Compatibilitate electromagnetica

UNIVERSITATEA UNIVERSITATEA “POLITEHNICA” BUCUREŞTI FACULT FACULTA ATEA DE ELECTR E LECTROTEH OTEHNICĂ NICĂ

COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICĂ APLICATII LA CONVERTOARE STATICE DE PUTERE

PROIECTUL LEONARDO DA VINCI NR. RO / 98 / 2 / 06466

OCTAVIAN POPESCU POPESCU PROF. MIHAI OCTA

COMPATIBILITA COMPATIBILITATE TE ELECTROMAGNETICĂ ELECTROMAG NETICĂ

Aplicatii la con!"toa"!l! #tatic! $! p%t!"!

- CONŢINUT &. Int"o Int"o$%c $%c!" !"!! ' conc! conc!pt! pt! (%n$a (%n$a)! )!nta ntal! l!

& 2

2. *tan *tan$a" $a"$! $! $! co co)p )pati ati+il +ilit itat at!! !l!c !l!ct" t"o) o)a, a,n! n!tic tic--

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&& . P!"t% P!"t%"+a "+ai iii !l!c !l!ct"o t"o)a )a,n! ,n!ti tic! c! $! co con$% n$%c ci! i!

&

& 4. P!"t% P!"t%"+a "+ai iii t"an t"an#) #)i#! i#! p"in p"in in$%c in$%ci! i! 1i "a$i "a$ia ai! i!

2

&8 . *t%$ii $! ca3

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22 6. Conc ncl% l%33ii (inal!

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2 . i+lio,"a(i!

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24

2

COMPATIBILITA COMPATIBILITATE TE ELECTROMAGNETICĂ ELECTROMAG NETICĂ


Cap. 1 INTRODUCERE – CONCEPTE FUNDAMENTALE Co)pati+ilitat!a !l!ct"o)a,n!tic- !#t! o $i#ciplin- i)p%#- 5n %lti)!l! $o%- $!c!nii ca o con#!cin- a c"!1t!"ii !7plo3i! a n%)-"%l%i $! $i#po3iti! 1i apa"at! apa"at! !l!ct"ic! 1i !l!ct"onic! !l!ct"onic! 1i a int!"aci%ni int!"aci%niii $int"! ac!#t!a. A#t(!l %n !cipa)!nt !l!ct"ic #a% !l!ct"onic !#t! #%p%# %n!i a,"!#i%ni a,"!#i%ni !l!ct"o) !l!ct"o)a,n!tic a,n!tic!: !: $! c-t"! #%"#!l! $! p!"t%"+aii p!"t%"+aii $in )!$i%l #-% a)+iant 1i (%nciona"!a (%nciona"!a ac!#t%ia ac!#t%ia poat! (i a(!ctata(!ctat- )ai )%lt #a% )ai p%in. P! $! alt- pa"t! !cipa)!nt%l !l!ct"ic p"o$%c! !l 5n#%1i p!"t%"+aii ca"! a(!ct!a3a(!ct!a3- alt! !cipa)!nt! 1i apa"at! !l!ct"ic!.

1 .1 .

Definiţii

Me!" Me!" a#$!a a#$!a%& %& e'e( e'e(&) &)*# *#a+ a+%e %e&!( &!( "!p" "!p"!3 !3int int-- an an#a #a)+ )+l%l l%l (!no)!n!lo" !l!ct"o)a,n!tic! ca"! !7i#t- 5nt";o 3on- #paial- an%)!. S!,&e# S!,& e# e'e( e'e(&) &)!( !(
COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICĂ


Fig. 1 – Sistemul Electic !i s"#ţiul $nc%n&u't%

I%&e)e)e%/ e'e(&)*#a+%e&!(/ I ' El!ct"o)a,n!tic Int!"(!"!nc!= !#t! %n p"oc!# $! t"an#(!" n!$o"it $! !n!",i! !l!ct"o)a,n!tic- $! la o #%"#- la %n !cipa)!nt !l!ct"ic. R!3%ltat%l %n%i (!no)!n $! int!"(!"!n- !#t! o pe)&")$a!e ' a$ic- a(!cta"!a (%ncion-"ii no")al! a apa"at%l%i icti)-:.

C*#pa&!$!'!&a&ea E'e(&)*#a+%e&!(/ C ' El!ct"o)a,n!tic Co)pati+ilit? = !#t! aptit%$in!a %n%i #i#t!) !l!ct"ic $! a (%nciona co"!ct 5n )!$i%l #-% !l!ct"o)a,n!tic a)+iant (-"- a p"o$%c! la "@n$%l #-% p!"t%"+aii a#%p"a alto" !cipa)!nt! $in ac!#t )!$i%. E(!ct!l! int!"(!"!n!lo" !l!ct"o)a,n!tic! pot (i $! )%lt! (!l%"i $! la o #i)pl- p!"t%"+ai! a#%p"a i)a,inii $! la t!l!i3o" p@n- la o !"oa"! #!)ni(icati- 5nt";o op!"ai! $! t"an#(!" $! $at! #a% 1i )ai ,"a ' $i#t"%,!"!a %n%i !cipa)!nt !l!ct"onic #!n#i+il. I#"%!&a&ea %n%i !cipa)!nt !#t! aptit%$in!a $! a (%nciona co"!#p%n3-to" 5n p"!3!na %n!i int!"(!"!n!. S",(ep&!$!'!&a&ea "!p"!3int- pi!"$!"!a i)%nit-ii. Bn (i,%"a 2 #! p"!3int- o a+o"$a"! cantitati- p! !"tical- #%nt in$icat! int!n#it-il! (!no)!n!lo" #p!ci(icat! $! no")!.

