HMY@ÑN E@IÁLMIN ? PLMHAH ? @.V. h` Mld`lm`råa E`iálmia ’ PLYAAI @.V. Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál Imicn ?614-M
IAV MW; XN_LMCCN YMLGÅL - IN_NLA
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
D@L@_ACMHAH@Y @c tnrlmccn sml gml `s ul iasn partmiucar h` `ldralak`s b`cminmhac`s inl `k`s qu` s` iruzal. @c álducn h` bícmi` h`c pmñùl s` tnea prùxmen a cns =6¶, y `c lûe`rn h` hm`lt`s h`c emsen `s tal p`qu`ñn qu` sus hm`lt`s gnreal bícmi`s inepc`tas (ccaeahas `ltrahas h`c tnrlmccn n bmcns h`c tnrlmccn). @c pmñùl s` inlvm`rt` `l ul tnrlmccn sml gml y ca ru`ha s` h`lnemla `ltnli`s inrnla.
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
XMVNY Inrnla y tnrlmccns sml gml imcålhrmins @c inltaitn `ltr` `c gmc`t` h`c tnrlmccn y `c hm`lt` h` ca inrnla `s pultuac, y pnr cn taltn `c h`sdast` h` aeons `s rápmhn. @st` enltak` sùcn s` utmcmza `l ca tralsemsmùl h` p`qu`ñns `sgu`rzns y a v`cnimhah`s r`huimhas
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
XMVNY Xnrlmccn sml gml imcålhrmin y inrnla h` hm`lt`s iùliavns @l `st` iasn, `c inltaitn `ltr` cns hm`lt`s `s cml`ac, cn qu` bai` qu` s` tralsemta e`knr `c `sgu`rzn y s` prnhui`l e`lns h`sdast`s. @st` smst`ea `s `c eás usuac `l iakas r`huitnras h` v`cnimhah.
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
XMVNY Inrnla y tnrlmccn dcnonmhac @l `st` tmpn, `c tnrlmccn s` ahapta a ca gnrea h` ca ru`ha. Xac hmspnsmimùl `s pnin gr`iu`lt` h`omhn a su actn inst` h` gaormiaimùl. Y` su`c` `epc`ar `l cas iakas h` hmr`iimùl h` cns autneùvmc`s
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
M__@W@_YMOMCMHAH H@C ENWMEM@LXN
@l ca eaynråa h` cns iasns, `c tnrlmccn bai` `c pap`c h` ru`ha inlhuitnra, inl cn qu` `c smst`ea `s ul r`huitnr h` v`cnimhah. @c e`ialmsen h` tnrlmccn sml gml y inrnla pr`s`lta ca iarait`råstmia h` s`r ul e`ialmsen ln r`v`rsmoc`: `s h`imr, aulqu` `c tnrlmccn pu`h` dmrar `l iuacqum`r s`ltmhn y arrastrar a ca inrnla, sm ísta `s ca qu` dmra, ln pu`h` arrastrar ac tnrlmccn. @st` g`lùe`ln s` aprnv`iba inen e`ialmsen h` s`durmhah `l smst`eas hnlh` s` l`i`smta qu` ca ru`ha ln s`a iapaz h` arrastrar ac tnrlmccn. Xm`l` `sp`imac apcmiaimùl `l `c`vahnr`s h` iarda y asi`lsnr`s, hnlh` ca mrr`v`rsmomcmhah h`c e`ialmsen inlstmtuy` `c e`knr gr`ln h` s`durmhah `l iasn h` gaccn h` ca `l`rdåa `cíitrmia.
