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!)7% C9& "%&) E)'B2'%, I""N: 16686004
I"BN N: 987-1116-52-7
Ing. Hora Horacio cio D. Valle Valle jo
IndIce de la Obra cOmpleta
Funcionamiento de las Fuentes Conmutadas Conmutadas .................................... ............................................3 ........3
M/"& %& Q& "" &%*$*?/ %& "/'"%& "/'"%& F-B"$, ........56
I/%$$*?/.................................................... I/%$$*?/................................. ...................................... ...................................... ...........................3 ........3
E $*"% %& '&$&/$*" "*"#&...................................................... "*"#&.............................................................58 .......58
L" '&/& $/"%" %& &&*&:
C"*#"$*?/ "& %& Q& ................................................ .................................................................5 .................599
P*/$** %& '/$*/"*&/........................................... '/$*/"*&/.............................................................. ..............................9 ...........9
L" '?" %& )/..................................... )/........................................................ ...................................... ....................59 .59
P*/$** '/%"&/"&............................................. '/%"&/"&................................................................ ...............................10 ............10
E $*$* $& %& Q&............................................. Q&................................................................ ....................60 .60 M&%*% %& $""$*& %& &&> " ..................................... ..................................................60 .............60
Cmo Reparar Fuentes Conmutadas............................................... Conmutadas........................................................15 .........15
M/"& %& / '&$&/$=& %*(*".................................................. %*(*".........................................................61 .......61
I/%$$*?/.................................................... I/%$$*?/................................. ...................................... ...................................... .........................15 ......15
L $/"%&.................. $/"%& ..................................... ...................................... ...................................... ....................................6 .................622
C/$$*?/ %& / !"*"$ %& 0! " 150! 5A .................................... ..........................................15 ......15
L" &"" %& &/"%" .................................................... ....................................................................... .................................65 ..............65
E <% %& &#" &%$*% ..................................... ........................................................ ...............................16 ............16
F&$&/$=& $/ PIC ...................................... ......................................................... ...................................... ....................68 .68
E $*$* %& !"*"$.......................................... "*"$............................................................. ...................................... ......................17 ...17 C/$$*?/ %& "/'"%................................ "/'"%................................................... ..................................21 ...............21
Descripcin de de Fuentes Conmutadas Conmutadas de Otros Equipos Equipos ..........................73 ..........................73
A*$"$*?/ %& <% %& "#" ...................................... ......................................................... .........................22 ......22
I/%$$*?/.................................................. I/%$$*?/..................................................................... ...................................... ...........................73 ........73
P*& " "" " &""$*?/ %& '&/& $/"%"................. $/"%" .........................25 ........25
E %*"("" &/ #& %& " '&/& .................................... ....................................................... ....................73 .73
P$&%**&/ %& $"*"$*?/ %& '""....................................... '""......................................................27 ...............27
E $*$* %& &$*'*$"% ................................ ................................................... ...................................... .......................74 ....74
I/&/ /&$&"* "" " &""$*?/ ........................................... ................................................28 .....28
C*$* %& $/"$*?/ %& "*%" %& " '&/& ...................................... ..........................................74 ....74
A/;** &""$*?/ %& '&/& $&$*"&................. $&$*"& .................................... ............................29 .........29
E ""/& %& " '&/& ................................................. .................................................................... .............................75 ..........75
F&/& S"/ **"&.................................. **"&..................................................... ...................................... ......................32 ...32
E $*"% ................................... ....................................................... ....................................... ...................................... .......................75 ....75
O" '&/& %& &&*& $&$*"& ............................................... ....................................................37 .....37
L" &("$*?/ %& " '&/&.............................................. '&/&................................................................. .............................75 ..........75 L" **"$*?/ %& " $*&/& %& *"*................................ *"*................................................... ...................76 76
Montaje de Instrumentos Instrumentos
C*$* %& &$$*?/.................. &$$*?/ ..................................... ...................................... ...................................... .......................76 ....76
para la Reparacin Reparacin de Fuentes Conmutadas...................................... Conmutadas............................................40 ......40
L" '&/& %& &$/%"* %& 11 .................................... ....................................................... ..........................76 .......76
M&%*% %& &$*%"% %& %*% .................................... ....................................................... ............................40 .........40
G=" %& '"" .................................... ....................................................... ...................................... ...................................... ....................78 .78
M&%*$*/& $/ %*% ...................................... ......................................................... ...................................... ......................43 ...43
L" '&/& %& "*&/"$*?/ / ""/$" ..................................... ........................................................ ....................78 .78
P&$ $/ PIC16F84.............................. PIC16F84................................................. ...................................... ............................45 .........45
A"("% */ * ""&/&............................... ""&/&.................................................. ...................................... ....................78 .78
D*% &$&"%& "**"& &/ .................................... ...................................................46 ...............46
E $&"% %& $/ IC11 & &$"*&/"................................ &$"*&/"................................................78 ................78
P#"% %& "/'"% %& F-B"$, .....................................4 .....................................477
L" &/*?/ %& "*%" #"" $/ $"("...................................... $"("......................................................... .......................79 ....79
&=" &=" %& '/$*/"*&/ %& "/'"%& %& ......................47 ......................47
R&("$*?/ */$&$" %& " &/*?/ %& "*%" ...................................... .............................................79 .......79
"/'"% "/'"% &$*"% $/ &>"& **" ........................................49 ........................................49
D&#""/$& &/& " '&/& %& +9! -9! ...................................... ...................................................79 .............79
E %&&$ %& &/*?/ *$ " *$ ...................................... ......................................................... .........................51 ......51
C& &$& %& &/*?/ &/ & &/$&/%*% .................................... ..............................................79 ..........79
M&%*$*/& %& */%$"/$*"............................. */%$"/$*"................................................. ....................................... .........................52 ......52
C& &$& %& $/ .................................... ....................................................... .................................79 ..............79
C/$$*?/ %& / Q& &*&................... &*& ....................................... ....................................... .........................54 ......54
A/;** %& " '&/& P"/"/*$ N!-J31 N!-J31 .................................... .....................................................8 .................800
Funcionamiento de
las
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Figura 1
Figura 2 @< @<=@ =@ =< =< =@ =@ >=@ = = < @= @= !-C = =< < < < = = =< =< > >. . A A< < < < =< =< >=< >=< < @<=@ @<=@-=@ =@ ? > > <M< <M< > > < < < I =, =, @ >@ < < @=. @=. A =< =<< <M< M< = = < < @ @ @K @K ? @< @<< < < < =< =< < < < < < = @ @ < <: :
<M< <M< = =@@< =@@< >@ >@ =< =<@ @ -<@ N< I >J@ >J@ < =< =< M<. M<. ! < < =@ =@ < @<=@ @<=@ =@, =@, >< >< @ @ @ =< =< <@K <@K @< @< @ @< < @, @, = < <@ @, , @ @ @ @< < >=@? >=@? < < >@< >@<>= >= <@K <@K < < < < =>= =>=<< << > = = >= >=@=@ @=@-< < @< @< @. @ . B = = = ? ? =>= =>=M M = = ? = = > > = = @J<, @J<, >= >== = <@ <@ < < ? >< @<=@ @<=@ =@. =@. E = @<=@ @<=@ = =@ @ >= >= < < < < , < < =<:
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A , =@ =@ >< >< = <= <@ <@ @<=@ @<=@-=@ =@ @= @=<< << >@= >@=< < >= >= >=@ @= @=
! < < =< =< < <@ @< < >< >< =>@@ =>@@ = < <@, @, >< ><< <= = =@ =@ ? < < =@@< =@@< >=@ = =<. <. @< @< >>@K== @K== =@@< =@@< @= @= < < @ @ < === <= <=< << <= = =< =< <=. <=. >=@ =<@ =<@-@=, =@@< =@@< <= @= @= = < == == <= <=< << <= = =< =<<=, <=, @ @ 3. @ @ == == <= <=< << <= = < < < =< =< , , >@ >@ < >< ><< <
Figura 3
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
Figura 4
Figura 5
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
Figura 6
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impedan dancia cia induc inducti ti- = >=-@, @, <M< <M< >= >= = = <= <= = = < < M<, M<, >=@ = ? =@@< =@@< I I I< <, , =>=<< =>=<<= = < @ @ < < =@@< =@@< @ @<. <. E E =>=@ =>=@ < <= = < > >@ @ "impedan dancia cia capa capaci ci- = ? @ @ <=@ <=@ "impe tiva". tiva". ! > >< < < =<< =<< =@ =@ <@ <@ -< < >@=>=@ >@=>=@= =< < @< @<, , = = , <@ <@ I @I> @I>= = = = L L <@ <@, , =<< =<< =@ =@ =>=@ =>=@ @I @I @< @< < < == == < =@=-@ =@=-@ -=; =<@ =<@@=, @=, < = =< < < < < > >< < @ @ < < >@=>=@ >@=>=@= =< < @< @< > >, , = = , =<=@ =<=@ < < @< @< J< J<
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Figura 7
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e&' e&' & j(&' j(&'! !' ' #%! #%! #" #" ! $( & bb &! & f(!'& f(!'& "!( "!(' '& &,, =< =<= = < ? @< @<=@ =@ =< =< =@ =@ =< =<, , < = @ @= = >@ >@@= @= > > <M< <M< <@ <@ < = = - >=@ = ? < = < < @= @= < < < <M< <M< >@=>=@ >@=>=@= =< < J J (>< (><< <= = @ @M< M< > >@ @ <@ <@ >@ >@@= @= < < @=). @=). >=@ =<@ =< @-@=, (<= (<= @< @<=@ =@ =@, =@, <= < <-M< < = = =< <= =), ), >=@ = <= <M< <M< >< >< < @< @<. . B B = =< < =< == ==@ @ < == == < =<=<< <=@ =@ < < > > , , >@ >@ ? = =--
Figura 8
Figura 9
Figura 10
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igura 12
> > <= <=< << <=. =. D D @< ? <@ <@ EB (E@= (E@=< < =@<), =@<), = ! (! (! @) @) M= M= @ @= = < < = =< < >@ >@ <= = @ @ @ @= = < =< =< @= @= =@ =@ @< @< < < @ @ >@ >@ @ = =@= = =@ @= =@= @= @ @. . %@ %@ > >@, @, = = @@ @@ < >? >?L= L= @ @= = === ? =@ =@= = < @ @ 12 < < @ @ 13 < ! >@ >@ >@<@ >@<@ = >@< >@<>= >= < << < - < < > >. . > >=@ =@ n"'a n"'a #a%a #a%a (&(a%i"& (&(a%i"& de lW: lW: E< ! 1 <= < @ == == < . . %@ %@ ? -M< M< @ @@ @@ < > > =@ =@ 10>F =@ =@ , , == == > > =@ =@@ @ < @ @ 13. A A @ @ >= >= M< M< < <= = < = => > '"" > &i( &i(a a'i"! 'i"! > 'ii!g 'ii!g c"!'%" c"!'%" @ @ K < << < " " " " < 1O. != != < < @ @ = @ @= = + - 1 120O. %=@ N N-=, Q> Q>=@R =@R >@ >@>= >=<@ <@ >@ >@ @ =>@ =>@- =< A > =>@@ =>@@ =< = = < <= = =@ =@ . $@ $ @ ? M= M= < <= = @= @= =>= =>=<< <<: : < @K @K 12, < =<@= =<@= >=@ @@ @@ > > -=@ =@ =, =, < < <=@ =@ 1H. A, A, < <= =
Figura 13
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
Figura 14
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Figura 15
Figura 16
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igura 19 <= <= <= <= <@K. <@K. E <<M< ? ? > > < <=@ =@ >=@ =< =< @ @@ @ < =@@< =@@< < < <= = =<@ =<@@= @= < <@=@. @=@. <= @ @ @ @=@ =@ 1S = <@ <@ = = <@<@K @= >@= @K< @K< < >J@ >J@ @ @@K< @K< < @< @<. . %@= %@= @ @=@ =@ < = = @<=@ @<=@ <@K <@K < =@ =@ <= <= ? = >= >= = = < >? >?L= L= @ @ @=. @=. E E L L < < <=@, <=@, = = = =@ @ =@ =@ <<@ @= = <@K <@K ? =N< =N< KK. . Figura 17
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<< << *2 . . * . < > >>-> > >> >> , , > > > > < << << > I I > > < . . E< 1 < < < O> O> > > >< >< I @ @ > > < << << @> @>@< @< > < @ @ < < O> < <I & > @ @ > > > < > > 220/6,8& = 32 A@ A @- (16A > 110 < < < 1). # @> @> , , > < < < < @ @ < 32A > >> > > > > > @@>> >> I > > >> >> < -< F1. E> , , < @<> @<> < < < 100 < < > > ( < 22) I > @ @ 1 > > > @ @ <> <> -. ' < > > > > < <J J > < < 10 25. & & > > > < < < < . . * < > > I < < < < < < @@< @@< < < < > K < < > > > > < @ @ C1 I < K < < C2. E E < < > @ @ < << -
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
< > > I K> K> @< @< > < < O>, O>, @< @< > > 0 I 150 @ @ > > > >> > < > >> > < < <, <, > > > > < <. . E> < 25 @ @ < < < > > < > > < > > > > 40 < <. . @ @ < B: @ @ @ @ <J <J < < <O> O> K K < @ @ K K < B $< $< > 0,01 >. > . ( (> > @ > 0,01 > > > < < <@ @ < < > >> > >, >, I < > K K < < <O>, O>, @> @>> > < < < 'C).