4



Fig. ( – Ni)ele c%m"#ti*ilit'ţii elect%m#gnetice

N!0e'"' e !#"%!&a&e !#t! aloa"!a in$icat- $! no")! p!nt"% 5nc!"ca"!a $! i)%nitat! la ac!#t ni!l !cipa)!nt%l t"!+%i! #(%ncion!3! +in!. N!0e'"' e pe)&")$a!e
V V +, µ V H = 20 l, V 0

<&.&= %n$! V0  &GV.

Valoa"!a $! "!(!"in- !#t! $! & µV 1i #! in$ical-t%"i $! %nitat!a $! )-#%"- $µV. 



Not- ' %nitat!a $! )-#%"- !#t! $!n%)it- !l 5n cin#t!a in,in!"%l%i J"aa) !ll ' in!ntato"%l t!l!(on%l%i &0 !l  & $ - C%"!nt%l I I+, µ AH = 20 l,

I I 0

<&.2=

%n$! I0  &GA. c@)p%l !l!ct"ic

-

E I+, µ V / mH = 20 l,

E E 0

<&.=

%n$! E0  &GV/). c@)p%l )a,n!tic

-

H I +, µ A / mH = 20 l,

H H 0

<&.4=

K!"! 0  &GA/). -

p%t!"!a !l!ct"ic-

P P +, µ - H = &0 l, P 0

<&.=

K!"! P0  &GM. Utili3a"!a ac!#to" %nit-i $! )-#%"- !it- ci("!l! p"!a )a"i 1i #i)pli(ic- an%)it! calc%l!.

6



1.(. ANAI/A DE COMPATI,IITATE EECT0OMANETIC2 Fi! #c!)a ,!n!"al- p"!3!ntat- 5n (i,%"a . *%"#a $! p!"t%"+aii !#t! ca"act!"i3at- $! ni!l%l $! !)i#i! P$H. F!no)!n%l $! p"opa,a"! p"o$%c! o an%)! at!n%a"! a p!"t%"+aiilo" $! aloa"! A$H.

Fig. 3 – Sc4em# gene#l' # "etu*#ţiil%

Ni!l%l i)%nit-ii !cipa)!nt%l%i #t%$iat !#t! I> $H . *cop%l anali3!i $! co)pati+ilitat! 5l con#tit%i! !al%a"!a )a"!i $! co)pati+ilitat! E>C"  in@n$ cont $! c!l! $! )ai #%# "!3%lt- E>C"  I) ' C" 20$ <"!co)an$a+il 40÷60 $= (*#pa&!$!'!&a&ea e,&e a,!+")a&/ $3 $ac- E>C" 20$ at%nci )a"a n% !#t! #%(ici!nt-. Bn ac!#t ca3 #! )ai poat! n%ana $!ci3ia c = $ac- E>C" 20$ 1i $%"ata p!"t%"+ai!i !#t! #c%"t- #! con#i$!"- c- !7i#t- o (*#pa&!$!'!&a&e pa)!a' a,!+")a&/  $= $ac- E>C" 20$ at%nci #! !al%!a3- "i#c%"il! 5nt"%c@t (*#pa&!$!'!&a&ea %" e,&e a,!+")a&/. *! ia% $! o+ic!i )-#%"i p!nt"% a #! a#i,%"a ac!a#ta.

Ca)a(&e)!4a)ea !#"%!&/!! *%nt 4 c"it!"ii $! p!"(o")an- p!nt"% a c%anti(ica i)%nitat!a 1i an%)! A ' #i#t!)%l (%ncion!a3- (ia+il (-"- !"o"i #a% p!"t%"+aii (%ncional!  ' #i#t!)%l (%ncion!a3- co"!ct $%p- p"o+- $a" 5n ti)p%l p"o+!i pot apa"! !"o"i #a% $!"ana)!nt! 



C ' #i#t!)%l !#t! t!)po"a" $!"anat $%p- p"o+- !l poat! (i "!p%# 5n (%nci%n! )an%al #a% a%to)at p"in "!#!ta"! D ' #i#t!)%l !#t! co)pl!t $!"anat 1i $!ci !l !#t! $!(!ct $!(initi 1.3.

MECANISME DE CUPA5

Int!"(!"!na !#t! "!p"!3!ntat- $! %n t"an#(!" n!int!nionat $! !n!",i! !l!ct"o)a,n!tic- !(!ct%l (!no)!n%l%i $! int!"(!"!n- !#t! p!"t%"+aia. T"an#(!"%l !n!",i!i #! poat! (ac! p! $o%- c-i - p"in con$%ci! $!;a l%n,%l %no" con$%ctoa"! co)%n! p"in "!!a #a% p-)@nt - p"in "a$iai! 5nt"%c@t %n con$%cto" pa"c%"# $! c%"!nt poat! (i p"iit 1i ca o ant!n- in!"# !l poat! (%nciona ca o ant!n- $! "!c!pi!. >o$%l $! t"an#)i#i! al p!"t%"+ai!i !#t! n%)it 1i #e(a%!,# e ("p'a #a% p! #c%"t ("p'a. Ap)*5!#a!a e *a,/ )e(0e%/ #! "!(!"- la o an%)! co"!lai! $i)!n#i%n!;("!c!n-. Dac- $i)!n#i%n!a ca"act!"i#tic- a !cipa)!nt%l%i in!#ti,at !#t! )ai )ic- $!c@t l%n,i)!a $! %n$- 3 "!3%lt- o l%n,i)! $! &0 ) a ca+l%"ilo" $!ci %n #i#t!) $! )-#%"a"! $i#t"i+%it la $i#tan! $! ÷&0 ) n% poat! (i t"atat ca o #c!)- c% !l!)!nt! conc!nt"at! $!c@t $ac- l%c"!a3- la ("!c!n! )ici < < &0÷20 3=. O alt- concl%3i! !#t! c8



%n +anal ca+l% $! "aco"$ la "!!a $! & ÷2 ) poat! (i ant!n- $! "!c!pi! #a% !)i#i! p!nt"% ("!c!n! $! &0 ÷200 >3.

