J 1< in"°"'"'''"¥ their la111u1ce 1mprrilk·d.Tbe on~~y :ihOtll plun1rnc1ina. Ji111uirJic \l~ndQrd.s
Lan~uagc •tontbrdiz~lion
'
'
or
dlre<1ly wroccm•d with ensuring ol•c auovinl
I I
or lhc argmism
Tobie: LJ
of 1Pte lnlljo< s:pc:ic('h OflllDJ "*llh 1l1tir pn11ury ~U"Vi\l'tl rnnC(j()nJ In IW1n1n.s :Ind Otl•cr m'l1nrn1ds In humaot, ~~ ~··• oll bec"'1>C h•chlr 'l'C•"'ll1cd fut hnru;e tor•ll""" l'-'llfe. ,..J lips. Such coo1..,1 .. n"Cd$ vt11hin& f.,,,,,.i io cvc1 nutclOSC'Jl f1t1m1!tl: rd•ll\CS. c~~s dtt. Un11.1Gt;t.
•
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UICI
mmlng op
...,.
.
\locSI I (Olds
tJuu :ire equo.l fr) tfie(r-,expr!!.\li\lC cttpcchy. 11nd :ill .tpe~lctr$ ~f 3. l:ingu11;3e have (.,ubcc1L.cloU.<) lu1o"1ltd&< of its grnrnm:or. 11.., "''"•n•:< o( s~ch finJui$li<:
IOU
10
t11ap tQ move. rood back 10 d!l'()nl Teelh
10
tlr•
broluip food
syiterns Jn huma11}
fO tuep(y air ror lpc.Kh ., pn'd""" ..... •puoh
... nd.
ip11:cf:1111.i:.t10"•
rar
«> anJaal::llce vowcls 1111d
Nol•
cca40n:i:nts
produc.1 of bnlque.
:uutto1ni~ tind
wgn1Hvi:
Y
.. ['bey ltlhitrt1~d/w~c:licdin Sc:Q4l1'9d.
11nd
COf~\.GllJIJ
to J)IO.,,Jdc rs,ml fCJOGllnee.
°"
SoutCcS-
The di""'wun of won! t..01100 IJ b>$t~ •n •Mklc b) i;.., Oort and Hett> Clot~. "Whc" riOUina ta.rf~~5 '1~'1l'. '" lu1t1~I' S$: 761"-111 <1979.). The Wall;litl it.a~ ate b~d ots Y. l-t:ik:'' °"klc 'Pctsoa rNirting. in W:Ubt,r. ir•A ffti$(lrri/ifot'1\fr,,·ru Hr1Ur. cdncd by, S. ADderton.nnd P J(1J!iUlkJ (P'fcw Yor1c llolt. Rillerr.art & Wi1~lo11~ 1973). The qoondo<\: Millot A Dod,J.y , 11111~ 'fh< 18~7 1pc«h on tlU! Ao"" or C:lnndloo l!.ngflttl ,,. di~ in M11rlc Orkfn'1 SptaAJ1ig C.0.1all.-n EnsliJf, ('1bl1.»ico; Ccr.e."11 P\ibtithi1:1; Company, 1970). The 'tbc• o" 1.he p1nkionint o( nqtri~ c.Stn'lerlO ~i1hi11 ren'cnoc.' in ht.inl.:l;• lot'IS1Mge.co1M from :111 :.nlclc tr.r O. ~~. 'lYPofogyot klltl:nte "'1"1 .. ·. W.1.rmcr 11: 79-106 (1979). Tue boulc b1 llk:l«Mll. ~ucd bdw, provklu I rttah (<)qt Mu.., C'1tO'Jmt(. orlaaiu;ag.c In chc human 'pte'll'!$ 1l~ c~Cf'Gl'° (or \his dlapt:r wuc prqiare~ by Joyce f{itdd>rnnd.
~'t 4rC :K:kli1lan3J l.ndlet1ho11~ ot the evolution or lirisuistie vocaliz.111fnn. Unlike 1he bn::ilthing of $Ul"'1i"al tcsp1mrlon,. 1puch ~readting sho~'J higher lung ptcis'IUn rc~ratiOn. Abdominnl
mu> thot •cc n0< normolly omploycd for respir.ulon .,. btought lnm play In s .s)'.stcn1Ali~ and relined m~n~ in ordct" 10 mJhU.oin d:u: ;air pressure ntieded fortpccrh. Ag:tln, :i ~IC'C:iA.li-tcd. exre.ntivc, ~el or 11curologic:tt conrr.ols O>dwi•e to ~uman& m•kO& lhis typc orbt thot U>e bumnn fo1posed an •lrrndy •.-hting brologl•Jay between ohc dcmMds o( lon1W1gc and the devclop.ncnt ut the bunun.$p=h·
rro-
p
Tllm; Is nixo cvlden~ th•t hum~ on: plc 1h11 we have spcd>I "''urol mtth11n1sauth11t cn."'lblo u' t0 perceive di~tlnc.rron; 6mon1 coa.1on1nt~ nnd tAA& tllUC u1Ceb.11ntsouare not found in ~her m:ammab. We k:now conxldcrnbl) ~s ~bout 1hc evohnioraory spcc.iahnU()n for no,... vocol und non·mldioocy \1$pec\S orlaniu•s• s\lch 3$ won) (onnadon, Jenirn.,tion. >tld the lntcrprctollon of meAnfoa. Noncrbcl~•· h b cle11r •hat
Ahchf.lOI'.Jen. I 9-lt9. TLc An/culorcMq;ntntRI:A• bu.t01/uclU)ft4> PJ)'l"ltnrNtJClltriu. 3/ &II. CrySl:ol. David. 191\7 TIN> Cronlu.,/g< EM.rclop«io of IA•K'"'I'· Cnmbrldi!c: Ou11brfdgc Uni.:enity l'tcn·. Jx~codoff. R1y. 1993 Pmt•1-1t1hi 1(,~ Mini!. tlarvueer Whcauhc=ir: llcmt.l HemP" """4, Herl.•, Milroy; Jmt:tU •nd ~flltoy. lalie.1991. Alftlror-llY 1,. lAn1Mft. 2nd cdn.. Londoa:
Lo'""'"'
SCHUi~~JOr1; or eYOhlfiOnlll')' Spe<:Ullintion most bO\IC occurttd. AS WC will $CC
in Ch•~ICf 11. spccirrc p:UU or the brain ore •"-'ociared With <11vit/ts Thluuriesrs tbnt llir. humon brain is sptd:1lly suuctuttd
(I)( IM&dO~c. Dll!l Oh•l lptde.1 whh diff~nl types a(htliM WillllOl be "b]C ID ll«t•i
Human l•ngu•g• I< ch:.ro<1criicd by trulhlt1. Spcol(en: (I( I.IOll~uogc Ir.we ~c~ 1011 g.r:un«u•r. A. mcn.t3l syStem 1h~t Mlowi them to Conn ~nd lr11erprc.1 fwnillilr itnd no"et Wct'\lnCcs.. The gr.lmm4r WJYmlt Ute !Vtlcul:irlrm,
R11111lcd&<:.
PiQW. S:N\lc.. 1994, rlu! Lott¥Jlfl~ l"nincr: f1Jr N"~· S~lllfU of LMgt111g~ a,;d M1i"ttJ. ~Allcnuno.
pcn:epol
•
thr:
Ng,Jil ®1.1r\$"nfln,In&pcrWJsortime~anbcten~n,cd1nto vCfbL howe•« Thr.1'for CC!Wlf'I.• lh.lt /.lie .uitl 110C a'"1c:t1UJOd, lbe rtO\M\$ tnll/Ntln 11nd w.!'rt do AOt ntllkc
co provide rl•1COo( 1"1l
ts
•
•
I
I
I
lAHCUAOE A PQ:fVl~W
1.
He do•'I knuw 1boul 1hc reee. b) You .....,. out "'hen I allcd. c) Did yO
The rol!O\\!ing. acntene.ct COOt4in '-'~rb.S-crclllctl Imm noun~ irt :JCC()r'dJ11ee with lhc ?"""'-"" descnO.d in tcouon I ol tho p1ec. Oescn1Jc Ille
mc.'UUng:oreach ~rttJ~c nt""\!crb:s. i) We p11nlt•(()tk•d thcniphl aM1y. b) She doa-••~ntndon. e) He Mmdonn•"d •ho bllll iuoo U1<: net. I) I m1crownvcd lhe patSniin. 8) She Robi~SOOl Cru""°d in Uic Gal>p:i,o•. h) We"ll ho•c 10 Aiu tbc 11nlc. l) Ho \Vinuoknal 1hc wlortows. j) You should O.irat yourh.ilr,
0
f) Jim i'lnd n101uo 1opn11 goc1111opln' thl' wcekCttl g) heen the porode 13'1 week, h) Ho been lost in lhe woods !ortc11 d~. !) My~ 11ewsdunc:d 'cau,.,of all \he n1in
j)
m) Mum1y frun~l.!S<11Ih11hegome.
kl Lct'$1'llrlon thci:gp.
2. U>ing Ute e1<:1mplos in die p.«>:cding cxen:l11eau mOdel. ereae five new vcrbJ from nouru: Bl.old A 1a1tmcc nro11nd e3-Ch er lhcsc new verbs to
tbow ha mean1n-g..
3. Which nr the (oll°"'in& iomis""' pm.i/blo \11Qrd$ or EnxJ]sh? SolidL the help of an r.cqunin1a~ :a11dice lfynn ngrte.OflJ'Ourj~dgcmcnts. mbQQd c) coofp <) sprol
n) ~rhey'vewent to 1own. o) SM very tind p) /lh hink ... rttlbbe•he urould""e ov ""'"•if yo11sc·..i tell her
I
q) We scu hec c•cry doy in lhc pub. r) [);d f1irn &ivc yO
•>
d. lmncu.. lh•t you ore an ndvcnlsing uceuuvc and lh:it your job TnvoJv"' in•t11tiog new n;mcs ror producu: Creete (.our new fomu 1h1t nro poS>iblc words ofEngll.tl Md raur 1bA1 w: not. $.
Pw ,,r llngululc compe\ence invoh·cs the •blU1y 10 ...,o&ni~ whether Con:stdc..r lhe rol1oYtifig s.cntt:QC(..1 and
eevet uhcr:111ces :ire '1CCC!p4abfe.
dc!crminc which"" pc'5iblo scn\cnoes in Eaglish. l'oruoh un1C<1:p1Able scnlcnce, ch:m~ t~ sentence lo moke it ""C•pt4blc. or;d comp= \he two. •l Joson·s moihcr Jen hillUclf whh norhln! 10 c•< b) Mltl•m ls °"C•rto 1111~ 10. c) Thi~is •ho"'"" \VOo l lOOk. plctntt d) Colin fl1Jldc Jorie o Hn.rcd llnllin •cn~e. gJ Miu cleaned 1hc gnrrlcn up h) M4• dcoru:d up ihe g•«lcn i\ Mox cleaned up ii
Julicain'lgotnonc.
k) Somebody lcfr 1lleirhook on the rr>in.
or.
j)
I d"'in:. you to leave, k) Tht\t you ntu: li,..trsurp.riifcs me.
~ Con
•
I
•-
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....... wrnc reference kl the tccou~ic propen1c.\ of M.'MJTKb ti.ml lo t1Wu!>lit nMlyd\, More d
Phonetics: the sounds of language
1
Michael Dobrovolsky and fr:mcisKatamba
1H0Nli 11(; TRANSC•ll'TION
1-11:•.,....,,,yi.riu~;, •-'
We do N)t nud 1.0 itpe.ik in nrdc< 10 ""' 1."lnsuog~ Langu•ge .. n be writ1Cn, rttll«kd mech•nlc>lly, •nd even prO
Since 1hc 1i(tec111h ceniur/. efforrs hive. been m1dc to 1k.vis,r: a unf~r.s:tl ~y1u:m for tr>nsc1ibi11g tl>e sound< or ~ch. llle be.JHnown systen1. the Jn_lm).'lllnn:ilfl111uoaiptlon I• phonetic •nd does not rqitr11<1n1 tho spelling sy,tl'(c. or • p•rticul•r l•ngu•gc. For eumple. lhe -nd spelled •h in Ei1sli•h !l!;s Is 11:.o
•f'Ok•
orn11gumfC.liclll~i·ia./
- -- -
Hun»n longuoga d.i!p y ~ '!lidc v:iricty
.
or soundA. cslfcd
•"'•Y
l1 at!>O u~ivcrsAI, Arty hun10n.. child or oda.tll, een lc..'\rn how io p10000Jl('r:these Jll)unds. There ore IWll or •rpr(\ltch1111111lKJnoti<>. One •11proocl1 <111dles the {!byatglogtcul n1Cch11numsut i15cd1 proiuc{iOU-This is knl1w11 ns 1111lru· lnlory phon•llal1
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Tnlol• 2.1
Us• of [Al lo tl\c '11'
1.Al11H4Jt
Sp
IPA
M._,,.;ilf
En1lish
!!!Is
(On)
'11'us· 'wt:ddi~'
,,,,...... Spnu15'1
nhnnu 11.r
~peech -sounds.Tbere :u-e a grt..tE m:iny speech soon(¥. but 001 an Infinite nurnbcr or1hcm ~the ci:a!oc of pm.Sibft .$ptedl sounds b. flnitcl and a portion of1hc 'nml Jct ~1U be found ln the Inventory of any burn.an l1nguogc. Ccn;un sounds 1h:n.ln1nl.ins :ate ap:ibh: orfJfOduclngwl•h the VOCll lrx:tdo not oc:c11r In ~llng ~U:OUJh one comer or the mouth. or 1hc 'rn!pbcrry ' produced b1 t1~ng 001. the 1oniuc 11nd blo\ving hllnf :'IC(OSS lt, Nantlhe1w, 11 wcry wide rnnge of $0Und$ Is roond in human ~'n311•se. lt1cludlng suclt •ound&"' the •lick m:llk by dr.twlng 1he 1ongve l1'ltd (mm thMtrlttin; Ille lns\de• or tho dl<'OOJ .. Y"" brn•heOUL Th< cl•S> or ~•ibl•
eny bthr:t.
·~ bodi
lboa•J (~;\kl
'foo<'
The osc or. mnd•rdiud phmoetie ~lpjonbc &3ngu:1Q_f',~ O)(l5~ttc1uly 11nd 1Cec111tel)'. ln North A~ricatl uiag~. however. SOI~ plW>•¢llc eymbol> dlfrcr rrom Ufl)>c employed by IPA 1ron
''up°''Y.'ll,.'~fl(lw wtio tu~311 n 1.:.ngu:u!e spoken f
Uni1s<1r
10
repres.cntatlon
our own lan:g®gr 'rot-en, we. do not toecii: anc:n,fonOl'I indiv,dual soul\ch :as 1nucb us we do on 1M meanings or "-'Wds. {'hnrscs. and seoceorf'.a. M3ny alph>O<:IS, including tbe IPA. repruc.n1 speech in lbc rorm or S. on•nt$, or indiv1d1.1al ~cci1 sovrd1i1 c l\ , o , l' , or (m , 101 ~nttlftl.i. ho\lil'Q_vcr, ts only one w•y lo (eflftSCfll s~h.~Th••ylloblo. p=~cd in Chop1
•
LI
co~''""'°OIAKY
! SOUNfl• )0UC1NC
.Tf:M
l
i
I
LTNCU15flC.S rtfONfTIC.~t IHf SOUNDSor lANCUl\C[ 21
(ko). (: f10J. and ""(mi) 1cprcsenr rylloblcs wirh
~re~d
nJ ~""'lier :iub!lnl!s -'itlllOll.J~nnirt1 such ••
'n.><•I'. winch <:lcntt$eoosormnl! like (ml ••d (nJ "'I opposed lo [blond
Na~;il covi1~:
f(lj E'en thoog~ reutura: ore DOI utoolly rtprc«nltem•. rhcy ere hupnn:inc cf.e:1oc1us of 11nauaiuc: reptt.scntation..f"C::uurcs ttOo:t indiVidu:il
~1lrd m1ct
upccrs or 011~Jo1<1ry eon11ol or ru:9us1i(, eilcc11 produced by onicul3tJon. This chapttr pre1cnu segnti::nn11I tr.tn$Clriptaon~••nc.e: 11 is 1hc most widely used or representing '1)Cech. Pe.11urC> rwl syllobles we lntnJd1Jc
""Y
"~I"••
Plwyn.-.: lir)I
Wet10vc cJcfio.O lhc .. JmCl1tos an indM~iol $i>=h so~nd TI"'rc orose\'Ctlll ltiod.• of •¥1<)<11.c lbOL sugg<:ll lhnt •ponter. hoV1' the llnaui:luc knowlcdac lh:rlm•kes ii po:uibleco b1cnk dewn e Slreosn of "fl"•eb inlo sound acgn1«11>, F.tt01"'$in ~pcech pfOduc:uonpmvidc One kind Of evidence for the eaisrenee ot l
l
Set nit '" motion
I
• I
I
"1
'°'>'"
f
!
••ch
.~. -·-· - -----.._.,,~ .. ····":"-
'l.,
Tl" lungs
h1 order to PfOdu<< OIC m>)oriry of !Ol•""s 111 the world's l•ng••g.., ...,. ••ke into 1hc lung:s and 1hcn expel h tf•.uloaspeech. (A 11.ma.U nuu~r or fr01i!IJ$
:iii
1ue mOOc wilh 1urIS n. now$ lnto tlkl: vocoJ lnlct u we will ue fn .-.ectlon 10.l be~W.)A Q."f11in Je.vc.l of nirpres:s\JfCi:s needed rn keqt rhe ipeeth fl\CChanism
1
(oottioniJ?g Jtend11y.1'hc pt~S\lfc is rn:ain,:tUICd bJ the
--~·- ~-- ... - ~·-:;-~.,
oo: ptimnnly rhc luletto!llJ;ls llltc musc:Jes be1woen tltt rib•) and the dlophrngm (lhe lroge •h••t or 111uxlc lhat ••p:U:Ut.S doo ci)esr cnvily from the
S<>\md I> pn>dtr<:ed Whtn ... is S•t in llU)IJon. Thllllt or !he. speech producllon rnecltoQi~m ns consi~ling of :in air supply. ~ sound source lh:u 5et\ lhc elr In motiCIC1 in W>)•npecif1<:11lly rcltv••• to ,ni3) ere luc;ued. Th• r.11.,.. ore rhe .bo,~ 11 .. larynx: the tube of the 1hro•t bc1wc~ il1e o,.J euv11y •nd the l•IY'l'I. which i> coiled ihe phnryn:x :he otul <••ily, :ul(I Uli> ma:U co'lity !Figure 2.1) Th<>c im~•gt$ lllt collcctlvcJy kaown :is lbt vocnl lf!ld.
abdomen).
2.l
nuwo DUI of1he !tings Up tloc ltilch .. (windpl!l"J, ii p:ISSOS 1i111)UJ1b 4 bo.•-likc sl111cwre mode or c•onion of Uoc l()l'ynJI is fonned by rho d1yr~id e0 of oho loryn•. furmloJ the puittd """"'fold• (VO<'lll cords). TllC "°""'fold• •re oclo C1110. :ind ro the ory(c11ol~ =it.JO 31 !ho bock. The ~I rotJs
o•&•o•
•
Lnoyn.: ll'c sourtdJOU~c. .:::>ric.-l--\----(V0<1l fokt• OK 'vilhin the l:aryl'lt)
Lion&>·
j
.!di for ':!,.fl~o1u1 !!!tir show s.c:3mentt .shifting ;nd ~ve~io& pcn;idqo wi1hi11 wvrc:b. This iuggw.~ thac 1c1menu ;1.fe i.ndi"'K!uat W'lllS bf tingu11uc ~nd &houltl be rcpr.,••1CIJ 111dividu•lty 1il0s)'11t0lno(1r>nsenp11on. 11,c rclndve ~""t'trinnccof speech sount~ in huou1n Ji1nguttge tlso suggest.; 1h.>1 ••imcnt>I p~onlllg lpcqn$Crlbed wilb••p.mte•Ynibc~. '.!!.(ICQ,,,c
- .. ·-·
filler
---LL--..
I
(
•
i
IQ&e1htr. cspccl~lly ot thoit hock arp ur~ of u.vn snusH c:\rliiClge$. dtc :i.rylcuo;ds A!> :tir pns:.C.'t1hrooih the space
It whisper~ Whi~pcoring UI -voice)C'\S, hill, :U •hown m Flgl"" U. tne """"' folili - >d)u"cd so 1h011hc 0111••"" 1""'10 portlt)ns """ pulled elcse u>ecohcr. whll• otu: p0>1enor (bxk) penl~n• m •p•rt.
Anol1ttr ,knt111 tli•l.C rmchK't'
Whlspet
\1ct.,..•n O•• vo.:al loll!$. which l•<:.•llttl oho glollls, diff=nt g!G1lll !lll
"
b
c
Yet nnod1e.t11nn!ll ,tUlt p«MSnccs.;a 1nurn1nr. :dso known :i\-,vhlsptry eeiee. !iiouncb ptodoted wub thi~ ilorthl canr&gur~ion i:.rc voiced. but thc.vocid folds are rcl1Ucd to .1llow cnou&h :ti~ la csc1pC to produce 11 simuh:i.neous whL~pcry
Mur1t1ut
effe.ct. ,,,.,,. rour glo~>l !l•IOS rcpteseru only ~omc (>I' 1hc p<>$$1"blli1ir;c of 100nd
pr0dnc1lon ~l the eJoui•· Combi11cd Wllh wsiov>~i<>ll1tions n.00. •hove the bryn<.ll1cy pr<> wide r1103corphoncs. a..roroeuminir>lti\..._ in mocc dcl•il. wr wrll lilSI consider1helluocm.1jarcl"scsol pbon<.
Thyroid _\\Y.~'?
f\l')·•enoids Micur~U
.celessnus
TI-c-bryNC ~. ffpnt\fic f1oni;b. fmcn d'c b~; c. (tDma~ w1ll•1hewalk'lld1:tn die OPf"' P">'o""~Tho uri.lllo~h>•d<~•~~ a~ cl w!Khhovobes ....... cJ..o~y.
Vola:las
r°" glollol jtlltC o<•••"'lfl<
Tho vncol fold. moy tie l'('l'lllancd tn e 1111n1ber of "'"Y' to pm
glo11ol•1>1n.'ilnd dlC rounb Ulu.struld O(lC ol • number ef glonol s!l>oca not cncounoert.d la l!n;Jisl•
""'''JC">
When the vO<::ll folds nre brought close Loac1hor. nu1 col tiaJ111y clrued. air paisina. bcr;wun I.hem onuses them to vibol.ti;:. producing sounds th:u :ire iaid rn be •Ole~. {See l'lg""' 2.3. where, tbe mo-.icnt of Inc vocol folds dun11a •nldng: is indietltem• w~y you dc1ennlncd votccles;n~. ~.)'lightly 1o«11lng1h• Ongcn to lhi:: l.rynx 31 you p.roduccmc-xu:ndcdYC'N~" of lhc ioit1;1 s-..iundt O( the "-"OfdJ £111OC l':PW, (II' any 'vQ.\Vel._ )"OU CM u:ase thl\ Vihr:nion()(du: VQC.:d folds widtfn lhe loryM.
""'°'
chi otyi•M glcrrk from Jlot""': po•11inn o top. 11"' an.ii 1rillos'o<'<1""1ml d1C :.Oy""°"' wlir:ll ~ ....... "'do
3 SQUND
W~c•• o1"' veeet fol~ nro pnllod npoit l\S Olusora1ed in FlguN> 2.J. oir p>SIC< du'i~1 oho voool !olds in li)is position 1l s:dd IQ be v~ic;tlH!f. You can tonllnn 11ound·s voicclessrie5S by 1oucM11e your fin;c1• 10 11\e lnrym os you produce ti. You will llDI feel nny vibrutl"'t rrom 1bc vC)<111 [Old~ being lrGJl$11liltcd !O yourfin&c(lll'$- The iuitiol sounds of[!..th. !i~g. 11od !lv1ut are 111\ 'l'Qi~Cl.o5$.
