$ CBIVU CJ@ 'BYD CXB EBB $ G@ C@@ (&BN/E) ` 2010 bAC&. J.
CDYI@ 28
A& Hee"a Hee"a Ca%a&e Ca%a&ekk 1 BJ F@ GR
28.1 I#>=
28.1.1 28.1.1 Defi Defi"i,+ "i,+## e hi&'% hi&'%ic# ic# A U BIVU, DD XB BIB, D I XB I I @B, ] () RI, DB B B J V\ B. A U I D B BIVU J@, B I DBD I B BB @JB B D JB, V, I JB ]B D , @W BD D I@NVU D B B BB >IBB JB T D. & D D @ BIVU U DW-Z, R 11.000 B. I@ G@@W, DZL g@, @, 1985, IB I JVU D I I, I > W B B D D@ IB: I D D@ 180 2, D I @ , I@ DIN B 7.000 .C. 9.000 .C. (E&'EA $&A d &GAA& - E$&, 2006; HE##EC CE$E d d A&CA& A&CA& - HCA, 2006). & IB B W 5.600 .C., I @> 25 DI, W LI @, B DR @ #DB?-, > II@RJ (EA (EA DI G$AcE, 1997). A D Y L JR D @ D@ YD, , I B. C J, B S @ . 1 A I EB. $R W ! B, ]@ B@ A
JB JB - EA, FG, D@ @VU B @VU DYI@.
886
H. Caraek Caraek
BB, @V\ WB BIVU, BJ BJ@J. A B @B DI I DVU W B '@B , I ^BB, J TB D @ @I DD, @@. E J U, D LD@, BD I @ D@ BIVU DIB @ , I J B RI (S W @I@, I I@ D RI B). !R B B@ WI@ I, B EID B E B, BI@N, I DB, D@B BI, D I, B , Z W BR VU RI, I U I D I@B W B b@.
28.1.2 28.1.2 Obje Obje'i) 'i)#& #& e f#c# f#c# E DYI@ >J DB @VU, IBV\, I DD DB , B DD @IB W B DBYJ D I BVU. U I W D DD . U B BTB, DBD@B S B '@B @ I B '@B J, IBVU BB @JB JB D. A B I IBV\ U ID@B, I JN I DB B] DI@. A@W , BI B , I DB B J@I U ^BB D DB ( BI@N) B DB@ I DDBB B. C - I DYI@ W I BIB @ BIVU. BB, BU J I I, B DR, W DB, B I JU X, BR@ @ D@, I >, J@VU DB. B, I RD DB @IB I BIY D W B VU 28.3, @W DB @IB D BV\ D@Z JB B VU 28.6. 28.2. C+(%(">$
A D @ @VU JR W, @IB I U DD B I 1.
886
H. Caraek Caraek
BB, @V\ WB BIVU, BJ BJ@J. A B @B DI I DVU W B '@B , I ^BB, J TB D @ @I DD, @@. E J U, D LD@, BD I @ D@ BIVU DIB @ , I J B RI (S W @I@, I I@ D RI B). !R B B@ WI@ I, B EID B E B, BI@N, I DB, D@B BI, D I, B , Z W BR VU RI, I U I D I@B W B b@.
28.1.2 28.1.2 Obje Obje'i) 'i)#& #& e f#c# f#c# E DYI@ >J DB @VU, IBV\, I DD DB , B DD @IB W B DBYJ D I BVU. U I W D DD . U B BTB, DBD@B S B '@B @ I B '@B J, IBVU BB @JB JB D. A B I IBV\ U ID@B, I JN I DB B] DI@. A@W , BI B , I DB B J@I U ^BB D DB ( BI@N) B DB@ I DDBB B. C - I DYI@ W I BIB @ BIVU. BB, BU J I I, B DR, W DB, B I JU X, BR@ @ D@, I >, J@VU DB. B, I RD DB @IB I BIY D W B VU 28.3, @W DB @IB D BV\ D@Z JB B VU 28.6. 28.2. C+(%(">$
A D @ @VU JR W, @IB I U DD B I 1.
Argama Argamaa a
887
I 1 - C@VU C@VU .
A D W @ IB I IBVU B BIVU, B I DB B I 2. I 2 - C@VU C@VU IB I IBV\ B BIVU.
28.3 F>$ # &, $(( #$ #$$$' $ ($##$ ( $+$$
A IBV\ U B S I B@ I D@V\. VU U I, D D B
888
H. Caraek Caraek
BIVU J@ ( BB @JB JB D), I IBV\, @ U DBD DD. A B@ VU, R DB I I I I, W D ( D, BD, @B, >IBB D), U @ DD @JB. A DBD DD, D I JN, U LD@ W B B VU 28.4 DYI@.
28.3 28.3.1 .1 A%ga A%ga!a !a&& &&aa de de a&& a&&e" e"'a 'a!e !e"' "'## de de a) a)e" e"a% a%ia ia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
B@VU RI.
Argama Argamaa a
889
FI 1 - AD@VU BB: () B (: 'IXB !.) () DB I D@ (: AbC').
A BVU RI W I DD I DB D BB, I JN I, DZ I D@VU I @ I >@, V D RI, D@ IVU DBB @JB D@ JDVU. B, DD IU B- DB, I@B D RI B IB D . D RI I DB, R, BU R DYJ@ I >I @ DZL , D>IB I BJ@B DI D, I D @J I IVU BU IB IB B D D@ R B @. ' I @, I D@ I L BVU RI, D JR IN R B I@ D@R , D>IB DIJ JV. A@W , BVU RI B@IR B XB, I JN I, D RI I DB D @ L >IB, DR @ RI ( I@ B @B) D B I I @VU @ ID. A FI 2 @I D RI I >IB BB; J I @W B B D @ B, B IVU D@ I D, V J W BI D I @VU J B >IB BB @ B.