Pe)&")$a!!'e &)a%,#!,e p)!% (*%"(!e #! 5nci$ p"in ci"c%it!l! $! ali)!nta"! <"!!a%a co)%n- )ai )%lto" !cipa)!nt!=p"in l!,-t%"il! la p-)@nt al! ca"ca#!lo" )!talic! #a% p"in con!7i%nil! 5nt"! $i(!"it! !cipa)!nt! "!#p!cti 5nt"! t"a$%ctoa"! 1i %nit-il! $! aci3ii!. *! con#i$!"- #it%aia !cipa)!nt%l%i "!p"!3!ntat 5n (i,%"a 4 . Un (!no)!n $! int!"(!"!n- 5n a"ia a1%"at-
Fig. 7 – Sc4eme ti"ice #le "etu*#ţiil% "in c%n+ucţie

O lat- #it%ai! !#t! ac!!a 5n ca"! c%"!nt%l $! p!"t%"+ai! Ic) ci"c%l- 5n ac!la1i #!n# p"in con$%ctoa"!l! $! (a3- 1i $! n%l ia" cal!a $! 5ntoa"c!"! !#t! p-)@nt%l. Bn ac!#t al $oil!a ca3 p! i)p!$ana $! #a"cin- apa"! %n #!)nal p!"t%"+ato". 9



V i = I cm < / # − / * =

<&.= Qa 1i Q+ (iin$ i)p!$an!l! 5nt"! con$%ctoa"! 1i p-)@nt. P!"t%"+aia #! n%)!1t! e #* (*#"% <5n ac!la1i tact=.

Pe)&")$a!!'e &)a%,#!,e p)!% )a!a!e *! con#i$!"- %n $i#po3iti $! )ici $i)!n#i%ni ca"! p"o$%c! %n c@)p !l!ct"o)a,n!tic ac!#ta poat! (i p"iit ca %n $ipol !l!ct"ic #a% )a,n!tic a1a c%) #! a"at- 5n (i,%"a .

Fig.8 – Di"%li !i c%%+%n#te

Co)pon!nt!l! c@)p%l%i !l!ct"o)a,n!tic 5n p%nct%l P #%nt %")-toa"!l! 9 2 π 0 2 I 0 #in θ  & &  − &9 & + H θ = − e − 2 2    4π  &9 9   <&.8= &9 π 0 2 I 0 co#θ  &  − &9 & +  H  = e 2   2π  &9  <&.9= &0


E Φ

=


/ 0 9 2 π 0 2 I 0 #in θ  4π



 − &9 & + &  e   &9 

<&.&0=

C% "!(!"i"! la coo"$onat!l! " ϕ θ. Concl%3iil! "!(!"itoa"! la c@)p%l "a$iat #%nt ; a)plit%$in!a co)pon!nt!lo" $!pin$! !#!nial $! $i#tana " $! la $ipol. T!")!nii 5n &/" #a% &/"S #%nt p"actic n!,lia+ili la $i#tan! c! $!p-1!#c /2. Qona <"  /2= !#t! $!n%)it- 3on-  e (6#p 7%ep/)&a&: 1i %n$a !l!ct"o)a,n!tic- poat! (i con#i$!"at- plan- ; Bn 3ona e (6#p ap)*p!a&: <"  /2= "a$iaia !#t! ca"act!"i3at- $! alo"i "i$icat! al! int!n#it-ii c@)p%l%i !l!ct"ic 1i )a,n!tic
E θ / H ϕ = / 0 = Ω

<&.&&=

a1a c%) #! a"at- 5n (i,%"a 6.

Fig.: – Im"e+#nţ# #eului

&&



Bn 3ona ap"opiat- a %n%i $ipol $! tip E a!)

/ E =

& E θ / 0 = = H Φ 9 2πε f

<&.&2=

i $!ci i)p!$ana $! %n$- ! )ai )a"! ca Q0. Bn ca3%l $ipol%l%i  i)p!$ana $! %n$ / H

-

-

=

E Φ H θ

= / 9 = 2πµ f 0

<&.&=

E#t! )ai )ic- $!c@t Q0. (!no)!n!l! $! in$%ci! )a,n!tic- 1i !l!ct"ic- pot (i #t%$iat! p"int"; o a+o"$a"! $! tip p)*$'e#/ e (6#p "!#p!cti p"int";%n #*e' e (!)("!& %tili3@n$ in$%ctiitat!a )%t%al- "!#p!cti capacitat!a )%t%al-. F!no)!n!l! $! "a$iai! 5n 3ona $! c@)p 5n$!p-"tat pot (i #t%$iat! c% a%to"%l a+o"$-"ii $! tip "a$iot!nic-
1.7. DESC0IE0EA SEMANEO0 ;N DOMENIU TIMP
f
∞

∞

∑ # co# nω t + ∑ * #in nω t n

n

n =&

n =&

<&.&4=

%n$!