""°"" ""'
Munnur
ClhS5H
11.c «nand4 of h•nso"ge e::an be itQlipul1nlo cln~t$. b.ised on the phnnc1ic pr'1 11>•7 sh= You h••e 11tcody se<• wi1U1 some of the>• P•~rtlu c:in 'be. A\1 Vfl(Ccd 50tirKl.~. for cxamr!t. rorm :I CID..~S. :t.\ do alt volcele...'¥ !(OUllds:. SOl.i.nds f'tili into IW<> m:\JOfc:l1ss.es ~..!.ls iand consan:ints.. ACIOlbi!:t c1ns:c. d.C ~,sb_iart$ p('('lpcn1e1 or b(Jlh \!l')'Wcll 1nd C0rl\Ot'UU1b..
3.1
VOwtl'I, conson:.nts, anti glide• (syllabic and non-syllable elements) The mliculQlnry
Jifference
Vowclt. co11tono1101 a11d glld<1 con b<:di;oinguilhcJ o~ the ham of dilTrrenc._ In ~ir..-ut~uio11 nr by \1-.eirru:ou!lk: prOptrtie.~We~n.altQ<1ls11111u1sharnon:g these: cJcn•ents whh 1espc~1 to whethct d'tcy tum:J;Qn ns sy1h1\Jic- or no11·
c6ustr;c.lon. Vo-..cls""' ptodu..-.:d with hllicob.ini1:1ion in d\C vocal ir.ict nnJ
"" gcoore11y vmcW.
•
CONT[MYO&.-.RY
• aceustle erence
labic and •·syllabic
'
L
l
l
J
I
l
L
l
l
l
LINGUISTICS
lS
:i rcruh (>f 1hc diITc.rcnc.c i1• iu1~l111on. con:xor:111nta.~ VO"-'cls.dirt'erin the: way lhcy st)lt1K! VQwi:b11rc mOJc sonorous. lh.1n con&onol'll5. on.iJ ao \•-CpJ;CfV<,l rhi> if you CQm.p:1relfl_c C:OQ50rtnutAnd ,,owel snundA:fn )f01Jt pro11unclo.Liuo o( wonf:T like /w ond bad.)
s~nt/WJ\41,./ !!nd n1ulc.n11.M11dut n1.:i~
"'
11~rC~CI $ononrr Of VOW OWS lhtm 10 form Ilic b~iu!UyJl~. A iylfc un O< dollncq phoncric•lly ·~ • pc o ~•0<1111y iurroundtd by les• AllM
4 Airflow ~ modified in 1he ornl ~v!1y by the plxomcll! of 1be 10~1e Mil lhe posltlonini of rbe lips. Tbese modfrtcorlon• 0lni& of 011ieulo1ioo. The major pllttc.\ioo u$Cil in speeeh pmJ11<1io" ""' 011ll[ncd In 1hb t.ce1ion. F1gu1< 1.4 p111viilc.s • mitli••lnal 1
COl'iSON/\NT AH I ICUl..A'TION
l'Vr c..1mple. rhe words o and gc each con1J1io 0<1c
•ylltlbk Ilic word /a1~/lifl8 rwo •yllablcs. and ~ie wwd l61rp/ion• ~uu ~yltoole$. In coun1ing the.syfl•b1cs In these word$, we >re in effect counting
indiciucd.
111< YOWt eC$" or consonnn\l con form syllabie nae Id u well. It k- a
be used Jn1ett1):1ngt:thly wi!h rhc ~nn
glM•.
g.ood- klea, ll1C'n:!orc. to Unnk ar YO\Vel$ nnd <:QosoncanTJ noc
1ype< of anicutarions. bu1 4$ ekmtn\$ rJc"!l rnoy 0t may no\ be •rll•lll< 111 II. ~"' initi>I sound. or tht. •voros In rl1e ldl oolumn ore all COfl.SOn>lrttS. thos~ on lhc rigb1 are :.IJ YOwcts.
simrl~ >$
I/ 1::ikE!
above
~·" {tel
~I
jump ~~Int
WY
!!
~.7
!!'
"'
swen
1hhlc 2.2 1n1ms up\flc dlffcn:ncubctw~n 1het\VQ elesses pcc:sen~c.d.so W.
-
Vclutn; v~l;us Uvul:i: uVuJ~r1t l'h:uynx: pl1:vyn~ul1
Couto..,at•t.t'""". tylltttlictlt1MtJ1J 1
an produced whh rclatJ¥tly liUlc obsu\tCriOAfn tht vtinl 1roc1
ort more M)ftOf(lit!' ae i~lllbk
•
:i.rt J)l"Dd'.Kcd.wllhia nl).frOw ur
co1nplcta clO'illrt In th~ '110(.'•l lruc:I •
4rt ~C..S s'Of!(H'OU" are noc .syrt:.biic
A 1ype of •ound lh>t $110ws proportiC$ .;>(both"°"'""""'" •nd vowtl& f1 of> vo"'el. Ho\¥<:vcr. they move qultkly 10 another 1111iculalion. 4S do the inittal gHJcs in"!.'' or !!ti. Even though 1hcy 1Uc YOwc~likc In Dnkulndoo. &lidc~ p>Ucl'll or function "'coo...,non\$ For c.tornple. glides un ne•c1 form tbe nu<:lcw or> syUnblo. Siuee glidoJ Mlow --~pmp
•
f=lgure 1.4 The\lOCiilltacl. 4,1
111C primary !ltti¥ii• It co11 be rt1i50d, lower.J thn>$t torwlllil ot drow11 bode. und even
•
celessness
dpeeiahy ~t tfleir l.)tu;t or pO~le:riOC'end~. where each is :Ut."\Ctu:d ro unc of t'vu '"1;ill cnrtilO\KCJ.. the aryh:11oiOs..A!'> cif P:tfJe'l throogh tt1c sp.i.cc bo:1wccn 1hc VO<'JI folds. whlcl1 i.-cllllcIO\OS •le
Anncltcr ~lounl fl•IC produ= • ..,lti51"'r. WhiCring b vn•cctc.., but. ;is 11lwrwn in P1gurc 2J. &111: VVl"DI ful.ds Q.fC acljusaerl .sa lh~I 1ht :anu.:riof (li'ui\\) p<>nh:>IU nn: pulled close logcthcr. "'hit• ""' po11crior (h~k) pon1ons •re •p•tt.
tO)Lelhet.
producct.l. rl
"
f1g\'rc 1.i
Murmur
Arytcn.,,ds
Yet :1nc11nct gk)U.:al Alarc prod\K't'-S 11nurt11ur. olirc. SOond~ rrn
the_.,
ltict:wyn11:; ~. (1gru ll-: tl'Qlfl(! t,,. ft0m 1hc~;c1 '"""~ with 11-w!' ~fold, lo \t'IC: Oflf" ,.,,;11nn.The 11tf.lledInes~· mwclo!, ""'1chh...,. been 1:¥.Voat..tl
•-cl
r,,., &IO't>l IU •-poii•too
!t>ll!r, '""
The •llCGI (QI.JS n1•y be positioru:d in a nun\ber of WO)'ll Ii) IJfC'r...ce dlfl~ gloliul >tote$. 'The Iirst twc i;lilofibB 1he gl<>11t>l il:tlc (hnl uqdcihct ~ c;omn1on speed•1"1cnon:1cnon. and 1ht fourth ilh.1slr.'.'llcs one of n numllcr glo11oJ >tole• not cnowntcrcd in Eualish
Wl>en 1hc voc:il folds ""' brouih1 c~c U>gcll>cr. b11t ilOI ~uh•ly elosed. •i1 pn.si~g berweee 1hem c•wic• 1han to vibr~"'· 1'""'11C111ll 110Unds d1M ore sold 10 l>c •olce\ccd io 1ho»me w;,y you clt1crrnlncd voia:IOl.!nc
•l\'heddt~
b U)v.·ods d"'
l<)ji
<·'"l~ whl<:hbob """-"'or cir""
3
or
When \he voc:ol fvld• nrc pulled •p•rt 11J 11l\1$1n!te:d iu Flgutc 2.). air p.-.;5"' dlrc~ly lh1ough tbe 1tlo1tis, Any so.il\l,l m..ie wi1h ~~ von from the vuc.-:i.t fc;lds be1n1,rurarnil.t«l to y01.1f fi11g("nlps. Tile Initial ..,.nds of.(!sh..llna, ond !]o11n ate all •QM:clcs..
Whl"l"'r
'"""""" roi.:~ •"'.l&I<>""
l~o,,,,.;ll""'aJ05l'fP'eHnt d>o "~
lno ~
(Qi(k.
,...... ,..,..,,
.... - . . . -·_.
1he Sncu~ propertlCJ tJml they ~b:'lre. You h11,.i~ "lrendy see.n wti11.\ some of these propcnle!I enn be. All voiced sovr.:1$. ror e,JDRlfllC:, rorm :a Cf\lSJ. 11t do •ll voi~emioonds Sounds roll in101""' m•jorcJ"""-<. t1tm!lsrulll conson•nls. Anothcr~lm. the &!.Ldt..s.rsh1uc\ properrlet orbolh -vowcb: Md conson11nts..
I
l
I
~·
Munnur
Vowels, consonants, and glides (syllabic and non..iytlabic clemtnls) Th, arliculntory difference
Vowtk. con"""'"" and glide• con ~c distingul~bed on 1he b>,li$ol dl!frrcnoes in ooiieul~11on. nrby ~r ocou.stlC propct11<>. WeC11n oJ50 dl>illl&ucsh omung •hese efl!me:ntto ,.,lth sq:pcc~ to whclhcr lhi:y f'ln«:l~fl AS <)'11lllbic nr non·
~yltnbicelemenis
Conwnonlll "11Uld<. wh!cl\ may be vr:>l.,,d nr •oiccla!i, u1c m•de ,.l•h o narrow or con1pk:tc i:IOS'.Jrc in 'M 'IQCal crnct. The airrlow h chhcr block.cc.I momcnl•nly ~· rutricicd so much l~•I nols• I• prQduoetl ~• nir no.. 1 pd
lr-hlorcl:tr. !\incr: the 1ongue
P'~l11it1k:delcriptt"n tcters lo five 11rc!n$ or the lonauc. The Up 1:;. rhc. n.,rmw oreo -. 1bc fmru. Juli! behind lhe up lies 1he hlode The m•ln m~• or she ton5uc is c::a11aJ 1hc! t,od)'. 111nd 1hc hinchnosl pan nf Ou: tonaoc th:u. lies in 1he m1•tlh '' Cllilcd Ille 1111(~ Thoo body >
1e(iemd to jni1uly ~$ 1he dnnum. 11\e Mnt or~ 11p(>erf''fl or llu: lhcoot (rh•rynx).
ices ol llculalion
I.inch
f");n1
tongue
ot winch Ut~ oirpreom ean be niodlficd
10
ll (()f)ll;IH'W!tl
Uvul~rs
in the
f"Oilucc ' dilfc<<>nl
JOnnd iS Cjillcd !I nlaoe (Or 1-..nintl or 2rcicUl:tdDn l'tPc;e$ or anic\llutian are round 1111hc 1lp<, within the orol cavhy,'" plwynx. """ ilt lh• glouis.
rh.ryngeals
tl••
"Pr"'
Clou~I
inhi:aUy tn!Jrt: ond ~fl'\~.
.lveelar
5()111• rhones are p1od•1Cc.i ""'" lhc IOnftlC pl:IC)«! •&~inn ... nenr Ille 11:cd1. 5'•\f"d" m:We.111 shb w~y are eatled d,tnrnln. I( the 1ongt10is p1:»ccd bel"W'd!-n the 1ld 10 be lntttdt111J1t lnlc(
M~NNE!lt.5 Of AKT1CUl.AllON $.I
Within cha Dft1latvicy, 11 ~1 rktgc: pJOU\ldes fronljusr bc"hrnd the upft(t rmnl teed\ TIU~ 11 culltu she nlwolur tid~•· Tll• tcinguc tnlleh or be brought 1~l' 1h1ir; ritfge fn dlC production of ca1;lu sounds ~hlchare. hence descMbcd .1$: nh·tnl:ar. Atvc:olar '<'lund1 are lscru-d at 1be be:ainning er tho (olklwhig l:t1¥li'
•••Y
1lic
(lfCJI
of 1he lluo:at betwec11 1he uvuln ('Ind the l:\ryn~
1jj
1ul0Wri u lhr:
ph>ryn•. Sound<111odc 1hr00Vi tho modl!ic1ti0<1 of •lrflow in •M rciino by rt1t:.\c1U1$ the tong'1c or co~rie1ing d'lie pharynx ~tr c:allcd ph11ry11gc:tt1 P1Wyngenl1 on be fo11nd In many dh>lects ar Atutk bu1 no1 rn E1111ish Srn1nd$ produced by ,.,;.~ 1hc v11ld• >.~ 1b~ Pfirno1y •nlculol\ll~ ore coiled glounls. n•• soo11d >I lh< bcgim1in1, or •h• En1lish ""''d' •nd l!•llJ ~mode :n dlC &lotll$
!!"'"
-The IJf'!. tongut:'. 1r;nhun. 1uv.l 1fou~ c::an be po.l'lliOn(:d in dirfcm-il W'.'tY£ 10. product. d1rfc:tcnt ~ound types These v01rious ~onfig1.1radnn1 w-.: coJlc.d tht
n1oru"'rsornftlcvtt11lon. _
Oral ~rs
A hM•c disli.rl('tton tn 1n11n1Jt'i
phuilcs
p."1$."S.:Sgc. orat_sou.,~l[;te prot)urii:.a:Jhc'" Yelum. bowevrr, c1tn be. loY.cred lo ollqw olr 1a po« tht<)USh she ,,.,.., ~SC'· pll1floc1ns • •ound th•• Is n.'lllll. Both.wn:so:nao1f !lnd vowcb "CQtl l]'C na1:1L in which cw; lfiey W'8 generully ~ (Unlr.$$ mh<,...,U.: no~d. •11 •!ll':il• rcµr.. cntcd ln d1is cfm!l
pt,onc:a. When lhc vc.lum
11
Q(
:ankul:aticn is bo1wecn ut nl .:i1\d unsnl
nUSGd. cuuing off tbc l'lhnaw lhroog~ the nnt.il
'"!!'
lu!l O
.M b!!_uk and
\ff•1knrt :tl~o nnsAI.
1
~.1
Stop$ ~
i••
Vtl.\r
11~ •m:ill Oe.hy nop n( tib$U~ ~nnwn"" •h• 11•ul• h1n~• down from the ve.1um. Sounds n1.Ml6 wilh the ta111uc neru- or 1ouching 1tu1 iarc" nee C'4'1f-t.d uvulrin Rn!h'h ha\ no uvollll. "'11 the r -SO\••Ml vf sslntl:ud Europe:in ~P01i•1>•) Fr<.nch;, uvulM.
5
Sp~toish h:tveun rch•t is m.1dc Wtlh the tcinguo toucbin~ rhc:tlveolar ridt~· •~lolo·nlvcol:1r ~ml >olol31
ni'cicJ f\'1'' 1he \'Clum-111ttl 1he llp:s :ire n,1e1tl4kd
'' 1hou1ne lime.
1'•y e bllnbluls bc\\tfl word·1nhi111ly in (!_tt.r.. kJu, ond {!J.Olllf,. at)() the l1bii.>dcnuil~ hc1rd
cntal
11
The \0(1 .tu'tJ CO\"tit\b
lhe tc:tr o( lhe tQOf ()f \he mt>Ulh I, caHed d1i:-. v~um. Sou1\ds nude 'vith lhe tongue lo\lching or n~r tl1l$ poo;illon ~re called vth1r:t. \lcl;t" ore heard in Engll•h :u Ille l>c:vlnnlng nf lhc word< £Dll •nd l"· >nd iii the
Stars MC mitde with n cnn1pte1e ond mnmenuary tle).~1µ-c of cirnow 1hrounh the woal lr.ltt:al poina artkul111ion. The glullJll 11op I< commonly he.ml In mnoy porul>r Bri~f' tht (t) in tht. Queen.•,. Englich} 1n \¥on.ls lil::c br1utr. n1urr :tnd bnrll•. This 1k>«•J $!op b nftco spelled ....11h :in 1p<1<1rltphc {IN•'"·,.,,, •., >nd
or
/IQ 'I).
''
\
In eniU•h. '1ilobio1. olvcobr. ood velor arul •nd no<"I
<101>1 occur
in
t"'
f'"H0Nff1C$: lllf SC>UN!)S 01 l~tiOUACC Mlttf.;
li
1"1t:ll•h ho• vok<>lcsi ~d voiced bblodcniol fric•~··· •I 11 ... l>l:gi1 .. 1ng> or
En£ll
the words f!.u und
D/lnblnl
Tnuvcrfpf{fJn
l\laft
NtW1I
~"' ru~u
l?t
'l"n
(ti (di
Nat1tl
0
0
voiced p.·U:ur> ~1v~h1r rrfc•Uvc b r.¥re In F.nglbh h IS rhe Or$1 Q)llSOl)Un\ in the word Uptrr. :incl i1 :alAO hc:url In 1he wnrd\ 1''4'ttj_1ut DI~ '°''8.~· The ~celcs$1lollol fnauiveof Engli•h Is 1..,.n1 Ill !y;le Oll(ifiu1.
lb] lml
~()l
n••
Tobt..l.S Thotllll\Kllptlo• of l:n~IOOt friad•
!•I
\lo/ru ~.:e.fC'll
~tf
N~:ii
ljslll
!'P
wi!(
GhHtol Jtm.t
J 'loct cf arlf(ttlatlon
Yolcdcs.s Va!c.U
joo
f..l"lffOt
VO\C
171
'llOicefc" Voiced
1
grid for JION
!]i()l;C
(Jee btto ...)
\\>•'"'
Fticoa.live
Y.
l•I !•I
ralatood/N.$)/ar lhlp
lfl
ee
l;I
0''1fl'11
b•I
(hi
Spcciol rll)t< ~·.w1he tnltcn of Ille nl\'l:Ol~r fricorfvr.< Isl ond [ti il...-c are IWO w;iys \llnt En1dl>h 1pclllm• cornm0<1iy pro reise •he op 10 rh• alvcnl.r rid30 (« lO Just b<:hf11
,..,~. l.4 E111!i1h •JQfl! IUld lhdrtmf\l.eripdo11 Dj!abtltl
AfMdft1I
\·t'iar
Clnnnl
[pl lbl (ml
I•!
(kl lgl l~I
1>1
(nl
gip
ii;"
Volcdu-s
c11,.,not be Itel in mocion.
(di
!i•s
Voif.c:teu
e:1ch s1op. with one. eucptiOitt.. has Yofo:d .:.nd voicclcu, c:oun1crpi'U"t$ The j g!nm1l >top is •1•1>1• voi£•!cu II Is ptQdocc(I "'ilh the vocal foldt- drown Ormly togclhcr, nnd since 111> uir an p>S< 1hrou&1i 1hi: ~lolds, Ille "9(::1) fold$
'W..tcrd N:.ia•
IOI
A/1110M1
T>hl< 2.4 p1gcms • phono1ic &r;d on which 1he "OP consonnnu of Englhh orr r.101cd hon~nmlly occo«ll11g to plocc <>f •1'1i¢<1lulion. AS you """ see,
Vokelc''
ro1
thin
'
,,,11;.,n
Iv)
/n•~rr/nuM
lkl 111 IOI
T1r1;t\'
m
:i;tll
GllNtDI Vo"=elm
voiccle,c..-: atw:i voicietJ intci\len.H1f (dc11hvc' wmJ·
nnd ;ip, 2nd a vui~~~ p~l~lO·•l•col111' rnuuvc word m11'3Uy in lflp. The
Ah'f"/"rVoictlf:!{$ Vo toed
!,'lit,
lrlitisillyi11 ll)c word$- ~ht :in(t {!_WJt~ ~Jvcol;u frit11tivcs \.\'OTd 111tH:1.lly in !l"&
'r.tlli• ?.J Eugtbbs1op1 andtltcir MrflSC'ripricui
~,re,, \\>"'1'-1
29
""'II''°
front letlhl and allow the!lTrco fHts.\t.hroughn grooved thaonel in 1hc: 1oague. Other ~pcukcrJ fonn ~1l11nme chttn~I usin1 •l11e bl~Je o( 1hc 1on1uc: tht up Is ph1<1cd bchiod the lo""'r ftonr 1ec1h
I A grid for rricotive5
_11.tka!J.i:~.,~ conson:mu
produced wi1lt • contlnunu• •lrflo'-• 1hrough the 1na.uh. They belong 10 • l;irge olus or sound• olt..d eon1ino11
•
T.'blc 2.6 l'O::;Senl$ ~ gnd on which 1h11;: frlc:uivc (OOSOOQ.1\($ or En,H~h nrc
r:ing.edQCCOtt.f1ng to pl~ of 11tttcut:1don. 1\$ io T®lc 2.5. dentals. arc l\OI di~1i11g1.1b;l1cd tron1ufvtolm. •lna mo,p Janguni~ hQVC sounds whh <:11hcr ... O• ~ •• odocr plote onicul>110n b•• boih. ('Joie •h•• IPA lJI 2nd 131 COrmipond rcspcctl~ly rn Nottll /\mericnn.[JI Md (1).
or
"°'
I
I
I
5,5~-:--~-:-::--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Voit
.Hr11;11te~
I
When • «ot) •rtlculotinn is ick .. ed. lhc 1onguc move& ropidly •w•y from the pl:ic~ nr~c:ul:icion. SQtnc:n.on--conlinwi.nl conrorr.ints:$l'"""°n .slooN ccteace of d"' cJ~urc: lh•S• $0undJ noc cnl!•d nrrrwntt3 Engliol1 114$ only two aJTrlcM«. both of •vhich ote p•I010~'1V1:01,li.They nrc hentd worJ.irutitllly 1n £!!1utlr ood Ju!np. •nd arc trarw:ribcd II.I •nd (d;). rcspcotivcly. (Tllo IPA trnn1Crip1ion of an •ffnaue 1u<1ng o symbol Cor a stop. !ll<:h as (t] or (di, followed by. iymbol [or. fric:o1ivc like or 131 is meant lo rcllcc:t the '""' lh•t un olfrkotc Is •stop d-11 Is rck•5l!d 5rodu1lly Jo tlwL io hs Ilnal ~ it Is A (nc1:ulvc.~
l•n en
\ grid for :trf rlc~tes
ilrldents ~"d..< 1ibil~n1s
Ar1cr the re.le.uo ar Ctllain vou:clcu JtOf'.\ in £11g.lfsb. j!Q-u an soroetunes pi:recl•e • I>& ot Mer delay i.crorc U1e •nlelng !>I'• following vowel. Srnce Oie IOg In 1he Onecon1p:inicd b)' tho rc:I°'""' of >1r, the 1~1i1lo1.ol ttm1 fur thb pfttoon'!rinftnIs n~rtratlvn his tnn1cribtd w11h e ""'•II nai$Cd 'h' aAor the "-'t'ir.11ed coescnam, TnbJo 2.9 provld•.<.!rnple< or Upirotcd ond UM.i1i\iii'Xcl."' volcele.. fried-... •nd •rrri1ed.
I
•«
or
P"'
{>poi:tl
kid
l....b)
Ill>' siub
(lt1dj
r.l
tub
T•hlo 2 7 f•l'e$ Nord! Amu!con ~\Ind (ii rC$poctivcly.
ftgurc 2.S 1ho~ huw 11.llplr:arlC'in ar ~ -..oicc-lt;.:i' consonant lnkcs rlaee., wdn11 1ht: :aspirated ct$Monnnt lp"J n.a :ln e1t.ornple..Thou1h 1hc !tque"C'l'tQ( :artic:ut:utorur~ t'1occs ct1111tinuouA'.ly. 1he ns,urc Hlu:stnucs only c:cn~rn mom.cnL\.
