251814322 Sem 2 Political Science Project

POLITICAL SCIENCE PROJECT “MARX’S CONTRIBUTION TO POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY”

PROJECT SUBMITTED TO: DR. MONIKA SRIVASTAVA ROFESSOR OF POLITICAL SCIENCE) (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF

PROJECT SUBMITTED BY: R ISHI ISHI SEHGAL

Semester II, Sectio B OLL NO! ""# R OLL

DR ! R AM LO$IYA NATIONAL LA% AM MANO$AR L U NI&ERSITY! LUC'NO%, UTTAR P PRADES$!

Acknowledgement

MARX’S CONTRIBUTION TO POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

I, Risi Se*+, o-+. +i/e to -m0+1 2reset tis 2ro3ect to Dr! Moi/* Sri4*st*4*! I o-+. 5irst o5 *++ +i/e to e62ress m1 most sicere r*tit-.e to Dr! Moi/* Sri4*st*4* 5or is eco-r*emet *. -i.*ce re*r.i se4er*+ *s2ects o5 tis 2ro3ect! I *m t*/5-+ 5or 0ei i4e te o22ort-it1 o5 .oi * 2ro3ect o 7M*r68s Cotri0-tio to Po+itic*+ Pi+oso218! I *m t*/5-+ to te +i0r*r1 st*55 *s e++ *s te IT +*0 st*55 5or *++ te co4eieces te1 *4e 2ro4i.e. me it, ic *4e 2+*1e. * m*3or ro+e i te com2+etio o5 tis 2*2er! I o-+. +i/e to t*/ 9o. 5or /ee2i me i oo. e*+t *. seses to com2+ete tis 2ro3ect! L*st 0-t .e5iite+1 ot te +e*st, I *m t*/5-+ to m1 seiors 5or *++ teir s-22ort, ti2s *. 4*+-*0+e *.4ice ee4er ee.e.! I 2reset tis 2ro3ect it * -m0+e e*rt!



RISHI SEHGAL

SEMESTER II, SECTION B, ROLL NUMBER ""# BA LLB ($ONS!)

Content

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POLITICAL SCIENCE PROJECT


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* 9erm* 2i+oso2er , ecoomist, socio+oist,istori*, 3o-r*+ist,

*. re4o+-tio*r1 soci*+ist! M*r6;s or/ i ecoomics +*i. te 0*sis 5or te c-rret -.erst*.i o5 +*0o-r *. its re+*tio to c*2it*+, *. *s i5+-ece. m-c o5 s-0se<-et ecoomic to-t!" $e 2-0+ise. -mero-s 0oo/s .-ri is +i5etime, te most ot*0+e 0ei Te Comm-ist M*i5esto ("=>=) *. Das Kapital . Bor ito * e*+t1 mi..+ec+*ss 5*mi+1 i Trier i te Pr-ssi* Rie+*., M*r6 st-.ie. *t te Ui4ersit1 o5 Bo *. te Ui4ersit1 o5 Ber+i, ere e 0ec*me itereste. i te 2i+oso2ic*+ i.e*s o5 te Yo- $ee+i*s! A5ter is st-.ies, e rote 5or * r*.ic*+ es2*2er i Co+oe, *. 0e* to or/ o-t is teor1 o5 .i*+ectic*+ m*teri*+ism! $e mo4e. to P*ris i "=>?, ere e 0e* riti 5or oter r*.ic*+ es2*2ers *. met Fre.ric/ Ee+s, o o-+. 0ecome is +i5e+o 5rie. *. co++*0or*tor! I "=>@ e *s e6i+e. *. mo4e. to Lo.o toeter it is i5e *. ci+.re ere e coti-e. riti *. 5orm-+*ti is teories *0o-t soci*+ *. ecoomic *cti4it1! $e *+so c*m2*ie. 5or soci*+ism *. 0ec*me * sii5ic*t 5i-re i te Iter*tio*+ %or/ime;s Associ*tio! F-rter, oe o5 is most sii5ic*t cotri0-tios is te teor1 o5 c+*ss co5+ict! I tis 2ro3ect, tis teor1 *s 0ee .isc-sse. i .e2t so t*t e c* et * -2 c+ose +oo/ *s to o * t12ic*+ M*r6i* teor1 or/s, *. -se it *s * e6*m2+e to -.erst*. *t M*r68s re*+ 4ies ere, *. o e et *0o-t 2ost-+*ti so+-tios 5or te 2ro0+ems t*t e 2ercei4e. e6iste. i societ1!

M*$+, -o$k *nd Leg*c " Ro0erto M**0eir* Uer ! Free Tr*.e Reim*ie.: Te %or+. Di4isio o5 L*0or *. te Meto. o5 Ecoomics! Priceto: Priceto Ui4ersit1 Press,  ("P*e