& T 2 #0 = ∫ f
∫

<&.&= <&.&6= <&.&=

P!nt"% %n #!)nal t"ap!3oi$al #i)!t"ic a"-tat 5n (i,%"a &2 #! o+in


#n =


2 At 4 #in 64 #in 6 ⋅ ⋅ T 64 6

64

=

nπ t 4

6

=

nπ t 

T

T

<&.&8=

Fig.> – Semn#l t#"e?%i+#l

*p!ct"%l #!)nal%l%i !#t! a"-tat 5n (i,%"a 8  !l !#t! %n #p!ct"% $! linii c! poat! (i ap"o7i)at c%  5n(-1%"-to"i %na o"i3ontal- %na #c-3-toa"! c% '20$/$!c 1i %na #c-3-toa"! c% '40 $/$!c.

Fig.@ – S"ectul +e semn#l

Ac!a#t- linia"i3a"! !#t! !7t"!) $! %til- 5n p"actic- $in ca%3- c5n )%lt! ca3%"i o $!#c"i!"! !7t"!) $! !7act- n% ! n!c!#a"-. In!"# $ac- !#t! c%no#c%t #p!ct"%l %n%i 3,o)ot 1i $ac- ac!#ta poat! (i ap"o7i)at p"in linia"i3a"! p%nct!l! $! int!"#!ci! al! $"!pt!lo" #%nt (  &/t 1i ("  &/t" . Bn ac!#t )o$ #! !al%!a3- 5n )o$ #i)pl% ti)p%l $! c"!1t!"! 1i $%"ata )!$i! a #!)nal%l%i t"ap!3oi$al co"!#p%n3-to". &



Cap. 8 STANDARDE DE COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICĂ *tan$a"$!l! $! co)pati+ilitat! !l!ct"o)a,n!tic- #%nt !la+o"at! $! )ai )%lt! o",ani#)! a#t(!l ;CEI ' Co)i#ia El!ct"ot!nic- Int!"naional- ca"! !)it! no")!l! CEI aplicat! 5n toat- l%)!a ;CI*PR ' Int!"national *p!cial Co))itt!! (o" Ra$io!l!ct"ical In)t!"(!"!nc! ca"! !)it! no")!l! CI*PR ;CENELEC ' E%"op!an Co))i##ion (o" No")ali#ation  ca"! !)it! no")!l! EN aplica+il! 5n CEE


C@t!a !7!)pl! $! no")! #%nt in$icat! 5n c!l! c! %")!a3- CI*PR && ' Li)it! 1i )!to$! $! )-#%"a"! al! "a$ioint!"(!"!n!lo". Ca"act!"i#tici al! !cipa)!nt!lo" in$%#t"ial! 1tiini(ic! 1i )!$ical! $! "a$io ("!c!nCI*PR &2 ' Li)it! 1i )!to$! $! )-#%"a"! al! int!"(!"!n!lo". Ca"act!"i#tici al! #i#t!)!lo" $! ap"in$!"! al! )otoa"!lo" !ic%l!lo" CI*PR & ' Li)it! 1i )!to$! $! )-#%"a"! al! int!"(!"!n!lo" p"o$%#! $! "!c!ptoa"!l! $! #%n!t 1i t!l!i3i%n! CI*PR &4 ' Li)it! 1i )!to$! $! )-#%"a"! al! int!"(!"!n!lo" p"o$%#! $! apa"at!l! !l!ct"oca#nic! #c%l!l! po" CI*PR & ' Li)it! 1i )!to$! $! )-#%"a"! al! int!"(!"!n!lo" "a$io ca"act!"i#tic! l-)pilo" (l%o"!#c!nt! 1i co"p%"ilo" $! il%)inat CI*PR &6 ' #p!ci(icaii CI*PR p!nt"% )-#%"a"!a int!"(!"!n!lo" "a$io apa"at! 1i )!to$! $! )-#%"a"! CI*PR & ' >!to$! $! )-#%"a"! a ca"act!"i#ticilo" $! at!n%a"! a (ilt"!lo" pa#i! $! int!"(!"!n! "a$io 1i a co)pon!nt!lo" #%p"!#oa"!.

&



*!"ia $! no")! ,!n!"al! CEI 1i EN IEC &000;&

J!n!"alit-i D!(initii

EN 6&000;& IEC &000;2

D!#c"i!"!a )!$i%l%i !l!ct"o)a,n!tic

EN 6&000;2 IEC &000;

Li)it!
EN 6&000; IEC &000;4

>!to$! 5nc!"ca"! 1i )-#%"a"!

EN 6&000;4 IEC &000;

Ji$ $! in#tala"!

EN 6&000;

&6



Cap. 9 PERTURBA:II ELECTROMAGNETICE DE CONDUC:IE P!"t%"+aiil! !l!ct"o)a,n!tic! $! con$%ci! #%nt t"an#)i#! $! la #%"#- la apa"at%l icti)- p"in (i"! ca+l%"i con$!n#atoa"! $! c%pla !tc.

3.1. Suse +e "etu*#ţii +e c%n+ucţie J!n!"a"!a 1i p"opa,a"!a p!"t%"+aiilo" $! con$%ci! !#t! (oa"t! $i(icil $! in!#ti,at 5nt"%c@t toat! !l!)!nt!l! $! ci"c%it pa"a3it! oac- %n "ol i)po"tant. *%"#!

$!

(!no)!n!

t"an3ito"ii

#%nt

$i#po3iti!l!

#!)icon$%ctoa"! $! p%t!"!. Un$!l! $! c%"!nt 1i t!n#i%n! n% p"o$%c int!"(!"!n! !l!ct"o)a,n!tic!
!l!ct"o)a,n!tic!

i)plic-

!n!",i!

!l!ct"o)a,n!tic- $! 5nalt- ("!c!n- 1i o p"opa,a"! a ac!#t!ia 5n #t"%ct%"a ci"c%it%l%i.

