Bhrugu Shilpa Samhita A Rare Text on Shilpshastra (Ancient Indian Engineering Philosophy)
Edited by Late K.V. Vaze, Nasik (MS) 1869 - 1929 Compiled & Re-edited by Dr. A.S. Nene, Nagpur September 2016
List of Contents In the available references (quoted by K.V.Vaze), on Bhrugu Shilpa Samhita, the Sanskrit sloka(Verse) number is not mentioned. Even the chapter number for few verses is missing or apparently incorrect. However the list of contents could be as below. List of contents Chapter
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Topic of the chapter
Page
List of Contents List of Sanskrit verses and tables Prologue by Editor Terminology Krushi Shastra-Biological Science Jala Shastra-Water Resources Khani Shastra-Mining & Metallurgy Nauka Shastra-Water Transport Rath Shastra-Surface Transport Viman Shastra-Air Transport Vastu Shastra-Habitation Prakar Shastra-Forts& Castles Nagar Rachana Shastra- Town Planning Yantra Shastra-Machines Appendix List of References About the Editor
1 2 5 7 10 14 15 18 20 ** 22 ** 33 ** 34 41 42
** No Sanskrit verse could be traced on this topic ***.***
Bhrugu Shilpa Samhita- Dr. A.S.Nene
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List of Sanskrit verses and Tables Chapter 0-Terminology SV0.01 SV0.02 SV0.03 SV0.04
Definition of Shilpa
SV0.05
Scope of Biological Sciences
SV0.06
Scope of Sadhan Khand
SV0.07 SV0.08 SV0.09 SV0.10 SV0.11 SV0.12 SV0.13
Definition of Vastu Khand Krushee shastra Jala shastra Khani Shastra Water transportation Chariot Aero plane Chapter 1-Krushee
Definition of Vidya and Kala Extent of Shilpa shastra Definition of Dhatu Khand
SV1.01 Scope of Biological Sciences SV1.02 SV1.03 SV1.04 SV1.05 SV1.06 SV1.07
Types of cloths
Utility of a cow Cows unsuitable Time for milking Essential fodder Scrubbing Chapter 2-Jala shastra
SV2.01 Drainage of water SV2.02 Automatic gates
Chapter 3- Khani shatra SV3.01 Rock Formation SV3.02 Types of Stones SV3.03 Identification of metals SV3.04 Cross-section SV3.05 Color SV3.06 Caste SV3.07 Trade mark SV3.08 Purity SV3.09 Origin SV3.10 Sound SV3.11 Sections SV3.12 Un-decisive test SV3.13 Sub-division of identification tests Bhrugu Shilpa Samhita- Dr. A.S.Nene
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Chapter 4- Nauka shatra SV4.01 Definition of Boat SV4.02
Jetties on sea
Chapter 5- Ratha shastra SV5.01 SV5.02 SV5.03 SV5.04 SV5.05 SV5.06 SV5.07 SV5.08 SV5.09 SV5.10
Slope of hill road Drainage of Hill roads Camber for Hill roads Tunnel construction
SV7.14 SV7.15 SV7.16 SV7.17 SV7.18 SV7.19 SV7.20 SV7.21 SV7.22 SV7.23 SV7.24 SV7.25 SV7.26 SV7.27 SV7.28
Building materials
Utility of a bridge Toll for bridge Types of chariots Construction details of a chariot Significance of Chariot Timber for chariot construction Chapter 7-Veshma Shastra SV7.01 Definition of Vastu Khand SV7.02 Qualities of an engineer SV7.03 Five basic elements SV7.04 Identification tests SV7.05 based on color SV7.06 based on smell SV7.07 based on taste SV7.08 based on shape of grains SV7.09 based on slope of plot SV7.10 based on sound of ground SV7.11 Building Materials SV7.12 Selection of Material SV7.13 Four life spans Brick kiln Quality bricks Lime mortar Lime plaster Selection of stones Cutting of a tree Collection of tree logs Preservation of timber Seasoning of timber Testing tree prior to cutting Tree classification Suitable tree Gender of Tree Good neighborhood
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SV7.29 Roofing of houses SV7.30 open spaces SV7.31 Payment to workers
Chapter 9 –Nagar Rachana SV9.01 SV9.02 SV9.03 SV9.04 SV11.01 SV11.02 SV11.03 SV11.04 SV11.05 SV11.06 SV11.07 SV11.08 SV11.09 SV11.10 SV11.11 SV11.12 SV11.13 SV11.14 SV11.15 SV11.16
Definition of Drawing
Shops in Bazaar Pollution prevention A composer of book Chapter 11 -Appendix Counting of numbers Length measurement Units of length Appropriate units Perimeter of circle Diameter of circular segment Volume of solids Telescope or level Meter rod Grass Rope Level thread Plumb bob Setsquares Tool for drawing ellipse Ellipse Six Commandments List of Tables
Chapter 7-Veshma shastra Table 7.1 classification system of Trees Chapter 11 - Appendix Table 11.1 Units of measurement of time Table 11.2 Different units of length Table 11.3 Perimeter to diameter ratio Table 11.4 Weights ***.***
Bhrugu Shilpa Samhita- Dr. A.S.Nene
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Prologue
Sage
Bhrugu
(Saptarshee).
is
considered
MatsyapuraN,
as
one
chapter
of 252,
the
seven
immortal
sages
describes
eighteen
divine
engineers of ancient India. Sage Bhrugu was first in that list. These engineers developed their own style of engineering, which was adopted in different parts of India. Out of these eighteen Kashyapa, Bhrugu, Maya and Vishvakarma are well known because of their texts (Samhitas).One can find reference of Sage Bhrugu in Shiva PuraN and Vayu PuraN also. The world famous text by Sage Bhrugu is “Bhrugu-Samhita. “Bhrugu -Samhita. This book (world‟s (world‟s oldest on
Indian
Astrology)
is
easily
available
in
India
and
abroad.
But
unfortunately his another text “Bhrugu ShilpaShilpa -Samhita“, is not available in India. Sage Bhrugu divided the entire science and technology of India, i.e. Shilpashastra into three volumes, ten engineering sciences, thirty-two techniques and sixty-four skills. The classification by Sage Bhrugu is unique. Many of the techniques and skills mentioned by him still exist. Sage Bhrugu initiated the technique of tunneling and described the construction construction of hill roads. As Sage Kashyapa re-established the land Kashmir (Kashyapamir), similarly Sage Bhrugu re-established the land of Bhadoch (in (i n Gujarat). During 1924-1929, Krishnaji Vinayak Vaze, a Civil Engineer from Nasik (MS) compiled and published many books and articles on Shilpashatra. He quoted Bhrugu Shilpa Samhita- Dr. A.S.Nene
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hundreds of Sanskrit verses from few pages of Bhrugu ShilpaShilpa -Samhita (which he collected from a personal library at Ujjain, M.P.).Shri Vaze and many others tried to obtain the full text of the book, but could not succeed. It is understood that it may be available in some Sanskrit language library in Germany. Except Vaze none of the other Indologists have even mentioned this rare book in their books and articles. This editor, therefore, decided to collect all the verses of Bhrugu ShilpaSamhita and to arrange them in order, to get a glimpse this rare book. The booklet presented here is the outcome. If some Indians settled in foreign countries come forward to trace the original manuscript, it would be a great service. Dr. A.S.Nene
September 2016 ***.***
Bhrugu Shilpa Samhita- Dr. A.S.Nene
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Chapter 0- Terminology 0.01 Shilpa - The Sanskrit word has a very wide meaning, other than sculpture
or
idol.
Shilpa Shilpa includes
many
articles
(things),
machines,
innovations, metals, and artificial means. Shilpa -The Shilpa -The word Shilpa is Shilpa is derived from words Sheel samadhou samadhou which mean anything that please the mind. Sage Bhrugu Bhrugu has given a definition of Shilpa.SV0.01, Shilpa.SV0.01, Ref.1 page 2. Ref.2 page 8. Ref.3 page 5.
नानिधानां ितूना ना ंाणां ाणां कलऩसं कलऩसंऩदाभ ऩदाभ ् । ् । धातूनां नां साधनानां साधनानां च च िातूनां नां लऩसं लऩसंऻतभ ऻतभ गसं सहता ं हता अ . १ ् ॥ ् ॥ ग SV0.01- Definition of Shilpa
0.02 Vidya- Vidya means Vidya means a technique. One must have both theoretical and practical knowledge of that subject. There are thirty-two Vidyas Vidyas related to Shilpashashtra. Shilpashashtra. Four types of Vidyas:
The word „Vidya‟ is derived from root ‟Vid‟ of
knowledge. Depending upon the method of acquiring there are four types of Acharya (Teacher), Vinaya (the result) and Niyama (rules of behavior. SV2.14. Ref.2 page 84.