M*r6;s teories *0o-t societ1, ecoomics *. 2o+itics  co++ecti4e+1 /o *s M*r6ism  o+. t*t -m* societies 2roress tro- c+*ss str-+e: * co5+ict 0etee * oersi2 c+*ss t*t cotro+s 2ro.-ctio *. * .is2ossesse. +*0o-ri c+*ss t*t 2ro4i.es te +*0o-r 5or 2ro.-ctio! $e c*++e. c*2it*+ism te .ict*torsi2 o5 te 0o-reoisie, 0e+ie4i it to 0e r- 01 te e*+t1 c+*sses 5or teir o 0ee5it *. e 2re.icte. t*t, +i/e 2re4io-s socioecoomic s1stems, c*2it*+ism 2ro.-ce. iter*+ tesios ic o-+. +e*. to its se+5 .estr-ctio *. re2+*cemet 01 * e s1stem: soci*+ism! $e *r-e. t*t c+*ss *t*oisms -.er c*2it*+ism 0etee te 0o-reoisie *. 2ro+et*ri*t o-+. e4et-*te i te or/i c+*ss; co<-est o5 2o+itic*+ 2oer i te 5orm o5 * .ict*torsi2 o5 te 2ro+et*ri*t *. e4et-*++1 est*0+is * c+*ss+ess societ1, soci*+ism or comm-ism, * societ1 o4ere. 01 * 5ree *ssoci*tio o5 2ro.-cers! A+o it 0e+ie4i i te ie4it*0i+it1 o5 soci*+ism *. comm-ism, M*r6 *cti4e+1 5o-t 5or teir im2+emet*tio, *r-i t*t soci*+ teorists *. -.er2ri4i+ee. 2eo2+e *+i/e so-+. c*rr1 o-t or*ise. re4o+-tio*r1 *ctio to to22+e c*2it*+ism *. 0ri *0o-t socioecoomic c*e!? M*r6 *s 0ee .escri0e. *s oe o5 te most i5+-eti*+ 5i-res i -m* istor1!> Re4o+-tio*r1 soci*+ist o4ermets es2o-si M*r6ist coce2ts too/ 2oer i * 4*riet1 o5 co-tries i te t cet-r1, +e*.i to te 5orm*tio o5 s-c soci*+ist st*tes *s te So4iet Uio i "@ *. te Peo2+e;s Re2-0+ic o5 Ci* i "@>@! M*1 +*0o-r -ios *. or/ers; 2*rties or+.i.e *re i5+-ece. 01 M*r6ism, i+e 4*rio-s teoretic*+ 4*ri*ts, s-c *s Leiism, St*+iism, Trots/1ism, *. M*oism, ere .e4e+o2e. 5rom tem! M*r6 is t12ic*++1 cite., it Gmi+e D-r/eim *. M*6 %e0er , *s oe o5 te tree 2rici2*+ *rcitects o5 mo.er soci*+ sciece!# M*r6;s i.e*s *4e *. * 2ro5o-. im2*ct o or+. 2o+itics *. ite++ect-*+ to-t! H $is or/ *4e 0irt to mo.er socio+o1, *s *. * +*sti +e*c1 i ecoomic to-t, *.

 '*r+ M*r6: Criti<-e o5 te 9ot* Pror*m (M*r6Ee+s Se+ecte. %or/s, &o+-me Tree, 22! "??) ? Cr*i J! C*+o- ()! C+*ssic*+ socio+oic*+ teor1! %i+e1B+*c/e++! 22! ?>! > M*r6 te mi++ei-m;s ;re*test ti/er;! BBC Nes %or+. O+ie! " Octo0er "@@@! # M*6 %e0er  St*5or. Ec1c+o2*e.i* o5 Pi+oso21 ! /"P*e



2ro5o-.+1 *55ecte. 2i+oso21, +iter*t-re, te *rts, *. *+most *++ o5 te *c*.emic .isci2+ies! S-c i.es2re*. i5+-ece is 2ost-+*te. to 0e * res-+t o5 is or/;s mor*++1 em2oeri +*-*e o5 criti<-e **ist te .omi*t c*2it*+ist societ1! P*-+ Ric-r c*++s M*r6 oe o5 te m*sters o5 te scoo+ o5 s-s2icio, *+osi.e Frie.ric NietKsce *. Sim-. Fre-.!= '*r+ Litcosi.ere. M*r6 *. Sre 'ier/e**r. to 0e te to re*test $ee+i* 2i+oso2ic*+ s-ccessors! I soci*+ teor1, tetiet *. tet15irst cet-ries ti/ers *4e 2-rs-e. to m*i str*teies i res2ose to M*r6! Oe mo4e *s 0ee to re.-ce it to its **+1tic*+ core, /o *s A*+1tic*+ M*r6ism, ic c*me *t te cost o5 s*cri5ici its most iteresti *. 2er2+e6i i.e*s! Aoter, more commo mo4e *s 0ee to .i+-te te e62+**tor1 c+*ims o5 M*r6;s soci*+ teor1 *. to em2*sise te re+*ti4e *-toom1 o5 *s2ects o5 soci*+ *. ecoomic +i5e ot .irect+1 re+*te. to M*r6;s cetr*+ *rr*ti4e o5 iter*ctio 0etee te .e4e+o2met o5 te 5orces o5 2ro.-ctio *. te s-ccessio o5 mo.es o5 2ro.-ctio! S-c *s 0ee, 5or e6*m2+e, te eom*r6ist teorisi *.o2te. 01 istori*s is2ire. 01 M*r6;s soci*+ teor1, s-c *s E! P! Tom2so *. Eric $o0s0*m! It *s *+so 0ee * +ie o5 ti/i 2-rs-e. 01 ti/ers *. *cti4ists +i/e Atoio 9r*msci o *4e so-t to -.erst*. te o22ort-ities *. te .i55ic-+ties o5 tr*s5orm*ti4e 2o+itic*+ 2r*ctice, see i te +it o5 M*r6ist soci*+ teor1!@ A tir. res2ose is to *r4est te /e1 isits o5 M*r6;s soci*+ teor1 i+e o55eri * r*.ic*+ *+ter*ti4e to M*r6;s *cco-t o5 societies *. o5 te *1s i ic te1 c*e! Oe o5 te most .e4e+o2e. *+ter*ti4es i cotem2or*r1 to-t is te or/ o5 Ro0erto M**0eir* Uer !" Uer t*/es M*r6 *s * 2oit o5 .e2*rt-re 5or reti/i soci*+, 2o+itic*+, *. ecoomic *rr*emets, cre.iti im 5or recoisi t*t istit-tios tre*te. *s -i4ers*+ H 'eet A++* ("" M*1 ")! Te Soci*+ Les: A I4it*tio to Soci*+ *. Socio+oic*+ Teor1! Pie Fore Press! 2! H=  %i++i*m Rose0err1 ("@@) M*r6 *. Atro2o+o1A-*+ Re4ie o5 Atro2o+o1, &o+! H: 22! #>H (Octo0er "@@) = Ricoe-r, P*-+! Fre-. *. Pi+oso21: A Ess*1 o Iter2ret*tio! Ne $*4e *. Lo.o: Y*+e Ui4ersit1 Press, "@, 2! ? @ $o0s0*m, E! J! $o to C*e te %or+. : M*r6 *. M*r6ism, "=>"" 5"P*e