&



Ci"c%it%l tipic i$!al al %n%i con!"to" 5n "!,i) $! co)%tai! n% a ca%3a int!"(!"!n! !l!ct"o)a,n!tic! at@ta ti)p c@t n% #%nt con#i$!"at! !l!)!nt!l! pa"a3it! $! o"$in #!c%n$ ca"! #%nt "!#pon#a+il! p!nt"% int!"(!"!n!l! $! con$%ci!. Con#i$!"@n$ o #ta"! $at- a %n%i ci"c%it an%)! !7i#t- !n!",i! 5n)a,a3inat- 5n capacit-il! <)ici= pa"a3it! al! #!)icon$%ctoa"!lo" 5n capacitat!a pa"a3it- int!";#pi"! a +o+in!lo" 1i t"an#(o")atoa"!lo" 1i 5n !n!",ia )a,n!tic- $ato"atin$%ctiit-ii l!,-t%"ilo" 1i con!7i%nilo" $! ci"c%it. O #ci)+a"! 5n #ta"!a $! co)%tai! a ci"c%it%l%i c!"! $! a#!)!n!a ca !n!",iil! ac!#to" !l!)!nt! pa"a3it! #- #! #ci)+!. Ac!a#ta 5n#!a)n- 5nc-"ca"!a 1i $!#c-"ca"!a capacit-ilo" pa"a3it!. F"!c!n!l! nat%"al! $! o#cilai! !7citat! $! ac!#t! !n!",ii p"!c%) 1i $!#c-"c-"il! "!3i#ti! p"o$%c ac!#t! int!"(!"!n!. Fi,%"a 9 p"!3int- o #t"%ct%"- $! +a3- $! con!"to" 5n "!,i) $! co)%tai!. C!l%la $! co)%tai! p"o$%c! p%l#%"i $! c%"!nt <$! !7!)pl% con!"to"%l +%cW= #a% $! t!n#i%n! <$! !7!)pl% con!"to"%l +oo#t= $a" int!"(!"!n!l! #%nt p"o$%#! $! !7i#t!na !l!)!nt!lo" pa"a3it! <$! !7!)pl% capacit-i #a% alt!l!=.

&8



Fig. – Suse +e "etu*#ţii elect%m#gnetice +e c%n+ucţie

A(e,&e e'e#e%&e pa)a4!&e; ,(
3.(. Influenţ# im"e+#nţei c%mune Do%- #a% )ai )%lt! oci%"i pa"c%"#! $! c%"!nt ca"! a% o po"i%n! $! con$%cto" co)%n- <$! !7!)pl% %n con$%cto" $! )a#-=pot (i 5n #it%aia $! int!"(!"!n-. Fi! #c!)a #i)pli(icat- a ci"c%it!lo" $in (i,%"a &0 5n #it%aia ap"o7i)ai!i $! oa#- ("!c!n-. C!l! $o%- ci"c%it! & 1i 2 a% po"i%n!a $! con$%cto" A co)%n-.

&9



Fig.1B – C%n+uct% c%mun

*! con#i$!"- ci"c%it%l & ca (iin$ ca%3a int!"(!"!n!lo" !l!ct"o)a,n!tic! #%"#a U& p"o$%c! c%"!nt%l I& 1i $!ci o c-$!"! $! t!n#i%n! p! i)p!$ana Qc. Ac!a#ta p"ooac- la "@n$%l !i o t!n#i%n! $! p!"t%"+ai! U&2 p! "!3i#t!na $! #a"cin- RL2 $in c!l $!;al $oil!a ci"c%it. E#t! #i)pl% $! calc%lat aloa"!a t!n#i%nii $! int!"(!"!n- U 2& U &

≅

/ c 0  2

( 0& + 0 & )( 02 + 0  2 )

<.&= N!,li@n$ la n%)ito" aloa"!a Qc )%lt )ai )ic- $!c@t R& X RL& o" R2 X RL2.

Rapo"t%l #!)nal;3,o)ot !#t! U 2 0& + 0 & U 2 ≅ ⋅ U 2& / c U & Fi! %n !7!)pl% n%)!"ic  R &  R L&  0 Y Qc  0& Y U 2 U & = &0−2 1i "!3%ltat%l !#t! U 2 = &0 = 20+, U 2&

<.2= <.= <.4=

<.=

P!nt"% an%)it! aplicaii o a#t(!l $! aloa"! %" e ,"!(!e%&/> 20



C*%('"4!! • Int!"(!"!na $ato"at- %n!i i)p!$an! co)%n! !7i#t- $ac- o po"i%n! $! ci"c%it !#t! pa"taat- $! $o%- ci"c%it! #i)%ltan • P!nt"% ("!c!n! 5nalt! i)p!$ana con$%cto"%l%i co)%n poat! (i i)po"tant- 5nt"%c@t in$%ctiitat!a pa"a3it- oac- %n "ol i)po"tant. • Bn ipot!3a c- toat! "!3i#t!n!l! a% aloa"!a R ia" con$%cto"%l co)%n a"! n%)ai in$%ctiitat!a pa"a3it- $! & µ/) p!nt"% &) l%n,i)! a ac!#t%ia #! o+in! U 2& & = U & 4[& − & ( f c / f ) ] <.6= P"!#%p%n@n$ c- R0Ω o aloa"! U2&/U& &/4 !#t! atin#- la ("!c!n! )ai )a"i ca 8 >3.

3.3.