Palotit-o(i·tulmVtllcdm
Voiced
(\t ihc begll'lrungof ttus cMpccr.
it
wn,1s noted Uui.1 :aco~1,;cic n1 \\'(II n$
u.niculmory cnuui!l :a.re somctirut$ u~d in ~bing spuch \Ol•lldt. An ICO\lltlCcrl1cnon come~ into IJlay h) dc~ribc rr.cauvcs and afTri(:tlbS. Th~ M>Urxl! sre ~bdl•lded inco two type>. some o( which •tedfs;lnctly loudoriliun ottNts. 'rbese nol~i'"c (ricaiiv-C$ nud 1'.affric.iatcs are c.:alled 11.irtdt.nlJI: (T.,ble 2.8). Their qufeler c0&1ru.crp;uu. ""'lilCh h11vc; the same or- ne~rty r.\.tntl ptoce of •nkui•don. •re
~~J t~4 $plud Wnl fald.1 11ID tp~: r~, '00bk1.n.u1 Wlibl~ mml.wji.ti.ldl'IJ ln.ita-1 phpw. llf-.,rwf'I .mlc\1...,_ 1-'flenit.,.)
kno\vn 3.\ .tlb11Qnf$,
Plac-t f'/Anlt1;ln1br Alwr:om1 P~~O·ll\ti.-.i:1t
\.hl(l'~f'J
l
Vukillf. .r'"'""" ' ~ tiqi.a
'4'4dnlc~w• dttt5ng 111tlnll~otIii
""'"'' (ti
1;1
ld;I
•
•
ct} AJ aniculattoo nr1he ~kitle;s (onsonanl lS begun. fhe ilolfis is Ol)C:ll1 b) 11\C cto:>UJ'C fm lhc. COn,S(lt)ont l$ l'Cl~d 11nd 1he ¥OWCI :!l"JlClllotion bQl
•
l
I rHQ••fT•CS: THt SOUN()S or li'Nr.U/\Cl
I
b;
J\tnOoM lhc r.nund,\ rornn~only l'cxud tn d'IC Wi'Kld·~ lnng\lJ\Jtef :are I :ind tout.I lhcir PVmCJOU( VnriafUS They fonn °' •('oi;-htl (llb-$ u( CONOD:tf\ts known es liquids.
T11e lips n:moin Open •nd •oil:mg contiouc~during the 1r!U:ul>1[on Of lhc l'imtl cnn.cnn;i.itt or 1hc. Word. l~lcr~ls
Rgu:n:,i 2Ji snd l.7 \how 01c re.l:ad(lfl between artfc:ulmion 31d volcing for 011"'i;;p1r:ned 11•d voiced OQ•tSon:anrs, TI1c una&plnt('fJ tonson:inc.. ~uch .us 1he 191 of Engllslc s1>lll ihows voicing or lhe vowel ••Mina •cry soon a/err release or lhc con~on•n• '"lcul•1ioo. TI1c volccd initml 11>) of En11U.h hill
I
show, voiongmrtinljust hcfo~ the cdeaxe or lhc b1labl.>I :miwlolol'I.
x
V.rklia or I
••II~ luJu1L<. A$ l>torol< are 111ic11la11:d, oir e\IC cip is mrsed 10 1he .. 1111 or .:1lveol:1r posi1to". the denud or ntvcot.v f_.tcruls uc pmdllccd 6o•h may be: cmnsctil)(,d 4< (I). llcouse. l!Utr;b are gc.t1emlly vaitcd. the ccnn lnt,rttl ll$Cd nJonc usunll~ mcAns •,,o~d l1tc1111·.S1Hi1 cli~re 11r~ instances of voicclc.ss lnttrutJ m.sptc:ch 11Jt. voicch::u dennd ot' nJ,,eoJnr lo.tci1tl is wride.11 whh an oddidonlll phor.~tic •YJllbol. tolled a dln(rilic. 111 1lci1 esse, the dfacritic is" cicdc bc:no>1h '.h• $ynibol: UJ. Yolcclt.u lnterub on be heord io 1he pronu11<1ahon ore he E11gl1Sh wOtd1 p~a.u :thd tftnr 111d 11lso (n the- Wtll\h pronuncimlon. of "'//. in iH.1ch
,~"Ill~( ..•• .;
4 •"1nih1ril"lllor111
11.nnn:.\
English r sounds
fut mlctlt:t•IW!i&.
reh~k?.1.
~Iii ru1~n:111J1" 'l'f'n.i ~"t9«''-''~dO
"l'oc'ot to1ct.-.. pmhlM
""'wo!ck,,
~~~~~~~~~~~n .... ~~~~~~~~~~_,.
>ta
Oirl)Ogll lhe IMUlh
Llp11111111• OpelJ t1i11'tl'!f
~,., . ,,__
33
·I
:&& Urittdaff
N11mcrous VAric.tiq nf r :ire nl~ hcnrd in lhc wnrld'$ laosousc~. 1 hi,~ t<>a
•LP!'orc111
•
1.J1:n rr.i-ot lef 'it)
f0tt t11
in 1J1e RP ortieulo1ion ol r (•s In rud nnd ""').~ .. lip ol tlio coltjuc is twushc clC)Se ro th!! •••• 11111 p.1$t che al...Olor rid,!• (bcnrc I~• lo!Jcl po111-:iJvcow1 wit'h~u1 rnoking finn W\h.,.cac Englnnd ls olso an oppt0ymbo!fud br (cl in IP/\) Is m:id• br <'lltlins lhc tongue tip b;ic;:k: SO dici.t the uridc'1;idc t.tr 1he tonrue lip mate.~ (OnlacC 'vi.th
r Up.; l'mllllllri f19C" dlM"11 aillt.11h1111n off II
,
the brick, of the ~rveo1tir ndgc (or by b~nc;.hii1g the ton@_llC up\~rrlt hJ\d back iu the moarhl h It Jud>wn 11s a nlMRev ,. ctl'ld is hc11rd fn !}rll! t111d C"O!. It l!f
\be.I lt\lfl; 111 ~,uu,. rrw ""Old"f..
~t~
'IUIU ti !Jt11 ly •Ila· ~ flrttil«
Flg.ote 1.7 \4')J(t
,.Je,>1e
"Wrllir.~lln~
11bo ofhm u·:an~en'bcd u [rl Cfo11o"fing A corn1non convcrulon o( u~1111 non· l\oman 1!f)Mb<1 sy1nbo>i. lckc 1(1-'P-'""!ll~). Anmher 5(1'.tll\J oommooly td••tilicd with r is che Oap. Th~ l!Qp ~ pn>duc:rd when 1he 1on11ue tlpstnh~ cb• olveo!11 ndgc :u n .,_,., .. ac•~• it. r1 is hcord ln 1hc No1tl1 Arnenc:on F,nglish ruonun~lolioa of hif!_e-rntld b111jtr-.and tn tome Briilsh pfOoun<:ioliom of (0$ in Scouoe. 1hc dl•l~t 9' Li•clJ'OolJ II ls commooly trnnoccibcd ns I rJ ood is Jcnmtlly voiced Table 2.10 pn:sonrs c~e l:11cr:i1<. r. ond ll•p in tlln'e1CJ11 vM1etics orEngll3h,
'''!:'
lEnglllh.f>ll,
•
!i
I_
lwhi< LIO
l1nl in the word< •c,11n. whc1~. :a11d ti.·hicl' \'2&11 oat ln
Entli
111
""''""'
v.,....d<..
l.:\1ct:J1 t+SOO"f'li i'pprf.1.(ipuanl
{rl
l!I
(rJ
Fl>p
l'cat•fllv~"'r
Rcrf'ff/1(,Y
Voiced
\\);Ced
I!)
(tl
[JI
L,nl,U,. l1Jltt'"
rltrttctl d.1t«1t
Uquidt "'"-' ''"s:il• ol'e niore .sonorous lhtm oc.ber ton!IDrmnis 11nd in ll•is n!S~t MC !1l(l(C J1Le YOWel1 \h:in ~
ll\C o!.her C0fl'l,Oftl/UJ,
ln fDCk. they
l')ktlcss
""'~
'lft
•onO
10
In
o,-aktd
Y01c(klJ
l! l. VnfO<)u~•U:ly r... ~ginntns linguiKllcJJIU
1....nRrip· tian i1noc11twu.11coi1.$\.sten1 here. ·111esyltnbi0- rsound heunt1n words h~ b1rJ ll1!d ltr£ is lfl'lf\st.rihed ..u 3. vowd~r tequettCe: [ar], (The. -vowc.l s,yinbol 1s Rndc11u:d in 5'Cdon 6.l<>hlllsch•pl<:t,)'111').
\loill< tvru~l \tl\ld~
b.. too
un
fl>oll
"'" Ocnl
1.... ,
;
rtuJ
i.~ ..
"'~ 1
0
t
'
......
11\otc.b.t IPSi'fQ\lll\it!'lf/
n:ironu. Glide
•
[n«J
- ___,__ - ·--·-
i.l
Clld..
~
1
I
..Iced
lion)
pill
•
a
k
l111ml
How·SJl'•bf<
1""411 1r1J11J l••do,I lb•l~I
••
d n
*'tll'" Cton{1/
vcuc:c:d
Syllnbic 11qu'da ~d llOJ!llt in "EngTt(h.
Sfilo•bfc
Poh:H>-
At\·ffl1'l' l.'ltffold"
'
p b
voiced tok'eltu o,ol«d
u$\Jlillyl)L'lrk~ whb 11 ltl'loOR ~fl!!:DI l1"e u~~th. Thu~. !or e.I ohe end of 1:.r
't11ble 1.11
11\c. (""1
olr1lwi~g lhl in mO>ldlolctL
J.i
Srll~bi( li<1u1d, ~ml n~~ls ;(
~·rtt_li\
pmnuncius~,,.. is coalmof\ in S«li(bnd :a_nJ t4Mh Amcria. btn 11 ls 111t::rci\~ tngly 101• elscwhcic lt.r.cop\ In OOJUCXIS Wl1':ro lwl iJ prct
Rldly 111tlcui..W no•·•yllnto;c "''-"'£?."The two RP Eftgl~h gh rue oho y.glldc IY] or lil ofvu-und 1~11. ood oho w"1lidt (wJ or ~yr, :tnd W"S· Tb( UI ar 1PA unnKriptiOJ\(O~~pond~ to tYI In tJooh Amc:nc11n ln\ffjCriplion. (In B;ltish •~mcrif14~n tOC'l,: ly) 11 ~ametin1es used in!tcoclor ijl"' rcprnrno Ohb souud I Tlte .ULl.i.Jl l!'!!.•jjl"1li-ls_tof1en cllcd •• polou~•l>"C01or ••well) wltwc ariirohu.ionit '111,Uit 'f jdir.nr\c-:al 'O th,:a, o( d1c vowel Ci) or Jg_. You CUI\ ~n(1
1hls by pron911nc11'tg a. (TI In M cxtwdcd µUJnner. h wUI souad •c:r\r C~Q 10 •• (I). The Jlid< vcl\ln' ~f\d with 1ttc hJ» p
lnOlo...,ltlf &lido. tran11Uibcd
•
l/OWHS j S0\11~,:r1.t •fl"l!.11C '·~i'(f tt '· 5;
--
VO\vek are sooorous. :fy\tablc M>Und.J 1nade wtlb tbc YOCtil m\Cl more OC)tl\ ~tnn i1 '5 (or coa1onao1 aftd glfdc 11rtieuloti0t\&. Oirief'cl.'lt \lr)wd munds tolso called YOWCI qrwt/i!lrylog \be plooem omiu.
rl"'IONt11C'S:
ll>ll SOUN:OS
Of ll\HCi.Jf.CE
37
~I
~ic p:.ran-n:ll!r$' ror
W~ls
\A)wel Qt!iCOl:ttiOO.S :arc DOI a$ e:l~y IO tmct i~ nilf, oarroweJ
Ieel 9$ Cf')f1$.0n:.'li11 nr1£c11l.1titu1s. 31 (u-s..&.. ~ 1uuch. Tu beemue ~c<1uainlctl Wllh Yawel Jrtklll'U\f>'\. 3llttn:ate-Jy ptQnOIH'ICcthe vw~s o( ,,, ;ind pril. You wilt Ieel lhet :or.e-.ie l'OOVC ffOnl a hi,'1 front to a. lO\" bttck pWition. Qnr;e you rc~l !ht' 1nngue lllf)Venutm. :alll'!m.'\lct bct'W'c,n the VO'll'd\ or f"" trnd ptn, Yau will fcxl the tongue moving fmoi •he lq" hn
x.slnce lhc voc:il
muvcn~ bctwe«n 1hc luith f.l'mU And high bd J'O$i1ion, you aro"l""U pu1-sl11v
your lfpS for fhe (u:j. Fl11ut• 2.$ th"""' o mid.•Qgluol view or d,. J!Mltlno for •h• VQ""I' (i:], (o], O!•d (u;Jl>.>dl.n VQw·aJ$ we: very Mm1l1r w lhc British RP Engtllh vowefs-deKribed .11.bflva. TOO o"IY ....,.....1 fo 1le: fi1un: U1a1 need• ~P
'""3"•
iJ
'.
t... ._
'
1.. ,()
I
P•I
pet pon
""' """
pot P""
l•I
l•I l>'I l•I 1~1 l•I I• I
bltt
ay •ir
..,
lro:r "'Y
(1>1
l>1I
..,. ,.., poo<
t«>w N111e:
'"'
(
l~>I to>I
1•111
TIK.ta.,.tlni.fi(":l!a lcR$•1l.(Sci:1c:ainn 6.3 betow.)
In •II <;.«:s. lhc ~iphohongs ""' ..,.oewhnt Ion~ •h•n ol)c s)l(ln simple YQ"'(IJ,f
Vowclt for 'vhlch 1hc 1nn!lu.c L~ nchhcr m1~d nor IQWtfed
011:
coiltcd null
v~b·. In 'Orne ca.,CA.. 1he RJ:U)\lt hclgh1 or d~ IOn!Ut 1n lht gt't1Cr:1I 1n;J zeee rc~ults in vowels it11n m perccpcibly dfO"cr~t. Soi It niay he fl~~
10 di~dRguiMt berweee u1i\J n1ftf.f1lgh ood rnid·low· vnwelL. Thui. in RP, (ct IM front •0~<1 or S{l 1$ ..J410 lie mid-high. frorH. •nd W111l4Jl1d!j,
,J (Qiind in WO
T~IJUC pa$1llOfU for 1tiri·.c VftWt!lt i'IC illu'Prltcd in Figure 1.9 (l'' rirc lA Th,. rrnpatiid cti:.ipm awtc~poridt hJUlillly to 1he •paii;:c w11hi" "tii1;h t.,.e tong\lC rnO'lt'c~ • .,.hich l:s wldtr 111the.1op of theornl c~vity ind mo•o 1c;u1acd lh• OOt1.ora.. ,.tft'lrr k1•11\g 1hi1 p:ctutn there ss A Inc\ of tcrmlnnl<>Jp<:nl uniron1,ity ubut1i whiirb ,au ~11d be W;i.tl'IC,J The ltrn1 high. .11g.t. l"liJ. kr..,·n•d ....cJ low u ...eJ itt tbd ~ a.wn:JpPndrt~c'll"t:1y IC> dos•. rlose·mid. ft111Ctl·1'11d •"d O~f(I which lltr: ased tit '°""en.her r n111i1ts.fSet ..... IPA .ow.cl tit~ OoroJ<6))
da.illhn •.1y. 1-. n(jJ. hith raa.:r tl'\;.r1 '""J elf :i r1;.J ntllcl tb.a1 1'1''10-tQ.V TI.at i, '"ht tbcrd I\ $0fnt Y-3.nlTlQn 111 the ll) nll»I~ by phi.11ttdd11.s 10 rcpt~'I! tltc vo·Mt sound in wnt'tk 1ii-.c rtt U'J ,_,,, in R.r. Thotc ti\ "'"~
~hot~••
0
1
*
Jlldjtmc11l d\C 101tldO if ltt 1 n:l1Eively hi'h pmillon 11'4" the ~ytnbol lclj wh1c:h n:p1IM .,hlk th 11 nu1ch d"At'cr 1n Scoul.\h ~Slilh" wheto 11 COal/Ul n()mu.lly c-.'dts bc:t-.ccn 1f\c r.116-tllt:l'I (ro"t g•rovri~fJIS "owtt {cJ or 11rll and iM mid low fro.u o,-.o>undcd \'O\v«'l (c) found In 1t1J. A slnubroontrl'.dt e.'isb bc.twllt:.ft the mid· hl&h '*i.raundtd VQ-1 (ol of bocr •'14 lhe mid·lcr• btdt ro•llded •o ..'I
!ho'°"""'.,
nee and lax vowels
ro••d i• i"'"!I"
The RP VO\aifliJ, ptcY.,.led 10 fat '1t tJUt RC.tion ~~ ""-n::mcd up ;n Tlblc ?.14 Nole th::l1 1n cf~1;crft.J•l'I tho '-OWCh, thc MlcUl-;llQCY pmn1ctt1.5 1111~ prutnrtd '' die onlct llt'11~1. lr«*Mu. "'""""''·
II.I l•I
l•r.l l"I 1•:1
hit~ fn>Dt t1•t'<*RIJtd
,.,d.... ~-
.. ..,,....,...
T.'hl~J.15
hl1h bD
tow
'"'I)(".,...~. mid a•d
ai.11~ tee ..
•l
U'VO~~
"'}d. ..... hm;k ~ ldic:d tow b~k 11'1u!dcd
to I
lo•~
fol
11-•rQllJ..Jcd
Ccntr.al
--
\. __ ·_
•
U'
"41J
Low
---------
l'tiur~lt
ru•
11:1
btid
(n:I
1'211'
j..:J
q1~h\
,,,I
~
lxl
.,i.."""'"""'l'
(C11
bl
b1tc
\
bill'
,.
\
••
"!!'• ,:1,1!1!!
\-,\0
' L•
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""~ ru I!
IA•
·~ 1)1
"'!I
1'!10 <'QO
«•"'1
!ti
l•I lrl tul
l•l
l•I
,,,, 1011
'"'
{•ul
....1.,1 (<>I
drl'.t
a
•
Trn~ Uld tu VV""rl.1 tn R.P
r"''4
nc:1Ullt'r rionl Mt boc~
I>'
All of II>< •c,.els iUumattd in flg-2 9. "'ta:F• ),.I ,fld (ol ><~ "'"'"' tl>ey are pcoJua.d.,, •b a p;'IClt.ll\le'f'i old)( tOt11•c UIM ~q.,hs 111ru1rr v ceat tDtt co111tricoon ll\.in d,,.t or non·~Je ¥0...,cf:s: In :1.ddili<>a. tense \t~h: :ve lortt~t lh':L.'t MA·tf'O~CYOWlk $otnc vowtlsol£rg:lk~ tft' lf!lde. V.i~ti rouif'ilJI .tic sirl'lt lonJ\MI! posi~ion nl fhc ic:rue vowel\. but whh 1 lcs.\ et11!Sf1ietcd cr11ct.1b1'-'1•t they at• Cl•led la• •o...,Cls Tabtfo 2 IS ~ifot Ol~f>~t· rton RP c:omp:tnf'll tcu.!ic :iinJ l:i" simple 'l'i,)wc:ls. Nort th11t fkl' :.II 1~ 'I001cJ,et1otuc In l•:ri.x/lu pti<1.
l~I (1u111i;Jit0I
Tiie Qilfmnco betwu• 1~0 o;f the vnw
en.,
•
,,,c:
'f!''
I "''IOWT
ia'ld Sn/£! tA 111iJ. c_,rurnl. Ul'lrf"'"dc-d (Ind'
hu1wici'IH)' fr(ltJI (ur. The Cltl.rtj:t
lllJ
or lul tO t~t
Ttie o;ru1,r1I (Al h: 1kri"cd
d1ttl. plurk ond rim, bu1 nol Olht!'l bk~ p•ll, p1os/1, biucJ,.r, Qod b1olJ "'"'ch ru•lutd 11>< M P")'luoo>CR. 1he tt.sngo id ""' •lfca oil ttciooi. Most1p<.ll(c.,of aonJ1 of r.n~l•nd dl>lrcu .lccu ""'" rcl J>l"'••lOt1.tl (n addit10a tn ban!ll l:i \-. i( '' ch:ncteri1.eJ by YC'l b,.....( d1irauoo. I" Et J-lbb dw- k.11~e. ..,.....cl~ lC.nd 10 be lr•n1cr t'1:trt thc1.r lax ctMJJRCl'f'.10A. Ft'lr 1!1ls ·~ roini: pbo11tuc1:an( ft'fi:r en t~JJl IL\ lno;; and short ~"=ls
"'"'°' 1'4'd. 21>6 leruc
fn c,ii1hcr "'ords. I~ l.s JUR likt Khwn in all ihluas but U:il$Cl\t..,$ (or J111c,1h,, 1'he. .;pcJUn; ''"Cll 11 clue a> ht orlr.fts. la rna11 u-.cs i> l d ci<•i'<'ll r· '"' • ""'"•..t by (rl Jn mo.i vt1riela of DN1i>h F.11a1;,; 1hc (r( followin1 • •0 ... 1 .. ,. k"L lu•l~a bdltod 1 tcw~•oed.1.,,.. -.1. Jr. N0<11\ Am<·n. ,,,,. l<)UthWnd r•m nf I ....... hire in lhe r.cnhwCjl of En1h1nd I.be frJ wos cot entndy '°11 ihr:re ii Jdfl A rcJirltJal lrl \l.hit·h 'co tours• 1t!:o. prc.ot..cfiflJ ¥Q'llo'CI. TtK: r)'>nbol l•I in IPI\. (Su oho lk diKasion of tttl!ri
61>bo•e)
There. i• 11 Ai111ple IC..U I.Mi hclp\dt.-tcrmirte ~ ctbu W'C)\5"ClJ •re rcmc. nr \u. In &1!,ii.,li. mol'lO~)'lioll-btC -..c:M-ds ~en 1n lStJ!.clUun do 001,. end in IOJI. V'O"'-tb We nnc1 '" (11:(. ,"1y [,.1(, Su<''"' I. so (<>o~ ond "'"' [to:I bl.t 00< •["I •("I· •r.,Tt '(101 or •(,.I Scllw; h.,..t•cr. f«qoc:ml~ •PP{[oJ 11wl C,,1 •111•1 l1S~o•ld be p)•nJcd Old · C:"f)CC•til:y JOf 1tw)o;.c 'ilrf\o d11i:it d.ci.r c.:t.rS :):re dccciv1n1 then• - d1;il m•l'JY 5P"t•kcrt pl'Odut.c 1he fin11J ¥0\0.'Cl ht th.a l:u' 1"-'f) c:
ltii;Jt
n .. f'~lhc:r fNmid:il)IC Cf'O\vd tl'f •O""elJ
should nOI httirn1d::ue you. II
Mid
con ..on11nts :u...S voWttb.
\
.. ' -------\-
O'.
' n O'
... .,. .. HQNfTIC !tANSCClrTl(JN ,, ., VOWtilS ND
ONSQNA.NTS.
"flble& 2 16 :ind 2 t7 (Jho'fVn nvtotl~Qf on pagfA '12 1111"' 4]) •how the phC'lttttic Jymbnl:sror 'WQ'lltCl.S 11,.JCQRSO:tll'lll'I: l'f'tnf'ltOnly'1~ tn Ln!lUribt RP. foJ~tN ti-ow e.xh •rmbol fa: ,J1Cei one wnrd is tn1usa1twd cvn11>1ect:ly. and Uica nch .. r words ,,1 wt,ld1 the: ume <:(Jl nd 1.1 fo.1.od tfc. 11w1 N· t•« II'\.,... in he c•a"f."plc .. ,oC'lh. tht ~pcllina nt the ovnd m;ay ~M'J. Uc c11r~r11I u' thl.A wh"t' you rranKril)c phoru:tl~1lly - the &Qt.t...t of 1. °"'crd. •ol 1l: 1rcJlh1&. is wh:a&
-.'OOJ,
I\ U•mcnbed
:'
J urtAS(CM(.~TALS
AU
~te• h.avo
form f)l•1 Of\hclr
ctttn1n
..