*. eter*+ *re i 5*ct te +*s o5 2*rtic-+*r soci*+ 5orm*tio*t M*r6 c*++e. c*2it*+ism!""$oe4er, 5or Uer, M*r6 com2romise. te 2oer o5 tis isit 01 *++oi it to 0e t*ite. 01 tree sets o5 ecessit*ri* *ss-m2tios! Te 5irst s-c *ss-m2tio o+.s t*t tere is * c+ose. +ist o5 5-.*met*+ t12es o5 soci*+, 2o+itic*+, *. ecoomic or*is*tio, s-c *s 5e-.*+ism *. c*2it*+ismM*r6;s mo.es o5 2ro.-ctio! As * res-+t, te s2*ce 5or io4*tio i soci*+ +i5e is 4er1 +imite.! Te seco. *ss-m2tio c+*ims t*t e*c o5 tese t12es is * i.i4isi0+e -it: *++ its 2*rts st*. or 5*++ toeter! As * res-+t, 2o+itics is eiter te re4o+-tio*r1 s-0stit-tio o5 oe t12e 5or *oter, or * re5ormist m**emet o5 oe o5 te t12es! Te tir. *ss-m2tio s-22oses te s-ccessio o5 tese i.i4isi0+e soci*+ *. ecoomic s1stems (M*r6;s mo.es o5 2ro.-ctio) to 0e .ri4e 5or*r. i istor1 01 irresisti0+e +*s o5 tr*s5orm*tio! As * res-+t, 2ror*mm*tic ti/i *0o-t *+ter*ti4es *s * restricte. 5ie+. o5 *22+ic*tio istor1 s-22+ies te o+1 re*+istic 2ror*m o5 c*e! "

" D*4i. M! Tr-0e/, R*.ic*+ Teor1 *. Pror*mm*tic To-t, Americ* Jo-r*+ o5 Socio+o1 @#, o!  ("@=@): >#">#! "" S*m-e+ Mo1, Te Po+itics o5 Ecoom1, Etics Q Iter*tio*+ A55*irs "H, o!  ()! " D*4i. M! Tr-0e/, Pror*mm*tic To-t *. te Criti<-e o5 te Soci*+ Disci2+ies, i Criti<-e *. Costr-ctio, e.! M Perr1 (C*m0ri.e: C*m0ri.e Ui4ersit1 Press, "@@)! 6"P*e



MAR7IAN THEOR8 O9 CLASS CON9LICT Te teor1 o5 c+*ss str-+e or c+*ss co5+ict is cetr*+ to M*r6i* to-t! %e i++ t*/e tis teor1 *s * c*se i 2oit, to i++-str*te o e6*ct+1 * t12ic*+ M*r6i* teor1 oes! B1 **+1si tis teor1 i .e2t, e i++ e62+ore te m*er i ic M*r6 to-t, tere01 *ii * 4*+-*0+e isit ito is 2s1ce, *. is cotri0-tio *t +*re! %e i++ *+so st-.1 te rec-rret -.erc-rrets to most o5 is teories, 01 st-.1i tis oe m*3or teor1 i .et*i+! Te m*i 2remise o5 te M*r6i* c+*ss teor1 is to 0e 5o-. i te o2ei seteces o5 is 5*mo-s or/ te Te Comm-ist M*i5esto, "=>= ic re*.s *s 5o++os:

"?

Te istor1 o5 *++ iterto e6isti societ1 is te istor1 o5 c+*ss str-+es! Freem* *. s+*4e, 2*trici* *. 2+e0ei*, +or. *. ser5, -i+.m*ster *. 3o-re1m*, i * or., o22ressor *. o22resse., stoo. i cost*t o22ositio to oe *oter, c*rrie. o * -iterr-2te., o i..e, o o2e 5it, * 5it t*t e*c time e.e., eiter i * re4o+-tio*r1 recostit-tio o5 societ1 *t +*re, or i te commo r-i o5 te cote.i c+*sses! ” 14 It is c+e*r 5rom *0o4e, t*t *t e4er1 st*e i istor1, tere is * *1 0etee te c+*sses! Te +*.oer e62+oits te +*.+ess, *. te 5*ctor1 oer e62+oits te or/ers!

"? M*r6, '*r+, Comm-ist M*i5esto ("@H) "> 9o/*+e, B!'!, Po+itic*+ Sciece  Teor1 *. 9o4ermet*+ M*cier1 >?>> ("@) 2"P*e



Betee c+*sses, tere is e.+ess *t*oism *. *tre.! C+*ss co5+ict is te se4erest 5orm o5 c+*ss *t*oism! M*r6 s*1s t*t *ccor.i to te re+et+ess +* o5 istor1, * 2*rtic-+*r c+*ss os *. cotro+s te me*s o5 2ro.-ctio, *. 01 4irt-e o5 tis e62+oits te rest o5 te 2eo2+e! Te c*2it*+ist c+*ss m*/es -se o5 te st*te *s * istr-met o5 o22ressio *. e62+oit*tio! T-s *t e4er1 st*e tere *re 0ro*.+1 to c+*sses: Te oers o5 me*s o5 2ro.-ctio, t*t is, e62+oiters o oe si.e *. te e62+oite. o te oter! $istor1 2resets oti 0-t te recor. o5 * *r 0etee c+*sses, e4er1 e62+oiti c+*ss *t e*c st*e i4es rise to * o22osite c+*ss, $ece tesis *. *titesis c* 0e ote.! Fe-.*+ 0*ros *. c*2it*+ists 5orm te tesis, *. te ser5 *. te 2ro+et*ri*t res2ecti4e+1 costit-te te *titesis, M*r6 *4e * c*++ to te or/ers to o4ertro te tesis o5 c*2it*+ism 01 te *titesis o5 or*ise. +*0o-r!