Pinci"ii +e m'su#e

P!nt"% a a!a )-#%"-to"i +%n! 1i "!p!ta+il! "!,%lil! i)p%n %tili3a"!a %n%i $i#po3iti $!n%)it "!!a a"ti(icial- LI*N ' Lin! I)p!$anc! *ta+ili#ation N!tKo"W ' ca"! a"! $o%- (%nci%ni - $! a (ilt"a 3,o)ot%l !7t!"io" $!ci nici o alt- int!"(!"!n- #- n% a(!ct!3! )-#%"a"!a - $! a a#i,%"a o i)p!$an- #tan$a"$i3at- a "!!l!i $! ali)!nta"! <0Ω= 5nt";o +an$- la",- $! ("!c!n-. O #c!)- tipic- a %n!i a#t(!l $! "!!a a"ti(icial- !#t! $at- 5n (i,%"a &&. Ea !#t! con!ctat- 5nt"! #%"#a $! !n!",i! !l!ct"ic- <(a3- 1i n%l= 1i "!c!pto". R!!a%a a"ti(icial- !#t! $! a#!)!n!a con!ctat- la p-)@nt 1i a"! in$%ctiit-i 5n #!"i! 1i con$!n#atoa"! 5n pa"al!l c% "ol $! (ilt"% t"!c! o#.

Fig.11  ISN

2&



>-#%"a"!a p!"t%"+aiilo" #! (ac! p! o "!3i#t!n- $! 0 Ω (olo#in$ %n anali3o" $! #p!ct"% #a% %n olt)!t"% #!l!cti. A"ana)!t%l #p!ci(ic p!nt"% )-#%"a"! !#t! p"!3!ntat 5n (i,%"a &2 %n$! #%nt in$icat! $i#po3iia !cipa)!nt!lo" 1i "!#p!cti $i#tan!l! no")at!.

Fig.1( – T"ic#l test set u"

Li)it!l! a$)i#! al! p!"t%"+aiilo" $! con$%ci! #%nt in$icat! 5n #tan$a"$! <$! !7!)pl% EN 022= %n !7!)pl% ca"act!"i#tic (iin$ in$icat 5n (i,%"a &.

Fig.13 – imits %f c%n+ucte+ emissi%ns

22



Cap. ? PERTURBA:II TRANSMISE PRIN INDUC:IE ŞI RADIA:IE *it%aiil! p"!3!ntat! ant!"io" ca (iin$ 5n 3ona $! c@)p ap"opiat: #%nt $o)inat! $! )!cani#)! $! c%pla c%no#c%t! ca e%*#e% e !%"(!e. *%nt $o%- tip%"i $! a#t(!l $! (!no)!n! 1i an%)!  - !%"(!a #a+%e&!(/
7.1. Cu"l#&ul c#"#citi) se nume!te #stfel $ntuct inte#cţiune# $nte +%u' cicuite este mi&l%cit' +e c#"#cit#te# e6istent' $nte ele. O #c!)- ,!n!"al- !#t! a"-tat- 5n (i,%"a &4 (i!ca"! ci"c%it a"! p"op"ia capacitat! ia" capacitat!a $! c%pla 5nt"! ci"c%it! !#t! notatC&2.

Fig.17 – Cu"l#& c#"#citi)

2



P!nt"% #i)pli(ica"! 1i o ap"!ci!"! cantitati- ,lo+al- toat! "!3i#t!n!l! #%nt con#i$!"at! !,al! c% R p"!c%) 1i C&C2C ia" #%"#a $in ci"c%it%l al $oil!a #! n!,li!a3-. D%p- c@t!a calc%l! #i)pl! t!n#i%n!a $! p!"t%"+ai! U2& p! #a"cin- $in ci"c%it%l 2 !#t! U 2& &ω 0C &2

U &

=

C &2  + 4 + & 4ω 0( C &2 + C ) − ω 2 0 2C 2  & 2  C 





<4.&= Bn (i,%"a & #;a p"!3!ntat "apo"t%l U2&/U& ca o (%nci! $! ("!c!n- p!nt"% o #it%ai! $at- H. A#t(!l capacitat!a !#t! !ol%at p!nt"% %n con$%cto" $! $ia)!t"% Z&)) l%n,i)! &) 1i la 2 )) $! o plac- con$%ctoa"! c!l $!;al $oil!a con$%cto" !#t! pa"al!l la  )) $i#tan- 1i la ac!!a1i $!p-"ta"! $! plan%l con$%cto" "!3i#t!na R&2Y.

Fig.18 – Distu*#nce )%lt#ge  c#"#citi)e c%sst#l9

Concl%3iil! c! pot (i !7t"a#! #%nt - C%pla%l capaciti


Bn (i,%"a &4 #;a "!p"!3!ntat #c!)a !cial!nt- $! ci"c%it $in ac!a#ta #! #!pa"- n%)ai ci"c%it%l 2 1i 5n ac!#t ca3 c%pla%l capaciti #! 5nloc%i!1t! c% o #%"#- $! c%"!nt con#tant 5n pa"al!l $! aloa"! I C = &ω C &2U & / 2 <4.2= Ac!a#t- #c!)- !cial!nt- a ci"c%it%l%i p!"t%"+at "!p"!3!ntat5n (i,%"a &6 !#t! ala+il- p!nt"% ,a)a $! ("!c!n! 5n ca"! U2&/U& a"ia3- linia".

Fig.1: – Cicuitul ec4i)#lent "etu*#t

7.3. Cu"l#&ul in+ucti) *c!)a !cial!nt- $! ci"c%it !#t! p"!3!ntat- 5n (i,%"a & 5n ac!l!a1i ipot!3! ca 1i la c%pla%l capaciti ; ap"o7i)aia $! oa#("!c!n- 1i i)p!$an- co)%n- in!7i#t!nt-.

