PETROLEUM PRODUCT PETROLEUM BLENDING
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Specific safety requirements for TODAY.
COURSE OUTLINE
Total duration: 2 days;
Lecture: 2 days;
Lecture content:
Introduction;
Petroleum products specs;
Products blending system;
Fuels additives;
Blending calculations;
INTRODUCTION
Crude oil resources?
Petroleum products consumption?
Refinery products? Bio-fuels?
Fuel specifications ?
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Environmental issues?
The combustion of fossil fuels leads to the formation of CO 2, CO, unburned hydrocarbons, NOx, SOx, soot, and particulate matter.
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION Classification of fuels ?
Unleaded gasoline;
E5;
Racing gasoline;
Aviation
gasoline;
Jet-fuel;
LPG – CNG;
Diesel;
Bio-diesel.
INTRODUCTION Emission standards
PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS Product
ASTM Specs
Description Standard Specification for Automotive Spark Ignition Engine
Gasoline
D4814
Jet
D1655
Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
Kerosene
D3699
Standard Specification for Kerosene
Diesel
D975
Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
Fuel Oil
D396
Standard Specification for Fuel Oils
Fuel
PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS TCVN system?
PRODUCTS BLENDING Blending purposes? Blending methods normally employed include:
batch blending,
partial in-line blending,
and continuous in-line blending
PRODUCTS BLENDING
BATCH BLENDING
BATCH BLENDING System requirement?
Blend equipment?
Storage?
System control?
QA & QC?
JET MIXER
PARTIAL IN-LINE BLENDING
PARTIAL IN-LINE BLENDING System requirement?
Blend equipment?
Storage?
System control?
QA & QC?
CONTINUOUS IN-LINE BLENDING
CONTINUOUS IN-LINE BLENDING System requirement?
Blend equipment?
Storage?
System control?
QA & QC?
FUEL ADDITIVES These chemical additives in small dosages combine to add or improve properties of virgin fuels that cannot be obtained through the refining processes !
There are six reasons for using additives in fuels:
To improve handling properties and stability of the fuel
To improve combustion properties of the fuel
To reduce emissions from fuel combustion
To provide engine protection and cleanliness
To increase in the economic use of the fuel
To establish or enhance the brand image of the fuel
FUEL ADDITIVES Motor engine gasoline additives and their functions A d d i t i v es f o r G a s o l i n e Di s t r i b u t i o n S y s t e m s Antioxidants
Metal deactivators
Antistatic
agents
Corrosion inhibitors
Sediment reduction agents
Dyes
Dehazers
FUEL ADDITIVES Motor engine gasoline additives and their functions Ad ditives for gasoline vehicle sys tem Antiknock Anti-valve
additive (was tetra ethyl lead, which is now phased out) seat recession additive (also phased out due to
metallurgy change in the engines)
Carburetor detergents (gradually being phased out due to the introduction of injectors)
Deposit control additives
Deposit modifiers
Friction modifiers
Lubricity improvers
FUEL ADDITIVES Motor engine gasoline additives and their functions
FUEL ADDITIVES Additives of diesel fuels and their functions A d d i t i v e s f o r D i e s el D i s t r i b u t i o n S y s t e m Antifoam
agents
Antistatic
agents
Biocides
Corrosion inhibitors
Sediment reduction agents
Dyes
Demulsifiers
Flow improvers/wax crystal modifiers/wax dispersants Metal deactivators
Markers to check origin
FUEL ADDITIVES Additives of diesel fuels and their functions A d d i t i v e s f o r D i e s e l Ve h i c l e S y s t e m
Cetane improvers
Combustion improvers
Deposit control additives
Injector detergents
Lubricity improvers
Friction modifiers
FUEL ADDITIVES Additives of diesel fuels and their functions
FUEL ADDITIVES Additives of diesel fuels and their functions
FUEL ADDITIVES Additives
for gasoline and diesel distribution systems are used in
refineries to meet minimum fuel specifications at the optimum cost without compromising on the yield of the products
GASOLINE BLENDING
During the blending of gasolines not only the physical and chemical properties of each blending component has to be considered but those contributions that may be harmful material emissions;
The main sources of the volatile organic compounds ?
The formation of toxic materials and their emission quantities?