"#

ESSENTIAL ASPECTS O9 THE MAR7IAN THEOR8 O9 CLASS CON9LICT

M*r6 .e4e+o2e. te teor1 o5 c+*ss co5+ict i is **+1sis *. criti<-e o5 te c*2it*+ist societ1! Te m*i ire.iets o5 tis teor1 o5 co5+ict *4e 0ee e+iste. 01 A0r**m *. Mor* ic m*1 0e 0rie5+1 .escri0e. ere: "H T0e De4elo3ment o1 t0e P$olet*$&*t

Accet-*tio o5 c*2it*+ is te essece o5 c*2it*+ism! I R*1mo. Aro8s or.s, Te essece o5 c*2it*+ist e6c*e is to 2rocee. 5rom moe1 to moe1 01 *1 o5 commo.it1 *. e. -2 it more moe1 t* oe *. *t te o-tset! C*2it*+ is *ie., *ccor.i to M*r6, 5rom te e62+oit*tio o5 te m*sses o5 2o2-+*tio, te or/i c+*ss, Te c*2it*+ist ecoomic s1stems tr*s5orme. te m*sses o5 2eo2+e ito or/ers, cre*te. 5or tem * commo sit-*tio *. ic-+c*te. i tem * **reess o5 commo iterest! Tro- te .e4e+o2met o5 c+*ss

"# R*o, C!N! S*/*r, Socio+o1: Prici2+es o5 Socio+o1 it * itro.-ctio to Soci*+ To-t, S!, > (") "H I0i. ote  :"P*e



coscio-sess, te ecoomic co.itios o5 c*2it*+ism -ite. te m*sses *. costit-te. tem ito * c+*ss 5or itse+5 " Im3o$t*nce o1 P$o3e$t

Accor.i to M*r6 te most .isti-isi 5e*t-re o5 *1 societ1 is its 5orm o5 2ro2ert1! A i.i4i.-*+8s 0e*4io-r is .etermie. 01 is re+*tios to 2ro2ert1! C+*sses *re .etermie. o te 0*sis o5 i.i4i.-*+8s re+*tio to te me*s o5 2ro.-ctio! Me*s o5 2ro.-ctio or 5orces o5 2ro.-ctio re2reset * t12e o5 2ro2ert1 ic i te c*2it*+ist societ1 *re oe. 01 te c*2it*+ists! $ere * i.i4i.-*+8s occ-2*tio is ot im2ort*t 0-t is re+*tios to te me*s o5 2ro.-ctio, *re im2ort*t! 7Pro2ert1 .i4isios *re te cr-ci*+ 0re*/i +ies i te c+*ss str-ct-re!"= Ident&1&c*t&on o1 Econom&c *nd Pol&t&c*l Powe$ *nd A%t0o$&t

From * M*r6i* 2ers2ecti4e, 2o+itic*+ 2oer emeres 5rom ecoomic 2oer! Te 2oer o5 te r-+i c+*ss tere5ore stems 5rom its oersi2 *. cotro+ o5 te 5orces o5 2ro.-ctio! Te 2o+itic*+ *. +e*+ s1stems re5+ect r-+i c+*ss iterests! I M*r68s or.s: Te e6isti re+*tios o5 2ro.-ctio 0etee i.i4i.-*+s m-st ecess*ri+1 e62ress temse+4es *+so *s 2o+itic*+ *. +e*+ re+*tios! Te c*2it*+ists o o+. moo2o+1 o5 e55ecti4e 2ri4*te 2ro2ert1 t*/e cotro+ o5 2o+itic*+ m*cier1! Teir iterests *re c+e*r+1 re5+ecte. i teir 2o+itic*+ *. i.eo+oic*+ s2eres! As R*1mo. Aro 2oits o-t Po+itic*+ 2oer, 2ro2er+1 so c*++e. is mere+1 te or*ise. 2oer o5 oe c+*ss 5or o22ressi *oter! Te 2o+itic*+ 2oer *. i.eo+o1 tis seem to ser4e te s*me 5-ctios 5or c*2it*+ists t*t c+*ss coscio-sess ser4es 5or te or/i c+*ss! Pol*$&*t&on o1 Cl*e

I te c*2it*+ist societ1 tere co-+. 0e o+1 to soci*+ c+*sses! ") Te c*2it*+ists o o te me*s o5 2ro.-ctio *. .istri0-tio *. ) te or/i c+*sses o o oti 0-t teir o +*0o-r! To- M*r6 *. re2e*te.+1 re5erre. to te iterme.i*te st*te s-c *s " A0r**m, Fr*cis Q Mor*, Jo, $!, Socio+oic*+ To-t, ? ("@=@) "= $*r*+*m0os, M! *. M*rti $o+0or, Socio+o1: Temes *. Pers2ecti4es, ?@> (>)

;"P*e



te sm*++ c*2it*+ists, te 2etti 0o-reoisie, *. te +-m2e2ro+et*ri*t8, e *s o5 te 5irm 0e+ie5 t*t *t te eit o5 co5+ict tese o-+. 0e .r* ito te r*/s o5 te 2ro+et*ri*t! R*1mo. Aro *s terme. tis 2ro4es *s 2ro+et*ri*is*tio! T0eo$ o1 S%$3l% V*l%e