'
inhe:ttnl '4•pnuc1:n1r11111I or pro.~l•cpropcnk-$ ll•J4
roollc~p aom.inrrw~1hci:r ,~1.a:otnu...f'l.ICll'Of 1mcuU.1 1)R. Tltesepre p11ch. loodo11f'. wod length Pitch lltbc cuditory ptQptn1or a 5('111 1.dt1'11c C.1t;1;bks"' 1.o tbcr- i1 rw1 a sc,:,_I,. IJ.11 ~Gfell frntnfowtrth!gh.l\lllOUDCf\CiVC: UJ;I s.ubj('1;11VC unpm$~1Qf1 of bclft8
n:lmivcty hlg..hcror lo,vu in F•'cb Pltc:h it apcd:llll" noti«ahlit '" ~ SO-•tds l1lc \'O"-'Cb, Jhdll liqJ1dS. and f'l~lb. E"frl ftlOp 111ld (nc-1uvc
co"wcu111\J con ...('_y (fifrerc:n1 pitcl~CJ. 1bll i< p'lMicul:uly flOfitGblc ~n11bc rno11• ... as you c .. It= by o !ttltl1ng lh< """'"""'"""" <>fl• l •nd d1< n ofl fl. the !•111 e•cody hlglo
you
n:utvc spntcr o( RI' yoo ~"'C. ~,., usini U:.c.u '-'O"-'Cb (a~ odien. ll'mC of ,.~.:h )"°"'If be 1D1""11iocd IO 1n Ille l'ICJI thoplttl mOJI ol >OU< hfe.
ti) l11e11r 11\t.1n c0-ruci.t.Jsly Md tri.nscrihe. 1lv.1n a$ rf!4 a din'iOJ t 11R~ Tht- f'CAt \te'lioa pm.,l\k, "'me ccmplics or ll'oe. lnl11Jt.np{ion (\r En11tsh
.
a/>:
~'(;d ,• ..,
:t
Lr11rl"ln1
a:
\
Mtd·lng~
• The rtfll•sc:n1"Ulon of "(>w;ls ond U1c:Jr onlclJll"")' po$1tlons (Fi1urc '.91 ~rt-
·•
------ - _l,.u_ --
l•lb•la• (4
1s \!'.\JQnJeJ tn M11Jrc :?..10 ID n11tludc. bo4h 1ense and Jlz '~•els.
ilrh'. to11' ""d tlnn:ition
Spc.3kffl 1){ ;ny lin··""'lc: h.aw. the' "l,1Jhy m roa•ml tbc lc.,,~l ol rikt •""-"Y •pool< on Th,. 11 >CCO>n1phslt<:d by «mrrollona 1hc 1c"'I""
'"""'nl
ond 1ho t>( :>r lhtt p3<$t< 1!m>u"h •~· Jl<>.us TI>•CJ'lU:d -..-.....t !oitk a.td ~~ ~if pcQ1>un: rr.lufa rn higher
•
.fl
fn>t>I
:u!cctcd f,Ol:\e worth hte ''''-
tt"pc:cu-.e!r As'-'"- i.1.w ~"'~ dl?..._J'°'·p are kmf<_r t1i.1n sU1'lf'lic "t'OWC.h.. fn '"·"IY <>!<• they disploy t1'o Somo bth••Jaur >1 lcruo limp le vowel;. So. lhcJ .:u-~ !llro c1aS3f0cd ~'tense.r'*cd II\ "'me cf•1licca:. 1he same ~O•'CI n1~)" be tt1l1tat :is a ecn"~ iimple vowr:I or '.lS a dlphtl•11rc vowels. buas 11te dipl>lho•gs (lj) ond Juwj Tl>e •o.,tl Jo;I of •"l!n>tr>I,
CS JH{ \OUHOS Qr \.\Mr.tJ.\('(
•
""rnb'"'" on .;( vQ1c:t
p1ch Oil
$11""-11
,..,
,,,,
th1tlft'r,-,,N~I
TF,l
fn I (o:)
l>:I
0 I
r>l~I
"""' .... firm
....
lb••I ltocll 1ro:111J (J>.wl
'"'
l•ul [auJ
O
Im.
.,.,.. c.1owJ
\r>I
-...Cbt\",t
,,.,
ch~r
l••J
tu•I
.,.,
poof
s~
tf~ll
tr.us)
lb::uf
~ou•J lt.ouc!I llf••I 1
r•r..
fpu>I
l»I
bdjsvc, r~sill't...KftJ!e.
~iogsba, •kl 12.1w11. ~·bis!!, ~la. L!!cY• llllJ!!ll\, I'<'!! cla'.d·~~d n'!!:tfl:r.taus'1.J!l.n<.J~n.
lhg:,
"'
'"'
b"4 cod pal
l•l
l•I
""
'"
Jf•I llel)
l""•I (k .. lJ
l•I
,_.,n
[P
1•1
lc.1:~
llct>I
ll••I
W!,!,
I ~· '"l· ''l'· ~~. 1111:11. ~"'· bl!J', ~di£
"l!!< .. bl!!!. I&, '!!!'.''
f&!.tt
~~L'\'*C.Om:i,
t)~
i'ric. "l!X.2:!
J'!!(Ul.t, \!lb~
~
hi~. I~
dcfinitio11.
,...,,
p1111c.. ~
bl!'h. b•• CQg(. 'bgc}k, h2:21I. W'~1nDn. w2Jf P!Q. 1ttltct. Qdbou< ob1'!!'. w""'!" 1pltn
"![I.
v~J, 111ud sonori.nc tocl~nl.\. whll~ ~
tc:n.$6 vt.ictil (ufds and IOllliCf lir pildl nlQVCHW1.\I
result ln low~ ~Okr: Vitd'I. 'fwo kfnd~ O( C:O(Of'Olf~d round lrt hun\.11'1 l:Ul_g\i:\Je ti.re cuJk:d toUc :md (nlonnrlon.
tftmltC
•
one
«cp
tk:ir1
'"'
[•l<'lf
•ho•tl•
uv
t:tp ·~lp
...,,.
'"'~' ter1<1 1e,.,1 111,pj
l'"'PI U•rl l"'l'll
Of
""'Y•<
1.. 1 Ill
w1tch
111.. <1 ~al lwt1fl
twb hwddk
[b.ldif
...r
ltll)O:I
....
Inf l•I
""'-
lol
~"i
""'""'
l).Cm. bW1(. n~v. ~ly
wli11ess. tne_. r~ fJJ'llltlll Rin!Oft'C.mct1I or a (ollawtr11 '''11' cw •Uric:Mtl lll()C. me1ucr, twi&- gleil1" lb.di. c1'M•!l!ln$-pt110f. ~loi1111tlc.
l•I
l.hrdt
!ell Qtc...'°1{1t.(&UU s.ow,ttntcl. ~M
r."' (ful
chip
s~. m•e>-· .ie. c:u1ern. tAimec;-r
(k"l:pJ (1klpf (11"1PI ldJ•dl
'
""
C~Mty, \l!}Jl)ott. t;O~T
,... ti
(<'•kl
m
[011
dilJ. rg,ck. hQlly, Y!Fi>" "!!'d•. wh!,
J
det.
(fl
frf
o'i:"Y. f!C~'i'· gp. p!1ncc itt;pil~
eiin, "l!O"· =em
(q:J~ .. ,
,. ,
'"u.1 ...~d. sa_t~. ¥'·,~er.mar.Ci1stld.
iJ'(1p111 °'"'
o:i;!l)s
[hi
'll"~
!P''
hlh
Ill
pi•.t· (rot ,.,tnC
M11re e.rr.•'1J1'n
(7j
tn
.>l!G- n112.91. c_~r. vtif!l!! P9(a1om d92(. _m. 1'2M· •b~. "'!!! P2l!!
Tranit~tMJ,1
(bl
l•I
c:l:tl(. lds.c:ri1~rb1 • ..,,...lnJ,hEt. 411£tt
... ,,~, ....................
judg,::
1•1
Tc'wonr~_{rConoOf
..
l•fl (d3I
IDI IGJ
~ ~ 'lf"'2r 1hrwt. th~.st~.~'· p1!!a!l.1~.
ph
(pJ
(kl
.. m•. SIU'- sll!llt
2!JI ~.
lr'I
(k'J
.,..,k.
('!z, g1J1_n. J~IJ,le1 CW.
1v,,,,1
1<1
~nohicur. mm;!!.c2),oc~I "lllll'- qJl&l\~jtJ!!I• d ec'!& d•001w.
'
s.u•• ftql l•'I
flttd. pttf!,t. Hiatd, ~. h~11J.. wzm.
LAX VOWELS
r.1
uo<~+.IV"·,.-"- ..
k_!&.f:tnt
:Al!ctland
lteNSll) OIMiTl IONOS Jeri f(cttf
• lorl
,lforr. ~~llhµll'~
c.... ,
ln:n
llM
lb<11n~ 1•><111 Jb•••l IJ1DI
"""'"'· "'"''·~1~r1st.1~•'r 1111'!!!, lemer.d"'1). bcli;!) l""' jo11
J9R!r-r. oJlk•
!~C. O!'n. Pto?C fil11c.1r1..~r. 1te1J!
i!!lff.m~in !l!m l>o!!..ter.~.b>!A< !!!1
!&~
""i"·
~~fDA, 1dJ,;_"Ul'J. dctlre, itpj)e_r-, ('13J 11,tock. mi.tJvn. ml!J1o,., •Jpoua, fl'li{f. i;bi•:IJ1
rneq11fLmu1,e,,, 'liiu.i.l.
•11C1k
20.•bo)'.
l"'"IC ((or.tiome
f
~..... 'tw-l_t::I
)!!.tlL !!;l:lr1I,, ~hen tl!(l'-'C. ~.I~ I
bootjc. "'"'"· lned.>1
r11id..4t[l'l'C
f1Ji111l htJ[!l"111f", Shtmmc:r. lfl!n, lh~ lllf!1b M!!n.nnd~ "1..l.1n, rtt,!th_m,iiMbcm !l'IW•wi,OO
,\ l;ing.u.:11~~ I~ s.4id to lw.~c wr1c or he a uu1~ fo,,~uac.: ~hen d1ffr:renc:tt1 ln word mi:::ulfug :ife. l'\i&1'4>ih;cJ by diffetcuc.c~ tn p:Kt. P'h:h qn f'lrin.~ tn tOfl( hU'lJUUgc.~ func1fong Wry diftc1~n!1 (rom the ftll'J\>f"l!CIU or pf\ch in II n:OD· (Oftc l:.:ngu:ige Whcr1 a s-pcUtrol Entlb:h ~ays r1 cur'! wjrh: a. rlsin@_ pltell, 1ha word car~ not mt11t1 ouyth1ni dif.Jcrtnl iJ'(ICn lhc ~Jrnc (onri ptonountt-11
,
"
CONf(Mr<)RAI\ lll•CU•sncs
PHO<;CllCSt THC SOUNOS Of lANC.UMif
on o dHTctt.rurlrcb level « wilh o. diftrrcnt pi1ch co,..rtMJr. In eon1ra\i. '"'hen II S~tr o( :t IC-QC l:.ngu~.gc Such 11$ MMdnrin 0.lnue pmnou~eS. die forrn ""' (miil wirh a falling pltd1. ii meons 'saild', bur when rho $MIC form (rno) il pronounced wlrh o rising rit1:h, •• (m6). U\e mcaning i& •t.-,np' (see figurt 2.1 l). Tbere ls no p>rollel to •ny1hin1 like Some tum: l:U'lgtUg:M rohow IQ~ ot only 'X1111n pi1d1 level&. !i::i.rec~. an Alhop;i;kon lnnguoic apoten fo C..mldi~n prd "'hijh. rnid,;uid low plrch le•ol• In nsu~ 2.11, !he u~r~ leticts H, M. on11nd for l11gh. mid. "'1d low pccti•cly A line eeued on ~od:ult1n Unc dr.,wn from lhe lcJl.Ul 10 ch~ vowel links (he SCiU)ClHJw1ih 1ht:.irrt'f"'edvt f01'e:S.
o.,
H
I
tmHJ 'morh'
M
I
(1nil) 'seare'
L
I
lo •om• l••1••lr"· '"""' ch•l\ge pli~b nn dngle <>•• '1'ti."' Jliown in Figure 2.13. pkebcs
H
l
"modlc.t•
(mal Mfl
~ i""'1
mid rise
MUI
(mllJ '$1cep· ~
'horn:'
(m•I
ThlA ty~ of noration is lno'Vf1.t!J11utM,gtnt'.noJ noi111ioo. Le~cl u:M'IC$ lh.:i.t ,.i&nal f~.llnfnJ diffcn:aca :1rc C;\Ucd rtgf:stu tones two or Ihm: re~lsttr tMt,.s a.re tile norm in moa:t ot 1hc. worfd't regi11.Cf 1oor: la111~i.S(S, 1hou~h fuW' M'rc been tt'f)Oncd Icr M!l2.:ltcC.:. l~n,u:aso!pol:co in
Mc;t1co.. A J.lna:te ton~ mn)'be .:tS.tod:ued wilh n~rc rbnn o.tc .sy11.:ibic t.lemcnf. In Mondo. • l••au~ llp<>kc• In We~r Africa IT•ble 2.18). lhc:r• "'" con>ln pnly"rlloblc rollfl.l tb:u $11ow tho "'mo 1onc oo eceh ayllablc Chem. rhe dlacriile • Tnd~te:sti hiJhtoa,e D.nd the '1i:icritic' hldi~ a tow tone). 'l:.hl•l.1~ 'bou~· ""al"llhic·
'1riR")d ctu1r-
~
lm•I
hij11 foll
In Fig11101 13. there ~< ooe lhiglll rogigrcr ronc. 111• orht.r 1t1n .. are oil
com.ourtunct.
In olllCI 1coau~~. tone c~ have n.n e.ven mt)m, CJ1C~crl runction. In Hlnt, 11 lan1uose spoken in Nigffia, 1cnec.;in siau•;\l dirTttt~ fn rbe ~td,r.eof :a. verb («>ch O< PJSt verso
LL
'
tOP"°'•cnt ltJc !One "31 Chllt:lth:ri~dC g( on tfttire ft•1n. The Singh: m11.f
Ii1naI
·1 show·
H 1.. C.,.,1ln11ous
IJ
Im.>
I. H
A
~clc
r.u ri.e
HL
T"un~fcss
II
~·
PiaH
IilnaI
'I •m &hawing'
A ' , • , ,, , • 1 .,_. , • "'" , • , r , t ''"'"lf'4'..1tt 1.1.rtt:"·'&C'- tlx)' :i.rc "Cf"f wkka:ptt.:tLI. Tone bng111ia iaz,:, Cutn1d l.hto1.11hcti.:1t North :ind SouthAmcrl~ sul>-S:lh;r.i.n Afric-11. und Eut As1?J
tntoni\lion
Pilch movttncrn in spoke" Ultemaces lh-;M is net reJ01ed oo difft!'rctKts in wotd 111c.1nh1j is (Aiied 111U"'t1.t1011. II iu~s oo dirference to the 1~ia111ng of lhe "'9111 Jr'<"· ror CIJllnplc. 1'hCIW",i 11 i$ l)U)'10Unccd »ith O filins l)ltGh Of > (nl!iol pitch
i,
-, ··.:~. ·.·.·..
\ ·~--,:·--·::::~-
Flt:1,11f"'l.17
HOWCV(:f. lttl
.
....
A tfirmif\il tonlnii
Ri~in& irnon~1iV'I• (ltl l'l3n'ltf or teque.M' b· eommon1y ti~ard in Mkltt.s.1!ng p
bro:1dl1 mo;1Ain1fnl N>ture Fore~omple. lhe fo,lllng plr<~ we heor:11 tbecnd yr :l.$t¢h:mc1u rn English S\lth 11S Frtd parkedtit«. rat 4lgnnl!- th:u 1hc 1111.cra.na.. la C«l'lp'e.to. Few" !hit n:.:&4nn. r;'JllJng truon.a\:JOn :u the end of :i.n w;er:ince. Is called :i. terminal (iutona.tlan) cc.n1our. Conversely. a ri11ng or 1C."1CI tn1on1uoc. c:aJlcd a n-on·ttor..n1m:.i (tntoaatJon) contour, oltcn 1ign11b 1ncomplcs.enua. Non--tctmin:ilccMnour1 vc 'Orltnbcanl i.11 the nqn~fin:it Com'IJ fou11d i" lisp •nd telephcee numo«• (Fi&ure 2. IS).
The c:ompt(~ Ul~ of rnh:nu1tlonb.ivcju;1 beee IOUt'hC:J on heee, CUrukkr. (M ex~mpk. duu Nin.& in1onatio1, is oflc:1\ ~to ClJ)f't,1ion B
Intonation and tune
injon.-ihun Q
R:l
H
•
I
'«'"
lQ\\.'Q
L
•o
..
"""be
fR,y~
fl..... 2.19
•
{j:WC
II
.. we
•
'H< Ie 1rying 10 rid•• bic)'dc.'
cw1:Unin1 pkch·bcwin& ctc.~111s.
•
o( 411
r
0
However, EngU,h st'1\tl!nti<:t: d1:tf Cftnr.tin question t\lfttdi 1!1:(' 1p,li.n. w11m. wht11. rind f1tJnt(f0te;:impl.e. lYl101tllil bN_Y.,) nn:Un1nly do not haveri&lng in(OC'l:tlion. It as :as if 1be qu~U('lft wot-d Jtsc.Jf la: enou.si,h to •ncficQ.lc duu a.n :uH\vt:r1' cpccted. ln1anodan rcprco>:ntcd JBj>hicull~ "' In Rauiu ~·" •od ~.16. A mon: (urmnl wuyor t"CpfC·~"~nJ inlonuliOtl is $l1QWB in figure l 17 f.~.":k$ UI l.OOO'll tepirt~ntotion. l.. Gtld H QJ0.1cbidv:e tcnn~ rordlrTc.rr.nccs in f1iK.h, The le1ter~ HL..,. plo'1lls oC\ whlch 1he pllch ch!U1$• t,eCUt'S The (k)IJCtl 1lnci1. 1ndie:ite th:.1 the lowtrlng plieh iprt:ids Krot.s ihc
not uUdoally uclu1tvc: Toriie- ,on1u0:i" !Jiow l)'PQ 1111~ ~ "?O"-_.blc:f111cc the ioocs Q.JC no• ob.solute- b1.11
10ne al"d 1n1on.."ltton ~
T"""ond"°""l""°"'"""~'"'ilbo
lg W<
f'•~tl
llM
""""'' arc hlJli is usually •ccomplistir.>m•m•or piloh. loudn .. $. •nd lcn111h. In some l@lngu:tga.. the 1n1prc$$10f\ nf vowcJ p10tni1\t.ote rc.sult!t r1~1\),(1 lnter1ction of ~he prosodic pu.ramctt.rs lh"M i:1 difrtrent rrom thll( ro''"d i~ En&hsh l" Modg.. !fo not ch"'1g• 1h• pitch lc'·cl or Cll<\IOl1r of t(\llCS 10 m:uJc 51R$J. In 1n:iny o( lhesc 1nogu1.gC$. rcl111tlvc p1omincna:. '' rtr.uked hyCJ1111ent1.frta d~ YftWt.1 ltnglh or pitch coctour. There are v1ri0\1S w~ys; 10 1oark: ~ru.s In. phonetic l"'n.scrlpdoa. I\ co1nmnnJ7 u:sal (On\ltRliOD Is ID cmpk>)' ill'\ ;i(lllC :i«i:n( r ') plnt!dl over the vow.ct n\lckus in q111!Slit)n to m,_rK 1hi: mo1;1 pmm1ncnt or pri1nnry .sire». acW A (m\'C a(CCJ;l 1 ro nl:'lrk UlC $CCOrld mOl'lt promu1c11t or 3-:icondary l'lrc:S.'(01'
1.''l~J"""' A 1011" i~ r"'1(c1 .. c:d p1 hl .. h I( h 1J f'llJb rclJ"ti·v" 10 the pftcba •~u"'I tt l\l IOi11~ ilt thJ,, .rel:ui111e diTia'Cn« b ntu1olqined. llu: pitch uL<1inc1luns will ~lso be malnt.1lnet1. Fl&•"' 2.19 shows &his g11tplti1inctkm •mc>og the phc~ mgl$tm even"' lho>o..,mll pitch or •he uuemn<< foll• E.•ch hi&h 1one I$ >lw:1y1 l<>wC1' lb:m die preceding high 1nnc, t.11 hitllor lhan lho low < lmll1
A$
is
downdrlrt.
l.l
length
Jn nlony h101u:agc::; ~'c otc both vo,vcb Md comcnantJ whose ..nicuh11ion b held lon.\;u vowd1 and TI1i• phl:~m
""'""".,tlll.
r
•colon (:j(!Pt\ (:}) pl~d o(torthc lon1 :ICJ!"'Cm.
h4lio111 lluog_:uian. Gc(t?la:n. Cree, und Fi~"b:b ere
or t.he many lisng:u~ li\lU shnw long iand ~hoU vowels, Yat'· ~ l:ingo:aga spoken on tbc i$ltsnd nf Y:rp in ihe \\'c.ucm J'ac1fic. sh.ow.s $hon and long ¥owell fn paits bf word\. web"'°""" 1hovm In Toblc 1.19.
(t'li<)
'I• tat>pl•
(Ol:s]
'(•!po»'
li•"I
'•• p~1u'
ll>'t:ll
'"'"""'
l''et)
'ne:;u f0Col
0
[7c:1I
'pane(
1
2 (ttW
&trCSSCI. (Tl1i$ 1h.CUld 00\ be COllflJ~ WiLh lhc: U$-C Of 11\C -Silt~ diGCrhici. 10 1TYlfk w.1.c ln tooe l:lngu:11t"S) S1tw on :ii'io be 1n~rkt.dby pl11~111$ l'!Umber1
above
...
r~no
,
lf•••I 1r:1n)I (hul
.
r:.uo
11:111:1)
r:111no
tfnn:ol
'l'oblt 2.21 (IUl) f...pun
11kppb
t•l~c.t41by
•tl•t•&f"'le
lk.,,.I
•
[t"el~gr:.:t1kl
1a.1p>:11 (p
<'(<0J~I ~' .,.~
lt•t1011t:il1k(
In 1lte l:ist four c.i;:tllnp~ll In the t:i.ble.. you ~11 3.110 sec !hot the C'\1mlit.y or
Yllri
In
'°"""''·
ceroiln vowels vuries tftrcodh,g on whc1bl"r 1hcy :u-t :tlidJt'd <:tr OR.1tteacd, Thi~ rhc:no1ncn<>11 is. cnmmon in E11ttti.:h. R.us.t,la.n. P11t.o.o;an. tnd m.:in.y othitr L'lllJli•g<>.b\~ I< no<)l•ivmnl.
o~tcf 11ang11~.
ffl 2ny ut1cn.nc:c:;. 30mc vowels are perceived ru; more pco111incnt 1b:1n ~hen:;. In • word such ., lrlrgrophic (1'U>ioiftkJ. Ille two vowel nvcld thnl •« more rr:omtncnt lf'!m the 01hct1 nfl'l fc)-:'lnd 1111!). SyllM>ic teFncnui ("'tceiw11g1t"!C.
d!O clfa:I of the>e prosodic ,.., .....,
J
followiog
ph,eci-nent.