> > > 1 > > < @< @<- < < > < M> M> . . < <J J- > > > 220 110 I > < > >- > > > < < 24. E> @> @> < , , I > <<, <<, < O O< < < @> @> -, @ @ . @ @ O O > > <. <. E< <J <J <> <> > B137 > > K< K<-> > I I >O >O . . E> > > < , @@ > > < < > >L >L > 32 I > > > > > @ @< < I < < M M > >> > > >. . A>< A>< < < @ @ . @ @ @ @< < > > . . E> @> @>@, @, < < < > > > 0 150 3A. ' JO> JO> < >O> >O> > > < 110 @ > > 1. # # > > < > > < . . * < > > > > < 360Q < @ @ > > > I < @> @> > > < K K >O> >O> (150 @ @ > >). ). ' ' < > >< < > > < K> K>< < < <O> O> 0 90Q; < > < < < @ @
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
> > > >. >. E< < < @ @ <> <> > < > > 35. # # > > M M- > > > 9 500A I 5 1A. ' O< O< @ @ < > > - > > < > > . . '' > > < > > O O > > < -> > > > < < > O>. O>.
P@ P@ > > <> <> O> O> > >< < I @ @ < <> > > > @ @ @ @ . E E > @I @I , , I < > > J J @ @ @< @< < > >O> O> < I > > > P< P<@< @< > >> > >: F++ F++ ' '' '+ + *+ 0 ' 150$ = 5A F++ F++ + +' '*' *' ' '' '+ + *+ 0 ' 35$. F++ F++ *+ 5$ = 2A. F++ F++ *+ 12/9$ = 2A.
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a($"c a($"cc"4& c"4& $ m' m'' ' t*b t*b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
> >O> O> > > < < @ >M >M < @ @ < < I @ @ < < < P> P> @ @ < > > @ @ < < < 27 @ @ > < < I @ @ @< @< @< @<O>. O>. & & < @ @ <> <> < < < L L > 7 > < > < >O> >O> >. >. E< L L @< @< < @ @ > > >> >> >, , < >O> > O> > > < < >O> >O> < @ @ < < I > > < > > >< >< -> > > > . . E> < <, , > > > > > @> @>> > < > > @< @< > > >< >< > > > > >. >. # > I > > < >> >> >< >< > > > I > > < > > > 300& 50 @ @ - > >. . . > > > > < @ @>> >> K @ @> > < @ @ > >J> J>- @ < > > . . 2 < > > ; ; @ @ > > < > > #4 @ @ < > > (@ (@> > > >> > @ @ > < > > I > < < < # @ @ > > > @ @ < < < > > @ @ <). <). E #4 > > @ > > > < <O>. O>. 1 < > > -> > > > >L >L @ @> > < > > I < > > > > > I @ < >> -
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
2) C+ C+' ' + + *+ 300O = 50% (+*+ (+*+ + + *+ 100O = 25% + ++) + +) '' '' *+ ' ++ ++ ' '*', *', + + ***+ + + + 7. E+ E+ '+' '+'* * ++ ' ' ' ' *+ >-' > + + + 3. 3) C+ C+' ' ' ++ ++ <'' <'' ++ ++ ' + +-' + + *+ ' ' *+ >-' '' ''*' *' + ++ <.
A> @< A> @< < L L @ @ < @K @K @> @>@ @< < > > @ @ >> >> < < < > >. . & & < > > ; ; 1 I 2 <> <> > > O< O< @ @ < > > I < > > < < J> J>< < ( . > >IO IO < > > > > > > > < @ @ > > > <). <). E E > > > @ < < < @ @ *C2. E< < < @ @ *C4 K < < @ @ < N< N< > > (< (< H < !><) !><) I < >O> >O> < < < > > . E< < < @ @ *C1 > < > >> > < < < < < I < > > < I. I. E< -< <@ @ *C3 > < >O> >O> > > > < > < >>O> > > < I < $$1 < >O> >O> > >> > < > > . . E> < 28 @> @> < < < @> @>> >- @ @ 112 >. >.
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
@ @ < J J > >O> >O> @ @- I < J J > >O> >O> > > . . E E @ @ O> O> < <J J > > > > @ < < < I < > > > >O> >O> > >. . ' J J> > @ @ - > >> > M < @< @< >. >. E> < @O @K> < @< @< O O > > < > > K K < > >> > K < <J J << @ @ >; >; < <O <O> >. . * * -> > . K K @>> @>>: :
C C ><, ><, > < 29 > > > > > @ @ < @< @< @ @ >> >> > > > < @ @ > N N @ @ > > > 1A I @ @ < < I I S> S>T T < N N < (< >> > < < > < @<). @<). # < < < < @ @ < > >O> O> < > >: : D1 - B"%43 - "' D2 - 1N5761A - D' ('+ ('+' ' *+ 32$) D3 - MDA2501 - P++ P++ *+ ** ** 1 - 220I 2 - 33I 3 - P+ P + + + *+ 1MI 4 - 100I = 1% C1, C2 - 0,047F - C+@ C+@ = 400$ C3 - 100F - E+ E+ = 250$ ( + ' ' + '') '') "1 - "' ' '* * (<+ +=) +=) $' :: P'' P'' *+ +, +, ' '+ ++ + ''' ' ' +, +' +', , '+, '+, + + +, +, '+ '+' '+ + '' '' + ' '* * *+ "1, +.
HE * * +@ +@ '' ''< < + + > ++ * '' '' + + + + ? E< < < @ @ > @ @> > <. <. * < > > > >> > ; > < > > @<> @<> < < > < <> > @ @ I . K K < > > . . * * > > < I @@> @@> > K < < > << << I < < @ @ @ @ < < @ @ . . &@ &@> >> > @> @> > > > > > @ @ > >> > @. @. * @ @ < <J J @ @ < >O> >O> < < < > > < < J> J>< < < >< >< - < >O> >O> < < < !>< !>< I > > >> > O> O> < > > < < < p*"% p*"%*'+ *'+ p+'+ p+'+ (* (* $ R (* (*c"4& c"4& J> J><. <. F&+ F&+ C'&% C'&% + + C> > >> > I < <O <O> > . K K > I > > > > > > >. . 'K 'K !+ + + + * * + '' ''* * ++ ++ ' ' > > @ L > > < > > < < + + *+ ' '+ + *+ ' ++ ++ J> J>< < > > < > > I @K @K ' '*' *' + ' ' <' <'+ ++ + * * ' *+ ' > > K< < @ @>> >> < @ @ ++ ++ + +' '*' *' +, ' ++ ++' '' '+ ++ + + < < J> J>< < < @> @> < < > '* '*+ + + + +* *+ + *+ + '' '' '' ''+ +->. >. + * ++ +++ + '' '' +' +' +' ', ++ +++ + + * *
''' ''' *+ "$ ' -+. A ++ ++ *+ *' ' ' + + + + ' ' ' + + + ' + '' '' *+ +++ ' '*', *', + * *- '+ '+ *+ ' ' ' '* * + !'+ !'+ E+E+ ' ' NG 174, +' +'' '*' *' L+ * * P'' P'' + ' ' ' ' F+ F+ + + O. O. P+ P+ + ++, +, ' '+ + ' *+*+ > + '' '' *+ ++ ++ + +' '+, +, ++*'+ *'+ + + *+ AA+ + P+ P+. .
F" * * 30 F"
E> < SM SM I * * E<E<O> O>T T C> C> !@ !@->L > > O> O> E<E<O> O>, , > > < > > >> > > @ @ <O <O> > . @K @K >< >< > > > < M M > >> >-> > < > > > > . .
p*"% p*"%*'+ *'+ p+'+ p+'+
> @ @ @ @> > N N< < < > >: : > > > > , , I I > > >>-
< <> > M, M, @ @< < < O O< < @< @<, , > > < < @O> @O> > @ @ @ @ > >@< @<, , @ @ > < I IM M < < @ @ @ @ -< < < @> @>@<. @<. E> @< @<, , > > < < < > > > @ @ @ @ @ <<P> , , K K > > <. <. D , , < > > @ @ @ @ > > @< @< >@ >@O> O> @ @. . > < 30 < > > > > > < < ; ; --
Figura 32
< > > @ @ < @> @>@<, @<, > >> > < < < < ( ( L> L> @ @ < < > < >> >> < > >J J >). >). A > >> >O> O> > @ @ > > @ @ I M M > @ @ >, >, M @ @- < < > > > < . .