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
LNE@LICAXP_A
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
LNE@LICAXP_A @c álducn h` avali` h`c smlgål `s `c inepc`e`ltn h`c álducn h` ca bícmi` h`c smlgål. Ac `sp`imgmiar `c pasn h` `ldralak`s h` smlgål, s` ainstueora `xpr`sar `c pasn axmac px h`c smlgål y `c pasn imriucar tralsv`rsac pt , qu` a e`luhn s` inlni` smepc`e`lt` inen pasn imriucar h` ca inrnla ainpcaha. @c hmáe`trn h` pasn h` ca ru`ha b`cminmhac;
hd 5
[d p φ Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
LNE@LICAXP_A
@c hmáe`trn h` pasn h`c smlgål s` h`o` s`c`iimnlar a gml h` qu` qu`h` `l `c mlt`rvacn smdum`lt`; I ,2 9
≨ hw ≨
I,2 1,4
@c avali` C y `c álducn h` avali` pr`s`ltal cas smdum`lt`s r`caimnl`s; C 5 px lw C talκ 5 φhw
κ
h`c smlgål
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
LNE@LICAXP_A
Aquå s` v` `c smlgål y ca ru`ha `ldralahns.
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
LNE@LICAXP_A Vasn axmac; pR Inlnimhn inen pasn cml`ac h`c smlgål, `s mduac ac pasn imriucar tralsv`rsac tralsv`rsac h`c `ldral` ainpcahn, ainpcahn, iualhn cns `k`s `stál a =6¶.
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
LNE@LICAXP_A Avali` Avali` (C) @s ca hmstalima cml`ac r`inrrmha h`sh` ul pultn `l ca rnsia basta ntrn pultn qu` inepc`ta ula r`vncuimùl h`c smlgål. Vara ula `ltraha n rnsia smepc` , `c avali` `s mduac ac pasn axmac, sml `eoardn para rnsias eûctmpc`s (l¶ h` `ltrahas < 1); Avali` Avali` 5 (Vasn (Vasn axmac) x (L¶ h` `ltrahas); 5
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
LNE@LICAXP_A
Lûe`rn h` `ltrahas (starts)
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
LNE@LICAXP_A
Álducn h` avali`; avali`; Vu`h` varmar h` =¶ a 80¶
talκ 5
C φHw
5
px lw φHw
5
pi lw φHw
5
φ e lw φHw
5
e lw Hw
Hnlh`; e `s eùhucn Hw `s hmáe`trn h` pasn h`c smlgål Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
LNE@LICAXP_A Álducn h` avali`; avali`; Vara ul hms`ñn inepaitn, pnhråaens utmcmzar ca smdum`lt` gùreuca `epårmia;
talκ 5
Ld
Lw
Hnlh`; Ld `s ca v`cnimhah h` ca ru`ha Lw `s ca v`cnimhah h`c smlgål Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
LNE@LICAXP_A
Álducn h` pr`smùl Wacnr`s r`ine`lhahns para ’ Ò Alducn h` avali` ( ) Alducn h` pr`smùl (Ò)
6 ’ 17¶
17 ’ ?0¶
?0 ’ 90¶
90 ’ 80¶
18.0¶
?6¶
?0¶
96¶
Vara apcmiaimnl`s autnentrmi`s, s` r`inem`lha ul Alducn h` pr`smùl h` 96¶ para not`l`r ula ou`la `gmim`lima `l ca tralsemsmùl. Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
LNE@LICAXP_A
_`caimùl h` tralsemsmùl ed 5
Lw Ld
5
[d lw
Lûe`rn h` `ltrahas utmcmzahns para hmg`r`lt`s r`caimnl`s h` tralsemsmùl; ed lw
8 a 16 7
7 a 1? 8
2 a 1? 9
1? a 97 ?
< 97 1
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
LNE@LICAXP_A
L¶ 61 6?