890
H. Caraek
. ) 9 8 9 1 , * & G E # # A G 5 5 H D 5 5 ( 5 = 5 B J @ 5 5 I C 7 C @ 6 C C H B 5 H B 5 5 5 5 ; 5 H B C U V 5 H B 2 5 I ; = F
Argamaa
891
A XB, D I JN, W I DD B@ B BB, B J I @ DR S D V @B VU, @W B BI >IB, DB DBVU RI IJ. ' , @VU S XB TB, DBD@B XB S DU, - I J I DB @I XB, DB BB JR B , BJ@J XB I @B D. AD , BU U BR XB @ D B DB D; D@ BR, XB BU J BIB ID S XB @. DI L DI B@IXB B XB S DU @JB, DB LD@ D@ I@L@ B\ I@ >IB R I, J S VU V\ @ I @ D\ S >IB. A FI 3 @I XB B XB @JB, B I I BIVU I 90% B XB S DU @J I IVU B 20% B XB B@ D, IB B D I ]B D IB @JB. A@W , W DB - I @ XB, I @B DI I @J B, @W , DI L D J VU, I I IBB@ >IB BB.
FI 3 - B@IXB XB B XB D (b#dG EEACH A&, 1965).
A D VU R ZI@ @ . A BB J D DB I D>I, I >, @ J, IB I> @V\ J, DB DB I.
892
H. Caraek
28.3.2 A%ga!a&&a de %e)e&'i!e"'# A JB W I@N D J D, I , I, @B, B DBI, JB T, @B, . & JB D BIY D JR Y IBV\ DY, B B I @I B FI 4:
FI 4 - dB @BJ JB D: () V + + DBI ( B, I@B DI I@N); () ]B + DBI; () JB J B (d$).
_ C'(" : DD , D@ BYBI I BYBI, B@ IBN ID Y IB S VU @ XB JB. _ E!> : JB LI D I@N , DDB I IDY I D I , I JB J (D LD@, T). _ R$!" : JB I@N D B V, DDB I IDY I D JB J (D LD@, DBI) I I BI B B B@. _ C# (" : JB I ]B D D@ S , I@ W D@ I J, , D LD@, DBI; W DDI@B e ]Bf I e DI@f W I@B @BJ D B b@. _ R$$($ #$"( "# (I BD) - d$: - I JB D@ I ]B , I N, I@BB, IBVU I@NVU J, I
Argamaa
893
I@N B EID. A d$ W I DI BI@N, B BU B@N B b@, DVU JRJ@ B, BB @B: B B, @ , JR BIN, DB BTB, IB, @W JR J (D@B, B RI, BD , .). A DBD IBV\ I JB D U: _ D @JB II B VU BD, B JB LB; _ B JVU Y, BIB J IBV\, : @B W (O30%), @B ] (O50%), BI S RI (O70 100%), IBV XB @ ID; _ I@N IDY @B JVU J D B J, BIB D W VU3. B N S IBV\ BB, @I DD B- B D , : _ @@, D@B BXB, D@ U B@; _ VU; _ XB; _ D@ S RI; _ XB TB, DBD@B ID@; _ D J V\. A @@ W DD I BR BU Z BV\ LIVU, W I DB JB JV. dJ- >I @@ S I D@VU . A, @J S D@VU, BXB D@ JU B D@ D @ D (D@VU BI@), I D> BB, IDB B W JW B D> B D@ ILY@ D. IB , J I BXB @I , DBD@B, I @ D@, I DR B (FI 5). A@W , BU DI @@ Z BU B I D@VU, JR D>IYN DB JB, I JN I JR DD B BI U D@ BV\ D@VU ( ), W XB.
3 DY JB J B (d$), I >R BI B
B B@, D J B- B@
894
H. Caraek
FI 5 - AD@VU JB: () BI@ () D> BB.
&I DD B@, W S @@, W U B@, I >, D IBU B I (D, D LD@). A @BV S D, J L B S IDY, I DB, DB BDI@V\ I J D@R-@ R-@ B, @W B B J B ( I DDBR XB DZ I BIB). AB B , DZ D@VU , R DB B@ VU D@R, DD @B S IVU JB. BI, DD IBB@ W XB, I@ JB BU BR BBI I IBV\. A XB W DD I D JB J B\ B I BB B IDY B I. E DD W I DI I DI W DB D B B b@, B DB B I 3. I 3 - # XB XB S VU () D JB D (V ]B), IB b 13749 (Ab, 1996).
!R D@ S RI W DD I R @B IBVU BI D, I DB IB
Argamaa
895
JB . E I W D@ IB Y R I U @ YB DDVU D@IJW, D JB IBVU D Y B@VU RI. C BR, I B@ D@ D IR D@ I D B B ] IIR, W Y, @W S BV\ D@Z @XB, @B B @ . E DD I DTB B JB I BU U BBI D B B@, DBI I JB T, JB J B - d$. BB, B B I L D@ S RI, JB J I, DB DBVU RI D@ I. d , R B D>IYN S BI JB > @. & JB J W DB D J DIB V\, D IDI I D I, B BU D I XB, BI I@. E D@L DD R ZI@ @ S XB TB B@IBR B B IVU B XB JB. A XB TB N D S DD JB DIY I B@VU BB DN ID V TB J B I IN, @, D B\ I@TB VU, DU @B. EV ID@, D I JBVU ZD U LD@ @V\ I L XB TB JB, D B\ BB I B R-@ (E#$&, 1989). DBD D@ B JB, S XB TB , W L XB ID@, I IN B DI@JI@XB, D>IB LVU B, DBI I, J B, DV T.
28.3.3 Re&(!# da& $%i"ci$ai& $%#$%iedade& da& a%ga!a&&a& a&&#ciada& *& &(a& f(",e& CB IBVU B BIVU, I D J, B I 4.
896
H. Caraek
I 4 'BD I DD D B IBV\.
28.4. P($##$ # & $ ?# #$ $( "(#
ADB-, I, I IU DBD DD , B B , B BI. B, W DB BN- I DD Z D J@ D@ B I BVU @ I@ @ U B, D D BB IB D@ B D (D LD@, @
Argamaa
897
T I B). BB, B J >J DYI@, D @B S Y DD I U DB ID@B IB LB BR D IU DD.
