Biblia Geológica

CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICA TION OF PLUTONIC ROCKS Minerals and mineral groups: Q quartz A alkali feldspars (orthoclase, microcline, perthite, anorthoclase, albite) P Plagioclse, scapolite F feldspathoids or foids (leucite and pseudoleucite; nepheline, sodalite, nosean, hauynite, cancrinite, analcime, etc.) M mafic and related minerals (micas, amphiboles, pyroxenes, olivines, opaque minerals, accessories (zircon, apatite, tianite,etc), epidote, allanite, garnets, melilites, monticellite, primary carbonates, etc.) Q +A + P = 100 100 or A + P F = 10 100 0

Succession of Minerals in Rock Names (all rock types): Descriptive nomenclature should appear in order of most abundant mineral to least abundant mineral.

CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCA NIC ROCKS VOLCANIC Q

BROAD CLASSIFICATION OF IGNEOUS IGNEOU S ROCKS BY COLOR A N D G R A I N S I Z E

0-90 volume % mafic minerals 60

For example: a granodiorite containing more biotite than hornblende is a “biotite-hornblende granodiorite”.

ROCKS WITH M<90%

alkali feldspar rhyloite

rhyolite

alkali feldspar 20 trachyte 5 trachyte Latite A 10 35 65 10 p h o n o l i t e

dacite

alternatively: andesite: M: 0-35% basalt: M 35-90%

andesite (SiO2>62%) basalt (SiO2<62%)

tephritic phonolitic phonolite thephrite

P

Tephrite: (OL 0-10%) basanite: OL > 10%)

% Dark Minerals 0-35% 0-3 5% Leu Leucoc cocrat ratic ic 35-65% Meso Mesocrati cratic c 65-90% Melan Melanocrat ocratic ic 90=% 90 =% Ul Ultr tram amaf afic ic Average Grain Size <1 mm -- fine grained 1-5 mm -- medium grained 5-30 mm -- coarse grained >30 mm -- pegmatitic

60 Q 6-20%: add prefix quartz F 0-10%: add prefix foid bearing

foidites

2 . . 1 V . . S F E R D L O G O L G N A

F Y P O C T O N O D

CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICA TION OF PYROCLASTIC ROCKS

GLASS

Vitric Tuff, Ash Tuff,

GABBROIC ROCKS Crystal Tuff, Ash Tuff, CRYSTALS, CRYSTAL FRAGMENTS

Lithic Tuff, Ash Tuff, ROCK FRAGMENTS

TERMS USED FOR MIXED PYROCLASTIC-EPICLASTIC ROCKS ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS

Pyroclasts Volcanic + nonvolcanic epiclasts (+ minor amounts of biogenic, chemical sedimentary and authigenic constituents).

A N G L D O O G N O O L T D C R O E P S F Y . V 1 . 2

PARTICLE SIZE TERMINOLOGY

GRAIN ROUNDNESS AND SPHERICITY Y T I C I R E H P S Ve ry Ang ular

A ngul ar

S ub-a ngul ar

Su b-ro unde d

Rou nde d

Very Ro unde d

R O U N D N E S S

G R A I N

P E R C E N T A G E

1%

15%

2%

20%

2 . 1 V . S F E R D L O G O L G N A

Y P O C T O N O D

3%

25%

5%

30%

7%

40%

10%

50%

BEDDING THICKNESS TERMINOLOGY



Y P O C T O N O D

C I T A E R H P

a i c c e r b n o i t p u r E

f o s n r o e i t t a a s w i r l u a s m s r e e r h p t e o e D g

s m w r o o f l f l t a u i o c r i f e r t n u i S s

C I T A M G A M O T A E R H P

a i c c e r b d e z i d i a u i l c f c x e i r r b t a e m m d e e r l t l a l i i D M

d i p a r s d r e n t a a s w e l i t d a n u l o o v r g f f o o g g n n i t i t n a e e V h

s t n e e v r u e d t m e c u e i z r r t d t s a i i u s l d f t i e i x l o t r p a t i x d a e e m a d i m r l e c c e l t e i r n M b I

C I T A M G A M

a i c c r s e e b p l i p a a m r i e c h c t e r o r b d c y i n h c a i c t l o a v - m s b g e p u a i S M p

e m a N n o m m o C

n i o f i o s u n t r o n i t i u l o m o s r x f e s t l e n i e t a l l o o i V v

n i g i r O

l e v e l y r y h t n p r e o v p t t o a n p d e e e e D N

l e v e L

d e s o p x e e n o N

r e v l i e s - t i l d c i r o g e l s - a a i m r r a e l h u i t d p A e

s e m o d s u o n e g o d n E

r d l e o p g - p l o a c - t d e l m o e g s n a o t b - i a e i d t f a l n u o s b r h g a i C H

s e k i d , d e v i r e d - y r y h p o r P

e v y i i s t v u i r t t n c I a

e t i s a c e r n a i f - m a / e c t i i l r i y S p

s e p i p g n d i r e f p f p t u a h d s - n a s e t e n n i o e c a C v f

r a , l d u e g v n i r a e y d l y n o l l a m c m o o L c

e t i r y p - a c i l i S

e e t i t i n c f e e t i d m e r s t y p a o n e t i n i e l t l i m t a c e i s r s s r e i y S D c