Hme`lsmnl`s h`c smlgål Varáe`trn Varáe`tr n
_nsia smepc` y hnoc` 18.0¶ ?,90pi + 16 (ee)
_nsia trmpc` y iuáhrupc` ?6¶ ?,90pi + 16 (ee)
68
Alducn h` pr`smùl Vasn imriucar hmae`trac para smlgål `k` Vasn imriucar hmae`trac para smlgål ?,8pi + ?2 (ee) akustahn snor` `c `k` Hmae`trn mlt`rmnr eáxmen para `c `k` pi + 19,0 (ee)
pi + 19,0 (ee)
60
Hmáe`trn h`c iuon
1,77pi + ?0 (ee)
1,4?7pi + ?0 (ee)
67
Cnldmtuh h` iara (Cw)
pi (8,0+6,6?[w)
pi (8,0+6,6?[w)
64 62
Vrngulhmhah h`c hm`lt` (b) Ahh`lhue (a)
6,727pi 6,912pi
69
?,8pi + ?2 (ee)
6,7?9pi 6,?27pi Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
LNE@LICAXP_A
Hme`lsmnl`s h` ca ru`ha
L¶
Varáe`trn Varáe`tr n Alducn h` pr`smùl Hmáe`trn `xt`rmnr (Hnd)
_nsia smepc` y hnoc` 18.0¶ Hd + 1,6190pi
_nsia trmpc` y iuáhrupc` ?6¶ Hd + 6,2=69pi
61 6? 69
Hmáe`trn h` dardalta (Ht)
Hd + 6,797pi
Hd + 6,04?pi
68
Alibn h` iara (o)
?,92pi + 7,0 (ee)
?,10pi + 0 (ee)
60
_ahmn h` iara (_g)
6,22?pi + 18 (ee)
6,=18pi + 18 (ee)
67
_ahmn h` inrnla (_r)
?,?pi + 18 (ee)
?,1pi + 18 (ee)
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
ALÁCMYMY H@ IA_DAY
Iardas `k`rimhas pnr ca inrnla ac smlgål.
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
ALÁCMYMY H@ IA_DAY
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
ALÁCMYMY H@ IA_DAY
Iarda h` `epuk` (tbrust) para bícmi` h`r`iba
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
ALÁCMYMY H@ IA_DAY
Iarda h` `epuk` (tbrust) para bícmi` mzqum`rha
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
ALÁCMYMY H@ IA_DAY
Iardas `l tnrlmccn smlgml ’ inrnla, `c smlgml dmra `l s`ltmhn bnrarmn y tm`l` bícmi` h`r`iba.
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
ALÁCMYMY H@ IA_DAY
_`sue`l h` iardas (sml grmiimùl);
@qumvac`lima @qumvac`lima `ltr` iardas h`c smlgål y ca ru`ha;
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
ALÁCMYMY H@ IA_DAY
_`sue`l h` iardas (inl grmiimùl)
@gmim`lima
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
IN@GMIM@LX@ H@ G_MIIMÙL
Inepnl`lt`s h` ca v`cnimhah `l ul `ldralak` h` tnrlmccn smlgål.
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
IN@GMIM@LX@ H@ G_MIIMÙL
Wacnr`s r`pr`s`ltatmvns h`c in`gmim`lt` h` grmiimùl h` `ldralak`s h` tnrlmccn smlgål.
B`ibns `l gulhmimùl h` bm`rrn
(eat`rmac`s h` acta iacmhah) smlgål `lhur`imhn y ru`ha h` ornli` gnsgnrahn gnsgnrahn
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
V_NOC@EA 61 Pl tnrlmccn smlgål inl s`ltmhn a ca h`r`iba y ul sncn hm`lt` h` ai`rn `lhur`imhn (ca hur`za ln s` `sp`imgmia) tm`l` ula icasmgmiaimùl h` iatácndn h` ?jT a 766rpe iualhn s` ainpca inl ul `ldral` h` 82 hm`lt`s b`ibn h` gulhmimùl. @c pasn axmac h`c smlgål `s h` ?0 ee, `c álducn lnreac h` pr`smùl `s 18.0¶, `c hmáe`trn h` pasn h`c smlgål `s 166 ee y cns alibns h` cas iaras h`c smlgål y h` ca ru`ha b`cminmhac snl 166 ee y 06 ee, r`sp`itmvae`lt`. @l ca gmdura s` mcustral cns inkml`t`s A y O h`c `k` h`c smlgål, uomiahns h` eal`ra smeítrmia inl r`sp`itn ac smlgål y s`parahns ?66 ee. Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
