DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN AQUACULTURE AQUACULTURE FOR A SUSTAINABLE SUSTAINABLE FOOD PRODUC PRODUCTION TION
by Dr. Dr. Lee Seong Wei Dr. Hasnita Che Harun Mr. Shazani Sarijan Mdm. Wendy Wee Faculty of Agro Based Industry Universiti Malaysia Kelantan
Presentation outline Introduction to aquaculture Commonly farmed species Diseases in fish farming Diseases in mollusk farming Diseases in shrimp farming Aquatic animal health management
Introduction to Aquaculture Aquaculture is defined as farming of aquatic organism including fish, mollusks, crustaceans crustaceans and aquatic plants. Aquatic farming activity was recorded as early as 1100 B.C where China is reported the first country that carried out common carp fish farming activity. activity. Other examples of early fish farming activity: - pearl oyster farm in Japan - tilapia farm in Egypt - eels in Greeks and Roman - cultivation of oyster in Europe
Introduction to Aquaculture Aquaculture industry is expanding rapidly due to the high demand for protein source. World aquaculture production of food fish reached 62.7 million tonnes in 2011, up by 6.2% from 59 million tonnes in 2010. The estimated value of farmed food fish is USD 130 billion. Aquaculture production in 2012 is i s estimated at around 66.5 million tonnes.
World aquaculture producers of food fish in 2011 450 400 350 ) s 300 e n n o t 250 ( y t i t 200 n a u Q150
100
50 0
*Malaysia: 18th
Countries
Introduction to Aquaculture Disease outbreak: One of the major constraint in the development of
aquaculture. Significant economic loss.
o n food security. security. Significant implication on
COMMONLY FARMED SPECIES
World aquaculture production of food fish by main groups of species 45 40 35 ) 30 n o i l l i 25 M ( s e20 n n o T
Fin fish Molluscs Crustaceans
15
Others
10 5 0 Fin fish
Molluscs
Crustaceans
Group of species
O t h e rs
Commonly Farmed Species 1) 10 103 3 spe species cies of fis fish h
tilapia
cobia
tuna
grouper
seabass
Commonly Farmed Species 2) 43 species of mollusk
mussel green mussel
oyster
cockle
Commonly Farmed Species 3) 21 species of crustacean
shrimp
lobster
tiger prawn
giant freshwater prawn
Fish Disease
White spot (Ichthyophthirius)
Case Report
disease -Indonesia (1932); Devastating Devastating Java barb, kissing gourami, common carp and giant gourami Buschkiel (1935), Sachlan (1952)
Lernaea cyprinacea
-Indonesia (1983); 30% Of hatchery production in main hatchery centers of Java, northern Sumatra and northern Sulawesi affected. In Java, an estimated 1.48 billion fry were lost, USD 11.4 M economic loss Djajadiredja et al. (1983)
Diseases of cage-cultured cage-cultured grouper, snapper and seabass
-Malaysia; USD1.3 M in potential income—combined loss estimates of private sector and government farms
Seabass diseases
-Thailand (1989); US$ 0.8 M economic loss ADB/NACA (1991)
Grouper diseases
-Thailand (1989); USD 1.07 M economic loss ADB/NACA (1991) -Philippines (2002); 75% Reduction in household income; 19.4% increased debt Somga et al. (2002)
Koi herpes virus (KHV)
-Indonesia USD 15 M economic loss -Japan USD 1.4 M economic loss
Ich (White Spot) Fish Disease - (Ichthyophthirius) (Ichthyophthirius) parasite that can infect most species of freshwater tropical fish and multiplies multiplie s rapidly. rapidly. appearance of small, white, raised spots, spots, similar to grains of salt, on the skin. feeds on the skin and gills of fish, providing sites for infection by other organisms, such as bacteria and fungus.
Lernaea Lernaea cyprinacea, LC (Anchor worm) LC is a copepod copepod parasite that infects many freshwater fishes: common common carp (Cyprinus carpio), goldfish (Carassius auratus), Japanese Anguilla japonica) and oriental Japanese eel ( Anguilla weatherfish (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). tissues adjacent adjacent to the head part of worm become inflamed;; susceptible inflamed susceptible to secondary infections of bacteria. this parasite is not infectious to human, it is harmless in food hygiene.
Koi herpes virus (KHV) viral disease of common carp Cyprinus carpio. highly contagious and may cause up to 100% mortality. mortality. display erratic behaviour, often gathering at water water inlets or points of oxygenation, show loss of balance, loss of mucus resulting in dry, dry, rough patches, sloughing of mucus, and sunken eyes. Agent: Koi Herpesvirus of the family Herpesviridae.
Mollusk Diseases
Case Reports
Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX)
-Chesapeake Bay, Bay, USA, since 1959; >90% Of oysters grown in the Bay B ay Andrews (1968) -Canada, 2002; 80% Mortalities OIE Report (2002)
Mass mortalities associated with a viral disease
- Japan 1996 –1997—Annual mortality mor tality in all of western western regions >400 M oysters equivalent to 50% of oyster production in Japan. Miyazaki et al. (1999)
Perkinsus sp.