28.4.1 T%abahabiidade e a&$ec'#& %e#gic#& da& a%ga!a&&a& @@ W DD B I B @ I @ D I, BD, D@, B@ , I BVU XB. C B I, @@ S B D I e@f B DR. W e@RJ@f IB D I D I D@ LI I @, I >, B JB, D LD@, I @ D LI JV DIJ, BB I JB I IB S DB B ID@ D. A @@ W I DD D@L, I@B B>IBVU J I DD, : BXB, D@, BVU RI BXB, U, LIVU, B U B@ (I 5). ' D I IBVU , @I DD D DB I I, W BVU RI D I @B BB DV T. I 5 - 'D @B @@ .
28.4.1.1 CBXB D@ G@B, ]B I@ D D\ D @@ W @ IB RI B, I JN I DDV\ DBB U DW-L. E >I, D@ VU I B RI, D @I, N D S BXB I @IN , I@ D @ ,
898
H. Caraek
D@R I @I, DBB IB D @B LB (A#dEHA &E##&,1976), @ B I 6. I 6 - CBXB .
* &.: & BXB D@R D @I BIU B B DD BXB D@. '--, BU, DD BXB I D II BXB D@R. BB, BU W , D B D BXB I D I W D@R, W BD I U @ I BXB , D D I DVU.
IB >I D I BXB D, D D N I BJ >I@B, LDB D@J eRDf, eDf I ef (D Y BJ) eD@Rf I ef (D Y DJ). B @ R @B D@. E DD W B@IB D@ D D@ IB @B , D@ D D@ BB I, @W D@ DBV J (DBD@B J BD ). & I 7 B] B I D@.
Argamaa
899
I 7 - B@IXB B (DYI@ < 0,075 ) I B D@ (#HEA AGA; $&EEdE C&$bA, 1984 DI CC&&, #A, CAAE", 1995).
A D@ I D I, B@ D@VU , B I IB Z RI, I@ B I BXB Z I, D I JN W IBVU DDBB BIN . A, BXB D@ U DBD BBB DD e@@f , D , @I JN @ U BIB B[B @@. A @@ W @ IB B B I. A I@ IB @VU DB Y , : IVU RI, LI ID@ Y JBVU RI B I B, @W BV\ B I JU B B JDVU. E @V\ D J@ BB D Y DD U B@, BVU RI BXB, LIVU U (I U I B DZL @YB). d DB J DB @Z 4 , BXB, I N D S I I B @IN, R S D I B. 'B, BXB @I DB I B J@ BU B, B J YD (> I@ @ @Z B D IU). AB @Z, D@ R @B J . AJ@, IB DJ J@ @@ D B BU W I R@, I JN I @ DB BU B Y BYB I (I D Z >R U D@L), W JR DD I, @ D I R LIB JV WB D@VU. AD I@, U JR B W D D BXB, B, , DT D J@VU B @@ D@B DBD@B I B@ B . IB #E$ (1982), BI@B, I D DBVU I D B B J@ B I BXB, I >, U 4 @ (rheo = @I; logo = I): W XB I I @IL VU , J@B
@V\ B BU @B D@ VU B DY D
900
H. Caraek
B I DBD@B BU B, W DBVU B (FI 6), B@N B E B D@ A$ C 780 (A$, 2009), I B BB dropping ball, D D@ B B@ b 4551 (b, 1998). !R W I D\ S I VU D JVU I I D BXB D@, B B BB, B b@, J@VU YB BXB D@ D@B B B B Ab (W B @K @), D D@ b 7215 (Ab, 1997).
FI 6 - AJ@VU BXB D@ W B.
A FI 7 DB @V\ BB B BXB D@ DBVU B @VU RI/ D I D BI@N ]@D@ I, B I B@ B BXB . C DB B R DB W X BV\ B J@ D I @VU RI/ D I B B I (1,5 B, 2,5 B 3,5 B). C @B-, B BB, I W I BU J@ I J D B D@B @@. &I >, D I I@ I BXB, > D@ DBVU B, > D@ flo$ !able : I D I DB J @@, I DB BU D@RJ@. BIN S B@IU I I D@ IU @@ BU DB I DIB DB J @Z. 5 5 @B IB BB D , B I, B IB XB:
C, '@ !B (2005), IN (2005) bI (2005).
Argamaa
901
FI 7 - C@V\ BB B BXB D@ DBVU B @VU RI/ D I BI@N. (CACd&; CAAE", CAA#H&, 2005).
DD B D@ I I B D J@VU @@ W W Sq"ee%e-Flo$ (FI 8). E W - B V BR D DU IBL@ I @YB @ B I D@ D@@, B @ V DB B@B D I RIB IBJ@ B. & B D JVU L @B W BI V\, B, DB, DN DIB @V\ B Y @Z , BR B B, B BU DB I J@ , I D@ DB @Z @V\ D (CAd&&, '#EGG, !&H, 2005). & W JB D@ I@VU J IV\ D@VU , BB @N DT @Z (BU B J). BB, @VU, - B I IDB @JB , @W B I @Z.
FI 8 - @NVU B IN-F@K (C&A, 2005).
902
H. Caraek
&I W I DD\ J@ @@ I D@ U B G. & B, D B@B TB @, J B I D@ ID DI #E$ (#Z EB $) Bb (bAE, 2005). EDB D BB @JB II@ @ B, G (GID B@ $ CDBB S CB '@B), FC, BJ@JI I IDB I D J@VU IBVU DB BXB, D@ U ('dhC& !., &#EA, bEd, 2002). & I 8 DB I I @IB W BB. I 8 - $W D D J@ BXB D@ .
* C@ bI (2005).