GASOLINE BLENDING Vo l a t i li t y o f e n g i n e g a s o l i n e s
GASOLINE BLENDING – TCVN Tên chỉ tiêu 1. Trị số ốc tan, min. - theo phương pháp nghiên cứu (RON). - theo phương pháp môtơ (MON). 2. Hàm lượng chì, g/l, max. 3. Thành phần cất phân đoạn: 0C.
- điểm sôi đầu, - 10% thể tích,
0C,
max.
- 50% thể tích,
0C,
max.
- 90% thể tích,
0C,
max.
- điểm sôi cuối,
0C,
max.
- cặn cuối, % thể tích, max.
Xăng không chì RON RON RON 90 92 95 90
92
95
79
81
84
0,013
Phương pháp thử TCVN 2703:2002 (ASTM D2699) ASTM D2700 TCVN 7143:2002 (ASTM D3237)
Báo cáo 70 120 190 215 2,0
TCVN 2698:2002 (ASTM D86)
GASOLINE BLENDING – TCVN Tên chỉ tiêu 4. Ăn mòn mảnh đồng ở 50 0C/3giờ, max. 5. Hàm lượng nhựa thực tế (đã rửa dung môi), mg/100 ml, max.
Xăng không chì RON RON RON 90 92 95 Loại 1 5
6. Độ ổn định ôxy hóa, phút, min.
480
7. Hàm lượng lưu huỳnh, mg/kg, max.
500
8. Áp suất hơi (Reid) ở 37,80C, kPa. 9. Hàm lượng benzen, % thể tích, max. 10.Hydrocacbon thơm, % thể tích, max.
43 - 75 2,5 40
Phương pháp thử TCVN 2694:2000 (ASTM D130) TCVN 6593:2000 (ASTM D381) TCVN 6778:2000 (ASTM D525) TCVN 6701:2000 (ASTM D2622) / ATSM D 5453 TCVN 7023:2002 (ASTM D4953) / ASTM D5191 TCVN 6703:2000 (ASTM D3606) / ASTM D4420 TCVN 7330:2003 (ASTM D1319)
GASOLINE BLENDING – TCVN Tên chỉ tiêu
Xăng không chì RON RON RON 90 92 95
11.Olefin, % thể tích, max.
38
12.Hàm lượng oxy, % khối lượng, max.
2,7
13.Khối lượng riêng (ở 150C), kg/m3.
Báo cáo
14.Hàm lượng kim loại (Fe,Mn),mg/l, max
5
15.Ngoại quan
Trong, không có tạp chất lơ lửng
Phương pháp thử TCVN 7330:2003 (ASTM D1319) TCVN 7332:2003 (ASTM D4815) TCVN 6594:2000 (ASTM D1298) / ASTM D 4052 TCVN 7331:2003 (ASTM D3831) ASTM D 4176
GASOLINE BLENDING O c t an e Nu m b e r s f o r H y d r o c a r b o n s ?
GASOLINE BLENDING
Gasoline Blend Stock Properties Density RVP
Boiling Range
Component
(kg/m3)
(bar)
°C
RON
MON
Butanes
0.575
3.6
-12 to -0.5
97
95
Straight-run Gasoline 0.64
1.5
27 – 80
80.2
76.6
Reformate
0.815
0.08
78 – 197
100.5
89.5
Raffinate
0.685
0.3
65 – 112
60.3
54.5
Hvy FCC Gasoline
0.76
0.2
43 – 185
90.5
79.5
Light FCC Gasoline
0.66
1.3
25 – 89
94.5
81.5
Pyrolysis Gasoline
0.845
0.3
47 – 180
101.5
810.