िानां थािं थािं आचा आचा भां भां िनो िनो नभ ॥ ग गसं स हता ंहता अ ? ? SV0.02a- Four types of Vidyas
Kala - - Kala Kala means an art which can be acquired by practice and observation. Even a handicapped person can be expert in a particular art without any theoretical knowledge. There are sixty-four Kalas Kalas related to Shilpashashtra. SV 0.02 ,Ref.1 page 2.Ref.3 page 14.
ावदाचकं सकभम िे िेत संऻतभ ऻतभ ् । ् । ो भूकोऽऩ कोऽऩ कत करासं करासंऻं ऻ तभृ ं तभृतभ तभ ्॥ ्॥ िा नंता ता करा : संात ात ं नै नैि ते । । िा भात ात वदां वदांचत चत: : करा : भृता ता : ॥ Bhrugu Shilpa Samhita- Dr. A.S.Nene
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ग गसं सहता ंहता अ . १ SV0.02b- Definition of Vidya and Kala 0.03 Extent of Shilpa shastra : Bhrugu Samhita is a compilation of rules specified by Sage Bhrugu. The entire Shilpa Shastra comprises of three volumes, namely, „Dhatu (Resource), „Sadhana‟ (Transportation) and „Vastu „(Habitation. SV0.03. Ref.2 page 39.
धातूनां नां साधनानां साधनानां च च िातूनां नां लऩ लऩ संऻतं ऻतं॥ ग गसं सहता ं हता अ . १ SV 0.03- Extent of Shilpa shastra 0.04 Dhatu Khand (Volume on resources) – This volume comprises of „Krushee‟ (Biological Science), Jala (Water resources) and Khani (Mineral resources). SV0.04. Ref.32 page. SV 0.4.Ref.2 page 39.
कृषीजरं षीजरं खने खनेत धातखं खडंडं ं धाभतं॥ ग गसं सहता ंहता अ . १ SV 0.04- Definition of Dhatu Khand 0.05 Scope of Dhatu Khand (Volume on resource): Krushee shastra deals with birth, growth and use of tress, human and animals. SV 0.05 ,Ref.3 page.
िृऺाद ऺाद िसायोऩ ऩारनाद ा कृ षी षी : । संचे चतन त े न संहयणं हयणं जरानां जरानां तं तंबनं बनं जरं जरं ॥ ॥ ऩाषाण धािाद ततदबभीकयणं तथा । धात सां सांक क ऩाथम ऩाथम कयणाद ा खन : ॥ ग गसं सहता ं हता अ . १ SV 0.05-Scope of Biological Sciences 0.06 Saadhana Khand(Transportation): Khand(Transportation): This volume comprises of three shastras
namely
Ratha
(Surface),Nauka
(Water)
and
Viman
(Air)
transportation. SV0.06. Ref.3 page. Ref.2 page 126.
नौका - यथान -ानानां कृत त : साधनभचते चते ग गसं स हता ंहता अादकं त ान ान बूभानं भानं थरे थरे थतं ॥ ॥ जरे नौकैिानं िानं तजरान तजरान भतभृतं त । ं । ग गसं सहता ं हता Bhrugu Shilpa Samhita- Dr. A.S.Nene
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अनानं िभानं िभानंा ा वोभानं तिदे तिदेच ॥ ग गसं सहता ंहता अ ५ SV 0.06-Scope of Sadhan Khand 0.07 Vastu Khand (Habitation): This volume also comprises of three shastra(s) namely Construction of houses, Forts and castles and town planning. SV0.07. Ref.32 .
िेशभाकाय नगययचना िात सं संऻतं ऻतं । । ग गसं सहता ं हता अ . १ SV 0.07- Definition of Vastu Khand 0.08 Krushee shastra: KruShee shastra (Biological Science) includes Trees, animal and humans. (These all have to pass through three stages namely birth, growth and decay).SV0.08.
िृऺादिसायोऩऩारनादा ऺादिसायोऩऩारनादा कृष ष : ॥ ग गसं सहता ं हता अ .१ SV0.08- Krushee shastra 0.09 Jalashastra: Jala shastra (Water resource engineering) includes storage, distribution and drainage of water. SV0.09, Ref.3 page 11.
संचे चतन ते न ,संहयण हयण जरानां तं तंबनं बनं जरं जरं ॥ ॥ ग गसं सहता ं हता SV 0.09- Jala shastra 0.10 Khani Shastra: Khani Shastra (Mining and Metallurgy) includes exploration of stone, minerals, metals ores and gem stones. SV0.10. Ref.3 page 11.
ऩाषाणधािादततदभीकयणं तथा । तथा । धातसां सांकम कमऩाथम ऩाथमकयणादं कयणादंा ा खन :॥ बृग गसं स हता ंहता अ .१ SV 0.10- Khani Shastra 0.11 Water transportation: There are three types of vehicles for transportation on water. First one moves along the flow of water (Taree), Second one uses sails to increase the speed (Nau) and the third one (Nauka) uses both sails and oars (Aritra) SV 0.11. Ref.3 page 12.
जरे नौकेि ानं ा ा ।सोभेन नीता तय । िऩभानसोभाां नौ नौ : । अयादब अयादबजम जमिरा िराभािनै भािनैनौका नौका ॥ Bhrugu Shilpa Samhita- Dr. A.S.Nene
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बृग गसं स हता ंहता अ .१ SV 0.11- Water transportation 0.12 Surface transport -Chariot: The land vehicle is called „Ratha‟ (chariot). This vehicle is fitted with two, four or more wheels. SV0.12, Ref.3 page 12.
बूभानं भानं यथं भृ भृतं तं ॥ ॥ बृग गसं स हता ंहता SV 0.12-Chariot 0.13 Air transport -Aeroplane: The vehicle used for air travel is called Vimaan or Vyomayan (Aeroplane). SV0.13, Ref.3 page 12.
आकाे अनानं च च वोभानं तिदे तिदेह ॥ SV 0.13-Aeroplane ***.***
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Chapter 1 Krushee shastra-Biological Sciences 1.0 Vidyas: This Vidyas: This shastra contains three techniques as below; Vrikshya Vidya - Botany; Pashu Vidya - Veterinary Sciences; Manushya Vidya – Human resources.
1.1-Scope of Dhatu Khand (Volume on resource): Krushee shastra deals with birth, growth and use of tress, human and animals. Storage, distribution and drainage of water is included in Jala shastra. Exploration of rocks, ores and minerals, Separation or alloys of metals etc is included in Khani shastra. SV 1.01. Ref.2 page 40.
िृऺाद ऺाद िसायोऩ ऩारनाद ा कृ षी षी : । संचे चतन त े न संहयणं हयणं जरानां जरानां तं तंबनं बनं जरं जरं ॥ ॥ ऩाषाण धािाद ततदबभीकयणं तथा । धात सां सांक क ऩाथम ऩाथम कयणाद ा खन : ॥ ग गसं सहता ं हता अ . १ SV 1.01-Scope of Biological Sciences Vrikshya vidya- Botany 1.2- Types of cloths: cloths: Animals' skin was called Krutti . Such skins were first used as cloth for shelter and then as clothing. Subsequently tree barks were used as clothing. Silk, wool and cotton was then used to prepare cloths. Vedas do not mention cotton as cotton cloth was invented later. SV 1.02. Ref. 1, page 26.
ऩूनाअं नाअंगनहाम गनहामय य : कृ कृय यते ते फ फधै ध:ै । िृऺिसं ऺिसंिबं िबंि ाऺ ि ाऺ तऻें त त चत चतिम िमधभ धभ गसं सहता ं हता अ . १४ ् ॥ ् ॥ ग SV 1.02- Types of cloths
Pashuvidya- Animal care 1.3a- Utility of a cow :Cows cow :Cows eat and digest grass and give milk for all and satisfy children, old and unhealthy persons. Who says that cows are unaffordable? As per Sage Parashar, cow‟s urine is best medicine for human Bhrugu Shilpa Samhita- Dr. A.S.Nene
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bones and intestines and questions which part of a cow in inauspicious? Though cow‟s urine, cow dung, milk, curd and ghee are precious medicines, but care should taken about their purity. SV1.03,Ref.4.