M*r6 0e+ie4e. t*t te c*2it*+ists *cc-m-+*te 2ro5it tro- te e62+oit*tio o5 +*0o-r! I 5*ct, te re+*tiosi2 0etee te c*2it*+ists *. or/ers is ot o+1 oe o5 .omi*ce *. s-0or.i*tio, 0-t *+so o5 e62+oit*tio! Te or/ers 2ro.-ce more e*+t i te 5orm o5 5oo., m*-5*ct-re. oo.s *. ser4ices t* is ecess*r1 to meet teir 0*sic ee.s! I oter or.s, te1 2ro.-ce s-r2+-s e*+t! B-t te1 .o ot e3o1 te -se o5 te s-r2+-s te1 *4e cre*te.! Iste*., tose o o te me*s o5 2ro.-ctio *re *0+e to seiKe tis s-r2+-s e*+t *s 2ro5it 5or teir o -se! Accor.i to M*r6, tis is te essece o5 e62+oit*tio *. te m*i so-rce o5 co5+ict 0etee te c+*sses! P*%3e$&*t&on

E62+oit*tio o5 te or/ers c* o+1 *.. to teir miser1 *. 2o4ert1! B-t te s*me e62+oit*tio e+2s te ric to 0ecome ricer! As M*r6 s*1s te e*+t o5 te 0o-reoisie is se++e. 01 +*re 2ro5its it corres2o.i icre*se i te m*ss o5 2o4ert1 o5 2ress-re o5 s+*4er1, o5 e62+oit*tio o5 te 2ro+et*ri*t! I e4er1 mo.e o5 2ro.-ctio ic i4o+4es te e62+oit*tio o5 m* 01 m*, m*3orit1 o5 2eo2+e, te 2eo2+e o +*0o-r, *re co.eme. to toi+ 5or o more t* te 0*rest ecessities o5 +i5e! %it tis, societ1 ets .i4i.e. ito ric *. 2oor! To M*r6, 2o4ert1 is te res-+t o5 e62+oit*tio o5 sc*rcit1! Al&en*t&on

Te 2rocess o5 *+ie*tio is cetr*+ to te M*r6i* teor1 o5 c+*ss co5+ict! Te ecoomic e62+oit*tio *. i-m* or/i co.itios +e*. to icre*si *+ie*tio o5 m*! A+ie*tio res-+ts 5rom * +*c/ o5 sese o5 cotro+ o4er te soci*+ or+.! Te soci*+ or+. co5rots 2eo2+e *s * osti+e ti +e*4i tem *+ie i te 4er1 e4iromet te1 *4e cre*te.! Te or/ers c*-t i te 4icio-s circ+e o5 e62+oit*tio 5i. o *1 to et o-t o5 it! $ece te1 +ose iterest i or/! %or/ 0ecomes * e5orce. *cti4it1, ot * cre*ti4e *. * s*tis51i oe! Te res2osi0i+it1 o5 te or/er ets .imiise. 0ec*-se e .oes ot o te too+s it ic e or/s, e .oes ot o te 5i*+ 2ro.-ct too! $e is * mere co i * !< " P *  e



m*cie *. oti e+se! Tis sit-*tio o5 *+ie*tio ri2es te moo. o5 te or/er 5or * co5+ict! Cl* ol&d*$&t *nd *nt*gon&m

%it te rot o5 c+*ss coscio-sess *mo te or/i c+*ss, teir c+*ss so+i.*rit1 0ecomes cr1st*+iKe.! Te or/i c+*ss 0ecomes iter*++1 more omoeeo-s *. tis o-+. e+2 to itesi51 te c+*ss str-+e! Bec*-se o5 tis c+*ss 5ee+i *. so+i.*rit1, te or/ers *re *0+e to 5orm -ios **ist te 0o-reoisie! Te1 c+-0 toeter i or.er to /ee2 -2 te r*te o5 *es! Te1 5orm *ssoci*tios i or.er to m*/e 2ro4isios 0e5ore*. 5or occ*sio*+ re4o+ts! $ere *. tere cotests 0re*/ o-t ito riots! Re4ol%t&on

%e te c+*ss str-+e re*ces its eit, * 4io+et re4o+-tio 0re*/s o-t ic .estro1s te str-ct-re o5 c*2it*+ist societ1! T-s re4o+-tio is most +i/e+1 to occ-r *t te 2e*/ o5 * ecoomic crisis ic is 2*rt o5 te rec-rri 0ooms, *. re2ressios c*r*cteristic o5 c*2it*+ism! M*r6 2re.icte. t*t te c*2it*+ists o-+. ro 5eer *. stroer *s * res-+t o5 teir e.+ess com2etitio t*t te mi..+e c+*ss o-+. .is*22e*r ito te or/i c+*ss, *. t*t te roi 2o4ert1 o5 te or/ers o-+. s2*r/ * s-ccess5-+ re4o+-tio! M*r6 *. *sserte., -+i/e oter *rs *. re4o+-tios, tis o-+. 0e * istoric oe!