Alkylate
0.705
0.3
39 – 195
98
93.5
MTBE
0.746
0.5
48 – 62
115
97
GASOLINE BLENDING
Blending octane and RVP of ethers and alcohols Blending
Blending
Blending
Octane (RON)
RVP (psi)
RVP (kPa)
Methanol
133
58-62
400-427
Ethanol
130
18-22
124-152
Methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE)
118
8-10
55-69
Ethyl-t-butyl ether (ETBE)
118
3-5
21-34
t-Amyl methyl ether (TAME)
111
1-2
7-14
GASOLINE BLENDING
Scheme of closed distribution system of hydrocarbons
DIESEL BLENDING – TCVN STT
Tên chỉ tiêu
Mức 0,05S
Phương pháp thử
0,25S TCVN 6701: 2007
1 Hàm lượng lưu huỳnh, mg/kg, max
500
2500
(ASTM D 2622 - 05) TCVN 7760 : 2008 (ASTM D 5453 - 06) TCVN 7630 : 2007
2 Xêtan, min
(ASTM D 613 - 05)
- Trị số xêtan hoặc
46
TCVN 3180 : 2007
- Chỉ số xêtan (1)
46
(ASTM D 4737 - 04)
3 Nhiệt độ cất tại 90% thể tích,
0C,
max
360
TCVN 2698 : 2007 (ASTM D 86 - 05) TCVN 6608 : 2000
4 Điểm chớp cháy cốc kín, 0C, min
55
(ASTM D 3828)
DIESEL BLENDING – TCVN STT
Tên chỉ tiêu
5 Độ nhớt động học ở 400C(2), cSt (3) 6
Cặn các bon của 10% cặn chưng cất, % khối lượng, max
Mức 0,05S 0,25S 2 – 4,5 0,3
7 Hàm lượng tro, % khối lượng, max
0,01
8 Hàm lượng nước, mg/kg, max 9 Tạp chất dạng hạt, mg/L, max
200 10
10 Ăn mòn mảnh đồng ở 50oC/3 giờ, max 11 Khối lượng riêng (ở 15oC)(2), kg/m3 12 Độ bôi trơn, µm, max 13 Ngoại quan
Loại 1 820 - 860 460 Trong, không có tạp chất lơ lửng
Phương pháp thử TCVN 3171 : 2007 (ASTM D 445 - 06) TCVN 6324 : 1997 (ASTM D 189) ASTM D 4530 TCVN 2690 : 1995 (ASTM D 482) ASTM E 203 ASTM D 2276 TCVN 2694 : 2000 (ASTM D 130) TCVN 6594 : 2007 (ASTM D 1298 - 05) ASTM D 6079 ASTM D 4176
DOMESTIC OIL BLENDING – TCVN Stt Tên chỉ tiêu 1 Điểm chớp cháy cốc kín, oC, min 2 Nhiệt độ cất, 0C: - 10% thể tích, max - Điểm sôi cuối, oC, max 3
4 5 6 7 8
Hàm lượng lưu huỳnh, % khối lượng, max Chiều cao ngọn lửa không khói, mm, min Ăn mòn đồng ở 100oC, 3 giờ, max Độ nhớt động học ở 40oC, cSt(1) Lưu huỳnh mercaptan, định tính Khối lượng riêng ở 15oC, kg/L
Mức 38 205 300
Phương pháp thử ASTM D 56 TCVN 2698 : 2002 (ASTM D 86)
0,3
TCVN 2708 : 2002 (ASTM D 1266) TCVN 6701 : 2000 (ASTM D 2622) ASTM D 4294 ASTM D 129
19
ASTM D 1322
Loại 3 TCVN 2694 : 2000 (ASTM D 130) 1,0 - 1,9 ASTM D 445 Âm tính ASTM D 4952 Báo cáo TCVN 6594 : 2000 (ASTM D 1298)
FO BLENDING – TCVN Mức STT 1 2 3 4 5
Tên chỉ tiêu Khối lượng riêng ở 15oC, kg/L, max Độ nhớt động học ở 50oC, cSt1), max Hàm lượng lưu huỳnh, % khối lượng, max Điểm đông đặc, oC, max Hàm lượng tro, % khối lượng, max
FO No1 FO No2A FO No2B (2,0 S) (3,0 S) (3,5 S)
Phương pháp thử
0,965
0,991
0,970
0,991
TCVN 6594 : 2000 (ASTM D 1298)
87
180
180
180
ASTM D 445
2,0
2,0
3,0
3,5
+12
+24
+24
+24
0,15
0,15
0,15
0,15
TCVN 6701 : 2000 (ASTM D 2622) ASTM D 129 ASTM D 4294 TCVN 3753 : 1995 (ASTM D 97) TCVN 2690 : 1995 (ASTM D 482)
FO BLENDING – TCVN Mức STT
Tên chỉ tiêu
FO No1FO No2A
FO No2B
Phương pháp thử
(2,0 S) (3,0 S) (3,5 S)
6
Cặn cacbon Conradson, % khối lượng, max
7
Điểm chớp cháy cốc kín, oC, min
8 9 10
6
16
16
66
Hàm lượng nước, % thể tích, max Hàm lượng tạp chất, % khối lượng, max Nhiệt trị, cal/g2), min
16
1,0 0,15 9800
9800
10150
TCVN 6324 : 2000 (ASTM D 189) ASTM D 4530 TCVN 6608 : 2000 (ASTM D 3828) ASTM D 93 TCVN 2692 : 1995 (ASTM D 95) ASTM D 473
9800
ASTM D 240 ASTM D 4809
DIESEL BLENDING Diesel blending is simpler than gasoline blending because the
limitations are fewer
DIESEL BLENDING The sulphur and aromatic content range of different gasoil streams
DIESEL BLENDING
Management and control of motor fuel blending
DIESEL BLENDING
Blend Optimization and Supervisory System (BOSS)
BLENDING CALCULATION
The main purpose of product blending is to find the best way of mixing different intermediate products available from the refinery and
some additives in order to adjust the product specifications;
The final quality of the finished products is always checked by laboratory tests before market distribution;
Gasolines are tested for octane number, Reid vapour pressure (RVP) and volatility;
Kerosenes are tested for flash point and volatility;
Gas oils are tested for diesel index, flash point, pour point and viscosity;
Product qualities are predicted through correlations that depend on the quantities and the properties of the blended components.