V_NOC@EA 61 Y` pmh` h`t`remlar; a) Iuác h`o`rá s`r `c inkml`t` h` `epuk` o) Cas iardas `k`rimhas `l `c inkml`t` A i) Cas iardas `k`rimhas `l `c inkml`t` O
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
V_NOC@EA 6? Pl tnrlmccn smlgål h` hnoc` `ltraha dmra a 1406 _VE, ah`eás tm`l` h5?.06pcd, px 56.96pcd y eD 506. Y` pmh` iaciucar; a) o) i) h) `) g) d)
@c avali` @c álducn h` avali` @c hmáe`trn h`c `ldral` Ca hmstalima `ltr` i`ltrns. Ca pnt`lima tralsemtmha Cns tnrqu`s Cas iardas `l ca tralsemsmùl Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
@IPAIMÙL @IP AIMÙL ADEA
Iarda tald`limac p`remsmoc`;
Ptmcmzar `sta `iuaimùl hará vmhas sup`rmnr`s a ?0666 bnras. Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
GAIXN_ H@ EAX@_MAC@Y (IY)
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
GAIXN_ H@ IN__@IMNL H@ _@CAIMNL (I E)
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
GAIXN_ H@ W@CNIMHAH (IW)
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
G_MIIMNL
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
D@NE@X_MA H@C AINVCAEM@LXN
Iao`za y pm`
Vrngulhmhah inepc`ta (b n bt)
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
D@NE@X_MA H@C AINVCAEM@LXN
Hmáe`trn `xt`rmnr y h` raåz h`c tnrlmccn smlgål Hnw 5 Hw + ?b Hrw 5 Hw ∟ ?bg
Hmáe`trn h` dardalta dardalta y h` raåz h`c tnrlmccn tnrlmccn smlgål inrnla
’
H 5 Hd + ?b Hrd 5 Hd ∟ ?bg
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
D@NE@X_MA H@C AINVCAEM@LXN
Alibn h` iara h`c smlgål H
Gw,x 5 ?
?
∟
Hd ?
∟a
5 ? ?Hd a
Alibn h` iara h` ca inrnla ?
5
: < 6.17
9 1.1?0 ( + ? ) ∟( ∟ 8 ) : ≨ 6.17
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
IACN_ @L @C INC@IXN_
Xasa h` pírhmha h` iacnr B`r 5 99 99666(1 6(1 ∟ δ)B`
B`r; `l cog-pm`/eml B`; `l BV (tnrlmccn smlgål)
In`gmim`lt` dcnoac h` tralsg`r`lima h` iacnr
bI_; cog-pm`/(eml-pcd?-¶G) Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
IACN_ @L @C INC@IXN_
X`ep`ratura h`c inc`itnr h` ai`mt` (XY) XY 5 X +
B`r b_ A
_`ine`lhaimùl ADEA (`l pcd?) Am 5 89.?6I.
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
@IPAIMNL H@ OPIJMLDBAE
@c `sgu`rzn h` gc`xmùl `l ul hm`lt` h`c `ldral` (ru`ha) `stá hahn pnr ca ahaptaimùl h` Ouijmldbae h` ca `iuaimùl h` C`wms ω 5
T,d p G` y
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
IACIPCN H@ CA VNX@LIMA
Iáciucn h` iarda
Iáciucn h` pnt`lima (`l BV)
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
IACIPCN H@ CA VNX@LIMA
Vnt`lima pnr grmiimùl
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
INLYMH@_AIMNL@Y INLYMH@_A IMNL@Y H@ HMY@ÑN
H`imsmnl`s mlmimac`s • Gulimùl; pnt`lima, v`cnimhah,
• Gaitnr h`