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' ' > >> >> > < < @ @ > >>> >> > L L > >. . C> C> ->, >, @ @ < @ @ O> O> > > > > > > > @ @ > > < 31. & & L> L> < 32, > < < K> K> < <> > > > < @> @> @ @, , I > < <M <M > > < < @; @; L> L> > >> > < <> > < < > > > > > K> K> > >> > ><. ><. E> @ @ L L>, >, < @> @> < << <> <> O>, O>, > < > > < < < , , < < < I < > > @ @- < @< @<. . C C L> L> < < < < @ @ > >. . ' ' > > < @ @ O> O> I < <-, > > > > > < < < < 170 (@M (@M > <> <> O> O> 115 > > < <>) >) < < 300 (@M (@M > <> <> O> O> 220). * M > - >> >>> > M, M, < <J J > @ @ < < > > K @< @< , , < < < < < > > . . ' ' < @ @ > > . . E E O> O> @> @> @ < > > I > >< <, , M @ < <> <>- < < < >. >. E @ @ > > M > > < I I @ @ < @< @ <; ; , @ @ < < < 80% < << << > >, >, > > @< @< > < > > > > , , < @ @ < -<O> <O> > > @ < > > @ @ I @ > >> > < > >O> O> < > > , , >>> > @ < >, >, < > >> >> > > >< < < >. >. & <> <> L> L> <<> <<> << > > > > < < < I < J> J > @ @O>. O>. > > > K@ K@ < > > K K > >>> >>, , > > > < @> @> @ @ < < < @ @ < > >- < < > > >< ><I I > >> > > . . E> > > >>-
Figura 31
> > @> @>, , < > >O> O> > > > > < > > I < @>, @>, K K > > @ @ > @> @><< << @< @< > > > < < < > < 33. (C> (C>> > > > > < @> @> @ @ O< O< < >> , , I > > > L<). * < > > > > > @< @<, , > >- < @ @ > > < O> O> I < < < < < > > > < > > --
Figura 33
> > < @ @<< << <, <, @ @ < <@< @< @ < < @> @> (100 O 1000, P> P> < < <J J-). ' < < < C< * * E<O E<O> >, , . @ @ > > > > O> O> >< >< < > >->> >> I @ @ O> O> < > > > > > < <> > > > @K @K> > : www.we www.webe belec lectro troni nica ca.co .com.ar m.ar
H H > < < < > < M> M > 'A**&D 'A**&D I > > < @> @><< << < < < , , > > < < < , @ @< <> > < > > < 5 > < ><, ><, @ @ > < < < > > < < > @K @K @ @ < @<@< >> >> , , > > "" "" < < < > > >> >. . * < < , , @ @ >> >> < > > < @< @< >> >> I < @ @O> O> < < < < , @ @< <> > < B+, K K < > > >< >< @ @ < >O> >O> > > - @ @ < C @> @><< << (@ < O> < <O <O> > ((> > < I I @ @ ) ) > > < @< @<-O> O> > > < K K>. >.
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(@ (@ O>) O>) eCo men daCIo daCIo nes: E< R eCo > > > > K < >> >> >> > ><, <, @ @ < > >> > > > > <> <> K <. <. E> @@ <, <, >> >> < < > > > < K "" <>" <>" < > > > > > > > > > < <O> O> @ @ @< @< > > >>O> @ < < < < > >> > O> O> ( ( @> @> @ @< <> > M M > > I I < <J J > > > < < @, @, @ @ < I&+* I&+*%& %&'+ '+ nc nc+ +*"'+ *"'+ I IM M > >> > K> K> @ @ > > (* (* $ R (* (*c"4& c"4& > > I @> @> > > @< @< > >> > > > < Q Q c$*', c$*', ('* $ / ($"c ($"cc"4& c"4& & &*"'*, *"'*, ) "" "" < ). ). (* (* $ +*" +*"c"' c"' f&+ f&+ c'&% c'&% + + &' + *)" *)"-' ' > > < > > @> @> @ @ -*& !** !**%"& %"&+ + ' "&+* "&+*%& %&'+ '+ + (c" (c"$" $" '+, '+, (< 10 > < I IM M @>@> f* f* $'+ ) c'&& c'& &c"' c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
Figura 34
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
$&*FE $&*FE @> @> > > G& (G (G >-&), >-&), < < < > > >> > KK<> <> > < <O <O> >. . *> , , @> @> @ @ @ < < < <-<> <> > > < M M < -><, @IK> @IK> > > >< < < "> ">> > >< >< " " @ @ < $&*FE, $&*FE, < "$ "$ <" <" @ @ > > I < "@>" "@ >" @ @ < . .
a&2$" a&2$"+"+ +"+ R (* (*c"4& c"4& F&+ F&+ C'%* C'%*c" c"$+ $+ A >, >, @ @ > > @ @ > > > > @< @<, , << > < > > > > < >>M @> @> < . . E> E> , , < > > > > > > I > > > < K K <> <> <> <> < , , < > > < <O> O> <K <K> > > > < - @ @ I < > > , , < @ @ < < >>> > > < < < J> J>< < I < @ @ -O> < >O> >O> < < <. <. < @ @ > > K> K> > > > > > , , @ @ > @< @< O< O< > > < @ @ <> <>, , > >> >>-, , > O> O> > > > I @< @<> > @ @ @< @<. . < @ @ > > <> <>, , > >->> < < I > > > @ >O>: > O>: 1) E ' '* * *+ ' ' + + ' '* * @ @- (* < < '<+ '<+ *+ + +') ') 2) L' + + *+ ''+ ''+
3) L' +' ' *+ + +* * *+ ' + + *+ ' '*' *' ' '*' *' 4) L' +' ' *+ *+ + +* * *+ ' '< <*'* *'*
E< < < 1 < < < <, , < >> > > < > > @ @ < >> @<, @<, > > < > > < <-> >O> O> @ @ I < < <> > O>. O>. E> < I IM M < >, >, < < K K > > (> < > > > >< <) ) > >O> >O> < < I < > >><, ><, @ @ @ > > >-, > < @ @ @< @< < M> M> >O> >O> . . E> > @< @< < < < K K > > > > >> > > >> > > > >< < I K N N @ @ < @ , , > > < > > >O>. >O>. A M M < < < < > > <, <, < K K (K (K > > > > > > ). ). ' ' > > > > @ @ < < < >> > > @< @<, , < < @ @ < > > < @ @ < < < < < >>O> < < > < < < @ @ . . E< O> >A, >A, 6J 6J < < <O> O> > @<? @<? ?> ?>D D @? < @= @=?, ?, A ?=> ?=>J? J? < ? ?< <? ?>. >. > FJ A < ? ?-<? <? >, >, D D >D D?, ?, @? @? > < =I? =I?M M O> >? =?< =?<D D < D? D? O> < >O> > O> < < > >< <, , > >. . E> @> @>@ @ @> @> > > > < < > < < . . * > < < , , < @< @< @< @< @ @ < >O> >O> < > > K K <K <K> > > > > > < << >< >< < @M @M < < 4. C> C> < > > < < , , < >O> >O> > >> > < < < > >< < K K < M I < < < >< >< < <> <>. . E> , , <P> <P> @ @>> >> @ @ @< @< > >O> >O> > >> > ><. ><. E< @ @>> >> K < @ @ @< @< < I > > @ @<, <, @ @ < <> > > >> > < >O> >O> > >-> > > N< N< '$ I < @<> @<> @ > > > @ @N N > > @<. @<. ' ' ->, >, > < O> O> <> <>, , N< N< '$ < < > > > > > > > > @ @ @< @<- < < < ><. ><. > < <> > >O >O > > > < <J J > > > < < < < > < @> @>> > < >O> >O> > >< < I > > >< >< < <> <>. . E< ><, ><, > > I > @ @ < < @<> @ @ > > < >O> >O> , , <
@ @ > > > < < > > > < < @ @O> O> < L L ><. ><. # @ @ 4, >< > < < @ @ ; ; @ @ < @ @ > >O> O> < < < @ @ <<, <<, < < < >O> >O> < < < < < > >><. ><. ' < > ><, <, < >< >< < <J J > > > > > > > > < < < >< >< < << << @> @> I . . E E << @ @> > M M > > >O> O> K @ @ < > > , , > @ @ > > > << << @ @M M <. <. ' ' @ @ > >, >, @ @> > < < > L L @ @ O>. O>. C C @ @>> >> < > > < > > K < . . E> < < L L, , @ @ L> L> < @< @< O O > > > L L @ @ I > > @ @ > > > > @ @ > L L > > I . . ' ' < < < << << > > ><, <, O O , , >< >< @ @O>. O>. > << << O O > > < > > > > > >>>>> > >O> >O> > < <, , > >> > << << >< >< > > < > > > > > > @ @ > < < > < < > >>< >< (> (>- I I > > >O> >O> < > >><). ><). < J @M @M > > M, M, < < > > < < > <. <. ' @<, > > > 104 @ @ > > 120 @ @ 120 > > > < < @ @ . . * >, >, > > M M < > > -< @ @ < O> O> < > < < >> . . A< > < < <, , > > I @ @ < <> > < > >< < < @M @M > >> > > > > > > > >> > I < > > < < > < <. <. E< @ @ <<, <<, > < << << @ @-O> I > @ @ >> >>> > > < > > . . < > > >> >> > @ @O> O> <P> <P> @. ' < > ><, <, > > < @ @ > > @ < @ @ << << I < J> J> > @ @ > < < < < < @ @ K K I @<> @<> < < < > > < @. @. > << << @ @O> O> @ @ >> >> > > << << O O , , @ @ > > < @ @ @@ @ @> > @ @ < >, >, @ @> > I < <JO JO < @ @ < < > > > I O > > >> >> O< O< < > > @ @ > > < < <O> O> I @ @ > > < < < O>. O>. A J, < < > > > > > , , @ @ @ @ < > > > < K > > < < <. . E> @> @>@, @, < K > > > > 600 & 100 ( ( ). ).
Figura 35
Figura 36
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L L@ @ (@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @> >@ @ @ @@ @@ > >@ @ J M M) ) @ @ N @>@ @>@ @ @ @@ @@ >@, >@, @ @ @- @ @ @ @ @. @ @@ @@ L L@ @ >L @ @ @ @ J Q Q @ @> > P. P. E >@ >@ @ @ @ @> > @ @ @ @ @ @> @> P. P. C@>@ C@>@ , > >P P @ @@ @@ @ @ J @ @- @> @> P, P, >@ >@ @>@ @>@ > > @ @ > > @@ @@ I I @ >. >. E E P P @> @> @ @ > >K K @@ @@ @ @@ J @ P P - P P >@. >@. >M >M @ @ @ @P P @ @ @@ @@ @ @ *@ L L@) @) @>@ @>@ @ >@ >@ @ @ ' '@ @ 4010 @ > > , , @ @ P 5. @@ @@ *@L L L@ @ @@ @@ @>Q @>Q J >L >L 250> @ L L@ @ 650> @@ @@ L L@ @ @>Q. @>Q. E ' '@ @ @@ @@ P 5; P P > > - . . * K K @@ @@ >L @ @ J @ 650> @ 5, @> @>-@ @ @ > >@ @ @ @ @ >@ >@ P P @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @-@ @. . E@ E@ @ @ @ @@ @ @ @, @, >M >M > > P P > > @ @ >L>L @ P P > > , , 50% @ @ @> @>. . E @ L L @@ @ @ @ 5 P, P, @ @ @ @ >L >L @M@ @M@ @@@.