िगाोहजातय तभााजाता अिजा : ॥ अनादे तृ ं तृनं नजधा ज ं धा ित तदनं दनंऩ ऩ : । तृदं दं िदेता ता दनां िगा िगा : ऩोा कंधनह धनह ॥ कूनभआम आदद दम द ात ऩीतं ऩीतं दहत ऩातकं । कभऩूाहत ाहत ागोयत ऩायायोिीत ॥ बृग गसं सहता ं हता अ .? SV1.03-Utility of a cow 1.3b Cows unsuitable for milking: milking: Cows, Weak, deceased, violent or which gave birth to twins, are prohibited from milking. Only a pious (clean?) person should do the milking job. SV1.04,Ref. 4.
द र म ा वाध : बीता ऩतााविदसं तााविदसंबू बू: । फमफरा तािगाोनैि दोधा धनकै धभामबस बसब ब : ॥ बृग गसं स हता ंहता ? ? SV1.04- Cows unsuitable 1.3c- Time for milking: Wise men milk cows in the morning only. One should not milk the tired cows returning home in the evening. SV1.05,Ref.4.
ातये िहध वा सांगाितो गाितो ाहणै: । दोधहम हमऩण सोनैि िधतता तता : कदाचन ॥ बृग गसं सहता ंहता
?
SV1.05-Time for milking 1.3d- Essential fodder: fodder: Proper food is essential for animals. Their health depends on their food. It is therefore necessary to take the animals out to a green land away from home so these animals eat properly. SV1.06,Ref. 4.
अनंत त जगदाधायं जगदाधायं िसमभने भने िनतं । । न द येये गौनेतवा चायणा कदाचन ॥ संऩशे ऩशेचयत : िसामन न ् िगोृ षादक षादक िंगृ गह ृह । ् िगोृ चंते तेतभभाभी तभभाभी ांििभे ििभे कृषी षी जेत ्॥ गसं सहता ंहता ? ? ्॥ बृग SV1.06-Essential fodder
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1.2f- Scrubbing: Scrubbing: The animals get a pleasure when their bodies are occasionally scrubbed some tools. If such arrangement is not made the animals get injured by rubbing against a wall or trees. SV1.07,Ref.4.
िजिगोृषारा षारा सस सतीणं तीणं रोह रोह : ैनक नक । थांत त िसम िसमदा दा तेषां कंडून डू डू ििभोऺृ ििभोऺ॥ ृ बृग गसं सहता ं हता ? ? SV1.07- Scrubbing ***.***
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Chapter 2 Jalashastra –Water resources engineering 2.0 Vidyas: 2.0 Vidyas: The tree Vidyas under this shastra are; Sanchetan Vidya – Water Distribution SamharaN Vidya – Water Drainage Stambhan Vidya - Water Storage
2.1-Water Storage -Stambhan Vidya The art of storage of water was termed as "Stambhan Vidya" Sage Bhrugu has described the properties of static water as below; Ref 2. Page 109 and 110 1. The top surface of static water is always horizontal, irrespective of its depth or cross section. 2. The water is very unsteady; it escapes if there is little scope. 3. The pressure exerted by water is same in all directions. 4. The water pressure is equivalent to its weight. It I t increases with the depth. 5. Waves are created in water due to wind. Waves move like a rolling pin and recede afterward. 6. The banks should be sloping to reduce the damage due d ue to waves. 2.2 Drainage and dewatering- Samharan Vidya Dewatering of land:
If a land is waterlogged then then the water should be
drained out by digging drains parallel to north east and refilling the trenches by brickbats and stones so that excess water drains out. SV2.01 Ref.1 page 11.
अनूऩंऩ जरऩं ं जरऩंकभं कभं दे दे ऩू ं ऩूिखाम िखामबयकोऩरऩू बयकोऩरऩूयता यता बग बयाािेत ् ॥ गसं सहता ंहता अ . ८ ् ॥ग SV2.01- Drainage of water
Automatic gates: gates: Automatic gates are provided inn dams to remove silt deposits. The axis of these gates is at one-third the height of gates so these gates functions properly. Ref. SV2.02 . Ref.1 page 12.
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ऩंऺ ाऺरनसथ िाहाकषणाम च । थाबरषतान वदायान गसं सहता ं हता अ . १२ ् ऩधानोदाटनऺभान ् ऩधानोदाटनऺभान ् ॥ ् ॥ ग SV2.02 - Automatic gates
***.***
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Chapter 3-Khani Shastra-Mining & Metallurgy 3.1-Rock Formation: The land between Vindhya and Sahyadri mountains is formed by igneous (Aganeya) rocks and land between Vindhya and Himalaya mountains is formed by sedimentary (Soumya) rocks. The flora and fauna in these lands is hot and dry or cold and juicy respectively. SV 3.01, Ref.3 page 35.
आनेािंसाा साा : सौो हभगयेतत : । अततदोषधान : अनऩाण ऩाण हेत तब ब :॥ बृग गसं सहता ंहता Types of Stones:
SV 3.01 -Rock Formation Meteoric stones (Divya) are those fallen from space and
Territorial stones (Bhouma) are those formed the crust of the earth. SV 3.02. Ref.2 page 112.
दवबौभ िबागेन बूसत सत िधाभता िधाभता । दवादिसभद द ता बौभाबूभ भ सभिदा िदा : ॥ ग गसं सहता ं हता अ ? ? ूता SV 3.02- Types of Stones 3.2 Identification Tests on metals: There are eight types of tests for metals. These are Anga, Roop, Jaatee,Netra ,Arishtha,Bhumika, Dhwani and Maan. SV3.03, Ref.3.Page 154.
अंगं ग ऩं ं ऩं तथा तथा जातनाये ाये च च बूभका। भका। िनभामभत भत ों ों धातऻानाकं ऻानाकं बं बं बृग गसं सहता ंहता
॥
SV 3.03- Identification of metals Cross-section (Anga)- In the test the metal piece is cut or drilled. The inspection of cross-section is first test. SV3.043, Ref.3.,Page 154.
अबने शते कग कग ् िबन ् िबन घटते कथं । । बने दशते चहं तदग संऺ ऺ ते ॥ SV 3.04-Cross-section Bhrugu Shilpa Samhita- Dr. A.S.Nene
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Color (Roop): Every metal has its own color. The color can be blue, black, red, yellow etc. SV3.05, Ref.3.,Page 155.
नीरकृणादको णादको िण ऩभबधीते ॥ SV 3.05-Color Caste (Jaatee):The (Jaatee):The metal has its own positive or negative properties by which metal can be identified. SV3.06, Ref.3.,Page 155.
ेनिै तीतं ाजातयत ाजातयत गते ॥ SV 3.06-Caste Trade mark (Netra): As humans can be identified by eyes, similarly trade mark of manufacturer (in addition to the cross-section) helps in identification. has its own positive or negative properties by which metal can be identified. SV3.07, Ref.3.,Page 155.
अंगातयं गातयं जाततभाहाोऩसूचकभ चकभ ्। ्। तनेभत जानीात ऩं धात धातिायद िायद : ॥ SV 3. 07-Trade mark Purity (Arishtha): Few metals are marked (by experts) with its percentage of purity. Ref.3.08, Page 155.
दोऩसूचकभ अंगातयं गातयं दातौ तछ चकभ ् । ् । तदयभत ाह नमं ं धात धातिायदा िायदा ॥ नम SV 3.08-Purity Origin (Bhoomi): The mine from which the metal ore is excavated is its origin. Ref.3.09, Page 155.
देथानादकं थानादकं बूभ भ :। SV 3.09 –Origin Sound (Dhwani)-The (Dhwani)-The sound emitted when a metal is struck by metal, helps in the identification. The engineer should know the different sounds of metals . Ref.3.10, Page 155.
धातो ो आते दोनखदं दोनखदंडादना हते । स िनयत िऻे : लऩािायदै :॥ SV 3.10 -Sound
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Section (Maan)- The metals are cast into different sections (circular or square rods, angles, channels or beams etc) for end users. Ref.3.11, Page 156.
धातूनां नां ििधं ििधं भानं भानं लऩकभचतं लऩकभचतं िबे िबेत ्। ् । बनदेखन खन उभानभत गते ॥ ॥ SV 3.11-Section Un-decisive test: Metals can be plated with gold or silver. Inspection of metal by its cross-section and sound is the un-decisive methods of identification. Ref.3.12, Page 156.