(a)r<'><•I
......
iu eid>erol' 1hc
Tho Cll•mplcs in Tobie 2.21 1ho"' some dilfercnc .. in Engll1h 11rm
lagooo•
L..cn1 aod 'hon consan:anu .:trc. !11.~n found in tTiiany ~lt,tt.hnv,F111rhsh, Turk-~\h.:ind Hongarl~n. Stress
VQy.lCfs. U't11.1lly I for ..a prinmry SllUI :and l (01 1'l w..and:ary
or
hnli:tt1 shows ~hon nnd long ronsanunls in palt1 or ,V(l('ri5 cueh 11 thoat: shown In T•hlc 2.20.
(oto
lhit ltl'll&sed
wcu. ,,., wonl 10l<1r/J11'nc;,, 1r:in=bed
En1lill1 stressed
9 Spc:cch pmtia11:1ton l~ nm a tcries of is·ol!Kcd cvcnt.51 TI.le proc:c5:11 or nink:ul:nion ls 11 comple1 nor .• Tin: 111licu1nrQry orgmG •1C o_petnl.U'3UW11:pc11d enfly nf ~•chother. DJKI rmny fir.c 11dj1.1$tmc.otA =.re conicJ out wry ni.pklly G.S
'I'<''' "' •
WC!
Vf1k11l1ttiQo ur
o·artkulallon
·011,r111n!fl(f'
(Jf!C ~od
lf<«JJ r10tJ~ilO''
Qflc-f
rt'HJh,\ In lht
.trttcting dUU of !U10llJer.
fongo1e
tQngdc up 11 nuscd (o 11rticulJ1tt the fin;il {n)
11\C ~cc»nlt1'atl:11lon bc1wccn owcrl•p-p1"' 3nleul:uDry gc~urd used in the proJutllon or :idJ;icenue~n>lmion rc'JULtS Cr1>111 co-ordcul!lllan Figure 2.1:0 sho"'> SO.n~ nwn.e complex QJIJ')«ll of .C~IU1iculntton. JI pt'ClltnLJ scme ot lhe
Velum
omc11l••"'1 aqons lnvol•cd in die ptndoc1fan /'I lhc """'111•• in Noo.h ...... ~. En111i•h ar in Coclo.ey Re1>dlng rmm IOp co bottllm. lb• llOlion• or 1h• llps.1onguc, velum. llfl(J tnryn~ .,. shown. The bold block lin• in e""h bo~ rcpruc:11L1lhc11:nc ol anici.JJ:i.tioo li£Sed to the ri1ht of 1hc boa
~tL__:\===========:::!
Cl...,d
I
ii _,
V.lundl
.
cloSUI' d\.inge& to rhe opc:n (lo,.,,ro.f) p09\tion during the tinlciJl11tcn. of the
""'-
Consonant
All •pe«h I< ch•t:1eoeriudb)' the lciod of comp!« <•·•rtlculoUon omon11l1e Jtticul1tmy «gins Hlu.~1ru1:cd in fisu1e2.l(J A11other•typ1c3l oo--rov•w.ul;,i_1tor1 pheoomcnOl'I OO~Urt whe.f1 'AIC jJ0,1tlfJllftC!~ the IOUrKI lk) bcfon; lhc: OJl)-Wel ['i~I In Entlilh in wo•d• 1ucl1 a< !.i~J and kuL 1."be lkl "'" urticulMc befo<• fl'l b pronounco:J "'lib !he botk or oho 1on1uc so for forv111nl ~ b""'IY (l)lJChct 1'\• pal:ac {ond i• lral15'0nb<:d .. It IHc:otecly a vein; w1ic>il•lion >(i90 lronl !or·~· (rj •nd t.>c:k lh• l•I MO [o:j. The l~I poonou"""d l)clO<••he vowel [u:J in • ....,.,. such as
Rai..,d (orol) Lowered{nual)
1m.
ror
\IQ!cetess fGiOiiiSi!~p• =====-/-~~~__J (open) ... •
is lr1nscribe,i aJ. (lc"'I
-------"Time------l'rOCfl"!M :tn
efllciency
onicublion of tl,. ini•i~I lPI of P""· In order lo :artii:ul•Lc $o vowel. oho lips are Oi><•cd- "'prescn•ed by~ c11.,••• in 11\c poolllOll Qf 100 nnc- •nd the' ""Y oiie• duo~s 1h• •nkuL:ulononhe (nJ.
•
i,Jte. word~ftni)l(nJ.
Yuu h!\Vc aht-00)' seen tn fU;dnn 5.5 ho·.w uprral\Ql'I rtsuhs (l()m II dcl1y in voicing ;.fter 1ke ttt~llSe o< 1 vcHi:ed 11op. A)pir1tlio11 i~ showll In Fi{Nrt: l.20 ~yohc blocl< lloc ttmalnlng in lhc VV1Cclcu 1)Qsi1iqn """" ener 1hc llp.-ha .. opened and 1he.1110wd nntcula.1.ion is it1 ploce
co·•rtkulalion "'ith vowtls
The. C"Qi~eJ Hne ln the upper box indi.('lltCS tli.n.t the llps ire closed ror the
np 11 raised to n11\cobtc
Gloltb Tip rnit«I
"'_~========I
You hn.~.setri Mw naul consoMnH iue rroJuce:J with fM ~J11m iowcrcd to •\law nir 19 I"'" ohmugh lhe nanl c•viu.-. The t1l~lng :Ind lowcrin' of lhc "elum I~ ftOL nlways prccitdy co--ordin111.cd wil.h othrt $ptech prod\Jd.ion acllvi.t7. Sf1C3kc:B often .2ollttcip1te k)wrring the vetcm [or nas:al Cin1,isun11n!.$ and, eoo11llty). 'tlih is ren..,.ocl ln flgtW 2.20. 1110 lnie l'pu:•erKlni 1he velum \IC>wc:it.. herore 1.he.1nn1uc
llT~11uell ~ l::::========---_J 8
'n:io tQl'tgt.;c tJody ~ lo....'t',cd jn 111tieipa1i0'1of1ho low fr.ant wowel l:.tl 4urin& AnlciJl-:uion or lhe wonJ..inhi:lS COO.SOflllft' As the ¥0Vf'CI ilt'iC\tlOnun ~. 1.he
Anlcultnory ®JPi\ma1t...; '"-l occur tfuri11g the pmctucuonor 1pc:c,c-h ere ailtl!J proce:nc'S. Tiad1 cum\lla\ive ctl'K1, afic:n rnu1t.s 1n rn•kni1 'MCHd~ ~k:r to w1i1:ul:ilc. :ind in 1hi~ seiuthcy 1rcJ3.idto makespeiec:h ruore f'fTte:lcnt. \Vhcin speaker~ o( Nonh Amc.tfcan Eri.gllsh n111•lit-c the VO\\'tl of bo"k they du noc del:iy 'owcling ~he vcJum unul lhc c:.\1\Cl momc°"' the nQal conson:1u1 1<1lo:uloti°" i> '"""'d. Mo.!l /'lonh AmcriClln Encli'lh
Pl t()H£T>CS: ll
In & p;arnllt'.I manner, wt\e,, '-f'E'llkm ptvnQ\lnct. 1¥1 a,( m~re p.ilait.nl in 1 word su
of:i.nJcul:ufon ~nee I.hey me mlllrin,g :i tc.u dr:uUc odju~mern in f1l0.\iihg rrom lh<> >nicufo1j~ Of• man: p•fot>i (~f IQ lhol of 0 hi&h frooi vowel tl!M lb•y would moke In m<>vtng rrom • •tl•r·lk) 10 1 bi&11 Cioni vowel. Even moro dr11$ticolly, 1 Spe>iccr or Engll•h who kmg o
maj(K 00ju$trnem th:n rault1 in':l.mot~ ctftcltntarht:uladon;the two.&yU:rible~ or I (;tre(UI 'Pl'OnuJJCi11don of porndt are rtd11ceJ tO OfiC b)' dropping the. ""'"""""-' v owet or the •ytlablo; 1ho tons~c position lrl con be Mi1kip;ued during protrtrncl11don or lhc I.pl~ fin.illy. tJ1e vo5t:(tdsr;o!t of the lnlu•l ,,np b tomcd Oh d1rou11h the Ill.
r'"''
ro.-
?.J
Prqcesses and cforily
SolJl(' prooe~ uppcar to m.:Ue nnkulation less, not mace efficient. For •>•nlpie. English 'l'C•ltm of1cn lcogJhtn consow11snotl •owcb when they :ite nditd 10 •ef~at o word 1hat s.omeone.hM n(M Ot111d c~•ly. The fo41awing loqd O(iU.ch:an~is typic111L
JJ 'h"
"'Y·
lcnr.mtniug «i1~e•Ull$.irl 0 (onu being morcdistinet 3nd lhtrt1roro~:i.sie110 perceive. Anodter rwocus: lhot u:liulu in more cuily percciv1ble s.pccch ~ -a segmem untfer C'cnain c1.;1nd1ti9m. \Vhen -1pc~ng 3lowly. 11nd ~n:rutly in 11 noi.J)' c:n'ilrnnmc11t. (or cx~unptc, English .apcnlce.rs ott'n ht.Sen n "'0¥'cl hc:t\Vccn g:roup:o:: or coa.sonD111$. Tilit brtakt up I.he u.q11r.nce of eottso,\Qf!lt into xp1nnc syU;blL,~, To j11d11e (tu1n 1.hc u1c people or1.en rnake or 1hi$ f)
'lso1d. "Stopte (•I =mm11-"' Tht1e e.r:tmp·les s.ho1.11 ci-i•t thee are CWQ h:l.tjc rusons ror the e.sU1cn~ of :ndc:ul21nry pcOC't'~, Soml" ptoe~scs ruuH In. :i. mau e.tncicn~ 1rtieulctio.'I or :a ieriu Qf t.oonds ln di:tc pm;isc 1imin,1 :rind d>--Ordhuuion ot $pc~h is rchucd to ~~rlous fkgrea Ol.ilcr pt'Qil:cJscs rc~h ln 1 1l"l(W. di.ttinct nu1rlJ1, "'lncr t<> pettclve Iha" nucnl or nipid cvc !WO •YI'., or proci>
SCl'VCI 11 pnn1cula.reru:f {n &peec.b production.
.\rliClllotory
processes
Only a fiuitooornbv~r pmcCSlle> nt><1•te lo1 l•ngU~gl'. d""1gh 1lo:ir end n:suh i., to p.roi:Juce a gre:ll dc:1J ofl(ngutsUc;vutiOibilily, In th\i $CClicwt. we 1ur•cy .same of lhC' "1~1 con1nion t>( theMI J'tOC6!c1.
A
n\l•r
'Ctr di[f.t.tent pmcc:sses. t'flllCCli...el)• 1(11(\wn
:i~ DS$1mUnth»n.
~sult
rrorn the lnnc;cnee ~-JSllJ1Cnt on n1,,.,._het, O!$-h11U~~·-l~~u, "'"' a $1)
2!>filt<;!l$.$Jµ>tll(tai!W>s.
f'.l~x:ath:alK,Jfl or 1 v~ 1:icrore a n:s~a.l cnruon11n (q:. in A1J1rt 2 ~ ah(lve) i. cn11.Ud by 1pukm imtfclpoii•i 1he loW na~al Kgmcnt. 11.e CC$\llt ls tmt 1h~ ~ng seg1ncat luk.cs QI' lhc naulhy nf d"' lollowil1J <1msonpn1 Thl< 1ypc qr wlmilOll
·-· "b!1"
(mA,
'<>Ill•'
(na:ll
"
,.,.,
Voicing o!trimll~lion it ol"" 'Widcsprcod. FQr ''""'Y •p<•k of Ensli
dos.vrc. Tl"' 11pp0>il• of d•voiclng h Toking. In Dutch. rn
\he t{OP' 1ha1 ronow thcn1~ in onticlp11tioo of-the- voi:ce:d ct>MDntu\.. worda/lafl 'off.o•Cf" i$ rro•o•nud wl1h• lvJ in lhc wuM •JbtlM •10 tih~ Ind ofocin a.~ tht i-top OMSOMn.• 1h:u folJows h.: htb11l 1r1 the: ctl.~ o( poui/JI, o(
r"Ol'.. •mpl.. lk
arr.
or
.lVlmllnl~,lft. One COtP"tOl'tly llc11r1J c#U11pk of dt~imll.'tlh)n
oc:cul• io por.dblc: p(')ICIU
to-lmb(i:: ""'IU>k
in engUdl
"'
II"'•~"" 1n.. 1m1l•t•
»<1""""•
1"6 nnol \10.1 to tn•I. npp11rcndy 10 bl<.llk up \he S.Ct\l.tc:ncc o(,11100.!rlc:ulveJt with :i: twp. Mof.e. \mn!lp:tr((ll CMU uf dissi.mU:utQn 1lt!C found in 51Jfl1C ar lbC: 8tl1(\.I IM.&111.gea: llPQ-ktti in tlSt and cie11ft_nl Arrieo The diulrni1ttiori 1yp1ully
lr.'pos~bl• 11npotto1 lr1 '°'cr>blc
ln.,.&iblc
lnitolvts voiici11g ii'l prtflxes. for lnu:mc:c. in iOnu\dl (1~n in BunanJ\). ir a p1clb lw • •oilt
wtlich ii ts pr•.Rxedst•
°'
Ocli:th~n J~ 1 pcoccss th:u tcmovu: o !ICgl'l'ICJ\I ffVln ce:rmin pti~>uc:1te cnn.1cit-t1L Oct«lon occurs in .,cf'#'y rop1d :ij><«h In m•llY lo11gu:ige .. In Ent1i!h. • 1Chw• {o) 11 oOc:n del«<$!\«! (Tnblc
Oelello<1
l.25).
T>blrl.U D
(1.,d••I (lo b"'11
lli<•••I
11•"1~)
llo:~ 11>o.1
•to Ul"I~· ·oopmiie·
(r,,..••I
lpit•n
l•'f';..,,
l•i""•I
(brOud)
··~ t-1o:•
Fll).pplog It • pr<)«"" In whic~ • dr
1<1op or1icubtic>n
ch~ lo • O•p {rJ oni<;ul•llon. Th11 P!OCCC\lt between -owe!;. dlC "'"'of wloch ii st~. Flnp• on:•--•· -• Nh-• A • • "'""" m ._.., "'~ul lnCfl(ln pronunC-tUhOnS O( WQ~ wen Q burt
O.:kiion ~ISi' oc:c:ors n~ :in nlccrp11ti•t H\ diaimi1nrion In words $Och 21 [iftll:J. M••Y S(l
•h•
resulting io lf1Jj.
Epen1hcsis Ci.~·11'..1.\ ~)/,ef..t)> 1, C. I
"
{i..!)t111•1iJ "•
Oissimil~1lon
•
1~1•id1
•?
•·••
,,/~1•tN(h
~1v1•;t.,~
Ep\'im~1'Wlfo on e1tlain3 llrlnJ of SCJ!m"'11$. rorJ*Ch. me ....,,(!< ;~11n11tli ondJal"fihTnj-:'\rcpiOfiouna:d tw:rrn•f'll ant.1 [~Am81ol It b conllilC\n I• .... ...s $punce the lllOrds c-.rm~l lftd (>••ll[IO•~i cpe111hcsis orthl.< type ii onolher cuniple or o co-11t1iculodon pltCl'oiricn~ (Tobie 2.26). In Enelt1b1 the ruti(Ulluory tn111sitioA front 11 .$~rnnt comon:.m to • non• $(ltlot1Hrt "P'PC'*f$ to be Cb.~e.d by lht in;:ettion O( I C-Ott..'\OfllUlt lh~ ShtUtS pmpctlio> or holh scg,.eotJ. Nonce Ulot lM •t'C"1h01111
c .,,•• ,
•
r>IQ~ nn,
1 H> sOl•ND~ 01 LM
a~ c~,,sldt'tOI~~>n;~11 vef!UJ cn1t1k/4rt1hon (k.~ir:f)ll~t[QI\}.No\c I~
111'"1 IOllW!dii
'"'8'h pnnca 1cnth
11.,,,...r.pn1rJJ,.,tU!J
Ep.,.rhtli<,.J
JH'l}f:ru1C1'1ti'on
pmilUft(iltliP.tt
l~i\J.0.QI
, .. .,p0.~1 lwo:1"p01 11•9~&1
,..,;mO) ll«iQI
W""'' fienSf
the (Ounh VCWCl, Whjcb lt Ul\.$lraJl.Cd ln dlC WOid CQ"Sidt.Tgft. IS p(OAOl1ncod [qJ. 1l1.H wh~.n 1hl*~ ~me .awel is Jtr't'.Qcd. u in ""sirftrSLli~1. II Iii;
Pf\!llouQCed I$ (cit Lil:owi~ inphe1osrapl1 [tO.oogra:I') vr.sius phgto11pphJ' (f.i iror11. •h• nm VoWcl is pt<>noun«d [>OI When .. ressed •nd l•( whc• t11\sttcsstd. Since wc,c.ao11Qf pcedict whid\ 'ICWe.l 3c.bw1 may 'tuna 10U> wh1,:n
lpn•l>J [1«•6)
.
noo·~l't\ltnn1. h•vc \he aa~ place of •rticubHlon u the connrnn1 COl'l$0"l'lnt U> d1cir ten. G.ncJ •II h11ve the <.imc voicin& :q \he non·~~H>nant tonsoo1nt to 1heir r1e111 Vowc)< °"'Y "1w be cpcnlhcsl>cd. In TuMsb. o ""'"1 moy not begin with !WO
.c<•(Unn.:ants. \V'htn 'WJrds are borrowed huo Tutki:\.11.. 11n cpcn1hcOc vowel ls ioscncd bctwecncettni~ 1Qquenccst1f'1~ inllial conso1·u-.nts. crc:ittng:a new oad pcr1nlssibk\ nrnopg tbe
(The"'°'""
/
~1:5'vowns .\NO CON$0NAN'f"S
(ADVANCEO)
~(tsjC:d. we.11ssumie..1ha( dllt fourtl1 vowel b:.uic to boch WOfds in IU.c iir$1 l)llirii (c1 I while in 11\C secnod f!Oir, the Ant •owtl buit to bo\h wordsis (>u(.
Thi'chaptc.r-h11$ c.on~idtttd only the vo,vcl.r and a>nsuoanll u( Ei1gli.1h. nai\n)' er whk:b arc foond in other ltmJUlllC~ TI~rc are 1lso umny speech iOUnd~ round in the world's 1•"8'"'1•• lh., l!lC 001 hnrd in En&li'11, Si•oc• pbonetlc
ere uniycrJally v•6tf. Ol'ICC: dlr t-"'$iC "1(liC\llnlOty rmramcicR h1Vc. b"'n n11u:t.cco.J. 11 is not too d'ifficuh to ~be :u1d even 10 pmnounc:c lc.'f.~ d¢.1Cripl1MS
rarniJhu sot1r.id1. N5' S«UOt\ ptc.~nu l number of 1pccch rounds lound 1n
nitcd Q9C C-ORU~ 05 here:: OOtc, lhough.lJ'UU !he vowel IS always hiah; RC ~«lio
ott..t long.,.g<-<. 10.1
l'mn1 vowels; w~k:llin El>lfii;b "" olw3y~ un100i1.J
\l\elnlhe!I~
811n-• dllTeren 10 conru~io•. A rou11ded high rfftOI bx ••"'•'· tr.inil<;ribcd " m !Pt\ M t•••J at [O) in Nonh Amorlo•) I• be•rd In C:inodion l'n:nch h_m<'""""'' and rl~< 'du~e· 1\ rounded n•i~·~igh lmnt 10~ vow•L or1<:n irOIU
=
~1eintht'Sl< t' q proc:u.11 1h:at rto1dcn n sc ue:nce Q( 5l'! menl(. Mct:alhctis o ler'I te:Su •s n• • sequc.nca o ~t " e:.sle.r to :1111cuhua. " conunon to iu:.ar n1et111illll!:JilS 1n ihc &ptcCiOT(hlldr~n. who nflc.n c.:ann\')( pronounc~ 111 d"' cooson•M •c.)U
fon•.
duldren mny 1iro.1oomce ~IH'thurlas PI. wh1d1 11 ofien dfflicult (0< chilclren to prnnaunco. is n.:1:111lc•hcd 10 [posJ The ptonunc:iatt()n' of p.rc!'t:rlbt Md prl':l.Crip(iort td ptr.Jcrtbt tn'd ('crscnp1io'1 in di.:iWQ st1d1 M Anlaltun English. wlletc r is prunounctd roUowiriJ ll •owcl. Dtt ofrtn-cll.ed c.(;UTipJcs of me.1ruhe'\it in adult SP«:th. In lh<)se ca~CJ. mg.ll.b.G.SiLbdliC..1leS-lhc....pronuncl11i"nn-ot rwo_ .succt:r1tivc ~~l'l:tnt•r scq,uenct"s in each wOtd. lowcl rcducUOi1
or
In m:tQ1 lnng,Je.1e1. lhc 1ruC\tl:adoJ1 vowels m:iy move to :. mntc «1tlrn.l pruh1nn when Lhc rowslJ ore un1ttts.scd._11U.s- poc~s ii knnwn :is ~l tiductlan. 'ljlpluny, the OUICOIN! or YOW1!l l~utdoa U llChWll; 11\Js 000 be obscrwcd In pnin o( ~(<:d word.' duu $.hOw Uifft:ft'r\l lluW pbce.rneqr such
!PA), 1> rou11d in F.-:h P{l! Tew· and Ocnnan t.,_k ~J3 may J,e. unroundcd. For imi.nnce. 11 high bock u11rou1.Jed vowtl 1r1Mcribed :.s [wJ, b tt=rd fn RUJ1hm 'Nvrds like b1.l ·wn.~ 1utd R.11111=i11Un 1nrncl 'hnmr. Thoe •1owel$, 11; wt"ll 3S o•bcr ·exotic' Mr'f. :tre found 1n m:Jny Olim inngu•Jt1 0$ well T•ble 2.28 Jnu5tr:11a d"1 vnwd• P{C .. nr«i "' t.h•p~1 (UR a unrouoded: R.:= rQtmdtd). Tabltl.21
ArtiadAtotJ grid ot vo•d1 p1'Clenttdin d111 cl:laptrf
F""'' UR Higl1 Mkt
t.c>w
Cr11rrtJ R
UR
R
'16)
•
'M o(G\
•"lL'l•J"'
•lr
•'(lax)
B11c• UR
~
••
• ltMC
....
""'
0 """'
o f1cnscl
kt,~ \:}
•talWMtl}"...,...e-.,11111 altt ont lad a.aa.al LM• ,., -,
,...
•><11:17 •1 oo'1e< '""l"Jft ( · 1 ovu il>c vowtl sytnl)ol
A•t•riCll f.tttlblt
r' ttld\
l'"•I
Wl"I
IJil
p~1n
Jlon...,~
lw••I llJc'I
"'"1tt0
l'oU!b
• ......... i'tcc;.J!.td
z,ib
wli1k- p:tll'to41~iv !o0&1dd, 1•rc desi»®ttd u l:amlt'L-' pou:·al~lat A rianht.f of otkt stop PQ$il.io"• 'lU'C' abo coo•rnon in: the WOftd•s l••a••ac.o ~1bo-Cn»1i•nhH boch • ,.,;c....., """ • -oi«d p.ll•tal ""P fn _..,, li>.c (n[r llOP l"\lr m ~rCribcdu (qi Giid IOI. oc•l)O(lo"
'wi•
btt>ol' ·one hl.lndrcJ
·-h·
1
a
We GOW' 1,t.....n.«) rlc aJc10tl 5'~ \ncr"'" U wltflf'try '"''"" er '"'~""i~r th~I ••· •nuod1K'td m t«hon 2.J In llindl t.Jiere 1t a. $'.trit.~ of AAflf'J IOrflt·11111C1 lnC"1Tttlly ,.r,md oo 11 ... ~ 1h11 rnolt<: ut• or wh"P"'Y ..,.oiee (1nvmwr). Titit.\t &f.Opl :u-c R~rt.•"1tc.d1.ri11\ ~t-ltuncknSc-t~. lD Ta•rc 2.JO. e11mrJcr of uop 1ruc.,iJati
11,J
:onsan"nts
...,,,.led ~
C'"C'lftSOmtl•~ me ck..o,cribcd •ith ~ltt1Z11tc 10 siA pcnmclm Jlt die source er u.e .urlln::'Un U131 JJ loodlfied .,,;:,'1,'n CIC producdot'l Q( \he t("'lr:d bl ~· Jh""""'1 in ,.n,,~ lhc >!no=m nows 'O&'Ap,~~t tt •tie 11 ,,e or tile \IOClll cords tresultlag ira voluJ. Wlft,.(r.J.I or t1'.<~ttrtJ
"°"""''
"'"all.
fabl• l.3'
"'lodf,"'
d\ Uoc l""llio>nfnJ o( lh• •"'I p>b'e k Is ,.u..i .o 1h>o oi only clCIPf" thr-ottah the m011lh 10 produce :tn orwf 011.d « lowettd 10 .t:Jo• • ·r t!Uo.JJh the .-c rY.Wlun11n a nosnl Mlt.!Pd e) anlJul. ok••lur... cd almuy 1n S«llc dc1•il In f c prr~•ng JW110. Wluit rem:i.hu 10 be etobon~d ~ t.h.. aouoe.t alr;ucrn u1e:chlaui~ :a!Jld dJC dlrttdon or oirfJn\t, We wiU uplore lhctc ill \M: D~~· •.e~an, ¥.l1i1:hc'(pforu.&topcon60a"lnllf,, \her-
'° ~
•1•· p••cc.ir
e.