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@. @. C@ C@ >@ >@ , , > > > > @ @ @ @ > > @ @ J @ @ > >@ @ ( P P @ @- J >@ >@ @ @ P P ). ). E@ E@ @ @ >@ >@ ; ; @ @ - @@ @@ @> @> @. @. #@ @@ @@ K K @ @ @ @> @> P P @>@ @>@ @@ @@ L L@ @ @ *@ > J @@ @@ @ @ @ @ @ . . #@ N> N> @ @ >J @. @. * @ @ @>@ @>@ @@ @@ L L@ @ @ @ @@ @@ 50* @>@ @>@ @ 500*. A @ 1000* @ @ @>@ @>@ @@ @@ @> @> -P > > J @ 10S* @>@ @>@ @@ @@ . . #@ L L@ @ @ @ >@ >@ 1*. E @> @> @ @ @ @ @> @> P P @@ @@ @, @, @ @ > > >> > >@ >@ @> @> P P @ - P P , , @ @ @> @> M K K@ @ @ > > @>@: @>@: @ @-J >. >. E E >@ >@ L@ L@ @@ @@ L L @ @ @ @ P . .
c"+." c"+."( ( p+.b p+.b DQ> '' ''+ +/+' /+'5 5 5 '%' '%'5# 5#+5 +5 ## ## $# $# ' '&+ '&+/+' /+' &' &+& &+& %/ %/ '%+ '%+ (+%# (+%#& & &' # 5'@# 5'@# %#&# %#&#&#? &#?
@ >@; >@; @ @ O O 60 > ( ( -@ 50 &>) J @ @ @ @ >J > > . . E @ @ @ @ L L @ @>@ @>@ . >@ >@ @ M M @> @>. . E @J @J@ @ @ @ @ @JP JP @ @>@> CD40106 @ @ @ M M , , K K P@ P@ @ @ @. . # > > @ @ @>@ @>@ @ @ @ @ J @@>@ @ @ @ @. . '@ '@@ @> > > > @ @ > > @ @ '' @ @ @ @-@ > > 39 &> @ @ @ @ @@ @@ >. >. >L >@ >@ K K @ 'C @ @> >@ @ O O - . . # @ @ @@ @@ @ @>@ @>@ , , @ @ > >- Q Q @. @. >M >M @ @ > > @ @ @P P> >@ @ @ @ @ @< C, @ @ @J @J@ @ @ @> > @ @ @ @ @ @
Figura 43
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
@ @ > >@ @ @ @ @> @> @ @ @ @ @ $, $, @ @ 56 F @ @ @ @ 3. # O O >> J > > @ @ @ @ @@ @ @ @ 1 @ @ @ @ 5 39 &>. ' ' > > @ @@ @ @ @ L@@ L@@ @@ @@ @ @ J >@ >@ @ @ -@ C3 .022SF @ @ @ 6 2<2. E @ @ 7 33 &> @ @ > > @ @ @ @@ @@ > > @ @@ @@ @@. @. *@ *@ @ @ C3 @ @ P P , , L L > > - @ @ @@ @@ @ J @ @ >@ >@ 6 C3 @ @ @ > > P, P, I I @@@. E @@ @@@ @ @ @> >@ @ > >- 12 200>A @ >L J @ @ > > @ @ @ @. . E 44 J 45 @ @ @ @ > >@ @ @ @@. @. E @J @J@ @ @ >@ >@@ @ @ @ 'C @>@ @>@ M M. . # > > @ @@ @ : : 1 T# (# (#& & 12 200A ' ' 1 P'' P'' &' '%+ '%+ (+%# (+%#& &' ' 50 250A ' '
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Figura 45
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
1) L# 5'@# 5'@# &' 5#+ 5#+&# &# ' ' %'% %'% &' TR1 %/ %/ ' ('' (''%+# %+# &' (#5'. (#5'. 2) L# '5+A '5+A 5$' 5$' C3 %/ %/ +&+ +&+%# %#%+A %+A &' # (/# (/# &' + ' 3) E 5 5 &' %+' %+'' ' 5$' 5$' R7 4) L# '5+A '5+A %+ %+# # 5$' 5$' C3 % >5' >5' &+&++# +# ##A ##A+ +% % ## ## &5 &5 #'5 #'5 ' ## ##& &'5 '5 ' +'' +'' 5%+ 5%+5 5% % +.
# > >@ @ 2 J 3 L L @@ @@ > > (14148) J @@ @@ @ @@ @ B228 ( 46 50). A A >@ >@ > >@, @, @ @ > >@ @ @ @@ @@ >. >. C@ C@ >@ >@ @ @ 12 @@ @@ @ @ J @ @ @ O O > > . . P P 6,8 9,34 ( M M L L @ @ >@ >@ @I @I> > > > 8,47). C@ C@ @ @ @, @, - M" M""( "(', ', (' d"((, d"((, @ > > J P@ P@ @ @ E @J @J@ @ @ @ @ @@ @ K K@ @ @ @@ @ @ @ 6 @ @> @> > > @@ @@ 14148 J @@ @@ B228 @ @ . . @> @>@ @ G B@ B@ A. A. # @> @> O O @ @ @ @@ @@ # @> @> O O @ @@ @ > > @: @ @ @>@ @>@ N N P P -
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7 @ @> @> L L > > @ @ O O , , @ @ @ > > @I @I> > > > 1,5. & & O O @ @, @, @ @ @ @ >J @@ @@ @
@ @ @ @ C3. C@ C@ @ @ @@ @@ @ @@ @@ @ @ @ > > @ @-> >. . E @ @ C3 J @ @> @> P P. . *@ *@ @@ @@ @ @ @ @ @ > > K K @> @> I@ I@ J @ . . & &, , >L, >L, P P @ @ @ @ >@ >@ JP JP @ @ 1,87 J > > @ @ 5,9 @I @I> > > >. . M M L L @ @ @I @I> > > > 2,68 @ @ C3. # @> @> O O @ @ >L - @ L L @. @. E @, @, @ @>@ >@ @@ , , @ @ @ @ @ @@ @ @>@ @>@ @@ @, @, @ @ >@@ >@@ >>@ @@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @. @. #@ @ @ @@ @@ @ @ > >- @@ @@ @ @ @ @. @. E @ @ @ P P @ @ @ @ >@ >@ @ @ J @ @ P P @@ @@ @> @> @ @ @
14007 @ > > @ @ @ @ 600@ C@>@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @@ @@ @ @ ->@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @@ @@ I I @ >@ >@@ @- L L @>Q @>Q @ @. . @ @ O@ O@ @ @ @ @ @@ @@ @ @K K @ @ @. @. TE TE M M @ ->@ >@ @ @ @-? *N, @ @ @ @ @ -O@ @ @ J , , >> >> > >@ @ >J O O J @@ > > > >J@. >J@. C@> C@> @ @ @ @ @@@ @@ @ @ @ 220F @ @ @ @@ @@ 14148 J @ @ 3,3 &>.
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@ @ @ @ L L@. @. #@ >@ >@- J @ @ J @ @- >@ >@ @ @ J @ @ @ @ C3 @ @ @> @>@ @ >@ >@ @ @ >L @ @ @@ @@ @ . . A @ @ P P K K - @ @ @@ @@ @ @ @>@ @>@- @ @ @ @@. @. E 1 @ @ > > @> @> @ @ @@@, P P @ @ @ @ @@; @; @ @ @ ; ; P P @ J @ @ P P @ @ @@. @@. * @ @ > >P P @ @ @ @ >@ >@ @@ @@ @@ @@ 14148 @>@ @>@ @ @ J @ @ @ @ @ @ M, @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @@ @ > > P P @ @ C3 J @ @ > >@ @ P P @ @ 7. E >M, >M, @@ @@ @@ @@
E >@> >@>@ @ K K @J @J@ @ >J > > J @P @P> >@ @ K K@ @ >@ >@@ @ -@ @ @ @ @ 'C16F84 @ > > . . # @J @J@, @, > > @ @ @ @@ @ >@ >@ @ @ P@ P@ @ >@ >@ @ @>. >. # @ @> >P P K K @ @ @ @ @> > > >@ @ '#E '#E > > >M@ >M@@ @ L L@ @ > > > >> > P P I I @ @ @ @ @ @ J @ @ @. @. # @ @ >@ >@ @ @ @> @> M M @ @ @ @ N N J > @ @, K K @ L L@ @ > > . . E 51 @ @ @ @ @ @ 'C @ @ @ @< C @ > > > > @ @P P> >@. @. * @ @ @ , , >@ >@ @< J K K @ I I > >@ @. . E 'C > > 20>A , , @ @ @@ @@ @ @ > > 100>A -
Figura 51
. '@ @ @, @, K K @@ @ @ @ @ @ 330 &>. # > > 50 &>, > > @ @ @P @P @. @. 'C > > @ 5 J @ @ @ @ > >-@ @ K K, , L L >> >> @ @ @ K K 12. > >@ @ @> @> P P @ 14148 J 14007. E @ @> > @ @ @ @ @ @ L L @ @ . . @ @ -.@ .@>., >., @ @ < N@@ N@@ @ @ @ @ 'ba @ L L @ @ 'bad"' d"', @ P P V.IW 'C @ @ @ @ I I K, K, J J@ @ @>@ @>@@ @ @ @ @ . .
d"((, d"((, r. r. )+ )+( (+, +, a. 0"%" 0"%"+, +, l'(, l'(, H H @@ @@ >@ >@ > > >@ >@ K K @ @ @ @> > >L @> @> @ @ J >@ >@@ @-: @ @ @ @ @K@ K@ > @ @ M M > >@. @. E @ @->, @ @ @ @ P P @ @ @ @ @ @ P @P @P @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @@ @@ @ @ J @ @@ @@ I I J< @. C@ @ @@ @@ I I @ @>@ >@ @ . . @@ @@ I I @ @ , , @ @ > > @ -
P @ @ L L @ @ @. @. E @@ @@ @ @ @ @ @ @> >@ @ , , @ @ @ @ L L @ @ @ @ J-<. E J-< L L > > @ @ K @ @ @ @ @K@ K@ J @ @> > @ > >@ @ @@ @@ @ @ @ @ @ @-K@ K@ @ @ > >@. @. '@ @ , , @ @> > Q Q @ @ > > @@ @ @@ @ J >J @ @ O O I I P P @ @. @. @ @ @ @> > @ @ @ @ @ @@ @@ @@, @, O O @ @, @, M M @@>K >K J @ J Q > >@ @ K K @ @ @> @> @ @@. '@ @ @, @, Q Q > > P P , >@ >@ >L @, @, @ @@ @@ I I J > >@ @ @ @ @ @@ @ @ @ @@@. C@>@ C@>@ M M > > I I @ @ @@ @@ I I , , K K @ > >@ @ @> @> @ @ @P P . . '> '>@ @ > > @ @ @ @ @ @ @ J@ J@ @ @K@ K@, , @>@ @>@ @ >@ >@ @ @->. >. E @ @ J @ L L @ @ @> @> IP. IP. * L L @ @ >@ >@@ @ @ @ @ @ - @ @@ @@ @ @ @, @, @ @ @ @ > > @ @ @ @@ @ J -P, >>@ >>@ >@ >@ , , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ P
@@ @@ @ @ J @ @@. @. E @ @ @ @ @ @@ @ J > > N. >> >> @> @> O O @ J@, J@, @ @ @ @ K K@. @. #@ >@ >@ > > @ P P @ @ @ @ @. @. * * > >- L L >J@ >J@ J@. J@. # @ @ I I @ > >@ @ J-< J > > @ @ @ I I>@ >@ J @ @ N @ @ @ @. . E @ @ @ @ @ @ J@, J@, @ @-@ @ @> @> @ @ J @ @. . * N> N> @N @N>@ >@ @ @-> @ @>@ >@ @ @ J-< @ Q @@ @@ @ @ @ @ @, > > J-<, @ @ >>@ >>@ > > J >@ >@ > >K KP P @ @> @> @ @@ @ . . C@ C@ @@ @@ P P @, @ @> > @ @ @ @ @ @ K K@. @. E@ @ @ -@ @ @> > @@ @@ @, @, K K@ @ @ @ @@ @ @ @ > > M M @ @ . . E@ E@ @ @ @ @ P@ P@ @ @ , , @ @ > @ @ @ . .