hms`ñn • Eat`rmac`s y prni`sns • Lûe`rn h` `ltrahas h`c smlgål
Warmaoc`s h` hms`ñn • Vasn axmac h`c tnrlmccn smlgål • Hmáe`trn h` pasn h`c tnrlmccn smlgål • Alibn
h` iara h` ca ru`ha • Ár`a cat`rac h` ca sup`rgmim` Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
V_NI@HMEM@LXN V_NI@HMEM@LX N H@ HMY@ÑN ADEA 76??-I=9
_`ine`lhaimùl ADEA para lûe`rn eålmen h` hm`lt`s h` ca ru`ha
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
V_NI@HMEM@LXN V_NI@HMEM@LX N H@ HMY@ÑN ADEA 76??-I=9
Lûe`rn h` `ltrahas `l `c smlgål lw 5
[d ed
Hmáe`trn h` pasn h`c smlgål (h - hw - Hw) I ,2 9
≨ hw ≨
I ,2 1,7
Ym ca r`smst`lima h`c `ldral` `s ca prmnrmhah, s` `cmk` `c eáxmen hmáe`trn, ya qu` mlir`e`lta `c alibn h` iara. Y` r`iaciuca `st` vacnr basta cndrar ul I inen lûe`rn `lt`rn. Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
V_NI@HMEM@LXN V_NI@HMEM@LX N H@ HMY@ÑN ADEA 76??-I=9
Hmáe`trn h` pasn h` ca ru`ha/inrnla (H ’ Hd) Hd 5
p x [d φ
5 6.0 6.0( + )
Vasn axmac h`c tnrlmccn smlgål; acdulns pasns tåpmins snl ³, 0/17, 9/2, µ, ¼, 1, 0/8, 7/8, 4/8 y ? pcd, sml `eoardn s` pu`h` asmdlar ntrns vacnr`s. vacnr`s.
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
IA_DA H@ H@YDAYX@ H@ OPIJMLDBAE
Ca iarda p`remsmoc` `l ul hm`lt` h` ca inrnla h` h`sdast` s` iaciuca e`hmalt`;
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
IA_DA H@ H@YDAYX@ H@ OPIJMLDBAE
Gaitnr h` h`sdast` Jw h` ul `ldralak` h` tnrlmccn smlgål;
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
V_NOC@EA 69 Pl tnrlmccn smlgål h` ai`rn h` rnsia s`limcca qu` dmra a 1406 rpe, s` ainpca inl ula inrnla h` 07 hm`lt`s para tralsemtmr 1 bp ac `k` h` sacmha. @c hmáe`trn h` pasn h`c smlgål emh` 1.06pcd. @c pasn hmae`trac tald`limac h`c `ldral` `s h` 2. @c álducn lnreac h` pr`smùl tm`l` ?6¶. Ca t`ep`ratura aeom`ltac `s `stálhar, `c gaitnr h` apcmiaimùl `s 1.?0, `c gaitnr h` hms`ñn `s 1: `c alibn h` iara h` ca inrnla `s h` 1/? pucd, `c ár`a h` ca sup`rgmim` cat`rac `s h` 206 pucd?, y `c `ldral` `stá b`ibn h` gulhmimùl h` ornli` `l ar`la.
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
V_NOC@EA 69 Y` pmh` iaciucar; a) o) i) h) `)
Cas prnpm`hah`s d`neítrmias h` ca inrnla. Cas iardas h` tralsemsmùl. Ca `gmim`lima h`c ainpcaem`ltn. ¾@s sugmim`lt` `c ainpcaem`ltn para eal`kar ca iarda> Ca t`ep`ratura h`c cuormialt` `l `c inc`itnr.
V_NOC@EA 68 Pla r`huiimùl h` XYG-inrnla inlsmst` `l ul `ldral` h` 80 hm`lt`s y ul smlgål h` hnoc` h noc` rnsia, s` pmh` iaciucar; a) o) i) h)
@c hmáe`trn h`c `ldral` @c hmáe`trn h`c smlgål @c álducn Ca iarda p`remsmoc` `l ca inrnla s`dûl ca gnreuca h` Ouijmldbae
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál
V_NOC@EA 60 Hms`ñar ul r`huitnr h` v`cnimhah para tralsemtmr ?6 BV sm `c smlgål `s mepucsahn pnr ul entnr `cíitrmin a 1406 _VE y ca eáqumla mepucsaha r`qum`r` 160 ± 1% _VE.
Mld. K`sûs Ibaliatuea Buaeál