-
11-•
1lio. RID• ttnr con~on1n1• found In Cr'&ti"h ore ...,lde..'fl(c:ad in other LDr.!-u•sa.. A few additioul ctops IR I 1t1vduced in thls Rcuon. In &11.,,.on l•navarca. we nod n101" (lJ, ld~ ~<1'1 (nj. •k•ul u"I" !!), (4J •11d !of. A1tho>u1b !his teems like ~ •cry 'll~fl( JllTcrcn~ In an•cul1nion. ;, can r""111y 11< obocr'lpc<1•-.gw1 .... nc1i loymOO(inl! as (l\l. Ill· !<\!. ltl.
•••nt
""°
s-
e-ic.> 111c cummon in lht: t.ao1u1gt'$ of Australia ~nd in lh;JK ol· 1hc: l11dt....n w~•i""" (er [
r•n
•
11/~r
R~Jl(l/'I••
""'r•t ""''
~,... ,
Ill 1~1
l'I
•••
Ill Ml
lool
(ti
l•I
I'll
IJll
~ I
M ... -(bl
If.
l~I
!Ill
Ill
fiJ
Tilc proW(.cltw1 of
•f\l"C""' ~
(o,.q
(11""..r,
ntchanisms
s.,.,. ......."' "'"'-'
lrl 1•1
\'ca(T~u.
w.
.\irs1r,;1nl
lops
,. •K"nhrd Al ~ct .,1111 •tiou "1lldl wuh. tr.: "lt• ·1~ ,, ..J.Llcwr.-, k'dl•c ttlt"1 tlcusa~d u ~riit"l pml--olvt"ol:ir
t.,.,., J ..:11
."I'"''
"'"""h nit f•cncb. PUtrugl!l'lo(". flu 1'i. ·~ .) ....;,), (Table 2.19) Tuy m ofll• lf~IUCJ'il>
11 be hrtrd Ill N1,,M1h "'''Cl1C.:a.i
Ill
v:...,1.,, ~........ hi 111 l
:.lw:a)'s1n.Ol\'Cfi f!V'dry1ni In •on.c Wft)' 1 body or 1novlni; •it. All the Sf1C.eclt 10.1nds ductibcd Wllil now I.IC: rfvdo«cf bJ modirptrt a.•r 1-..~'*loul of •hit l\lflJ(. "P the wu·~pe and int() dtc vaaJ tmct tll lhe Jptll:tt bttllC.bcs Ol.IC in • , ..t'CO...ctN.isly CORtfOtkd Thie fr\e1}Qf (I( kt.til'tf irt mo1foo I body o( IUF 1$ culftc( Ilic pUIAtl'tnk: flt, !1tnf) 1lrslrta.a11nf'(h:u1rs.,,, Ind.,,, we h.l\c rnc.111io•IC'd bf(on:-.1b1 dirccnon ufthc airflow 111 fC..RSll"t (1~.. o.uwiudl. ~ ~opsfll &1h11'1 tfld odttr l!m$;04JeA 1b:.f we h:iw \Ccn up IQ thi~ poi.114 t11c :all prod1KCd u<11n11M pulanot.kc1rt:is.~e. airurvn. ~~ch tiop_1; ·~ a.tlr.J rf051\oct The p&1ln1onk (lfCl31toe lil'llftlll\ mf'(b1"1sm is b~ r.. 1ht
""•1·
.,.~.....,.., noc11an,..,.unpo~cd "'11.c: prod<1<1ton of •peech. Buo 11Is001 llo< onJy 111ohod thlLI is avl.lllblr Th~ ue CVNQn.\lltl' 1tu.r aR ooc prod..c.T-d w,1h t.V P'°'~MO"IC IR-sU't-lll' but rarher wil.h lh!! alotrtlkor 'ttharic 0(1t.. T~ product t sJo< 1111 le IO!tnd Uo-c.·d led bee .. "< Ill< movcmMI Ibo n1r 11 1n11o:Mcd 1n tho Jlo-
or
•
60
CONTCP.l,..(')llJA~\o'
llNGU1tr1cs
down nni.t 1nw~s. Al d'ic azunt. time, lhc 111r lr ob-..1n.ieti:d at anme pince 1n 11 om.I ca\licy Hke the II~ ur 1he :al¥t.:ollt ridge. Wh1;ri. the ltiryn.l t~ pwtbcd h
T:lhl• l..ll Fn~li~r
lhl: olr lnll'l"'d In I~ mouth I• oO. An uomp!c of on •Jccdvc is lhc •!V.Olot .Cop (1'J In lhc ....,, ((cqokJ •10 thm'.r" 1•1. l•oq<>kJ 'lo b
Lab,n
Bi/ni>llll ,i,,1y;1
Vok:cf~~ Vokod
··IM~J
Ill M
Gu.31CIW\ll'L (Tbc di:icti1fo • after I COll$Onirnt ,qmbol iotlic:UQ lh.'1 it is :a
"'•'t'f'#•
lflffl'•
dm.,/ 101
1a1
Ai"'"'"' ""'""" l•I lfJ l•I
Ill
ralatnl
Vflor- Olo11nl
l~I Ul
l•I l•I
@]
·Jc<~"".)
1bete ·~ 11a :ilr~:ilivt way of producina gfmml1¢ COllSOP;ini.ir. 1F1hc. fOC; cords •tc broui.tht to&•d1 be) 'lypc of locus<' J oa: traJ. {fa:~a:J ·c111e1·s «.'lidcn<:c' ), Sto,u ct11:i eiso be f)M(futtd using the \!ch111c :tlr'ltre.vn n1«hcni$m~T1l \( Uur. W; bock uf ohc 1"'1CU< i$ brouzht nro1ly •J•inn the velum, cl'fming un:. Slmultoneo,..ly. •11othor clc.we b mode at a point lo tl, or Uan1 eleeere, "Y >I lhc hjY,1 or 1hc ohoc>lnr rid~ TI1e nir lnlpp<:d I •he rnou1h I• then ntclicd Wilm •he tongue m~vc• boclcd with Ill Hound in the Zulu w"'1l OlbJ 'climb'.
f""•
Frlcalivn
~~\'Pi~·r'd•ii•.
~,-~,~
.,,....
(\)\ ~
"'~'hl•I
A voiceless pnl:at•I rr1cad•c Cd " rouad St:incL\tdOa1n11n~ 1hc word ir!r ·1· cont::.P..< ibis-sound. VeJ3t rnaitv~ :uc n round fn Eal&llsh bul Art ...ldt:1pft:od in '"" world'• bng"•ll«- Tht voicdt>
..'Of'd.
~
1l)'i\
)
Ul")~. f.11..Y't\
~IM ~
u~. Jr/!.cr ... ~we'
vd1r tHctuivo ())is comrnnn in Ocnn:ui AnC,f Russt:io. Tho cornpoJcr Oach fintric:. pcooalJnctJ in G..:r:m1n hllS u l1n11I vo;c1d:eu vd:ar frit.li(i"'C. A voio. \iel11r rnculw. {1'1 ~commonly heanJ ui Sp:inista \vOfds like. n1ua ·water'. T;1blc :? .31 (UCSentt"1'1 grid OU whfcJ I JOmc CQfUl'llUl1 fne,at1 \·e.tonf(.tno.nt,~·UI rnn;cd according to point ~nd mNioerof :anlcul.:ujon. A1 In T:.blc l.JO. dent~ ..... '"" diJulngu!•hc~ rram
•heoln ... "-' "'~" l•nju:igq
h>vc
•ou1MJ1
wi.
et1hcr OltC' or the Otho' po1n1 or ilflit:uf•uon, bu\ l\OC both. Sou11ds (o(irid EngliJt, nrc: set nfr In bo:itCJ,
1
rJSC.W:r•t.'.'.'I•
t} ( ......,~~
t'
,.0.~ ,(,.~
•IJ'> 1. \
®""'·
r-ornivc~ arlw 1han thote of Etlgli>h "'' found In lho wort.rs l'"'t••JCS. ~IL>blol i'n=lvc, produc.
e.~ji
AHrical~
·"I
Afftic°'1es ~ found :.t mos' poi11l.1 or :irrlc.uL11ion. In OtnnJn. :i voice1er) nlTriCOJc:>. l•"l Md Id']. in words lik• !"•you· Wld eflrt 'tn
·11o,,.,·.
suy'.
Thble 2.Jl p.. sc.11S • 1rW lncludlng II~ lwo Eo1IW1 •ITricatOl '""' '"""' Olbea commonly rou11d in 011'cr Lin8Ji:tgcs.The En@tUh 110.und..- Me atain sa ofrin • bo
Yolce1 ... Vok:cd
Uquld~
Pointe-
1;i1,;0<1<111ttt
li1''¢1116>r
lp'J
1r1
lb1
!d"l
°''°"""'
;; l:J
*'"'
1~·1
lr1
A• wllll d1U"'l)$. l•lJllO(lll\f, l.nlt111I• cio :11•,A be mod• wilh the tongoc body rnlled to lhc 1>~io1c. S•w;h • AArnd ;, C'Jllcd .1 1"'10111 l0tionsot lhc Sponlm woN!~ wl>a[jn 'hlam:" Al•I cnfl< ':Rrcc:t '. on~ lo 1hc Scrbo-Cro.iainn wo1ds dnlJ.~ 'lnnJ1er •nd t.Lirdi ·people". Tho pulaCn ¥01«:ICSJ1. W.1cral fric.11;..,,,, ctm be l1<>rd ;n 1Mny AmllCOsVS. Table 2.33 s!>ows some ·~•mf\1.- or •l»t>:las •lvcol•t ~-ucral liicool""" rrcm Wdsh.
"""
-'tuhrll
lb•I {amkll
01bef f·hkc: sounds:trl' wtdcly he:1td In tht t•Orid'~ l:!.nga:\g~ A ~un1mon o"• ;, lhc trill. whi.'lll'f"'irover UIC m~d ton&11< lip nnd ollowing 1110 vibrnto T1ifb 11• conunnnly !••n1cnbcd :OS (t) llPA Ir!). ll••r
1111 1 C \Id •1v•1 Ill: trill h fl~. \)'ll1b )I'- IP A uvul11r r 1m1dc w11how 111Ult11 l~ t1httr:. con11n1J"l.Y f i:..inl. huwc~r.
w11h the o·n1l.il
Thl'f
is Ilic •okcd r of Si:wlnrd Freneh. •nJ is olso wfddp1""d in Cennnn. IPA U"l111toptian cbs~irl.C$ th1:J sound along with the friwivu.II is 1r.1n~rihtd as (;(f whcn '11oocle» and u '"1 wh~n •ofccd Tnbje 2.3<1 prucr.u 1btr llq•lo4 N b
,
o((inbu=.
1bhl
Vo1ecd
'hic-clcst/Jll,ft'l jrk(11h'tJ
,.,
Votccd Vol«:lw
lHn1Cl/olvt"1or
Palatal
QI mo
Ml (ff
Appio.-ltrill'lt
Flop
Flo?'! and Utll! Qn be vok-ol(ss
M
I
I
[ltf
wtll Vgkcltisncss for uiese sottnd$ J~
u..,,,lly mdio:ued by a srull opcn cio:le bcot!'llh 1!.,s7mW!, a m !flor lltl
Clrd,s
O •")•le wllh 1licl1rl>ll>Cnow M lltl •nd
'I M
"••I<
' SOIJf~ The $U~'1y or the SO\HtdJI of hum.in l:tngunge 1~ cilled ,,1 .. ,11ttid". OtcK 41e \\·idtly tt0'1~ribcd by 1nc:Q.n1orlhe lntc.rJ1:1:cio.nnl P'laol1ttitiAlphubtt.. The. ~a"'~' er fl\11gt.1•gc: tlr~ c:ommo.1J)' descri~I ln 11rtl('•1halQ(Y 1:u1J ~<011Sli<" IU1rt$. >nd roll i•tO two
"'°jor lypo:
')'llobl~ 1'0\lnd.< (VO"tl~
JyUabfc Jlqui(fs, :w:1 niu:tlsJ :uw;I non~syJlt.bh: suuncb- (con,\00:.nl~ 0i11J &lldcs). Sounds m•y be "Vl>l«d"' ml Mt produ<'Cd !ll VlfMNJ pfllCU
or
llrlf(nl3ti(i{I
lfibinl. dc_fllQJ,
pf•l'Qlllf,
p1111)CO-t1h'"tol.(l,i-. polWlt. •thJr. U~ul:ar, i:IoU:d ind 11hnr~nacal Al lhc pl.;tc~ or ;:anltu1J>1lon. the ohstreun1 Is n1udif'icd by dirTcreru ni:an1~.s or iarllcul:uton :i.nd tha r~ultitig ~nd$ an: Jfops. frfcalh'ai. or artrlmtllb$. Vuwel11 :are produeed whh lc.u dras1i~ cl
••~!.
••d lip 1ou11dl"S (rouflllod or w1row1dr:d) l.>ngu~s• •bo shoW> in1pr:a.-tr.g1nt1un1 pht1iomcn:t s:u~h ia ton~. fnton:1tlon.:intr11~ .
•
-,_
........... +·-- - -·-I
(If ~
Tnll
~·-·-
e
(:> .....
lll ltl
RCironu
--
voo..c...,...
"""
lhl
~
(f
f
--..-..i--........... n d ~~ l
'"
u !:
e
............ c --
;.
e
? ;)>
• ' -
.
--
---_.,, ..... ,,,,,,_. -~------
........
. --1 --~ 1 ·-I
11
'
s'
--
b
a, .
l
.
._,
-.... ._.._ -- ........~t -- _ . ....... ~-:I
-
k'
<1
? ,_,...,_....,._
.
l'
cJ .....
-----
_.',.--........ --~ ..._
p'
,_
...... .-
t• •
,, dr
, .. cl'1' tl tf'i.~
e e....
·--
!--;-!1:!' 1
.....
~
e~ I:"
MlliflillllJ
I ... , .,.,
n~ , .... ,,. .., • .rf.cQ ....... ~ ...... ,
t '
,__
........._
e
.. e..~
I I
'.s" ...... ~~........ e
/QUru'(IFon
e
a• n• 0
..."!ff"..,••o~ ~- A .__ 6 -..... e -. ,.... !- 1!',: C-1w
C1ii
~.Jt. ..
~..,~
..
a;!:' j
.....,_
c1=:
r
u...
'
,/I-
.....
m.wi....
l
l
L
l
L
l
l
1
l
! L
l
i
1
j
llHONCTICS~ 1 HC SOUNDS Of l1'NCUAOt
Nores
i; Still • JJnl '1nf of dixias.~loa amen; l1n1ob-U on the 11•tlj«t or dtph~JS EnJ:li.d1 'fOWClr 1h:lt &how ll ch•nlG ill .qual~)' 11tt c~4crd d't~httdl.p 2.< kwig ~S llie Ch:tn&;t tn q1J~litt(OUowJ 'he vewel 11ock11t$. WO.d.'tlCh u yn •nd yet ot< toiulde«
There
C'C•lscd.aomc.~bis in O:iptct ,l.
2
Qu
1. In atdcr to Uc.con-: mQro.11wi.re. of1he d11Tercntes bet\'V.telJ ipt:lllng ond pro11Uf1Ci•tiOn. {tf~Wr:t lhC rot10...ir1.g qucuiont ubnut Engli.sl).si*llug. a) Find lour wortls 11\.115how rqur •l\enmc •pdhnp of lhc SOOJnd [I], b) Pond.,, words d..u llie teuer a pmiiomiccd difforcntly. c) Fmol ''"" worcnl only
ho••
one JQU(td.
d) find two llliOfd:Cin wbi:ch 1woditrcren1soul'l(b11rc pror,..nut1<:t"-Oti.Ji no1 ~pcllodou~
'
tn RS' M- ~have .t.ec-a tU wreU .u in m1111y other di~kq-J.of English worklw;c:lrc_ tJi.c ~t of f#l'J'" {altd cxtU1n o«bct words au:h '111.::w} 11 d)c. ndd~ow back fQCfbdc.4 llU "°"cl (::11l, whK-b 11 dh1tnc1 ftom tb(- lo""' bKt rouRdtd Y()~tl lo) 6( '"" 11ruJ col., Ho•c"'C'l. in JUIJ'tlard c~JMiillQ En1lbl$..11.,.,J 1n. ror c~ompk. the P111.sbur141rct tn the UJ)kcd ~JMU. mete. It no diffc1cr1cc bciW«n 1hc vowtll 6(
l. Row mony segme:nts ;~ Oicrc in the fr.iltowlng wnrd11 •l •t e) ptydiology
b) molbJ e) cure
W"tr11,l)t1Qft Ott •he: lnn::nw.l.ional P'hOQCtfc Alp"'bet a:n be obi..lm:d rrom lhc ~1•tf!Ql1otc1l rhontefcAuocl.tidoo. Uniwu 111 Cell es,~ c;o.;..u Stttti. Lorll)ar.. WC I B
6DT. E"•tln.'d sereee Jaw •'t.: 11\kcn (rom !.·O. Coak.. ·VGwe.ts~nd (ones li:i S.-ceo'. l.nfll""lt .&1: 16'-i9: O:i~k d:it:t '" oou~1r or Jama G.otbndd). Dll'll d~u m ~11('!.ed from Wdotc-d (dtcd below). MtM~ 4e.t:1lltd t~lldh" or. Cha phQ1lf!tic&- or Ell1llih ll6!i olhc:r l4ngua~ ii 1-:poiikd ~D¥1. The K.puttdi dar.it iu-e fl"lln l\.E.. M~11Qm. 19'9. E11of .1c Cil'Gfl1rMlrc R""'11.. AMafa du A.tuM:c -Rof:tl du Cattto lklJ-t..Ttt'\'Ul"rft. Slria nunt'n) 8. (Sci.ffttl.es: dee l'Honu1.: lit1g11r1~hfllle. Vo!mnc 24) .Snll)C l)r1hc qoc:tuo""' in thi' ch11pu:r wtrt prepM'Cd by 1oyec Hilde.Wind. (rt fhtMtlit:I. G,nnbur1h:EdlA~rsfi U~'iveni~J rr¢JS, Cn1ncn.ftn.Al:in. 1916 ln/Dtt(lliqrs Cairl'Jbrid_&t' C.nh•iU1c Uni¥1:Q1ty P1c..-.s.. Frumlbn. VA cl• 1'1~.1i1"'' A U.1r1ll1rrc $1tr.'f1. fic,w Yor\: ~mlc Pn:ss. Ckfc.rith. lU. 1991. £11fl1'1'1l rllOlt(l/1111.y: A.11 /uuff11t1UM. tr11nbddgt! C:Mnbtidrt /'ranro,cfpfl<'tfo/
4.
l..ooldo~
V 199), ~ C/nmr Ff ,.,.,,,, .. re:.,
)rd
ooJn. I/cw
1'1i11C'if'f,.- nf rltQ"nit.t.Clmbridgc: C.ofl"\tlridgc. Urfr ..-en;\ty Ptcu. Pulhnn.OJ<..~Ml Ud11•nw, WA. 1,R6. l'l1(Jttt~ Srl1olCnldt.Olk'?IO" U11ioJ(1M'Y o( Chk:.10 rr.11. Rofc.n.11.1991. TJ.blrrrl
L.r.
Sh~:atn. \Villltm ~\. 1968. llhtJJ~:~dSptJcl;A~Olm•I)\ Spr'ingOcld, OU.nob:O·:itk• C. TI•a1~
•
though
i.0001
hog.e
wben
lllo•&hl fonu .. ;el.\>
•~k
ch..,.., Jtldgc buns
ghcllo
()AR bo,'\I
p1te\11n11dc
winced
u,.ing lhi: wocds p
•1 hi' 11) bl lkl l'JI c) !p}.fal dl Lil: Ir)
6.
r.... tooh or lh~ ~mo
(lf
•) rml ,,., 0 ldJI: UI t> llJ.lhl hl lwl: Lil
souod o(
'°''""'""
I) lbl. (0 i) l•f) . (d;I kl l~I : (vi
IJ [&J (I}
pol,. al .... 1111.,. •llllc whether they h.,.• the dirfc.rcnl m:unicr o( :1.n~ulntio11 Thcq i~c:utif)' 1he n1n11ner or
1nlcuL'ltlon Jar eocb tound.
•l (•I: IOI
bl [kl: lal c) d)
lo"IOllowidl. lJw;lc(o~t:ll. P. )l'ld fi..1.::l.ddlej(ltl, I. l~Q6 1"r Sn•ftlilJ ri/Jltf \"brlJ 4 U;i,,~11P$(J. 0-.(01d! U.Kt, J. l~
hi owes<>""'
°"
Y~1k: H>J•:OUU ~I><•
illod:W
~"°'"'«it< nmilbox
S. For c:ith of~•• follo.,lng poir< nf.1011nds. "'" wlwthct tl>c7 ho11C Ille .s11mc d~fftrtol plocc or 1111leu)a1:on. 11tcn tdcn1ify the place or ankulotloo f«<••duoomd.
l!l11ll:xh. London: Am.old 13th cJn.. revi.Sltd by
A. CJ\:•cnd••).
&)
J. 13 !M 0"' 1<1und in each I'( lhc foll(>v,1ngword$ •n!ctd orvole
Cor(nrd, IC 1971 F1nrrlnrti(nttd P«>ltlcncJ
Uah·enhy Pr!:sJ. OiunOA A.C. I~.
0
d) hopping
1 ~Ir ar Wl>rthltle t•lf .srul ce:i1"'I•who~ voWlis 111c l)olh [u] fQ( ~ got)(I •
<"Jl'(l'.'\1tion ar b,-ue1 In the M!tlYilS md •ria1criin•on of En1tub vowcb we --•
6S
7.
[wJ : Ul
{l'J:UJ
Ari.u
c) [I) fl) f) (
(ml.lo!
k) I)
(rt: [wl
(tfl:ld;J
lhl: 1'1 !ti : 131
t.xh of the follO'Jl'ina nnict1L,1ocy des-crirclon.-.. write In rttonctlt:
l)mckt1& lllc tound dt><:ribcJ. ~ (,.;, ,..,.o) •01ccl..,. ••lnrst('jl ,rot.; bJ voiced lnblcxk:ntlll (ri
O vok:ek:p inttnlcnt.il (ri011i'-'e.