Fig.1> – Cu"l#& in+ucti)

Bn ac!#t ca3 co)pon!nta )a,n!tic- a c@)p%l%i !l!ct"o)a,n!tic oac- %n "ol !#!nial. El!)!nt%l $! c%pla !#t! in$%ctiitat!a )%t%al- M =

Φ 2& I &

=

Φ&2

I 2

<4.= 2



T!n#i%n!a p!"t%"+atoa"! U2& in$%#- 5n ci"c%it%l 2 $! c-t"! ci"c%it%l & !#t!

U 2& = −

+ + +S Φ 2& = − µ H S +t +t 2

∫

<4.4= At%nci c@n$ t!n#i%n!a U& !#t! #in%#oi$al- ci"c%it%l linia" 1i i)o+il U 2&

= − &ω MI &

<4.= P!nt"% #i)pli(ica"! #! con#i$!"- toat! "!3i#t!n!l! !,al! c% R 1i L&L2L 5n ac!#t! con$iii #! o+in! − &ω 0M U 2& = U & 4 0 2 + & 4ω 0. − ω 2 ( .2 − M 2 ) <4.6= Bn (i,%"a &8 #;a "!p"!3!ntat ac!a#t- t!n#i%n! 5n (%nci! $! ("!c!n- p!nt"% ac!!a1i con(i,%"ai! anali3at- la c%pla%l capaciti <4.2= 1i an%)! L 042 µ >008µ l&). P!nt"% ,a)! $! ("!c!n! oa#! $!p!n$!na !#t! linia"-. U 2& &ω M

U &

=−

4 0

<4.=

Fig.1@ – Tensiune# cu"l#&ului in+ucti)

Valoa"!a in$%ctiit-ii )%t%al! > !#t! $!t!")inat- $! ,!o)!t"ia c!lo" $o%- ci"c%it! tot%1i p!"t%"+aiil! )a7i)! #! p"o$%c at%nci c@n$ R →0 5n ci"c%it%l &. 26



P"incipial n% !7i#t- o $i(!"!n- 5nt"! c%pla%l in$%cti 1i (%nciona"!a %n%i t"an#(o")ato" !#t! cia" ca3%l %n%i t"an#(o")ato" (-"- )i!3 )a,n!tic. Concl%3iil! i)po"tant! #%nt %")-toa"!l! - c%pla%l in$%cti a"! ca"act!"%l %n%i !'&)" &)e(e – ,", - p!nt"% o #it%ai! $at- = p!"t%"+aiil! #! acc!nt%!a3- c@n$ R #! "!$%c! a$ic- o $at- c% #c-$!"!a i)p!$an!i - 5n $o)!ni%l ti)p a"iaia c%"!nt%l%i 5n ci"c%it%l #%"#$!t!")in- p!"t%"+aia - t!n#i%n!a $! p!"t%"+ai! U&2 p! #a"cina RL2 e,&e 7% a%&!a4/ (" ,"),a. Din p%nct%l $! !$!"! al ci"c%it%l%i 2 c%pla%l in$%cti apa"! ca o #%"#- #%pli)!nta"- $! t!n#i%n! <5n 3ona $! ("!c!n! c% a"iai! linia"-=. *c!)a !cial!nt- a ci"c%it%l%i p!"t%"+at !#t! "!p"!3!ntat- 5n (i,%"a &9 ia" #%"#a $! p!"t%"+ai! !#t! o #%"#- $! t!n#i%n! $! aloa"! U + = &ω M U & 2 0 <4.8=

Fig.1 – Eui)#lent cicuit

O+#!"ai! D!t!")ina"!a alo"ilo" capacit-ii $! c%pla #a% in$%ctiit-ii )%t%al! 5nt"! $o%- ci"c%it! #! poat! (ac! c% )!to$!l! $! calc%l al! ac!#to"a #a% p"in "!3ola"!a p"o+l!)!i $! c@)p. P!nt"% ca3%"i "!al! #! poat! $!a#!)!n!a p"oc!$a la $!t!")ina"!a !7p!"i)!ntal- p"in )-#%"a"!.

2



7.7. Cu"l#&ul "in #+i#ţie La $i#tan- )a"! $! #%"#a $! "a$iai! %n$a !l!ct"o)a,n!tic$!in! "%/ p'a%/. La 5nt@lni"!a %n%i (i" con$%cto" ac!#ta (%ncion!a3- ca ant!n$! "!c!pi!. E(!ct!l! ac!#t%i c%pla c@)p !l!ct"o)a,n!tic;(i" pot (i calc%lat! a#t(!l - La ("!c!n! oa#! l%n,i)!a ant!n!i L <<λ/4 c%"!nt%l p"o$%# !#t! I ≅

E ⋅ .

&00 ⋅ λ

<4.9=

Un$! E ' c@)p%l !l!ct"ic V/)H L l%n,i)!a ant!n!i )H 1i λ <)= l%n,i)!a $! %n$- a "a$iai!i. - La ("!c!n! "i$icat! l%n,i)!a ant!n!i L ∼λ I ≡

E ⋅ λ 240

<4.&0=

E7!)pl%  (  &00 >3 λ  ) L&) E&0V/) R!3%lt- I)a7  &2 )A R!laiil! p%n 5n !i$!n- 5nc- o $at- (apt%l c- p!nt"% !cipa)!nt! $i#t"i+%it! 3.