>@ >@ @ @ . @@@ @@ @@ @ J M M @ > > -, @ @ @ @> > M, M, >L >@ >@ (KL (KL @ > > > >@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @> >@ @ @ L L @@). @@).
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@ @> >@ @ @ @ @>@ @>@ @>@ @>@ @ @> >@ @ @>Q @>Q 50HK, @ @ @ @ @ @ @ > > > > >@@ >@@ @ @ @ @ O O > >-@ @ @ @ @ @, @, M M @@ @@. . @ @> >@ @ @ @ @ @ N N > >@ @ @ @ @ @ @. @. E @ >@ >@ >M >M@. @. @@ @@ >@ >@ >M >M@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ >@ >@ @@ @@ J @ @. @. E E P P > > . . *> *> I I >@ >@ >M >M@ @ -@ @ @ > >@ @ @ J @ P P @. @. D >@@, >@@, @ @> >@ @ >@ >@ @ @> >@ @ @ @ @ @ > >@ @ M M >M >M > > P P ( ( 52). CL CL N N p+(b p+(b(+ (+ t+', f(+& f(+&(+ (+ P. P. E @, @, @ p.%,(, p.%,(, F%-B$, @ L > >@ @ @ @> >@. @. * 1 @ @> >@ @ , L L J @ L L N N P P DQ> +'' +'' ' ' &+& &+& % #5 (/# (/#-- P. P. '@ '@ &? 'L 'L > > . . '@ '@ @ @ @ @@ @ @ @> >@, @, L L @ @ @ @ , , @ @ @ @ 60@ >@ > >@ @ @ @> >@ @ @? @? ' ' @ >@ >@ Figura 52 P>@ P>@ @ @ @ @> >@ @ @, @, @ @ L L -@. * >@ >@ > >@ @ @ @ N N L L> > @ @ KL KL >@ >@ > > J-<. '@ @ @ @ @ @ @@ @ @ @ @ - @ @ J-< @ @@ @ @, @ 25< @ @ A. '@ '@ @ @ >@ >@ @ @ A > > @ @; @; > >@ @ > >-@ J-< @ M M @@ @@ @ @ J M M M @ @ @ . . ' ' K K
Figura 53
@ @>, @>, : : > >K KP P @ > >> > > >@. @. ' ' @ @ @ @ K K @ @ J @ @ @ > >@ @ - @ @ >> K KP. P. E 53 @ @ @ @ >L @> @>@, @, @ @ @ @ @ @->@ >@ @ P P J @ @ > >K KP P @. @. & & @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 100SHJ J 10>HJ 1% P P @ @ P. P. E 99% > >@ @ J @ @ M M (@: (@: @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @> >@ @ @ @ @> @>-@). A@ A@ >@ >@ @ >L @ . . CP>@ CP>@ @ @ @@ @@ @ @ -@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ > >@. @. E5 &'%+, &'%+, 5+ ''/ 5' %'% %'%# # '5+5 '5+5 &' 1 O*/ 5$' 5$' ' 5'% 5'%&# &#+ + &' '5 '5 #5 (/# (/#& & '&% '&% &' 10:1 D%A/ D%A/ 5' ' (' # 5$' 5$' # '# '#&#? &#?
* @ @> >@ @ @ > > > >@ @ @>@ @>@ 100 &>. E@ E@ I IO@ O@ @@ P P @ @ N N @>@ @>@ @ @ 10 >J@. >J@. '@ '@ @ @ P P @ @. . #@ @ @ > > > > J @ @> >P P N, N, @ @ @ 1 &> @@ @@ @ @ @ @ >> >> N N @ @ @ @ @ @ > >-@. * >@ >@ 1 > >@, @, @ @ L L 100>, P P @ @> >@. @. # @ @ @ @ L L > > @ J &>, @ -
L L @ @ @ 100>A J @>@ @>@ @ @->@ >@ 10 1 @ > >@ @ L L 10>A @ @ >@ >@ 1. # @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ > >@ @ L L 1 I 10>A = 10> J @ @ @ @ N N@ @ @ @ L L 100> I 100>A = 10>. * @ @ >@ >@ J &> @ @>@ >@ @ @ @ @ @ @ > >@ @ @>@ @>@ @ @ 10>A @ @ 1 1/10>A = 100 &>. ' ' @ @ P P @ @->P >P & @ @ @ @ -L L > > L L@ @@ @ @ & @. @. H H @ @ >@ >@ @ @ @ @> >@ @ . * @ @> >@ @ , @@ @> @> @ > >@ @ L L @ @ @ -@. @. J @@ @@ >@ >@ -@ @ @ @ @ > >-@ J @ -P > >@. @. E E @ @ @ LL@ @ . . # > > @ @ J @ @>@ >@ @ @ @ @ @. @. # @>@ @>@ J -90R ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ P). P). A@ A@ @ >@ >@ @. @. C@C@>@ > > > >@ @ @@ @@ @ @ . . @@ @@ M @ @ @@ @@ @ @ J L P P I I- @ @ @ @ @ @ @@ @@ J > >@. @. * @ >@ >@ @ @> >@ @ 10 1 J @@@ L L M M> > @ @ @ @ @>@ @>@ P P 1 100 J @ @ @ @ 1 &>, L L @>@ @>@ 1 I 10.000, 10@ >@ @@ @@ L L > > J Q Q> > J >>@ >>@ @ @ 1 &>, L L @>@ @>@
Figura 54
10 @ @ @ @, 100 &> @@ @@ @> @> @ @ @ @ @ 10 >@ @ L L @ @@ @ J @ @ @ @ @ @ @ > >@, @, , , P@ P@ @ P P > >@. @. >M >M L L. . * @ @> >@ @ @ Q Q @ @>, >, - > >K KP P @ @ @ @ ( = @ @ >M >M@ @ @). @). * @@ @@ L L @ @ @, @, @ @ >M >M@ @ >N >N >@ >@ J L L > > >@ >@ >@. >@. D" # +&% +&%# #%+# %+# &' &+5 '5+A '5+A ' (%+A (%+A %/%/ ' ' & & '5? '5?
* @@ @@ @ @ @ @ @, @, @@ @@ > >@ @ >M >M @>@ @>@ @@ @@ @ @ P P @ @ @ @ >J @, @, @ @ @ @ @ @> @ @ > > @ @ @ @ @ > > L L @ @ @. @. '@ '@ P P @ J @>@ @>@ @@ @@ J > > L L J > > @ > >>@ >@ @ @ @ @> >-@ @ @ @@ @@ @. @. D" 5+ ' '5= '5= ' % %%+ %+%+ %+ '5 ' +/# +/#+? +?
E @ @ @ > > ; ; @@ @@ -@ @@ @@ @ @ @ @ J @ @ @>@ @>@ @ @ @@ @@ @. @. #@ @ @> @> @ > @@>@ >@ Q Q > >@ @ @ , , @> @> @ @ L > >@, @, @ @>@ >@
@ @> >@ @ @ @ J >@. >@. A A @ @ @N @N >@ >@ >@ >@ @ L L @ @ @@ @@ @ @ @> >@ @ @ @ O O@, @, @ @ >@ >@ @ @ @@ @@- @ @ @ @ @ @ M M P P >. >. C@ C@ P P @ @ @ J @ @> >@ @ . .
t+', f(+& f(+&(+ (+ e0" e0" ( ( (' s3 s3%, %, I& ).%," ).%,"/, /, * @ @> >@ @ > > @ -@ O O @ @ @ @ >@, >@, , , @ @@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @> >@ @ L L J @ L L >. @ @ I I @ @ @ @ @ , , , , O O >@ >@ -. D N N >@ >@ P P @ @->@ @ @@ @ . . >M >M I I > > J @ @ N N P P @ @ @@ @@ > >@ @ @ @> >@. @. E E , > >, , M M >@ >@ K K >@ >@ P P @ @@ @ @ @ @@@. # P P @ @ @ @ J > > @ @ I I-> > @ @ @ @ @, , @ @> @> @ @ 'C. #@ Q@ Q@ > > P P >>P P 54. & & @ @ @ @ @ @@ @ >@ >@ @ @ @ > >P. P. E @ @ @@ @@ @ @ @ @@ @ @ @ @@. @@. E
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@ @ > > @ @ @@ @@ > > P @ @ > >@ @ @> @>@ @ @ , , L L I I @ @ @ @@ @ > > @ @ @ @ @ 680 &>. & & > >@ @ , , L L > > @ @ @ L L N N P P @ @ @ @ J @ @ > >L L P P @ 10. * @ @> >@ @ @@, @@, @@ @@ @ @ - L L @ @ > >@, @, -@ @ @@ @@ &> J @ @ L L L L > > @ @ @. @. * . @ @ @@ @@ @-@ > > P P @ @ @ @ @ M. M. E @ @ @ @ KP, KP, @ @ > >@, @, @ @->@ >@ @ @ *HA' 3050 J @@ V* V* D@ D@W W J VG@W. VG@W. # > >@ @ @ @> >@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 8 J @ @> >@ @ >@ >@ @ @ 2,5. A A @@ @@ @ @ @ , , >@ >@ @ @ , @ @ @N @N I I >@ >@ >> >> - > > @ @ L L @ @> >-@ @ @ @ - > >@ @ P@ P@ -O@ @ @ KL KL M M @ @ @ -. E @ @, @, @ @ @ @ -P @ @ @@ @@ @@ @ > > @ @ @ @> >@ @ @ . . E 55 @ @ P P > >P P > > # (# (# ). ). & & > >K K>@ >@ > >@ @ @ @> >@ @ @ @ @ #C @ @ >L @> @>@. @. E @ @ C2 @ @ @ @ > >@ @ J @ @ @ > >@. @. E @ @ 2 @ @ @ @ > >@ @ @ @> >@ @ @ @@ @ J #1 > >K KP P >@. >@. > >@ @ @ @ @ @ 10 J 2S* @ -P >@ >@ @ @K@ K@. .
Figura 58
Figura 59
@ @> >@. @. C@ C@ >L @ @ -@ >J@ >J@ L L VW @ @ J L L >@ >@ @ @ @ @ @@ @@ @ @ . . @ @ @ @ P@ P@ > > > > @ @ @ @-@, N >@ >@ @ @-@ >@ >@ P P @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ > > > >@ @ @ @@. @. & > >P P @ @ K, K, @ @>@ >@ > >@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @-@@ @@@ @ @ @ @ @ 1. E @, @, @ @> >@ @ @ @@ @ L L @> @> @ @ > > @>@ @>@ @ @ @ @-@ @> > 58. C@ C@ @ @ @ @> >@ @ > > @ @@ @, , @ @ @@ @ > > >@ >@ @ @ > >, , @ @M M@ @- @ @ > > @ @ @ 59 @ @ @@ @@ @@ @ @ @ > >@. @. & & @> @> O O L L -> > P P -@ @ > > >@ >@ > >. . # KP KP @@ @@ @>@ @>@ -> > . . # @> @> P P @ @ @ @ 1 L L >>M >@ >@ >L J L L > > @@ > > >J@ >J@ @>@ @>@ 60.