•
i)
j)
0)
bid
J) luck •)
..,..
r)
COi
g)
[ell
I 1J
c11u1,r1t
«I'
1 ,.,,
""'"'
key
d111s Aitlk
coon
m) pour
01ct dcuo•
r.u
n)
1
1, •
1
•
I • '
""~
own
mo~
CO"-'
l1111111111r~ Ir- '''(' u11l1•~1y c.. rtu or )IOlJt which syn1flt>.l.t ~ 001 found;.-. Uu1 t~cr
rh11
t'l(l.llJRll::nris .u1y 1oundJ COt'
li~wu
ujern,
potr
14. Using l'lau•cl.20 nyo.,. modol, prO>idecn.ons
ro1rowrn.g words. Dt:.S,•IC UuH rourJ1111mms~turc Iii". U)llgue. velum. •nd aJoUi& as 1111hc model. 11~
b) ~
IH('l\!c-rn~1 0(1hc
d) ~~
c) ,:;,
15. Co~lhc folk>w1n1cororu1 *J'IX': the foUowing enaU.r1 word.< ... ,
•tie
rn1•id"f'Ctth pton~11
"''"'-
I
10. Tmn-w;ribc
lhe followfng MU: or prachsc &rnn~ribing ::1.sptrution.
o)
"'&
~) •fi<:ll
k) OI~
r) J) I)
JJ ( ~""'
11) d"'~isc <) cl!IQw
I)
linul ') j111fc I)
You rn11y use these 'wt>r'ds to
WOtd.$,
I) VC•I
b) l
cl ouoin
PfOCf4~_, fl11t rnn:l:·e lhe t'npid Speech pt~'Ht\.uK'im.lnn different fro1n 1hc clll'Cful speet:h. (Stre$..i ;, ununtd i~u:.) Cnt.p1( Sfl(r<:(i il111 lb•lu:or.f lbfoit;J cJ onco lw•l••I I) n1111dwic1; (on11 •dvo11] {mao >VUIS) Cl bc11 hoo~ (bc.i bok) (bu b1>kl h) pro'Ccdon (p.. 1ctf•11I (1Rn
.......
ml 11gh
..,
l•··••J
cord
>Ql01d
llSl
U) puM
l~"'"'im•D>I
•> ..~ ee
nl ~•lk o) r>plode
rcmovo cllntc.J II. lbl°' H. L. ond ~<~l:uinn lin«, 1tvn:;cribc !he mtonotloo of me [ollow1ng en1llsh (ll~..,,,.. Con1J>:trc )')Yr n:.•ula wirh Ille ""°"'npl1ons of sc¥C:r.tl tla)Jm:ue.
p)
1ube
A)
aspects of ln10Jtntion fsUd1 u t111uuoo Dr speech I 'Ho.AIM;._·
bJ •Allm c:l
gdt ~
tnnnpci 11nJ 11 r1111c for OuUrrn..s:
'Seeeer :mds\vinuninJii.re JucJy'.s fu·1uuni.e 3portt.
12. 1\ll:trk:priinll1Y :ind .S«i)nd:aty (\t;hluc fN"tscn1) &U'f:$SCS on lhc (OIJowin"
wcrd.r. h is 11cx new~~
i......
to tr~nsc.ribf!dicn1.
•I 1onny
I)· :imve
kJ !ttret
b) c) bh~:kbcx11d
1) d•fy h) su1ntn:1ry
I) c.ttecd m) 1unin1iery
t
--
3 Fcotvrc$ moy 1>e 1h0<1~ht or""' d.: •rn•ll"' bullrllng ninck,• of pllon~IQ;o<11l
Phonology: the function and 1.
11.n:!clt.t;i::. C(tf(dpottding
patterning of sounds MichaelOobrovol.skyand Francis Katamba Apmon'1 IOllJ:I"' & 0 /Olay lfq'. ll•~Mi'/l&-Wyof 1vtttd;. 111-o(
nr-.;r
-rtn:t0t!tl1ne
chtT "'iJriJdOl'ft
We~:awln Chnp1cr 1 lhiit there is I hqc nu•nbc:r or spc«h :tound,1 IJ'fll~ hunntn beings C~1 P'(oduce nuJ pereeoe. Bui nq hum1111 l:in1uqgc c~plohs 1JJ uese po<.1 linaui>IS can dis.;o•ct lna. Llngul~ gcne1'\lly "'-"''"" lh:il speak• CQn'li:. Most 1'n1lish ipOlllld
•••h
p:aucrm 1hot pOOnnloS)ms :\tt.Jnrt.rt.folttf it\ utteovtring ·n11l crli!\_pler b: :1bou1 p!lonnlni!f. 1hecompontnt nf !\ gQMm:tr rnnde.up of lhc efcn~n1,- Mid principles 1hM dcu:rmiria how .sound& pa~n.•a..i.u:1g1Ug.e.
!'hc~n~lDfi.'tll:Uicmp1 t~m:i.ke e~pllcltA1:uemcu1ts :i.bour 1he sound r-iuem\ er 1rid1vidu1al
:iJ
lhcy-Jo-io
11rtieu1~10f)'
nt xe•utic ~lt:i\l'rlct
~c;h
"u (voiee-1 or (\tri4k.n•I We wdJ learn how .sq:mcnts. nrc buru up front (c;!lurd •od how dUS fact nfftclS f>l'MOl~ UJUl< - rOlllU~ scgrncn1. ;and iytlnblc lnr~ct whb 'J\t: proces:.cs we Jnwct0ris:i1M In the: p'r.vk>~ ch3.,.c::r. ~ with ceftllln 1encr.tl pnncipl1:s, lo pc0tluce 1hc '011nd p.,ucm of l:u11unteThc c.x!slllo th•I 1hl:lO mu:ot l>o «>me rrincfplei o( qrpnilfl1tOn Fc.31\ltts. u_gme.n1J1. Qnd Jyllobld n1d organl1cd lNo hu:rllfchic:ut !cvt?s. ehth level i1 compo.'td uf t&e.1ienfs nf the te."Vt' benc:ath h. Jn M101"t ).I. lho. Vf!IOCd·lc"cJ 01ih .rr:N,,,f,,; i~ rtJ)f~n1cd h)' •h~ ollbr<•iolioo w,1. This word O)!lllb1S of two ~~lluhl.,,, •lli'h nl' which 1> rcl"""'ol.U wilh tha Cir>;dc l011er a (slgmnl. Etl
Syl/n'1J• ltr
0
'\
I
-sonornnl
+coronnt
+•Jabic
-oyl Abie -I •
I
;yllobic
~ltff'til '('\'~'
F~trttt(~ (()·«'I
+.$0!Vrmnl -!lonorant
.,,1\3$:'11
+'ofon1I
h1n1u~gc1 1n order to di!CO¥et something :ahaut 1hc Hn1ufs1h:
knowfcdp:c tt\l~ rc~c must hive In order 10 -u,-e d\C.le plUCtnl. Even mun: bg<. The c)ti$1erice
t)r ~·~s
in lnnuuaJ:e dcpendJ on \he o(Junft.Puoo Clf
annln l)..'\~C c&tme"'' or urii•~ 1M1 (Qmbu'lt to n'llll~C up these V")ll(fn" Three cio1jot unh~ er :inaly~i$ wlll be fl'f!$en.1cd In thit c.h~('lter We ~ ~lr~y KqU:inted wilh 1he kle:t 1h:.t the Oo'N a[ 'peec.h c::in !wt divided IAf()J.egmc111s~
In 1hc ne'tt t;ct,~on" Wt. look :11 UK ph.onokll=tal LPO\.l.'fcd1e lh:11 cnabk'.'rJp:llkm l9 di:st1nful~h :tmona (aflfd' lu..:f w •k.-il \\
tn 1b1J1 clmp1er, we lnveMl1Mc tht. {'l:'tte.mcrl v:ubuton of 4e.3mcn1.1. We wtll •"• inv~tlg•ie the rm11r:nr.. of d>c µ111hlc. '"" b"!IC brUI In which 1<;mtn1J •n: l!ll!!~lvY.ll~b~ IJ • unlr orJln1u1J~c ~ll)ICIUrt: 111:11 OOOJil\•
o~
~ .srlbbio~l\l...nqf1JUll1Y?vaiNCI- ond bny sqmcms that ~Jocintcd with ~· Tu iHuilr.Me. !he WOrTHs~n be cfiv~tCJ huu tW(I $Y1Giblcs: S
•
•-
l, ..., ....
t
'
1ll)t1c tll~f -'111
II
"
fl
fl
>
In
ti~
fl
t
,,e.uf,.h l1>r me ,,_,,h d1tfftc:t I ,.,,.. ilfll11g• from
'"'lcf• 001 ,
yo11 will f111'1 JI) n•1111111·1I '' '' ·n •1IV1!lf lh •·~111, lq "WWl! '"1tl ui word·On:it t1(nitiau 1n EiiCh~b bUll.~C il'lcrc .Jtt no \fMl'd! lhll bqU1 wlrt (ul V< ...i tn !111. 11 11 olw di0icul1 10 tind minim•! p>f~ In Engli•h 1~•1 involve the !Ollnd Ill. whid1 occ•n< ror clic rr.O>l!"l1 in wbnl• bom>w~(10111 French SOC:b u tlllll'C uod 1n1ret,tt>
n""
r•1101,lr
wonh £Ip .U>d 'ill'·"' do doc .....c1s or Ii!.•·
'1
umrual
A bo~c 1eo1 ror • JOWld's d11tincUW1C$11 I\ uncd • minla1•1 ~11< tOSJ. A n1i11h11nl p•Ir conrlSt1 ort..O foPll' wid> dl$tlnct mc•nlnv 1hot- nd (tJ<:arnm< ln Engli$1L A number of miuhf\1.l pairs Ch.M' dcmomlmtc C'00$0Mnl conttruAJ: for English arc gi"cn in Tobie 3.1 - remember ll 1' Qc• the ~s ofl t.ound !LOO oot 1¢11lng tllOl minlm•I poirt ""' w•bli>hcd. In di1pbylng ccntrosa, the rdcv:iru. Word't ..-.n. ar1tn ttl:te:cd :iilong U1c hMiont~l nxt1 whb R.S:f)«tto their p!noe or •nicultt1lon, rc:lding from ltfl 10 tigl• (l.>1)111, 3lvcolor, gnd $0 on), uOO ve-rtfr;:aUy with rupccc (o lPaprter or a11k;ul:atio11, In onfc.r to sbew "Nltlch ptoc .. AnCXpll)i1
pairs
Thhte: 3'.l
\
0>11tt:m1&11\0n5co~:IC\ts in En1U1b
""'"'"
Ahwkrr
l'al1111J- uf vfl1/'1r
Stcpr and. ~riOJlts(rtQn totuinu:inu)
p•• Ill
i•Pll>l
pld ldl
.. ~lbl
' " '\
iw.,,
lowd ce>nll'llSIS in
tnglish
r•ul.
\
01.,.,i
1:u1n ""'l•I
chtsblOJ 111, IA)
sip !•I
>il>l•I
-Ul
me21t11n1.
.NM:tb JUIU
l"'I
UIR
• 1.111.akl:s and glJdu
""lwl
k«PI
l•••I
lb
M l•l
cooed -i.1 ecde
~:OJ 11<'\idl lk"wdl lt'D
l" I Cul
lllUdl (b>dl lb1'1J
1... 1
1""11
ynQJ
t<111ltl the phooeHc ~oorC:li\ in whtdl 11.sound OCC•H$ ir; allcd lu t!nviroruuwt Pi.irs lhat ~"'\!' ~gmc1\\_l in llCWl,Y JJendc:>I cny}ra.n.mcnu., 1uclt OS sfq_;/,!t,r (ff~okl>lY..•lilltr I [~:>Uldpll or '""''"' (l>:O>l)ltllhrr I [i ~•!) .,.. coll!IS wh= 110 ml11bnal p~lr'll con be (oood. You rnay ;li!S\111\C 1h:1t 1wo 1egnn:.u1,S co11trna once :1 munnt.al puir or,.. 11e:i..-.
(o:l
11• di
Llu,..S
(.:;l
(<11 (cl
(bc
lood hell
b
•
lb'~I
b~ boh lie•
ltl'
'""l(Ol
(ftJ
beet
Ce)ntln.u11ob ln•~r(lt'IMI
m CnaJisti
bo1
r11111
l•1t•~J
Vu....el«intm.u
T•~tc).l
plck 11<1
clw1 l•Tl
Coo1"1$1.< •mong Enalish vowel• ean Ii<' c<11blllllcd wilh • few S1 l\n11ll•h lcn•e vowel• like (i:T •nd 1•:1. uid Jipluhongttlu I•• I· [ou). •nd so on 111• i\ogte ve .."'1$. Prom 1hi1 p
l>lll l•I' l•I lo:I (1u I
l"'I
1.1
..,nguag.,·specific :oolr~sts
Con1iast1 an: ~n(Uttb,tc-~inc: S01.U1d$ &Nil :in: diitlnclivc 1n O\llt' '~111gwtpc
wlll nae ncccsszuily be distinctive in nnolher. For enmptc. d'M;) din·~ bt1wccn U1< \W'> vo-1$ l•fand (o:I iHn.:l•l 1<1 English. u we<>• KC from minima I pnir$ like (benl ind i,..,. (I>~ I· Bui In Turki•b. 11\ls dlffcrc""c ln p:rvnunci1don 11 not di.1tinc:dwc A TU:ttcish 1pcokc1 may pronoun" c))e ~'O
B••
"°'
di rrofenGC to die D1CIRll\g. Coavcrsdy. 1aund' tlw,r ti,.. contn1.s1 in English. iuch ftS kana and 1hon: vowels. m1y be. dd1ioc\lvci in 111KKhcr '""id:.gt.. There W1:. nu n1iri1nul p:irt or\~ [bu:tl:lhoe;Jil!h. Bui m J~[>dll~• •nd Ann>Jh. shon :ttMl long vowc~ con1tm1• .u the CJ..Wnpld tn TDblc 3.4 on d1e nc:o page
••pc
s~ow.
•
l
l
'
J
r11a...owcv· !•II '""CTtOH ANO •l\TlUM•NC Of $0Ur>!O~ 7J
ff
A
lbcul
(bz•l
Ben
bl•o
lb
bon
)Cl("fltot'
(1onl ll:llx1i
·~,(d' r.c1•·
(1orl;J
fklbo:l
,_.
'Or<' 'dh.uns'
(lll:lij
•wtnd'
11 ...ll<:I
-· , ....._. .. -
Pt-lONETfC.AlLY CONDI TIONEO VARIATION: r110NEMtS
AND
AUOrHONES
11'!<•1
pby
Pl-11
"ct
voicc.d~lllever occuri: in the «and ?ti s:L). we SllY
~~nwfphoncdi: c1;:T;nm~nt1u 1h.:1.1 the
,.~ ..... ~ <;omplcm<•..
'tt>cirici'
111
-
--
..
11 two w;l(ii.p~ of I ire in
1'.be tam f'(.fcu·lr~n. i& used ln Thble 3.6 co lnd1c1\C die wider rllstrib\llt(Ml (occum:nce in a gtt.~ nwnbcr of dirrt.rcn1.phonc\1ccn"i(QM'l.-cncs) o( voiced [I]. ll OOC\lfS >rt
l11 spite nr these poo,..tic dilT~oi<. o•ti•• ~p<~lco" «iruldcr ol~ t....., u~UH)CC$ of th-: 4:1mc .sou11d. $ihi:t. 1hey IUC rhonf"ticoHy similar and~ .. diffetc;nhip 1h:u mc lwo I> beM In eoch oS
EngH!h ,, lO be
v:vi1~on it not P•tl of I~< don..,;. or ph~nalogy. Mueh phonetic vllli•tlon, however. JS SY'ilc;nmtic-. fl octUfS, rJ)~ Oflf!:tl :imnns phnlletk:nlly Stmilnt U:!mcn11 :ind is condidoned b~ d,c: ~'IOl'llCtic ~MIC-"il (env1mruncntl ir1 winch 1hc. sc11ncnu 11n: (ou11d.. Thb "'nrladon occurs because .segmes\lf ire 11Cfcctcd :aaJ :ahcrcd by ~he phunetic char1¢1ccistics of ne.i:ghbourfng clcmcnci of 1he
When Orn lcunoni phooellc trunscrlptlcn. EnJll•h 11lC'licn ere oCt.n 1u11>ri>cd •h•t 011 ''"'Is they (1C'<)CI••••• •t• ""' lckodc•I. In Tuble 3.S. tbe I<
m cotu1ntt I\ ere voictd, wh1~ 1hnic.e In column B 1rc-vo1ceJC$$ (indicmwJ-hcre by • ••in\Wlln: they ll)lllincly produce ~11;, diJfen:n~ Ip artkul.nlon, whtch ean be heard cle:1uty when the ward.\ in~ ulunu1 B 3re prettloun«d sk7wly. The v.,;~ICS(l'le~ C)( lhc / &.ound.1 ln column 8 is Oil 4\lton1().tic ctMUtqneoec o( lheir rbooctic ewvtrenmem, Voiced und voic;c.l~ ls •(J("f ~~tm..ilk:iUy
'"™
1"
th•I oll of th<> voiceless I& occur predflr•Ctcr lhe clO'~ or volccl"'• 41op1.
1!1
a.....
Eviuydly ,-;pccch cont1tln1 a_grcu deal o( phonetic v.
l.1
Ul;. E•st;.ti
A(td '"Oioe'n.J MOP' h
-
ll~);U phnnotogic.\l COi'ttcJll in w~ich 1hoy ()CCUr. Ewry s~k.c'r h11J lhc \lbilil)' «a fxtor out this- Yntiatioti in oteler I(' rocll~ :a11cnda!l oo only the rejevant ce>cnr:utll (lf the lansu?~t.
Complemenl•ry dls1rihutlon
(Roi)
l•!'
'compltnJtnlnrv distrihu:fion.
E~1bluh1n11 the contras\:in& <.cgo-,,enL~ In ~ l311gi.m1c b 1 fir~ S1cp 111 111lonu1Qi1~1 on11lysu. ,But in iai,y ~!!ft8,t1Age.. there are many 101.!l'!dS th~n ne"e:r rontrnt 11"' Collowing...:skin deal• wi1h thil m;j-0< wlojt<:t or pll()t1ologir.>I :111(11,$ls.
2
tlr••
IP!•ul
ct•;'
Vo~nc
r/N,./J#I
1111111 (lt.'Catl
fd•Pl
~ 1 .. r Slt)Ce
•atwinc 1;oe·
rt••s'•
1~1;:n1t
~·r
~hltl.J $1111)n/kw\&~lcmur.i.ua tn Jllfl'IL"IC~"ltd Phu,:l~h
lbla:l
11cnm
of "Eng)iah. tJ1e two I& ire rftl'rf.!lit•fJlly c11rrcrcnt but i1\ 1he: .tOtJ1'd iys\C.111 of F.nglish. gi•on •~Ir phonetic simllroity, prerllcr.>.bk d1$tril)l111Qn "'1U noo· cotnruilvcness.~ttdy iare "hotwlqg1colly 1hc s:an-.c.
1:1
Phonemes and allophones
The ability lO gmup p11onc11ul\y dirtcrtnl sounds tOl•IMr into ooc cla"' i> shwcd by oll •pls p410111'1logkal k,.,wk a.. •ll'!/!1!Jlll'l!,..~~ .l!L eome_fl:IJ,1!'!'1~ dillr)btule$ymbols (or ft ifQS!hOOC$ ore cnl>nlc WAMOllOO is fooOc:\. every \p
l
1'f'hq
'I
I
c ''''">I•
con5:idM3ttnns
ptooeJ1.1res 10 d1J:caw.rthe phon0Jogtc11I in Yen I O"J o f-alo.ngu.ag,a... M oott.d in ~cakln 1.1. tcMin poue1t1s Qf dlo;trl\nadcn prcvcne JO~ SQund& tn 11 Lin1u:s1c: from ever Q01\tr:a'\tln3 wilh eru:h other. In ('11.tct like fhcsc, ...
ran owing ~·111fronl E"glish help 10 lllU11t>tethi1 point. /)
'lo:>
(doc•.not cxltl) (docs n01 <...lsO
•hope• •bate.'
•N, ••• ''" ... ,. th•l lh] and lo] do...,, cunl!o.ll(lwlng eumplcs 1how !hot 1bey do 001 contr0.<1 m Oaol po$it1011 1dd)e_r
2J
ltoul
l<19l JtJ1t9J
"long" ·~1ng· 'cbni'
•[lnh] '!11hl •[ktcchl
not
p
in tM
(l)l.11td 10
JOL,11,,J, artt nn;1ti · In cnt1}11h;:rncn111r, ~1 ~ill poti$ihlc., n"vmhctc)J, , 10
conU"G5\. It
l!
word 1rop.
So11'Clhoes"n £,nnlbh 1pc2kcr 1cl~
1he
~ni<:ulMlon ol 1hcsc wuilJs rortier forc~fll11y. lei us rm• sptokcr moy tcccr• th• •mcui.1011 cl~d for• momcnl lll'ttr u .. onieul:11lon: the d1ocrili" C'l C:M 1h11. Somupcnd pmducc I.he word AS (.stu?p•• TIHlt W'C een fhidJU n,11.lnce: pQtiunci:u~ or Jr#/': l•mpti (Slof). •Pd (;i.;i?pt Since 1bcrc ;, no dif(.,.cnce in ~.. mc:ining ol Com\$~ ru'N si•'lte !he nn.i.l conSON1.nt:'4 arc' pboocsi(i:llly J~mnar. WC suy U:~t tlte$6.sqund•:trc. tn frc~ •.arialX-11. and th:il 1hcy arc :..11 allopbilu.eso( tl11t pbooeroo/pl. "!Msnme p•U(I.II>' oCE•ill>h.
"'f"<-"'"'
fler°"'-W~ IQ OR 1D cxrun•nc in
l'fKJll'e dc~i\ 11\t p.'\U<:rnin,8Of phoneme:; and . ullopbo1*· ~~ ottw:rconslderotioJQ in dctctininiiig 1h(ir $r-MUJ in ;i "ingu•Je l'\1U$t he t:lken ln(O &ecoun,, So ra.r. WC h.aveseen 1h1'll ,, minltmJ p;Urlc:Jl ii Q qulilshclao1 "' ocp•ttll• phoneme• in a h1n1u11JC. [(the souitd-"I c:onunst 1hcy arc· mcmbtn-ot tlj(Te1e1H phonc~s. \Ve h•i,e al\o seen I h\tt Ircerutlu pft9M~ au y )inul 11r $0\,1 ndlfl are.QO nr:otHnu'li•i::aod io romplcmtnt:uy dlstribQLion. 1hc.y rnly be co"~idue.d olloi~~u(>I' O
'14.M11butiu11
'*JI
t't::1hy11u11.l.ll
phan~mc on " phott0logje\ll lt•cl or repte~nc:uinn. An lmpon11nt part of pluM1olo!1<•1 •noly!is deols with dlsoo...,,;ng 1ht phooeme1of1nn, .. , es ••d xtuunting for 1llophooio ••riuioo. S0
I
In LmfC , 1~t. ('I HI
,.,nc:
1.3
TI1c reolity of 1)11onrmu
PhuncmcJfllC·
rn~IO
1h:an convcn~nl
Ayrqbob
ro1 groups or :11lophon(·t.
form ot linguistic ltno-Nlcdg o\lopho"°'" 1h
phQAC~.... II is nol •urp,.Ulng. ro1 ClOln'f'IO, lh:>I En11i•h spod (ll, sin~• Iha< is ooly we /JI pll0f1•m<. CC11lly. orclli•~ symms oil ova 1he world isu~..- p'19,.,rli< vorbtl<>n 1.k•I b ru>i>~it~i11cttve AJ\Ol~H ~mnnMT.UionOf the t'01hly Of pbnnotogknl ~U) phOfl!liC d;>1ir.,•i- lies 1n Jpl> Ir rh~• (\Vo .,,uncr.. "" not conlrU!lli"" i111heir bngooge. In Ko«un. fot 111 Md [rJ""' allupooots or lhc '-'"'" phclncmc. ii •Snot 1WJ)(i
•pl""!'"•••
(doa 1wt ui>t) (docs 1\0tcri'O (lloeuiot ••Is•)
Th~otr- li5.!Ji coukl be e:ucndcd (or pa.se:s. bu1 m: m\nltMJ r.:ilrlnvolving (bl t1nd
tu1 rnuld nevc.r be fouf!d i11 Eo.g.li~h. Thlt I! btc::ou.e&he l\\l\) s(lunJ!; ote: In
compktocntory dtStributl°": lhl ntturs onl1 •Yll•bk·iniH~lly, [oll~wblc·linolly or l;l
•
•••mi>l•·
of Jap•uie~.e SOrf~limtl hnvc difficully m•J
'"'"'ii
p«AAiwd """"""'or hpnnue. iio« longt~ b) l1ni(u not ukd 10 dlllingutsh vow.is in Enalish (11.'ilh tho posi11blc e>c:eption ol C•l nnd IO!) cs in • V;~
•-
1
_J
I
~I
~J
r
I
f
I
L-1
I
I
1..=....l
~I
'
t--.f
,
l '
t-r
• l '
I
I
' I
11>0
ln•olVc
'
I
PHOMOlOGY ~ rHr '"NC TtON Atitli P.\T I fR,.UNC or SOl.H-IQS
lcne1h d<1Tcrencl:$ ix:lwecn •owcl• Ilk• f1:1 ••Id (1) 0< [u:) cnd (ul q11olhy dllTcn:necs).