- Korea 1997; Dramatic decrease in clam landings since 1993; clam landings in 1997 were 14,000 tonnes, 1/5 of the total landings in 1990 Park and Choi (2001)
Marteilia sydneyi
- Australia; Australia; >90% Prevalence single most important pathogen of rock oyster US$ 30 million worth of production in NSW Australia Adlard and Weshe (2002), Kleeman and Adlard (2000)
Herpes type virus disease
-Australia; 80 –90% Mortalities of larvae and spat in hatchery and natural beds Berthe (2002)
Withering syndrome of abalone
- California; Cumulative mortality over 99% OIE (2003a,b)
Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX) caused by the single-celled parasite Haplosporidium Haplosporidium nelsoni.
valves slow to close when disturbed. decreased rate of growth of growth.. no new shell growth. growth. extensive fouling along the inside peripheral left valve. juvenile oysters oysters may have have pale digestive glands. oysters appear thin and watery. watery. receding of the mantle. raised yellow-brown spots on internal valve surfaces.
Marteilia sydneyi the pale yellow-brown color of the digestive gland contrasts with the deep green of healthy oysters. oysters. the body is greatly shrunken and tissues are translucent due to the complete resorption of the gonad. kill up to 80% of infected oysters with up to 100% prevalence.
Withering syndrome of abalone is caused by the bacterium Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis californiensis.
Lethal disease: disease: lethargy, retracted visceral tissues, atrophy of the foot muscle. Body mass relative to shell size is smaller than normal. discoloured (pale) and an d weakened abalone. the soft tissues were atrophied and non-responsive to stimuli.
Perkinsus sp. caused by parasitic protozoan in some commercially important mollusks including oysters, clams, abalones and scallops. frequently induces the formation of white or light brown nodules on the gills, foot, gut, digestive gland, kidney, gonad and mantle. massive concentration of haemocytes around the infected tissues. often results in mass mortalities and commercial loss.
Diseases in Shrimp Farming
Shrimp Diseases
Case Reports
Yellow Head Disease (YHD)
-Thailand (1992); USD 30.6 M economic loss (Nash et al., 1995)
White Spot Disease (WSD)
-Malaysia (1995); USD 25 M economic loss (Yang et al., 2001) -Bangladesh (1996); USD 10 M economic loss (Rahman, 2001) -Ecuador (1999); USD 280 economic loss (Alday de Graindorge and Griffith, 2001) -Honduras (1999); 13% Reduction in labour force (Corrales, 2001) -Nicaragua (1999); 5 –10% Survival rate (Drazba, 2001) -Panama (1999); US$ 40 M worth of export loss; closure of major hatcheries; loss of jobs (5000 people directly and indirectly involved in the industry) (Morales et al., 2001)
YHD + WSD
-Vietnam (1993); USD 100 M economic loss (Khoa et al. 2001) - Thailand (1994); USD 650 economic loss; 12% production decline from 250,000 tons in 1994 to 220,000 tons in 1995; shrimp losses for 1997 reached nearly 50% of total farm output value.
Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV)
-Panama (1996); Outbreak resulted to 30% reduction in production Morales et al. (2001) -Costa Rica (1996); caused reduction in survival rate from 65 to 15%. Vargas (2001)
Early Mortality
- Asia (2011-13); White Leg L eg Shrimp Culture; Devastating White Leg
WHITE SPOT DISEASE show rapid reduction in food consumption. lethargy. 0.5 – 2.0 mm WSD
0.5 – 2.0 mm WSD
loose cuticle with white spots (which represent abnormal deposits of calcium salts by the cuticular epidermis) that are most apparent on the inside surface of the carapace. agent: baculovirus
YELLOW HEAD DISEASE (YHD)
YHD
normal
pale body. yellowish swollen cephalothorax & hepatopancreas. whitish-yellowish-brownish gills presumptive diagnosis can be made on basis of pond history, clinical signs, gross changes & histopathology. agent: not yet describe.
TAURA SYNDROME VIRUS V IRUS pale red body surface and appendages. tail fan and pleopods particularly red. shell soft and gut empty emp ty.. death usually at moulting. multiple irregularly shaped and randomly distributed melanised cuticular lesion. agent: baculovirus.
Aquatic Animal Health Management
Aquatic Animal Health Management
Disease
Host
Improvement of health: feed quality
Stress prevention: handling,
transport and stocking density system: Stimulation of defense system: immunostimulation, vaccination, natural products (horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus and marine seaweed) Selective breeding for disease
resistance
Environment
Good hygiene: disinfection,
quarantine Water quality: bio-
augmentation, water treatment
Pathogen
Virus: Vaccination
Prevent or control viral pathogen spread
Pathogen Bacteria: Specific killing of pathogenic bacteria:
phage therapy (Bacteriophages), specific antibacterial compounds, antibiotics Growth inhibition
Inhibit the virulence gene expression and
virulence gene regulation (quorum sensing)