Argamaa
903
28.4.1.2 BVU RI BVU RI W I DD I R S D B I @@ IB I> @V\ I DJ D RI B, > D JDVU > D@ VU RI . A, DD B- DB IB W D@ I @ IVU RI I BV\ @R U JRJ (@ DI, L I @J JB ). E DD @W B B DB B ( B D B B VU D@R), W DD BI. ADZ BIB, DB, B D, I I BVU RI, D I V\ IY BIB @B I B DD. dB DD D XB, XB TB B@ I@ @ D@. A BVU RI D J@ D@ W b 13277 (Ab, 2005), I B B RI D@ DZ IVU @N D I JRI L DU, I IB@ @ (IB@ b^B ), @I B FI 9. A BVU RI W @ IBVU DVU . A FI 10 @I, I@J, IB BVU RI D B .
FI 9 - EB BVU BXB D@ W Ab b 13277:2005.
FI 10 - VU BVU RI D B .
904
H. Caraek
28.4.1.3 dB IB @J , @RJ@ R @B DN, I IN V DR B I D@VU, I@B I IB DIJ B@ >B @. A B , W BB DY, J (DBD@B IB BD D J) DY BIB , DB . & I 9 DB I @VU IB S B. A B B W B D@ W b 13278 (Ab, 2005) DB @VU B J@I @, B LD / 3, I . I 9 - C@VU IB S B B .
dB S B DY B@, R , B FI 10. & D B B D@ W JW (DB B b 13278), D@ W DW, DB B BBB DY D , A$ C 780 (A$, 2009), I B NB I DVU W D B b $ 47 (Ab, 2002). C B - I DY BI W I DI B I J@ B , J S Y D RI. & D--DJ @YB BI, I, IN 7% (3% 11%) 9% (5% 14%), DJB, @VU J@ B@, B . Q J I @VU B RI IVU B .
Argamaa
905
) 3 m / g K ( a s s a m e d e d a d i s n e D
FI 10 - @VU B B B .
28.4.1.4 AU B@ A U B@, W BB eD>f, W D IBU B@ B I . E@ R B @B Y @Z D @B, DB I BU ID@. A IVU BU ID@ D J e@f I, INB TBI@ B B IDY D@BB U. E B[B DD I B Y D U W , @B, , U. A BU ID@ D I D D@ @VU I DVU, B @ IBVU BJ B. A VU @ S B W BI I BU ID@, BIB D @ B J IDY I. E @B DD W J BD B RI, D J B I 10. I 10 - BU ID@ D B @IV\, B @N I DI 22C I B[ IM. (CAAE", 1996).
906
H. Caraek
b@ BU L W B@N D J@ U B@. W LD I@J W DD D@ #E$ - $-5 (#E$,1982), D J@ J BB @JB. E W W BB D @J B D DBB @JB I@ R D@.
28.4.2 Re'%a,+# A VU W I@ I B D@L, JVU J@I D @B DB DD@ IBB@ B DB D@, D@B IB S BI S I@. A D, I DI @ @VU RI/@B, D RI L I DVU. ' VU W B^XB V\ IY VU B, D@ DBD@ W J S . A VU B B DI DZ BIB @. IB I S D, I >, DD I , I I@ Z@ I J D JV\ J@IW D IVU I^B (A#dEHA &E##&,1976). W @B, D IB D B I XB S VU BR D ID B\ BB I I. $ IB @ R IB, JB , @B JDVU, D RI I VU. E @B W J IB W D@ I I JB. JB, I VU U D (DLB D@W), B TBI@ DZL 90 I B @. - I, IB I I TBI@ I I B , D@ B I @ BU W VU (!&E#, 1981). W B JB, IB DI, VU D. IB , >IB BB @JB D DB- IDY I@ B B XB (@B B >IB @ ID, B >R I B 28.3.1), BIB XB D BIB- I B D B RI IJ. A BU VU B IB VU W IBVU I ZI@ @, I I B BRJ@ B@IXB VU, B I> S B\ VU I IU I. AB @VU , BI@ B J@I JN DB D@ D @B. IB @J J@I, D BR, @JB- DB@ VU . A FI 11 @I @VU
Argamaa
907
IB S IVU BI@W, B- J@I JN. & I 11 DB I@ LDB VU DD B .
FI 11 - C@VU IB S IVU BI@W I B@IXB B VU D@R. I 11 - B@IXB B VU (AGdA#E, AHA$, 1972 DI CC&&, #A, CAAE", 1995).
A VU D@R W B@IB W D@ DI@JI@B (U B B 0,075 ). d I @, IB B, VU, DBD@B IB U DI B\ B 5k, @. E B, @ D D@B, J S I @ IDY DY S I BIN, D I @@ I, I IB RI B, B VU IVU, I D I@ JB. A@W , D L RI, D B B BIB @J I IVU XB TB JB, J S @ @VU RI/@B. ELVU IB B U @R, I @J I IVU RI, I I@ I B VU D@ (FI 12).
908
H. Caraek
FI 12 - () GR B @VU RI/B BR D BVU I BXB D@R @RJ@ D JB DD B B BIN: @ - ; @ - L BI@; @R, I V XB 1:1:6 (B:@:, J@I, NB IIV\ D D@ B. () @ VU DZ 12 B , D RL B. (AGE#$, AGE#$, CAAE", 2003)
W RI B@IB B VU, I JN I IB IB RI J@I DDB@ R IN , B^BB, D IB, B IVU6. & I 12 DB F (1994), VU @J DR, B D I D D I . I D- J I VU W B B D , DBD@B, I VU , D , >R W 60% 80% I J@ 28 . dY J BVU B DB D LIVU JB , IB JU D I I JB @ (D LD@, V I BD I R JB T D@ @B), I B YB 7 D LIVU I JV I^B, B DIB I B 14 IB D@ VU >R I. C , B- @ BB@ I@N . @ @ W BR D J- B\ VU.
6 A@IB D IVU D VU U D@B B L I B Cd, D@
JB.
Argamaa
909
I 12 - VU @I I D, 7 28 (D F&&, 1994).
b@ B I@N D J@VU VU W DBN D@ b 8490 (Ab, 1984), I D D--DJ DR 25 L 25 L 285 , B VU @J . E BYJ@ DI, - @ b (2001), I DI I W In!i!"! Na!ional de Science Appliq"&e (A), I@I, B BV\ B DL BV\ I JB, D--DJ D@, BB- IVU VU DIN D@ I.
