English for Bussiness Do and Other Auxiliaries for Emphasis
Presented by: Group 2 Jeanne Isbeanny L
(1113095000007)
Zikri Chairulisan
(1113095000011)
Amelia Rakhmaniar
(1113095000012)
MAJOR OF BIOLOGY FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2014
Do and Other Auxiliaries for Emphasis
A. Introduction Verbs can be either main verbs or heping (also called auxiliary) verbs. Main verbs are kind of verb you have alredy studied. Main verbs tell what action is being performed in a sentence. For example: I drive to work each day. This restaurant serves Portuguese food. My Sister play with her friends. The most common auxiliary verbs are do, be and have, and you may also use these verbs on their own. The verbs will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, and must cannot be the main (full) verbs alone. They are used as auxiliary verbs only and always need a main verb to follow.
B. Functions Auxiliary are use in combination with main verb. They perform two major functions: 1.
Auxiliary indicate shades of meaning that cannot be expressed by a main verb alone. Consider the differences in meaning in the following sentences, in which the auxiliary verbs have been bold. I do love you. I may marry you soon. She does look good in that dress.
2
Auxiliary also show tense-the time at which the action of the verb takes place. Notice how changing the auxiliary verbs in the following sentences helps change the tense of the main verb visit. (Both the auxiliary and the main verbs have been bold) She didn’t walk to school this morning. He is visiting New York. I did enjoy that party last night.
C. Kinds of Auxiliary They are some kinds of auxiliary which are used in combination with main verb or use these verbs on their own. They are: 1. Does, do, did, done 2. To be: is, am, are, was, were, being, been 3. Have, has, had 4. Modal auxiliary: can, could, may, might, will, would, must, had to, shall, should, Ought to
1. Does, do, did, done
We can use them for emotive or contrastive emphasis when we feel strongly about something. When we are using the auxiliaries do and does for contrastive or emotive emphasis like this, we give them extra stress in pronunciation to make them sound louder, longer or higher in tone. Do can be used as a main verb example: - She did a headstand. - I do a lot of photography. - A: What do you do? B: I’m a photographer . Do can also be used an auxiliary verb example: - I do believe in the paranormal. - I do still email them. - She didn’t arrive on time. - I did take out the garbage. - She does look good in that dress.
in present simple and past simple
in present and past simple short
questions:
answers:
- What kinds of music do you like?
- Do you like it? Yes, I do .
- What does a parapsychologist do?
- Do you live here? No, I don’t.
- Di d you see anything strange?
- Did you go? Yes, I did .
- Did you came to my house yesterday?
- Did you see him? No, I didn’t .
in present and past simple negatives: ... something happens and you
didn’t have
your camera on it.
... you didn’t really see those nurses ... it doesn’t give very good results. ... you don’t really believe you saw ghosts Do is not grammatically necessary here. We often choose auxiliary do to emphasise (show the importance of) the ordinary verb in a positive statement. We may want to: Contrast one thing with another, example:
- And, as other parapsychologists do report positive result, I must keep an open mind.(Richard has not had positive result; he’s never seen a ghost) - She doesn’t play the guitar but she does pl ay the piano. - He didn’t walk to school this morning, She did walk.I saw her. - She makes ice-skating look easy but she does practi se every day for hours. - I don't like sports very much but I do love watching tennis. - She does kn ow how to swim, she just doesn't want to go swimming with you! - He said he was going to fail his exam and, sure enough, he did fail ! Correct something, example:
- A: You didn’t see a ghost – it’s impossible. B: I di d see one! David was with me. Ask him! - A: Bill doesn't sing, then. B: No, he does sin g . Emphasise something, example:
- You do look nervous! - I do want to spend some quality time with Jake - I do apologi se for being so late. - We did enjoy your party very much. - She does love her new house.
This use often occurs with impertives: - Do sit down. Do be quiet, will you? - Do take care! Do be careful! - Do stop going on about it, will you? - Do try this cake, it's delicious. In a positive statement, do / does / did comes before the main verb: I / you / we / they
do
like Spielberg’s films.
She / he / it
does
look nice.
I / you / she / he / it / we / they
did
enjoy the day out.
2. To be: is, am, are, was, were, being, been
Be can be used as an auxiliary verb or the main verb in a sentence. Is tells us that an action is happening now or is going to happen in the future. Be is also used to make passives, are is used for they and we. Was is used for the past tense of am and is. Were is used for the past tense of you, we and they, example:
In statements
In negative sentences
In questions
I am 21. He/she is cool. You are Indian. We are eating soon. They are excited. I am not. (I aren't) You are not. (you aren't) We are not. (we aren't) They are not. (they aren't) He/she is not. (he/she isn't) Am I in the right place? Are you my new boss? Are we nearly there? Are they the best players on the team? Is he/she old enough to go to bars?
3. Have, has, had
Have is used to make the present perfect tense (it is always followed by the past participle). Has is used for the third person singular . Had is used for past tenses especially the past perfect tense. It describes an action that began in the past and continues into the present or that occurred in the recent past, example:
In statements
In negative sentences
I have a dog. You have something on your shirt. We have seen it before. They have called me three times. He/she has lived in America. I have not. (I haven't/ I've not) You have not. (you haven't/you've not) We have not. (we haven't/we've not) They have not. (they haven't/they've not) He/she has not (he/she hasn't)
4. Modal auxiliary: can, could, may, might, will, would, must, had to, shall, should, Ought to
These are also known as modal verbs. We use them to show obligation, possibility and necessity, example: -
Jack is late. He might be sleeping. (possibility)
-
I should clean my room today. (obligation)
- I must wear a tie to school. (necessity)
Pronunciation
Do and all other auxiliary verbs can be stressed in spoken English to contrast correct or emphasise: She doesn’t play the guitar but she does play the piano. A: They haven’t done their homework yet. B: Yes, they have . I did enjoy the concert.
REFERENCE
Penelope Choy, Dorothy Goldbart Clark, Shirley Turchet. 2007. Basic Grammar and Usage. Publisher: Nelson. Hans P. Guth. 1997. American English Today. Publisher: Webste r Division. Patricia K. Werner, Company, Inc,. 2002. Interactions 2 Grammar. Publisher: http://awelu.srv.lu.se/grammarandwords/selectiveminigrammar/verbphrases/prima ry-auxiliary-v http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/flatmates/episode119/languag epoint.shtml http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/auxvb.html http://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/what-are-auxiliary-verbs http://www.talkenglish.com/Grammar/auxiliary-verbs-will-would-shall should.aspx http://www.talkenglish.com/Grammar/auxiliary-verbs-can-could-may-might must.aspx