e m e r t e a i m d e r t n i a i h t s d i e f w i o s c a t e f u i c g o a i n n f r w t f n f o e u r V T h t

i l d c l i t i l e s p i i a l r l m e y r l n t a l i o c i r n w s a o a i u r h t e r t e a n c r i s s t c e c e l n a t i n e l i s e m a i f n g c f o u u a r L J f T

d e d z e i d r i e u t l l f a d e t n i a r y d p e y - l l i l a M c

e t a n o / - b r = a d c l o o t g - g l d e i n o d d g - i f a l l a u r t s - g e z r , m t e r p e a p s u o a Q c b

r t e a o p d s z i t r d l p a f e e u - , e q - K t l e , i t e o i i i c t n i r t o t c e i S B A

y s y b t n b d e d e m e t t a g a n a n i r i f m e m o v o d i d s s s s u e t r l e t l n y i n t t y e s d s m n e e g o c s a i r u p f s d a l u o l l a r r t t o c n i n C l o I

e s s e p l y a t l l s o n c o i n t i c s e j a i n i l c a c n i e c r o b s l t n d l e e n g a n m i g c h i a t s f r r m a d s a l e e g u l l l a b t y i a s M M t

n o i t a z i f l o a r e e l n y i t S m

n o i t a r e t l A

m r o F

s t n e m g a r F

e c p a s n e p o r , u o l f

k c o R

x i r t a M


) 1 8 9 1 , n a n a h c u B r e t f A


Y P O C T O N O D

( t i s o p e d l a m r e h t i p e l a t e m s u i o i c e r p ” l a c i p y t “ a n i n o i t a z i l a r e n i m o t d e t a l e r s t c e f f e n o i t a r e t l A


M E A S U R M E N T KNOWN

MULTIPLY BY

C O N V E R S I O N S

TO CALCULATE

KNOWN

LENGTH

TO CALCULATE

28.350 0.453 0.035 2.204

grams kilograms ounces pounds

CM

1

WEIGHT ounces pounds grams kilograms

Inches feet yards miles millimeters centimeters meters meters kilometers

2.540 30.480 0.914 1.609 0.039 0.393 3.280 1.093 0.621

centimeters centimeters meters kilometers inches inches feet yards miles

AREA 2 centimeters 2 sqmeters 2 meters 2 kilometers 2 inches 2 feet 2 yards 2 miles acers

0.155 10.7639 1.196 0.3861 6.4516 0.0929 0.8361 2.590 0.405

inches 2 feet 2 yards 2 miles 2 centimeters 2 meters 2 meters 2 kilometer s hectares

2

2 1 3

VOLUME fluid ounces pints quarts gallons (U.S.) Milliliters liters liters

29.573 0.473 0.946 3.785 0.033 1.056 0.264

milliliters liters liters liters fluid ouinces quarts gallons (U.S.)

4

2

5

TEMPERATURE °C = (° F - 32) x .555 °F = (° C x 1.8) = 32

6

DENSITY FOR COMMON ROCK TYPES


MULTIPLY BY

IN

7 3

DENSITY (g/cm )

MATERIAL

Y P O C T O N O D

In Place

3

After Excavation

8

9

4

10

11

SLOPE CORRECTION CALCULATIONS slopeº

distance (m)

run (m)

distance (m)

run (m)

distance (m)

12 run (m)

distance (m)

run (m)

5

5

50

50.19

100

100.38

150

150.57

200

200.76

10

50

50.77

100

101.54

150

152.32

200

203.09

15

50

51.77

100

103.53

150

155.30

200

207.06

20

50

53.21

100

106.42

150

159.63

200

212.83

25

50

55.17

100

110.34

150

165.51

200

220.68

30

50

57.74

100

115.47

150

173.21

200

230.95

35

50

61.04

100

122.07

150

183.11

200

244.14

40

50

65.27

100

130.55

150

195.82

200

261.10

45

50

70.71

100

141.42

150

212.13

200

282.85

13

14

6

15

16

17


GUIDLINES FOR COLORS BY GEOLOGIC AGE AND ROCK TYPE Stratified & Metamorphic Holocene Qh

C C I

O O Z

QUATERNARY Q

Upper u

z O C

Z N

Pliocene Tp Miocene Tm

TERTIARY T

E C Lower l

O

Pleistocene Qp

Oligocene To Eocene Te Paleocene Tl

R


E Y P O C T O N O D

C I O Z O M S E M

N

A

C I O Z z O P

H E

P

L A P

CRETACEOUS K

Upper u Lower l

JURASSIC J

Upper u Middle m Lower l

TRIASSIC TR


PERMIAN P

Upper u Lower l

CARBONIFEROUS C

N A I R B A C E R P

Acid

Intermediate

Basic

Acid

Intermediate

Basic

Upper u Lower l

ORDOVICIAN O

Upper u Lower l

CAMBRIAN C


s k c r o o R l c i a n s a s c y l o b V a p y H

s k c r o o R c l i n a s o s t y u b l P a p y H

Utramafic

Acid

Basic

SILURIAN S

ARCHEAN A

Igneous

Intermediate


O Z O R P L E T O R P

Upper u Lower l

DEVONIAN D

C C p I

Undifferentiated

Acid

Intermediate

Basic

Utramafic

s k c r o o R c l i n a a s c s y l o b V a p y H

s k c r o o R c l i n a s o s t y u b l P a p y H


Biblia Geológica

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