28.4.3 Ade%"cia & XB W I D J XB LBU B B I . A , I I, @B W DB BU Z D@ @JB, I@ D >@ I @ T, @ B, @ B @I@ I@J, @ Y@-@R, ., W D@ II B @ in loco. A, BU D @ XB I D I @ @ R D@, D XB W I DD I DB BVU . dB, D- N I XB J B>IBVU X DD B -I: _ XB XB S VU; _ XB XB @B; _ LBU XB (R B J / R @ DYJ@ IB).
28.4.3.1 $B @VU -I A XB BI I W I B[B B@B TB, J, B, S DBVU D @B I DZD B D I B I D@VU7. IB B D@R B B IDY JB I, D RI B, I BW @IVU I @@ DBB @B, DB D@ D D@ J I. B D, B[B DDVU DI VU B @, , B @I D, DD BD@ L VU B 7 &I D@ B BJ I BI D XB I, U @V\
IBR, D #an der Waal). A, > D@ DBVU D DZD (B[B BYJ@ ZD), > D@ V IBR (B[B BYJ@ @VU [), IB @ B B I, R XB .
910
H. Caraek
S . EI II C? (1996), DB ZD @[B JI, BI I XB BJB DBD@B B (I DI VU B) B B D I. E IB @@ BBVU B I IB, I B '@B RI, D D I@ D B @J- @ YB I@ R@. E YB U D B @IVU, I YB @IB R@ DJBB @IVU C 3A B. dJ IVU I D@ D, YB @IVU U BD D \ BB I B B B D I@@IB R@ , (B). E JI D RD @IVU YB &2-4 ,A@&-4, C2+ DDVU B, DI DB DB D D@, I LD@ I IBTB B NB B /I D ID (FI 13). C B DV D DDVU, I DI VU B, C--H, D LD@, I DI D BVU @ @, D B IB B U B.
FI 13 - () IDY I @ T DZ DVU (@B) JB, J I @ID ZD (J- D @B BB @). () B ZD @[B JI D@ D@VU (17.000 L) I DB IDY @ BB D @B, I D J B, DBD@ DBRJ@ D@ BJB @ (CAE, 2002).
B J B @VU, D- B@I I IB @ B B I R XB 8. d , XB R B @B @@ (I @) , B D (D LIVU), @W Y DD I LB. A FI 14 ]B DBD I L B@IXB B XB. 8 ABIB (2005) BBI I @VU BJB DDB@ B XB XB L
B B. & B L B B B W I BJ LBU XB.
Argamaa
911
FI 14 - F I L B@IXB B XB D.
'- I BIB , B BIN DDV\, L B B@IXB B XB. A, B IVU I, R I IB B@IXB, B DD, B, @, I DDV\ B 9. W @B , Y I (D, VU RI I) I DD (@DN B ID, D) B@IBU BB DD. ' I @, D U--, WB LIVU BV\ @R IB D@VU D W J B DB XB. AD I DB, ]@ D BU U I B DYI@, D J D DD10.
28.4.3.2. B@IXB BIB & D Y Y B D B@IB J@ XB. DT BJ B XB W BI B: IB B B, XB XB , B XB B@ ( ID 6 ) IB, DBD@B, B (3 14 ). A, J@ XB XB U IB D C' - A (@ XB B@) DVU B '@B. BB, I D@ J I BVU, D, >IB JI I BI, B @ XB B@ D @J S VU IVU JB R@ I I B, BB- BI. 9 D@ B@IXB I BIB
(B@IB J V\), B@IXB I, D J C?, CI NB (2001). 10A D D- I @I @I XB: () B@IXB I I DD - C? (1996); CB (1998), NB (2002), ' (2004); () B D, D D@VU (B@IJ D>VU BN) I - ' (2000), CJ@ (2004); GBV@J (2004) ABIB (2005).
912
H. Caraek
A @, @W I @ @B, DI, D I BI, DB DD D@B BVU RI. d , BB @ DB @B B D@ IDY I, DDB LBU XB. ' I JN, I@ XB W DDB D@ @ @ J I DB JN, I W BI JW VU BVU I D @B D. E D DI@ @, B @B I BIVU IZB, DB I JBB I @B B JB BB. CB J B CDYI@ 22, @ D @, IB I DVU IY, R@, BB @Y. A@IB I B LXB I @VU B DDVU ZL BW DB B @ XB XB. A, I DD @ @Y DB XB ID I V DD @ R@. @ , D, D IY S BV B BVU RI ; BIY @ @Y DB BVU ID SI@ J @ R@. C @VU DDBB , @J B, @, DB @J XB XB, D B IRJ, I JN I DI BXB BJ@J I. ' I @, BB @ DI @ LBU XB, B BYJ@ BYJ@ ZD. B D@R, X D e@f IDY DB J I; DB @J I B II B, BYBI B BXB I, I B B B. A, ef U I@ I ]B I@ , I >, U B @. $@ B B LBU B J@ XB XB D D@ VU DIB DV\ @ S B '@B. & JRJ@ B XB DD D@ VU DIB IB @ I DJ B I C? (1996), B D I @B, V, J@I, 1:3 (B ]) 1:0,25:3 (B, @ ]). A IB , BB DB 6% @ @VU S BIB , I@I, I @, I J@ XB XB S VU IB @ D@ B @ @JB. A BIVU @ B B D@ @ B @I@ I@J, B J IB ID 70% B J@ BU XB. A@W VU @B, @ DDI I W D BVU RI I @ @@, I@B I B B LBU XB (DJ JW JVU B @ID ZD, @I B FI 15), I, D I JN, @I B XB @VU.
Argamaa
913
FI 15 - F B @ID ZD D@VU 20 JN; () 1:3 (B , J@I) D@ @ T; () 1:1/4:3 (B, @ , J@I) D@ D @ T D () (CAAE", 1996).