ऩंचा चा नऩणै णधाम ध ै ामतौ तौ संबावं बावंते ते च कृभा भा :। विदाेिाकृ िाकृभौ भौ ऻेौ ाि सहजो भृतौ तौ ॥ SV 3.12-Un-decisive test Sub-division of identification tests: tests: Each identification test has many subdivisions as mentioned below;
Cross-section (Anga)- 100 Color (Roop)- 4 Caste (Jaatee)- 4 Trade mark (Netra) – 30 Purity (Arishtha) – 30 Origin (Bhoomi) – 2 Sound (Dhwani)- 8 Section (Maan)- In-numerable. SV 3.13,Ref.3.12, Page 156.
तबंगान गान चिाय ऩाण जाततथा । ंे ेाण ाण जानीादयान तथैि च ॥ बूभत भत वदिधा वदिधा ऻेा िनयिधो भत : । भानं त त ििधं ििधं ों ों िसषां षां सं संहो हो भत : ॥ SV 3.13-Sub-division of identification tests ***.***
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Chapter 4 –Nauka shastra- Water Transport Navigation -Nauvidya
4.1 - Definition of Boat: One Boat: One which is suitable for wind and water current is called Nau or boat. Ships and launches sailing on sea are of this type. Boats and ships are used for river transport. Ref. SV 4.01, Ref. 1, page 24
िऩभानसोभाां नीता नीता नौ : ॥ ग गसं सहता ंहता अ . १० SV 4.01 - Definition of Boat 4.2- Jetties on sea: Construction sea: Construction of jetties is similar to bridge construction. The length should be such that it is useful both in high and low tides of sea. For rivers Ghats with steps, are constructed. Such Ghats are suitable both for men and boats. SV.4.02. Ref. 1, page 24.
सभाजं ाजंऩदं ऩदं िे नकभत ं नकभति ा ि ा सेतफंफ ध ं नौकााथम । सा च सयिणद वसनोदेऩ िनााोऩ ात॥ SV4.02 - Jetties on sea ***.***
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Chapter 5-Rathashatra –Surface Transport 5.1
– Slope
Bhrugusamhita compares a hill road with a creeper of Hill roads: Bhrugusamhita compares
climbing on a tall tree by gradual rising. The text recommends that the slope for hill roads should be 1 to 16 and the surface should be sloping towards the hill side. Ref.SV5.01. Ref. 1, page 23.
गयेयायोहणं क क ामद िृऺायोहरतासभभ ऺायोहरतासभभ ्। ्। आाभषोडोबागा हनंाद ाद उं सदा सदा ॥ ग गसं सहता ंहता अ . १० SV5.01- Slope of hill road
The hill road should be strong. It should be partly rising and partly sloping. There should be drain for water. SV5.02. Ref. 1, page 23.
गयोनसयणं सयणं कक ामिदयोहायोहणाभक िदयोहायोहणाभक । ् । गयेतटासंसयाण सयाण िणांतयता तयता िबेत ् डभोयंतये तोत िणाथम सदा सदा िबेत ् । ् । बृग ग सं संहता हता अ १० SV5.02
– Drainage
of Hill roads
5.2 Camber for Hill roads: roads: The surface of hill road should be sloping towards hill so that water is collected in a drain and the slope is stable. The city road is sloping inside but hill road should be high at outer edge and low at edge near the hill. SV5.03. Ref.1.page 23
भनन ऩयेये ाभेि हािी ि हािी सभे थरे । अंतिताी तिताी िबेतऩंथा था गयएयायोहणे सदा सदा ॥ गयेयंयंतबेद ऩंथातविदयं थातविदयं भृ भ तभ तृ भ ्। ्। अंतम तमवानसाये सायेण त फंधनभते धनभते ॥ बृग ग सं संहता हता अ १० SV5.03 - Camber for Hill roads
5.3 Construction of a tunnel: If the hill is surrounded by plan ground, it is desirable to construct a tunnel. The tunnel excavation should be started from both end till it trough. Such tunnel was called „Bhrugudar‟( an opening deviced by Sage Bhrugu). SV5.04, Ref.1.page 23
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गयेयंतबद द : ऩंथातविदयं थातविदयं भृतभ तभ ् । ् । अंतिम तिमानसायेण त फंधनभते धनभते ॥ ॥ ग गसं सहता ं हता अ . १० SV5.04
–Tunnel construction
5.4 Utility of a bridge: bridge: As a tunnel is necessary to cross a mountain, a bridge is necessary to cross a river. The bridge should be strong and of minimum length. Initially it is costly but it is economically cheap in long term. An irrigation canal which crosses a valley is termed as Aal (super passage). SV5.05. Ref. 1, page 24.
गयेिथाविदयं िम थाविदयं नां से सेततथोचते तथोचते । । सभोहितभ ऩंथा था वकाय सखाधक खाधक ॥ बृग गसं स हता ंहता अ ११ SV5.05 - Utility of a bridge 5.5 Toll for bridge: bridge: Transportation over a bridge is more convenient than loading and unloading the goods on a boat to cross the river. The bridge tax should be lower the ferry rate so people people can afford it. SV5.06. Ref. 1, page 24.
हेभतीभतााम ंतीभताामस स नदष नदष नौकातयणत नौकातयणत सेतफंफध ध ं ेां ां । ऩभानेन सेतभ भऩ ऩ ंजानो जानो ािेतनं द द ॥ बृग गसं सहता ं हता अ ११ SV506 - Toll for bridge 5.6 Types of chariots: The chariots can be of nine types having wheels from two to nine in numbers. Two-wheeler is common, three-wheeler is stable. The nine-wheeler nine-wheeler chariot is called „Rathatar‟. SV5.07, Ref. 2, page 141.
यथोिनिधा : ो : सच िबेदत :। चं चं िसमका काषष चं चं निभे न िभेच ॥ चोिाचत : ऩंच च सचक क ् । िनाचोिा ोिा िनचो यथंतय तय : ॥ ग गसं स हता ंहता अ ? ? SV5.07- Types of chariots
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5.7 Construction details of a chariot: A chariot is built by joining different parts such as frame, wheels, steel reams on wheels etc. The four joints to be properly nailed are; SV5.09. Ref. 2, page 142. 1. main shaft and frame 2. main shaft and cross beam (for tying to horses), 3. Axle and the frame 4. Pin fixing wheels to axles.
अथ : ऩंडैडैकरैह ह िािाकरैभम भहयै हम यै :। फंधे धे यऺाथ थाढातयं थाढातयं िबेत ् ॥ ् ॥ अऺोयंतयं त नेभताय भतभृतं त । ं । िरादअ : ऩटं चतथम थफंफम धनं ध ं नं िबे िबेत ् ॥ ग गसं सहता ं हता अ ? ? ् ॥ SV 5.08-Construction details of a chariot 5.8 Significance of Chariot: Chariot: The chariots are used at the time of Throne ceremony, religious functions or battles. Elephants are used for ceremonial parade. SV5.10. Ref. 2, page 143.
िसमयााबषे यााबषेकच े याजदे दे भहोिसे ॥ ॥ भंगरे गरे िदेऩूजाां जाां सोभागे सोभागे तथैिच िच । इतषकभामकारे कारेष यथायोहणबते यथायोहणबते ॥ ग गसं सहता ं हता अ ? ? SV5.09-Significance of Chariot 5.9 Timber for chariot construction: The timbers of few specified trees are recommended for construction of a chariot. SV5.10. Ref. 2, page 141.
ाक जातंच दयंच यषंचाज चाजनं न म तथा ं तथा । नंफंफच ं ऩतंचै चिै क परं भध भधकं कं तथा ॥ ऺीयणा खदयं चैि खदयं कारफंधनं धनं । । चतं तंच ऩनसचैि नागं ऩ ऩनागिभे नागिभेच ॥ ग गसं सहता ं हता अ
.?
SV5.10-Timber for chariot construction ***.***
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Chapter 7 –Veshma Shastra- Habitation 7.0 –Vidyas (Techniques) Vidyas (Techniques) under Veshma shastra are, SN Sanskrit Name
Meaning
20
Tents
Waso Vidya
21 Kutti Vidya 22 Mandir Vidya 23 Prasad Vidya
Mud houses or Huts Houses Palaces
7.1 Definition of Vastu Khand (Habitation): This volume also comprises of three shastras namely Construction of houses, Forts and castles and town planning. SV 2.7. Ref.2 page 40.