7.8. Met%+e +e e+ucee # cu"l#&el% >iloac!l! p!"t%"+aiilo" p"in

t!nic!

act%al!

p!")it

!ita"!a

!(!ct!lo"

)-#%"i a#%p"a #%"#!lo" )-#%"i $! "!$%c!"! a (!no)!n!lo" $! c%pla )-#%"i $! "i$ica"! a i)%nit-ii apa"at!lo". Dint"! )%lt!l! )!to$! 1i $i#po3iti! (olo#it! p!nt"% a#i,%"a"!a co)pati+ilit-ii #! o" )!niona 5n contin%a"! c@t!a c% o !7tin$!"! )ai la",-. Eli)ina"!a c%pla%l%i ,alanic #! (ac! p"in ;!ita"!a po"i%nilo" co)%n! $! ci"c%it <#%"#! #!pa"at! p%nct! )%ltipl! $! )a#- !tc.= -

28



;i3ola"!a ,alanic- ic1o"a"!a c%pla%l%i capaciti #! (ac! p"in ;!c"an! )!talic! l!,at! la p-)@nt ;)-"i"!a $i#tan!lo" #%"#-;icti)- ;"!con(i,%"a"!a ,!o)!t"ic-. >ic1o"a"!a c%pla%l%i in$%cti #! (ac! p"in ;!c"an! )a,n!tic! <.(. 1i c%"!nt contin%%= ;%tili3a"!a $! ca+l%"i coa7ial! ;)-"i"!a $i#tan!lo" ;"!con(i,%"a"! ,!o)!t"ic- ;!li)ina"!a p%n!"ilo" )%ltipl! la p-)@nt.

29



Cap. @ STUDII DE CA P!nt"% ap"o(%n$a"!a %no" #it%aii conc"!t! #! "!co)an$#t%$i%l %")-toa"!lo" ca3%"i tipic! p"!3!ntat! p! la", 5n lit!"at%"a $! #p!cialitat!. ; Con!"toa"!l! $! c%"!nt contin%% ' c%"!nt contin%% 5n "!,i) $! co)%tai! #%nt $!taliat! 5n l%c"a"!a l%i F!""!i"a [.A. 1i cola+o"ato"ii H. ; Con!"toa"!l! p!nt"% acion-"i $! c%"!nt alt!"nati #%nt t"atat! p! la", 5n l%c"a"!a l%i *Wi+in#Wi 6H. ; Filt"!l! $! p!"t%"+aii E>I $! "!!a 1i p"ot!cia 5)pot"ia !l!ct"oc%t-"ii #%nt p! la", p"!3!ntat! 5n Nota $! aplicai! H. ; C*%0e)&*a)e'e (.(-(.( e &!p"' $**,& "!p"!3int- %n ca3 )%lt %tili3at a#t-3i. Un !7!)pl% ca"act!"i#tic !#t! p"!3!ntat 5n (i,%"a 20 %n$! %n a#!)!n!a con!"to" !#t! c%plat c% %n alt con!"to" c.c;c.c 5n p%nt!. Bn ac!#t )o$ p"i)%l !ta oac- "ol $! p"!"!,%lato" $! c.c. c% (acto" $! p%t!"! %nita". P!"t%"+aiil! $! con$%ci! #%nt p"!3!ntat! 5n ,a)! &0W3 ' 0>3 5n (i,%"a 2& p!nt"% ca3%l co)%tai!i a"$:. Va"iant! $! co)%tai! #o(t:
0



Fig (B. Cu"l#e# unui c%n)et% *%%st cu un c%net% cc in "unte

Fig (1. Petu*#ţii +e c%n+ucţie $n g#me +e 1B 9H? –3BMH?

Fig((. C%mut#ţie cu t#n?iţii e?%n#nteG S"ectul +e "etu*#tii &



; % (eea(e p)!0e=&e (*%0e)&*a)e'e &)!a4a&e (" !e=!)e 7% (")e%& a'&e)%a&!0; %n !7!)pl% !#t! p"!3!ntat 5n ca3%l $in #c!)a 2. P!"t%"+aiil! $! con$%ci! 5n ,a)a 20 W3 ' 0 >3 #%nt p"!3!ntat! 5n (i,%"a 24. Valo"il! #%p!"ioa"! co"!#p%n$ #it%aiilo" (a"(ilt"% ia" c!l! )ini)! %tili3-"ii (ilt"%l%i 1i ca+l%"ilo" coa7ial!. Li)it!l! i)p%#! p!"t%"+aiilo" #%nt in$i"!ct! 5n CI*PR && CI*PR &2.

Fig (3.Filte c%nt%ls EMI "#t4  m#gnitu+e

Fig (7.C%n+ucte+ emissi%ns )s. FeuencG

2



Cap.  CONCLUII FINALE • Co)pati+ilitat!a !l!ct"o)a,n!tic- !#t! o p)*$'e#/ e ,!,&e#. I)po"tana !i c"!1t! o$at- c% c"!1t!"!a co)pl!7it-ii #i#t!)!lo" !l!ct"ot!nic! 1i !l!ct"onic! c% co)!n3i in(o")ati3at!.

• C%noa1t!"!a (!no)!n!lo" $! +a3- 1i an%)! int!"aci%n!a !l!ct"o)a,n!tic- 5n #i#t!)! $i#t"i+%it! p!")it! i$!nti(ica"!a 7%(/ !%

a4a e (*%(ep!e  a #%"#!lo" $! p!"t%"+aii. P"int";o t"ata"! a$!cat- a ,!o)!t"i!i con#t"%cti! "!#p!cti p"in p"!!$!"!a $! (ilt"! 1i !c"an! a$!cat! #! poat! a#i,%"a co)pati+ilitat!a !l!ct"o)a,n!tic- $! an#a)+l%.

• T!nicil! $! )-#%"a"! 1i t!#ta"! #%nt #p!ci(ic! !l! t"!+%i! c%no#c%t! p"!c%) 1i an#a)+l%l no")!lo" CEI 1i EN ca"! l! #tat%!a3-.



Compatibilitate electromagnetica

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