E @ @ K, K, > > , , > >P P @ @ @ @@ @ @ @ > > -@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @. . E E O O L L @@ @@ @ @, @, O O > > > >P. P. 56. C@ C@ @ @> >@ @ @ @@ @ @ @ @ @ > >@ @ e% d d(+ (+ t',"' t',"' p"( p"( p"( p"( @ @@ @ > > @>@ @>@ @ @ 57. #@ >L >@ >@ @ @@ @ > > @ @ @ @ .. @ @J J @ @ >>@ >>@ > > @ @ @ @ , -- @@ @@ 14148 J @ > > > > @ @ > > ->, >, @ @ @ N N @ J @>@ @>@ @ @ @ @ > > @ @ @ @ @ @ - @. @. 61. * @ @ @ @@ @-> > P P @ @ @@@ D1, @ > > P P @ @ M @. @. E @@ @@ D1 > > @ @ @ @ @ @ O. O. C@C@>@ @ @ @ @ @ @>@ >@ M M-Figura 60 >>-
Figura 61
Figura 62
@ @@. @@. E@ E@ @ @P P @@ 62 J @ @ @ @ K K @ @@ @@ @ @ P P 1,2 @I @I> >-> > L@@ L@@ D2. A A K K > >P P 1. D@ D@ > >P P ( ( K K C2 ) ) J M M @ @@ @@ >. AN @> @> @ @ D1 J D2 J P P L L > > @ @ @ @ @ . . E E @ @ P P @ @ @ @ (..) P P >L L > >-P @, @, @ @ > > @ @ . . # P P >J@ >J@ > > O O N @ @ J @ @ >@ >@ > >P. P. E @, @, @ @ C2 @>@ @>@ @ @ J @ @ PP@ > > P P @ @ @ @ . . C@>@ C@>@
>@, >@, @ @ @> @> P P @ @ > > @ @ @> @> @ @ >@ >@ (DAA (DAA J C#&C") @ P P - @ @K@ K@ . . E P P @ @ K K @ @ @ @ .., > >-P @ @> >@ @ @ @@ @ @ @ 10 J > > 1,5.
M" M""( "(', ', I'. I'.' '" " $ $ > > > > - @ @> >@ @ J P@ P@ @ M M @>Q @>Q @ > > . . DS' '&' '&' *#%' *#%' #B #B /'&+ /'&+& & %#5' %#5' &' $# '%+ '%+ ' 5 '/+ '/+# # /'&+ /'&+ #5 +&% +&%# #%+#5 %+#5 /=5 %/ %/'5 '5 &' T /+ / +? ?
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Figura 63
>@ @ @ @ @ @@ @@ . @ @JP JP P @ 'C @ @ >> >> > > > > @< J N@ N@@ @ @@ @ @ @ . . E > >@ @ @@ @@ >@ >@ K K > >@ >@ (Q> (Q>@) @) J @ @ @ @. @. #@ >@ >@ @> @> L L @ @@ @ 1GHK. @@ @@@ @ @ @ >@ >@ > >@ @ @ @ @ - >LI >LI>@ >@ @ 200 @ 300N >N>@ >@ @ 10 >L L > > > >K KP P @ @> >@ @ @ @ J J< @ @ , , J J@ @ J@ J@ P P @ @K@ K@ J J @ @ @ @ . . C@>@ C@>@ , @ @ @ >@ >@ > > > > @ @ @ @ J @P @P> >@ @ @@@. @. >@, >@, @>@ @>@ @> @> @ , , > > @ @ J @ @, , J @ @ - @ . . E @ @ @ >M >M@ @ -
Figura 64
@ @ @ M @ @ @ > >P, P, @ @ @ @ @ @>@ @>@ . . E 63 >@ >@ @ @ , @ @ J @ @ @. @. #@ @ @ @ >>@: >>@: @ @ . A K K @ P @>@ @>@ @; @; @>@ @>@ J - @ , @ @ M M@ @ I I J @ @ @> @> @. @. E >@ >@ @ @ @ @ @> @>@ @ @ @ > >@ @ V V W. E E @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ M M @ @ J @ @ @ @ - @ @ @. @. DQ> '' ''&' &'/5 /5 >&+ >&+ ' ' +&% +&%? ?
* @ @ @ Q@ Q@ , , @ @ P@ P@ > >
@. @. * Q@ Q@ @ @ > > @ @ @ , , M @ @ @ @ @ @-@ @ @>@ @>@ M M @ M M J M M @ @ @ F@. F@. @ >@ >@ I I @ @ M @ @ M M, , >>> > >@ >@ Q@ Q@ J @ M J M M @>@ @>@ @ @ @ @. @. # M Q@ Q@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @, , > > @ @ > > @. @. * @> @>>@ >@ @ @ J @ @ @ >@ >@ @, @, @ M L L @ @ J @@ @ @ L L N N P P @>@ @>@ - J . . >M >M L L @@ @ @, @, @ @ @ @ >>@ >>@ L L @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @, @, K K @ @ @ @>@ @>@ > > @. @. AA >@ >@ > > @ @ @ @ @ M . . 64. E @ >@ >@ >@ >@ J "@ "@ L L , , > > N N P P > > @ P P . . #@ >@ >@ @ @ @@ @@ @ @@ @@ @@ @ @ @ @ @ J @@ @ @ @. @. E E > >- > > >@ >@ P P @ @@ @@ @@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ . . * > >@, @, @ @ @ @ P P 5 J @ @ @ @ 2 J @ @ 4,5. C@>@ C@>@ 4,5 + 2 6,5 -N N @ > > J "@ "@ @ @ @ @ @ . . * . @ @- @ @ @@ @ > > @ P, P, @L @L @ @ KP KP . . # @ @ @@ @ > > L @ @. . * @ @ >@ >@ @ @ @ @ @ L L @ P P @ @ @, @, @ @>@ >@ P P @ @ L L @ @ @ @ @ J @ @ >@ >@ L L@ @ I I> > 90R @ @ K K>@ >@ @ @ . E L L@ @ @@ J P P @ @ , , , @, @, 30R J >L >L @ @>@ >@ P P @ @. . * > >>@ >@ @>@ @>@ J - @ @ @ @ 90R, @ @ N > > J "@. "@. * @ @ @ @> > 'L 'L@ @ @ L L @ @ P P @ @ (@ (@ - = 5) @ @ N N P @ @ @ @ ( (@ @ @@ @@ 2) >L @ @ N N P P @ @ @ @ ( (@ @ J J 4,5).
#@ @@ @@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @>@ @>@ N N (@ (@ @) @) @ N N - (@ (@ @). @). C@>@ C@>@ @ @ @ @ @ >@ >@ @>@ @>@ >>, >>, N N @ @>@ >@ > > @ @ J @ @ N N>@ >@ 4,5/2 2,5. '@ @ @ @ @ @>@ @>@- >@ >@ > J @ @ @ @ @ @ >J O@ O@ @ @ @ @ @ @ 100. E @ @ @ >@ >@ @>@ @>@ >J @ > . . EI EI @ @ @ @ @ >@ >@ K K @ @ > >@ @ K. K. # > @@ @@ >@ >@ >@ >@ PI PI>@ >@ @. @.
c(',+. c(',+."' "' .' Q&+( Q&+( s+" s+" > > > > # J . D > >P P J >@ >@ @ @ @ @ @ >@ >@ @>@ @>@ > > . . *@@ *@@ >@ >@ @ @ @ @ @ @@ @ @ 'C @ @ @ 5 @ @ @ @ @@ @ 10% J @ @ @ 60@ >@ 50% > > @@ @@ >@ >@ @ @> >P P 'C. ' ' > > # >@ >@ @ @ - @. @. * @ >@ >@ @ @ @ @ @ >, >, P> P> @>@ @>@ @ L L . . E 65 @ @ @ @ @ @@ @ @ @@ @ @ > >> > >>-
Figura 65
> >> >. . * . L L > > @ @ > > P P @ > > @ @. . A A@ @ @ @ @ (@ >@ >@ # # ) ) J @@ @ @ @ (@>@ (@>@ @ >@ >@ $ $>). >). E > > @, @, @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 3 @ 5 J @ K K > > P P @ >J@. >J@. E @@ @, @, K K > > P P O O @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ > >@ @ K K . CP>@ CP>@ @ @ @ @ @ @ > >P. P. # @ @ @ @ @ @ @ II@ @ @@ @@ @. @. C> C>@ @ @ . . C@>@ C@>@ , @ @ @ @ M @ . . E >@> >@>@, @, >@ >@ @>@ @>@ @ (@ @>@ @>@ ) ) @ @ , , @ L L@ @ @@. @@. E -@, P P 90R @ @ J @ @ 90R. C@>@ C@>@ @ @ Q, Q, @ @ @ , , @ @ P @ @ @ @ -90R J @ @ +90R. E@ E@ @ @ 180R > > @ @ @ @. @. @ @ @ , , @ > > @ @ @ @ @ @ @@ @@ @. @. C@ @>@ @>@ @ @ @> >, , @ @ > > @ @ > >- @ @ @ @ , , > > @ @ K K-P > >P. P. DQ> /'&+ /'&+/5? /5?
E > > L L> >@ @ > > @ @ @ @ N N @ @ > >@. @. '@ >@ >@ > > @ @ @ @ @ . . '@ '@ >>M > > P P @ @ @ @ @ @@ @. @. C C @ @ L L> >@ @ @ >LI >LI>@ >@ > > @ @ , , @ @ > > @>@ @>@ > > . . # > >P P P P @ @ @ @ - O@ O@ @ @ @- . . P P >@. >@. E >@ >@ >@ >@ P P @ @ @ @ >L @ @ @ @ ( @ @- @ @ >@ >@ >L @, @, @ @ @ , , @ @ -> > @). @). '@ >@, >@, @ @ 1 J @ @ @ @ > > 30 @ @ 30. & & >@ >@
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
Figura 66
@> @> O@ O@ @ @@ @ J @ > > > > @ >@ >@@ @ P P @@ @@ J L@@ L@@ . .
M(' M(' # % Q&+( Q&+( )+ )+ M" M""' "' t+', f(+& f(+&( (+, +, F%-B$, E @ @ @, @, @ @ @ N N A>M A>M . * * > > M M@ @ EE @ P>@ P>@ @ @ >@. >@. * @ @ @> @> @ @ @ @ @ @ @. @. E A>M A>M- # # . >@ >@ @ J @ @ >@ >@ >L > >> > @ @>@>. . '@ @ @ @ M M@ @ @ @ @ @ N N @ @ @, @, @ @ > > -P I I @ . . DCA/, DCA/, ' Q/' Q/' %/' %/'%+# %+# # # '' '' /'/' '5 '5 %##% %##%' '5 5+ +%#5 %#5 ; /' '5' '5'# #%+A %+A ' &' (#$+ (#$+%# %#%+A %+A %#5' %#5'#? #?
E @ @ P P , @ @ @ >@. >@. # >@ >@ @@>K@ >K@ @ @ @ >@ >@ , , @ @ >@ @ > >@ @ Q, @ @ J @ @ @ @ I I@. @. @ @ >@ >@ J L L @. @. E @>@> P P @ @ J N N>@ >@ @ @@ @ J @ @ @ @ @ >@ >@ P P J @@ @>@ @>@ > > >@ >@
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
E @ @ > > @ @ @ J >@@ >@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ >@ >@ @ @ -@ >@ >@ K K@ @ @>@ @>@ #1 J C1+C4. C1 J C4 @ @ @ @ >@ >@ @ @P P >@@ >@@ > > >J@ >J@ 1000.