T0e D&ct*to$0&3 o1 t0e P$olet*$&*t

M*r6 5e+t t*t te re4o+-tio o-+. 0e * 0+oo.1 oe! Tis re4o+-tio termi*tes te c*2it*+ist societ1 *. +e*.s to te soci*+ .ict*torsi2 o5 te 2ro+et*ri*t! Sice te re4o+-tio res-+ts i te +i<-i.*tio o5 te 0o-reoisie, te1 i++ ce*se to *4e *1 2oer *. i++ 0e re.-ce. to te r*/s o5 te 2ro+et*ri*t! T-s, te ie4it*0+e istoric*+ 2rocess .estro1s te 0o-reoisie! Te 2ro+et*ri*t, te est*0+is teir soci*+ .ict*torsi2! B-t tis e62ressio, soci*+ .ict*torsi2 o5 te 2ro+et*ri*t *s 0ecome * to2ic o5 cotro4ers1 *mo te comm-ists temse+4es! M*1 *4e *0*.oe. te tre*cero-s 2r*se 2*rtic-+*r+1 *5ter te t1r*ic*+ St*+iist *. 2ostSt*+iist .ict*torsi2s! M*r6 imse+5 *. ritte t*t e .i55ereti*te. imse+5 5rom tose comm-ists o ere o-t to .estro1 2erso*+ +i0ert1 *. o is to t-r te or+. ito oe +*re 0*rr*c/ or ito * i*tic *reo-se! !! " P *  e


MARX’S CONTRIBUTION TO POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY In*%g%$*t&on o1 t0e Comm%n&t Soc&et

A5ter *tt*ii te s-ccess i te re4o+-tio, te or/ers i co-rse o5 time, o-+. cre*te * e soci*+ist societ1, I tis e societ1 te me*s o5 2ro.-ci *. .istri0-ti e*+t o-+. 0e 2-0+ic+1 *. ot 2ri4*te+1 oe., Tis e soci*+ist societ1 o-+. 0e * c+*ss+ess *. * c*ste+ess societ1 5ee 5rom e62+oit*tio o5 *++ sorts, Te st*te ic *s o 2+*ce i s-c * societ1 i++ e4et-*++1 iter **1! I tis societ1 o0o.1 os *1ti 0-t e4er10o.1 os e4er1ti! E*c i.i4i.-*+ cotri0-tes *ccor.i to is *0i+it1 *. recei4es *ccor.i to is ee.s! "@

ANALA8SIS O9 MAR7IAN PERSPECTIVE ON CLASS CON9LICT THE POSITIVES= A Com3$e0en&4e T0eo$ o1 Soc&*l C0*nge

Accor.i to T!B! Bottomore, * +e*.i e62ert o M*r6ist socio+o1, to- * M*r68s teor1 o5 c+*ss c*ot 0e tre*te. *s * teor1 o5 str*ti5ic*tio, it c* .e5iite+1 0e tre*te. *s * com2reesi4e teor1 o5 soci*+ c*e! It c* 0e cosi.ere. *s * too+ 5or te e62+**tio o5 c*e i tot*+ societies!  Tis is re5+ecte. 01 M*r6i* 4ie t*t Societies *re m-t*0+e "@ Ibi ote # *t 2! ?>?H  Bottomore, T!B!, Socio+o1: A 9-i.e to Pro0+ems *. Liter*t-re ("@=H) !) " P *  e



s1stems i ic c*es *re 2ro.-ce. +*re+1 01 iter*+ cotr*.ictios *. co5+icts! E4e te orst critics *r-e t*t M*r6i* teor1 2ro4i.es * e6ce++et 5r*meor/ 5or te **+1sis o5 co5+ict *. c*e i mo.er societ1! " A good Alte$n*t&4e to t0e wete$n 9%nct&on*l T0eo$=

D-ri te recet 1e*rs, es2eci*++1 *5ter si6ties, .-e to te e55orts o5 C! %rit Mi++s *. oters, M*r68s ritis 0ec*me <-ite 2o2-+*r i te est ic+-.i Americ*! Tere is oe m*i re*so 5or tis! As Bottomore *s 2oite. o-t, te co5+ict teor1 o5 M*r6 ser4e. i *++ res2ects *s * co-ter teor1 to te 5-ctio*+ teor1 ic reie. s-2reme i te %ester or+.! Te 5-ctio*+ teor1 stresses te im2ort*ce o5 soci*+ *rmo1, soci*+ e<-i+i0ri-m *. soci*+ st*0i+it1 0-t -.ermies te ro+e o5 co5+ict e+emets iti te societ1 t*t o-+. +e*. to te c*es i te str-ct-re o5 societ1!  M*r68s teor1 o5 co5+ict remo4es tis .e5iciec1 *. t-s 2ro4i.es * *+ter*ti4e to te 5-ctio*+ teor1! F-rter, M*r68s i5+-ece o cotem2or*r1 socio+oic*+ teor1 is roi *. M*r6ist Socio+o1 *s *+re*.1 0ecome * est*0+ise. 0r*c o5 te .isci2+ie! A -*$n&ng to t0e C*3&t*l&t

It c* 0e s*i. t*t te -+tim*te 2-r2ose o5 M*r6 *s to *cie4e te e+5*re o5 te or/i comm-it1 *. to +*1 te 5o-.*tios o5 * c+*ss+ess, c*ste+ess societ1 0*se. o soci*+ *rmo1 *. 3-stice! $e sicere+1 0e+ie4e. t*t is 2-r2ose co-+. 0e re*+ise. 01 * istoric c+*ss str-+e *. 01 te .estr-ctio o5 te c*2it*+ist c+*ss! $is 2oer5-+ ritis, e*rest e55orts to s*4e te +*0o-r comm-it1 5rom e62+oit*tio, 2o2-+*ris*tio o5 soci*+ist i.eo+o1, 2re.ictios o5 te 5-t-re, *. is c+*rio c*++ to te or/i c+*ss to -ite *. 5it **ist i3-stice etc! cre*te. * sort o5 **reess ot o+1 *mo te or/ers 0-t *+so *mo te c*2it*+ists! Te1 st*rte. t*/i M*r68s 2re.ictios *s *ris *. is **+1sis o5 te c*2it*+ist reime i+1 s-esti4e to correct temse+4es! As * res-+t, te1 c*e. teir *22ro*c to*r.s tem, 0ro-t o-t -m0er o5 +*0o-r +eis+*tios to 2romote teir iterests *. -.ertoo/ m*1 o5 te +*0o-r e+5*re 2ror*mmes! $ece, e .o ot 5i. t*t /i. o5 e62+oit*tio o5 te +*0o-rers ic M*r6 *. itesse. .-ri is +i5etime! " Ibi ote #  Ibi ote " !( " P *  e