ECONOMICS & PLANNING APPLICATION
What is “Linear Programming”? Terminology
Objective Function – function z to be maximized
Feasible Vector –set of values x1, x2,…,xN that satisfies all constraints
Optimal Feasible Vector – feasible vector that maximizes the objective function
Solutions
Will tend to be in the “corners” of where the constraints meet
May not have a solution because of incompatible constraints or area unbounded towards the optimum
What is “Linear Programming”?
LP is the most widely applied method for optimising many diverse applications, including refineries and chemical plants;
The application of LP has been successfully applied for selecting the best set of variables when a large number of interrelated choices exist;
A
typical example is in a large oil refinery in which the stream flow
rates are very large, and a small improvement per unit of product is multiplied by a very large number.
What is “Linear Programming”?
This is done to obtain a significant increase in profit for the refinery;
Optimisation means the action of finding the best solution within the given constraints and flexibilities;
LP is a mathematical technique for finding the maximum value of some equation subject to stated linear constraints;
What is “Linear Programming”?
Refinery optimisation using an LP model has been proven to bring economic gains higher than unit-specific simulation models or advance process control techniques;
Once all the data is configured, the model is updated with the variable data;
What is “Linear Programming”? The required variable data includes the following: Crude oil or any other raw material prices with minimum and maximum availability:
Selling prices with minimum and maximum demands for the refinery products;
Available
process unit capacities;
Available
inventory stocks with minimum and maximum storage limits;
Quality specifications, etc, …
Gasoline Blending Considerations Available blend stocks
Amounts
Properties
Associated costs / values
Specification of final product(s) Amount(s)
Properties o
Volatility / RVP (max)
o
Octane number (min)
o
Distillation
o
Composition
o
Value
What is “Linear Programming”?
Word “programming” used here in the sense of “planning”
For N independent variables (that can be zero or positive) maximize
subject to M additional constraints (all bn positive)
PRODUCTS BLENDING AT BSR Mogas blending
PRODUCTS BLENDING AT BSR DO blending
LESSON REVIEW
BLENDING CALCULATION The desired property PBlend of the blended product may be determined using the following mixing blend rule:
Pi is the value of the property of component i and qi is the mass, volume or molar flow rate of component i contributing to the total amount of the finished product.
BLENDING CALCULATION Additive properties include specific gravity, boiling point and sulphur content; However, properties like viscosity, flash temperature, pour point, aniline point, RVP and cloud point are not additive;
BLENDING CALCULATION R ei d V ap o u r P r e s s u r e B l e n d i n g
xvi is the volume fraction of component i.
BLENDING CALCULATION F l as h P o i n t B l e n d i n g
xvi is the volume fraction of component i.
BLENDING CALCULATION P o u r P o i n t B l en d i n g
xvi is the volume fraction of component I; PPi is the pour point of component i, in oR
BLENDING CALCULATION Aniline Point Blending
xvi is the volume fraction of component I; APi is the aniline point of component i, in oC
BLENDING CALCULATION Smoke Point Blending
BLENDING CALCULATION Vi s c o s i t y B l e n d i n g
xvi is the volume fraction of component i; BIvisi is the viscosity index of component i
BLENDING CALCULATION G as o l i n e Oc t a n e N u m b e r B l en d i n g
xvi is the volume fraction of component i;