E @>@ @>@ >L N N -@ J P@ P@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 3 100 @ @ @ @ Q@ Q@ J > > K K@ @ P. P. E @ @ @ @ @ @ 1 @ @ @ N N@ @ @ @ @. @. E @ @ @, @, > > @ @ > >-@, @, @ @@ @ . DP > ' ## ##' ' % ' +&% +&% ; '5 5'5'+'?
E @ >L @@ @@ @ @ , , @ @ @ > > >@ >@ @ @ @ @ ( > > , @@ @>). '@ '@ @ @ @>@ @>@ @, @, @ @ @ @ M @ @ J @ @ @ @ @ >@ >@ @>@ @>@ @ >@. >@. *P@ *P@ >@ >@ @ @ @ . . E , @ @ @ @ @ @ P@ P@ I I @ @ > > @ @ @ @ @, @, >@@ >@@ >@ >@ @ @ >> >> @ @ . . > > @ @ P @ @ @>@ @>@ P P @ @- J @ @ @. @. E = ' / ', @ @ @ @ > >>L >L >@ >@ > >K K@ @ @ @- @ @ P> P> @ @-P : R* = XL2 / R
' ' @ @ @ @ L L @>@: @>@: (6,28.F.L)2 / 82.000 = 9,4 O!% DQ> +/ # #%+# %+# +'' +'' %#% %#%# # ' # # &' ''5+5' 5+5'%+# %+# 5'+' 5'+' '+# '+#' '' ' &' +&% +&%? ?
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> > @ P, P, P@ P@ >@ >@ > > @ J > >P P @I @I> > @ @ @ @@. @@. *P@ *P@ @ @ @ @ @ @>@>. . E @ @>@ @>@ @. @. E 66 >@ >@>@ >@ , , @ @ > >- @ @ @ @ > >K K>@ >@ @ @ K KP P @ > > N. N. E E @ @ >M >M @, @, @ @ . -K M M 10 L L 2 @ 3 $Y J -> > . . C@ M M P P @ @ 10 200.000 &> J >J @. @. E @ @> > @ >L @ @ @ @- @ @@ @ @ @N N P P @, @, N @ @ @> > >@ >@ @ @N, N, @ @ @ @ > > @ @> > >@ >@ @ > > @ M M . . DL5 Q/'5 Q/'5 ('5+ ('5+# #'5, '5, ++ ++ <# <# '' ''# #-& &' &# &# %#&# %#&#&#? &#?
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@ @ >@ >@ @>@ @>@ @ @ @>@ @>@ @ @ >P >P . . E >J@ >J@ @ @> > -@ N@ N@@ @ >J @@ @@ J @ >@ >@ P P -> > J >P >P @ @ >@@ >@@ > > @ @ P P >L O@. O@. '@ @ @ @ >@>@ >@ >@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 10% J 50% N@ N@@ @ , , @ @ @ @ >@ >@ @ @ @ K KL L >> @ @ @@ @@ J @ @> >@ @ @@. @@.
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Figura 67
c%" c%"b+ b+"' "' a#., a#., % Q&+( Q&+( * N N> >@ @ @ @ @@ @@ @@ @ J M M @ > >P P , , L L @@P P P P >@. >@. * @ N N> >@ @ @ @@ @@ @@ @ L L @ @ @. @. E >>@ >>@ I@ I@ @ @ L L -N> N>@ @ J@ J@ @ @ G G>@ >@ @ @ > > > > @> @>@ @ > > @ @ @. @. X> X>@ @ @ , , J@ @ @ @ @ @ @ >@ >@ @ @ @ @ @ @@, @, J @>@ @>@ @ P P > >P P , , > @ P@ P@ 4 N N@ @ > >> > @P @P> >-@. ' '@ @ @ @@, @@, @ @ @P P> >@ @ - @ @ @, @, @>@ @>@ @ 66 @@@ @@ @ >LI >LI>@ >@ @, @, > > J @ @ @ > >@ @ @ @ . #@ #@ >N >N>@ >@ @, @, @ @ J >> . '@ '@@ @> > @@ @@ L L @ @-P> P>@ @ @ @ @ @ J L > >@ @ @> @> . . C@>@ C@>@ @ @, , P@ @@ @@ >@ >@ @@P P> >@ @ 5 >@ @ > > @. @. >M >M @ @ @ @ @@ @@ @ @ @ @P P> >@ @ >J@ >J@ @ @ @>@ @>@ @ >@ >@ 50 > >@ >@ @ @ >N >N>@ >@ 2<2 >LI >LI> > 300@ @ @P P> >@ @ 50 @> L L > > K K @ J J >>@ @> @> > > J @ @ @ @ @>@ >@ @ @ N N@. @. >M >M @ @ K K >L @ @ K K@ @ J @ @ N @ @ - @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 'C J K K @ @> > @ 1 I 2 @ I 4. A@ A@ P@ P@ @ > > @ @ -. E , , @ @ L L @ J J>@ >@ @ @ @ @ @>@ @>@ @ @ . . # @ @ F @ 2.000 @ 3.000F @ @ @ @ @ > > @ @ J @ @ @ @ @ @> @> @ . . @ @ @>@ >@ @ @ @ @ @@ @@ @ @ @. . #@ > @ @ @ @ @ Q Q -@ > > 2 I 410F @ @ -K K @ @ > > @ O@ 70 @
Q Q @ @ @> @> @ @. . C@ C@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 820F @ @ >@. >@. E >@@ >@@ > > @ > >@ @ > > J>@ J>@ @ @@ @ @ @-. @ @ M M @ N> N>@ @ . L L K K @ @ @ @ @ >@ >@ @ @ J @ @ @ @ @ @ >J@ >J@ @. E @ @ K K J K , , @ @ @@ @@-L L @ @ V V P P W W . . E @, @, @ @ @ >@ >@ @ @ >@ >@ M @ @ @ P P > > @@ >HJ @ >L @> @> P P @ @K@ K@ @ >@ >@@. @. DCA/ DCA/ 5' /#%# /#%# # '5%# '5%## # &' +&% +&%# #%+#5? %+#5?
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DCA/ DCA/ 5' /+&' /+&' 5 +&% +&% '5? '5?
C@@ C@@ @ @ P P @ @ @ >@ >@ > >@ @ @ @ >@. >@. >@ >@ . . C@@ C@@ @ @ @ @ @. @. * > > LL- > > @ 100 >@ @ @ @ J @ @ @N. N. # @ @. . @ @ @ @ . . E @ @ @ @ @ @ M" M"(+ (+ c)" c)"( (+, +, p*. p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a: N'+a: @@ @@ M @ @ @ Q> Q>-E >@ >@ @ @ >@ >@ (>@ (>@ ) ) @ L. @ @ P P . @ @
/@ @ @/ / @ @ @ @N. N. * @ >>@, @ @ @ @ 10 J > >@ @ @ - @ @ @ @ I I 100, @ @>@ >@ @>@ @>@ @ @P P L L 100/10 = 10. '@ '@ @ @ > > @ P, P, O @ @ @ @ J I I> > @ @ 10. E @ @ @> @> @ @ @>@ >@ @> @> @ @ L L @> @> (@ >@ >@ L L @ @ >L @ @ ). E @ @ >@ >@ @ > >>@ >@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ >@ >@ @ -@ @ @ P. P. * > > @ @ @L @L @>@> N N @ @ @>. @>. DQ> %' %' 5+ &+5' &+5'@# @#/5 /5 ' &++ &++5 5 ## ## # 5#5#+&# +&# &' 1?
& & @ @ M M @@ @@ @ L L > > @ @ @. @. '@ >@ >@ @ @ @ @ >@ >@ 12 @ @->@ @ @ 12. * . @@@ @ @ @ @N @N @ @ @ > >P, P, L @ @ @ @ @ >@ >@ @ M, M, @ @ P P @ @ @ >>@ >>@ M M K K > >P P J >> >> . . #@ >@ >@ @ @@ @ @ @ @ @ @P P> >@ @ J A*E A*E/$E /$ED DC& C& @ @ M M - @ @ A*E A*E J @ @ @ @ @ @N N $ED $EDC&. C&. & N N @ >@ >@ M M > >P P . E@ E@ >M >M @> @> >@ >@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ . . DCA/ DCA/ 5' '#+ '#+ <# <# '5#5 '5#5 %/ '5# '5#%+ %+'5? '5?
#@ N N @ @ @ @@ @@-@ @ @ >@ >@ 100 J -@ @ (@ (@P P> >@ @ ) ) M M I I> > @. @. '@ '@@ @> > @@ >@ >@ M @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ P P @ @ @ @ 10 J @ @ @>@ @>@ @ > >@. @.