MARX’S CONTRIBUTION TO POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY An Integ$*l A33$o*c0

M*r6 *s time *. **i stresse. t*t e so-+. *4e * iter*+ 4ie o5 te societ1 *. ot * 2*rti*+ oe! Accor.i to im, societ1 is te et res-+t o5 te itero4e soci*+ ro-2s, istit-tios, 0e+ie5s, 2r*ctices, i.e*s, 2rici2+es *. i.eo+oies! $ece tese costit-et e+emets so-+. ot 0e st-.ie. i.e2e.et+1 or se2*r*te+1 0-t *s itercoecte. oes! Tis iter*+ *22ro*c o5 M*r6 is o5 re*t socio+oic*+ sii5ic*ce, s*1s Bottomore! ? THE NEGATIVES= >Cl*le, *nd >St*tele, oc&et & ?to3&*n

M*r6ist teor1 o5 soci*+ c+*sses is *m0i-o-s *. .e0*t*0+e! $is **+1sis o5 te rise o5 soci*+ c+*sses m*1 0e *22+ic*0+e to te ester societies 0-t ot to Asi*tic societies ic+-.i te I.i* societ1! A. M*r68s c+*ss+ess *. st*te+ess societ1 is -to2i*! Noere i te or+., ic+-.i i te so c*++e. comm-ist societies s-c *s R-ssi*, Ci*, C-0*, Po+*. *. te +i/e, s-c st*te o5 *55*irs e6ist! T-s M*r6 *s 0ee 2ro4e. to 0e * 5*i+-re i m*1 res2ects! P%$e @o%$geo&&e *nd t0e P$olet*$&*t do not e+&t It is recomme.e. t*t te M*r6ist .i4isio o5 c*2it*+ist societ1 i to to sectios  te 0o-reoisie *. te 2ro+et*ri*t is ot see *1ere! As R*1mo. Aro *s s*i., Te **+o1 0etee te rise o5 te 2ro+et*ri*t *. te rise o5 te 0o-reoisie is socio+oic*++1 5*+se! I or.er to restore te e<-i4*+ece 0etee te rise o5 0o-reoisie *. te rise o5 te 2ro+et*ri*t, te M*r6ists *re 5orce. to resort to someti ic te1 temse+4es co.em e 2r*ctise. 01 oters, *me+1, 7m1t8! M*$+ 0* neglected o$ %nde$et&m*ted t0e Role o1 Noneconom&c 1*cto$ &n oc&*l l&1e

M*r6 *s 0ee criticise. 5or te -.-e em2*sis e +*i. o te ecoomic 5orces or 5*ctors! $e *s iore. oter im2ort*t so-rces o5 2oer! $is *ssertio t*t ecoomic 5orces 2+*1 te .etermii ro+e i 0rii *0o-t soci*+ c*e *. i +e*.i to te istoric*+ c+*ss str-+e, *s com2e++e. is critics to .-0 is teories *s Teories o5 ecoomic .etermiism! As e /o *++ .etermiistic teories, i oe *1 or te oter, *re oe si.e. ? Ibi ote " !/ " P *  e



*. mis+e*.i M-c A*ist te *ssertio o5 M*r6, M*6 %e0er *s est*0+ise. t*t e4e te re+iio-s 0e+ie5s *. *ttit-.es cotri0-te to te .e4e+o2met o5 c*2it*+ism!

>

Too m%c0 Em30*& on Al&en*t&on

M*r6 mis3-.e. *. e4e e6*er*te. te e6tet o5 *+ie*tio o5 te *4er*e or/er! Te re*t .e2t o5 *+ie*tio *. 5r-str*tio ic M*r6 itesse. *mo te or/ers o5 is .*1 *. ot t12ic*+ o5 to.*18s c*2it*+ism or its or/er! M*r6 itesse. *mo te or/ers o5 is .*1 is ot t12ic*+ o5 to.*18s c*2it*+ism or its or/er F-rter, te or/ers te. to i.eti51 temse+4es ot etire+1 *. o+1 it teir or/i c+*ss ro-2s, 0-t *+so it * -m0er o5 me*i5-+, ro-2s  re+iio-s, etic, c*ste, occ-2*tio*+ *. +oc*+! Tis .oes ot me* t*t *+ie*tio .oes ot e6ist i te mo.er c*2it*+ist societies! It co-+. r*ter 0e s*i. t*t *+ie*tio res-+ts more 5rom te str-ct-re o5 te 0-re*-cr*c1! # >Pol*$&*t&on o1 cl*e, *nd >Sel1det$%ct&on o1 t0e c*3&t*l&t cl*, & too &m3l&t&c

M*r68s teor1 o5 c+*ss co5+ict *. is 2o+itic*+ i.e*s *4e 0ee i+1 criticise.! $is teor1 *0o-t c*2it*+ist societ18s ie4it*0+e te.ec1 to*r.s r*.ic*+ 2o+*ris*tio *. se+5 .estr-ctio is too sim2+istic *. 5*++*cio-s! Te most .istict c*r*cteristic o5 mo.er c*2it*+ist *s 0ee te emerece o5 * +*re, cote.e. *. coser4*ti4e mi..+ec+*ss, cosisti o5 m**eri*+, 2ro5essio*+, s-2er4isor1, *. tecic*+ 2ersoe+! M*r6 e+ecte. te im2ort*ce o5 te ro+e o5 tis mi..+e c+*ss! To.*18s c*2it*+ism .oes ot 3-sti51 M*r68s 0e+ie5 t*t c+*ss co5+ict is esseti*++1 re4o+-tio*r1 i c*r*cter *. t*t str-ct-r*+ c*es *re *+*1s te 2ro.-ct o5 4io+et -2e*4*+s!H