A D XB W DBB W Y D B BVU . d I D@, IB , R I IVU B XB XB; D I @ W , D BI- B I@ BRJ@ , I B I@ XB D@ IVU VU. A I BU DIN D DI D>I I @@ , B^BB, I D@VU I, INB LBU XB. BB, B D I DIN @RJ, I BI@ B @ I@ XB XB. ELD@B: I V 1:1:6 1:2:9 (B, @ , J@I) I B, I @ B ($F = 2,32) I I B ($F = 1,75), BB- D I DV\, J@ XB XB IB I@N DYI@ (AGE#$, 2000). A I DV\ B @ B (DBD@B DYI@ B 0,075 ) D D>I XB. , D DB I DZ LD@VU. A D - I, IB IVU L D@ I, U I B DB B D DB B B I D, B @I DI VU B I B B DIN JB . A IB DZ J !eoria do poro a!i#o do "b!ra!o 11, IB I@ I U I B DIN I D W DIB; D B I D I I@ IVU D @B, I JN I @IL RI@ R D B B D D 11 $ @B D J D J B @ C? (1996) C?,
CI, NB (2001).
914
H. Caraek
B. B , D I , I , BB D IB D @B , INB B DIN XB 12. AB@ (2000) II J B B BIN (@, @ @R) B DVU JB, IIB D D @J B B. E@ BI DZ B, JB I IVU XB XB S I IBI @ B . ' BVU B I@ XB, J DI I IVU BI@W BYBI. d I @, IB ZI@ BI , I DIN @RJ, R XB XB .
28.4.3.3 $ XB XB JB , XB I B DTB, D, @ @, D , L, B S J IB D@ @B D@ I DV JB. A, XB J B D@B I B b@ B L, LB W B@N D I J@VU. b@, J@VU XB XB S VU JB , W B XB BB, R DJ B B b 13528 (Ab, 2010), @ I D J@VU B @Z . & DBYD R B R I B I 13. & I@ B DB, @B, @ DU, I@B B JVU 10% 35%. I XB XB W B@IB D J (@B JRJ), >R I B FI 14. ' I @, W DB @ I, B BI XB , R @B T R, I N D DB @ DU I@ IDI. , XB S I W LB DBB D@ LXB I I > DN B I I, I D ABIB (2005).
12 DJ W D ' (2004) I, DB B I, II @IL RI
D@ @ T B J I@ I @ B I DBI XB BB @IL RI B B -I, DBD@B B D 60 BI.
Argamaa
915
I 13 ED @NVU B BVU XB XB S VU JB , IB b 13528 (Ab, 2010).
D I J J IB @NVU BB W I U DB IB J@ XB XB W BR@ D IDI. IB IDI W D J, B B B I (D b C, FI 16), J@ U B DIDB, B I > I L. ' I @, IB IDI W D J (D A), I >, B B /I, J@ J @J, D L I DB@ D D@. A IDI D d B I DVU W ID@ JB IB J@ U L B XB ID@ BI (DI@JI@XB). A IDI D E W I @, JB DB B DN.
916
H. Caraek
FI 16 - D IDI B B XB XB S VU JB , BB JB D@ B I ( D).
&I B BB@ LB D J@VU XB XB S VU JB W b 15258 (Ab, 2005). E B DB I @ D J@VU @Z, BINB B XB DB@ XB, D @ I I DU D D@VU , @W @IB I B BV\ @NVU @Z. d , I@ J DB I B J@, BU N, BB, DB D@ B BIJ. A XB @B JB BU W B@N, LB DB @I DD W B BYJ@ DI, W #E$ (1982), $-14 D $-20 D VU, , BYJ@ BB@ DD CB (1998). W U D@L Y@ LIVU, DBD@B . AD DTB DD W D BB, B BU L W B@N B b@ D J@VU XB >IB B @JB. DD LB U @B D W I W V BR D D I I IB @JB @ D . A FI 17 DB @I DD W BBB LB D B@.
Argamaa
917
FI 17 - A@I DD W LB D J@VU XB XB >IB BB.
25.5.A$" # #&$ $ # $ # &
dBB I I@B B, D I@ L JR W B , D B BU D\, B BL BB@, W @B B IB B@. B, JR V JX B DB D ID DI D ID B. dB @, - BIV\ @ (1989) J I DI@V\ I ID DI C'dCC/E'' (B, b, H@B, B I), @W @ G J (2001), CEA-bA (CB B@Z A). ' NU, B W I, D DD BB JB , D V DW-L, B IB @ D BIV\ WB; U e @f. &I D I BI BL W I, J S eB DB@ DBf @, D B I IBVU II@, I BI BU I BJ I I @Z, NU D@ I@ BU BJ@J B@ I W . JU I, BB- I V DD D BI BIV\ WB BB B, B DB B I 14, D J I DB D D I. EI I B YB >I B V DW-L U BR, D BIB I I
918
H. Caraek
U D I, DBD@B (BI@, B, BIN B@Z, .), DB , IB VU DDVU D@, DB BI. I 14 - V B D @I B B@N.
* B: JU I@ Ab b 7200:1998 BU DB DDV\ V .
'- J, B I, I V X I I @VU @B/ I@ I DZL 1:3 ( J@I). & V 1:1:6, D LD@, DB I @VU (B + @)/ I@ 2:6, I DB I @VU 1:3.
28.5.1 P%i"c/$i#& d#& !-'#d#& de d#&age! d D@, DBYD W @ (1989) W Z @ D@B (B DJBB @ 13 I I VU B@ , @ I DZ @R) I> @V\ (+D@B)/B, DT eEf, > D@. B- B @V\ (+D@B)/B L DYJ (V ) W @ (V D). E IVU BB- YB IB @ B DN D@ , @W YB IB RI BR D @IN I, BB BVU @RJ. CB-, , R IJ @@, I @B J@ eEf, B , eB D@B/Bf I RI/B, B B. d IJ W DYJ@ LY YB D@B RI BR D @VU (+D@B)/B. E I BIN Y @ D D@B (@, @ I Y@ @R), @W Y . ELDB@B, BVU Z @ D@B RI W @N D eB@f I D LDB @. C IB B DJB D, J- BB @ D@B RI W I D B, B BI I, I BI- D@R, @@ @ D D@. E W, D BU 13 Q DB @, B B, I @ BU W DB I @ D@B D . A @
W, B B, I @B.