िेशभाकाय नगययचना िात सं संऻतं ऻतं । । ग गसं सहता ं हता अ . १ SV7.01- Definition of Vastu Khand 7.2 Team workers of Engineer: The team comprises of five types of workers 1. Sutradhar-Chief architect or engineer. 2. Ganitadna- Overseer 3. PuraNadnya –Mason. 4. Karmadnya- Skilled worker 5. Karoo – Un-skilled worker Ref.3,page 43 7.3 Qualities of an engineer: The essential qualities of an engineer are; The person should be Susheel (Of good character),Chatoor (Intelligent) and Dakshya (Allert). He should have the knowledge of principles principles of engineering and also of the tools to be used. SV 2.8- Ref.2 page 42. Ref.3. 42. Ref.3. page 44.
सूधाय धाय - सीरत ीरतयोदऺ योदऺ : लऩा तिि। सूाणां ाणां धायणे धायणे ऻाता ऻाता सूधाय धाय : स उचते ॥ ॥ ग गसं सहता ंहता अ .? 1. SV7.02 -Qualities of an engineer 7.4 Section of site for construction: A suitable site for any construction is essential. Hence site selection is first part. Earth is the first basic element (Panchamahabhootaa). SV 3.32.,Ref.3, page 96.
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बूतानाभादबू तानाभादबूिादधायिाजगथते िादधायिाजगथते: । ऩूिि बू बूभं भं ऩयऺे ऩयऺेत साधनं तदनं तदनंतयच तयच ॥ बृग गसं स हता ंहता अ .४ SV7.03 - Five basic elements 7.5 Identification tests for soils: Following tests are necessary. a) VarNa (Class) b) Gandha (Smell) c) Rasa(Taste) d) Aakar (Shape of grains) e) Dik (Slope of plot) f)
Shabda(Sound)
3.x. Ref.3 page 97. g) Sparsh (Touch) SV 3.x. Ref.3
िणमगं गधयसाकायददऩम ंधयसाकायददऩमनै नयऩ यै ऩ । ऩयैि थाों गृ गृहावभ हावभभभ भभ गसं स हता ंहता अ .४ ् ॥ ् ॥ बृग SV7.04 -Identification tests a - Color: The color of soil can be white, red, and yellow in order preference. But soil with black color is not suitable for construction. SV 3.34, Ref.3, page 97.
ेता ता या च ऩीताच कृणा णा बूत त चत चतिम िमधा धा । तेषाभााोाातथॉ थॉ िजमता ता फधै ध:ै ॥ बृग गसं सहता ं हता अ .४ SV7.05- based on color b smell: The smell of soil can be similar to that of clarified butter, blood, oil or fish. The soil having smell of fish is not desirable. SV7.06, Ref.3, page 97.
घृगं गंधा धा यगंधा धा तैरगं रगंधा धा तथैि च । भगंधा धा िबे ूभभम भभमभ भ गंधा धा ना ोबना॥ बृग गसं सहता ं हता अ .४ SV7.06- based on smell c - Taste: The taste of soil can be sweet, pungent, sour or bitter. Soil with bitter taste is not desirable. SV7.07, Ref.3, page 98.
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का भधया या च कषाा च आरका कट का तथा । बूभत भतिम िमधा धा ोाकटका त गहमता ॥ बृग गसं सहता ंहता अ .४ SV7.07- based on taste d - Shape of grains: The grains of soil can be circular, square, hexagonal or octagonal. Soil with circular grain is not desirable. SV7.08, Ref.3, page 98.
चतया या षडाच अा ित मराकृ राकृत त : । बूभत भतिम िमधा धा ोाितरा र म ा त गहमता॥ बृग गसं स हता ंहता अ .४ SV7.08- based on shape of grains e - Slope of plot: The ground should be slopping towards east or north but not towards south. SV7.09, Ref.3, page 99.
ागूयिरं यिरं ों ों िअादऺ िअादऺ णगहमतं ॥ बृग गसं स हता ंहता अ .४ SV7.09- based on slope of plot f- Sound of ground: The sound of ground, when stroked with hammer, should be Gambhir (deep). SV7.10, Ref.3, page 100.
गंबयननदाबू बयननदाबूभ भ : लऩकभामण ण ऩूजता जता ॥ बृग गसं सहता ं हता अ .४ SV7.10- based on sound of ground g- Touch of ground: The touch of ground should warm in winter and cold in summer. 7.6 Building Materials: Stones, bricks, wood, soil, metals and precious stones
are
recommended
as
building
material.SV7.11,
Ref.
2,
page
158,Ref.3, page 109.
रेकास कासधादाभृ धादाभृसनाभृ सनाभृलरोरोहका लरोरोहका : । एतान लऩवाण भिे िेन नऩता : बृग गसं सहता ं हता अ .४ भृदका दका सधारा धारा परकादकबक । हेभयादसंहतं हतं गृ गृहंहंकामथाफरं थाफरं ॥ ॥ ग गसं स हता ंहता अ .2 SV7.11-Building Materials 7.7 Selection of building Material : Following properties of a material have to be considered in selecting it. Bhrugu Shilpa Samhita- Dr. A.S.Nene
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VarNa (Class)
Gender (type of Strength)
Vaya ( Age for birth)
Avastha (Effect of age on it).
The material, depending upon these properties, has to be processed before its use. SV7.12. SV7.12. Ref.2 page 56.Ref.3 page 109.
िणमरं रंिगोिथा िगोिथा : ऩयऺचफराफर । थाोंथाथानं थाथानं सं संकायाकायोस कायाकायोसधी धी :॥ ग गसं स हता ंहता SV7.12- Selection of Material Life spans: Depending upon the age, the material passes through four life spans, namely Childhood(Baalatwa), Kaumaar (Youth), Vadhakya (Old age) and Death (Nidhan).Any material in the first or last spans are not suitable. SV7.13. SV7.13. Ref.2 page 58.Ref.3 page 114.
फारि कौभायं ौिनभिथाधमकं कच ं नधनं । । ऩंिचां िचांते तेतेषांभे भे, ने,े ेषाणीान॥ षाणीान॥ ग गसं स हता ंहता SV7.13-Four life spans 7.8 - Building materials: As per Bhrugusamhita, bricks and stones, which are suitable for columns, are described below. SV7.14. Ref. 1, page 32.
इका भा िसाम: तंबा बा :ोायंतना : ॥ ग गसं स हता ंहता अ .१५ भा SV7.14 - Building materials
7.9 Application of building materials a. Soil: Not much importance is given for adobe construction by Bhrugu as he preferred stones. b .Bricks (Ishtika) Brick Kiln -The brick kiln should be ignited with dry wood from tamarind or Palash tree. Dry grass, rice husk and wood chips should also be used as fuel.SV7.15, Ref.3, page 130
कचं कचंचादाखाबयातीथ चादाखाबयातीथ सभ भ ह ह तम तमके के Bhrugu Shilpa Samhita- Dr. A.S.Nene
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ऩरा बासकै : ऩाद ीाबासैत तषैषतथा ै तथा आछााद : सभसंचे चे ाखां िरे िरेत : बृग गसं सहता ंहता अ .? SV7.15- Brick kiln Quality bricks : Detailed information about types of bricks and process of manufacture is are given Maya Samhita and Kashyapa Samhita.As per Bhrugu Samhita, the bricks should be properly fired,smooth, with proper shape and without holes.SV7.16, Ref.3, page 131
सनधा नधा : सभदधा सियाता ियाता : सोबना ोबना : । ीरंगााऩ गााऩ ऩलरं लरंगा गा बेदछािदचमता ता : बृग गसं सहता ं हता अ .५ SV7.16- Quality bricks c- Lime Lime (Sudha): Bhrugu Samhita describes in detail the process of preparation of lime mortar. Lime stones are excavated from underground mines or from lime stone boulders found on ground. These lime stones are calcinated (burnt) using wood logs. The material is quenched (cooled) with water. It results into a slaked lime. The material is sieved through sieves to remove stones and other impurities. Lime mortar is prepared by mixing with sand (1.5 to 2 times). Lime mill is used to pulverize the mortar. The material should fill the trough up to half of its height. Water is added during the process. The lime mill with vertical stone wheel moving in circular horizontal motion is call “Putbhedchakra yantra”. SV7.17, Ref.3, page 133.