Coc+-sio

> R*1mo. Aro, M*i C-rrets i Socio+oic*+ To-t "=" ("@@=) # Ibi ote # *t 2! >?># H Ibi ote = !5 " P *  e



Te 2ro0+em is, t*t M*r68s r*.est teories *re ot s-0st*ti*te. *.e<-*te+1! B-t e is ot to 0e *0*.oe.! $is ritis *re *mo te most 2oer5-+ i te %ester ite++ect-*+ tr*.itio, *., tr-e or 5*+se, te1 *re to 0e *22reci*te. *. *.mire.! B-t 5-rter, e .oes s*1 m*1 tr-e *. is2iri tis! $is or/ is 5-++ o5 isit *. i++-mi*tio! %e *4e 5o-. m*1 s-c *ssessmet e6*m2+es! M*r6 rem*is te most 2ro5o-. *. *c-te critic o5 c*2it*+ism, e4e *s it e6ists to.*1! As is critics o-+. s*1, e m*1 *4e o co.ece i is so+-tios to te 2ro0+ems e i.eties, 0-t tis .oes ot m*/e te 2ro0+ems o **1! Te teor1 o5 c+*ss str-+e o5te /o *s te teor1 o5 c+*ss co5+ict is oe o5 te most im2ort*t teories i4e 01 '*r+ M*r6! Te cotri0-tios o5 '*r+ M*r6 to te .e4e+o2met o5 2o+itic*+ to-t c* *r.+1 0e e6*er*te.! $e *s -.o-0te.+1 * ei-s *. * 2ro5o-. sco+*r! It is ot * e*s1 t*s/ to e4*+-*te te cotri0-tio *. i5+-eces o5 '*r+ M*r6 *. is to-ts o is 5o++oers *. o22oets! $e *s 2ro5o-.+1 i5+-ece. ester to-t, socio+oic*+, ecoomic *. 2o+itic*+ to-t! T*t 0ei s*i. to-, M*r6ism *s * teor1 *s 0ee +osi its re+e4*ce i te mo.er or+.! A5ter te 5*++ o5 U!S!S!R! *. oter soci*+istic st*tes, te M*r6i* 4ies *re o tre*te. *s * i.eo+o1 ic is o o more re+e4*t! Te most itri-i ti *0o-t M*r67s teories is t*t te1 *re *+5 2r*ctic*+ *. *+5 im*i*r1! A+to- m*1 o5 is 2re.ictios *4e ot come tr-e, te 5*ct t*t tose o *4e re*. is or/s *4e c*e. te or+. *+so c*ot 0e .eie.! E4e te orst critics *ree t*t M*r6i* teor1 2ro4i.es * e6ce++et 5r*meor/ 5or **+1sis o5 co5+ict *. c*e i mo.er societ1!

Re5ereces •

Bottomore, T!B!, Socio+o1: A 9-i.e to Pro0+ems *. Liter*t-re, B+*c/ie *. Sos

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(I.i*) Lt.!, M-m0*i, "@=H! Coser, Leis, A!, M*sters o5 Socio+oic*+ To-t, $*rco-rt Br*ce Jo4*o4ic, Ne

•

Yor/, "@@ M*r6, '*r+, Comm-ist M*i5esto, L*rece *. %is*rt, Lo.o, "@H!

!6 " P *  e



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Morriso, 'e, M*r6, D-r/eim, %e0er: Form*tio o5 Mo.er Soci*+ To-t, S*e

• •

P-0+ic*tios, Lo.o, "@@#! RitKer, 9eore, Socio+oic*+ Teor1, T*t*Mc9r* $i++, Ne De+i, "@@H! R*o, C!N! S*/*r, Socio+o1: Prici2+es o5 Socio+o1 it * itro.-ctio to Soci*+

•

To-t, S! C*., Ne De+i, " 9o/*+e, B!'!, Po+itic*+ Sciece  Teor1 *. 9o4ermet*+ M*cier1, $im*+*1*,

•

"@ Aro, R*1mo., M*i C-rrets i Socio+oic*+ To-t, Tr*s*ctio P-0+isers,

•

"@@= A0r**m, Fr*cis Q Mor*, Jo, $!, Socio+oic*+ To-t, %1.*m $*++ Press,

•

"@=@ $o0s0*m, E! J! $o to C*e te %or+. : M*r6 *. M*r6ism! D*4i. M! Tr-0e/, R*.ic*+ Teor1 *. Pror*mm*tic To-t, Americ* Jo-r*+ o5

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Socio+o1 @#, o!  ("@=@)! S*m-e+ Mo1, Te Po+itics o5 Ecoom1, Etics Q Iter*tio*+ A55*irs "H, o! 

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()! D*4i. M! Tr-0e/, Pror*mm*tic To-t *. te Criti<-e o5 te Soci*+ Disci2+ies,

•

i Criti<-e *. Costr-ctio, e.! M Perr1 (C*m0ri.e: C*m0ri.e Ui4ersit1 Press, •

• • • •

"@@)! '*r+ M*r6: Criti<-e o5 te 9ot* Pror*m (M*r6Ee+s Se+ecte. %or/s, &o+-me Tree! Cr*i J! C*+o- ()! C+*ssic*+ socio+oic*+ teor1! %i+e1B+*c/e++! M*r6 te mi++ei-m;s ;re*test ti/er;! BBC Nes %or+. O+ie! " Octo0er "@@@! M*6 %e0er  St*5or. Ec1c+o2*e.i* o5 Pi+oso21 ! 'eet A++* ("" M*1 ")! Te Soci*+ Les: A I4it*tio to Soci*+ *. Socio+oic*+ Teor1! Pie Fore Press!

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251814322 Sem 2 Political Science Project

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