Argamaa
919
@B IBJ (I BIVU D), DB I B JBV B , B D D DI. A DJ I J@ U @V\, BYJ@ Y, I U IB @VU IJ @@, I BXB BB B DDB@ B @V\ I, @I B FI 18.
FI 18 - ELD@ R LDB@B BVU B D@B BR (B IU @ ) RI, D I B, B I B (1) I (2).
ADZ BVU IJ, D- D I D@, BB @JB I JB. JB, IB @ (1989), DD- B YB X DB IJ (B J@ E). E U D@ D J@B- IVU XB XB S VU. CD@BB W LD, D IJ @@ B J@ E , I-: _ DD X I U D@ DBW B YB 2 2, BV\ DZL DYJ@ LB B (D DD I, BV\ @R, IDB I D@VU, .); _ J@ BIJB @ I, @@ (LIVU, U B@, @ D@VU U), @W D BR D DB (BB D D eDILf); _ DZ BIB , J@, DB@B 28 , IVU, XB (B XB, IB D IDI), XB LI ID@, D@/VU RI 14, @W D I/BY, I J B@I BI , BB YB D. 14 ' J@ D@ W (A#$EdA dA CAAE", 2003).
920
H. Caraek
!R W CEA-bA, DD D G J (2001), B- I D@B S @ BJ@J DB D U @J, @ BB I@ B 15. W, DT R U: _ RL B (< 0,075 ) 7%; _ RL @VU B VU D@B (B I@) 35%; _ BI B D D> I B BVU DB B I 15; _ Y B : YB BXB B Ab 260 + 10 (b 13276: 2005); BD B 8% 17%, BVU RI (b 13277: 2005) ID 75%. I 15 - FL BI B ? D 3 , DD B W CEA-bA (G&$E, EE, 2001).
A @VU B R @B I. BB, B W, @ 7%, DW, B D W DYJ@ BVU @RJ; D , W DJX BIVU J BD . ' I @, BD W J @, D J IB DI@JI@XB S IVU XB XB. C I I, D W CEA-bA BJ@J D D@B S @B, ID DI EA-FG I D W D DZ @R D@B J Z I@. A, I JN B V , @I W , D- @I@ BI , DB IV\ DB I. 15 @B- I I@ B U D@B D B U @J , ,
@B BU DB BV\ D@Z.
Argamaa
V:
1 : p : q : a/c
921
( ) (EIVU 1)
I (EIVU 2) C p = C c.p
(EIVU 3)
C q = C c.q
(EIVU 4)
B: p = V @ (I I D@B), q = V , a/c = @VU RI/ B C c = BI B C p = BI @ C q = BI arg = DY ar = (%) c = DY B p = DY @ q = DY A YI@ DVU, I 16 DB BI W D I@ BJBB V DW-B J@I, BB ] @V\ / B. I 16 - CBI B DL D B V .
922
H. Caraek
28.5.2 P%e$a%# da& a%ga!a&&a& A @Z W , @B BIB U J@I 16. A D, b 7200 (Ab, 1998), B @ DB LIVU JB , DJX I DVU J @ D@ D> I BI, V LD . C BI BJU V D J@I, I D DB IVU DB I. (EIVU 5) B: D = V @ (I I D@B), = V , = IBR B, ?/ 3 D = IBR @, ?/ 3 = IBR , ?/ 3 D I J J B DD W D I. E D J B IBVU D J@I IDB D, B I , IB @ I, BB D BNVU . I BX J BD, J J W D RL I, D, @I IV\, D > @J, DR I BDVU L, I D D>I@ D DB D@, B R I B L D@ JB B DZL VU. 28.6. P+&( # $$($ #$ &
A VU DI JB W B B I, I D @ Y, TB, IY @Z. BB, BVU B D W B R, D, B DR, B[B ^BB D\, B, DB, BR B W I BV\. A@W , @B, D@ B JB B JW Y BJ, , VU, @B, JYI@, IVU IB D D@. A FI 19 DB I 16 & @ I B (DB @BV), D @J I
B DVU DD; J JV\ BIN D@ BB DVU DB D@.
Argamaa
923
@VU D VU JB , DBB LD@ I YD @.
FI 19 - ' VU JB .
I @VU D@ - S B I. A, VU B D B D LB JB D I BB S DZD . @B, D I B B I@ JB : _ I@ BIB ; _ DVU (I V) ; _ D LIVU; _ LB (D.L. LDVU S BDW, D@IVU W, I B@VU, .). U I DB , I JN, BU I D, I VU U DJBB VU I . AD DB, DYI@
924
H. Caraek
>J I @B B@IXB B I@ JB 17. A, I, U D @ S B@IXB BIB V I ]B: B, @, , V\, J RI, B I@ JB.
28.6.1. Ci!e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
FI 20 JB DBB IVU D, YD @ VU, I I DB B- DB JBVU J S V\ W ZD JB. Q DB @ I B D D I J W D DBU BV\ D@Z I I D@, D LD@ >IB BB @JB BD. 17
Argamaa
925
&I BVU D@Z I D IY B, DW B BXB, W VU @XB, B R @ I B I 28.6.7. CB @J R@@ ( 2& "2&) D DBRJ D @XB B . dIB VU B, ZL, B- ZL , B C& 2 , B- B Z DR, @B @]J RI.
28.6.2. Ca dBB B, D B b@ DIN @ Z I@, B L W I DI L I@ B @N @ . d , J I D BU I I @ BI 18 I W I DI IJ, B@B I@ I D VU L B@ DIVU, I I I IB @ I . & DBD@ D@ J @ W DBV ZL BU LJ (J I 17). , ZL D I DZ D@VU BIB . A VU VU W LDBJ, @JB I IB J@I @ 100% D C& 110% D $&. A, IB VU , BU L DV D BJ DI , @JB S VU JB. IB D@ ZL R@, I DB B U , B^XB J W VU JYI@, I B U I DIB DB JB I BB DJB D DBI. ' I @, IB VU ZL BW, DB B @ D BB I @Y, VU W @B I@BB S BVU C(&H)2; B IVU, DBD@ D@ J B I@ W VU V I , B JB T, B DV T, IDI B B V (CC&&, 1976; CAAE", CACd&, 1999). I 17 - $BV\ D@Z B JB DJBB VU ZL R@ BW @.