ककम ककम यं िहना दधं चू चूणम णमतं त स ं सजरे जरेन च । िेधतं धतं ततऊना ततऊना च ां ऩं ऩं स ससू सभकं ू भकं ॥ साध ऩादं ऩादं गणं ण कं ं कंजलकसकतां जलकसकतांितं ितं । । कयारंि ाथ ि ाथ भिी िी िा तेन भानेन ोजे॥ वासाधमधम धबागै म बागैनतीाभे नतीाभेऩये ऩये ऩये । ऩटबे टबेदेदने चे चे ण भदमे जराभकं ॥ बृग गसं स हता ंहता अ .५ SV7.17 – Lime mortar d- Lime plaster- plaster- Ancient Indian text Bhrugusamhita contains a detailed description of preparation of lime plaster material (Sunla). The steps involved in the preparation are as below; 1. Wash and dry fine sand Bhrugu Shilpa Samhita- Dr. A.S.Nene
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2. Sieve slaked lime to separate coarser materials. 3. Cut cotton fibers into very fine pieces. 4. Cook three food grains (Trijava) – Rice, Wheat and Barley (equal parts). 5. Cook powdered banana. Mix all the above ingredients in the proportion given below; Fine sand -1 part; Slaked lime – 1 part; cooked grains – half part; Cooked Banana powder – Half par; Cotton fibers – half part. A decoction of Trifala (Amla, Hirda and Behada) and white Kathha (White Catechu) is sometimes added to the plaster pl aster material prepared (as mentioned above). While plastering a solution of jiggery is applied to the finished surface. The surface becomes hard and smooth after few days. SV7.18 Ref.3,page
सं कम कम यासभा भा ता : ऺ ारनं क । तरदकसभंऩं ऩंडंडं सभचू भचूण णतथै तथैच च ्। ् । काऩामसतं सतंत तिऩ िऩ भृदंदंकिास ृ िासऩेऩेषेत ्। ्। ंफकलकबनं फकलकबनंच कदरीबतदधमित ित । िननतिभाात ाििसऩषे ऩषेेत ्॥ गसं सहता ंहता अ .४८ ्॥ बृग SV7.18 – Lime plaster e- Building stones (Shail): Stones from unsuitable sites, such
as
graveyards, land full of ant hills or snake or polluted land.The stones should be tested before selection and use.SV7.19,Ref.3,page 136.
चंडारऩ डारऩलकसवाधऩ लकसवाधऩरं रंदाै दाैिं िंद द ूषता षता : िलभकाह भानाा नंा ा फूऩम ऩम तछरा तछरा ॥ बूऩयहणे ऩयहणे ऩूिि नं नंदता दता ा बूभ भ : । तवदता रा : सिजमनीा नीा गणै णफफै धै ध :ै ॥ बृग गसं स हता ंहता अ .६ SV7.19- Selection of stones for building f- Timber for construction Cutting of a tree for timber: The axe should be sharpened by use of milk, m ilk, oil etc. The first cut should be about 15-20 cm above ground to assess the Bhrugu Shilpa Samhita- Dr. A.S.Nene
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age of a tree. Oozing of water indicates the tree is under grown. Oozing of juice indicates the tree is fit to cut.SV7.20, Ref.3,page 144.
द धतैरघृ रघृतै तै: सक संते ते ऩयोभमखं ख । ं । ् सं धतै भरे रे हतं वऩोोि वऩोोि शिछा शिछा त रऺे ॥ ियािो ििृदथम दथम: ऺीयं ऩििधम ििधमनं न । ं । ऩातेद यां यांि ि ऩूिाम िामं ि ा ंि ा िनऩतं ॥ बृग गसं सहता ंहता SV7.20 - Cutting of a tree for timber g- Collection of tree logs: Before logs: Before cutting the whole tree, branches have to be cut. Adequate space should be available around the tree to be cut. The tree log to be used for main column should be covered with white cloth and transported using a vehicle. SV7.21, Ref.3,page 145.
साराशभजमकणॉनां कणॉनां उिाम उिामच च ऩतनं बं ब ॥ ं ॥ नगमभाथतभ भाथतभ बिा िा िृऺां ऺांतयनऩातने तयनऩातने। अों ऩतनं ऩतनं ने नें छें ं चोभत चोभत : सभं ॥ ॥ चतयं यं ऋज ऋज ं कृिा िा भ ूह हतम त मतं तंबसं बसंहे हे । सतऩटेन संछ छ ंदने दने िेे॥ ग गसं स हता ंहता अ . ११ SV7.21- Collection of tree logs h- Preservation of timber: timber: The wood deteriorates due to loss of oily substance. Hence the wood should be painted to avoid the losses. An oil coat should be applied, every year after rainy season. After the wood is well dried it may stored for preservation.
कभमभं भडऩके ंडऩके िारकोऩय कोऩय ाे॥ ागं चोयांि ाा ि ााकं कं यऺेऩन न :। ऩियाृंं न न कतमवं वं आषभासं आषभासं भादकं भादकं ग गसं सहता ं हता
॥
SV7.22 - Preservation of timber
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i - Seasoning of timber: The timber: The tree logs should be placed on sand, with top of the tree facing east or north for six months without moving, till drying is complete.SV7.23, Ref.3, page 145.
वनात कारे कारेन नेहनााजाते तभाैरं र सदारे ं सदारें हे हेभते तं े येऽिा कभमभं भडऩे ंडऩेचिै कां ाायजतं ाायजतं िकानदधतक िकानदधतक दगाया िृतहे तहेतना ना ग गसं स हता ंहता SV7.23-Seasoning of timber j- Testing T esting tree prior to cutting: A hole should be drilled with a sharp tool and the hollowness should be tested by striking with a hammer. SV7.24, Ref.3, page 145.
तीसूरीां रीां च च ोधेथभं भ । ं । भं गे ेण भहता सटरेन हायेत ् ग गसं सहता ं हता
॥
SV7.24 -Testing tree prior to cutting k- Tree classification: The table 3.6 below describes the four fold classification system.SV7.25,Ref.3, page 147 Table 7.1-Four fold classification system of Trees Core of the wood Class Example Nihsaar-Hard core Brahmin- First class Banyan or Holy fig tree missing etc.# Antasaar- Hard core Kshyatriya -Second Jack fruit, Mango etc. inner side class Bahihsaar- Hard core Vaishya-Third class Coconut, Bamboo etc outer sideSarvasaar- Hard core Shudra –Forth class Babool, Tamarind etc throughout# Such trees are immortal and therefore worshiped
अंत त :साय िृऺा ऺा : ऩनसतभखा खा : िसमसाया साया चंचा चा - । ाकाा नायकेयभ यभकिपराते किपराते फह :साियृऺा ऺा : ॥ न :साया सछद सछदकतिय कतिय :कं काा काा िस। तेिाधौ िाधौ ऺौ ौ िब ... िैश श -िाोऽे ॥ ॥ ग गसं स हता ंहता SV7.25- Tree classification Bhrugu Shilpa Samhita- Dr. A.S.Nene
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l- Suitable tree: tree: The trees, to be used for construction, should be strong, straight and which withstood heat, wind and rain for years. The trees with no hard core should not be used. Ebony tree (Shishampa) is good for all purposes.SV7.26,Ref.3, page 149.
ऋिज : साियंत त ढा चयजीिन : । िामिातातऩसहा िातातऩसहा जरथरिबा े ॥ तेददे ददेेोिदा : ता ाा : : लऩकभमस स । । असायाखन : िसामन न ्ि जम े े ृहकभाम हकभामण ॥ ण ॥ ्ि जम ा : ऺीयतियो न भानषग़ षग़हचता हचता : । िदेधाभस ते ते ोा ोा : िसषां षां ं ं ऩा ऩा : बा बा : ॥ ग गसं सहता ं हता SV7.26 - Suitable tree m- Gender of Tree: Tree: A tree with many branches, straight and round trunk from bottom to top is considered as „male‟. A tree with broad trunk at bottom and narrow at top is considered as ‟female‟. A tree with broad trunk at top and narrow at bottom is considered a s „neutral‟. Male and female trees are used for column and beam respectively. SV7.27, Ref.3, page 150. 150.
िृाकाय ाकाय भराा राा फह ाखो ढांित ित : ॥ ाखो ऩ ंिृिऺ ऺ ृ : ा तयो : ीिं भू भूरथ रथरकृ रकृाता ाता । भराो राो : कृालऩिं ालऩिं भे भे थौलं च षंढता ढता ॥ भ ह ह तम तगबम मगबमतं तंबादन बादन ऩ ंिृिऺणै ऺ ृ णैि काये। ेषकभम षकभमस स िस िसषष ीिृ ीिृऺै ऺैि ते॥ ग गसं सहता ं हता SV7.27- Gender of Tree 7.10 Good neighborhood: Physique, hearts and minds of neighbors should be
similar,
in
short
their
culture
should
be
similar
then
only
the
neighborhood becomes comfortable. SV7.28. Ref. 2, page 156.