M('# .' F+.'2&+( d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
@ @. @. A J > > @ @ , , J -@ @ @ J. ' '@ @ # #' #' &' #%* 5' %+'# %+'# J @ @ > > @ @ J. J. A A @ @ @ @ @ @ ' ' ' &+5 #; @ @@, @, ' '/# '/#' '%' %' ' '5 '5# #& & &' # @ %'# %'# #' #'+ +, @
Figura 68
L L , , @ @ @@ @@ @ L , @ @@ @ @>@ @>@ /'/ /'/+# +# '/ #. > > @ @ @ @ @, @, @ @ @@ @@ @@>K. >K. H H J PI PI>@ >@ @ @ '5' '5'# # ' ' ' '5 '5-#&, #&, %#/$+# %#/$+#& & ' #' #'+ + 5+ ('# ('# &+5+ &+5+ . E >, >, @ @ @ >@ >@ @ @> > >>@ Q> Q>@ @ >@> >@>@ @ @ @ . * > > >>, >>, @ >@ >@ @ @ >@ >@ @ @ J. J. Figura 69
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
l(, c(' c('( (+, +, ' ' @ @ @ @ > > @ @@ @ >@ >@ @ @ L L> >@ @ , , @ @ : @ Q> Q>@ @ @ @ . . ' ' @ @ V VW W @ @ @ > > @ @ @ P P@ @ @ Q> Q>@ @ > >, , >@ >@ @@ @@@, @, I I @ @ @ @ CD4511, @ @ @ @ BCD ( (> > @ @ @ @ @) @) @ I I -@ P P J J 7 > >@. @. '@ '@ > >>@ >@ @ @@ @ @. @. E P P@ @ BCD @ @ @ @ @ Q> Q>@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @. @. >M >M @ > > P P@ @ 8421. >@ >@ P>@ P>@ @: @: @ @ @ @ @ @ , , @ @> > (@ (@ >@ >@ ) A,B,C J D. E E '5 - '5 > >@. @. * > > >@ >@ > > J > > ce' >@ >@ P P A ce'. * (> (> @ @ @ >) >) J J > > &'. * >@ >@ P P B J J > > d'*. * @ @ >@ >@ P P C > >N N >@ >@ @ @ > >@ @ ca+' ca+' J
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*>, *>, >@ >@ P P A J B >>@ >>@ >@ >@ J >@ >@ A+B, @ 1+2 J J @ 3. E @ @ >@ >@ P B J C, @ 4+2 J >@ >@ P P A,B J C > >L L ->, >, @ @ @ @ > > 1+2+4= 7. E E @ @ @ @ @ @@ @ @ @ @ @ >>@ >>@ @ @ , , @ @> > @ @ , @ @ > >: : #E ( @ P P @ @ @) L L -@ @ (@ (@ @ @ @ @ >), >), @ @ @ >@ >@ @ ABCD -> > J. J. * >@ >@ #E @ @ @ @ ( >@ >@ P), P), @ >L @ @ J J J > > K K@ @ Q Q>@ >@ @ P. P. AN @>@ @>@ K K>@ >@ @ @ P P@ @ @ Q> Q>@ @ @@ > > >@, >@, >@ >@ K K Q Q @@ @ K K, , @ @ P P @ @ (@ @ @ >@ >@ >), >), @ J @ @ P P@ @ BCD > > CD4511. E E @ @@ @ @ @ (@ (@ J @ @ @@ @ @@ @@ -@) @) @ @> > @ @ CD4518. E @ @@ @ ->@ J @ @ : : A,B,C J D. *@ *@->@ >@ > > @ @ J @. @. >@ >@ A > > @ @ @ @ @. * @ @ @ ->@ CD4511 @ @ N N>@ >@ 1 J. J. A @ @ @ @ A @ @ J B @ @ @. @. E J J >@ >@ @@ 2. A @ @ B >> @ @ @ @ J @> @>O O @ @ A,
@ @ J J 3, J N > > 9 ( 2). >@ >@ @ @ @: @: @ @ >@ >@ M M @ @@ @ J >N >N @. @. E J J > > J L L @@ @@ L L@, @, @ @ N @ @ K K . . * @ @ N @>L @>L J J @ > > > 1 ( @ @ @ @ M) M) @ @ > >> 7, @ @ @ >P >P @ @ @. . DCA/ DCA/ '& '& *#%' *#%' ' '%'5 %'5 ## ## 5' ## ## #5 %'#5 %'#5 ; %=& %=& '/ +' < # '# '# ' ##' ##' &' %'? %'? HJ @ @ @ @@ @ e*e+ e*e+
( ( > >@ @ @) @) @ V@ V@W W @ @ J @ @ @ @ @ @ @> @>K K . . @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @-@ @ V W, W, @ @ , @ M M @@, @ J @@ , , @ >@. >@. # 6 CD4518, D, @ @ 8, @ @ 10 >>@ >>@ @, @, @ @@ @ . . AN @ @ P: P: @ @@ @ @ @ @ ; ; > > Q> Q>@ @ P P 0 1, @ @> > (# (#% #5%' #5%'&' &'' ', J @ @ @ >>@ @ @ 1 0, @ @> > $a&c' $a&c' de*de*>@ >@ K K@ @ ce&de& ce&de&+e +e, J O@. O@. DP >?
>@ >@ >@: >@: @ @ >@ >@ >@ >@ @ @@ @ 99. E >@ >@ @ @@ @ 7 (0111), 8(1000), 9 (1001). * M M>@ >@ @ @@ @ @ @ @ @ @ , , Q> Q>@ @ 8 D 0 1 @ @ @ @ @@ @@@, @, @ @ J J N N>@ >@ Q> Q>@ @ 18 @ @@ @ @, @, @ @ @ @ @ @ . . E O@ O@ >@ >@ @ @ @ @@ @ @@ @ @ @ @ , , @ @ @ @ @: @: 7 (0111), 8 (1000) @ J >@, >@, @ @ D *b" *b" 0 1, 9 (1001) @@ @@ J 0 (0000) >@ >@ N N @ @ @ @ @ @@, @, @ @ D ba # 1 0, @ @ @ @ J J Q> Q>@ @ 10, @ @ @ M M>@ >@ @ @ . . AM AM @ Q> Q>@ @ @ @ DCBA. DCBA. C@ @ @ P P P P @ @ @@ @ J @ @>@ >@ > > @@J@, J@, @ @@ @ @ , , J J - >@ >@ 70. E E @ @@ @ @@ @ @ @, , , @ @>@ >@ @ @
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igura 71 > > Q> Q>@ @ J. AN QQ>@ >@ 99. A PI PI>@ >@ @ @ @ @@ @ > > 00 J N N @ CA @ @ @ @@ @ , , @ @ J J (@ (@ -@ @ @ N N@) @) N N Q> Q>@ @ 0100. * >@ >@ @@ @ @ > > @ @@ @ Figura 70
00 99, 0000 9999 @ 000000 999999 ( @ @ @@ @@@ @ >@ >@ N N> >@ @ @ @ N N@ @ J N > > @@ @@ P P @). @). ' ' @ @
Figura 72
@ @L L @ 99 J PI PI>@ >@ @ @ 00 @ @ N N @@ @ @ @ CA @ @ @ @-@, >@ >@@ @ J J @ @ Q> Q>@ @ 0200. C@>@ C@>@ @ @, , N J @ e*e+ -e*e+ : @ @ @ @@ @, , @ N >>@ >>@ @ @ M M Q> Q>@ @ 9 J @@ >J @ @ ' ' #%%+ #%%+ &' (/# (/# '' ''#, #, J L L > >@ @ @>@ @>@ E*E. E*E. *@ *@ ->@ > N N @ @ J > P P J Q> Q>@ @ 2546. ' ' @ @@ @ @ @ @ @ @@ @ E*E E*E J 0000, @ @ @ J@ @ , , @ @ @ @ @- P P (M (M 9 @). @). DP > ' ;'% ;'% '5= '5= &++ &++&+ &+& & ' #+#5 #+#5 '''@#5 '@#5 #' #'#5 #5 ; ' # #&'? #&'?
'@ '@ @ @ @ @ >@ >@-@ @ , , @J @J J I I > > @ @ @ @ @ I I P P J @@ @@ @ O@ @ @ @ @ @> > J > > @; @; @ @ , @ @@ @ @ @ @ @J @ @ > > @ @ J @ @@ @ @. E @ @ > >@ @ > @ @ @> @> K K @ @ P P @, @, @ @ @ @ 5I7 > @ @, @, ;# 5> ' #* '5= '5= # (##, (##, P P 15I20 > @ @ @ @ > > @ @ P P > >K. K. C@ @ @ > >@, @, @ @ @ @ N @ > > @ @ @ . . @ @K@ K@ ( @ @) @) J @ J J >@ >@ @ @ . . C$&* J c+' >@ >@ > >@ @ c+'d' d' c'%& c'%&. @ ''5 P P J ''5 &' %' %' +A J @ @ @ @ @ CD4511. #@ #@ , , M M @ @ @ @ @ ( (@ @
@ @ @ ) ) J @ Q Q>@ >@ @ @ @ -@. @ @ , , K > >@ @ @ @-@ >@> >@>@ @ @ @@. @. ' ' > >K, K, J @ @ I I > > - 10 > , , @ @ @ @ C$&* @ @ V W W @ @ @> @> @ @ >> J @@ @@ @ @ > >@ @ @ @@. @. ##@ @ @ @ @ >@ >@ > > P P 12, @ @ > > J @ @@ @ +12. +12. J J > >K K @. @. * @ @>@ >@ @ @ @ +12 J E*E E*E > > 00. * @ >>@ >>@ @ @ @ @>@ >@ E J $A*A, $A*A, @ @ @ >@ >@ @ @ > > Q> Q>@: @: 00, 01, 02... * > > @ @ @ @ @, , @>@ @>@ @ @ J @ @ J @. @. E @ > > '$ '$'. '. B, N @ @ @ @ @ U U -@ @! ! EI EI M M @ @ P>@ P>@ @ @ @ J > > >@ >@ @ @ N. N.
l e ) e'+ e' + ' '>@ >@ @ @ P P >L @> @> . E E @ @ > > @ @ @@@> @>@ @ O O J > > @ @ N @ @ @ @, @, J @ @ @ @ @@ @ J J, J, @>@ @>@ >> @ @ 72. # O O > > -@ , , @ @ M BF199, @ K K >M >M BF494. * > > J @@ BF199, J@ J@ @ @@ @ L L @ @-@ @ @> @> AD @ @ 74#*132, @> @> -> > O O >. >.
E @ @ @ @, @, @ @@ @N N # ((@ @ @ @ #@) #@) @ @ @ >J L L-@. @ N N> >@ @ >@ >@ @ @ > > @ @>@ @>@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ' 80 >@, >@, @ @ 8$HK. #@ @ @ C$&* CD4 @ >J @P @P> >@ @ J @ P, P, @ @ @ @, @, @ @ @ @ @ >L L @ 3 P 4$HK. #@ @ @ # @ >L @ @ J J > > @ @ @ P P K K +5, @ @ @@ @@@ @ N N> >@ @ @ @ > > @ 31$HK. @ @ >L. DM DM @> @> AD, @ O O J @>, @>, >@ >@ @ @ 74#*90, > > @ K. DP > '5 '5? '5?
' @ @ @>@ @>@ J >@, >@, @ C$&* @ @, @, @ @ @ @ @ @ # 8$HK @ @> >N N 800 > > > @ @@ @ C$&*. #P #P > > >@ >@ J J @ >@ >@ @ @ P P , , @ @ P P N N> >@, @, @ @ - @ @ . . A@ A@ >@ >@ > > > > @ @ C$&*, @ @ >@ >@ @ @->: @ # > > 5 @, J @ C$&* 12 @. ' ' @ @@ @ @ @ --
>@ 74#*90 J >> >@ >@ @ @ N, N, C$&*, @ @ BC547, J J I I @ +5 74#*90 @ @ K K @ @ -P Q @ @ +12 @ @ @ @ @ @@. @. AN >@ >@ @ @ @ @@ @ @ +12 O O +5. E 73 >@ >@>@ >@ J Q Q> > @J @J@, @, Q Q N N> >@. @. A@ A@ , N N>@ >@ I I @ @ @ @@ @ Q Q 1 @, @, @ @ M M @ @ >@ >@ @ @ J J J @ @ @ @ @ @@ @, , @> @>K K @@ @@ K >L. # N N @> @> @ @ @ @@ @ @ OM OM @>@ @>@ @ @ @ @N N @ '. @ @, , @ @ >J @ @ @ @-N @ @, , @ @ > >P P @ @ @ ( @ @ > > J @@ @ @ @ @ @ J ). ). E N @ @N N 0,1 @, @, @ > > > @ > >@ @ @, @, @ @@ @ N - K K K KP. P. E@ E@ P P P P @, @, @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @. @. E @, @, @J @J 3.566.923$HK, @ @ J N N @ K J @ @ M M> > ( ( > > @ K) @ @ J J Figura 73
Figura 74
A@ A@ , @ @ @ 50HK (@ 500HK > > > > @) @) @ @ >@ >@ >L J , , @ @ > >- P. P. @> @>> > K K , , @@ @ @ P P J > >> > @ @ -@ @ @. . '@ >@, >@, @ @ 50HK >@ >@ 5$HK J >@ >@ @ 10 @ @ 500@ >@ > > @ 10 > > @ @ @ @ @-@ 50HK. H>@ H>@ @ @ > > 5 @ @ @ 10, >L @ @ @ @ , , @@ @@@ @ J >M >M >@ >@ >L @. @. @ >@ >@ >@ >@ @ @ @ @> > @ @ 5$HK, @ @ N N. .
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e @> @, @, +"%%e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
Figura 75
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Figura 77
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` Tabla 3 - Continuación ` Programa del Frecuencímetro
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Figura 13
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