A AVU b@ 'I C@ (Ab'C) BW, 1995, ' I@ C@ H D CBIVU CJ@, I B I@ @ LB B , B B @Z, X , D $BW C, I B ' b@ I@ 'IJ B H ('b'-H). & I@ @Z D : KKK.D... 18
926
H. Caraek
28.6.3. Ag%egad#& W J @ I, D @ DB 60% 80% BI DB, I@B BJ B@IXB B I DB B , B DB JB. G@B D D JB W BI@ BIY B@B IN LY @ eJf. A@BJB X D W D@ , DBD@B @R @, BIY, B , D B R@ BW. A , D JN @ D@ BI DB IBVU I B > D JB (D LD@, U D B D BVU I LI B I I @J I B IB LIVU DBI), D I W B BV\ D@Z. & D@ JB IY S D D ID: _ @B S DVU IY B@Z, B B DTB DBV DIN; _ @B S BI@, JB B IVU BI@W, @W BIN DI@JI@B. C @VU D ID, JU B, I DI I BLDJ, \ @, JU, W TB, D, BV\ IB, @]J, @B 19. & I 18 I DBD D@ IB DBV DIN B . @B- I B D DIN D @B I @J I DBB I ^XB D@ B JB W DDB@ DIN. AB IB S DVU B@Z , J- BVU IB S J , JB , VU JB D@ VU R@@- (AA). A AA W I VU @B D@L I B R@@ (2& "2&), DJBB B I B LB, @I B@Z J 20. E VU, BV\ JRJ, DBD@B I, LDB\ I D D I@ JB J S I IVU VU. AD >R B B B@ B, W B BU B JB B b@, B B @IB @ DB B L. C @VU IB ID, @B S DVU BI@W , B D@ R VU B^B IVU , >R I B 28.6.4.2. &I D>I@ DYI@ I B W I @ D U D>I U B D @B , INB U BB , LB JB DI@JI@B (E#$&, 1986). A@- I @B R I B DZL I, V\, D U I DBD BIB . 20 ELD@ B@Z J: D@, @[B, @, IN , @Y, J, . 19
Argamaa
927
, D J BVU D@Z DY, DI@JI@XB, D D I IB @B, DBD@B B. , B BB, D DI@JI@XB, I D JB, I JN I L B (DI@JI@B @B), @W DB I D@ I ( ef) BJ@J @Y VU IVU. I 18 'BD DIN I B^XB B JB.
928
H. Caraek
28.6.4. Adi,e& IB b 13529 (Ab, 1995), V\ U BTB BI I BI BB J, B S D I DD I> IB W @J BVU B DDBB. dB V\ @B D U: , @ DZ D (@R @). A V\ B @B U D IIJ @ , JB B D@ , I I IN. & D@B D B b@ B@, B J BV\ B, : IR, B, I@, , DV, @U, @ , , , @, , . E @, BIY D D @B, D BBB W I ^B BV\ D@Z B JB , B DBD D@ J: IVU, DI@JI@XB, @W @XB @B (FI 21). & I 19 DB I I D@ I J LD@VU. @B- I B W @W, I @ J D B I@, D @W BBJBB @ BB, @ W I @ DJBB DVU , I XB , DB, Y@ B@ D .
FI 21 FIVU VU JB BB .
Argamaa
929
I 19 - '@ YD JB D@ D B
28.6.5. Adi'i)#& J D D , > JB > BB, W BD . - I DI I, B DIB IB S , W DN @ , BB IY B , BB-@ DBD@B @ @@ IVU BI RI B, I D >I IN IVU. BB, J J D I@, D, BD I @J, D D>I XB I (J FI 22) I I JB L XB ID@. G@B, 20% D DB D@ D JB; L J@ Y, BD W @ XB, J B B @@ , I D e@f @ IDY I, I@B I IB B LBU @VU.
930
H. Caraek
FI 22 - () B@IXB BD B XB XB JB (A#E, 2002); () B @ID ZD B DBV JN (@ ) B B (CAAE", 1996).
28.6.6. g(a de a!a&&a!e"'# C @VU S RI, DBD@ D@ R @B S DBV @]J, I DU @XB B JB W @ D . ' I @, DBV W TB D D BIB . A, BU D D RI I RI @ @]J I ITB BJ. dJ-, DB, I@N RI DRJ@ D]@ B I B B I@NVU RI BU @N D J I I@.
28.6.7. Ef#%e&c"cia& E@XB U B DD B IDY I ID JB I, @W D D W, BI D VU JB. ' I @XB X U J L BBB: DBV @]J, DBV RI DU R D DD VU @IVU. dB B[B D J @XB D@XB, B @@ @NVU , B BB, BB D@ W @XB. C L I D@ B BI, IB RI IB D @J BVU JDVU , U @N @B B IDY JB, B B[B BB @XB. $, IB D D@ BU U B B I , L DI RI I B JDVU W I BB, DD I TB IDY, DZ I L DU J S VU @NVU DINB VU , B[B BB
Argamaa
931
D@XB. @N B U B -I, B[B D I @B JB. dJ U B @XB B JB, DB B BIB , DB B B B, IB B LB, D LD@ @ T I @ (I DU J S D@ D@NVU). A @XB D J I@I @ @]J@, ^B U DIN D I@, B @. (A#dEHA &E##&, 1976) C D I @XB W BR DBV RI, D D @J D@ W @BVU B@VU I. 28.7. N+(>=
A I, B I 20 21, U I B @ AVU b@ WB (Ab) @B DYI@, ID D D .
932
H. Caraek
I 20 @ @B (@JB JB ).
Argamaa
I 21 @ @B (JB T I).
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