सभािन : ययाण सभान ऋदिन :। सभानतिोभना िोभना थान : ससहासत सहासत ॥ ग गसं सहता ं हता अ .? SV7.28-Good neighborhood
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7.11 Roofing of houses: Roofs of mud house can be of grass. But brick houses can be provided with a roof of metal sheets and decorated with precious stones. SV7.29. Ref. 2, page 158.
तृणै णत ै त भृ भृभं भं छां छां इकाबयभृ इकाबयभृभं भं। धातबधाम बधामत त ं च खयैयमय भंदतं दतं ॥ ॥ ग गसं सहता ं हता अ . ? SV7.29- Roofing of houses 7.12 Open spaces- A house having width of 24 „hasta‟ (12 m) should have a open space of width of 14 „hasta‟ ( 7 m.)
ाद बभये ूभयेका का िसहत हत गेहे दाभ िृदाच दाच तत : ऩयंिबेत ्॥ गसं स हता ंहता अ ? ? ्॥ ग ूबू SV7.30- description of open spaces 7.13-Payment to workers: After the completion of construction work, the workers have to be suitably paid.
Chief architect or engineer -50%
Second officers- 12.5%
Third officers -12.5 %
Forth officer -25%. SV7.31, Ref.3. Page 47.
िसषाभधम षाभधमनो नो भातदध ातदधनाऩये नाऩये तथा । तृतीिनतृ तीिनतृ तीशत तीशतथ थ ऩादन : बृग गसं सहता ंहता अ .३ SV7.31- Payment to workers ***.***
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Chapter 9 Nagar rachana-Town Planning 9.1Definition of Drawing: Drawing: Bhrugu Samhita defines a drawing as, one which displays the anything or material present in water, air or on earth. Ref. SV 9.01.
जंगभा गभा : िथाया िाऩ े संत त बिने िने । तििबाततेषां कयणं कयणं चभ चभचते चते ॥ ग गसं सहता ं हता अ . २५ SV9.01- Definition of Drawing
9.2 Shops in Bazaar: The shops should be allotted as mentioned below, North side-Oil merchants, South east or North east- Carpenters, West sideWasher men. SV 9.02. Ref. 2, page 197.
तैरिणां रिणां सौे सौे तणा चा नरेऽनरे । िावे काकादनां काकादनां यजकानां यजकानांच ऩभे॥ ग गसं सहता ं हता अ ? ? SV 9.02-Shops in Bazaar 9.3 Pollution prevention: Crematoriums, graveyards and houses of scavengers etc should be far away from water bodies. SV9.03. Ref. 2, page 208.
चांडारचभम डारचभमकायानं कायानं तोााऩाना। एतेषाभऩत े े भानंा॥ ा॥ ग गसं स हता ंहता अ ? ? ूयेयेदे SV 9.03-Pollution prevention 10 Yantra Shastra- Machines and Mechanics 9.4 Chandarshee (A composer of book) - - In ancient times, the experience of learned men was called „Bramh‟. A person, who, after acquiring vast experience, narrates this knowledge in a poetic form, was called „Chandarshee”.
All the composers of Shilpa-Samhita Shilpa-Samhita also can be
called „Chandarshee”. SV 9.04, Ref.2 page 216.
ऩयाकृ याकृतं तत तं ऻैते तेत चऺते । न भनसा फहतऩोबफम ह ह ब ब : िं ॥ ॥ छंदांस स ितमे ेते ते छंदऋषी िेन कतमता ता : । ग गसं सहता ं हता अ ? ? SV9.04- Chandarshee (A composer of book) ***.***
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Chapter 11-Appendix 11-Appendix Weights and Measures 11.0 The chapter describes ancient units of measurement as per Samhita.Kashyapa
Bhrug
Samhita and Maya Samhita have their own system of
measurement. 11.1 Counting of numbers: The counting of numbers (1 to 10) is done using three digits of four fingers of a hand (excluding thumb). The counting starts clockwise from lowest digit of index finger till the bottom digit of middle finger. (Note middle digits of middle and ring fingers are excluded) SV 11.01. Ref.2 page 48.
ायंानाभका भूरं र कनादष ं कनादषभा। भा। भभाभूरऩ रऩतं तं गणेा िऩमस स ॥ ॥ ग गसं स हता ंहता अ . ? SV 11.01 –Counting of numbers 11.2 - Length measurement- (AayagaNanaa): (AayagaNanaa):
The smallest unit of
measurement of length (width/ height etc) is „Shaalee‟ and biggest unit is „Yojan‟. „Shaalee is an intact grain of rice(with husk).Next unit is „Angul‟ which is equivalent to 3,3.5 or 4 grains. SV11.02, Ref.3,Page 80.
ालातौबै साधैत तिेिे संभतै भतै: ॥ बृग ग सं संहता हता अ . 3 SV11.02-Length measurement Following units were used;
Yava( length of seed of barley)= 1.5 mm
Angul (middle digit of middle finger) = 6 to 8 Yava=19 mm
Mushtee(closed feast)=3 Angul= 6.25 cm.
Vihast (Stretched one hand) = 4 Mushtee=25 cm. SV cm. SV 11.3 Ref.2 11.3 Ref.2 page 48.
िततनाच ानादन ाणाभंग गरे र ेभत । । ् ऺ ् ऺाणाभं िेनालऩीसां भानं भानं िएं िएंभानभं भानभं िद िद : ॥ ग गसं सहता ं हता SV 11.03-Units of length Bhrugu Shilpa Samhita- Dr. A.S.Nene
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11.3- Measure of Time: The required to pronounce on vowel is termed as „Maatra‟. This is the smallest unit of time, proposed by Bhrugu. Other units are shown in a table below. Ref.3,Page 78 Table 11.1 Units of measurement of time 2 Maatra=1 Akshar 2 Akshar=1 Lav 2 Lav=1 KshuaN 30 KshuaN=1 Vipal 30 Vipa=1 Pal 30Pal=1 Ghatika 30 Ghatika=1 Ahoraatra 30 Ahoraatra=1 Maas 2 Maas=1 Abda 5 Abda=1 Yuga 11.4 Table of other units: The other units are given in a table below. Ref.3,Page 80. Table 11.2- Different units of length 4 Anguls = 1 Grah 2 Graha =1 Mushtee 12 Anguls = 1 Vitati 2 Vitati= 1 Hasta 4 Hasta= 1 Danda 20 Hasta=1 Rajju (small) 30 Hasta=1 Rajju (big) 2000 Danda= 1 Krosh 4 Krosh= 1 Yojan* * one Yojan is equal to 4 km 11.5 Appropriate units: Measurements of weapons should be expressed in „Angula‟ and those of small objects should be expressed in terms of Barly(Yav),sesame seeds.SV11.04, Ref.3,Page 81.
अंग गरं र चाऩादौ ं चाऩादौ िैऩऩलादकभाऩने ल ादकभाऩने । िैलऩॉसां लऩॉसां भानं भानं िएं िएं भानकं भानकं फंद द : ॥बृग गसं सहता ंहता अ . 3 SV11.04-Appropriate units 11.6 Calculation of perimeter and area a. Perimeter of circle: The ratio of perimeter and diameter of a circle is fixed.SV11.05 and Table 11.3.Ref.3 page 82.
िृवासे वासे ते नािगेििदवधखेद द ब ब :। तिद धबम ब ै म: ससू सभ ूभ : ऩयधबमि ि ॥ बृग गसं सहता ंहता अ . १ धै SV 11.05-Perimeter of circle
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Table 11.3 – Perimeter to diameter ratio Diameter Perimeter
Diameter Perimeter
7 22
1250 3927
33215 107348
62832 200000
b. Area of circular segment: The base of the segment is called „Jya‟ (sayJ) and a perpendicular through the center of base is called „Shar(say S). The area of the segment is nine tenth of the product of these lengths. Ref.3, page 83. The diameter of the circle is given as J*J/4*S+S. SV11.06, Ref.3, page 84.
िजीाविदग यब यबे । वास भाणं िदं िदंत फृेे ॥ बृग गसं सहता ंहता अ .३ SV 11.06-Diameter of circular segment .c.
Volume of solids:
Volume of a prism is product of base area and
height. SV11.07, ref.3 page 87.