, 71
1/ In Engll•h. liquid> nod gHdco h••• ..,.;
an(! •okcd allophonc.t cl3ewheco. CJn3scs :uirl g'1'1,,1,fi't-a.tion in phonology
Phonologi<.11 >flllly$iS pcrmhi m 10 >CC0\11~ lor lh
fngl!Jh .vowcls and gild~
\l~«d ond-.ikclw llllorhof>.,Q(!!nJll1hlfl
~
8
b-
lf((h
drip fro;:
1M111p
[b"•l Can.. J [clupl
[lrniJ
IJnrnpl
p,;,., ««? lnp
pny
!ppuJ [t(i:pJ
We will now a.'lflS{dicra~ ca11mple or rtioooloaic:•l patcemins ih1u ng:.oi1t n:rcn
to classer of rt.g~~s.. but which unlilcf! chc diaui 1.11 the previous 5tttiun. 1s DOl di>e lo ollophoAlc. variation. Our ex.1mplio in•olva ll:l1san or llnk,iog in Briti'ihEQgliah wbere havini two di11incc m~l 1'.llioocmc$ next lO c=i:ch 01her
•M~ IO be ovoidcd. Usu•lly. 011c of d1e npproxi~,.rtl• [r). UJ or (wJ ls Ieserted a> hnt the vowc.Ja. ffl.he- firsc vowel b not. high, :i Unl:..iu1r1s uKd.110Wl)vcr. lf tl>c lirsi v°"'1:1 l1 high,• &llde is inmtc:d l>c!Wc•n 1lie 1wo •owc!s. Such ,, glldo IOllds 10 b< •cry short. 11 is c0nm1iion•Hr rerrM•n«d l>y a mpcn
li;tP)
lP!"• I
The d31• $hQW ihol the qllupl\oot.< or l'.llgliJtUlllc tho1 lhen ls on I pbonc:mc ;,. En;lish .,.lh (•1 lt•<1J 1wo •llopllonu-on<: vnlcetl, thootll .uop tbctt. we would overlook an lrnpomnl po:htt, The phoncm<> lrl >nd tu h<>loni 10 the ,.me ctn.. of ioond1<= bQlh ""liq11/tl$;. By tokJJll lh11 infann1don lnlO OCC~un~ wt Clln IQIC 3 genornl (Oct •boul Englbh.
3)
TilbleJ.10
....
•fl.er voicclcss>1Qp< ond volrcd
m•pr &O•I ot phonologk•I descrir~ion 11 Ille lormul311(NI of tho OlOSt
te"eral tlruc1ncnta po1iuhle abQu1 50Und piaucrmi. Reference 10 c~ of segino~IS help$ •« ""'"'· T:cbleJ.3
VOiad allophaoc• o( l!n1Dsh 11;<1<>
bo!Ut)'
(bju:n]
•M:w
Tnblt3.9
,,.,(rid q,1lic.\c
Mu:J
ld•clJ l,..,•ml
dWoQ
l
[ro:l(or l<»ll {po:) (tt>:J (n1>J
"""
P•ir Allr
j;Willl
lhwxlc
lt"'<•I
1&.... •1
\\,iqlef" •l~bonctofEl'!,llfih rlide1t
·~·~J
IPJ"''[ld)
...
••m ,
l•o:
[kju 1)
Th•~• fonn• dcmanur.uc 111.l11ho COJUr!1$li1113lida ljl nnd/w( uoti p•11cm like 1be liquk.b-. \Ve esn now ~1tendovr ict11tndstotcmenl even furtJw:.r4
1>'<>1
6LU~
'"'"'"'' ,....1 l•i:J
JCC
...ii~
•k
l<>rl
U•
''" Jf!0\11' Gwen
F..n$1bl1ilo!oon
Urihngr
l'l~t
Jn Eng!l:, liq10J> hive yolccluo •ll~s alloph11no..tl5"when:.
A
Ckllfly. ollopl>Qnos do MC p•ucm pi
"''""'
!••.Ill IJ>Ul [•t.ul
nam111 ronriog
porrfn1 ftirrinJ,
t1«rf111
•tarin.a sc:c.i~
..-c111•ns
.-.. !Yfna Jllftlg
3UOW,DJ
....
Isl• r•~I
Jtar la
IP>.-noJ
"""'a.loud M1r"p
lr>:ru.Jt
[JU!n~J [rn•ri~J (.11..
nol
(sl~,,,,
"'" ~
KWt!Wf11
'We ct
'"""' (r.>"r (p), h0;r
mJ r ,,.:,n· :tfirual
•rl
ln,;ir :io f
(1.u'•1JJ
win wl1h•ll dc11p
It.~ •PJ
bQ "•!JI
~Anh11r
(su:"o:O>J
(>lno"roJ
lliic)w••
l~llU ...AJJ
fwct:f19J
l/au"•GI
di:ow r,
(wrif>:ll
u...-.1
The bth.'\Viou1 .or 1111/c/ng r ~quires r"rthcr dbcU!.~On ~tlSc il J.S matt. co<0plc1 1h10 ~"'1or Ibo rlnkl~S Slidts (wj •nd UJ. In"'" 0(1)0u()D·tonca/k r in en .. ironmc11rs where h Is ooc ro110,.,.,d by• vowd. AhhooJh \he idCl>of poslllnJ4• u•l()ciiy1ng /rl wltlch ;, sulJjcct 10 dcl«l"'1 i11 tho W()(ds h1 Tobie J.10 I• hi.11oric11lly comc:1. iii. noe 1hc bm woy of
,,,.1,,.,. , "
....... 11t-ll'lt «11'11 ,.,.,.,....,.., .. ,, ... '"' • " 1twt ., ...... of lhi.J.•n~ 1 h llQt r'l::sITTcu:_Jtp W•.t1tlS Iii.II ht-.1t.•rlictll) cnnlnifl(d 111 f'(J'I ,.(~"TJ;nt r for Wh1ch wt ~ncletlying Ir/ cz,n ~ 1notw:ucd. N ti\."Cn in jj l>tlow. J;pk/111
llJUI\ t1'• 11-. 1-h l11l11o1t1u• ul 1"'11"'"'
,,,i Ike
VO°
I ( f;uijllll' ill 1ltt.lMll
,_.t
sy)l.lhlcJ. :ind dtesc pdUtrf\,. o11c illu•tntcd 1n l·11i1>ft.' fo1ocrlc1I). rou11d In ck>l<:d "''e.«
r 11 used puxh1ct~vcly 10 pfe.tenL·d:.y BngllJh - eeeu in ~onte.(1.S where no pl31.d1htc source ar ~ hi~1oric:al or undcr1yin_1 (rl c~~li:, The epe.nthctic r observed here h. nM"f'l::a11y refetrtd to :u. an i11lr1t.riVf r. Tho iipproptWcnqa ofll11s lobcl is C$pedolly obvi01lO m borrowed and (ordgn ward~.
TeO!c vo,..ls ~round Ir\ open ~1tr::<cl\ldtd from $yl1•bl<> c!Q>c:
J)
(c11t;1 tt1lutu·1 (spa:t "'''•kS1
:JJJkri:ml l1111j:tm.tJ11:ipn m1I Ui Vltllld g:>o:>t :>n dell) l~k.ttlJrond:cko·) (w")rulQ[;lfl
b~n.Tn)!_
·e~n.1M Alkins• '$pQ tllU'ICI" I
'vanilla :lnd b:iMtut iee-eream'
•Mt Yam~hh:a 2nd me'
·sh~ '1s11ed Goo ond Delhi' •Aecr.1 • nd Oolul r'
tr we -Misume.. u we beve done in d-Uii: blloli. 1h:a1 Lhc Uabcn Nte lt1$¢11S a hn4Jqg r fn d\f 1ppraprRm: i:11vironme.n1.s (atAltd be.low in 6)), u.ll c;t~el of Doi.an Jnvol•ina lrJ cun ~ i=1nd Jn • unifom1 woy. reg>tdl.._, or whc1htt1Urt wal on unde:tlying woM.fJ111t Ir/ a.c so1nc poinl in \.he p.ua.
Fir(il, WhctaJ any kitMJ or~ C.JICc--pt itt.hwn tsee !C<:tJon 6.) o( Ch!iJMCf l) c.'ln occur in a ioeS:setl c-k).\ed 1yna1,rc. i.e .. one dun c:ndJ in a consQ:nllnI1 only ttftlC 'i'OWC)J Qrt ollowed le ~lcc»td open •1U11bld. i C., 0(10' lhll ead In :a VQWCI. Thu$. Wbc:rcQ"J 1nlnjm11I p.-in .•bowln.a lhc cwttJ'llJI bcrw«n (C'.n.$1C' ~I llP. VO..wd'I Cllft be rou11d i~ t~ rhJrd column (t{ Figllff l.4 Co'1crh:.ln wl1icl1 li:>S clost"d t:yll~btes.. 110 rninimiat p1\JS etan he Uxred in the rCMJnh c:OliJrt'\n which coqUli11t (lf)tA ~UM!cs. There only tr.ll!C "0¥i>''C'lS eeeer, Second. 3 see" in the: fl Uh colum.n. any l:lJ waWel <::1.C<:p!. ta) c~ occur tn Uy liable clO
ii)
a.. Wh.co l!.+,O YOWC!I$ "IC 1dj:t«JU. Il lhC- fiTSt h higl'I. ~I is pre.dic1cbly hnkcd 10 U\C vowel Lh..1J t.oUow-1 u. by 1n c.pc.nthcrlc glide th:.t h~J the .tan\C b'•kn.,~ ond rnunM 1•1 we find (I) mid o[to:r (u I
'" lul we find(").
b. '" "ln~lhlf C(W'lll!ltU non-hJgh YQ\VC(s .. e \11\ked hy It] lq tile ro11c.wln& wowd 1Thi$ 1'1 m>y clUtcr be: • •estigc or rhe tllowric:il [rJ whi
or nn l111nulvr
The d:wi In SI ond in Tuble ~ 10 whl
l:tnsu:i&e·-'P'-dric
p1twns
cen.;un e:1cmcnu Q1c fKtd~.)blt. under c
hts....c sl)t.l1,ut~ whou d•stritnuion l$.$lOl~le ill:) specific cnvU'On.1nc:11l once. ""'e know !hey ~lOf'li \,(t o.ar~I\ c-&1l.Ss Qr JOllacb. 'Y.'c can thUJ dnw (rorn !he d.!lt1 10 T.1ble J.10 the 1cne,.lil'!liMS Sl'11ed In ISJ "'h1ch OPl•ly «rl>lly 10 • mo11oph1hon1 ond to tM
:Ibo••
l•ngu•ge-W•clnc wri:lllon In
,-..!,hough 1ht: phcnUJnenf>ii o( ~Hophoult vnri::tl~ ia uni•cnt'I. the: p1ttalun1 orpl)on•m<• oll(Jfllln<1cs l1J1n&V>g•Mpt.Ctfi<. Wh•I""' discovu l•nguoiemay not hold U'.UC lor mlOlhet.
.,.d
ll ll not unu~uol rQ1 !'L"S31 \f'O'\l'd QJM)phoncs 1n oc:c:ur ncur :11 1'1-'l.CLI cccisort1u1t. bui. Ii 'f~c) 11 £hows. 1hcpll(WmiPC, m:ay •my fro111ltangu:igc10 l:niua.ge.
•Uophonic nasalizruion
W• will conclud• 1hc dl""''"tj" or phor.nl()llc:il clwe•
w;~,
o b
e,,1n1in::itiOt1 ur ltNlt and lux ¥Qwc1s. As v.e 1t1w 1n. sect~t' 6.l o( Oitptcr l. En&)i;h •OW
ra ......
ln\O~I (n~
(nt:ll 1.. a1
!Mil
........ 'b•f
'cloud' ·:,~r' JC'Clll('
0
l
-L
uo
1
1
l
-4
I
[
l
CONJ CM,,ORA•Y t,INCUIS.TtCS
J,,vr Vbtt't'l,r
/1/ /el
2 Trrue \.ln·~IJ
1rrr.srtd
11:1
I
4
Clowl
{O:.I
lo/
,,,.,,.~ 01)<•
syllables s;1tnbitr
•••
•ttlt
l>:I
/ul
f»:J
,.,',,,,"'',
l>u/
,.,,, '"'' ,,., luo/
l>o/
""'sod
,..,.,, kngih 1<111k
•p•
guanl
citrl
"'""'' or t;,ngJl\I"')
\000
b:ty buy b(>y
town
·.lllan:J weird go•rd
bo·.. (bead)
"Qr'
""°'
d""' ~
AA tlf:u shown in sccnon I :2, 1 phoncmJ~wrrtniSI it1 Oltc Lin1ua1c m:iy not
aPophonic cllstrlbutlon
nf ph.C'H'Jtmes m 111lophont~ may vary. A compmson of lhc conu"Uts 1monj:
prove U) be. a phonci.m.ic cocumst in another. This means thirt the relttliocuhlp uopc 1n Engfi1h and Khmer (C.mbodion) iUu>lratcs uus pwot (Tnble 3. l)i Jn bclh l•••uoga. :uplmed and unaspinoie~ cun ~ helld,
P"""''
~Iibut OM!Uttdbyafl'liooityofJr.AM ..
S"""5 Ot,ehc h11 onl ond nas•I vq-1 ollophonoa. Hen: we con '"""Ille
loU•""•c7/
or f~lowt'(f by n na!;!I
N T.ihlo ).1 l below helps m rnuunu•. M.iloy. a lol1gu1.10 >P'>i>:n in
M•l•~-1L1 ond Sina~. pracnts anolhcr v:tri.'uloo 011 the 1hcntc or l\luOI allophones.
•
Slop phor11e1'" E.npiihtrtd XtlD\cr
fltt/lsh
Kl:rtltt
!Pl IP'I !•I l... J
(pl
{kl
Pfto:dcd
'bovu:·
1'bll4• 3'IJ
G~iclie when
lhm>J
l.ingu'1~·sp~cl0c v~rbll<>11 In
"'"" (and 111Mw)
'~L'
In Molay. all "°well ond glides following• nuol con1onont >11d not ICpilrnlc
tuns (m •he non~
cool lnil lilc toil lone
(lrllbn) lrunlllll)
8)
raw
M.- h. u:nt•low:c ~ lf~lia!,d'if'~..IM'tl .,1mboQk-~et1t....,~ p?CtUnliollJ!h~,Ol"~d~t.)'flii>Oktl\Mi:nd.nf.n"tl~ir<: fbo1h~i1)' ltens.tl.W )ncfblgtlhclll1:""°"1 "fi./l/11Jfc/./J ""NJ tlt.r.illt... lhandtM.t 1M ~ """''P'' h~hN ""JlcJ, W .,,./ fw:I, f't~O" t«q.ioil'l'c..../,/ w, 11/. ltJI "'1'/vi~ )re mol'ti
conson•nt.
'lSCtlld' •ratbki'
Itere, all vo.,.11 and gtlda followu13 • """"' ~re p mo.cl>od. For Maloy ~... grncr.ili1.1tion i• :u follow•.
b•nk
fur
cord could
Scnts
fJt11.l.t; 'l
Jm5rahl
Rgulnbut""1d1CNemlbnaw•k
Vuwcts ere n»nl 1n
•ru1urious·
(11\t.,X.lhJ (mBjl9)
ring
~UI {3:J
:r
S)#oblrs cloud by (/JI
(MSIM:IOJ
11c~ her
llY.1
,,,,.,
3
lk"I
lJi"I l•I t•'I (kl (le'!
In Enttlim ,.spir:ucd and un11pinwcd s1op1 urc nlloyJwnict thtu ere orco•Hruting (oons hl
•1owllh' •10 Jupport . '1ocaf
·,i_,.,.. 'be sulfoc;kd' 'P)palh·h
The phonoJOAIC11il COACIWU tn the \WO htn1u11ges llfC different. CYf"'ll !hou5I the phonc:s arc not (FiJure 3.~ o>
"
f'f11t1 '
/pl
/\ (pl
We ''~'"... er.111htllhcd ti. scg1r1crtt:1.I unit ot pho(J(tlog1cal an;i~~h(';tlltd abe pho1i~n o!Cd '"'" r~r •ll r.. ult rrcn1 woJ111onlns b7 ncishl,ourin~ ••sm••"· n1e ·~•mplesof ollop!>1yll•l>lt •
AtOVE THI! S'G!-i fN r. jYLlABt.(S
IP'l
... , Defining, lhe syllable
3 _.HON(TIC
.ANO
PHONEMIC
1 RAN.SCK.IP'TION
H•vir•s
$CC.fl
bow nQn~di11lncdve: propenie.1
o(
se-gml!11!5
ail!
Catl01etl 001 by
phooologlcol oncly£i1. we egnic<~•I J111oni>logial reprucnmuon w11h pbonelic tnmscrlp
·nwe ll}'ll:Wic IS C
HucltOS (U!LUOlly a VOW'llJ •nd bl U...Cioted non·JYtlllbic ~mc1u1. N:aHve 1it)eakctS of v. lcmJuAJe dt~nstrate their tl"''llfCHts.$ or 1hl1 UDI\ of p\100010gk'11Jltvcture wl1e11eVU they coutr1,,syJl~blu In• wOfd No Enghlh spdll soy lhAL tho"""" 11ccld••• h., Utt•• syll>blcs. aod 1~0<1 spolllcct> wwld feel coofidcnt d1•1 it c.ould be brokcu up tn~ die •yRobles /t syllobl<$ h•.¥C lnu:rolll 1IS wcll.11 .. orgnnlr..otlon of uylloblc iubown in ngun: 3.6 wid1 IM "''"""'lll•~·· E•g.liSb w<>nl1,on111.
------Jt\ 0
't'DblcJ.15 T'hancdc and pfiolM!tn.io 1,a1ti1cripdoa
o ... ~(O)
Pr«illcJflbft li"'fUtl)'tJJ Ho/
Pltntlttk
Nioncnal(
rrrft!Jrttt~J .inpMH~iu.,..c
tl'GIU<'l1J'lf~
ff'OftSCrlpuon •'lird
ffllfU~rlpt""'
'"'""
votc:el&N:l' cf1Jquld voi<
11>!>&11
(ll!l·pJ
,,..,.,,
ll<'t'l~I
i•«I
/l:ri;pl
fkwik/ ncil fuudl
ploull1 Ctet:p
.,.kk
tlolcc.lcal'M:1fvr ,r~
let tltd
iarit11llQJl
TI1a c:ontraStbel'Y«n phon~ic md phQftcrt~ tcpitt5eolOdon ht ewcn man:
$1r'iklng for tho Molay forms 11•~· Cllrller. "' thown I• T•ble 3.16. whctc M.<>lruuon on •II •owd •~ &lido sesmems ls prcdlw.blc nnd is lbercfotc omlll
Pl"'"""'k
PM/k111.'6tc plf'f)~rryl1I 1wr !'fPr'C'Unftd'" fH'o~mk
1nm.1cn.,ti(An tn11.xrfPl{(M
IV.'11
(m~hl
/maJialtl
'lua\lriou&' '1t.:1.dt'
11:is.1lh.:n5on rt~Uudon
"1••71
'uccnd'
nllnfiPQOl'I
)"11)1nl
Jn~fll
/n'ICW:Ut/
1n1rJrn/f11on
~·=
flgure H
(RJ
.
Nucle"-<(N(//~O
/l\ $
Rh)1nc
I
p
'
/\
'
~-"""""'"' u>'->bie. A compicto:de$Criplion or tbc mu:rn•l .,ru<:itn of• •ylloble ""!illra (our t•b~yll1lb1c unlf.1 The nucleus (nbbrc\llntcd N) 1< tbb ;yll•bk'• onlJ obll&•tllli' n•:inber. It Is a syllnbio •loment thll\ ro.rmt lh• lc Th rh)'111e (ll.),. m•d• up (I{ the nutlcus 111~ 1l"'coda. Th.. onso• (0) i.$ IN'!Jeup o( l.hoKcl~n~enu: th:'lJ rrectde tJu; .rhy1ne ln the snmc $~1\;ib~ We:wutne \he ir'
or •hem Is 1he foot thot •p,,.kcrs do 1"" syll•bify -..i. in rnndom or vouiuble Wll)ll. Tlte word t~ttcn:te lc:btri·u\/ would never be: syUablnerl 11:1 /c. k$lrl:nV lnstc:ld. l)'H:\bles comply with cam.in <:Qfl$lrAints 1h:a1 prohibit "1et1\ (in E•Jlisbl from lx:&imrin& wi1h ~ scqucooe 111<$ l!tr ond $0 1esult ln the sytt•l>lfication/ck. stri:ml 1,,l)i, oJ/ ld1.l
/ck.Jptc.•"' /ln\,pr
~w
-lppha..•11 dec11flC' ~pl:.J,; lmptO"""
l 84
cor .. l(Mf'O&t\kYlU.fG\JISTICS Constf":\inu c:=n be sm.c.dt for ~:u:h ftf 1he tennln:11 sub3yll:ibJC unitf O. N. ood C. To i1t~1rn1e 1hi~. wo jum 10 rliti constr.\in~ tho• govern t}le phonologlc•l •b:rpeof 011>cts in Engll•h.
Onset cnnslrainls and phonoloctlo
f•
p 1
{k
{(I) r
(w)
l'luo:leus
j
N41iWI 'pt:ikt~ or :any l.;tn11.1i.gt lnHtltively k.now thnl (crtOin .,.ou;IJ thlt
come Irem 01hu l>ngtl.'lg.. $0U•d unu1ual ond ibcy olko oJiust rbe $Cgnie•1t 5ttjUtlltt1 or tl'iCKC WO~ 10 canfonn with lhc pr-Onuncii)liOI' 1oquite1nfµHl or eh.cir own J:ingn:agc. These. lowidons 11rc. buc/J ot1 a (acit knowl~ge of the ptrmls.~Jblc !yllnble st:rucrures t>f 01e speak.er~ own hma:u::iie For timplc.. l!nglah·tpoaking 11ucleru.< lc:lming Ru .. 1an hove diffi<11lly prl)T>Ql•noine ~ word llkc vpmg {fpokl 'v•l•c.good', •in(C11rl i~ never l'ound In l;ngll!h anm1. Since &pclll eee, "'1sli•b •pc.Xet• wo11ld pronounce. die !luu1on word lfpr>k] H ((oprok). or evon l\d uy (pro~I in ord<:r to 1dJu•t Ilic 1rnpcm1i,.iloc ><~""P"" frr 10 n pcnnl~lhlc EP11iJt'I osi1ct. fbon2t11f-lk< d1e..sff tJI_ constaict.un _bo.w_tcqucncca...a! ~I""'"" Jl!!tlttn. form~ p |