ससंिगम िगम: घन : । िसषष ऺे ऺेषषे ऺे ऺेपरं िोचभाने िोचभानेन न ननं चतौ चतौ खाते िा घनपरं ा ा ॥ बृग गसं सहता ं हता अ . ३ SV 11.07 –Volume of solids d. Weight of solids: The smallest unit of weight was „Gunj (app.150 mg).Table 11.4 below gives the other weights. Ref. 3, page 88. Table 11.4 -Weights MasH=5 Gunj KarsH=16 MasH Pal=4 KarsH Tula=100 Pal Bhar=20 Tula Achit=10 Bhar ***.** Bhrugu Shilpa Samhita- Dr. A.S.Nene
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Tools of engineer a. Telescope or level: Drashtee is a telescope (is used to see things which are far away. SV11.08 , Ref.3. page 63.
सभे भेण ऺं सूंं । बृग गसं सहता ं हता अ .२ SV11.08- Telescope or level b. Meter rod: „Nruhasta‟ rod: „Nruhasta‟ is a wooden or metal rod, of 50 cm c m length, with 24 marks at one angula (19 mm) each . SV11.09. Ref.3. page 63.
चतिम िमतयं तयंगरो र ो हत : नथ थ : सो ो भधकखदय कखदय चंदनादसायदाणां दनादसायदाणांि ं ि ंधािोिाम धािोिाम। बृग गसं सहता ंहता अ .२ SV11.09- Meter rod c. Grass Rope: Mounj Rajju‟ is a rope of grass (Mounj) of length 20 Hasta (10 m) is used for length measurements. SV11.10. Ref.3. page 64. ‘
िंतहता तहता भजयज: । बृग गसं सहता ंहता अ .२ SV11.10- Grass Rope d. Cotton thread: ‘Karpasak‟ is a thread of cotton(without any knot) is check the linearity of things. SV11.11. Ref.3. page 65.
ंाभ ाभं ा ा ं काऩामससू ससू । बृग गसं स हता ंहता अ .२ SV11.11-Level thread e. Plumb bob: ‘Awalamb or Sadhanee‟ is a tool to check level of a surface. Construction of Awalamb: The construction process is as below;
Use three wooden strips 2cm x1cm and 50 cm long and join them to form a tri-angle.
Place the tool such that the both legs just touch the water surface.
Suspend a weight attached to a string, from the top.
Mark the position of the string on the middle strip. SV11.12, Ref. 3, page 66.
अथ कक ामदरं दरंफ ऩटका बब : ऩन न: । सांग गरीकयभानाबबचं रीकयभानाबबचं डं डं िबे ॥ िाऩीं कृिां िां जरै जरै: ऩूणा णा तां तां ं ंक वदं से से। । Bhrugu Shilpa Samhita- Dr. A.S.Nene
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तोोितमलोतोतोभूम लोतोतोभूमधो धो :ऩदवं॥ िधा कयैतद तद िामं फदरं ं फदरंफकं फकं । ूिाम ाध : ऩटकाां तऩृ तऩृं ंकभथारखे कभथारखे॥ ॥ त सूभं भं िबे िबेचहं तेन ननाद नीतां । । अंकालरं कालरंफगतम फगतम तननं चाद चाद नतं ॥ ॥ नतं अंक क रंफसू फसू संोगे ोगे सभबूतरं तरं । । बृग ग सं संहता हता अ . २
SV11.12- Plumb bob f. Setsquares: ‟Kashthakone‟ is set of two triangles (one 45 & 45 deg. and other with 30 and 60 deg.). SV11.13, Ref.3. page 67.
दो : कोटधभनिसक येकाकोणं काकोणंजऩावदा जऩावदा । बृग ग सं संहता हता अ . २
SV11.13- Setsquares g. Tool for drawing ellipse: Srushta sootra is a tool used for drawing ellipse (Lamb vartul) of different sizes. It consists of a wooden strip (of length more than 20 cm.). It has number of holes drilled equidistance from central hole. A thread is tied to two nails fixed in the two holes equidistance Bhrugu Shilpa Samhita- Dr. A.S.Nene
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from central hole.A curve is drawn with a pencil/pen
such that sum of
distances from ends is constant. SV11.14, Ref.3. page 68.
सृ - भियचितृत तलराबागो लराबागो वदयददनजभा सायदािदो िा सभयऋजियरं ियरंफादण फादण : ऩििकृ : सभतर इह ो : ंक यकागराद राद ॥१॥ ंको को : ऩृचाोभम चाोभमे े िथूराते राते सभे सभे रोहजे घटेसौ सौ िृरे रेखकभम क ं भमण ण ॥२॥ भेण ऩयत : सूा ा एका ितरं र म रखे ं रखे सूोम ोमढकृत सू ं सूं भारां ं भारां रखत रखत सिृितां त ृ ां ॥ ॥ बृग ग सं संहता हता अ . २ SV11.14- Tool for drawing ellipse Ellipse: It is a locus of points such that sum of distances (a+b) from two fixed points (F1 and F2) is same. The fixed points are called focal points. If these two points merge into one, then the locus becomes a circle. SV11.15, Ref.3. page 68.
फंद द वदसभऩयभता व दसभऩयभता भारा । येिषातरभितम र म भितमनी नी एषा ििधा ॥ बृग ग सं संहता हता अ . २
SV11.15- Ellipse Six Commandments Ancient
texts
Bhrugu
Samhita
and
Shilpa
Deepak
mention
six
commandments or guide lines for designer or supervisor of a structure. These are; 1. The quality or comfort depends upon the cost one can afford. Bhrugu Shilpa Samhita- Dr. A.S.Nene
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2. The designer should take into account the relevance of time and life of the work. 3. The material has to be used as it i t is available in nature. 4. Learn from failures. 5. Alterations should not spoil the original athletics. 6. The rules and procedures are not rigid, according to situation some changes have to be made. Nothing is perfect. pe rfect. SV 3.17. Ref.3. page 5262.
१- बोगो ऻानसाय साय ा । २- कार कक टरा गत : । जभािसानांतं त भनसा ं भनसा न कायेत ् लऩं ॥ बृग ग ् लऩं ॥ ३-धाता था ऩूिमिभकलऩे भ म कलऩेत ्। ्। ४-बा बाब ऩयह। ५-संिधम िधमनं नच ं िातनां नां तथा तथा संियणनच ियणनच भानहनं च च कतमवं वं भािनधम भािनधमनं न॥ं लऩदऩक अ.६ ६-अलऩदोषं फह फह गणं ण का ं का कभ कभ त त : । ग SV11.16 - Six Commandments ***.***
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Bibliography A-Marathi Books by Vaze: 1. Vaze, K.V. (1924), “Importance of Indian engineering education”, Pub. Shri Samarthprasad printing press, Nasik. 2. Vaze, K.V. (1924 &1994),” Essence of ancient Indian engineering”, Pub. Varada Prakashan, Pune 16. 3. Vaze,
K.V.
(1928),”
Ancient
Indian
engineering-Part engineering-Part
1”,
Pub.
Lohabhandaram, Raviwar Peth, Pune. B-Marathi Article by Vaze: 4. Vaze,
K.V.
(1925),”Gopalan
or
Animal
Care”,
Monthly
J ournal, Journal,
„Krushival „Krushival‟ ‟ , Jan.1925 issue, Pune. ***.***
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About the Editor of this book Professor A.S. Nene, did B.E. (Nagpur), M.E and Ph.D. (Roorkee) and served Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur during 1972-2002. He has supervised around 150 Consultancy projects, in the states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, involving Soil Investigations, Quality Control Works, and Setting up Laboratories etc. He has more than 50 publications at National and International levels. For his paper published in Journal of ASCE 1985, he received “Khosla Memorial Award” (1987) by Roorkee University, for best b est Technical Paper. He has supervised research work of three Doctoral and two Post Graduate Candidates. Indian Geotechnical Society New Delhi nominated Dr. Nene to a technical committee of International Society of Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engineering (ISSMFE TC-19 - "Preservation of Historical Sites") Dr. Nene has developed five interactive computer aided learning packages on Geotechnical engineering and distributed to many institutions in India and abroad. In November 2000 he obtained an Indian patent paten t (No.197879,) on “Use of Geo-foam geo-synthetics geo-synthetics for foundations in expansive soils.” He co-authored a book "Pride of India, Published by Sanskrit Bharati, New Delhi (2006).He has also edited a Marathi book "Hindi Shilpa Shastra", Published by Nachiket Prakashan, Nagpur (2010) and “Geotechnical engineering in ancient India” published by Pune Vidyarthi Gruha Pune (2011). In addition he has uploaded nine E Books on web on a topic “Science and Technology in Ancient India – Shilpa shastra”. ***.***
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